OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/phuaⁿ
### phuaⁿphuaⁿ

* 絆phùaⁿ6521205
* To trip up a horse.

#### hṳ́ kò̤ soiⁿ mâiⁿ-hôk phùaⁿ-bé-so̤h tó̤ táng i lâi;

    first set a lasso for the horse's feet, and then await his arrival.

#### i kâi bé khṳt phùaⁿ-bé-so̤hⁿ phùaⁿ tó̤, nâng īa pûah lô̤h khṳ̀;

    his horse was tripped up by the rope stretched to trip him, and the rider fell off.
* 盤phùaⁿ65312210
* To purchase for retailing.

#### nín kâi hùe tŏ̤ tī-kò̤ phùaⁿ lâi?;

    Where do you buy the goods that you sell?

#### cá-cá cū cĭeⁿ tîeⁿ khṳ̀ phùaⁿ hùe;

    goes early to the market to get the goods he is to peddle.
* 判phùaⁿ654185
* A decision; a verdict; an official judgment.

#### tn̂g-phùaⁿ chau chut lâi thóiⁿ;

    copy out the official decision for examination.

#### thóiⁿ i kâi tn̂g-phùaⁿ cò̤-nî phùaⁿ;

    see what verdict shall be given.

#### phùaⁿ cúa-khò;

    decide what is well or badly written in a copy-book, as a teacher does for his pupil.
* 伴phŭaⁿ65295
* A comrade, a fellow, an associate; to follow, to attend on.

#### sĭ i kâi tâng-phŭaⁿ;

    it is his companion.

#### i pái mêⁿ tó̤ phŭaⁿ lêng;

    he every night keeps the manes company, by sleeping near the coffin.

#### pûe-phŭaⁿ nâng-kheh tó̤ cŏ̤;

    sitting with a guest.

#### ŭ nâng sie phŭaⁿ a-bô̤?;

    Is there any one with him?

#### bô̤ nâng sie phŭaⁿ;

    without companionship.

#### kâi sĭ tṳ phŭaⁿ hóⁿ mî;

    it is like to the dog offering himself to the tiger as a bed-fellow.

#### bô̤ phŭaⁿ, kù-chṳ́ m̄ cê g khṳ̀;

    did not go because I had no one to go with me.

#### mêⁿ-hng lâi sie phŭaⁿ lāu-jîet cē;

    come this evening and enjoy the entertainment with us.

#### bô̤ mûeh hó̤ phŭaⁿ chíu;

    I have nothing to take in my hand (to give ease of manner).
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/pho̤h
### pho̤h

* 粕pho̤h7111195
* The grains in liquor; dregs.

#### cau-pho̤h;

    that which floats on the vat.

#### put kùe tit tîeh i kâi cau-pho̤h;

    got nothing more than the scum of it.

#### îeh-cúi pû khṳ̀ cîah, îeh pho̤h li tûi lío khṳ̀ tah;

    steep it and drink the infusion, then pound the dregs soft and put them on as a poultice.

#### tê-pho̤h;

    tea-grounds.
* 𠢪pho̤h6861812
* To cleave at a blow; to cut with a heavy stroke.

#### àiⁿ pho̤h cò̤ nŏ̤ kò̤ a saⁿ kò̤?

    Do you want it cut in two or in three pieces?

#### pho̤h tn̆g;

    cleave apart.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/phu
### phu

* 普phú716728
* Universal; throughout.

#### i khṳt i phú thien cṳ hĭa mēⁿ cêk kùe;

    he was reviled by him, every approbrious term under the whole heavens being used. ​
* 葡萄phû-thô̤715
* The vine; grapes.

#### phû-thô̤ chīu;

    a grapevine.

#### phû-thô̤ kuaⁿ;

    raisins.

#### phû-thô̤ cíu;

    wine made from grapes.

#### phû-thô̤ cap;

    the juice of the grape.

#### cêk kîu phû-thô̤;

    a cluster of grapes.

#### tah kâi phû-thô̤ pêⁿ, khṳt phû-thô̤ câng tŏa;

    put up a trellis for the grape vine to run upon.

#### níoⁿ-chṳ́ thoa phû-thô̤;

    a rat pulls the grapes.

#### tiah phû-thô̤;

    to gather grapes.
* 菩phû7161408
* The sacred tree of the Buddhists, the phû-thî-chīu, brought from Magdalia.

#### phû-thî-chīu;

    the seeds of the pipul tree, used as beads.

#### phû-sak;

    an idol; a god; inferior Buddhas.
* 浮phû140857
* The opposite of sinking; to float; to drift; to overflow; light, unsteady, volatile.

