OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Constantinople (De Amicis)

Constantinople (Italian: Costantinopoli, Milano, Treves, 1877) is Edmondo de Amicis account of Istanbul combining personal anecdotes, visual and aural observations and entertaining historical information. Alberto Brambilla of Sorbonne University wrote that "historians of Italian literature consider him a “minor author" but that the publication of Constantinople was evidence that he was "one best-known Italian authors abroad". The original work had two volumes. Cesare Biseo illustrated an 1882 edition, and Brambilla wrote that this one "will help shape the European imagination towards Istanbul, and the Orient in general.Warning: template has been deprecated.
English-language translations of Costantinopoli include:
* Constantinople, 1878 translation by Caroline Tilton (start transcription) (external scan)
* Constantinople, 1896 translation by Maria Horner Lansdale, Vol 1: (start transcription) Vol 2: (start transcription)
* Constantinople, 2005 translation by Stephen Parkin

## Links

* Constantinople Volume I, 1896 English translation by Maria Hornor Lansdale, alternate printing by Henry T. Coates & Co. - Alternate links at Project Gutenberg
* Constantinople Volume II, 1896 English translation by Maria Hornor Lansdale, Henry T. Coates & Co. - Alternate links at Project Gutenberg
# Constantinople: A Sketch of its History from its Foundation to its Conquest by the Turks in 1453/Preface

PREFACE.
N this little volume it is intended to present a sketch of the leading events of the history of Constantinople during a period of about 2,000 years. It begins with the slight and meagre accounts which have come down to us of its foundation as Byzantium, and it ends with the conquest of the Turks in 1453, when the Eastern empire finally ceased to exist.
The narrative does not profess to be complete and exhaustive. Nor is it mainly based on original sources. It is, for the most part, a compilation. We have sought to present in a small compass the most striking events of a history which is full of interest. For this purpose we have freely used the great work of Gibbon, Finlay's careful and industrious "History of the Byzantine Empire," and Le Beau's voluminous History of the Lower Empire. But for some portions of the work, the sieges of the city, for example, by Philip and Severus, and the final siege by the Turks, the original sources have been consulted. As a compilation, then, and as an account of a city whose history yields in interest to that of two only, and in dramatic events to that of none, we trust that the work may be found useful and interesting.
​There would seem to be no description of the situation and importance of Constantinople so clear, so eloquent, and so minutely accurate, as that of Gibbon. We have therefore transferred it to the following pages, to serve as an introduction, warning our readers that a knowledge of the topography of Constantinople is absolutely necessary to the right understanding of its history. This, which is true of all cities, is more peculiarly true as regards Constantinople. For this reason we have not only preferred to quote Gibbon's account in full, but we have prefixed as frontispiece a map of the city.
# Constitution Act, 1867 (annotated)/Part I
## Contents

Part I. Preliminary
    1. Short title.
    2. [Repealed]
Notes
| | | I. Preliminary |
| Short title. | 1. | This Act may be cited as the Constitution Act, 1867. |
| [Repealed] | 2. | Repealed. |

## Notes

* ↑ As enacted by the Constitution Act, 1982. The section, as originally enacted, read as follows: 1. This Act may be cited as The British North America Act, 1867.
* ↑ Section 2, repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act, 1893, read as follows: 2. The Provisions of this Act referring to Her Majesty the Queen extend also to the Heirs and Successors of Her Majesty, Kings and Queens of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
# The Nestorians and their Rituals/Volume 2/Chapter 24

