OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pringle, Robert

​PRINGLE, ROBERT (d. 1736), politician, was the third son of Sir Robert Pringle, first baronet, of Stitchel, by his wife, Margaret, daughter of Sir John Hope, a lord of session under the title of Lord Craighall. He was a younger brother of Sir Walter Pringle of Lochton, lord Newhall [q. v.] After studying for some time at the university of Leyden, which he entered 19 Nov. 1687 (Index to Leyden Students, p. 80), he took service under William, prince of Orange, with whom he ​came over to England at the Revolution. Shortly afterwards he laid down his commission, and was appointed under-secretary of state for Scotland. In this capacity he attended King William in all his campaigns abroad (cf. correspondence, Hist. MSS. Comm. 12th Rep. App. pt. viii. p. 53). On 18 May 1718 he was appointed secretary at war, and he held that office until the 24th of the following December. Subsequently he became registrar-general of the shipping. He died at Rotterdam on 13 Sept. 1736. He married a Miss Law, and had one son, Robert.
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Howard, Henry Charles

​HOWARD, HENRY CHARLES, thirteenth Duke of Norfolk (1791–1856), only son of Bernard Edward, twelfth duke [q. v.], by his wife Elizabeth Bellasyse, third daughter of Henry, the second and last earl of Fauconberg, was born on 12 Aug. 1791 in George Street, Hanover Square. Three years after his birth his parents were divorced, in May 1794, by act of parliament, his mother then marrying Richard, second earl of Lucan. On 27 Dec. 1814 he married Lady Charlotte Leveson-Gower, the eldest daughter of George Granville, first duke of Sutherland, K.G. His father having succeeded to the title and estates of the dukedom of Norfolk on the death, on 16 Dec. 1815, of his cousin Charles, the eleventh duke, he, as heir, became known as the Earl of Arundel and Surrey. The Act of Catholic Emancipation having been passed in April 1829, the earl was the first Roman catholic since the Reformation to take the oaths and his seat in the House of Commons. He sat as M.P. for Horsham from 1829 to 1832, Hurst, the sitting member, having resigned in 1829 to afford him the opportunity. He was elected in 1832, in 1835, and in 1837 as member for the western division of Sussex. In politics he was a staunch whig. From July 1837 to June 1841 he was treasurer of the queen's household in Lord Melbourne's ministry, being admitted to the privy council on his appointment; and from July to September 1841 was captain of the yeomen of the guard, resigning that office with Lord Melbourne's ministry. In August 1841 he was summoned to the House of Peers as Baron Maltravers. Upon his father's death, on 16 March 1842, he succeeded to the dukedom, and was master of the horse from July 1846 until February 1852, during the administration of Lord John Russell. On 4 May 1848 he was created a knight of the Garter; and, under the Earl of Aberdeen's ministry, was lord steward of the household (4 Jan. 1853 to 10 Jan. 1854). He supported Lord John Russell's Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, and was little more than a catholic in name, but when on his deathbed was reconciled to the Roman catholic religion. He died at Arundel Castle on 18 Feb. 1856, and was buried in the family vault in the parish church on 26 Feb. Canon Tierney attended him on his deathbed. The duke was at one time president of the Royal Botanic Society. Sir George Hayter painted his portrait.
Norfolk had three sons, Henry Granville Fitzalan Howard [q. v.], his heir and successor, Edward George Fitzalan Howard [q. v.], afterwards Baron Howard of Glossop, and Lord Bernard Thomas Howard, born 30 Dec. 1825, who died during his travels in the East at Cairo 21 Dec. 1846; and two daughters, Lady Mary Charlotte, married in 1849 to Thomas Henry, fourth lord Foley, and Lady Adeliza Matilda, married in October 1855 to Lord George John Manners, third son of the fifth Duke of Rutland.
[Doyle's Official Baronage, ii. 603; Times, 19 Feb. 1856; Gent. Mag. April 1856, p.419; Annual Register for 1856, p. 242.]
C. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Howard, Henry Edward John