#### tîm lô̤h khṳ̀ lío, phû khí lâi;

    sank and then rose again.

#### pùaⁿ phû, pùaⁿ tîm;

    floating, half in the water and half out.

#### phû tŏ̤ mīn cīeⁿ;

    rose to the surface.

#### cò̤ cêk tîo phû kîe;

    make a pontoon bridge.

#### phû kâi li lîo tīo;

    skim off what rises to the surface.

#### phū-chàu;

    light minded; without stability or dignity.

#### phû-seⁿ kìa sì;

    life passes like a dream.

#### khin-phû;

    levity; unsteadiness.

#### i cò̤ sṳ̄ khin-phû;

    he is very giddy.

#### i cĭam-cĭam phû thâu;

    he is gradually rising in the world.

#### i put kùe cho̤ phû-thâu;

    he has only just begun to rise in the world.

#### phû-phîe;

    vagrant; unsettled; unstable.

#### cí kâi nâng phû-phîe căi;

    this person is one who drifts hither and thither.

#### cí cak sṳ̄ chíaⁿ kìa-phû;

    this business is not yet to be brought forward; let this be laid on the table.

#### màiⁿ thî-phû cía sṳ̄;

    do not introduce this subject.

#### thî-phû i kâi mîaⁿ, i cū seⁿ khì;

    if mention her name, he will become angry.

#### cí kúi tîo sìo phû tŏ̤ kò̤;

    there are these few debts which are floating.

#### i cò̤ mih sṳ̄ to sĭ phû-chêng chàu-khì;

    his conduct is always frivolous and mean.
* 炸phû8865
* To boil in oil.

#### phû îu kâi a phû lâ kâi?;

    Is it boiled in oil or in lard?

#### àiⁿ phû cíⁿ húe a sĭ àiⁿ phû sêk húe?

    Should the oil be moderately or intensely heated, for cooking them?

#### phû khah kùe húe;

    to fry too long.
* 蒲phû71514010
* The cat-tail rush, of whose leaves mats are woven; calamus or sweet flag.

#### phû-n̂g;

    sweet flag.

#### phû-kong-eng;

    the dandelion.

#### phû-cháu ôi;

    sandals woven of flag leaves.

#### phû-thŵn;

    a hassock, or rush mat; a straw hassock covered with leaves.
* 芙蓉phû-îong144
* A shrub, the hibiscus.

#### phû-îong hue;

    hibiscus.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/phuh
### phuhphuh

* 弱phûh295577
* Weak in numbers and influence.

#### phûh hieⁿ;

    a small and uninfluential town.

#### phûh pang, phûh kha;

    an uninfluential body.

#### in cêk pâng chìo, ún cêk pâng phûh;

    they are powerful and we are weak.

#### ún cí sîaⁿ lăi bô̤ mih chìo phûh;

    we here in the city are not divided into opposing parties.

#### chìo kâi to̤ to̤ àiⁿ khi-hŭ phûh kâi;

    the strong are always trying to oppress the weak.

#### ún ío phûh m̄ káⁿ thīn i;

    we are the weaker party and dare not provoke him.

#### sĭ i sĭang phûh;

    he is the least powerful of all.
# Divis orte bonis

Ode 4.5, also called the Ode to Augustus: one of Horace's odes, published in 13 BCE.
English-language translations of Divis orte bonis include:
# Divine Songs for the Use of Children (1847)/XXV. For the Lord's Day Evening

FINIS.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Widdrington, Ralph

1904 Errata appended.
​WIDDRINGTON, RALPH (d. 1688), regius professor of Greek at Cambridge, younger son of Lewis Widdrington and brother of Sir Thomas Widdrington [q. v.], was born at Stamfordham, Northumberland, and educated at Christ's College, Cambridge. He must have been a college acquaintance of Milton's, whose ‘Lycidas’ first appeared in the same volume as a Latin poem by Widdrington (cf. Masson, Milton, new edit. i. 248, 651). He graduated B.A. in 1635 and M.A. in 1639, and was elected a fellow of his college. In 1647 he served the office of taxer of the university. He was one of the first to sign the ‘engagement’ in 1650, and on 2 Nov. in that year he was appointed public orator. He became regius professor of Greek in 1654. In 1661 he was created D.D. per literas regias. He was presented to the rectory of Thorp by the dean and chapter of Lincoln on 6 Feb. 1661. His brother-fellows, to whom, especially to Cudworth, he had long been obnoxious, ejected him from his fellowship in 1661, but he was restored upon appeal, and retained his fellowship, or at least resided in college, until his death. He became Lady Margaret's preacher in 1664, and Lady Margaret's professor of divinity on 4 March 1672–3. He was instituted to the rectory of Great Munden, Hertfordshire, on the presentation of the king, on 17 Dec. 1675, and died on 10 June 1688; on 30 Aug. following John Cole succeeded him in that rectory (Clutterbuck, Hertfordshire, ii. 395). His will was proved on 2 Aug. 1689.
Besides many Latin letters and numerous copies of verses in the various university collections published on official occasions between 1637 and 1685, Widdrington has verses prefixed to Duport's ‘Homeri Gnomologia,’ 1660, and a treatise ‘Deipnon kai epideipnon, Cœna Dominica, cum micis aliquot epidorpidum,’ printed at the end of Thomas à Kempis's ‘De Christo imitando,’ Cambridge, 1688, 12mo.
T. C.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.279 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 180 | ii | 26-7 | Widdrington, Ralph: for before 30 Aug. 1688, when read on 10 June 1688: on 30 Aug. following |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wickwane, William de

