OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ries, Ferdinand

Edition of 1905. See also Ferdinand Ries on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RIES, rēs, Ferdinand (1784-1838). A German composer, born at Bonn. He was the eldest son of Franz Ries (1755-1846), a musical director at Bonn. He studied piano with Beethoven, his father's friend, from 1801 to 1805 at Vienna, and became prominent by
his compositions and by his Biographische Notizen über L. Beethoven (1838). As a pianist he was most successful in his many concert tours through England, France, Russia, and Scandinavia. He was town musical director at Aix-la-Chapelle from 1834 to 1836. He wrote three operas: Die Räuberbraut (1828), Liska (1831), and Eine Nacht auf dem Libanon; two oratorios, Der Sieg des Glaubens and Die Könige Israels; overtures, symphonies, string quartets, violin sonatas, and a trio for two pianos and a harp.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Riese, Alexander

Edition of 1905. See also Alexander Riese on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RIESE, rē'ze, Alexander (1840—). A German classical scholar, born and educated at Frankfort-on-the-Main. Besides his excellent editions of Varro's Satiræ Menippeæ (1865), of the Anthologia Latina (1869-70; 2d ed, 1894), of Ovid (1871-77), of the Historia Apollonii Regis Tyri (1871, 2d ed, 1893), of Catullus (1884, with commentary), and of Phædrus (1885), he published a suggestive essay, Idealisierung der Naturvölker des Nordens in den griechischen und römischen Litteraturen (1875), and two monographs on early German history, Das Rheinland in der Römerzeit (1889) and Das Rheinische Germanien in der antiken Litteratur (1892).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Parker, Foxhall Alexander

Edition of 1905. See also Foxhall A. Parker, Jr. on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PARKER, Foxhall Alexander (1821-79). An American naval officer, born in New York City. He graduated at the Naval School in Philadelphia in 1843, served against the Florida Indians, and in 1850 became a lieutenant. In the Civil War he first commanded the gunboats Mahaska and Wabash, and after 1863 the Potomac flotilla. In 1866 he was promoted captain, and in 1872 commander. In 1873 he was chief signal officer of the navy, and from 1878 until his death was superintendent of the Naval Academy at Annapolis. He published: Fleet Tactics Under Steam (1863); Squadron Tactics Under Steam (1863); The Naval Howitzer Afloat (1865); The Naval Howitzer Ashore (1865); The Fleets of the World: The Galley Period (1876); and The Battle of Mobile Bay (1878).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pachelbel, Johann

Edition of 1905. See also Johann Pachelbel on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​PACHELBEL, Johann (1653–1706). An eminent German organist and composer, born at Nuremberg. First insfructed there by Heinrich Schwemmer (1621–96), he next studied at Altdorf and Regensburg, and in 1674 went to Vienna, where he became assistant organist at Saint Stephen's. Called to Eisenach in 1675, he was successively organist there, at Erfurt (1678–90), Stuttgart, Gotha, and finally (from 1695) at Saint Sebaldus in Nuremberg. With Butehude, one of the immediate forerunners of Bach, he contributed much to the improvement of Church music, and was the first to introduce in Germany the overture form on the pianoforte. The few of his compositions that appeared in print include: Musikalische Sterbens-Gedanken (1683); Musikalische Ergetzung (1691); Acht Choräle zum Präambuliren (1693); Hexachordum Apollinis (1699). The manuscript of his important Tabulaturbuch geistlicher Gesänge Martini Lutheri, etc. (1704), is in the grand-ducal library at Weimar.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Paraná (State)