CHAPTER XXIV.
OF THE AUTHORITY OF THE CHURCH.
"The Church hath power to decree Rites or Ceremonies, and authority in Controversies of Faith: and yet it is not lawful for the Church to ordain any thing that is contrary to God's Word written, neither may it so expound one place of Scripture that it be repugnant to another. Wherefore, although the Church be a witness and a keeper of holy Writ, yet, as it ought not to decree any thing against the same, so besides the same ought it not to enforce any thing to be believed for necessity of salvation."—Article XX.
§ 1. "O thou Church full of discretion, possessor of treasures and varied wisdom, worship and confess Christ the King, thy Saviour, Who has raised up thy children, and has made them spiritual treasures in the creation, and has committed into their hands the keys of the heavenly treasure, and has given them authority that whatsoever they shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven." From the service in the Khudhra for the first Sunday of the "Sanctification of the Church."
§ 2. "If any one shall introduce into the Church spurious books written by wicked persons, under cover of their being Holy Scriptures, to the corruption of the laity and clergy, let him be excommunicated." From Canon LII. of the Apostolical Canons contained in the Sinhadòs.
§ 3. "Twice a year a synod of Bishops shall be convened, and they shall prove [or examine] one another in the doctrines of piety, and shall loose [or decide] the controversies which shall arise in the Church." From Canon XXXVI. as above.
REMARKS.
The alterations and additions which from time to time have been made in the Nestorian ritual and ceremonial prove that ​they agree with the doctrine taught in the first clause of this article. That they hold the Church to be the authoritative keeper of holy Writ is equally plain from the passages quoted under this and the preceding article, as also that she ought not to enforce any thing contrary to the same to be believed as necessary to salvation. On this latter subject the reader is referred to the remarks under Chapter X.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Street, Alfred Billings

See also Alfred Billings Street on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​STREET, Alfred Billings (1811-81). An American author, born at Poughkeepsie, N. Y. He studied law and began practice at Monticello, N. Y., but in 1839 removed to Albany, where he became editor of The Northern Light, and was, for the latter half of his life, State librarian. His poems deal with the sights and sounds of the woodland and the life of the more primitive days of the settlement of America. Among his verses are: The Burning of Schenectady, and Other Poems (1842); Drawings and Tintings (1844); Fugitive Poems (1846); and Frontenac; or, the Atotarho of the Iroquois (1849), a poetical romance. His chief prose works are: Woods and Waters (1860); The Indian Pass (1869); Lake and Mountain; or, Autumn in the Adirondacks (1870); Eagle Pine; or, Sketches of a New York Frontier Village (1871); and one learned work, A Digest of Taxation in the United States (1863).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Strauss, Johann, the Elder

Edition of 1905. See also Johann Strauss I on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
STRAUSS, Johann, the Elder (1804-49). An Austrian composer of dance music, born in Vienna. He received an imperfect musical education. In 1819 he was received into Pamer's orchestra, and four years later joined the celebrated Lanner Quartet as viola-player. He subsequently became assistant conductor of Lanner's orchestra, but in 1824 started an independent organization, with which he played at various resorts, and through which he gave to the world the waltzes which made him famous. In 1845 he was appointed conductor of the Court balls at Vienna. Conspicuous among the 152 waltzes which he published were the “Lorelei,” “Gabrielen,” “Taglioni,” “Victoria,” “Kettenbrücken,” “Bajaderen,” and the “Donau-Lieder.” Both as conductor and as composer he succeeded in raising the dance form to an artistic plane, before unknown.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Strauss, Johann, the Younger

Edition of 1905. See also Johann Strauss II on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
STRAUSS, Johann, the Younger (1825-99). A distinguished Austrian composer, born in
Vienna, son of the preceding. His father was averse to his adopting the profession of music, but, aided by his mother, he was enabled to secure instruction on the violin and in composition, and at nineteen years of age severed his home connections and secured an engagement as conductor of an orchestra at a popular restaurant in Ilietzing. He used the opportunity to play his own waltz compositions and soon became widely popular. After his father's death he united both orchestras and began a concert tour through many European countries. From 1855 to 1865 he was the conductor of the Petropaulovski Park summer concerts in Saint Petersburg, and from 1863 to 1870 was also conductor of the Court balls. He composed nearly 500 dance pieces, which for the most part possess the highest merit. Among the best known may be mentioned: The Beautiful Blue Danube; Roses from the South; Artist's Life; Vienna Blood; The One Thousand and One Nights; Wine, Women, and Song. His operettas were entitled as follows: Indigo (1871); Der Carneval in Rom (1873); Die Fledermaus (1874); Cagliostro (1875); Prinz Methusalem (1877); Der lustige Krieg (1881); Eine Nacht in Venedig (1883) Der Zigeunerbaron (1885); Simplicius (1887) Ritter Pasman (1892); Fürstin Ninetta (1893) Jabuka, oder das Apfelfest (1894); Waldmeister (1895); Die Göttin der Vernunft (1897); and a ballet Aschenbrödel. For his biography consult Eisenberg (Leipzig, 1894) and Prochazka (Berlin, 1900).
His brothers, Joseph (1827-70), who became leader of the Vienna orchestra in 1863, and Eduard (1835—), who assumed its direction in 1870, both did creditable work as musical conductors and composers of dance music.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Street, George Edmund

