OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Carcass

See also Carcass on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​CARCASS, the dead body of an animal. As a butcher’s term, the word means the body of an animal without the head, extremities and offal. It is also used of a hollow iron case filled with combustibles, and fired from a howitzer to set fire to buildings, ships, &c., the flames issuing through holes pierced in the sides. The word is common in various forms to Romanic languages, but the ultimate origin is obscure. Possible derivations are from the Lat. caro, flesh, and Ital. casso or cassa, chest, or from a Med. Gr. ταρκάσιον, a quiver, for which the Fr. is carquois, and Port. carcaz.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Adnah

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Adnah Delight. (1.) A chief of the tribe of Manasseh who joined David at Ziklag (1 Chr. 12:20). (2.) A general under Jehoshaphat, chief over 300,000 men (2 Chr. 17:14).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Adoniram

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Adoniram (Adoram, 1 Kings 12:18), the son of Abda, was "over the tribute," i.e., the levy or forced labour. He was stoned to death by the people of Israel (|1 Kings 4:6; 5:14)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Adoption

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Adoption The giving to any one the name and place and privileges of a son who is not a son by birth.
(1.) Natural. Thus Pharaoh's daughter adopted Moses (Ex. 2:10), and Mordecai Esther (Esther 2:7).
(2.) National. God adopted Israel (Ex. 4:22; Deut. 7:6; Hos. 11:1; Rom. 9:4).
(3.) Spiritual. An act of God's grace by which he brings men into the number of his redeemed family, and makes them partakers of all the blessings he has provided for them. Adoption represents the new relations into which the believer is introduced by justification, and the privileges connected therewith, viz., an interest in God's peculiar love (John 17:23; Rom. 5:5-8), a spiritual nature (2 Pet. 1:4; John 1:13), the possession of a spirit becoming children of God (1 Pet. 1:14; 2 John 4; Rom. 8:15-21; Gal. 5:1; Heb. 2:15), present protection, consolation, supplies (Luke 12:27-32; John 14:18; 1 Cor. 3:21-23; 2 Cor. 1:4), fatherly chastisements (Heb. 12:5-11), and a future glorious inheritance (Rom. 8:17, 23; James 2:5; Phil. 3:21).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Adonibezek

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Adonibezek Lord of Bezek, a Canaanitish king who, having subdued seventy of the chiefs that were around him, made an attack against the armies of Judah and Simeon, but was defeated and brought as a captive to Jerusalem, where his thumbs and great toes were cut off. He confessed that God had requited him for his like cruelty to the seventy kings whom he had subdued (Judg. 1:4-7; comp. 1 Sam. 15:33).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Adonikam

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Adonikam Whom the Lord sets up, one of those "which came with Zerubbabel" (Ezra 2:13). His "children," or retainers, to the number of 666, came up to Jerusalem (8:13).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Adoni-zedec

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Adoni-zedec Lord of justice or righteousness, was king in Jerusalem at the time when the Israelites invaded Palestine (Josh. 10:1, 3). He formed a confederacy with the other Canaanitish kings against the Israelites, but was utterly routed by Joshua when he was engaged in besieging the Gibeonites. The history of this victory and of the treatment of the five confederated kings is recorded in Josh. 10:1-27. (Comp. Deut. 21:23). Among the Tell Amarna tablets (see EGYPT) are some very interesting letters from Adoni-zedec to the King of Egypt. These illustrate in a very remarkable manner the history recorded in Josh. 10, and indeed throw light on the wars of conquest generally, so that they may be read as a kind of commentary on the book of Joshua. Here the conquering career of the Abiri (i.e., Hebrews) is graphically described: "Behold, I say that the land of the king my lord is ruined", "The wars are mighty against me", "The Hebrew chiefs plunder all the king's lands", "Behold, I the chief of the Amorites am breaking to pieces." Then he implores the king of Egypt to send soldiers to help him, directing that the army should come by sea to Ascalon or Gaza, and thence march to Wru-sa-lim (Jerusalem) by the valley of Elah.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Adonijah

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Adonijah My Lord is Jehovah. (1.) The fourth son of David (2 Sam. 3:4). After the death of his elder brothers, Amnon and Absalom, he became heir-apparent to the throne. But Solomon, a younger brother, was preferred to him. Adonijah, however, when his father was dying, caused himself to be proclaimed king. But Nathan and Bathsheba induced David to give orders that Solomon should at once be proclaimed and admitted to the throne. Adonijah fled and took refuge at the altar, and received pardon for his conduct from Solomon on the condition that he showed himself "a worthy man" (1 Kings 1:5-53). He afterwards made a second attempt to gain the throne, but was seized and put to death (1 Kings 2:13-25).
(2.) A Levite sent with the princes to teach the book of the law to the inhabitants of Judah (2 Chr. 17:8).
(3.) One of the "chiefs of the people" after the Captivity (Neh. 10:16).
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/I Pi