​WICKWANE or WYCHEHAM, WILLIAM de (d. 1285), archbishop of York, was canon and chancellor of York when on 4 Feb. 1262 he was instituted to the rectory of Ivinghoe, Buckinghamshire (Raine). Walter Giffard [q. v.], archbishop of York, having died in April 1279, Wickwane was elected by the chapter to succeed him on 22 June; he received the king's assent on 4 July, and went to the pope for his pall. Nicolas III set aside the election by the chapter, but as of his own will consecrated him to York at Viterbo on 26 Aug. On landing in England about 29 Sept. he caused his cross to be borne before him in the province of Canterbury. John Peckham [q. v.], the archbishop, ordered that no food should be sold to him on pain of excommunication, and his official and his men had a struggle with Wickwane's party and broke the cross (Wykes). He was enthroned at York at Christmas. In 1280 he began a visitation of his province, and was specially careful in visiting its monasteries. On coming to Durham he was refused admission into the cathedral priory, the gate being forcibly kept against him. Standing in the road, he pronounced excommunication against the monks; appeals were made to Rome, and the dispute lasted during the remainder of his life. He again visited Durham in person in 1283, and was about to excommunicate the prior in the church of St. Nicolas, when some of the younger citizens raised a tumult; he was forced to flee, one of his palfrey's ears was cut off, and he is said to have been in danger of his life. On 8 Jan. 1284 he translated the body of St. William [see Fitzherbert, William], archbishop of York, in ​the presence of Edward I, and with much state, and on the next day consecrated Antony Bek (d. 1310) [q. v.] to the see of Durham, an act which he is said to have regretted to the day of his death. Having obtained the king's leave, he set out to lay his complaints against the convent of Durham before the pope. On his way he fell sick of a fever at Pontigny, assumed the Cistercian habit, and died there on 26 Aug. 1285. The statement that he resigned his see appears merely to refer to his assumption of the monastic habit during his last illness. He was buried in the abbey church of Pontigny.
Emaciated in person, austere in life and manners, and sparing in expenditure, William had a high reputation for sanctity, took as little part as possible in civil affairs, and was industrious and strict in his administration of his province and of his diocese, in which he consecrated many new churches. Miracles, and specially cures of fever, are said to have been wrought at his tomb. He made a beneficial rule, confirmed by the king in 1283, that each archbishop of York should leave a certain amount of stock on the estates of the see. He is said to have been learned, and to have written a book called ‘Memoriale,’ apparently a kind of learned commonplace book (Bale). His register (1279–85), extant at York, was published by the Surtees Society in 1907.
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Widdicomb, Henry

