OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# American Medical Biographies/Wood, William Maxwell

​Wood, William Maxwell (1809–1880)
The father of this surgeon-general of the United States Navy, was Gen. Wood, a prominent merchant of Baltimore, who had come to this country at a very early age. His son William, the eldest of eight children, was born May 27, 1809, went to the Bel Air Academy, Harford County, Maryland, and graduated in medicine at the University of Maryland in 1829. He at once entered the medical corps of the navy and served as surgeon in four wars, the Seminole, the Mexican, the Chinese and the Civil. As surgeon on board the Minnesota, he witnessed the famous battle between the Merrimac and Monitor. He was commissioned medical director and surgeon-general of the navy May 21, 1871, and retired March 3, of the same year.
He died at Owing's Mill, near Baltimore, March 1, 1880. Gen. Wood wrote "Wandering Sketches of People and Things in South America, Polynesia, California and Other Places Visited During a Cruise on the U. S. Ships Levant, Portsmouth and Savannah," (1849); and "Fankwei or the San Jacinto in the Seas of India, China and Japan" (1859); "A Shoulder to the Wheel of Progress" (1849); "Hints to the People on the Profession of Medicine" (1852), besides numerous essays and lectures.
# American Medical Biographies/Wood, Thomas Fanning

​Wood, Thomas Fanning (1841–1892)
Thomas Fanning Wood, medical editor, botanist and organizer of a state board of health, was born in Wilmington, North Carolina, February 23, 1841. His parents, Robert and Mary A. Wood, were from Nantucket, Massachusetts. He received a high school education in Wilmington and then went to work in a drugstore, where he mastered all that was then known of drugs, and at different times he became the private pupil of the chief physicians of the town. At the beginning of the Civil War he volunteered and was a private in the 18th North Carolina Infantry; he then served as hospital steward under Otis F. Mason (q.v.) in Richmond, Virginia. Here he attended a course of lectures at the Medical College of Virginia, and upon examination was appointed assistant surgeon to the 3rd North Carolina Infantry, remaining until the end of the war, when he returned home to practise. The Federal Army had left in Wilmington an epidemic of smallpox and Dr. Wood organized a hospital for the care of the sick and treated over thirteen hundred cases. He inoculated himself many times with virus from the pustules of his patients and his enthusiasm for vaccination was so great that he named his son Edward Jenner.
Dr. Wood received an honorary M. D. from the University of Maryland in 1868; was secretary of the Medical Society of North Carolina; was elected member of the Board of Medical Examiners of North Carolina, and the same year (1878) with M. J. DeRosset (q.v.), began the North Carolina Medical Journal, of which he was editor-in-chief until his death. He was interested in organized sanitary work and in 1885 secured a statute from the Legislature creating a State Board of Health in North Carolina, planned according to his ideas. As secretary of the Board he issued monthly bulletins with valuable statistics; he was a founder of the American Public Health Association and was its first vice-president.
Dr. Wood was an enthusiastic student of botany and was an authority on the plants of his State. This knowledge made him an important member of the committee for the revision of the Pharmacopoeia (1890–1900). With Gerald McCarthy he prepared a catalogue of the flora of that section of the South and it was published as a part of the transactions of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society of the University of North Carolina under the title of "Wilmington Flora," 1887.
Dr. Wood had an interest in the welfare of his native town and he was president of ​the Library Association when he died, in Wilmington, aged fifty, August 22, 1892.
# American Medical Biographies/Woodward, Joseph Janvier

