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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 5:5

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| Carding — Carignano | Carillon — Carlow | Carlsbad — Carnea | Carneades — Carp |
| Carding Cardioid Cardona Cardoon Cards, Playing Carducci, Bartolommeo Carducci, Giosuè Cardwell, Edward Cardwell, Edward Cardwell Cardwell Carew, George Carew, Richard Carew, Thomas Carey, Henry Carey, Henry Charles Carey, William Cargill, Donald Cargo Caria Cariaco Caribbee Islands Caribs Caricature Carigara Carignano | Carillon Carini Carinthia Carinus, Marcus Aurelius Caripe Carisbrooke Carissimi, Giacomo Carleton, William Carleton Place Carlile, Richard Carlingford, Chichester Samuel Fortescue, Baron Carlingford Carli-Rubbi, Giovanni Rinaldo, Count of Carlisle, Earls of Carlisle (England) Carlisle (Pennsylvania) Carloforte Carloman (King of Bavaria and Italy) Carloman (Frankish princes) Carlos I. Carlos, Don (Prince of Asturias) Carlos, Don (Count of Molina) Carlos, Don (Prince of Bourbon) Carlow (county) Carlow (town) | Carlsbad Carlsbad Decrees Carlstadt Carlyle, Alexander Carlyle, Joseph Dacre Carlyle, Thomas Carmagnola, Francesco Bussone Carmagnola Carmagnole Carmarthen Carmarthenshire Carmathians Carmaux Carmel Carmelites Carmichael, Gershom Carmine Carmona Carnac Carnarvon, Earldom of Carnarvon Carnarvonshire Carnatic Carnation Carnea | Carneades Carnegie, Andrew Carnegie Carnelian Carnesecchi, Pietro Carniola Carnival Carnivora Carnot, Lazare Hippolyte Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot, Marie François Sadi Carnot, Sadi Nicolas Léonhard Carnoustie Carnuntum Carnutes Caro, Annibale Caro, Elme Marie Carol Caroline Caroline Amelia Augusta Caroline Islands Carolingians Carolus-Duran Carora Carp |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 5:6

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| Carpaccio — Carrera | Carriage — Cartagena | Cartagena — Carus | Carus — Case |
| Carpaccio, Vittorio Carpathian Mountains Carpathus Carpeaux, Jean Baptiste Carpentaria, Gulf of Carpenter, Lant Carpenter, Mary Carpenter, William Benjamin Carpentras Carpentry Carpet Carpet-bagger Carpet-knight Carpi, Girolamo da Carpi, Ugo da Carpi (tribe) Carpi (town) Carpini, Joannes de Plano Carpocrates Carpzov Carranza, Bartolomé Carrara (family) Carrara (town) Carrel, Jean Baptiste Nicolas Armand Carrera, José Miguel | Carriage Carrickfergus Carrickmacross Carrick-on-Shannon Carrick-on-Suir Carrier, Jean Baptiste Carrier Carrière, Moritz Carrington, Charles Robert Wynn-Carington Carrington, Richard Christopher Carroccio Carrodus, John Tiplady Carroll, Charles Carroll, John Carronade Carrot Carrying Over Carsioli Carson, Christopher Carson City Carstares, William Carstens, Armus Jacob Carsulae Cart Cartagena (Colombia) | Cartagena (Spain) Cartago Carte, Thomas Carter, Elizabeth Carteret, Sir George Cartesianism Carthage (ancient city) Carthage (Missouri) Carthage, Synods of Carthusians Cartier, Sir Georges Étienne Cartier, Jacques Cartilage Cartoon Cartouche Cartridge Cartwright, Edmund Cartwright, John Cartwright, Peter Cartwright, Sir Richard John Cartwright, Thomas Cartwright, William Carucate Carúpano Carus, Karl Gustav | Carus, Marcus Aurelius Carvacrol Carvajal, Antonio Fernandez Carvajal, Luisa de Carver, John Carver, Jonathan Carving Carving and Gilding Cary, Alice and Phoebe Cary, Annie Louise Cary, Henry Francis Caryatides Caryl, Joseph Caryophyllaceae Casabianca, Raphael Casablanca Casale Monferrato Casamari Casanova de Seingalt, Giovanni Jacopo Casas Grandes Casaubon, Florence Estienne Méric Casaubon, Isaac Cascade Mountains Case, John Case |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 6:10