​HOWARD, HENRY EDWARD JOHN, D.D. (1795–1868), divine, youngest child of Frederick Howard, fifth earl of Carlisle [q. v.], and brother of George Howard, sixth earl of Carlisle [q. v.], was born at Castle Howard, Yorkshire, on 14 Dec. 1795, and entered at Eton College in 1805. He matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford, on 23 May 1814, graduated B.A. 1818, M.A. 1822, B.D. 1834, and D.D. 1838. In 1820 he was ordained deacon and priest, and in 1822 appointed succentor of York Cathedral, with the prebendal stall of Holme attached. He became dean of Lichfield and rector of Tatenhill, Staffordshire (a preferment worth 1,524l. a year with a residence), on 27 Nov. 1833, and in the following year he also obtained the rectory of Donington, Shropshire, worth 1,000l. per annum. From 1822 to 1833 he held the livings of Slingsby and Sutton-on-the-Forest, Yorkshire. He was a finished scholar and an eloquent preacher. He took a prominent part in, and contributed largely to, the restoration of Lichfield Cathedral. The establishment of the Lichfield Diocesan Training School, afterwards united to that at Saltley, as well as of the Theological College, owed much to his efforts. He died, after many years of physical infirmity, at Donington rectory on 8 Oct. 1868. He married, 13 July 1824, Henrietta Elizabeth, sixth daughter of Ichabod Wright of Mapperley Hall, Nottinghamshire, by whom he had five sons and five daughters.
Howard was the author of:
* Translations from Claudian, 1823.
* 'Scripture History in Familiar Lectures. The Old Testament,' 1840, being vol. ii. of the 'Englishman's Library.'
* 'Scripture History. The New Testament,' 1840, being vol. xiv. of the 'Englishman's Library.'
* 'The Rape of Proserpine. The Phoenix and the Nile,' by C. Claudianus, translated 1854.
* 'The Books of Genesis according to the Version of the LXX,' translated, with notes, 1855.
* 'The Books of Exodus and Leviticus according to the Versions of the LXX,' ​translated with notes, 1857.
* 'The Books of Numbers and Deuteronomy according to the LXX,' translated, with notes, 1857.
[Guardian, 14 Oct. 1868, p. 1148; Burke's Portrait Gallery of Females, 1838, ii. 99-100, with portrait of Mrs. Howard; Illustrated London News, 17 Oct. 1868, p.386.]
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Howard, Henry (1684-1720)

​HOWARD, HENRY (1684–1720), Roman catholic bishop-elect, born 10 Dec. 1684, was second son of Lord Thomas Howard of Worksop, by Elizabeth Marie, daughter of Sir John Saville of Copley, Yorkshire, and therefore grandson of Henry, sixth duke of Norfolk [q. v.] He entered the English College at Douay, where he studied with his brothers Thomas, Edward, and Philip. Thomas and Edward Howard afterwards became successively eighth and ninth dukes of Norfolk. On 7 Sept. 1706 he took the mission oath, and at Advent 1709 was ordained priest. He had passed with praise, it was afterwards asserted, through the courses of philosophy and theology. In 1710 he joined the Pères de la Doctrine Chrétienne at Paris, at the time that the Jansenist controversy was raging there. The English Jesuits were strongly orthodox; and they persuaded Howard to remove in the same year (May 1710) to the Jesuit seminary of St. Gregory. Here he resided till July 1713, when he came to England on a mission, and is said, while living at Buckingham House, to have effected many conversions.
On 2 Oct. 1720 he was appointed coadjutor to Bishop Bonaventure Giffard [q. v.] of the London district, with the title of Bishop of Utica in partibus (Brady, Episcopal Succession, iii. 156). He died, however, of a fever caught while visiting the poor, before his consecration, on 22 Nov. 1720, and was buried at Arundel. ‘Such charity,’ said Bishop Giffard, ‘such piety, has not been seen in our land of a long time.’ There is a portrait at Greystoke believed to represent either Henry Howard or his brother Richard.
In the ‘Howard Papers’ it is asserted (p. 313) that Henry Howard died at Rome. The statement obviously refers to his brother Richard Howard (1687–1722), also a priest in the Roman communion, who died at Rome, where he was a canon of St. Peter's, on 22 Aug. 1722.
[Gillow's Bibl. Dict. iii. 426; Knox's Douay Diaries, pp. 54, 88, 90; Causton's Howard Papers; Howard's Memorials of the Howard Family.]
W. A. J. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Howard, James (1619-1688)