See also George Edmund Street on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​STREET, George Edmund (1824-81). An English architect. He studied under Gilbert Scott, from whom he got his partiality for the Gothic style and his talent in restoring mediæval monuments. Among his principal buildings are the theological college at Cuddesden, and the churches of Saint Philip and Saint James, at Oxford, of Saint Margaret, at Liverpool, and many well-designed minor churches. Among his restorations are the cathedrals of York, Bristol, and Carlisle, Jesus College Chapel, Oxford, and Wantage church. Among his writings are The Brick and Marble Architecture of North Italy in the Middle Ages (1855), and Gothic Architecture in Spain (1865), which are classics in their fields.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Storm, Gustav

Edition of 1905. See also Gustav Storm on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ STORM, stôrm, Gustav (1845-1903). A Norwegian historian, born at Lom. He studied at Christiania, where he became professor of history in 1887. His publications, which include a large number of articles in German and Scandinavian journals, deal chiefly with early Scandinavian history. They include Sagnkredsene om Karl den Store og Didrik af Bern (1874), Kritiske bidrag til vikingetidens historie (1878), and a translation of Snorre Sturlasson's Kongesagaer (1897), on which he had previously written his Snorre Sturlassons historieskrivning (1873). He also edited the important Monumenta historica norvegica (1880). In 1900 the Norwegian Storthing appropriated twenty thousand kroner for a popular edition of Storm's Dano-Norwegian rendering of the Heimskringla, which had appeared in 1886-89.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Straus, Oscar Solomon

Edition of 1905. See also Oscar Straus (politician) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
STRAUS, strous, Oscar Solomon (1850—). An American diplomat, born at Otterberg, in Rhenish Bavaria. He came to the United States in 1854, and lived in Georgia until the close of the Civil War. He was educated at Columbia University. In 1887-89 he was Minister to Turkey, and so distinguished himself that in 1897 he was reappointed to the same position by President McKinley, remaining there till 1900. On January 14, 1902, he was named a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague to fill the place left vacant by the death of ex-President Harrison. His published works include: The Origin of the Republican Form of Government in the United States (1886); Roger Williams, the Pioneer of Religious Liberty (1894); The Development of Religious Liberty in the United States (1896); and Reform in the Consular Service (1897).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Strauss, Richard

