OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Four-Dimensional Space

* related portals: Relativity.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Nature, Vol. 31, Iss. 804, p. 481, Online
Four-Dimensional Space
Possibly the question, What is the fourth dimension? may admit of an indefinite number of answers. I prefer, therefore, in proposing to consider Time as a fourth dimension of our existence, to speak of it as a fourth dimension rather than the fourth dimension. Since this fourth dimension cannot be introduced into space, as commonly understood, we require a new kind of space for its existence, which we may call time-space. There is then no difficulty in conceiving the analogues in this new kind of space, of the things in ordinary space which are known as lines, areas, and solids. A straight line, by moving in any direction not in its own length, generates an area; if this area moves in any direction not in its own plane it generates a solid; but if this solid moves in any direction, it still generates a solid, and nothing more. The reason of this is that we have not supposed it to move in the fourth dimension. If the straight line moves in its own direction, it describes only a straight line; if the area moves in its own plane, it describes only an area; in each case, motion in the dimensions in which the thing exists, gives us only a thing of the same dimensions; and, in order to get a thing of higher dimensions, we must have motion in a new dimension. But, as the idea of motion is only applicable in space of three dimensions, we must replace it by another which is applicable in our fourth dimension of time. Such an idea is that of successive existence. We must, therefore, conceive that there is a new three-dimensional space for each successive instant of time; and, by picturing to ourselves the aggregate formed by the successive positions in time-space of a given solid during a given time, we shall get the idea of a four-dimensional solid, which may be called a sur-solid. It will assist us to get a clearer idea, if we consider a solid which is in a constant state of change, both of magnitude and position; and an example of a solid which satisfies this condition sufficiently well, is afforded by the body of each of us. Let any man picture to himself the aggregate of his own bodily forms from birth to the present time, and he will have a clear idea of a sur-solid in time-space.
S.
March 16
This work was published in 1885 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 138 years or less since publication.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Four Dissertations

FOUR
DISSERTATIONS.
[Advertisements]
Written by the same Author, and Printed for A. Millar.
FOUR
DISSERTATIONS.
BY
DAVID HUME, Esq;
LONDON,
Printed for A. Millar, in the Strand.
MDCCLVII.
* Dedication
* I. The Natural History of Religion
* II. Of the Passions
* III. Of Tragedy
* IV. Of the Standard of Taste
* Errata
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Four Dissertations/Errata

ERRATA.
P. 7. L. 13. r. set. P. 9. L. 12. r. be buried. P. 42. L. 5. r. conditions. P. 70. L. 4. from the Bottom, read foretel the issue. P. 116. L. 16. read corrupt.
# Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology/Plate 2

Plate 2. V. 1 p. 64.
2. Second molar tooth magnified.
5. Fifth molar tooth still further magnified.
4. Fourth molar tooth magnified.
9. Ninth molar tooth magnified.
# Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology/Plate 25

Plate 25. V. 1. p. 191.
# Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology/Plate 20

Plate 20. V. I. p. 167.
Head of the Mosasaurus, or Great Animal of Maestricht. (Cuvier.)
Plate 21. V. I. p. 171.
Pterodactylus longirostris in the lithographic slate of Aiehstedt. (Cuvier and Goldfuss.)
In this Plate, and Plate 22, the same letters and figures designate the corresponding Bones in the different Animals to which they are affixed; they are copied chiefly from the figure and Explanations of Dr. Goldfuss, in his Beitrage zur Kenntniss verschiedener Reptilien der Vorwelt.
r. Cavitas narium.
A. Cavitas inter media.
e. Orbita.
a. Maxilla superior.
b. Vel os nasi vel inter-maxilla re?
c. Operculum nasale.
d. Aut os frontis anterius vel nasale?
e. Os frontis proprium.
f. Os parietal.
g. Os petrosum.
H. Pars basilaris ossis occipitis.
h. Pars lateral is,
i. Os tympani cum s. quadratum.
k. Os frontis posterius.
1. Os mastoideum.
m. Os zygomaticum.
n. Aut os lacrymale vel superciliare?
o. Annulus orbital is.
P. Corpus ossis sphenoidei.
p. Processus trans versus ossis sphenoidei.
# Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology/Plate 21

