OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/ip
### ip

* 邑ip10961630
* A city; a walled town.

#### sîaⁿ-ip;

    cities.

#### kŭn ip;

    walled towns.

#### káu ip;

    the nine district cities.

#### síu ip;

    the chief district city in a prefecture.
* 浥濕ip-cîp1097
* Dank.

#### ip-ip cîp-cîp;

    close and damp.

#### khah ip-cîp, khĭa-khí lío cū seⁿ pēⁿ;

    it is too close and damp and one would become ill in living there.
* 揖ip1097649
* To bow with the hands joined.

#### ip-că; cak-ip;

    to bow in the Chinese style.

#### kìⁿ tîeh, chim-chim chíu cū kio i ip-că;

    when you see him, lower your clasped hands and bow to him.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/iok
### îok

* 慾îok1139767
* Appetite; concupiscence.

#### sṳ iok;

    selfish ends.

#### chêng îok;

    passions.

#### îok-húe sĕng;

    lust is roused.

#### îok sim;

    a lacivious mind.

#### kúaⁿ îok;

    weak desires.

#### i cí kâi pēⁿ, sĭ sek îok thài kùe tì kâi;

    this disease arises from unrestrained passions.

#### pù-kùi to̤ îm-îok;

    the rich are very lustful.

#### co̤h îok;

    to control passion.

#### mûeh îok;

    objects of desire.
* 肓îok11401304
* To rear; to nurture; to bring up.

#### îok-eng-tn̂g;

    a foundling hospital.

#### íang-îok;

    to nurture.

#### seⁿ îok;

    bear and rear.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/ioⁿ
### ĭoⁿ

* 掀ĭoⁿ196648
* To raise a little; to lift slightly.

#### ĭoⁿ lîam;

    to turn aside the curtain, as in entering a door.

#### ĭoⁿ phŭe;

    to draw the coverlet over one.

#### ĭoⁿ khui kài-au kùa;

    raise the cover of the covered cup.

#### khṳt huang ĭoⁿ tīo khṳ̀;

    it was whisked off by the wind.

#### ĭoⁿ khui lêng-sn̂g cū sĭ kúe;

    raise the steamer and you find the cake.

#### ĭoⁿ m̄ khí;

    cannot raise it.

#### ĭoⁿ khui theng;

    tip up the window-sash.

#### jw̆n ĭoⁿ, ĭoⁿ m̄ tîeh;

    however much I try to raise it, it does not come up.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/ih
### ih

* 出ih98173
* To hatch out.

#### ah-nn̆g pū kú ŏi ih chùi;

    when a duck's egg has been long covered it will hatch.

#### i cìaⁿ ih chùi;

    it hatched out.
* 滋ih10298510
* To moisten; to dampen; to wet.

#### cang cúi khṳ̀ ih i jŭn cē;

    take some water and moisten it.

#### hieⁿ-ko khîeh khṳ̀ cúi têng ih phò̤;

    wet the mushrooms with water and let them swell.

#### m̄ soiⁿ ih tâm cē ēng cū cîh;

    if you do not first dampen it, it will break when used.
* 囁濡îh-ṳh632
* To mutter because of discontent.

#### îh-îh ṳ̂h-ṳ̂h, àiⁿ tàⁿ m̄ káⁿ tàⁿ;

    muttered, but dared not speak out.

#### îh-ṳ̂h kìe, tàⁿ m̄ chṳt;

    struggled to speak, but failed through fear of consequences.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/ioh
### ioh

* 泊ioh707855
* To ripple; to shimmer.

#### cúi mīn ioh-ioh-sih;

    there is a ripple on the surface.

#### hái mīn kŭa ioh-ioh-sih to bŏi, nĕ pêⁿ-pêⁿ;

    there is not a ripple on the sea, it is perfectly smooth.
* 燐ioh5418613
* To flicker, like an ignis-fatuus.