​Woodward, Joseph Janvier (1833–1884)
This noted surgeon was born in Philadelphia, October 30, 1833. He was educated in his native city and obtained the A. B. and A. M. from the Central High School of Philadelphia, graduating in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1853 and practising medicine in his native city until 1861, when, at the outbreak of the Civil War, he offered his services to the Union and served as assistant surgeon with the Army of the Potomac. In 1862 he was assigned to duty in the surgeon-general's office at Washington. After having organized several military hospitals in that city he was put in charge of the Army Medical Museum. While in this position he collected, in conjunction with Col. Otis, the material for "The Medical and Surgical History of the War." Woodward had charge of the medical part. The first volume of the medical history appeared in 1870, the second in 1879. In the meantime Woodward did valuable work in microscopy and photo-micrography, and his publications in these fields made his name famous among scientists throughout the world. His papers fill some four columns in the catalogue of the surgeon-general's library at Washington, District of Columbia. His unceasing labors gradually undermined his constitution so that, in the summer of 1880, he was compelled to go to Europe for his health. He returned the same year somewhat improved. In July, 1881, he was called to the bedside of Pres. Garfield. This, too, was a great strain on his constitution and he never completely recovered. He died August 17, 1884.
Besides the great work mentioned, Woodward published "The Hospital Steward's Manual" (1862) and "Outlines of the Chief Camp Diseases of the United States Armies, as Observed During the Present War" (1863). He also published numerous articles on microscopy, photo-micrography, cancer and other subjects, the catalogue of the surgeon-general's library containing sixty-one titles. In 1881 he was elected president of the American Medical Association. Woodward was an honorary member of the Royal Microscopical Society and of the Queckett Club of London, of the Liverpool and Belgian Societies of Microscopy and many other societies at home and abroad.
There is a portrait in the Surgeon-General's library, Washington, D. C.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Hartley, John Anderson

Layout 2
​Hartley, John Anderson, B.A., B.Sc., Inspector-General of Schools, South Australia, son of the Rev. John Hartley, Governor of the Wesleyan College, Handsworth, Birmingham, was educated at Woodhouse Grove School, near Leeds, and University College, London. He graduated as B.A. of London 1868, B.Sc. 1870, and in 1871 was appointed Head Master of Prince Alfred College, Adelaide. While holding this position he became a member of the Central Board of Education, and was for a time its chairman. On the passing of the Education Act in 1875, he was offered the position of President of the Council of Education, and his time was then devoted entirely to the Government business. On the dissolution of the Council at the end of 1878, he was appointed Inspector-General of Schools, and in this capacity he has effected many reforms in the local system of public education. He is the author of a number of textbooks specially prepared for the schools under his management, and edits the Education Gazette for the colony and a juvenile paper, The Children's Hour. Mr. Hartley has been a member of the Council of the University of Adelaide since its establishment in 1874.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Hartnoll, Hon. William

Layout 2
​Hartnoll, Hon. William, M.H.A., Minister of Lands and Works, Tasmania, is an auctioneer in Launceston, and was elected to the House of Assembly for South Launceston in Nov. 1884, and still retains the seat. When the Dobson Ministry was formed in August 1892, Mr. Hartnoll accepted the portfolio of Minister of Lands and Works.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Harvest, Major-General Edward Douglas

Layout 2
​Harvest, Major-General Edward Douglas, sometime Commandant of Western Australia, was born on Nov. 20th, 1824. He received his first commission in the army on April 17th, 1842, and became lieut.-colonel 97th Foot, retiring from the army with the honorary rank of major-general on August 24th, 1881. He was appointed resident at Cerigo in 1870, and commandant of the local forces in Western Australia in Jan. 1872. In the latter capacity he was Acting Governor during the interval between the departure of Sir W. C. F. Robinson and the arrival of Sir Harry St. George Ord—viz., from August to Nov. 1877.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Hastings, Rev. Frederick

Layout 2
​Hastings, Rev. Frederick, Congregational minister, North Adelaide, S.A., is the son of George and Sarah Hastings, and was born in England. Having entered the ministry of the Congregational Church, he officiated successively at Woodbridge St. John, Weston-super-Mare, and Tolmer Square, Euston, London. Mr. Hastings, who married Miss Emily Brightman, arrived in South Australia in May 1889, to assume the pastorate of North Adelaide. He was for eight years editor of the Homiletic Magazine, and is author of "Sundays about the World," "Obscure Characters of Scripture," "Background of Sacred Story," "Back Streets and London Slums," "This Life," "Future Life," etc. Mr, Hastings has been a frequent contributor to the ​Leisure Hour, Quiver, and Sunday Magazine.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Haultain, Hon. Colonel Theodore Minet

