OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Fairfax, Rear-Admiral Henry

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​Fairfax, Rear-Admiral Henry, C.B., second son of Colonel Sir Henry Fairfax, Bart., was born in 1837, and entered the Royal Navy in 1850, becoming commander in 1862, captain in 1868, and rear-admiral in 1885. He was naval attaché to Sir Bartle Frere's mission to Zanzibar in 1872-3; private secretary to the First Lord of the Admiralty in 1873-4; and was created C.B. (Civil Division) in 1879, and Military Division in 1882. He commanded H.M.S. Monarch at the bombardment of Alexandria in 1882, for which he received a medal, the Khedive's bronze star and the 3rd class Osmanlieh. He was naval aide-de-camp to the Queen from 1879 to 1885 and Commander-in-Chief on the Australian station from 1887 to 1889, assuming the command on the 17th of April in the former year. In 1889 Admiral Fairfax became Second Naval Lord of the Admiralty. Admiral Fairfax married, in 1872, Harriet, daughter of Sir David Kinloch, 9th Bart.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Farr, Ven. Archdeacon George Henry

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​Farr, Ven. Archdeacon George Henry, M.A., LL.D., son of George Farr and Eleanora his wife, was born on July 2nd, 1819, at Tottenham, England, and educated at Christ's Hospital, where he was "Grecian," and at Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1843 and M.A. in 1853. He entered at the Middle Temple in 1841, but was ordained deacon in 1844 and priest in 1845, and was Diocesan Inspector of Schools in West Cornwall. He emigrated in 1854 to South Australia, where he was head master of St. Peter's Collegiate School, Adelaide, from that year till 1879. He was appointed Canon of the Cathedral Church of Adelaide in 1857, and Archdeacon of Missionary Districts in the Diocese of Adelaide in 1880. He took the degree of LL.D. at Cambridge University in 1882; and in connection with the University of Adelaide was made M.A. in 1877, Warden of the Senate in 1880, LL.D. in 1883, and was twice elected Vice-Chancellor—viz., in 1888 and 1889. Archdeacon Farr, who was captain and stroke of his college eight when at Cambridge and winner of a silver medal at the Thames Regatta in 1843, was ​married at Woolwich on Feb. 5th, 1846, to Miss Julia Warren Ord. He is chairman of the Public Library, Museum, and Art Gallery of South Australia.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Evans, Gowen Edward

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​Evans, Gowen Edward, M.A., only son of the late Rev. Gowen Evans, M.A., of Potterspury, Northamptonshire, was born in 1826, and educated at Lincoln College, Oxford, where he matriculated in May 1845, and graduated B.A. in 1849 and M.A. in 1852. He entered at the Inner Temple in November of the latter year, and was called to the bar in Jan. 1864. His tastes tending in the direction of literature, he became a writer for the Spectator, and having become acquainted with Mr. Edward Wilson, one of the proprietors of the Melbourne Argus, he was selected by that gentleman, when he came to reside in England, to represent the Wilson interest in the management of the Argus. Mr. Gowen Evans went to Melbourne in that capacity in 1867, and has ever since taken a prominent part in the direction of the paper. Mr. Evans was admitted to the Victorian bar in 1867, and in the following year he received the honorary degree of M.A. from Melbourne University.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Everard, William

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​Everard, William, was one of the early pioneers of South Australia, having been present at the proclamation of the colony by Governor Hindmarsh in Dec. 1836. He did not enter political life till 1868, when he was returned to the Legislative Assembly for Encounter Bay, and subsequently sat in the Legislative Council from 1873 to 1878. Mr. Everard was Commissioner of Public Works in the Hart Ministry, from Sept. to Oct. 1868; Commissioner of Crown Lands in the Blyth Ministry, from July 1873 to June 1875; and Minister of Education in that of Mr. Boucaut from March to June 1876. He was a member of the council of Adelaide University and of the governing boards of the Art Gallery, Museum, Public Library, and Botanic Gardens of Adelaide. He died, at the age of seventy, on August 25th, 1889.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Libraries, Traveling

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
LIBRARIES, Traveling. See Traveling Libraries.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Library Schools

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
LIBRARY SCHOOLS. See Library Training.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Library Periodicals