#### chin-chĭeⁿ kúi-húe hìeⁿ-seⁿ, ioh-ioh-sih;

    flickers like a will-o-the-wisp.

#### ioh-ioh-sih cĕng-cĕng kúi-húe;

    it flickers and flashes all over with the light of will-o-the-wisps.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Procter, Francis

​PROCTER, FRANCIS (1812–1905), divine, born at Hackney on 21 June 1812, was only son of Francis Procter, a warehouseman in Gracechurch St., Manchester, by Mary his wife. The son was of delicate health, and spent the early years of his life at Newland vicarage, Gloucestershire, under the care of an uncle, Payler Procter, who was vicar there. In 1825 he was sent to Shrewsbury school under Dr. Samuel Butler [q. v.], and thence passed in 1831 to St. Catharine's College, Cambridge, where another uncle. Dr. Joseph Procter, was Master. In 1835 he graduated B.A. as thirtieth wangler and eleventh in the second class of the classical tripos. In the following year he was ordained deacon in the diocese of Lincoln, and in 1838 priest in the diocese of Ely. He served curacies at Streatley, Bedfordshire, from 1836 to 1840, and at Romsey from 1840 to 1842, when he gave up for the time parochial work in order to become fellow and assistant tutor of his college. In 1847 he left the university for the vicarage of Witton, Norfolk. There the rest of his long life was spent. After serving the cure for nearly sixty years, he died at Witton on 24 Aug. 1905, and was buried in the churchyard there. In 1848 he married Margaret, daughter of Thomas Meryon of Rye, Sussex, and had issue five sons and three daughters.
Procter was author of 'A History of the Book of Common Prayer, with a Rationale of its Offices,' which was originally published in 1855. In many fresh editions Procter kept the work abreast of the liturgical studies of the day. Further revised with Procter's concurrence in 1901, it still remains in use. Later he projected an edition of the 'Sarum Breviary,' for which he transcribed the text of the 'Great Breviary' printed at Paris in 1531. Procter published the first volume at Cambridge in 1879 with Christopher Wordsworth as joint-editor and with the co-operation of Henry Bradshaw, W. ​Chatterley Bishop, and others; the second volume followed in 1882, and the concluding one in 1886.
Procter's liturgical work was careful and scholarly; his text-book followed the lines of sound exposition laid down by Wheatley and his followers, and his edition of the 'Sarum Breviary' was the most notable achievement of an era which was first developing the scientific study of medieval service-books. A portrait painted by an amateur is in the possession of his son.
[Information from Miss Procter (daughter); Shrewsbury School Register; Records of St. Catharine's College; Crockford's Clerical Directory.]
W. H. F.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Propert, John Lumsden

​PROPERT, JOHN LUMSDEN (1834–1902), physician and art critic, born on 9 April 1834, was the son of John Propert (1792-1867), surgeon, by his wife Juliana Ross. His father founded in 1855 the Royal Medical Benevolent College, Epsom, of which he was long treasurer. Propert was educated at Marlborough College (Aug. 1843–Dec. 1847), and at King's College Hospital. He obtained the diploma of the Royal College of Surgeons of England and the licence of the Society of Apothecaries in 1855, and in 1857 he graduated M.B. with honours in medicine at the University of London. He then joined his father in general practice in New Cavendish Street, London, and became highly successful.
Propert was widely known in artistic circles as a good etcher and a connoisseur of art. His house, 112 Gloucester Place, Portman Square, was filled with beautiful specimens of Wedgwood, bronzes, and jewelled work. He was credited with being one of the first to revive the taste for miniature painting in England. His very fine collection of miniatures was dispersed by sale in 1897. He published in 1887 'A History of Miniature Art, Notes on Collectors and Collections,' and compiled in 1889, with introduction, the illustrated catalogue of the exhibition of portrait miniatures at the Burlington Fine Arts Club.
Propert died at his house in Gloucester Place on 7 March 1902, and was buried at Brookwood cemetery. He married in 1864 Mary Jessica, daughter of William Hughes of Worcester, and had three sons and three daughters, of whom a son and three daughters survived him.
[Lancet, 1902, vol. i. p. 782; the Brit. Med. Journal, 1902, vol. i. p. 689; Marlborough Coll. Reg. i. p. 12; Connoisseur, 1902, iii. 48 (portrait); private information.]
D’A. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Probert, Lewis