Plate 21. V. I. p. 171.
Pterodactylus longirostris in the lithographic slate of Aiehstedt. (Cuvier and Goldfuss.)
In this Plate, and Plate 22, the same letters and figures designate the corresponding Bones in the different Animals to which they are affixed; they are copied chiefly from the figure and Explanations of Dr. Goldfuss, in his Beitrage zur Kenntniss verschiedener Reptilien der Vorwelt.
r. Cavitas narium.
A. Cavitas inter media.
e. Orbita.
a. Maxilla superior.
b. Vel os nasi vel inter-maxilla re?
c. Operculum nasale.
d. Aut os frontis anterius vel nasale?
e. Os frontis proprium.
f. Os parietal.
g. Os petrosum.
H. Pars basilaris ossis occipitis.
h. Pars lateral is,
i. Os tympani cum s. quadratum.
k. Os frontis posterius.
1. Os mastoideum.
m. Os zygomaticum.
n. Aut os lacrymale vel superciliare?
o. Annulus orbital is.
P. Corpus ossis sphenoidei.
p. Processus trans versus ossis sphenoidei. ​
q. Os pterygoideum.
r. Os transversum.
s. Os platinum.
t. Processus palatines maxillae superioris.
v. Pars angular is inferior maxillae inferioris.
vv. Pars angularis superior.
x. Pars condyloidea.
y. Pars complement aria, Cuv. (coronal is, auctor.
z. Os hyoidefum.
| I. | Atlas. |
| II. | Epistropheus. |
| III—VII. | Vertebrae colli. |
| VIII—XXII. | Vertebrae dorsi. |
| XXIII. XXIV. | Vertebrae lumborum. |
| XXV. XXVI. | Os sacrum. |
| XXVII. | Ossa coccygea. |
| XXVIII. | Sternum. |
| 1—15. | Costae. |
| 16. | Scapula. |
| 17. | Os coracoideum. |
| 18. | Ilium. |
| 19. | Os pubis. |
| 20. | Os ischium. |
| 21. | Humerus. |
| 22. | Ulna. |
| 23. | Radius. |
| 24. | Carpus. |
| 25. | Os metacarpi primum s. pollicis. |
| 26. O. | m. secundum. |
| 27. O. | m. tertium. |
| 28. O. | m. quartum. |
| 29. O. | m. quintum. |
| 30, 31. | Phalanges. |
| 32—34. | Ph. indicis. |
| 35—38. | Ph. disiti medii. ​ |
| 39—43. | Ph. digiti annularis. |
| 44—47. | Ph. digiti auricularis. |
| 48. | Femur. |
| 49. | Tibia. |
| 50. | Fibula. |
| 51. | Tarsus. |
| 52—56. | Metatarsus. |
| 57, 58. | Phalanges digiti primi. |
| 59—61. | Ph. d. secundi. |
| 62—65. | Ph. d. tertii. |
| 66—70. | Ph. d. quarti. |
| 71—74. | Ph. d. quinti. |
| δ Impressions of the membrane of the wing. ||
# Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology/Plate 22

Plate 22. V. I. p. 171.
# Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology/Plate 23

Plate 23. V. I. p. 180.
# Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology/Plate 24

Plate 24. V. I. p. 184.
Fossil Teeth and bony nasal horn of Iguanodon; and lower Jaw and Teeth of Iguana. (Mantell and Original)
In Mr. Mantell's collection there is a perfect thigh bone of this animal, 3 feet 8 inches long, and 35 inches in circumference at its largest and lower extremity.
Plate 25. V. 1. p. 191.
# Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology/Plate 18

Plate 15'. V. I. p. 156.
Cololite, or petrified intestines of a fossil fish from Solenhofen. (Goldfuss.)
Plate 16. V. I. p. 157.
Plate 17. V. I. p. 158.
A nearly, entire and unique skeleton of Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus, 5 feet 7 inches long, from the Lias of Street, near Glastonbury. This skeleton forms part of the splendid series of fossil Saurians, purchased for the British Museum, from T. Hawkins, Esq. in 1834. See V. I. p. 162, and Note. (Hawkins.)
Plate 18. V. I. p. 160, Note.
# Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology/Plate 19

Plate 19. V. I. p. 160.
On comparing this figure with those of P. Dolichodeirus at Pl. 16, 17. The following differences are obvious:
1. The head is very much larger and longer, being nearly one-half the length of the neck.
2. The vertebræ of the neck are thicker and stronger in proportion to the greater weight they had to sustain.
3. The hatchet-shaped bones differ in form and size, as may be seen by comparing them with those of P. dolichodeirus. Pl. 19. Fig. 2. and Pl. 17.
4. The bones of the arm and thigh are shorter and stronger than in P. Dolichodeirus, and corresponding differences may be traced throughout the smaller bones of the Paddles; the general adjustment of all the proportions being calculated to produce greater strength in the P. Macrocephalus, than in the more slender limbs of P. Dolichodeirus.
These differences are not the effect of age; as the two specimens, from which they are here described, are nearly of the same length.
# Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology/Plate 17