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| Colebrooke — Collateral | Collatia — Collins | Collins — Colonna | Colonna — Columban |
| Colebrooke, Henry Thomas Colemanite Colenso, John William Colenso Coleoptera Colepeper, John Colepeper, 1st Baron Coleraine Coleridge, Hartley Coleridge, John Duke Coleridge, 1st Baron Coleridge, Sir John Taylor Coleridge, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Sara Colet, John Colet, Louise Coleus Colfax, Schuyler Colic Coligny, Gaspard de Colima (state) Colima (city) Colin, Alexandre Coll Collaert, Hans Collar Collateral | Collatia Collation Collé, Charles Collectivism Collector Colle di Val d' Elsa College Colleoni, Bartolommeo Colleter Colletta, Pietro Colley, Sir George Pomeroy Collier, Arthur Collier, Jeremy Collier, John Payne Collin, Heinrich Joseph von Collin d'Harleville, Jean François Colling, Robert Collingwood, Cuthbert Collingwood, Baron Collingwood (Australia) Collingwood (Canada) Collins, Anthony Collins, John Churton Collins, Mortimer Collins, William (poet) Collins, William (painter) | Collins, William Wilkie Collodion Collot d'Herbois, Jean Marie Collusion Collyer, Robert Colman, Saint Colman, George Colman, Samuel Colmar Colne Colocynth Cologne Coloman Colomb, Philip Howard Colombes Colombey Colombia Colombier, Pierre Bertrand de Colombo Colon (Panama) Colon (Cuba) Colon (anatomy) Colonel Colonial Office Colonna (family) | Colonna, Giovanni Paolo Colonna, Vittoria Colonnade Colonsay Colony Colophon (city) Colophon (paragraph) Colorado Colorado River (Argentine Republic) Colorado River (U.S.A.) Colorado Springs Colossae Colossal Cavern Colossians, Epistle to the Colossus Colour Colours, Military Colour-sergeant Colours of Animals Colston, Edward Colt, Samuel Colt's-foot Colugo Columba, Saint Columban |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 5:7

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| Casemate — Cassagnac | Cassana — Cast | Castagno — Castiglione | Castiglione — Castro |
| Casemate Casement Caserta Case-shot Cash Cashel Cashew Nut Cashibo Cashier Cash Register Casilinum Casimir III. Casimir IV. Casimir-Périer, Jean Paul Pierre Casino Casinum Casiri, Miguel Casket Casket Letters Caslon Caspari, Karl Paul Caspian Sea Cass, Lewis Cassaba Cassagnac, Bernard Adolphe Granier de | Cassana, Niccolò Cassander Cassander, George Cassandra Cassano all' Ionio Cassava Cassel (France) Cassel (Germany) Cassell, John Cassia Cassia, Via Cassianus, Joannes Eremita Cassini Cassiodorus Cassiopeia Cassiterides Cassiterite Cassius Cassius, Avidius Cassius, Gaius Cassivelaunus Cassock Cassone Cassowary Cast | Castagno, Andrea del Castalia Castanets Caste Castel, Louis Bertrand Castelar y Ripoll, Emilio Castelfranco nell' Emilia Castelfranco Veneto Castell, Edmund Castellammare di Stabia Castellesi, Adriano Castelli, Ignaz Franz Castello, Bernardo Castello, Giovanni Battista Castello, Valerio Castello Branco, Camillo Castello Branco Castellón de la Plana (province) Castellón de la Plana (town) Castelnau, Michel de Castelnaudary Castelsarrasin Casti, Giovanni Battista Castiglione, Baldassare Castiglione, Carlo Ottavio | Castiglione, Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione Delle Stiviere Castiglione Olona Castile Castilho, Antonio Feliciano de Castillejo, Cristóbal de Castillo Solórzano, Alonso de Castle Castlebar Castleconnell Castle Donington Castle Douglas Castleford Castle-guard Castlemaine Castle Rising Castleton Castletown Castor and Pollux Castor Oil Castrén, Matthias Alexander Castrensis, Paulus Castres Castro, Inez de Castro, João de |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 5:8