Edition of 1905. See also Richard Strauss on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
STRAUSS, Richard (1864—). A German composer, the most ingenious disciple of the so-called school of Weimar. Born in Munich, he mastered the technics of the violin and piano when quite young, and in 1875-80 studied theory and composition with kapellmeister Wilhelm Mayer. In October, 1885, Strauss became musical director at Meiningen. In 1886-89 he was kapellmeister at Munich and was then called to Weimar. His radical tendencies were soon recognized, and his espousal of extremely modern music caused his conducting of Wagner to become of notable interest. On his return from a trip to Greece, Egypt, and Sicily, his music drama Guntram, opus 25, dedicated to his parents, was produced at Weimar, in 1894.
Strauss returned to Munich as Court kapellmeister in 1895, and in the same capacity went to Berlin in 1898. He wrote Italia, a symphonic fantasia, in 1886. It is fresh, vigorous, and characteristic in themes and coloring. Then followed a series of daring orchestral compositions. The chronology of the greater symphonic works is as follows: Don Juan (1888); Macbeth (1887); Death and Apotheosis (1889); Till Eulenspiegel (1895); Thus Spake Zarathustra (1895); Don Quixote (1897); A Hero's Life (1898). His later works include, besides numerous songs and choruses, an opera, Feuersnot (1901); a tone poem entitled Sinfonia domestica; and Taillefer, a choral work with orchestra, based on a poem by Uhland. Strauss's earlier productions tell no tale of genius; the mark of the file is upon them. But from his twentieth opus his originality
shows itself. He invented the tone poem, in which the line of design is as sternly unwavering as the symphony, and the possibilities for expression almost illimitable. The Strauss themes condition their treatment, and if his harmonic scheme sometimes seems ugly, his melodic curve daring, and his orchestration polyodic, it must be remembered that the same criticisms were made of Richard Wagner's music. The developing sections in his tone poems are remarkable. Perhaps, following the trend of the Lied writers since Schumann in his songs, the voice is woven too closely in the dense fabric of harmony, yet many effects of pure, rhythmetic, and sensuous beauty are discovered. Here Strauss has often dared to be simple in sentiment. Such a song as the Serenade is heard with delight by audiences that do not realize the complexity of a scheme expressing itself so naïvely. It is the epical Strauss that appeals especially to the imaginative.
Consult: Fuller-Maitland, Masters of German Music, with Illustrations (London, 1894); Huneker, Mezzotints in Modern Music (New York, 1899); the monographs by Seidl and Klatte (Prague, 1896), and Breelier (Leipzig, 1900); and The Musical Times, vol. xliv., No. 719 (London, 1903).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Meridian

Edition of 1905. See also Meridian (geography) and Meridian (astronomy) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MERID′IAN (Lat meridianus, relating to midday, from meridies, for *medidies, midday, from medius, middle + dies, day). Any great circle of a sphere passing through its poles. A terrestrial meridian is the intersection of the earth's surface made by a plane passing through the poles. A celestial meridian is a great circle of the celestial sphere passing through the celestial poles. The prime meridian is the one from which longitude is measured. The magnetic meridian at any point is the horizontal direction at the point of a freely suspended compass needle undisturbed by influences other than the earth's magnetic force. To distinguish the terrestrial or geographical meridian from the magnetic, the former is called the true meridian, as its direction is that of true north or south. It is evident from the explanation given that the so-called magnetic meridian is not a great circle of the earth, but merely a direction at a particular point. The line joining the points of equal variation are not therefore coincident with the magnetic meridian; they are called isogonic lines, and, owing to the non-uniform character of the earth's magnetic force, these lines are very irregular curves. See Meridian Circle; Meridian Measurement.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Michetti, Francesco Paolo

Edition of 1905. See also Francesco Paolo Michetti on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MICHETTI, mē̇-kĕt′tē̇, Francesco Paolo (1851—). An Italian painter, born at Tocco da Casauria. He was a pupil of Morelli at the Naples Academy, and belongs to the new school of Italian painters. His works are genre subjects of peasant life in Southern Italy, painted with a rich color and much dramatic insight. His “Corpus Domini” (1877), “Domenica delle Palme” (1879), “Ottava,” “I Morticelli,” and, above all, “Il Voto” (1884), at the Capitoline Museum, Rome, are good examples of this school of Italian art.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Meteorological Society, The Royal

Edition of 1905. See also Royal Meteorological Society on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, The Royal. A learned association established in 1850 and incorporated in 1866. The society has its headquarters in London. The objects are the promotion of meteorology in all its branches, and the record of data and theories relating to the subject. Its membership consists of fellows and honorary members, the latter being foreigners of distinction. The two quarterly publications of the society are the Quarterly Journal and the Meteorological Record.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Meteoric Stone

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ METEORIC STONE. See Aërolite.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Meyer, Leo

Edition of 1905. See also Leo Meyer (philologist) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MEYER, Leo (1830—). A German philologist, born at Bledeln, near Hanover, and educated at Göttingen and Berlin. From 1862 to 1865 he was professor in Göttingen, and in 1865 he became professor of comparative philology at Dorpat. In 1889 he again accepted a chair at Göttingen. His contributions to philological literature are of great merit; they include: Vergleichende Grammatik der griechischen und lateinischen Sprache (1861-65); Die gothische Sprache (1869); and Handbuch der griechischen Etymologie (1901). He also wrote Glauben und Wissen (1876), and Ueber das Leben nach dem Tode (1882).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Meridian (Mississippi)