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​I Pi 伊闢 (T. 盧原, H. 翕菴), June 14, 1623–1681, June 23, official, was a native of Hsin-ch'êng near Tsinan, Shantung. He became a chin-shih in 1655 along with Wang Shih-chên [q. v.]. After a year or more of study in the Hanlin Academy he was appointed a censor, and in 1657 was sent to Shansi to inspect the administration of that province. Having accomplished this, he returned to Peking in 1659 and resumed his duties as censor. He was made secretary of the Transmission Office in 1670 and after several promotions became director of the Court of Sacrificial Worship in 1678. Early in 1680 he became director of the Court of Judicature and Revision. By April of that year he was called to leave the comparative ease of the capital to become governor of Yunnan where military operations were in progress against the forces of Wu Shih-fan (see under Wu San-kuei) which held the capital of the province. It was hoped that he would be able to restore peace and harmony in that province and he made vigorous efforts toward that end, but was taken seriously ill and died in June of the following year. The task of pacification was reported accomplished within five months after his death.
[1/262/8b; 3/156/8a; Tsinan fu-chih (1841) 55/ 42a.]
Dean R. Wickes
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Inggûldai

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​INGGÛLDAI 英俄爾岱, 1596–1648, Feb., belonged to the Tatara clan living at Jakûmu. As a young boy he was taken by his grandfather, Daitukû hari 岱圖庫哈理, to join the forces of Nurhaci [q. v.]. He first won distinction in 1619 at the attack on K'ai-yüan when he killed a Mongol warrior named Abur who was fighting on the Chinese side. After further exploits he was promoted in 1621 to a place as lieutenant-colonel in the Plain White Banner. During Abahai's [q. v.] campaign into north China in 1629 Inggûldai and Fan Wên-ch'êng [q. v.], were put in charge of the captured city of Tsun-hua while the main force moved on towards Peking. He again showed his bravery by repulsing a Ming army that was attempting to retake the surrounding territory. Two years later, when the six ministries were established, Inggûldai became a director in the Board of Revenue. During the next two years he collected food and other supplies for the Manchu armies. As the best source for these was Korea he went twice on missions into that country in 1633 to arrange for levies of grain. In 1636, when again in Korea to announce the assumption by Abahai of the imperial title of T'ai-tsung, his life was endangered and he was forced to make a hasty and dramatic escape back across the border. The hostile attitude of Korea led T'ai-tsung to make war on her in the same year. By 1637 the Korean king had been driven into hiding and Inggûldai and another general were sent as commissioners to arrange terms of peace. Supplies continued to be brought from Korea under the direction of Inggûldai who discharged the duties of his office with distinction. Although accused ​of various offenses he was consistently pardoned by T'ai-tsung who appreciated his organizing ability. In 1644 he became president of the Board of Revenue, and at the review of his service three years later he was granted the rank of duke of the second class. After his death in 1648 the title passed to his son, Itu, but was lowered by Emperor Shih-tsu in the reaction following the death of Dorgon [q. v.] in 1650. During the Ch'ien-lung period the hereditary rank was fixed as that of viscount of the third class.
[1/234/6b; 3/41/4a; 11/4/1a; 34/156/15b.]
George A. Kennedy
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Jidu

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​JIDU 濟度, 1633–1660, Aug. 6, member of the Imperial Family, was the second son of Jirgalang [q. v.] and a grandson of Šurhaci [q. v.]. In 1652, at the age of twenty-two (sui), he was appointed a general in charge of an expedition against Chêng Ch'êng-kung [q. v.] and was given the title of Ting-yüan Ta-chiang-chün 定遠大將軍. He succeeded in 1656 in inflicting damage on the enemy's fleet and returned the following year to Peking. His father had died two years previously, and he succeeded to his father's rank of Ch'in-wang, but the designation was changed from Chêng 鄭 to Chien 簡. He himself died three years later, and in 1671 was given the posthumous name Ch'un 純. His princedom was later inherited by his second son, Labu [q. v.].
[1/221/9a; 2/2/29a; 34/124/15a.]
George A. Kennedy
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Jui, Prince

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​JUI, Prince. See under Dorgon.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Jao-yü, Prince

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​JAO-yü, Prince. See under Abatai.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Beth-gamul

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Beth-gamul : Camel-house, a city in the "plain country" of Moab denounced by the prophet (Jer. 48:23); probably the modern Um-el-Jemal, near Bozrah, one of the deserted cities of the Hauran.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Beth-jeshimoth

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Beth-jeshimoth : House of wastes, or deserts, a town near Abel-shittim, east of Jordan, in the desert of Moab, where the Israelites encamped not long before crossing the Jordan (Num. 33:49; A.V., "Bethjesimoth"). It was within the territory of Sihon, king of the Amorites (Josh. 12:3).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Beth-phage