Edition of 1920. See also Library on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LIBRARY PERIODICALS. The special publications devoted to library work throughout the world will be found detailed by nations in the following list:
United States. — American Library Annual (New York 1911-); American Library Association. Bulletin (Chicago 1907-); American Library Association. Proceedings (Chicago); Bibliographical Society of America. Papers (Chicago 1906-); Library Journal (New York 1876-); Public Libraries (Chicago 1896-); Special Libraries (Boston 1910-).
Austria-Hungary. — Oesterreichische Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen (1897-); Zeitschrift des Österreichischen Vereins für Bibliothekswesen (Vienna 1910-).
Belgium. — Bulletin de l'Institut International de Bibliographie (Brussels 1895-); Revue des Bibliothèques et Archives de Belgique (Brussels 1903-).
Denmark. — Bogsamlingsbladet (Copenhagen 1906-).
France. — Bulletin de l'Association des Bibliothècaires Français (1907-); Bulletin du Bibliophile et Bibliothècaire (1834-); Bulletin des Bibliothèques Populaires (Paris 1906-); Courrier des Bibliothèques (Paris); Revue des Bibliothèques (Paris 1891-).
German Empire. — Bibliothekar (Leipzig 1909-); Blätter fur Volksbibliotheken u. Lesehallen (Leipzig 1900-) ; Jahrbuch der Deutschen Bibliotheken (Leipzig 1902-); Zentralblatt fur Bibliothekswesen (Leipzig 1884-).
Great Britain. — Librarian and Book World (1910-); Library (1884-); Library Assistant (1898-); Library Association Record (1899-); Library World (London 1898-).
Holland. — De Bibliothecaris (Rotterdam 1912-); De Boekzaal (The Hague 1907-); Het Boek (The Hague 1912-); Maandblad voor Bibliothekwesen (The Hague 1913-).
India. — Library Miscellany (Baroda 1913-).
Italy. — Bolletino della Civica Biblioteca e del Museo; Bollettino delle Biblioteche Popolari (Milano 1907-); Revista della Biblioteche e degli Archivi (Florence 1890-).
Norway. — For Folkeoplysning (Christiania 1907-); Nordisk Tidskrift för Bok-och Bibliotekswesen (Upsala 1914-).
Russia. — Le Bibliothécaire (Saint Petersburg 1910-).
Spain. — Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos (Madrid 1897).
Sweden. — Bibliotheks Bladet (Stockholm
1916-); Folke Bibliotheks Bladet (Stockholm 1903-).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Library Buildings

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
LIBRARY BUILDINGS. See Library Administration; Library Architecture.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Aarestrup, Emil

Edition of 1920. See also Emil Aarestrup on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AARESTRUP, Emil, â′rê-stroop, Danish poet (1800–56). He was born in Copenhagen. He was not duly appreciated until after his death, but is now acknowledged one of the foremost lyric poets of Denmark, ranking next to Christian Winther. His ‘Collected Poems,’ with critical sketch by G. Brandes, was published at Copenhagen in 1877.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Aardwolf

Edition of 1920. See also Aardwolf on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AARDWOLF (Dutch, “earth-wolf”), a timid, nocturnal South African carnivore (Proteles lalandii), the only representative of the family Protelidæ. It resembles the hyena, to which it is closely related, but has less strength of jaw and teeth. Its fur is coarse; color ash-gray irregularly striped black; muzzle, black and nearly naked; ears, brown outside, gray within. It inhabits burrows, and being unable to kill vertebrates lives upon insects, larvæ, and small carrion.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Aarhuus

Edition of 1920. See also Aarhus County on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AARHUUS, âr′-hoos, Denmark. (1) District, the east central part of Jutland, divided into Aarhuus and Randers amfs (or bailiwicks); area, 1,821 square miles; pop. about 325,000, mainly employed in fishing industries. (2) City, the second largest of Denmark, capital of Aarhuus amt, on a bay of the Cattegat and the Danish State Ry.; has a harbor made in 1883–90, with a breakwater and six feet of water, regular steamer line to Copenhagen and England, and a large trade in grain, cattle, etc.; and much shipbuilding, iron-founding, cotton-spinning, and other manufactures. It is a bishop's seat since 948, making it one of the oldest cities in Denmark; its cathedral, begun in 1201, is one of the largest and finest church buildings in the kingdom. It has a museum, banks and a stock exchange. Pop. about 62,000.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Aaron ben Elijah