Layout 2
​Haultain, Hon. Colonel Theodore Minet, M.L.C., New Zealand, who is of Dutch extraction, was born in May 1817, at Stony Stratford, England, and after a coarse at Sandhurst entered the army in 1834. He served ten years in India, being at Ferozepore and Maharajpore in 1842-3. In 1849, while Staff-officer of Pensioners, he went out to New Zealand in charge of the 8th division of the New Zealand Fencibles. In 1856 he retired from the army, settling at Mangare, and in 1859 he was elected to the House of Representatives. In the following year he was employed by the Government to organise the Auckland Militia, and was appointed lieut.-colonel of the 1st battalion. In 1863 he was given command of the 2nd Waikato Regiment in the Waikato war, and was present at the taking of Orakau. For his services he was promoted to be colonel, and made colonel-commandant of the four Waikato regiments. In 1865 he resigned his post, having been elected to the House to represent Franklin. When the Weld Ministry was defeated, Mr. Stafford formed a cabinet, and Colonel Haultain acted as a member of the Executive Council from Oct. 16th, 1865, to June 28th, 1869, and Minister for Colonial Defence from Oct 31st, 1865, to June 28th, 1869. During his period of office occurred the Hauhau wars, and the affairs of Te Kooti and Titokowaru, and he personally conducted the Whakamarama campaign. In 1869 Colonel Haultain retired from public life, but in 1871 he drew up a report on the working of the Native Lands Act, and in 1872 was entrusted with the payment of imperial pensions, and was made Trust Commissioner under the Native Lands Fraud Prevention Act. He was subsequently sheriff, and is a trustee and governor of St. John's College, Auckland, and a governor of Auckland College. In June 1885 he was the colony's representative in Sydney to welcome back the New South Wales Soudan contingent.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Hay, Ebenezer Storry

Layout 2
​Hay, Ebenezer Storry, was born at Kilsyth, Scotland, and practised as a solicitor in Dunedin, N.Z. He was a well-known contributor of verses to the Otago papers, and is the author of a ​pamphlet entitled "Some Characteristics of Wordsworth's Poetry and their Lessons for us: an Essay and some Poems by Fleta" (Dunedin, N.Z., 1881). He died at Dunedin by his own hand, at the age of thirty-seven, on April 20th, 1887.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Hay, Hon. Alexander

Layout 2
​Hay, Hon. Alexander, M.L.C., was member for Gumeracha in the Legislative Assembly of South Australia from 1857 to 1861 and from 1867 to 1870, and for East Torrens in 1870-71. Whilst sitting in the Lower House, he was Commissioner of Public Works in Mr. Reynolds' two Governments from May 1860 to Oct. 1861. He has since 1883 held a seat in the Legislative Council, and was a member of the South Australian Commission for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in 1886. Mr. Hay was Treasurer of the Executive Council of the University Association, which organised the establishment of the Adelaide University, in 1872.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Hay, Hon. Sir John

