OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/3/Counties/Yell

​ YELL COUNTY was created by act of the General Assembly in 1851 and embraced all of the present territory of Webster except the north tier of congressional townships. It was named for the second Governor of Arkansas, Colonel Archibald Yell, who was killed at the Battle of Buena Vista in the Mexican War. The county had never been organized up to 1853, when by act of the Legislature it was incorporated with the new county of Webster. This county was formed by uniting the former county of Webster, which had first been named Risley, with Yell County, making thirty-two congressional townships, to which the name of Webster was given. By this act the county of Yell ceased to exist.
LEAD MINING NEAR DUBUQUE IN 1839
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/3/List of Illustrations

THE CAPITOL OF IOWA
| The Capitol of Iowa | Frontispiece | Frontispiece |
| Frederick E. Bissell | Facing page | 12 |
| The Grasshopper Scourge | Facing page | 19 |
| State College of Agriculture | Facing page | 26 |
| The Cardiff Giant | Facing page | 42 |
| Cyrus C. Carpenter | Facing page | 48 |
| Joshua G. Newbold | Facing page | 87 |
| John H. Gear | Facing page | 93 |
| Kate Shelly Saving a Train | Facing page | 112 |
| Buren R. Sherman | Facing page | 113 |
| Iowa College Wrecked by a Tornado | Facing page | 120 |
| William Larrabee | Facing page | 135 |
| Horace Boies | Facing page | 160 |
| Iowa Building at Columbia Exposition | Facing page | 167 |
| Frank D. Jackson | Facing page | 171 |
| Monument of Spirit Lake Massacre | Facing page | 181 |
| Leslie M. Shaw | Facing page | 190 |
| Floyd Monument | Facing page | 203 |
| Albert B. Cummins | Facing page | 209 |
| Battle Ship Iowa | Facing page | 214 |
| Liberal Arts Building, State University | Facing page | 266 |
| Close Hall, State University | Facing page | 267 |
| Agricultural Hall, Iowa State College | Facing page | 268 |
| Engineering Hall, Iowa State College | Facing page | 269 |
| State Normal School | Facing page | 271 |
| Iowa Hall of History | Facing page | 283 |
| An Iowa Prairie Farm | Facing page | 287 |
| Mississippi River South of Lansing | Facing page | 293 |
| Bluffs on the Oneota River | Facing page | 299 |
| Artesian Well at Belle Plaine | Facing page | 308 |
| Field Strewn With Bowlders | Facing page | 315 |
| Storm Lake | Facing page | 317 |
| Raccoon River | Facing page | 321 |
| Clear Lake | Facing page | 325 |
| Islands in Mississippi River | Facing page | 333 |
| Bluffs on Maquoketa River | Facing page | 340 |
| Indian Spring near Burlington | Facing page | 341 |
| West Okoboji Lake | Facing page | 342 ​ |
| Towers of Galena Limestone | Facing page | 343 |
| Granite Bowlder at Nora Springs | Facing page | 346 |
| Bluffs on the Iowa River | Facing page | 355 |
| West Fork of the Des Moines River | Facing page | 360 |
| Steamboat Rock on Maquoketa River | Facing page | 363 |
| The Iowa River | Facing page | 368 |
| Jasper Pool, Lyon County | Facing page | 379 |
| Lithographic Stone, Mitchell County | Facing page | 388 |
| Wild Cat Den, on Pine Creek | Facing page | 392 |
| Chicaquaka, or Skunk River | Facing page | 412 |
| Gypsum Ledges, near Fort Dodge | Facing page | 428 |
| Plymouth Rock, Upper Iowa River | Facing page | 430 |
| Oneota River, near Decorah | Facing page | 431 |
| Flood Plain of Missouri River | Facing page | 433 |
| An Iowa Stock Farm | Facing page | 437 |
| Lead Mining near Dubuque | Facing page | 438 |
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/3/Preface