Edition of 1905. See also Meridian, Mississippi on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MERIDIAN. A city and the county-seat of Lauderdale County, Miss., 87 miles east of Jackson; on the Queen and Crescent Route and the Southern Railway (Map: Mississippi, H 6). It is the seat of the East Mississippi Female College (Methodist Episcopal), opened in 1869, and of the Meridian Academy (Methodist Episcopal South), and Lincoln School (Congregational), the last two for colored students. The city has an extensive trade, due to its position in a cotton-growing region, and is the most important manufacturing centre in the State. Its industries, represented by railroad machine shops, cotton mills, cottonseed oil mills, lumber mills, etc., had, by the census of 1900, a production valued at nearly $3,000,000. Meridian was an important Confederate railway centre during the Civil War, and in February, 1864, General Sherman was sent against it. Arriving on the 14th, he remained unmolested until the 20th, completely destroying the railroads in the vicinity and demolishing the large store-houses and many private residences. Population, in 1890, 10,024; in 1900, 14,050.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Merit System, The

Edition of 1905. See also Merit system on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MERIT SYSTEM, The. The merit system, as the name implies, looks toward the appointment of men to office because of their competency, and not because of their political opinions. The fitness of the candidate is determined by his ability to pass a written competitive examination, given by a commission of examiners. The answers submitted by candidates must be unsigned, so as to obviate the possibility of favoritism on the part of the examiners. A list is made of the successful candidates, arranged in the order of their merit as shown by the results of the examination. Appointments must be made from this eligible list in the order of rank unless good cause can be shown why one of higher rank should be set aside for one standing lower on the list. A common objection to the merit system is that it does not give an adequate test of a man's real capacity to administer the office to which he seeks appointment. This is in a measure true, though more and more the civil service examiners are coming to lay stress upon experience and practical knowledge. Inasmuch as the merit system makes it more difficult for the ordinary political heeler to secure lucrative offices because of his vote-getting ability, the system must be recognized as a power for good. Though it does not inevitably lead to the choice of the most competent, it does very effectually exclude the absolutely unfit—the political trickster and dealer in votes. See Civil-Service Reform.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Meriden

Edition of 1905. See also Meriden, Connecticut on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MER′IDEN. A city in New Haven County, Conn., 18 miles north-northeast of New Haven, and the same distance south-southwest of Hartford; on the New York, New Haven and Hartford, and the Meriden, Waterbury and Middletown Railroad, a branch of the former (Map: Connecticut, D 3). It is picturesquely situated, overlooked by the Hanging Hills on the northwest, and is drained by Harbor Brook. Meriden is one of the most prosperous industrial centres in New England. Among its manufactures are silver and plated ware, hardware, cutlery, steel pens, bronzes, brass castings, malleable iron, firearms, organs, self-playing attachments for pianos and organs, glassware, cut glass, curtain fixtures, gas and kerosene fixtures, screws, vises, and machinery. The city has the Connecticut School for Boys (Reform), Meriden Hospital, Curtis Home for Orphan Children and Aged Women, and the handsome Curtis Memorial Library. Hubbard Park is a beautiful natural reservation of 900 acres, within the limits of which are the Hanging Hills, the highest point rising 1000 feet above sea level. Another attraction is Lake Merimere.
The government, under a charter of 1897, is vested in a mayor, elected every two years; a bicameral council; and administrative officials, appointed or elected as follows: by the mayor—boards of apportionment and taxation, public works, and police, fire, and park commissioners; by the council—tax-collector, plumbing inspector, fire marshal, boiler inspector, health officer, and board of compensation; by the people—clerk, treasurer, auditor, and sheriffs. The city owns and operates its water works. Population, in 1890, 21,652; in 1900, 24,296. From 1725 until incorporated in 1806 as a town under its present name (probably from Meriden, Eng.), Meriden was a parish of Wallingford. In 1867 it was chartered as a city. Consult Perkins, Historical Sketches of Meriden (West Meriden, 1849).