OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Edward H. Stiles

​ EDWARD H. STILES was born in Granby, Connecticut, October 8, 1830. He received a liberal education in the New England schools, studied law and removed to Iowa in 1856, locating at Ottumwa, where the following year he began the practice of his profession. In 1859 he was chosen city attorney and in 1861 county attorney. In 1863 he was elected on the Republican ticket Representative in the House of the Tenth General Assembly. At the close of the term he was elected to the State Senate. In 1867 he was chosen reporter of the Supreme Court, a position he held for eight years. During his term of service he edited, compiled and published fifteen volumes known as “Stiles' Iowa Reports” which rank high among the law reports of the country. He also prepared and published four volumes of digests of the decisions of the Iowa Supreme Court from the time of its Territorial organization down to the close of volume fifty-eight of the Iowa Reports. In 1881 he began to collect the material for a “History of the Early Bench and Bar of Iowa.” In 1883 he was the Republican candidate for Congress in the Sixth District but by a fusion of the Democratic and Greenback parties in support of General J. B. Weaver, Mr. Stiles was defeated. In 1886 he removed to Kansas City, where he ranked high at the bar, having served as Circuit Judge and Master in Chancery of the United States Circuit Court.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Edward F. Winslow

​ EDWARD F. WINSLOW was born in Kennebec County, Maine, on the 28th of September, 1837. He received a good education and in 1850 removed to Iowa, locating at Mount Pleasant, where he engaged in the mercantile business. When the Rebellion began he recruited a company for the Fourth Iowa Cavalry which was incorporated into the regiment as Company F and Mr. Winslow was commissioned captain. In January, 1863, he was promoted to major and in July following was commissioned colonel. Soon after he was placed in command of a brigade where he rendered good service in the armies of Generals Sherman, Grant, Sturgis and Wilson. In 1864 he was brevetted Brigadier-General.
# Henderson Bridge Company v. Henderson

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
173 U.S. 592
Henderson Bridge Company v. Henderson
Malcolm Yeaman and Wm. Lindsay, for plaintiffs in error.
James W. Clay, for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice HARLAN delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Henderson Bridge Company v. City of Henderson

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
141 U.S. 679
Henderson Bridge Company v. City of Henderson
Action in the Henderson circuit court of Kentucky by the city of Henderson, Ky., against the Henderson Bridge Company and the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company to recover taxes upon a bridge across the Ohio river. Judgment was rendered for the plaintiff, which was affirmed by the state court of appeals. 14 S. W. Rep. 85. On application for a rehearing, the opinion was withdrawn, and a new one filed, also affirming the judgment below. Id. 493. Defendants bring error. Heard on motion to dismiss for want of jurisdiction.
J. G. Carlisle, for the motion.
Wm. Lindsay, opposed.
Mr. Justice BLATCHFORD delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Henderson Bridge Company v. Commonwealth of Kentucky

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.

## Dissenting Opinion

    White
United States Supreme Court
166 U.S. 150
Henderson Bridge Company v. Commonwealth of Kentucky
[Syllabus from pages 150-151 intentionally omitted]
James P. Hellen, for plaintiff in error.
W. J. Hendrick, for defendant in error.
Mr. Chief Justice FULLER delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/James H. Funk

​ JAMES H. FUNK was born in Fairfield County, Ohio, February 15, 1842. His educational advantages were meager but by evening study he became qualified to teach school. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the Fifty-third Illinois Infantry. After returning from the war he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1871. He took an active part in Illinois politics and served two terms in the Legislature of that State. In 1890 Mr. Funk removed to Iowa, making his home on a farm near Iowa Falls where he engaged in raising horses. He became an active participant in ​public affairs and in 1893 was elected on the Republican ticket to the House of Representatives of the Twenty-fifth General Assembly. He was chairman of the committee on the suppression of intemperance and was reëlected to the Twenty-sixth General Assembly where he became chairman of the committee on ways and means. He was elected to the Twenty- seventh General Assembly and was chosen Speaker of the House.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/James L. Langworthy