Edition of 1905. See also Paraná (state) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PARANÁ. A southeastern State of Brazil, bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, the State of São Paulo on the north, Paraguay and Matto Grosso on the west, and Argentina and Santa Catharina on the south (Map: Brazil, G 8). Area 85,430 square miles. The low strip of coastland is followed by a mountain range reaching an altitude of nearly 5000 feet and passing into an elevated plateau lying about 3000 feet above the sea. The portion along the western frontier slopes toward the Paraná River, whose tributaries are the chief rivers of the State. Most of them, however, are unfit for navigation, owing to rapids. The climate is generally healthful in the elevated portions, but very hot and humid on the coast. Forests cover a large part of the State, especially in the western half, which is almost unknown, and inhabited by roving Indians. On the coast are cultivated cotton, coffee, and manioc, and in the more elevated regions grain and fruits are raised, but the maté industry is the most important, and maté is almost the only export. The population of the State in 1890 was 249,491, consisting to a great extent of German and Polish immigrants. Capital, Curitiba (q.v.). Consult Lange, Südbrasilien (2d ed., Berlin, 1885).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Parker, Alton Brooks

Edition of 1905. See also Alton B. Parker on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PAR'KER, Alton Brooks (1852—). An American jurist. He was born at Cortland, N. Y., and graduated at the Albany Law School in 1872. It was his early intention to fit iiimsclf for a teacher, and by much sacrifice and perseverance he succeeded in working his way through the Cortland Normal School. Teaching, however, proved distasteful to him, and he entered the law office of Schoonmaker and Hardenburgh at Kingston, N. Y., and eventually completed the course at the Albany Law School. In 1877 Parker was elected Surrogate of Ulster County, and he held that position until 1885. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1884, and in 1885 successfully managed the Democratic gubernatorial campaign. In 1886 Parker was appointed by Governor Hill to a vacancy in the Supreme Court, and in the autumn of the same year he was elected as the candidate of both parties for a full term. He was transferred to the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in 1889, and in 1897 reached the culmination of his judicial career when he was chosen Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals. Judge Parker had many opportunities for political preferment, notably the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1902, but refused to take advantage of them.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Oyster Bay

Edition of 1905. See also Oyster Bay (town), New York on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ OYSTER BAY. A town, popular both as a residence place and as a summer resort, in Nassau County, N. Y., 30 miles northeast of New York City, situated on the northern coast of Long Island, on a deep sheltered bay, opening into Long Island Sound (Map: New York, G 5). A line of steamboats and a branch of the Long Island Railroad connect Oyster Bay with New York. The town offers attractions of fine scenery, and facilities for boating, bathing, and fishing. It has many handsome residences and a public library. The principal industry is oyster cultivation. The government is administered by town meetings, held every two years. Population, in 1890, 13,870; in 1900, 16,334. Within the limits of Ovster Bay is the village of Sea Cliff. Population, in 1900, 1558. Oyster Bay is the home of President Roosevelt.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Palfrey, Francis Winthrop

Edition of 1905. See also Palfrey, Francis Winthrop on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PALFREY, pal'fri. Francis Winthrop (1831–89). An American historian, born in Boston, son of J. G. Palfrey. He graduated at Harvard in 1851 and at the "Law School two years afterwards. During the Civil War he rose to the rank of colonel and brevet brigadier-general, and in 1872 he was appointed register in bankruptcy. He published A Memoir of William F. Bartlett (1879); Antietam and Fredericksburg, in the "Campaigns of the Civil War Series" (1882); and contributed to the first volume of Military Papers of the Historical Society of Massachusetts, and the North American Review.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Parker, (Horatio) Gilbert

Edition of 1905. See also Sir Gilbert Parker, 1st Baronet on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PARKER, Sir (Horatio) Gilbert (1862—). A Canadian novelist, born at Camden East, Addington, Ontario. He studied pedagogy in Ottawa and taught in Frankford and Seaforth. He studied for the ministry at Trinity University, Toronto, held a curacy at Trenton for a short time, and taught in the Belleville Deaf and Dumb Institute, but in 1880 went for his health to Australia. There he took up journalistic work and the writing or adapting of plays, but after his return to Canada was principally known as a writer of romances and short stories, such as Pierre and His People (1892); Mrs. Falchion (1893); The Translation of a Savage (1894); When Valmond Came to Poutiac (1895); The Seats of the Mighty (1896); The Battle of the Strong (1898); The Lane that Had no Turning (1900); The Right of Way (1901); and Donovan Pasha (1902). He made his home in England, was elected Conservative member of Parliament for Gravesend in 1900, and was knighted in 1902. The dramatic quality of his later books won for them considerable popularity, despite their disregard of truth in local color.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Parker, Edward Harper