​ A DISTINGUISHED writer has said, “Happy is the country that has a dull history.” The present volume takes up the narration of events of public interest following the graphic pictures of pioneer life and the thrilling tragedies and sacrifices of the great Civil War. While the record of the times of peace, progress and the ordinary passing events, which make up the greater portion of modern history, may be uninteresting compared with the stirring scenes of pioneer years, and the mustering, marching and battles of great armies, yet the quiet evolution of a progressive people through successive steps toward a higher civilization, greater achievements in education, prosperity and happiness, are of no less importance. This volume deals in facts and figures in a large degree for the purpose of preserving a record of dates and events for future reference. It partakes of the character of a cyclopedia of general information for those who have not access to the voluminous State and National public documents. In a republic where the people, through the various political parties, select their representatives and determine the policy of the Government, a condensed history of political conventions, abstracts of the platforms adopted from year to year, show the trend of public opinion which becomes incorporated into the statutes of the State and Nation. A record of the results of Congressional, State and National elections is necessary to show the changing opinions of the electors and the peaceful acquiescence of the people in radical changes of officers and public policy, which, in many countries would lead to civil wars.
A record of the time and place of meeting of the various ​Legislative Assemblies of the Territory and State and of the several Constitutional Conventions, with a brief abstract of their important acts, as well as decisions of the higher courts deeply affecting the public welfare, will always be of interest to such as are investigating the evolution of law in our commonwealth from the earliest periods.
The brief historical sketches of the creation, naming and organization of the various counties, which have at any time had an existence in the State, together with a record of the first settlements, their size, geographical location, establishment of the first newspapers, fixing and changing of county-seats, advent of the first railroads and names of the pioneer settlers, will serve as a guide to students of Iowa history who desire to obtain these important facts in condensed form.
The Directory of Public Officials will be useful to all who would know who, among our citizens, have served the State and Nation in various capacities, from the organization of the first civil government in Iowa to the opening years of the Twentieth Century.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/3/Title page

HISTORY OF IOWA
From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century
FOUR VOLUMES
By BENJAMIN F. GUE
Illustrated with Photographic Views of the Natural Scenery of the State, Public Buildings, Pioneer Life, Etc.
WITH PORTRAITS AND BIOGRAPHIES OF NOTABLE MEN AND WOMEN OF IOWA
VOLUME III
FROM 1866 TO 1903
THE CENTURY HISTORY COMPANY 41 Lafayette Place New York City
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/A. K. Bailey

A. K. BAILEY
​ A. K. BAILEY was born in Wales, Erie County, New York, November 18, 1835. After attending school until he was thirteen, he entered his father's office and learned the printer's trade. In 1860 Mr. Bailey came to Iowa, locating in Winneshiek County and with his father, Wesley Bailey, founded the Decorah Republican. For more than forty years he has remained with that journal as one of the editors and publishers. It has long ranked among the best weekly newspapers in the State. He has, during that period, in addition to conducting the Republican, held the office of treasurer and recorder of the county, served sixteen years as postmaster of Decorah and for four years, from 1890 to 1894, represented his county in the State Senate. While a member of the Senate he was an earnest advocate of the Australian ballot law and one of the zealous supporters of the establishment of the State Historical Department. He and his father were among the pioneer journalists of northern Iowa and widely known throughout the State as among the ablest editors.
# Hermione and Her Little Group of Serious Thinkers/The Swami Brandranath

THE SWAMI BRANDRANATH
I HEARD such a lovely lecture the other night on the Cosmos.
A Little Group of Advanced Women that I belong to are specializing this winter on the Cosmos.
We took it up, you know, because the other topics we were studying included it so frequently. And it s wonderful, really wonderful!
Of course, an untrained mind will grapple with it in vain. One's interest must be serious and sincere. One must devote time to it.
Otherwise one will get more harm than good out of it, you know.
It's like the Russian dances that way.
They are so primal, those dances! And all those primal things are dangerous, don t you think? Unless one has poise!
It's odd, too, that some of the most primal people have the most poise, isn't it?
The Swami Brandranath was like that. I've told you about the Swami Brandranath, haven't I?
He wore such lovely robes! You can't buy silk like that in this country.
​And he had such a pure look in his eyes. So many of these magnetic people lack that pure look, you know.
He used to give talks to a Little Group of Serious Thinkers I belong to.
He taught us to go into the Silences—only we never quite learned, for some of the girls would giggle. There are always people like that. The dear Swami!—he was so patient! It was Occidental levity, he said, and we couldn't help it.
That is one of the main differences between the Orient and the Occident, you know.
How wonderful they are, the Orientals. And just think of India, with all its yogis and bazaars and mahatmas and howdahs and rajahs and things!
He was a Brahmin, the Swami was. A Brahmin and a Burman are the same thing, you know.
It's a caste, like belonging to one of our best families.
The Swami explained about the marks of caste, and so forth, to us.
And then one of the girls asked him if he was tattooed!
The idea!
# Hermione and Her Little Group of Serious Thinkers/The World Is Getting Better