Plate 15'. V. I. p. 156.
Cololite, or petrified intestines of a fossil fish from Solenhofen. (Goldfuss.)
Plate 16. V. I. p. 157.
Plate 17. V. I. p. 158.
A nearly, entire and unique skeleton of Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus, 5 feet 7 inches long, from the Lias of Street, near Glastonbury. This skeleton forms part of the splendid series of fossil Saurians, purchased for the British Museum, from T. Hawkins, Esq. in 1834. See V. I. p. 162, and Note. (Hawkins.)
# Gesta Romanorum Vol. II (1871)/Of the Inheritance and Joy of a faithful Soul

The sentence following "and when his mother ..." is mistranslated; see the Hooper revision.
TALE XIII.
OF THE INHERITANCE AND JOY OF A FAITHFUL SOUL.
A certain powerful lord sent his two sons to study, that they might by their own assiduity, obtain a livelihood. After some time he sent letters to them, to command their return to their own country; and they returned accordingly. One of the brothers rejoiced at this, and was received with equal pleasure. He was, moreover, put in possession of a fair inheritance. But the other was much distressed at his recall; and when his mother ran out to meet and kiss him, he bit off her lips. His sister, also, following the mother's example, lost her nose; and he put out the eyes of his brother, who, in like manner, would have embraced him. At this moment, ​the father entering, caught him by the hair of his head, and flayed him alive.
APPLICATION.
My beloved, the rich lord is God; and the two sons, are soul and body; the latter of which is unwilling to return to its native earth. The sister and brothers, are toads and serpents, who devour the nose, eyes, &c.
Note V.
Tale XIII. Vol. II. page 48.
"Of the inheritance and joy of a faithful soul."
I omitted in its proper place to notice a fable somewhat similar in the Latin Æsop. It is as follows.
"There was a young child which in his youth began to steal, and all that he did steal, he brought to his mother, and the mother took it gladly, and would in no wise correct him; and after he had stolen many things, he was taken and condemned to be hanged; and as men led him to the justice, his mother followed him and wept sore: and then the child prayed the justice that he might say ​somewhat to his mother, and having leave, he approached to her, and making as tho' he would speak to her in her ear, with his teeth he bit off her nose: for which, when the judge blamed him, he answered him in this manner, My Lord, she is the cause of my death, for if she had well chastised me, I had not come to this shame."
This fable, it is true, has a different application, and the plot of it, (so to speak) likewise varies; but the singular thought of biting off a person's nose, can have had but one origin.
# Gesta Romanorum Vol. II (1871)/Of the Care of the Soul

TALE XXXII.
OF THE CARE OF THE SOUL.
The emperor Gorgonius had a beautiful wife, who was delivered of a son. The boy grew ​up a universal favorite; but on attaining his tenth year the mother died, and was splendidly interred. By the advice of his counsellors, the emperor took another wife, who conceived a dislike for her son-in-law, and did him many injuries. (23) When this was communicated to the king, being desirous of gratifying his new spouse, he banished the young man from the kingdom. Thus driven from his home and destitute of the usual accompaniments of regal birth, he turned his attention to physic, and became, in course of time, a great and perfect physician. The emperor, who had so unnaturally discarded him, hearing of his celebrity, was much pleased at it; and happening a short time afterwards to fall sick, sent letters to recall him. When the son understood his father's pleasure, he made haste to comply with it; and by his skill in medicine soon restored him to convalescence. The fame of this cure spread through the whole kingdom. Now it chanced that his step-mother sickened even to death, and physicians from every place were summoned to attend her. They all, however, unanimously declared, ​that death was inevitable; and full of grief at the intelligence, the emperor desired his son to undertake the cure. "No, my lord," said he, "I cannot comply with your wishes." "If you deny me," returned the father, "I will again banish you the kingdom." "Then," he replied, "you will act with the greatest injustice. You acknowledged yourself my father, yet banished me from you through this very woman's suggestion. My absence occasioned your sickness and sorrow; and my presence produces a like effect upon the queen, my unkind step-mother: therefore, I will not cure her, but will immediately depart." "The queen," returned the father, "is afflicted with the same infirmity that I was, and which you so effectually dispelled: let me entreat you to preserve her also." "My beloved father," answered he, "although she has the same infirmity, her complexion is different. When I entered the palace, the joy you felt at my return contributed to your speedy recovery; but the reverse happens to my step-mother. If I speak, she is full of grief; if I touch her, she is carried beyond herself. Now nothing ​is more beneficial to the sick, than compliance with their wishes. She cannot bear my presence, and why should you wish it?" By these excuses the son evaded the matter, and his step-mother died.
APPLICATION.
My beloved, the emperor is our first parent Adam; the first wife is the soul; and the son is Christ, who cures our infirmities. The step-mother is the devil.
Note 23.Page 121.
"Warton says, in his analysis of this story, "The son of king Gorgonius is beloved by his step-mother." This is a mistake. The Latin text is, "Rex, aliam uxorem duxit, quæ filium primæ uxoris non dilexit, sed opprobria multa sibi intulit." Nothing can be plainer.
# Gesta Romanorum Vol. II (1871)/Of the Cunning of the Devil