​WIDDICOMB, HENRY (1813–1868), comedian, born in Store Street, Tottenham Court Road, on 14 Feb. 1813, was the son of John Esdaile Widdicomb or Widdicumb (1787–1854), a well-known figure for many years in London, having been from 1819 to 1853 riding-master and conductor of ‘the ring’ at Astley's Amphitheatre. The elder Widdicomb, before he was at Astley's, had ‘played the dandylover in pantomime to the clown of Grimaldi at the old Coburg Theatre. He was to the last a wonderfully young-looking man, and was an excellent ring-master’ (Blanchard, Life and Reminiscences, 1891, p. 125). ‘The unapproachable Mr. Widdicombe’ he is called in a note to the ‘Lay of St. Romwold,’ who ‘preserved the graces of his youth to an age only equalled by Tom Hill and the Wandering Jew’ (Ingoldsby Legends, 1894, iii. 85). Browning described him in a letter to his wife in August 1846 as having a face ‘just Tom Moore's, plus two painted cheeks, a sham moustache, and hair curled in wiry long ringlets.’ When there was no evening performance at Astley's he was frequently seen at Vauxhall. He died in Kennington on 3 Nov. 1854 (Gent. Mag. 1854, ii. 406).
‘Harry’ Widdicomb was entered by his father at fifteen as a clerk in the long room at the Custom House. Against his father's wish he left this employment in 1831, and obtained an engagement at the Margate Theatre under Saville Faucit. He joined the Yorkshire circuit under Down, but came to London in 1835 or soon after, and obtained an engagement under Andrew Ducrow [q. v.] When Astley's was burned down he went to Liverpool and played leading parts as a low comedian under Malone Raymond. In March 1842 he first obtained employment at a west-end theatre, being engaged by Benjamin Webster during Buckstone's absence in America. In 1845 he became joint manager of the Sheffield and Wolverhampton theatres with Charles Dillon, but three years later he returned to London and was principal comedian at the Surrey Theatre from 1848 down to 1860. He played at first occasionally and then regularly under Fechter at the Lyceum; in ‘Sarah's Young Man’ in August 1858, in Gilbert's ‘Uncle Baby’ in November 1863, as first gravedigger in ‘Hamlet’ in the revivals of ‘Hamlet’ in January 1861 and May 1864, in the ‘King's Butterfly’ in the following October, as Jacques Strop in the ‘Roadside Inn’ to Fechter's Macaire in January 1865, as Craigengelt in the ‘Bride of Lammermoor’ in January 1866, and as Moneypenny in Boucicault's ‘Long Strike’ in the ensuing September. He was last seen during 1867 at the Holborn Theatre.
Widdicomb never attained to the front rank, but he had a considerable fund of original humour and power of facial expression. He died in Kennington Park Road on 6 April 1868, and was buried at Norwood.
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Widdowes, Giles

​WIDDOWES, GILES (1588?–1645), divine, born about 1588, son of Thomas Widdowes of Mickleton, Gloucestershire, ​was probably matriculated at Oriel College, Oxford, in 1603–4 (but there are no records of Oriel matriculations at that date), graduated B.A. at Oxford on 25 Feb. 1608, M.A. on 27 Jan. 1614, was fellow of Oriel in 1610–1621, and therein was tutor to Prynne, with whom he afterwards engaged in controversy. Born in the parish in which Endymion Porter [q. v.] lived, he was patronised by him in later years (cf. Cal. State Papers, Dom. 4 Feb. 1639). In 1619 he became rector of St. Martin Carfax, Oxford, and, after resigning his fellowship at Oriel, he became vice-principal of Gloucester Hall. He was also chaplain to Katherine, duchess of Buckingham (preface to the Schismatical Puritan, 1631), and was highly thought of by Laud (Canterburie's Doome, p. 72). In 1630 he published a sermon preached at Witney ‘concerning the lawfulness of church authority, for ordaining and commanding of rites and ceremonies to beautify the church,’ under the title of ‘The Schismatical Puritan’ (1st ed. 1630; 2nd ed. 1631). It was answered by Prynne in an appendix to his ‘Anti-Arminianism’ (2nd ed. 1630). Widdowes replied in ‘The Lawless Kneeless Schismatical Puritan’ (Oxford, 1631), dedicated to Endymion Porter, in which he defended the church's order of bowing at the Holy Name. This Prynne answered in ‘Lame Giles his Haltings’ (1631). His sermons at Carfax, though popular among the royalists and soldiery, caused occasional riots among the puritan youths. At Laud's trial it was stated that he had set up a window in his church with a crucifix on it. He was generous to the poor, a strong antisabbatarian, dancing with his flock on Whit-Sunday, and worked energetically in his parish during the siege of Oxford. He died on 4 Feb. 1644–5, and was buried in the chancel of his church.
Wood describes him as ‘a harmless and honest man, a noted disputant, well read in the schoolmen, and as conformable to and zealous in the established discipline of the church of England as any person of his time, yet of so odd and strange parts that few or none could be compared with him.’
W. H. H.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Re-animation

Edition of 1802.
​Re-animation: See Animation, Cold, &c.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Reaping