​HOWARD, JAMES, third Earl of Suffolk (1619–1688), born on 23 Dec. 1619, was the eldest son of Theophilus, second earl of Suffolk (1584–1640) [q. v.], by Lady Elizabeth, daughter and coheiress of George Home, earl of Dunbar [q. v.] His godfathers were James I and the Duke of Buckingham (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1619-23, p. 170). At the coronation of Charles I on 2 Feb. 1626 he was created K.B. (Metcalfe, Book of Knights, p. 186), and in February 1639, as Lord Walden, became leader of a troop of volunteer horse for the king's army. On 3 June 1640 he succeeded his father as third earl of Suffolk, and on the 16th of the same month was sworn joint lord-lieutenant of Suffolk. The parliament nominated him lord-lieutenant of that county on 28 Feb. 1642 (Commons' Journals, ii. 459). On 28 Dec. 1643 he received a summons to attend the king's parliament at Oxford (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1641-3, p. 508), and on 7 July 1646 was appointed joint commissioner from the parliament to the king at Newcastle (Commons' Journals, iv. 606). Acting on a report from the committee of safety, in September 1647, the commons decided but went no further to impeach Howard, together with six other peers, of high treason (ib. v. 296, 584). On 8 Sept. 1653 Howard was sworn as high steward of Ipswich. After the Restoration he became lord-lieutenant of Suffolk, and of Cambridgeshire on 25 July 1660. From 18 to 24 April 1661 he acted as earl-marshal of England for the coronation of Charles II (Walker, Coronation, p. 46). In the same year he became colonel of the Suffolk regiment of horse militia. On 28 Sept. 1663 he was created M.A. of Oxford (Wood, Fasti Oxon., ed. Bliss, iv. 272), and M.A. of Cambridge on 6 Sept. 1664. He was also appointed governor of Landguard Fort, Essex, gentleman of the bedchamber to the king on 4 March 1665, keeper of the king's house at Audley End, Essex, in March 1667, joint commissioner for the office of earl-marshal of England on 15 June 1673, colonel commandant of three regiments of Cambridgeshire militia in 1678, and was hereditary visitor of Magdalene College, Cambridge. In March 1681 he was discharged from the lord-lieutenancy of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, and from attendance in the king's bedchamber (Luttrell, i. 69). He died in December 1688, and was buried on 16 Jan. 1689 at Saffron Walden, Essex (ib. i. 496). On 1 Dec. 1640 he married Lady Susan Rich, daughter of Henry, first earl of Holland, and by her, ​who died on 15 May 1649, had a daughter Essex. Howard married secondly, about February 1650, Barbara, daughter of Sir Edward Villiers, knt., and widow of the Hon. Charles Wenman, who died on 13 Dec. 1681 (ib. i. 150, 153), leaving a daughter, Elizabeth. She was groom of the stole to the queen (ib. i. 159). Before 8 May 1682 Howard married as his third wife Lady Anne Montagu, eldest daughter of Robert, third earl of Manchester, but by this lady, who was buried at Saffron Walden on 27 Oct. 1720, had no issue. Howard was succeeded in the title by his brother George (d. 1691).
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Maredudd ap Bleddyn