TALE VIII.
OF THE CUNNING OF THE DEVIL.
It is related of a certain prince, that with all his power he could not subdue his enemies. At length he made use of the following stratagem. He feigned a flight, and resigned his castles, with the provisions they contained, into the hands of his foes. Now the castles were furnished with casks of wine empoisoned with the seed of a certain herb; insomuch, that whosoever drank of it immediately fell asleep. He knew that his opponents were hunger-starved and gluttonous; and that, overjoyed to find such excellent quarters, they would drink ​to excess, and fall into the half death-like quiet of sleep. They did so, and the prince returning put them all to death.
APPLICATION.
My beloved, the prince is the devil; let us beware of what he leaves.
# Gesta Romanorum Vol. II (1871)/Of the Life present, which is a Life of Remission and Grace

TALE XVI.
OF THE LIFE PRESENT, WHICH IS A LIFE OF REMISSION AND GRACE.
King Alexander placed a burning candle in his hall, and sent heralds through the whole kingdom, who made the following proclamation. "If there be any under forfeiture to the king, and he will come boldly into his ​presence, while the candle burns, the king will forgive the forfeiture. And whosoever is in this predicament, and comes not before the expiration of the candle, he shall perish by an ignominious death. Many of the populace hearing the proclamation, came to the king, and besought his mercy. The king received them kindly; but there were many who neglected to come; and the very moment in which the candle expired, they were apprehended and put to death.
APPLICATION.
My beloved, Alexander is Christ; the burning candle is the life present, and the heralds are the preachers.
# Gesta Romanorum Vol. II (1871)/Of spiritual Medicine

TALE XCV.
OF SPIRITUAL MEDICINE.
There was a male child born, divided from the navel upward. Thus he had two heads and breasts, and a proper number of sensitive faculties to each. While one slept or eat, the other did neither. After two years, one part of the boy died, and the other survived about three days. (120)
Also, as Pliny records, there was a tree in India whose flowers had the flavour and smell of fruit. A serpent, called Jacorlus, which dwelt near, had a great aversion to the odour, and that he might destroy its productiveness envenomed the root of the tree. The gardener, observing what was done, took an antidote of that country, and inserted it in a branch at the top of the tree, which presently ​drove the poison from the root. The tree, before barren, was now loaded with fruit.
APPLICATION.
My beloved, the child represents the soul and body of man. The tree is also man; the fruit good works. The serpent, is the devil; and the gardener is God. The branch is the blessed Virgin Mary:—so Isaiah, "A branch shall spring from the root of Jesse." And thus also Virgil, in the second of his Bucolics.
"Jam redit et virgo redeunt saturnia regna; Jam nova progenies cœlo dimittitur alto. Tu modo nascendi puero, quo ferrea primum, Desinet, et toto surget gens aurea mundo."
​In this branch was placed the antidote, that is Christ.
* ↑ The reader will be surprised to meet with a quotation from Virgil in this place. It is most probable, from its corruptness, that the passage was not drawn immediately from the poet. But it is remarkable from its similarity to that in Isaiah, from whence perhaps Virgil extracted it. Pope says, "from a Sybilline prophecy on the same subject." See his "Messiah."
* ↑ The true reading is— "Tu modo nascenti puero, &c. ****** Casta fave Lucina."—Ecl. IV. Line 10. It is nonsense as it stands above; but the edition of 1521, 18mo. has, "tu modo nascenti"
* ↑ It should be Ac
Note 120.Page 382.
Bracciolinus, or Brandiolinus Poggius, a Florentine, who flourished in the 15th century, has given an account of the monster here alluded to. I quote the translation of his fables, of 1658.
"Also, within a little while after it befell out about the marches of Italy, that there was a child born which had two heads, and two visages, beholding one another, and the arms of each other embraced the body; the which body from the navel upward was joined, save the two heads; and from the navel downward, the limbs were all separated one from another. Of the which child tidings came unto the person of Poge at Rome."
# Gesta Romanorum Vol. II (1871)/Of the Invention of Vineyards