​ JAMES L. LANGWORTHY, one of the pioneers of Dubuque, was born in Windsor, Vermont, January 20, 1800. While a boy his father removed successively to New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Illinois, always keeping in the frontier settlements. In 1821 James made his way to the Galena lead mines on foot and engaged in mining. Having acquired great influence with the Sac, Fox and Winnebago Indians, in 1827 Mr. Langworthy was employed by the Government to accompany General Henry Dodge to negotiate a treaty with these tribes by which they were induced to move to the west side of the Mississippi River. In 1830 Mr. Langworthy and his brother, Lucius, obtained permission to engage in lead mining on the west side of the river in the old Dubuque mines. Several other white men crossed the river, made a settlement in the vicinity of the mines and made rules and regulations as to taking and holding claims on the mineral lands. The Indians made complaint against the invaders and the Federal officials ordered them to leave the Indian country. When the Black Hawk War began, Mr. Langworthy became a scout for General Dodge and served to the end of the war. He returned to Dubuque and again engaged in mining, securing rich veins of ore. Mr. Langworthy and his brother increased their mining enterprises and in 1833 were among ​the leading citizens of Dubuque. They were foremost in all public enterprises, liberally aiding the schools, churches and railroads. No citizens contributed more to build up Dubuque for a quarter of a century than the Langworthy brothers. James died in March, 1865, and his brother Lucius died in the following July.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/James L. Geddes

​ JAMES L. GEDDES was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on the 19th of March, 1827. He graduated at the British Military Academy at Calcutta, India, and served in the British army for seven years. He was awarded a medal for gallant service. In 1857 he settled on a farm in Benton County, Iowa. In August, 1861, he raised a company of volunteers for the Eighth Iowa Infantry of which he was chosen captain. When the regiment was organized he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel and in February, 1862 was promoted to colonel. At the Battle of Shiloh Colonel Geddes greatly distinguished himself and his regiment was handled with skill that won the admiration and warm commendation of the commanding General. In the Mobile campaign Colonel Geddes commanded a brigade and won additional honors in the battle which resulted in the capture of the Spanish Fort. He was promoted to Brigadier-General. In 1870 General Geddes was chosen cashier and steward of the State Agricultural College and in 1871 he was appointed professor of Military Tactics and Engineering and a few years later became vice-president of the college and treasurer of the institution. He was an exceedingly valuable officer of the college but was removed by a majority of a board of the trustees unfriendly to him, from the positions he had long filled with marked ability. His removal aroused a storm of indignation among the students, his ​associates on the faculty and the people of the State generally which soon resulted in his restoration to a number of the positions from which he had been displaced.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/James M. Love

​ JAMES M. LOVE was born in Fairfax, Virginia, March 4, 1820. The family removed to Zanesville, Ohio, when he was a lad of twelve and there he obtained a good education and studied law with an older brother. When the war with Mexico began he volunteered and was chosen captain of a company, serving through the war. In 1850 he removed to Iowa, locating at Keokuk where he entered into partnership with Samuel F. Miller in the practice of law. In 1852 he was elected on the Democratic ticket to the State Senate where he served four years as chairman of the judiciary committee. In 1855 he was appointed by President Pierce Judge of the United States District Court for Iowa, a position ​he held the remainder of his life. In 1875 he accepted an appointment in the State University as Professor of Commercial Law and served three years as Chancellor of the Law Department. Of all the decisions rendered by Judge Love during his long term of service but three were reversed by the Supreme Court. He died July 2, 1891. At the following meeting of the Pioneer Lawmakers' Association, Judge George G. Wright said of Judge Love:
“As a lawyer, he ranked among the ablest in the west; as a legislator he was the peer of any of his colleagues; as a judge he was honest, laborious, courteous, learned and strong; his life and character were pure and spotless.”
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/James H. Sanders

​ JAMES H. SANDERS was born on the 9th of October, 1834, in Union County, Ohio. He received a liberal education in the schools and academies of that section and in 1852 came with his father to Keokuk County, Iowa. The son was an active Republican and was elected county clerk. In 1860 he came to Des Moines at the assembling of the Legislature and secured the position of Secretary of the Senate. He was a good writer on agricultural topics and in 1869 established The Western Stock Journal, the first publication of the kind in the United States. It was conducted with ability and grew into a wide circulation. Seeing the advantages of having the Journal issued from a large city, he removed it to Chicago where it attained a national circulation. As the live stock interests of the west developed he saw an opening for a weekly publication devoted to the growing branch of farming and selling his interest in the monthly Journal, established the Weekly Breeders' Gazette in 1881. This proved to be a profitable enterprise and grew into a valuable property, circulating over the entire country where stock raising was carried on extensively. Mr. Sanders was a member of the United States Treasury Cattle Commission and a special agent of the Department of Agriculture in Europe in 1885 and was the author of several publications relating to stock. He died on the 22d of December, 1899, at the age of sixty-seven.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/James H. Shields