Edition of 1905. See also Edward Harper Parker on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PARKER, Edward Harper (1849—). An English Chinese scholar. From 1869 to 1871, in the character of student interpreter, he traveled in Mongolia, and afterwards he served in British consulates at Wenchow, Fusan, and Shanghai, and traveled in Oceanica, Eastern Asia, and North America. He retired from the consular service in
1895, became reader in Chinese at University College, Liverpool, in 1896, and in 1901 was appointed to a chair in Chinese at Owens College, Manchester. His works include: Comparative Chinese Family Law (1879); Up the Yangtsze (1892); Burma (1893); A Thousand Years of the Tartars (1895); and China (1901).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Yeats, William Butler

Edition of 1905. See also W. B. Yeats on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​YEATS, William Butler (1865—). A British critic and poet. He was born in Dublin, Ireland, but passed most of his childhood in Sligo. He took part in founding the Irish Literary Society and the National Literary Society of Dublin, and contributed to the awakened interest in the legends and the literature of Ireland. As a poet he is agreeably Irish in manner and theme. In 1903 he visited the United States and lectured at some of the principal universities. Among his publications are: Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry (1888); The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems (1889); John Sherman (1891); The Countess Kathleen and Various Legends and Lyrics (1892); A Book of Irish Verse, from modern writers (1895): Poems (1895); The Secret Rose, a series of short stories (1897); The Wind Among the Reeds, poems (1899); The Shadowy Waters, a blank verse drama in one act (1900); Cathleen ni Hoolihan (1902). With E. J. Ellis he edited the Works of William Blake (1893), and Ideas of Good and Evil, volume of essays (1903).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Yekaterinoslav

Edition of 1905. See also Dnipro on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​YEKATERINOSLAV, yĕ-kä′tyĕ-rē̇′nō̇-slȧf′. A town and government of Russia. See Ekaterinoslav.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Yedo, or Yeddo

Edition of 1905. See also Edo on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​YEDO, or YEDDO, yĕd′dō̇. The former name of the capital of Japan. See Tokio.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Yegoryevsk

Edition of 1905. See also Yegoryevsk on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​YEGORYEVSK, ye-gōr′yĕfsk. A district town in the Government of Ryazan, Central Russia, about 60 miles southeast of Moscow (Map: Russia, E 3). It is an industrial town and has extensive cotton mills with an annual output valued at about $5,000,000. Population, in 1897, 19,241.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Yeast

Edition of 1905. See also Yeast (novel) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​YEAST. A novel by Charles Kingsley, published as a serial in Fraser's Magazine in 1848, and in book form in 1851. It sought to enlist sympathy for the English agricultural classes of the time and contains a noted ballad, The Poacher's Widow, an attack on game-preserving. It gives a vivid picture of the Chartist agitation.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Yecla

Edition of 1905. See also Yecla on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​YECLA, yā̇′kla. A town of the Province of Murcia, Spain, 72 miles southwest of Valencia (Map: Spain, E 3). Cereals, wine, excellent oil, feather grass, and vegetables constitute the chief productions of the district, with some manufactures of spirits, soap, and leather goods. In the vicinity are many ruins. Population, in 1900, 18,117.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Yekaterinburg

Edition of 1905. See also Yekaterinburg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​YEKATERINBURG, yĕ-kä′tyĕ-rē̇n-bo͞ork′. A town of Russia. See Ekaterinburg.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Yekaterinodar