THE WORLD IS GETTING BETTER
DR. JAGADES CHUNDER BOSE says that plants are almost as sensitive as human beings—they have feelings and susceptibilities, you know, and all that sort of thing.
Isn't it wonderful how the Hindus find these things out?
Soul speaking to soul, I suppose.
But I have scarcely been able to eat comfortably since I read it.
Every time I sit down to a salad it makes me feel quite like a cannibal!
And to think, I was just on the point of becoming a vegetarian, too!
I suppose to be on the safe side one should eat nothing but minerals.
But, of course, advanced thinkers will have to take the matter up seriously and discover a way out—some day we will live on aromas and electricity, no doubt.
Don't you think the world is growing kinder? A hundred years ago, for instance, no one would ​have cared whether plants suffer pain or not—people wouldn't have given it a second thought, you know.
And now, though they will have to keep on eating them until something else is invented, they will do it with a shudder and won't enjoy them near so much. The world is losing much of its cruelty and thoughtlessness. Upward! Onward! is the slogan.
Do you like my new coat? Unborn lamb skin, you know. Isn't it lovely!
# Hermione and Her Little Group of Serious Thinkers/Urges and Dogs

URGES AND DOGS
WE had quite a discussion the other evening—our Little Group of Serious Thinkers, you know—as to whether it was Idealism or Materialism that had gotten the Germans into this dreadful war.
Isn't Idealism just simply wonderful!
Fothy Finch said it was neither; he said it was the Racial Urge.
It's like the Cosmic Urge, you know; except it's altogether German, Fothy explained.
Every once in a while you hear of a New Urge. That's one of the things that distinguishes Modern Thought from the old philosophies, don't you think?
Although, of course, the Cosmic Urge isn't what it used to be a year or two ago.
It's become—er—well, vulgarized, if you know what I mean. Everybody is writing and talking about it now, don't you know.
I think, myself, it's going out, soon. And a leader—a real pioneer in thought, you know,—would scarcely care to talk about it now without a smile. ​I've just about dropped it myself. It's the same way with everything exclusive. It soon becomes common.
Really, I hadn't worn my white summer furs three weeks before I saw so many imitations that I just simply had to lay them aside.
Don t you think that people who take up things like that, after the real leaders have dropped them, are frightfully lacking in subtlety?
Oh, Subtlety! Subtlety! What would modern thought be without Subtlety?
Personally, I just simply hate the Obvious. It's so—so—well, so easily seen through, if you know what I mean.
Fothy Finch said to me only the other day, "Has it ever occurred to you, Hermione, that you are not an Obvious sort of person?"
It is almost uncanny the way Fothergil Finch can read my thoughts sometimes. We are both so very psychic.
Mamma said to me last night, "You are seeing a great deal of Mr. Finch, Hermione. Do you think it is right to encourage him if you don't intend to marry him? What are your intentions with regard to Mr. Finch?"
I didn't answer her at all—poor dear Mamma is so old-fashioned!
But I thought to myself—— ​Well, would it be so impossible ?
Of course, marriage is a serious thing. One must look at it from all points of view, if one has a Social Conscience.
He has a lovely way with dogs, Fothy has. They trust him instinctively—he is just dear with them. I have some beauties now, you know. They are getting so they won't let anyone but Fothy bathe them.
# Hermione and Her Little Group of Serious Thinkers/The Spirit of Christmas