Edition of 1920. See also Aaron ben Elijah on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AARON BEN ELIJAH, renowned Karaite theologian: b. Cairo, Egypt, 1300; d. Constantinople 1369. To distinguish him from his father, Aaron ben Joseph, also a famous scholar, he was often called “Aaron the Younger.” By many he is considered the most logical reasoner of the Karaite school and in the profundity of his learning the equal of Maimonides. In accordance with the doctrines of the Mutazilites, which influenced him early in his career, he emphasized the reason as a medium for salvation and enunciated a materialistic theory of the universe, though of divine origin. His first work was ‘Ez ha-Hayyim’ (‘The Tree of Life’, 1346), which was followed by ‘Gan Eden’ (‘The Garden of Eden’, a Karaite code, 1354); ‘Keter Torah’ (‘The Crown of the Law’, a commentary on the Pentateuch, 1362). Most of his life he lived in Nicomedia, in Asia Minor, but later in life took up his residence in Constantinople.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Aarsens, Frans Van

Edition of 1920. See also Francis van Aarssens on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AARSENS, Frans Van, är′sens, Dutch diplomat: b. The Hague, 1572; d. 1641. From 26 on he represented the States-General at the court of France for many years, first as agent and then as ambassador; and Richelieu ranked him one of three greatest politicians of his time. He also held embassies to Venice, Germany, and England. The judicial murder of John of Barnveld by Maurice of Orange in 1619 was greatly helped by Aarsens, who was gained a tardy popular opprobrium for it through Motley's life of John.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Aasen, Ivar Andreas

Edition of 1920. See also Ivar Aasen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AASEN, Ivar Andreas, â′sen, ē′var än′drā-as, Norwegian philologist and poet: b. Orsten, 1 Aug. 1813; d. 1896. At first a botanist, he turned philologist and student of native dialects from motives of patriotic enthusiasm: his great aim was to construct from their older elements a new national language (“Landsmaal”), as a substitute for Danish, in pursuance of which end he published several valuable philological works and set going the nationalistic movement called “maalstrœv.” As a poet he produced ‘Symra,’ a collection of lyrics, and ‘Ervingen,’ a drama.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Aargau

Edition of 1920. See also Canton of Aargau on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AARGAU, ar′gŏw (“Aar-shire”: Fr. Argovie, ar-gō-vē), Switzerland, an extreme N. canton between Basel W., Zurich E., Lucerne S., and the Rhine and Baden G. Area 542 square miles; capital, Aarau. It consists mainly of spurs of the Alps and Jura, nowhere over 3,000 feet above sea-level, with numerous fertile valleys watered by the Aar and its S. E. tributaries, the Limmat (or Linth) and Reuss (see Aar) being chief. The climate is moist and variable, and stock-farming and agriculture are advanced: fruit, vegetables, and vines abound, but the wines are inferior. Timber is plentiful. Manufactures: cottons, silks, ribbons, linens, hosiery, straw-plait, etc., and important machine works. The boat traffic on the Aar and Rhine, and the active land and water transit trade, employ many. It has several picturesque ruined castles. Aargau, part of old Helvetia, then conquered by the Franks (5th century), a Hapsburg fief 1173–1415, then captured by the Cantonal League and divided between Bern and Lucerne, was split up and a part made a member of the Helvetic Republic 1798. Its constitution was first fixed by the Congress of Vienna in 1815; in 1831 it gained a democratic one, and has ever since been a champion of liberalism. In 1841 it suppressed its eight monasteries, and this led to the formation of the Sonderbund (q. v.), or Secession League, of Catholic cantons in 1847. Legislative power is vested in the Great Council, one for every 1,100 people, which has to submit laws and decrees to a referendum; executive power in the Small Council of five, chosen by and from the Great one. Aargau sends 10 members to the National Council. Pop. (1913) 236,860, nearly all German. See Switzerland and consult Hierli, J., ‘Die archäologische Karte des Kantons Aargau’ (Aaran 1899); Zschokke, E., ‘Geschichte des Aargaus’ (ib., 1903), and ‘Historische Gesellschaft des Kantons Aargau’ (ib., 1898).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Aaron ben Asher

Edition of 1920. See also Aaron ben Moses ben Asher on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AARON BEN ASHER, Jewish scholar: lived in Tiberias early in the 10th century. He completed one of the two existing recensions of the vowels and accents of the Hebrew Bible. His rival ben Naftali also completed a similar work, but the readings of the former are usually preferred.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Aaron