​MAREDUDD ap BLEDDYN (d. 1132), prince of Powys, was the son of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn (d. 1075), founder of the last native dynasty of Powys. During his earlier years he played only a subordinate part in Welsh affairs, being overshadowed by his brothers lorwerth [q. v.] and Cadwgan (d. 1112) [q. v.] He joined them in the support which they gave to their over-lord, Earl Robert of Shrewsbury, in his rebellion against Henry I (1102), but lorwerth soon went over to the king and, while making his peace with Cadwgan, consigned Maredudd to a royal prison. In 1107 Maredudd escaped and returned to ​Powys. He remained, however, without territory for several years. Even when Iorwerth and Cadwgan were slain in succession in 1112 he did not improve his position. According to 'Brut y Tywysogion' (Oxford edit. p. 291), he was in 1113 'penteulu' (captain of the guard) to Owain ap Cadwgan, an office specially reserved by Welsh custom for landless members of the royal family (Ancient Laws of Wales, ed. 1841, i. 12). In that year, however, Owain divided with him the forfeited domains of Madog ap Rhiryd. Though the gift seems to have been resumed, Maredudd recovered it on Owain's death in 1116, and henceforward appears regularly among the princes of Powys. In 1118 he took part in the feud between Hywel of Rhos and Rhufoniog and the sons of Owain ab Edwin. In 1121 he was leader of the resistance offered by Powys to the invasion of Henry I. During the few remaining years of his life his power grew apace; in 1123 his nephew, Einon ap Cadwgan, bequeathed him his territory; in 1124 a second son of Cadwgan, Maredudd, was murdered; and in 1128 a third, Morgan, died on pilgrimage. Two other enemies to his progress his nephew, Ithel ap Rhiryd, and his great-nephew, Llywelyn ab Owain Maredudd himself removed, the former by murder, the latter by mutilation. Thus at his death in 1132 he was lord of all Powys [see Madog ap Maredudd].
[Annales Cambriae, Rolls ed.; Brut y Tywysogion, Oxford edit. of Red Book of Hergest.]
J. E. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Margaret (1441-1509)

​MARGARET BEAUFORT, Countess of Richmond and Derby (1441–1509). [See Beaufort.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Margaret (1457?-1486)

​MARGARET of Denmark (1457?–1486), queen of James III of Scotland, was the eldest daughter of Christian I of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, by Dorothea, princess of Brandenburg, and widow of Christof III. The marriage contract was signed 8 Sept. 1468, her father granting her a dowry of sixty thousand florins Rhenish; ten thousand florins were to be paid before the princess left Copenhagen, and the islands of Orkney, which then belonged to Denmark, were to be pledged for the remainder. James III by the same contract undertook to secure his consort the palace of Linlithgow and the castle of Doune as jointure lands,and to settle on her a third of the royal revenues in case of her survival. As the king of Denmark was only able to raise two thousand of the stipulated ten thousand florins before she left Copenhagen, he had to pledge the Shetlands for the remainder; and being also unable to advance any more of the stipulated dowry, both the Orkney and Shetland groups ultimately became the possession of the Scottish crown. The marriage took place in July 1469, the princess being then only about thirteen years of age (Record of her Maundy Alms, A.D. 1474, when she was in her seventeenth year, in Acounts of the Lord High Treasurer, p. 71). In the summer of the following year she journeyed with the king as far north as Inverness. After the birth of an heir to the throne in 1472, she made a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Ninian at Witherne in Galloway (ib. pp. 29, 44; Exchequer Rolls, viii. 213, 239). She died at Stirling on 14 July 1486 (Observance of day of obit, Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer, pp. 89, 345), and was buried in Cambuskenneth Abbey. In 1487 Pope Innocent VIII appointed a commission to inquire into her virtues and miracles, with a view to her canonisation.
[Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, vols. vii. and viii.; Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer; Histories of Leslie, Lindsay, and Buchanan: see art. James III of Scotland.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Maredudd ab Owain