Layout 2
​Hay, Hon. Sir John, K.C.M.G., M.L.C., late President of the Legislative Council of New South Wales, was the son of the late John Hay, of Little Ythsie, Aberdeenshire, and was born in June 1816. He was educated at King's College, Aberdeen, where he had a brilliant career and took his degree in 1834. After studying for the legal profession in Edinburgh, he decided to emigrate to Australia, arriving in Sydney in 1828, when he settled as a squatter at Walaregang, on the Upper Murray. He was engaged in pastoral pursuits in this locality until 1867, but in the meantime found leisure to devote considerable attention to politics, being returned unopposed to the first Legislative Assembly of New South Wales under responsible government, for the Murrumbidgee district, in 1856. In September of that year he moved the vote of want of confidence in the Cowper Ministry which compelled their retirement from office, and was sent for by the Governor to form an alternative Administration. This, however, he declined to do, and recommended that recourse should be had to Mr. (afterwards Sir) H. Watson Parker, who succeeded in forming a Cabinet, in which Mr. Hay accepted the post of Minister of Lands and Works. In Sept. 1857 Mr. (afterwards Sir Charles) Cowper had his revenge, the Parker Ministry being thrown out on an amendment which he moved to the second reading of their Electoral Bill. Mr. Hay represented the Murrumbidgee in the Assembly till April 1859. He sat for the Murray till Nov. 1864, when he was elected for Central Cumberland, which he represented till he left the Assembly. In Parliament he strongly opposed the Selection before Survey clause of the Land Act of 1861; and a hostile amendment, which he carried in the Assembly in Oct. 1860, was the cause of an appeal to the constituencies, which resulted in a large majority being obtained for Mr. Robertson's proposals. Later on he supported the Fencing Bill, as likely "to take the sting out of Free Selection." From Oct. 1862 to Oct. 1865, Mr. Hay held the position of Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, when, finding the duties too onerous, he resigned. In June 1867 he was nominated to the Legislative Council, and on the death of Sir Terence Aubrey Murray, in July 1873, was appointed President, a position he held till his death. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1877, and was Chairman of the Mercantile Bank of Sydney. He died in 1891. Sir John married in Feb. 1838 Mary, daughter of James Chalmers and Mary his wife.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Haselden, Charles John Allen

Layout 2
​Haselden, Charles John Allen, J.P., Under-Secretary for the Department of Justice, New Zealand, is the son of Charles Haselden and Maria his wife, and was born in London on April 14th, 1838. He emigrated to Auckland, N.Z., in 1860, was appointed clerk in the Militia and Volunteer Office, Auckland, N.Z., in July 1863, and in Feb. 1865 was removed to the Department of Justice, Wellington. He became Chief Clerk in July 1873, and in March 1882 Acting Under-Secretary, an appointment confirmed in May 1886. Mr. Haselden holds also the appointment of Registrar of Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks. He was married at Folkestone, Kent, England, on July 12th, 1860, to Miss Belinda A. A. Tiffen.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Hawker, Hon. George Charles

Layout 2
​Hawker, Hon. George Charles, M.P., M.A., second son of a distinguished naval officer, the late Admiral Hawker, was born in London on Feb. 21st, 1818. Having been educated on the Continent and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1840 and MA. in 1854, he emigrated to South Australia in Sept. of the former year, and embarked in pastoral pursuits. He entered the Assembly for the district of Victoria in 1858, and sat till the dissolution in 1865, when he retired with the view of returning to England, where he remained, with the exception of a short visit which he paid to the colony in 1868, until 1874. When Parliament met in April 1860, Mr. Hawker was elected Speaker of the Assembly in opposition to Mr. Finnis, the Treasurer, and the late Mr. Francis Dutton. He was unanimously re-elected to the Chair of the House on the meeting of the next Parliament, in Feb. 1863, and held the office till the dissolution in 1865, when he left for England. On his return he was re-elected to the Assembly for Victoria, and sat uninterruptedly from 1875 to 1882. During this period he was Treasurer in the Blyth Ministry from 25th May to 3rd June, 1875; Chief Secretary under Mr. Boucaut from March to June of the following year, and Commissioner of Public Works under the same gentleman, and under the two succeeding Morgan Ministries, from Oct. 1877 to June 1881. For some years past Mr. Hawker has represented North Adelaide in the Assembly, and in 1882 he received Her Majesty's permission to bear the title of "Honourable" within the Colony of South Australia. He was married at Adelaide on Dec. 16th, 1845, to Miss Bessie Seymour.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/fegen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry fegen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ fegen, verb, ‘to sweep, scour, winnow (corn), purge,’ from Middle High German vëgen (Old High German *fegôn), ‘to purify, adorn, sweep, scour,’ Dutch vegen. Gothic *figôn is connected with Gothic fagrs, ‘suitable,’ Anglo-Saxon fœ̂ger, English fair, Old High German and Old Saxon fagar; from the root feh, fah, fag, fôg in fügen; Old Icelandic fœgja, ‘to cleanse,’ probably belongs to the same root (the Gothic form being fégjan); Aryan root, pē̆k, pō̆k?.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/feiern