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| Castrogiovanni — Cataphyll | Catapult — Cathcart | Cathcart — Cattaneo | Cattaro — Caussin de Perceval |
| Castrogiovanni Castro Urdiales Castro y Bellvis, Guillén de Castruccio Castracani degli Antelminelli Castrum Minervae Casuarina Casuistry Casus Belli Cat Catabolism Cataclysm Catacomb Catafalque Catalani, Angelica Catalepsy Catalogue Catalonia Catalpa Catalysis Catamaran Catamarca (province) Catamarca (city) Catania Catanzaro Cataphyll | Catapult Cataract Catargiu, Lascar Catarrh Catarrhine Ape Catastrophe Catauxi Catawbas Catch the Ten Catechism Catechu Catechumen Category Catenary Cateran Caterham Caterpillar Catesby, Robert Cat-fish Catgut Catha Cathars Cathay Cathcart, Sir George Cathcart, William Schaw Cathcart, 1st Earl | Cathcart Cathedral Cathelineau, Jacques Catherine, Saint Catherine I. Catherine II. Catherine de' Medici Catherine of Aragon Catherine of Braganza Catherine of Valois Cathetus Catholic Catholic Apostolic Church, The Catiline Catinat, Nicolas Catlin, George Cato, Dionysius Cato, Marcus Porcius (statesman) Cato, Marcus Porcius (philosopher) Cato, Publius Valerius Cats, Jacob Cat’s-Eye Catskill Catskill Mountains Cattaneo, Carlo | Cattaro Cattegat Cattermole, George Cattle Catullus, Gaius Valerius Catulus Caub Cauca Caucasia Caucasus Cauchois-Lemaire, Louis François Auguste Cauchon, Pierre Cauchy, Augustin Louis Caucus Caudebec-en-Caux Caudine Forks Caudle Caul Caulaincourt, Armand Louis Cauliculus Caulon Causation Causeway Causses Caussin de Perceval, Armand-Pierre |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zieriksee

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​Zieriksee, a town in the province of Zeeland, Holland, on the south side of the island of Schouwen. Pop. 6800. It is a very old town, and formerly flourished exceedingly on account of its trade and fishing, and important salt-making industry, and now is the chief market centre and port in the island. Among the principal buildings are the town-hall (15th century); the Great Church, which was rebuilt after a fire in 1832, but retains the lofty tower (1454) belonging to the earlier building; the Little Church, the prison and the exchange. The chief public square occupies the site of a residence of the counts of Zeeland dating from 1048.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zinder

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​ZINDER, a town on the northern margin of the central Sudan. Zinder is a great emporium of the trade across the Sahara between the Hausa states of the south and the Tuareg countries and Tripoli in the north. Its ruler was formerly subordinate to Bornu, but with the decline of that kingdom shook off the yoke of the sultan, and on the conquest of that country by Rabah (q.v.) seems to have maintained his independence. The country of which Zinder is the capital is known as Damerghu. It is semi-fertile, and supports considerable numbers of horses and sheep, besides troops of camels. By the Anglo-French agreement of June 1898 it was included in the French sphere, having already been the object of French political action. The explorer Cazemajou was assassinated there in 1897, but the town was occupied in July 1899, after a slight resistance, by Lieutenant Pallier of the reconstructed Voulet-Chanoine mission (see Senegal, country). A French post (named Fort Cazemajou) was built outside the town on a mound of huge granite blocks. Zinder was the first point in the Sudan reached by F. Foureau after his great journey across the Sahara via Air in 1899. Subsequently Commandant Gadel, from his headquarters at Zinder, mapped and pacified the surrounding region, and sent out columns of meharistes (camel corps) which occupied the oasis of Air and Bilma in 1906. Zinder is a large and fine town surrounded with high earthen walls, very thick at the base and pierced with seven gates. Its houses, in part built of clay, in part of straw, are interspersed with trees. There is an important colony of Tuareg merchants, who occupy the suburb of Zengu, and who deal in a variety of wares, from cotton, silks, spices, ostrich feathers, &c., to French scent bottles. Salt is a great article of merchandise. A busy market is held outside one of the gates. Administratively Damerghu is dependent on the French colony of Upper Senegal and Niger.
See Cazemajou, in Bul. Com. de l'Afrique Française (1900); F. Foureau, in La Géographie (December 1900), D’Alger au Congo par le Tchad (Paris, 1902); Joalland, in La Géographie, vol. iii. (1901); E. Arnaud and M. Cortier, Nos Confins Sahariens (Paris, 1908); C. Jean, Les Touarag du Sud-Est (Paris, 1909).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zimmermann, Johann Georg, Ritter von