​MAREDUDD ab OWAIN (d. 999?), Welsh prince, was the son of Owain ap Hywel Dda. According to the sole authority, the contemporary 'Annales Cambriæ,' he lived in the second period of Danish invasion, a time of great disorder in Wales as elsewhere, and first appears as the slayer of Cadwallon ab Idwal, king of Gwynedd, and the conqueror of his realm, which, however, he lost in the ensuing year. In 988, on the death of his father Owain, he succeeded to his dominions, viz. Gower, Kidwelly, Ceredigion, and Dyfed, the latter probably including Ystrad Tywi. His reign, which lasted until 999, was mainly spent in expeditions against his neighbours (Maesyfed was attacked in 991, Morgannwg in 993, Gwynedd in 994) and in repelling the incursions of the Danes. On one occasion he is said to have redeemed his subjects from the Danes at a penny a head.
Maredudd's only son, so far as is known, died before him. But so great was the prestige he acquired in his brief reign that his daughter, Angharad, was regarded, contrary to ordinary Welsh custom, as capable of transmitting some royal right to her descendants. Her first husband, Llywelyn ap Seisyll [q. v.], ruled Gwynedd from about 1010 to 1023, their son, the well-known Gruffydd ap Llywelyn [q. v.], from 1039 to 1063. By her second marriage with Cynfyn ap Gwerstan she had two other sons, Rhiwallon and Bleddyn, of whom the latter, with no claim on the father's side, ruled Gwynedd and Powys from 1069 to 1075 and founded the mediæval line of princes of Powys.
J. E. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lee, William (1809-1865)

​LEE, WILLIAM (1809–1865), water-colour painter, born in 1809,, was for many years a member and secretary of the Langham Sketching Club, All Souls Place, London, W. He was known as a painter in water-colours of English rustic figures and of scenes on the French coast. In 1845 he was elected an associate of the Institute of Painters in Water-colours, and he became a full member in 1848; he was a regular contributor to their exhibitions. Lee died in London on 22 Jan. 1865, aged 55, after a long and painful illness. A drawing by him, 'French Fisherwomen.' is in the South Kensington Museum.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Art Journal, 1865, p. 139; information from Charles Cattermole, esq.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lee, William (1815-1883)

​LEE, WILLIAM (1815–1883), archdeacon of Dublin, born on 3 Nov. 1815 at Newport, co. Tipperary, was son of William Lee, then curate of Newport, but afterwards rector of Mealiffe in the diocese of Cashel, by Jane, daughter of Richard White of Green Hall, co. Tipperary. In 1825 he was sent to the endowed school of Clonmel, whence he proceeded in 1831 to Trinity College, Dublin, and obtained the first (classical) scholarship in 1834. In August 1835 his father died, leaving to him the care of his mother and five young brothers and sisters. At his degree examination in 1836 he obtained the first senior moderatorship in mathematics, in 1837 the Law mathematical prize, in 1838 the Madden fellowship premium, and in 1839 he was elected a junior fellow. In 1841 he received holy orders. In 1857 he was created D.D., and chosen professor of ecclesiastical history in the university of Dublin, and in 1862 he was appointed Archbishop King's lecturer in divinity, and at the same time rector of the college living of Arboe in the diocese of Armagh. Towards the close of 1863 Dr. Trench, archbishop of Dublin, made him his examining chaplain, and in 1864 preferred him to the archdeaconry of Dublin and the rectory of St. Peter in that city. He became a prominent member of the house of convocation, and subsequently of the general convention, but when it was proposed to give the laity a share in legislating on matters of doctrine and discipline, he entered a strong protest and ceased to attend. In February 1870 he was elected a member of the New Testament Revision Company. He died on 11 May 1883. By his marriage to Anne, daughter of William English of Farmley, Castleknock, co. Dublin, he left two sons and three daughters.
Lee was a learned theologian, of strong conservative convictions. His influence was great as a lecturer and preacher. In private life few men were more fascinating. His more important writings are: 1. 'The Inspiration of Holy Scripture: its Nature and Proof.' 8vo, London, Dublin [printed], 1854; 5th edit. 1882. 2. 'Suggestions for Reform in the University of Dublin,' 8vo, Dublin, 1854. 3. 'Three Introductory Lectures on Ecclesiastical History.' 8vo, Dublin, 1858. 4. 'On Miracles: an Examination of the Remarks of Mr. Baden Powell on the Study of the Evidence of Christianity, contained in the volume entitled "Essays and Reviews,"' 8vo, London, 1861 (republished in 'Faith and Peace.' edited by G. A. Denison, 8vo, 1862). 5. 'Commentary on the Revelation of St. John,' 1882, forming the last part of the last volume of 'The Speaker's Commentary on the Holy Bible.' 6. 'University Sermons, with part of an Essay on Natural Religion.' edited by G. Salmon and J. Dowden, 8vo, Dublin, 1886.
He also published pamphlets on the 'Episcopal Succession in Ireland' and on the 'Position and Prospects of the Church of Ireland.' 1867.
[Life prefixed to his University Sermons, 1886; Athenæum, 19 May 1883.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leech, Humphrey