Edition of 1905. See also Krasnodar on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​YEKATERINODAR, yĕ-kä′tyĕ-rē̇′nō̇-där′. The capital of Kuban, Northern Caucasia. See Ekaterinodar.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Yeast, or Barm

Edition of 1905. See also Yeast on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​YEAST, or Barm. The mass of vegetable cells produced during the alcoholic fermentation of sugars. Yeast is produced in large quantities in beer brewing, beer yeast being constituted mainly by the minute cells of a species of fungi known as Saccharomyces cerevisiæ, or Torula cerevisiæ. This plant, which multiplies exclusively by budding, is capable of existing for a time in a pure aqueous solution of sugar. An excellent medium is such a solution with some albuminous matter, or phosphates and ammonia salts, added to it. But the best medium for its existence and growth is constituted by some liquid like wort or grape juice. In such a liquid the formation of yeast, accompanying fermentation, may be induced by exposure to the air in a brewery or some other place where alcoholic fermentation is going on, the air of such places containing the germs that develop into the yeast plant. The temperature at which the plant thrives best is from 15° to 20° C. (59° to 68° F.). Even very intense cold does not kill it, although its vegetation is arrested below 5° C. (41° F.). Heat, in the presence of moisture, kills it at temperatures above 75° C. (167° F.); if dry, the plant may be heated above 100° C. (212° F.) without losing its vitality.
Ordinary beer yeast, owing to its bitter taste, is not suitable for use in baking. Baker's yeast may be readily made by introducing a little yeast previously obtained into a wort made from barley, malt, and rye, skimming off the yeast produced during the violent stage of the fermentation and freeing it from liquid by pressure. It is such a product that, mixed with dry starch and pressed into cakes, is brought into the market as 'dry yeast' or 'German yeast.'
Yeast has been used with considerable success in diabetes, in which it causes a marked diminution of sugar in the urine. Yeast poultices, prepared by gradually warming a mixture of yeast, wheat flour, and water until it rises by reason of fermentation, form a highly useful remedy for various ulcers. Beer yeast is also used for preparing a substitute for koumiss, a beverage of high medicinal value extensively used by the Tartars. While the true koumiss fermentation is induced by a specific organism in mare's milk, the substitute is prepared, according to Professor Botkin, by adding water and milk sugar to cow's milk and inducing the alcoholic fermentation of this liquid by means of ordinary brewer's yeast. See Bread; Distilled Liquors; Saccharomycetes; etc.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Yeisk

Edition of 1905. See also Yeysk on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​YEISK, yā′īsk. A seaport in the Territory of Kuban, Northern Caucasia, situated on the eastern coast of the Sea of Azov, 60 miles southwest of Azov (Map: Russia, E 5). It produces leather, flour, and tallow, but a large part of the population is engaged in agriculture and gardening. Population, in 1897, 35,446.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Judy

See also Punch and Judy on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ju′dy. See Punch.
# The New Student's Reference Work/July

See also July on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
July, the seventh month in the year in our calendar, the fifth in the Roman calendar, where it was called Quintilis (the fifth). At first it had 36 days, then 31, then 30, and was restored to 31 by Julius Caesar, in honor of whom it was named July. The July revolution is that of France in July, 1830, by which Charles X was set aside and Louis Philippe became king.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jumping Mouse

See also Zapodidae on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Jump′ing Mouse, a small field and forest-mouse of North America, having very long hind legs and capable of jumping eight to fifteen feet at a single bound. The body and head together are about three inches long, and the tail, while variable, is often five inches in length. The hind-legs and manner of using them always remind one of a kangaroo. In color it is reddish-brown above and white below. It feeds on seeds and grain, is nocturnal in its habits, and is only rarely seen in the daytime.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Julius II