​PROBERT, LEWIS (1841–1908), Welsh divine, third son of Evan and Mary Probert, was born at Llanelly, Breconshire, on 22 Sept. 1841. He became a congregational church member in 1860, at a time of revival, began to preach in 1862, and, after a short preparatory course under Henry Oliver at Pontypridd, entered Brecon College in 1863. In July 1867 he was ordained to the congregational ministry at Bodringallt, in the Rhondda valley, where he was active in establishing new churches among a rapidly growing colliery population. From 1872 to 1874 he was pastor of Pentre Ystrad, in this district; in Oct. 1874 he moved to Portmadoc, Carnarvonshire, where he spent twelve years. In 1886 he returned to Pentre; he soon gained considerable repute through his theological writings, and upon the death in 1896 of Evan Herber Evans [q. v. Suppl. I] was chosen to succeed him as principal of the congregational college at Bangor. That position he held until his death on 29 Dec. 1908. In 1891 he received the degree of D.D. from Ohio University and was chairman of the Welsh Congregational Union for 1901. He was twice married: (1) in 1870 to Annie, daughter of Edward Watkins, of Blaina, Monmouthshire, who died in 1874; and (2) in 1886 to Martha, only daughter of Benjamin Probert of Builth.
In theology Probert had conservative views, but was highly esteemed for the breadth and solidity of his learning. He published the following:
* A prize essay on the nonconformist ministry in Wales (Blaenau Festiniog, 1882).
* A Welsh commentary upon Romans (Wrexham, 1890).
* A companion volume upon Ephesians (Wrexham, 1892).
* 'Crist a'r Saith Eglwys' (Rev. i.-iii.) (Merthyr, 1894).
* 'Nerth y Groruchaf,' a treatise on the work of the Spirit (Wrexham, 1906).
[Album Aberhonddu (1898); Congregational Year Book for 1910, pp. 185-6; Rees and Thomas, Hanes yr Eglwysi Annibynol, ii. 351, iv. 285, 467, 477.]
J. E. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willement, Thomas

​WILLEMENT, THOMAS (1786–1871), heraldic writer and artist in stained glass, born in 1786, obtained the appointment of heraldic artist to George IV, and on 17 May 1832 was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. Subsequently he was styled artist in stained glass to Queen Victoria, and for many years he carried on business at 25 Green Street, Grosvenor Square. To him modern glass-painters are, to a considerable extent, indebted for the revival of their art. In 1845 he purchased the estates at Davington, near Faversham, Kent, containing the freehold land, church, and donative. He died at Davington Priory on 10 March 1871. His wife Katharine, daughter of Thomas Griffith, died 4 Aug. 1852, aged 56, and was buried in Davington church (Archæol. Cantiana, xxii. 285).
His works are: 1. ‘Regal Heraldry: the Armorial Insignia of the Kings and Queens of England, from coeval authorities,’ London, 1821, 4to (cf. ib. xxii. 190, 194, xxiii. 124). 2. ‘Heraldic Notices of Canterbury Cathedral; with Genealogical and Topographical Notes. To which is added a chronological list of the Archbishops of Canterbury, with the Blazon of their respective Arms,’ London, 1827, 4to. 3. ‘Fac Simile of a contemporary Roll, with the Names and the Arms of the Sovereign, and of the Spiritual and Temporal Peers who sat in the Parliament held at Westminster A.D. 1515,’ London, 1829. Only fifty-one copies printed. Index issued separately. 4. ‘A Roll of Arms of the Reign of Richard the Second,’ London, 1834, 4to. Twenty-five copies printed. 5. ‘A Concise Account of the principal Works in Stained Glass that have been executed by Thomas Willement,’ privately printed, London, 1840, 4to. 6. ‘An Account of the Restorations of the Collegiate Chapel of St. George, Windsor. With some Particulars of the Heraldic Ornaments of that Edifice,’ London, 1844, 4to. 7. ‘Historical Sketch of the Parish of Davington, in the county of Kent, and of the Priory there,’ with plates, London, 1862, 4to (cf. ib. xxii. 190 sqq.) ​8. ‘Heraldic Antiquities: a Collection of original Drawings of Charges, Arrangements of Early Examples, &c., with numerous engravings of Coats of Arms, Fac Similes of Stained Glass, and Tracings of Early Brasses’ [London, 1865], fol. He also contributed to ‘Archæologia’ and to ‘Archæologia Cantiana,’ and his ‘heraldic collections, manuscripts and other valuable books’ are at Davington priory (ib. vol. xxi. p. xlii).
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willes, Richard