​LEECH, HUMPHREY (1571–1629), Jesuit, born in 1571, not, as Wood states, at Allerton, but at Drayton in Hales, Shropshire, was matriculated as a member of Brasenose College, Oxford, on 13 Nov. 1590 (Oxford Univ. Register, ed. Clark, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 180). On the premature death of his parents he went home, and subsequently he continued his studies at Cambridge, where he proceeded B.A. and M.A. Returning to Oxford, he was there incorporated in the degree of M.A. on 23 June 1602 (Wood, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 298). For a short time he was vicar of St. Alkmond's Church, Shrewsbury, and on going back to Oxford he was appointed one of the chaplains or petty-canons of Christ Church. A sermon which he preached concerning precepts and evangelical counsels gave great offence to the university, and he was summoned before the pro-vice-chancellor, Dr. Leonard Hutton, as a favourer of Roman catholic doctrine. The result was that he was silenced from preaching, and suspended from his commons and function in the college for three months (Wood, Annals, ed. Gutch, ii. 294, 297). After appealing ineffectually to the Archbishop of Canterbury, he proceeded to the college of English Jesuits at St. Omer, and renounced protestantism. Subsequently he resided for some time at Arras. In 1609 he entered the English College at Rome, as an alumnus, in the assumed name of Henry Eccles, and on 2 May 1610 he took the college oath. He was ordained priest on 21 April 1612, left Rome for England on 22 April 1618, and in the same year entered the Society of Jesus (Foley, Records, i. 642, vi. 254). In 1621 he was at the English Jesuit college at Liège, and in the following year he was labouring on the English mission in the 'College of St. Aloysius,' or Lancashire district. For some time he resided, as chaplain, with Mr. Massey of Hooton, Cheshire, where he died on 18 July (O.S.) 1629.
He was the author of: 1. 'The Triumph of Truth. Or Declaration of the Doctrine concerning Evangelicall Counsayles, lately delivered in Oxford . . . With relation of sundry occurrents, and particularly of D. King, the Vicechancellour, his exorbitant proceedings,' with three appendices [Douay], 1609, 12mo; this was answered by Daniel Price of Exeter College, Oxford, in his 'Defence of Truth,' and by Dr. Sebastian Benefield of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, in his appendix to 'Doctrinæ Christianæ sex capita,' 1610. 2. 'Dutifull Considerations addressed to King James concerning his premonitory Epistle to Christian Princes,' St. Omer, 1609, 4to. According to Dr. Oliver, Robert Parsons [q. v.] had the chief hand in the composition of this book.
[Addit. MS. 5875, f. 90; De Backer's Bibl. des Écrivains de la Compagnie de Jesus, ii. 685; Dodd's Church Hist. ii. 400; Foley's Records, ii. 181, vi. 254; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. (Bonn), p. 1832; Oliver's Jesuit Collections, p. 182; Southwell's Bibl. Scriptorum Soc Jesu, p. 354; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 462.]
T. C.