TALE LXXIX.
OF THE INVENTION OF VINEYARDS.
Josephus, in his work on "The Causes of Natural Things," says that Noah discovered a wild vine in a wood, and because it was ​bitter, he took the blood of four animals, namely, of a lion, of a lamb, a pig, and a monkey. This mixture he united with earth, and made a kind of manure, which he deposited at the roots of the trees. Thus the blood sweetened the fruit, with which he afterwards intoxicated himself, and lying naked, was derided by his younger son. Assembling his children, he declared to them by what means he had produced this effect. (88)
APPLICATION.
My beloved, the vine manured with the blood of animals, indicates its effects. The blood of the lion produces anger; that of the lamb, shame; of the pig, filthiness; of the monkey, idle curiosity, and foolish joy.
* ↑ "Id est labruscam [vitem;] à labris terræ et viarum dictam." That is, I suppose, the hedges and outskirts of woods. Strange etymology!
* ↑ Perhaps it was alluding to this fancy, that Webster, in his "White Devil," observes, "As in cold countries, husbandmen plant vines, And with warm blood manure them, even so," &c.
Note 88.Page 315.
"I know not of any book of Josephus on this subject. The first editor of the Latin Josephus was Ludovicus Cendrata, of Verona, who was ignorant that he was publishing a modern translation."—"The substance of this chapter is founded on a rabbinical tradition related by Fabricius. "When Noah planted the vine, Satan attended, and sacrificed a sheep, a lion, an ape, and a sow. These animals were to symbolise the gradations of ebriety. When a man begins to drink, he is meek and ignorant as the lamb, then becomes bold as the lion; his courage is soon transformed into the foolishness of the ape, and at last he wallows in the mire like a sow. Chaucer hence says, in the Manciples Prologue, as the passage is justly corrected by Mr. Tyrwhitt,
'I trowe that ye have dronken wine of ape, And that is when men plaien at a strawe'.
In the old Kalendrier des Bergers, as Mr. Tyrwhitt has remarked, Vin de singe, vin de mouton, vin de lyon, and vin de porceau, are mentioned in ​their respective operations on the four temperaments of the human body."—Warton.
# German Antiguerrilla Operations in the Balkans (1941-1944)/Part Three

THE GUERRILLA MOVEMENT IN GREECE, YUGOSLAVIA, AND ALBANIA (1943–44)
The German prospect of victory had begun to fade by the beginning of 1943. Stalingrad would cost the Germans 22 divisions and 300,000 men of the Sixth Army by February, and Axis forces in North Africa would be forced to surrender to the Allies in May. The growing losses on all fronts could no longer be replaced in full, and Fortress Europe was threatened by invasion from the south. In their zones of Greece and Yugoslavia, the Germans were plagued by attacks on small outposts and transportation lines, sapping their strength, tying down units and equipment urgently needed in the active theaters of war, and hampering the organization of an effective defense against Allied landings.
The growing strength of the resistance forces was felt even more by Germany's Croatian and Italian allies, who had abandoned extensive areas of the countryside to the irregulars and restricted themselves to securing the larger centers of population and the main roads and rail lines. This withdrawal even permitted the organization by the Partisans of a provisional government in Bosnia.
The significance of these developments was not lost on the German Armed Forces High Command, which had issued a directive, over Hitler's signature on 28 December 1942, raising the status of the Armed Forces Commander, Southeast, to that of Commander-in-Chief, Southeast and his force to that of an army group. General Loehr was enjoined, as Marshal List had been more than a year earlier, to establish adequate defenses against Allied landings, and to destroy all guerrilla groups in his rear, since they threatened the accomplishment of his mission.
# German Instrument of Surrender

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "German Instrument of Surrender."
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Preliminary German Instrument of Surrender (7 May 1945) signed at Rheims, France.
* Definitive German Instrument of Surrender (8 May 1945) signed at Berlin, Germany.