[James H Shields]
​ JAMES H. SHIELDS was born near Bowling Green, Missouri, May 8, 1842, and soon after his parents removed to Dubuque, Iowa, where his early education was acquired. He was sent to Union College, New York, where he graduated in the class of 1862. Returning to Dubuque he studied law, was admitted to the bar and followed that profession for thirty-nine years. He was elected on the Democratic ticket District Attorney for the Ninth Judicial District in 1883, serving four years. In 1889 he was elected to the State Senate, serving in the Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth General Assemblies. He was a delegate at large and chairman of the Iowa delegation to the Democratic National Convention at Chicago in 1892. He has been for some time president of the Dubuque Business Men's League, an organization composed of jobbers, manufacturers, real estate owners and capitalists of Dubuque.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/James H. Trewin

[James H. Trewin]
​ JAMES H. TREWIN, lawyer and legislator, was born at Bloomingdale, Illinois, November 29, 1858. He had the usual schooling of a country boy in his youth, living on a farm and becoming self-supporting at the early age of twelve years. In 1872 he came to Chickasaw County, Iowa, where he worked on a farm and attended school, qualifying himself to teach. He attended Bradford Academy, Cedar Valley Seminary and Lenox College, and was principal of the Delaware and Farley schools several years. In 1881 Mr. Trewin entered the law office of Robinson & Powers of Dubuque as a student and was admitted to the bar in 1882. For the practice of his profession. Mr. Trewin located at Earlville from whence he removed to Lansing in 1889. While residing in these towns he filled many positions of trust and in 1893 he was elected from Allamakee County to the House ​of the Twenty-fifth General Assembly, serving as chairman of the committee on municipal corporations and was prominently identified with the enacting of the mulct law. His most important work, however, was securing the passage of the bill providing for the revision and codification of the laws which was accomplished in the Code of 1897. Two years later Mr. Trewin was elected to the Senate from the Allamakee-Fayette District, where he became chairman of the committee on schools, and in the revision brought about many desirable changes in the school laws. He engaged actively in bringing about many reforms and the curtailment of expenses in the administration of State and municipal affairs. He secured the passage of the bill providing for the annotation and publication of the Code by the State; was chosen chairman of the joint committee of the General Assembly having charge of the publication of the Code and probably had larger influence in the production of the book of revised statutes than any other one legislator. During Senator Trewin's second term in the Senate he was chairman of the committee on cities and towns. In the Republican State Convention of 1901, Senator Trewin was one of the leading candidates for nomination for Governor. He removed to Cedar Rapids in 1902. He is a member of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission from the Fifth District and chairman of the Department of Education.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/James I. Gilbert

​ JAMES I. GILBERT was born in Kentucky in 1824 and removed to Iowa in 1852, making his home at Lansing, Allamakec County, where he was a commission merchant when the Civil War began. In August, 1862, he was appointed colonel of the Twenty-seventh Regiment of Iowa Volunteer Infantry. He distinguished himself in the capture of Fort De Russey on the Red River, leading his regiment in a most gallant charge which captured the works. After the Battle of Nashville he was promoted to Brigadier-General for distinguished services and before the close of the war was brevetted Major-General.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/James K. P. Thompson

​ JAMES K. P. THOMPSON was born near Cary, Ohio, August 21, 1845. His education was carefully guided by his mother who was a ​prominent teacher. In 1857 Mr. Thompson came to Iowa, locating in Clayton County. He enlisted as a musician in Company D, Twenty-first Iowa Volunteers in 1862 and served through the war, taking part in the following engagements: running the blockade at Vicksburg, Grand Gulf, Port Gibson, Champion's Hill, Black River Bridge, assault and siege of Vicksburg, Mobile campaign, siege and assault of Fort Blakely and Spanish Fort. He was severely wounded in the assault on Vicksburg. Under the instruction of S. T. Woodward of Elkader he began the study of law in 1869, was admitted to the bar, and in 1874 located in Lyon County at Rock Rapids, and opened the first law office in the town. He was for many years closely identified with the development of northwestern Iowa and especially with Lyon County, where he held many offices. He was largely instrumental in securing the establishment of the National Military Park at Vicksburg and was a member of the Board of Directors from the beginning. Colonel Thompson served on the staff of Governors Larrabee, Jackson and Drake. He died at his home in Rock Rapids in January, 1903.
# FORMATIONS OF INTERJECTIONS

The ending for interjections is ö, Therefore verbs in the imperativ simply drop d, and omit personal ending.
Spidö! Make haste !
Stopö! Halt !
Bafö! Bravo !
# ORDER OF WORDS