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​Zimmermann, Johann Georg, Ritter von (1728–1795), Swiss philosophical writer and physician, was born at Brugg, in the canton of Aargau, on the 8th of December 1728. He studied at Göttingen, where he took the degree of doctor of medicine; and he established his reputation by the dissertation, De irritabilitate (1751). After travelling in Holland and France, he practised as a physician in his native place, and here he wrote Über die Einsamkeit (1756, emended and enlarged, 1784–85) and Vom Nationalstolz (1758). These books made a great impression in Germany, and were translated into almost every European language. They are now only of historical interest. In Zimmermann’s character there was a strange combination of sentimentalism, melancholy and enthusiasm; and it was by the free and eccentric expression of these qualities that he excited the interest of his contemporaries. Another book by him, written at Brugg, Von der Erfahrung in der Arzneiwissenschaft (1764), also attracted much attention. In 1768 he settled at Hanover as private physician of George III. with the title of Hofrat. Catherine II. invited him to the court of St Petersburg, but this invitation he declined. He attended Frederick the Great during that monarch’s last illness, and afterwards issued various books about him, of which the chief were Über Friederich den Grossen und meine Unterredung mit ihm kurz vor seinem Tode (1788) and Fragmente über Friedrich den Grossen (1790). These writings display extraordinary personal vanity, and convey a wholly false impression of Frederick’s character. Zimmermann died at Hanover on the 7th of October 1795.
See A. Rengger, Zimmermann’s Briefe an einige seiner Freunde in der Schweiz (1830); E. Bodemann, Johann Georg Zimmermann, sein Leben und bisher ungedruckte Briefe an ihn (Hann., 1878); and R. Ischer, Johann Georg Zimmermann’s Leben und Werke (Berne, 1893).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zincite

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​ZINCITE, a mineral consisting of zinc oxide (ZnO), crystallizing in the hemimorphic-hemihedral class of the rhombohedral system. Distinct crystals are of rare occurrence; they have the form of a hexagonal pyramid terminated at one end only by a basal plane. There is a perfect cleavage parallel to the basal plane, and usually the mineral is found as platy foliated masses. The blood-red colour and the orange-yellow streak are characteristic features. The hardness is 41/2, and the specific gravity is 5.6. Some manganese is usually present replacing zinc. It is found in the zinc mines at Sterling Hill and Franklin Furnace in Sussex county, New Jersey, where it is associated with franklinite and willemite in crystalline limestone, and is mined as an ore of zinc. Artificial crystals of a white or yellowish colour are not infrequently formed by sublimation in zinc furnaces.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zingerle, Ignaz Vicenz

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​ZINGERLE, IGNAZ VICENZ (1825–1892), Austrian poet and scholar, was born, the son of the Roman Catholic theologian and orientalist, Pius Zingerle (1801–1881), at Meran on the 6th of June 1825. He began his studies at Trient, and entered for a while the Benedictine monastery at Marienberg. Abandoning the clerical profession, he returned to Innsbruck, where, in 1848, he became teacher in the gymnasium, and in 1859 professor of German language and literature at the university. He died at Innsbruck on the 17th of September 1892.
Zingerle is known as an author by his Zeitgedichte (Innsbruck, 1848); Von den Alpen (1850); Die Müllerin, a village tale (1853); Der Bauer von Longvall (1874); and Erzählungen aus dem Burggrafenamte (1884). His ethnographical writings and literary studies, dealing especially with the Tirol, have, however, rendered him more famous. Among them may be mentioned his editions of König Laurin (1850), of the legend, Von den heyligen drei Künigen (1855); Sagen aus Tirol (1850, 2nd ed. 1891); Tirol. Natur, Geschichte und Sage im Spiegel deutscher Dichtung (1851); Die Personen- und Taufnamen Tirols (1855); Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler-Volkes (2nd ed. 1871); Das deutsche Kinderspiel im Mittelalter (2nd ed. 1873); Schildereien aus Tirol (1877, new series, 1888). With E. Inama-Sternegg, he edited Tirolische Weistümer (5 vols., 1875–1891).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zinnia

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​ZINNIA, in botany, a genus of the natural order Compositae, containing about a dozen species of half-hardy annual or perennial herbs or under shrubs, natives of the southern United States and Mexico. The numerous single and double garden forms are mostly derived from Zinnia elegans, and grow about 2 ft. high, producing flowers of various colours, the double ones being about the size of asters, and very handsome. The colours include white, yellow, orange, scarlet, crimson and purple. Zinnias do best in a rich deep loamy soil, in a sunny position. They should be sown on a gentle hotbed at the end of March or in April and planted out early in June.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ribot, Théodule Armand