THE SPIRIT OF CHRISTMAS
ISN'T the Christmas festival just simply wonderful?
For days beforehand I feel so uplifted—so, well, other-worldly—if you know what I mean.
Isn't it just dreadful that any material considerations have to spoil such a sacred time?
It does seem to me that somehow we might free ourselves of worldliness and greediness and just rise to the spiritual significance of the day. If only we could!
And what a blessing it would be to the poor, tired shop girls if we could!
Though, of course, they, the shop girls, I mean, must be upheld even in their weariest moments by the thought that they are helping on the beautiful impulse of giving!
When they reflect that every article they sell is to be a gift from one thoughtful and loving heart to another they must forget the mere fatigue of the flesh and just feel the stimulus, the inspiration, the vibration!
There are gifts, I admit, that haven't the divine ​spark of love to hallow them, but after all there aren't so many of that sort. Love one another is the spirit of Christmas—and it prevails, whatever the skeptics may say to the contrary. And though it's a pity there has to be a material side to Christmas at all, it's so comforting, so ennobling to realize that back of the material gifts is Brotherly Love.
It quite reassures one about the state of the world; it certainly isn't getting worse with Brotherly Love and the Spirit of Giving animating everybody.
Of course, Christmas giving is a problem sometimes. It is so embarrassing when somebody you'd forgotten entirely sends you a present.
I always buy several extra things just for that emergency. Then, when an unexpected gift arrives, I can rush off a return gift so promptly that nobody'd ever dream I hadn't meant to send it all along.
And I always buy things I'd like to have myself, so that if they aren't needed for unexpected people they're still not wasted.
With all my spirituality, I have a practical side, you see.
All well balanced natures have both the spiritual and the practical side. It's so essential, nowadays, to be well balanced, and it's a great relief to me to find I can be practical. It saves me a lot of trouble, ​too, especially about this problem of Christmas giving.
I know the value of material things, for instance. And I never waste money giving more expensive presents to my friends than I receive from them. That's one of the advantages of having a well balanced nature, a practical side.
And, anyway, the value of a gift is not in the cost of it. Quite cheap things, when they represent true thought and affection, are above rubies.
Mamma and Papa are going to get me a pearl necklace, just to circle the throat, but beautifully matched pearls. I wouldn't care for an ostentatiously long string of pearls anyway.
Poor, dear Papa says he really can't afford it—with times so hard, and those dear, pathetic Europeans on everybody's hands, you know—but Mamma made him understand how necessary beauty is to me, and he finally gave in.
Isn't it just wonderful how love rules us all at Christmas time?
# Hermione and Her Little Group of Serious Thinkers/Vibrations

VIBRATIONS
HAVE you thought much about Vibrations?
We’re taking them up this week—a Little Group of Advanced Thinkers I belong to, you know—and they’re wonderfully worth while—wonderfully so!
That’s what I always ask myself—is a thing worth while? Or isn’t it?
Vibrations are the key to everything. Atoms used to be, but atoms have quite gone out.
The thing that makes the new dances so wonderfully beneficial, you know, is that they give you Vibrations.
To an untrained mind, of course, Vibrations would be dangerous.
But I always feel that the right sort of mind will get good out of anything, and the wrong sort will get harm.
The most interesting woman talked to us the other night—to our little group, you know—on one-piece bathing suits and the Greek spirit.
Don’t you just dote on the Greeks?
They had some of the most modern ideas—it ​seems we get a lot of our advanced thought from them, if you get what I mean.
They were so unrestricted, too. One has only to look at their friezes and vases and things to realize that.
And the one-piece bathing suit, so the woman said, was an unconscious modern effort to get back to the Greek spirit.
She had a husband with her. He doesn’t lecture or anything, you know.
But she isn’t so very Greek-looking herself, although her spirit is so Greek, so she has this Greek-looking husband to wear the sandals and the tunics and the togas and things.
She calls him Achilles.
It’s quite proper, you know—Achilles stays behind a screen until she wants him to illustrate a point, and then he comes out with a lyre or a lute or something, and just stands and looks Greek. And then he goes back behind the screen and changes into the next garment she needs.
Of course, there are lots of men couldn’t stand it as well as Achilles. But when you come to that, there are lots of men who don’t look so very well in bathing suits, either.
And, of course, our American men don’t have the temperament to carry off a thing like that.
Of course, if we all turned Greek it would be ​quite a shock right at first to see everybody come into a dining-room or a drawing-room looking like Achilles does.
Not that temperament makes so much difference as it did a few years ago, you know—temperament and personality are going out and individuality is coming in.
Have you thought much about automatic writing?
It’s being taken up again, you know.
Not the vulgar, old-fashioned kind of spiritualism—that was so ordinary, wasn’t it?
The new ghosts are different. More—more—well, more refined, somehow, you know. Like the new dances as compared with that horrid turkey-trot.
One should always ask one’s self: “Does this have a refining influence on me; and through me on the world?”
For, after all, there is a duty one owes to society in general.
Have you seen the new sunshades?
# Hermione and Her Little Group of Serious Thinkers/Thoughts of Heredity and Things