See also Pope Julius II on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Jul'ius II, a nephew of Sixtus IV, was born at Albezuola, Italy, in 1443. He became pope in 1503. His whole career was given to reestablishing the papal power over the territory it had once had and to driving foreign rule out of Italy. To force Venice to give up the old papal provinces on the Adriatic, Julius entered the League of Cambrai with Germany, Spain and Louis XII of France. On the submission of Venice, he at once, fearing Louis’s designs, entered the Holy League with England and Spain against France. Ranke describes him as “a noble soul, full of lofty plans for the glory and weal of Italy.” He died on Feb. 21, 1513.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Julius

See also Julius#Popes on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Jul′ius, the name of three popes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Judah

See also Judah on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ju′dah was the fourth son of Jacob and founder of the greatest and most populous of the twelve tribes, to which belonged the royal house of David. For history of the tribe see Jews.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Judson, Adoniram

See also Adoniram Judson on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Jud′son, Adoniram, one ot the earliest American missionaries, was born at Maiden, Mass., Aug. 9, 1788. He, with Mills, Newell and Nott, applied to the Congregational association of Massachusetts for aid in carrying the Gospel to the heathen. This resulted in the formation of the American Board, and in 1812 Judson sailed for India. It was nearly a year before the missionaries were allowed to begin work in Burma, preaching, writing and translating. In 1833 he completed the translation of the Bible, and followed it by the publication of the Burmese dictionary. He made two visits to the United States, being received with great enthusiasm by the churches. His union with the Baptist denomination, soon after reaching Burma, was the occasion of the origin of the American Baptist Missionary Union. Judson died at sea, on his way to Mauritius in search of health, on April 12, 1850. See Life by Wayland, that by Judson and History of the Burmese Mission by Mrs. Judson.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Juggernaut

See also Jagannath on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Juggernaut (jug′ ẽr-na̤t), a sacred town of India, containing the temple of the Hindu god Juggernaut, whose name means Lord of the World. The god is first mentioned in 318 B. C. The grounds include 120 temples, the chief one having a tower 192 feet in height. There are 24 festivals annually held in his honor. The great festival is when the god is dragged on his car, 45 feet high and 35 feet square, with 16 wheels, each seven feet in diameter. He is taken to his country house, and, though the distance is only a mile, the great weight and the heavy sands make the journey one of several days. It was thought formerly that the worshipers threw themselves under the chariot wheels as a sacrifice to the god, but probably the deaths occurred from accident. The word, however, has become fixed in our language to represent that which marches on, riding over everything in its way. See Orissa (in Bengal) by Sir W. W. Hunter.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Judas

See also Judas Iscariot on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ju'das, the betrayer of Jesus and named Iscariot, probably was a native of Kerioth in Judah and, if so, the only southerner among the twelve disciples. See the Gospels, the Lives of Jesus by Neander, Farrar and Edersheim and the essay by De Quincey.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Julian

See also Julian the Apostate on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Jul′ian, called the Apostate, because of his giving up Christianity. Born at Constantinople in 331 and half-brother of Constantine the Great, he became Roman emperor from 361 to 363 A. D. His boyhood was embittered by a terrible tragedy. He was bred a Christian, studied philosophy and literature, and at Athens embraced paganism. About 355 he showed himself a good soldier. He overthrew the Alamanni, conquered the Frankish tribes along the Rhine and made his winter-quarters at Paris. The people liked him because he lightened their burdens; the soldiers, because of his courage, success in war and simple private life. In 360 Emperor Constantine became alarmed at his popularity, and ordered him to send some of his best troops against the Persians. His soldiers rose and proclaimed him emperor. His cousin’s death opened the government of the world to Julian. He reformed the civil service, persecuted neither Christians nor Jews, but reopened the old temples and tried (with poor success) to bring back the old religion. In 363 he marched against Persia, but was wounded. An old writer asserts that he cried: “Thou hast conquered, O Galilean!” which, whether he said it or not, was the fact. He died June 26, 363. See G. H. Rendall’s The Emperor Julian; Ibsen’s Emperor and Galilean; and Gibbon’s Rome.