​WILLES or WILLEY, RICHARD (fl. 1558–1573), poetical writer, a native of Pulham in Dorset, entered Winchester College in 1558, and in 1564 proceeded to New College, Oxford, where he held a fellowship from 1566 to 1568. After quitting the university he travelled in France, Germany, and Italy. At the university of Mainz he graduated M.A., and on 3 June 1565 was admitted into the Society of Jesus. He was afterwards incorporated at Perugia, where he was professor of rhetoric, and in 1569 he taught Greek at Trier. Returning to England, he seems to have renounced Roman catholicism, for on supplicating for incorporation at Oxford on 24 April 1574 his request was granted on condition that he made a profession of conformity and acknowledged the queen as supreme governor of the English church. On 16 Dec. 1578 he was incorporated M.A. at Cambridge.
Willes was the author of: 1. ‘Ricardi Willei Poematum Liber ad Gulielmum Bar. Burleighum auratum nobiliss. ordinis equitem, Londini ex bibliotheca Tottellina,’ 1573, 8vo. 2. ‘In svorvm poematum librum Ricardi Willei scholia ad custodem, socios atq. pueros collegij Wiccammici apud Wintoniam, Londini ex bibliotheca Tottellina,’ 1573, 8vo. The poems of Christopher Johnson or Jonson [q. v.] on the college and its founder were printed at the end of the book.
Willes has been identified with Richard Willes, the editor of ‘The history of trauayle in the VVest and East Indies and other covntreys lying eyther way towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccaes. As Muscouia, Persia … with a discourse of the north-west passage. … Gathered in parte and done into Englyshe by Richarde Eden. Newly set in order, augmented, and finished by Richarde VVilles. Imprinted at London by Richard Iugge,’ 1577, 4to. Dedicated to Bridget, countess of Bedford. There are also three articles bearing Willes's name in Hakluyt's ‘Collection of Voyages’: 1. ‘Certaine Reports of the prouince of China learned through the Portugals there imprisoned, and cheefly by the relation of Galeotto Perera. Done out of Italian into English by Richard Willes,’ 1599, vol. ii. 2. ‘Of the Iland Iapan and other litle Iles in the East Ocean. By R. Willes,’ vol. ii. 3. ‘Certaine other reasons or arguments to prooue a passage by the Northwest, learnedly written by Mr. Richard Willes Gentleman,’ 1600, vol. iii.
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willehad