THOUGHTS ON HEREDITY AND THINGS
ISN'T Heredity wonderful, though!
We've been going into it rather deeply—My Little Group of Serious Thinkers, you know.
And, really, when you get into it, it s quite complicated. All about Homozygotes and Heterozygotes, you know.
The Homozygotes are—well, you might call them the aristocrats, you know; thoroughbreds.
And the Heterozygotes are the hybrids.
Only, of course, they don't need to be goats at all.
Not but what they could be goats, you know, just as easily as horses or cows or human beings.
But whether goats or humans, don't you think the great lesson of Heredity is that Blood will Tell?
Really the farther I go into Philosophy and Science and such things the more clearly I see what a fund of truth there is in the old simple proverbs!
People used to find out great truths by Instinct, you know; and now they use Research—vaccinate guinea pigs, you know, and all that sort of thing.
​Instinct! Isn't Instinct wonderful!
And Intuition, too!
You know, I have the most remarkable intuition at times! Have I ever told you that I'm frightfully psychic?
Mr. Finch, the poet—you know Fothergil Finch, don't you?—he writes vers libre and poetry both—Mr. Finch said to me the other evening, "You are extremely psychic!"
"How did you know it?" I asked him.
"Ah!" he said, "how does one know these things?"
And how true that is, when you come to think it over! How does one know?
He has the most magnetic eyes! I could feel them drawing my thoughts from me as we talked.
"You have a Secret," he said.
"Yes," I said. And to myself I added, "Alas!"
"Your Secret is," he said, "that there is a difference between you and other girls."
It was positively uncanny! I've felt that for years! But no one else had ever suspected it before.
"Mr. Finch," I said, "I must have told you that—or else it was just a wild guess. You couldn't have gotten it psychically. How did you know it?"
"One knows these things," he said—a trifle sadly, I thought. "They come to one—out of the ​Silences; one knows not how. It is better not to ask how! It is better not to question! It is better to accept! Do you not feel it so?"
Sometimes I think that Fothergil Finch is the only man who has ever understood me.
You see, I am Dual in my personality.
There is the real Ego, and there is the Alter Ego.
And, besides these, I have so many moods which do not come from either one of my Egos! They come from my Subliminal Consciousness!
Isn't the Subliminal Consciousness wonderful; simply wonderful?
We're going to take it up in a serious way some evening next week, and thresh it out thoroughly.
But I must run along. I have an engagement with my dressmaker at two o'clock. You know, I've really found one who can make my gowns interpret my inner spirit.
# Hermione and Her Little Group of Serious Thinkers/Twilight Sleep

TWILIGHT SLEEP
HAVE you read anything about the Twilight Sleep yet? It's wonderful; simply wonderful!
The loveliest man told our little group all about it—just the other evening.
"Hermione," said Mamma, "I will not have you taking up any more subjects of that East Indian character. No Swami shall ever enter this house again!"
"Mamma," I said to her, "you are hopelessly unadvanced. It has nothing whatever to do with Going into the Silences or Swamis. It's entirely scientific and not psychic at all. And if it were psychic, what then?"
"No Swami," said Mamma, even more stubbornly, "shall ever darken my door again!"
Poor, dear, stupid Mamma! She gets things so mixed!
"As far as Swamis are concerned," I told her, "the debt we owe to them is incalculable. Where, for instance, would we have ever heard of Karma if it had not been for the Swamis?"
​She couldn't answer; she just looked stubborn; unadvanced people always look stubborn and glare.
"Where," I said, "did we get the Vedantas and Vegetarianism and Alternate Breathing from?"
She couldn't say a word. She just pouted.
"Who taught us," I said, "Transmigration of Souls and Vibrations?"
She broke down and cried.
"Hermione," she said, "I simply hate howdahs and cobras and swastikas and all those Oriental things!"
Mamma has no idea whatever of logic. She is a typical old-fashioned woman.
"Mamma," I said, "cry as much as you like. You shall not disturb my Inner Harmony! I will not permit you to. And my mind is made up. I will take up the Twilight Sleep in a serious way!"
That settled it, too.
Have you noticed, there's been just a hint of autumn in the air these last few days?
Have you seen the new styles for autumn? They are wonderful; simply wonderful!