Edition of 1802.
​REAPING, the operation of cutting corn, whether by the sickle, or by the scythe.
The most common practice of reaping is with sickles; though, where the scythe can be conveniently employed, it is certainly preferable, on account of its being less fatiguing, and far more expeditious. We are aware of the objections made by farmers against the latter instrument, namely, that it shakes the ear, and consequently numerous grains must be losf; and that considerable quantities are wasted, by the exposed state in which the corn is left, after being cut down. It is farther urged, that mowing is not only injurious to the health of the labourer, but also mixes noxious weeds among the grain; which, when sown the succeeding; year, often completely stifle the growth of the rising crop.
On the other hand, it may be maintained that, if a good scythe be judiciously managed by a skilful mower, the corn will both be cut more regularly, and fall to the ground with less concussion than if a sickle were employed. Thus, if the labourer work in the manner directed in the article Mowing, the objection arising from the unhealthiness of the practice will be completely obviated. On the whole, we are of opinion, that reaping is far more troublesome; and, as the reapers must be continually bending forward, more prejudicial to their health than mowing. To facilitate the latter operation, therefore, we propose to give in its proper place, an account of the best Scythes, that may be most advantageously substituted for sickles.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Ray-grass

Edition of 1802.
​Ray-grass. See Darnel, the Red.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Red

Edition of 1802.
​RED, is one of the simple or primary colours, into which the rays of light divide themselves, on being refraded through a prism.
The principal reds employed in painting are, carmine, rose-pink, red-lead, and vermilion; of the preparation of which, the reader will find a concise account, vol. ii. p. 36.
In dyeing, the chief articles that afford a red shade, with its different varieties, are kermes, cochineal, and madder.—See Dyeing, vol. ii. pp. 203-5.
In the 2d volume of the New Memoirs of the Roval Academy of Sciences, &c. of Berlin, we meet with a communication by M. Margraaff, containing an account of an excellent red paint. Its component parts are Dutch madder, and alum; which, being mixed with a small portion of the oil of popples, afford a colour of exquisite beauty and lustre, far superior to the red obtained from cochineal, or any other vegetable substitute; while it is considerably cheaper; though, he observes, the quantity of distilled water used in the process, increases the expence of the preparation.
Red-Ink, is a coloured liquor employed for the ruling of account-books, and other mercantile purposes. It is prepared by infusing 4 ounces of the raspings of Brazil-wood, and 2 drams of pulverized alum, in equal quantities, namely, a pint of rain-water and vinegar, for two or three days; at the expiration of which time, the infusion is boiled over a moderate fire, till the third part of the fluid be evaporated. It is then suffered to stand for three or four days, when it is filtred through blotting-paper, and preserved for use, in close vessels. There is no occasion for adding any gum-arabic, which only tends to suspend impurities, while it changes the ink to a pale purple shade.—Another mode of making red-ink, consists in triturating the whites of four eggs, and a tea-spoonful of pounded lump-sugar, with a similar quantity of spirit of wine, till they acquire an uniform consistence. Vermilion is then to be incorporated in such a proportion as will produce a red colour of sufficient strength. The liquor must be kept in a well-closed vessel, and agitated every time before it is used.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Razor

Edition of 1802.
​RAZOR, an instrument employed for the purpose of removing the hair from the human beard or head.
As shaving is to many persons a painful operation, cutlers have applied all their skill and ingenuity, to remedy such inconvenience.—Hence strops, and washes, or soaps ​of a peculiar nature, have been contrived, with a view to facilitate that process; and some artists have so far succeeded, as to produce excellent instruments: the best, however, we believe, are those manufactured by Mr. Savigny, of King-street, Covent-garden; who has brought his Patent Razors to the highest degree of perfection, of which they are perhaps susceptible.
Much, however, depends upon the manner in which the razor is managed. The hone, therefore, ought first to be wiped perfectly clean, after which a few drops of sweet oil must be poured on it. The operator should next place his thumb and fore-finger sideways, on the part of the heel, in order to take firm hold both of the blade and of its handle: one side of the razor is next to be laid flat across the hone, in such a manner that its shoulder (or the part contiguous to the heel), may touch the nearest part of the stone. The razor is now drawn towards the person, somewhat circularly, and with a slight pressure, till he arrives at the point. When such side has been thus passed for a few times, the opposite one is to be conducted in a similar manner, till the edge uniformly assumes a wiry appearance. Lastly, bnth sides are to be moved a few times across the hone, from the heel to the point; in order that a perfect regularity may be produced in every part of the edge.
The razor, being thus honed, must now be drawn obliquely, from the point to the heel, across a strop, that is perfectly flat; and which is furnished with two leafhers on the smoothing side: after this operation, it is fit for immediate use.—It deserves, however, to be mentioned, that those boasted powders, or unctuous preparations for giving a fine edge to razors, consist merely of crocus mortis, or the red calx of vitriol, which is spread on the strop, by mixing it with a little oil or tallow.
Those of our readers, whose faces smart from the use of indifferent razors, or who may wish for further instructions relative to their management, will meet with some pertinent hints on this subject, in Mr. Kingsbury's Treatise on Razors, &c. (8vo. 1s. 6d. 1797); in which it is fully and perspicuously discussed.