​WILLEHAD or WILHEAD (d. 789), bishop of Bremen and English missionary in Germany, was a Northumbrian, probably educated at York, and a friend of Alcuin [q. v.], as the letters of the latter prove (Pertz, Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Script. ii. p. 379). He laboured for some time at Dokkum in Friesland, where St. Boniface was martyred (Vita S. Willehadi Episcopi Bremensis ad an. 789, auct. Anschario Bremensi Archiepiscopo, ap. Pertz, loc. cit. p. 380), but had to flee for his life. Summoned to the court of Charles the Great, he was by that monarch despatched to a district on the borders of Friesland and Saxony, about Bremen, called Wigmodia. Here he was very successful, and in his second year persuaded the Saxons to receive Christianity (ib. p. 381). During the revolt of Widukind, however, a large part of Saxony fell away from Christianity, and Willehad was again compelled to flee from a persecution in which many of his followers perished (ib. pp. 381–2). He visited Rome, and spent some years in reading and writing at Epternach and elsewhere, but ultimately returned to his work in Wigmodia. After the submission of Widukind Saxony again received Christianity, and Willehad was consecrated bishop of the diocese (ib. p. 383), apparently in 787. He made Bremen the seat of the bishopric, and built there St. Peter's church, which was dedicated on 1 Nov. 789 (ib. see note). About a week later, while visiting his diocese, Willehad fell ill at a little place below Vegesack, near Bremen, and died there (ib. p. 384, see note). Willehad is thought to have written some treatises, including a commentary on the epistles of St. Paul, which are believed to be extant, the latter in print (Wright, Biogr. Brit. Lit. i. 349).
A. M. C.-e.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willes, George Wickens

​WILLES, GEORGE WICKENS (1785–1846), captain in the navy, son of Lieutenant John Willes of the navy (1753–1797), who lost a leg at Gibraltar in 1782, was born in 1785, and in 1794 entered on the books of the Royal William, flagship of Sir Peter Parker (1721–1811) [q. v.] at Spithead. In 1796 he was borne on the books of the Fairy sloop, commanded by his maternal uncle, John Irwin, whom, early in 1797, he followed to the Prince George; in this ship he was present at the battle of Cape St. Vincent [see Parker, Sir William, (1743–1802)]. He was afterwards with Irwin in the Lively, Boston, Formidable, and Queen Charlotte. He was in the Success, with Captain Shuldham Peard [q. v.], at the blockade of Malta, and the capture of the Généreux on 18 Feb. 1800, when he was severely wounded; he was still on the Success when she was taken by Ganteaume on 13 Feb. 1801. On 6 Nov. 1801 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant; served in the Sophie sloop; in the Active, one of the ships which passed the Dardanelles in February 1807 [see Duckworth, Sir John Thomas], and in the Spartan, with Captain (afterwards Sir) Jahleel Brenton [q. v.] During 1809, in command of the frigate's boats, he was repeatedly engaged in storming batteries or destroying coasting vessels in the Adriatic or among the Ionian Islands. He was still in the Spartan when, in Naples Bay on 3 May 1810, she engaged, defeated, and put to flight a Franco-Neapolitan squadron, carrying in the aggregate 95 guns and 1,400 men. ‘I was myself,’ wrote Brenton, ‘wounded about the middle of the action, which lasted two hours; but my place was most ably supplied by Mr. Willes, first lieutenant, whose merit becomes more brilliant by every opportunity he has of showing it. He is, without exception, one of the best and most gallant officers I ever met with.’ Willes, who was himself severely wounded, was promoted on 2 June 1810 to be commander; he was also granted permission to accept and wear the order of St. Ferdinand and Merit, third class.
In 1811–12 he commanded the Leveret brig in the North Sea, where he captured several of the enemy's privateers; he was afterwards in the Bacchus on the Irish station, and on 7 June 1814 he was made a captain. In 1817–18 he commanded the Cherub on the coast of Africa; in 1819–1820, the Wye in the North Sea; in 1823–7, the Brazen, on the South American and African stations; and in 1836 the Dublin, as flag-captain to Sir Graham Eden Hamond [q. v.], on the coast of South America. In February 1845 he commissioned the Vanguard of 80 guns, in which, after a few months in the Channel, he went out to the Mediterranean. He died at Malta on 26 Oct. 1846. Willes married, in 1814, Anne Ellen, daughter of Sir Edmund Lacon, bart., and left issue, among others, the present Admiral Sir George Ommanney Willes, G.C.B., who possesses a portrait of his father.
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willet, Thomas