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​RIBOT, THÉODULE ARMAND (1839-), French psychologist, was born at Guingamp on the 18th of December 1839, and was educated at the Lycée de St Brieuc. In 1856 he began to teach, and was admitted to the École Normale Supérieure in 1862. In 1885 he gave a course of lectures on " Experimental Psychology " at the Sorbonne, and in 1888 was appointed professor of that subject at the College of France. His thesis for his doctor's degree, republished in 1882, Hérédité: étude psychologique (5th ed., 1889), is his most important and best known book. Following the experimental and synthetic methods, he has brought together a large number of instances of inherited peculiarities; he pays particular attention to the physical element of mental life, ignoring all spiritual or non material factors in man. In his work on La Psychologie anglaise contemporaine (1870), he shows his sympathy with the sensationalist school, and again in his translation of Herbert Spencer's Principles of Psychology. Besides numerous articles, he has written on Schopenhauer, Philosophie de Schopenhauer (1874; 7th ed., 1896), and on the contemporary psychology of Germany (La Psychologie allernande- contemporaine, 1879; 13th ed., 1898), also four little .monographs on Les Maladies de la mémoire (1881, 13th ed., 1898); De la volonté (1883; 14th ed., 1899); De la personnalité (1885; 8th ed., 1899); and La Psychologie de l'attention (1888), which supply useful data to the student of mental disease.
Other works by him are:-La Psychologie des sentiments (1896); L'Evolution des idées générales (1897); Essai sur Vimagination créatrice (1900); La Logigue. des sentiments (1904); Essai sur les passions (1906). Of the above the following have been translated into English:~English Psychology (1873); Heredity: a Psychological Study of its Phenomena, Laws, Causes, and Consequences (1875); Diseases of Memory: An Essay in the Positive Psychology (1882); Diseases of the Will (New York, 1884); German Psychology of to-day, tr. ]. M. Baldwin (New York, 1886); The Psychology of Attention (Open Court Publishing Company, Chicago, 1890); Diseases of Personality (Chicago, 1895); The Psychology of the Emotions (1897); The Evolution of General Ideas, tr. F. A. Welby (Chicago, 1899); Essay on the Creative Imagination, tr. A. H. N. Baron (1906).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ribeira

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​RIBEIRA. a town of north-western Spain, in the province of Corunna, on the extreme south-west of the peninsula formed between the river of Muros y Noya and Arosa Bay. Pop. (1900) 12,218. Ribeira is in a hilly country, abounding in wheat, wine, fruit, fish and game. Its port is Santa Eugenia de Ribeira, on Arosa Bay. The population is chiefly occupied in agriculture, cattle-breeding and fisheries.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ricasoli, Bettino, Baron

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​RICASOLI, BETTINO, Baron (1809-1880), Italian statesman, was born at Broglio on the 19th of March 1809. Left an orphan at eighteen, with an estate heavily encumbered, he was, by special decree of the grand duke of Tuscany declared of age and ​entrusted with the guardianship of his younger brothers. Interrupting his studies, he withdrew to Broglio, and by careful management disencumbered the family possessions. In 1847 he founded the journal La Patria, and addressed to the grand duke a memorial suggesting remedies for the difficulties of the state. In 1848 he was elected Gonfaloniere of Florence, but resigned on account of the anti-Liberal tendencies of the grand duke. As Tuscan minister of the interior in 1859 he promoted the union of Tuscany with Piedmont, which took place on the 12th of March 1860. Elected Italian deputy in 1861, he succeeded Cavour in the premiership. As premier he admitted the Garibaldian volunteers to the regular army, revoked the decree of exile against Mazzini, and attempted reconciliation with the Vatican; but his efforts were rendered ineffectual by the non possumus of the pope. Disdainful of the intrigues of his rival Rattazzi, he found himself obliged in 1862 to resign office, but returned to power in 1866. On this occasion he refused Napoleon III.'s offer to cede Venetia to Italy, on condition that Italy should abandon the Prussian alliance, and also refused the Prussian decoration of the Black Eagle because Lamarmora, author of the alliance, was not to receive it. Upon the departure of the French troops from Rome at the end of 1866 he again attempted to conciliate the Vatican with a convention, in virtue of which Italy would have restored to the Church the property of the suppressed religious orders in return for the gradual payment of £24,000,000. In order to mollify the Vatican he conceded the exequalur to forty-five bishops inimical to the Italian régime. The Vatican accepted his proposal, but the Italian Chamber proved refractory, and, though dissolved by Ricasoli, returned more hostile than before. Without waiting for a vote, Ricasoli resigned office and thenceforward practically disappeared from political life, speaking in the Chamber only upon rare occasions. He died at Broglio on the 23rd of October 1880. His private life and public career were marked by the utmost integrity, and by a rigid austerity which earned him the name of the “iron baron.” In spite of the failure of his ecclesiastical scheme, he remains one of the most noteworthy figures of the Italian Risorgimento.
See Tabarrini and Gotti, Lettere e documenti del barone Bettino Ricasoli, 10 vols. (Florence, 1886–1894); Passerini, Genealogia e storia della famiglia Ricasoli (ibid. 1861); Gotti, Vita del barone Bellino Ricasoli (ibid. 1894). (H. W. S.)