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Beth-phage : House of the unripe fig, a village on the Mount of Olives, on the road from Jerusalem to Jericho (Matt. 21:1; Mark 11:1; Luke 19:29), and very close to Bethany. It was the limit of a Sabbath-day's journey from Jerusalem, i.e., 2,000 cubits. It has been identified with the modern Kefr-et-Tur.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Beth-diblathaim

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Beth-diblathaim : House of two cakes of figs, a city of Moab, upon which Jeremiah (48:22) denounced destruction. It is called also Almon-diblathaim (Num. 33:46) and Diblath (Ezek. 6:14). (R.V., "Diblah.")
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Beth-haccerem

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Beth-haccerem : House of a vineyard, a place in the tribe of Judah (Neh. 3:14) where the Benjamites were to set up a beacon when they heard the trumpet against the invading army of the Babylonians (Jer. 6:1). It is probable that this place is the modern `Ain Karim, or "well of the vineyards," near which there is a ridge on which are cairns which may have served as beacons of old, one of which is 40 feet high and 130 in diameter.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Beth-le-Aphrah

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Beth-le-Aphrah : (R.V. Micah 1:10), house of dust. The Authorized Version reads "in the house of Aphrah." This is probably the name of a town in the Shephelah, or "low country," between Joppa and Gaza.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Beth-peor
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Beth-peor : House of Peor; i.e., "temple of Baal-peor", a place in Moab, on the east of Jordan, opposite Jericho. It was in the tribe of Reuben (Josh. 13:20; Deut. 3:29; 4:46). In the "ravine" or valley over against Beth-peor Moses was probably buried (Deut. 34:6).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Beth-shean

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Beth-shean : House of security or rest, a city which belonged to Manasseh (1 Chr. 7:29), on the west of Jordan. The bodies of Saul and his sons were fastened to its walls. In Solomon's time it gave its name to a district (1 Kings 4:12). The name is found in an abridged form, Bethshan, in 1 Sam. 31:10, 12 and 2 Sam. 21:12. It is on the road from Jerusalem to Damascus, about 5 miles from the Jordan, and 14 from the south end of the Lake of Gennesaret. After the Captivity it was called Scythopolis, i.e., "the city of the Scythians," who about B.C. 640 came down from the steppes of Southern Russia and settled in different places in Syria. It is now called Beisan.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Beth-gilgal

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Beth-horon

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Beth-horon
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Du Marsais, César Chesneau

See also César Chesneau Dumarsais on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​DU MARSAIS, CÉSAR CHESNEAU, Sieur (1676–1756), French philologist, was born at Marseilles on the 17th of July 1676. He was educated in his native town by the Fathers of the Oratory, into whose congregation he entered; but he left it at the age of twenty-five and went to Paris, where he married and was admitted an advocate (1704). He was tutor to the sons successively of the président de Maisons, of John Law, the projector, and of the marquis de Bauffremont. He then opened a boarding school in the faubourg St Victor, which scarcely afforded him the means of subsistence. He made contributions of great value on philological and philosophical subjects to the Encyclopédie, and after vain attempts to secure a competence from the court he was insured against want by the generosity of a private patron. He died in Paris on the 11th of June 1756. The researches of Du Marsais are distinguished by considerable individuality. He held sensible views on education and elaborated a system of teaching Latin, which, although open to grave criticism, was a useful protest against current methods of teaching. His best works are his Principes de grammaire and his Des tropes, ou des différents sens dans lesquels on peut prendre un mot (1730).
An edition of his works (7 vols.) was collected by Duchosal and Millon, and was published with an éloge on Du Marsais by D’Alembert at Paris in 1797.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Du Prat, Antoine

See also Antoine Duprat on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​DU PRAT, ANTOINE (1463–1535), chancellor of France and cardinal, was born at Issoire on the 17th of January 1463. He began life as a lawyer, and rose rapidly in the legal hierarchy owing to the influence of his cousin Antoine Bohier, cardinal archbishop of Bourges. The first office which he held was that of lieutenant-general in the bailliage of Montferrand; in 1507 he became first president of the parlement of Paris. Louise of Savoy had employed him as her adviser in her affairs, and had made him tutor to her son. When Francis I. ascended the throne he made Du Prat chancellor of France, in which capacity he played an important part in the government. It was he who negotiated with Leo X. concerning the abolition of the Pragmatic Sanction and the establishment of a concordat. After the meeting of the Field of the Cloth of Gold (1520) he was engaged in unsuccessful negotiations with Wolsey. During the regency of Louise of Savoy he, together with Florimond Robertet, was at the head of affairs. He took an active part in the suit brought by Louise of Savoy against the Constable de Bourbon, and in 1532 completed the work of uniting Brittany to France. After the death of his wife in 1507 Du Prat had taken orders; he received the bishoprics of Valence, Die, Meaux and Albi, and the archbishopric of Sens (1525); in 1527 he became cardinal, and in 1530 papal legate. He was a determined adversary of the Reformation. He died on the 9th of July 1535.
See the marquis Du Prat, Vie d’Antoine Du Prat (Paris, 1857).