The exercises have given an idea of the usual order in which the words in a sentence are placed. Except that the adjectiv follows, instead of preceding the word which it qualifies, this order is about the same as in English.
The general principle is that the word which limits or describes follows that which is limited or described, or, to use Prof. Kerckhoffs' expression, the determinant follows the determined.
The predicate or verb follows the subject or kimfal.
The object or kimifal follows the verb, and the kimefal, being a more remote object, is placed still later.
The kimafal or possessiv follows the thing possessed. In English the possessor comes first if it is exprest by the possessiv case, but if exprest by of it comes after.
The adverb follows the verb which it modifies, but if it modifies an adjectiv then the adverb precedes the adjectiv. This is an apparent exception to the general rule of position; the adverb may, however, be considered as forming a compound word with the adjectiv ; the rule being, in compound words, the opposit to the rule of position, viz., that the determinant precedes the determined.
The negativ adverb no precedes the word which it denies, on the same principle.
Although the regular order of words in a sentence is that just explained, yet it is not rigorously fixed. For the sake of emphasis or special effect words may be transposed, provided the sense be not obscured. The terminations often enable such transposition to take place without confusion.
Thus, "the man loves the woman," may be expressed in several ways :
1. Man löfom vomi. 2. Vomi löfom man. 3. Löfom man vomi. 4. Vomi man löfom. 5. Man vomi löfom.
We give these forms because they may occasionally be met with in reading; we recommend, however, that the regular form, No. 1, be habitually used.
Form No. 5, where the kimifal precedes the verb, is one which German writers of Volapük are fond of using in subordinate sentences, following the order of their own language. For example, they will say

### ,,If man vomi löfom,"

although without the ,,if" they would follow the natural order ,,man löfom vomi." This is a German idiom and has nothing to recommend it in Volapük.
lf we examin the English sentence "the man loves the woman" we see that no transposition can take place without destroying the sense, because we can only distinguish the subiect from the object by position. If we had a different ending for the objectiv, like the kimifal, then we might transpose.
# HOW TO USE THIS BOOK.

The best test of having thoroughly learned any section of the book is the ability to read and write the corresponding exercise fluently and correctly. After doing this, the section should again be read, to see that all its directions are fully understood, but memorizing is not recommended.
Persons who are not trained in the study of languages had better not examin the "Synopsis of Inflections" until after they have mastered Exercise 25 with all before it. They are then recommended to make a Copy of the Synopsis, leaving blanks for the Volapük letters, which they will afterwards fill up from memory.
As additional practice, take at any time a few words of the Vocabulary and compose some Volapük sentences introducing those words, together with the other words and forms already known. Try to compose in Volapük from the idea, without thinking of the English way of expressing it. Take the Volapük sentences given in the exercises as frames, and fit in other nouns, verbs and adjectives.
For teaching classes, I recommend blackboard lessons, based on the exercises and preceding the study of the text. Each lesson should embrace review-practice on foregoing sections and preparatory exercise on coming subjects. Oral lessons for schools, entirely inductiv, will be published hereafter.
Linguists or philologists who desire to obtain a general knowledge of the structure of the language can do so by an hour's study of the fable of "Abraham and the Old Man," with the "Model of Translation and Grammatical Analysis" referring to the Synopsis of Inflection.
# Hand-book of Volapük/32
## PARABLE

translated by Schleyer

#### ABRAHAM E BÄLEDAN.

Abraham äsiedom vöno len yan teneda oma, valadöl (segun kösöm omik) foginelis al lotadön omis. Ädalogom bäledani blegöl oki su staf e kömöl al omi. Bäled e töbs ifenoms omi.
Abraham älasumom omi fleno ; äbegom omi siadönok, ävatükom futis oma, ed äblinom flukis e vati flifik. Ab logöl das bäledan äfidom ed ädlinom nes sagön pleki, äsäkom omi kikod no äleplekom Godi süla. Bäledan ägepükom das äleplekom te Fili e das no äsevom godi votik.
Abraham äzunom sovemo demü gesag at das äjokom bäledani mofü tened.
Ven at igolom, God ävokom Abrahami ed äsäkom omi kiöp foginel äbinom. Ägesagom: ,,ejokob omi mofü tened, bi no leplekom oli." God äsagom täno ome: ,,esufob omi du yels tum do änestimom obi ; ed ol no-li äkanol suföm omi du neit bal ven no ätupom oli?"
Na Abraham ililom vödis at, ägevokom bäledani, älinkipom omi lotado ed ägivom ome tidamis sapik.
Dunolöd id also e pomesedol fa God Abrahama.