Edition of 1920. See also Aaron on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AARON, ar′un, a prominent but subordinate figure of the Exodus period in Jewish history, whose importance increases with the distance of the recorder from the early epochs, and with the remodeling of the early histories by the priesthood to support their later pretensions and their theocratic ideal of Judaism. In the earliest of Elohistic (q. v.) portions of the Hexateuch, he is brother of Miriam (Ex. xv, 20); but it is Joshua who is Moses' minister for religious rites and who keeps guard over the tent of meeting (Ex. xxiii, 11), the young men of Israel offer sacrifice, and Moses alone is the high-priest. Aaron, however, seems to be regarded as ancestor of one set of priests, those at the Hill of Phinehas, and perhaps of those at Bethel. In a later portion it is he who yields to the demand for an idol, and fashions the golden calf – an evident genealogy of Baal-worship, accredited to the ancestor of rival priests. In the Yahvistic portions he is Moses' older brother, but is brought upon the stage only to be ignored: Pharaoh sends for him and Moses to take away the plagues (Ex. vii), but he has no independent power and is merely Moses' agent in performing miracles, bringing on plagues, etc. The supererogatory nature of his functions makes it probable that his rôle is introduced by the priestly redactor, under whose hands he becomes a mighty leader little inferior to Moses: he sometimes receives laws directly from Yahwé (Num. xviii); he with Moses numbers the people, the Israelites rebel against him as well as Moses, though, when he criticises Moses, curiously his inciter Miriam is punished, not himself (Num. xii); he and Moses jointly disobey Yahwé's command at Meribah; and he is punished by having his life close before entering Canaan. This magnifying connects itself clearly with post-exile books, where he is the ancestor of all legitimate priests, consecrated high-priest by Moses, and alone permitted to enter the Holy of Holies yearly: he represents the tribe of Levi, and even within it his descendants alone are rightful priests, and interlopers (see Korah) are stricken dead by Yahwé. The pre-exilic prophets know nothing of this claim: Ezekiel traces the origin of the Jerusalem priesthood only to Zadok (q. v.). He belongs to the tribe of Joseph and its struggle to secure admission to the Jerusalem priesthood. Consult Meyer, Ed., ‘Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstamme’ (1906); Schmidt, N., ‘Jerameel and the Negeb’ (in the Hibbert Journal 1908); Oort, ‘Die Aaronieden’ (in Theologisch Tĳdschrift 1884).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Aaron, Hill of

Edition of 1920. See also Nur Mountains on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AARON, Hill of, a lofty mountain range of Arabia Petræa, in the district of Sherah or Seir, 15 miles southwest of Shobeck. On its highest pinnacle – called by the Arabs Nebi Haroun – is a small building supposed by the natives to inclose the tomb of Aaron; and it may be the Mount Hor of Num. xxxiii.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Holt, James Richard

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Doubt needs to be raised about the accuracy of this record as they are the historical details of Hutcheson Macaulay Posnett
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​Holt, James Richard, B.A., Professor of Classics and English Literature in the University of Auckland, N.Z., was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and was Science Scholar 1876, B.A. 1880. He is author of "The Historical Method in Ethics, Jurisprudence, and Political Economy"; "The Ricardian Theory of Rent"; "Comparative Literature" (International Scientific Series).
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Homburg, Robert

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​Homburg, Robert, M.P., ex-Attorney-General, South Australia, is a German by birth, being a native of the city of Brunswick. He was born on March 10th, 1848, and arrived in South Australia in the year 1857. He was employed in a land agency business until 1868, when he was articled to Mr. (now his Honour Mr. Justice) Boucaut. The last two years of his articles were served in the office of Sir J. W. Downer, and he was admitted to the bar in April 1874. Mr. Homburg was elected to Parliament as a representative for Gumeracha in 1884, and at the election of 1887 was re-elected with the late Sir R. D. Ross. In April 1890 he was again returned with Mr. T. Hack. In 1880 for a short period he was president of the German Club. He was appointed Attorney-General in Mr. Playford's second Ministry in August 1890, and held office till June 1892, when he retired with his colleagues.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Holroyd, His Honour Arthur Todd