​WILLET, THOMAS (1605–1674), first mayor of New York, fourth son of Andrew Willet [q. v.], was born in August 1605, in the rectory-house of Barley, and was baptised on the 29th of the same month. His father dying when he was only sixteen years of age, he appears to have continued to reside with his widowed mother and maternal grandmother till he came of age. Shortly after he joined the second puritan exodus, going first to Leyden, and then to the new Plymouth plantation. Governor Bradford mentions him as 'an honest young man that came from Leyden,' as 'being discreet, and one whom they could trust.' In 1633, after he had become a successful trader with the Indians, he was admitted to the freedom of the colony, and married a daughter of Major John Brown, a leading citizen. He shortly afterwards became a large shipowner, trading with New Amsterdam. He was elected one of the assistant governors of the Plymouth colony. As a proof of his worth of character and commanding abilities, he was frequently chosen to settle disputes between the rival colonies of England and Holland; he also became captain of a military company. Early in 1660 he left Plymouth, and, establishing himself in Rhode Island, became the founder of the town of Swansey. Accompanying the English commander Nicholls, he greatly contributed to the peaceable surrender of New Amsterdam to the English on 7 Sept. 1664; and when the colony received the name of New York, Captain Willet was appointed the first mayor (in June 1665), with the approval of English and Dutch alike. The next year he was elected alderman, and became mayor a second time in 1667. Shortly after he withdrew to Swansey, and here, after having lost his first wife, he married the widow of a clergyman named John Pruden. He died in 1674, at the age of sixty-nine. He lies buried in an obscure corner of the Little Neck burial-ground at Bullock's Cove, Swansey, Rhode Island. His descendants were numerous, and included Colonel Marinus Willet, the friend of Washington, who himself became mayor of New York, while the 'Dorothy Q.' of the poem of Oliver Wendell Holmes was Thomas Willet's great-granddaughter, and the great-grandmother of the poet. In his religious views Willet was an independent.
J. F. W.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Cypress

Edition of 1802.
​CYPRESS, the Common, or Cupressus sempervirens, L. is a native of the islands of Candia and Crete, but may be easily propagated in Britain, from seeds as well as cuttings. The proper season for sowing the former, is the month of March, when the ground should be dug, well broken, raked smooth, and an inch of the earth drawn evenly off the surface into an alley: the seeds should then be scattered moderately thick, and the soil sifted immediately over them, half an inch deep. During the summer, they should be kept clear of weeds, and, in dry weather, gently watered: in winter, they must be occasionally sheltered from the frost, with mats; and, in the course of two years, they will be fit for transplanting, when they should be set in nursery-rows, two feet asunder; and, in three or four years, they may be removed to the shrubbery.
The cypress-tree, though found in most of our old gardens, is at present much neglected: it deserves, however, to be more diligently cultivated, as it not only adds considerable beauty to wildernesses and groves, but also affords a valuable wood, which is aromatic, very compact, and heavy; is neither liable to decay or putrify, nor to the devastations of the worm, so that it is admirably calculated for chests, drawers, musical instruments, and other utensils.
This tree is eminently recommended for purifying the air, and for the benefit of weak lungs: hence, the ancient physicians sent their consumptive patients to the island of Crete, where the cypress is very abundant. Its nut, or fruit, is a very powerful astringent and balsamic, and is, perhaps, inferior to none of the simples employed in diarrhœas and dysenteries.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Dab

Edition of 1802.
​DAB, or Pleuronectes limanda, L. a fish that frequents the English seas, where it is caught in considerable numbers. It is, in general, of an uniform brown colour on the upper side, though sometimes of a darker shade. The scales are small and rough, and the lower part of the body is white. These fish are in season from February to April: they spawn in May and June, and become watery and flabby during the remainder of the summer. They are flat; and, though inferior in size to the common plaise, the dab is preferred in point of delicacy and flavour.