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry feiern. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ feiern, ‘to celebrate,’ from Middle High German vîren, Old High German fîrrôn, fîrôn, ‘to celebrate, keep a festival,’ formed from Latin feriari. The borrowed word is found in the Teutonic languages of Middle Europe (Dutch vierdag, Old Frisian fîra), but is wanting in English and Scandinavian. The Romance languages preserve Latin feriae in the sense of ‘fair’; compare Italian fiera, French foire (hence English fair). Compare Messe and Fest. —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/feil

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry feil. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ feil, adjective, ‘for sale, venal,’ from Middle High German veile, veil, Old High German feili, with the curious variant fâli, adjective, ‘purchaseable’; akin to the equivalent Old Icelandic falr, with an abnormal vowel. Teutonic faili- has according to Old High German fâli, Old Icelandic falr, an inserted vowel in the accented syllable (compare feige); hence it corresponds to Aryan pêli-, and is connected with Greek πωλέομας, ‘to sell,’ and more remotely with the Old Indian root pan for paln-, ‘to purchase, buy, exchange.’ —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/feilschen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry feilschen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ feilschen, with sch after l for s, ‘to higgle, bargain,’ from Middle High German veilschen, Old High German *feilisôn, ‘to bargain for something.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/fein

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry fein. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ fein, adjective, ‘fine, elegant, cunning,’ from Middle High German vîn, fîn, adjective, ‘fine, beautiful’; Old High German *fîn may be inferred from the adverb fînlîhho, which is first recorded in a gloss of the 10th century; compare Dutch fijn, English fine. Borrowed from a word common to Romance, Italian fino (French fin), with the primary meaning ‘perfect, genuine, pure,’ which is a late adjective form from Latin finire.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/fern

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry fern. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ fern, adverb, ‘far, distantly, remotely,’ from Middle High German vërrene, vërren, vërne, Old High German vërrana, vërranân, adverb, ‘from afar’; the adverb in answer to the question ‘where’? is vërre in Middle High German and vërro in Old High German. The adjectival form in Middle High German is vërre, in Old High German vër, which are probably derived from the old adverb. The remaining Teutonic branches have no old originally adjective; as an adverb, however, we meet with Gothic faírra, which is also a preposition, ‘distant, away from,’ Old Icelandic fjarre, Anglo-Saxon feor, English far, Old Saxon fërr. Besides these words relating to distance in space, Old Teutonic has also allied terms for distance in time; Gothic fairneis, ‘old, in the preceding year,’ Old Saxon firn, ‘preceding, passed away (of years),’ Old High German firni, Middle High German virne, ‘old’ (see under Firnewein); akin also to Old Icelandic forn, ‘old,’ Middle High German vorn, ‘earlier, formerly,’ with a differently graded vowel. To the Teutonic stem fer-, for- from pre-Teutonic per, pṛ, are allied Greek πέρᾶ, ‘further,’ πέρᾶν, ‘on the other side,’ Armenian heri, ‘distant,’ Sanscrit pára-s, ‘more, remote,’ paramás, ‘remotest, highest,’ parás, adverb, ‘far of, in the distance.’ The cognates of Aryan per- have too great and involved a ramification to be fully explained here. See firn.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/fechten

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry fechten. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ fechten, verb, ‘to fight, fence,’ from the equivalent Middle High German vëhten, Old High German fëhtan; a term common to West Teutonic for ‘to fight, contend,’ unknown to Scandinavian and Gothic; compare Dutch and Middle High German vechten, Old Frisian fluchta, Anglo-Saxon feohtan, English to fight. Whether the verb has always belonged to the e class is questionable; it may have passed from the preterite plural and participle of the u class into the e class; in that case, we should have to assume Gothic *fiuhtan, *fáuht, *faúhtum, *faúhtans, instead of *faíhtan, *faht, *faúhtam, *faúhtans. This conceivable assumption facilitates the connection with Latin pugna, pugnare; yet the latter are probably only derivatives of pugnus, ‘fist’; perhaps the inferred Gothic *fiuhtan, ‘to fight,’ is similarly related to Faust.