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​Holroyd, His Honour Arthur Todd, M.D., F.L.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., sometime Puisne Judge, New South Wales, was born in London on Dec. 1st, 1806, and educated at the Ripon Grammar School. In 1827 he entered at Christ College, Cambridge, as a medical student, and also at the University of Edinburgh, becoming M.D. of the latter in 1830, and M.B. of Cambridge and Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in London in 1832. Having decided to relinquish the medical profession, he entered himself as a law-student at Lincoln's Inn, but almost immediately afterwards (June 1835) started on his travels. After visiting Italy, he reached Alexandria in Sept. 1836, and made a most exhaustive tour of Egypt and the Soudan, penetrating to Khartoum. On his return he remonstrated with the Egyptian Government on the subject of the slave trade, and with some success. Nov. 1838 found him again in London, after a visit to Palestine and Syria. In 1841 he was called to the bar, and emigrated in 1843 to New Zealand, where he remained for two years. In 1845 he settled in Sydney, N.S.W., and was admitted to the bar of that colony in Oct 1845. From 1851 to 1856 he represented the western boroughs (Bathurst and Carcoar) in the old Legislative Council of New South Wales; and on the concession of responsible Government in the latter year was elected to the Legislative Assembly for the same constituency, for which he sat till 1858, when he was defeated, but two years later was elected for Parramatta, and was for some time Chairman of Committees. He was Minister for Public Works in Mr. (afterwards Sir) James Martin's first Administration from Oct. 1863 to Feb. 1865. In 1866 he was appointed Master in Equity of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, and was an acting Supreme Court Judge in 1879. He died on June 16th, 1887.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Holt, Hon. Thomas

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​Holt, Hon. Thomas, M.L.C., the son of a Leeds wool merchant, was born at Horbury, Yorkshire, in 1811. He acquired great experience as a wool-buyer both at home and abroad, and in 1882 became a partner in his father's business. In 1842 he emigrated to Australia, and was engaged in wool-buying till 1855. He also embarked largely in pastoral pursuits, his private residence and principal estate being known as "The Warren," Cook's River, near Sydney. In 1856, when responsible government was inaugurated, he was returned to the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales for the Stanley Boroughs (now Brisbane and Ipswich, Qd.), and was Colonial Treasurer in the Donaldson Government from June to August 1856. Subsequently he represented Newtown, and remained a member of the Assembly till 1866, when he paid a visit to Europe; and on his return in 1868 was nominated to the Legislative Council In 1873 he became a member of the Council of Education; and in 1888 was Executive Commissioner for New South Wales, in conjunction with Sir Saul Samuel, to the Amsterdam Exhibition. Subsequently Mr. Holt resided near London, and supplied the means for various charitable enterprises under the auspices of the Salvation Army. He died at Halcot, Bexley, Kent, on Sept. 5th, 1888.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Hodgson, Sir Arthur

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​Hodgson, Sir Arthur, K.C.M.G., son of the late Rev. Edward Hodgson, of Rickmansworth, Herts, was born in 1818, and educated at Eton and Cambridge University. He served for three years as a midshipman on board H.M.S. Canopus, and emigrated to New South Wales in 1840, becoming one of the pioneer settlers in the Moreton Bay district (now Queensland), where his station at Etonville is well known. Before the separation of Moreton Bay from New South Wales he represented the Darling Downs in the Legislative Assembly of the latter colony, and in 1856 he was appointed general superintendent of the Australian Agricultural Company. He favoured the introduction of convict labour and the establishment of a colonial peerage, and opposed all the popular movements which eventuated in the formation of Queensland into a separate colony, under democratic institutions. He represented Queensland at the International Exhibition in London in 1862, and was for some time member for the Warrego in the Queensland Legislative Assembly, being Secretary for Public Works in the Mackenzie Ministry from Sept. to Nov. 1868, and Colonial Secretary in the Lilley Government from Jan. to Nov. 1869, when he left the colony on a visit to England, where he finally settled in 1874. He represented Queensland at the Paris Exhibition, was created C.M.G. in 1878, and was a Royal Commissioner for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in 1886, and General Secretary to the Reception Committee in connection therewith, being created K.C.M.G. in that year in recognition of his services. He is a J. P. and D.L. for the county of Warwick, and was High Sheriff in 1881. Sir Arthur married in 1841 Eliza, daughter of the late Sir James Dowling, formerly Chief Justice of New South Wales.