# Paper and Its Uses/Chapter 17

CHAPTER XVII
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PAPERS
Anti-Acid Manillas.—See Cable and Insulating Papers.
Box Boards, in various qualities, from the common grey board to the tough glazed board, made from different wastes, well rolled. Used by boxmakers, cut and creased by machinery, folded and fastened by glue or metal fastenings. Boxes for all trades are thus made, ​some being quite plain, others covered with coloured or fancy papers.
Cable Papers.—Also known as insulating papers, which better describes their purpose. These papers are made from various materials, such as manilla, jute, and sometimes all wood; some are unsized, but others are hard-sized. Strength is essential, as they are cut to narrow widths, from one-sixth of an inch upwards, wound round the individual wires which go to make up cables. The ​covered wires are dried and the whole coated with some waterproofing non-conductive substance to ensure complete insulation. See Anti-acid Manillas.
Envelope Papers. All kinds of paper may be used for envelope making, but papers highly glazed on one side ​are usually meant. The highly-glazed surface is more suited for writing, while the rougher side takes the gum for the flap better than a burnished surface. Envelope papers are usually cut at an angle to prevent waste when cutting out blanks for envelopes. Demonstration of the waste involved by the use of square paper can be made by opening an ordinary envelope, and marking it out on an ordinary sheet of paper.
Index Boards.—Pulp boards made of strong stuff, even, hard-sized, well-rolled, giving a good writing surface. It is important for card index systems to employ a card which is made in one thickness only; pasteboards bend and split ​at the corners if frequently handled. The uncut boards should be perfectly flat in order that ruling, printing, and cutting may be executed with accuracy. Guillotine cutting is not so satisfactory as cutting singly with a hand cutter or rotary cutting on a card cutting machine. The usual sizes of index boards are 20½ by 25½ inches and 30½ by 25½ inches, cutting to 5 by 3 inches, 6 by 4 inches and 8 by 5 inches.
Kraft Papers.—"Kraft" means strength, and this is the characteristic of these papers. Unbleached wood pulp is the material used, and by prolonged boiling with soda under comparatively low pressure, the fibres receive less drastic chemical treatment than is usual in the ​preparation of wood pulp. Reduction to fibrous state is accomplished by the edge runner, drawing the fibres out, thus retaining the length and strength. Kraft papers are smooth, light brown in colour, strong and flexible, and are used for wrappings where these qualities are required.
Lithographic Papers.—Papers for lithographers' general use, with good super-calendered surface, frequently soft-sized, the manufacture so arranged as to reduce the amount of stretch to a minimum. The best qualities ​are made of rag, the next quality of esparto. With the advent of the off-set litho. press, all papers have become possible as lithographic papers, but the description applies only as above.
Manilla Papers.—Strong, tough, flexible papers made from manilla hemp. Manilla does not bleach easily, the so-called white manilla papers being always low in ​colour. These papers are used for manilla labels (parcel tags), cartons, folders in index systems, correspondence covers, index cards, and for work where strength and durability are essential. The term "manilla" is now applied to a class of paper rather than to the papers made entirely or principally of manilla fibre. Many such papers are composed of unbleached chemical wood pulp, a long-fibred tough paper resulting, which is suitable for most of the purposes for which manilla papers are generally employed. For envelopes, however, the genuine article is not easily replaced. Low grade manillas may contain mechanical wood. Usual size and weights: double crown, 80, 100, 120 Ib. per ream of 480 sheets.
Metallic Paper is a coated paper for special uses, such as note-books for indelible writing, in which case writing with a metal stylus or indelible pencil is easily made, but cannot be erased; for indicator diagrams for various instruments where a light touch only can be given, but ​the diagram is faithfully recorded. A good quality paper is coated with a mixture of glue and zinc oxide, usually applied by hand and finished in the same way as art papers. Cheaper metallic papers are coated with barium sulphate.
Pastings.—Papers for pasting down; facings for ​pasteboards; covering paper used by boxmakers; white or coloured.
Sectional Papers are papers with squares of definite measurement, ${\tfrac {1}{4}}$, ${\tfrac {1}{8}}$, ${\tfrac {1}{10}}$, ${\tfrac {1}{12}}$, ${\tfrac {1}{16}}$ inch, or millimetre ​ruling. The larger squares are ruled, the smaller are printed from engraved rolls or from electrotypes of engraved plates. Printed on drawing paper, also on thin paper for subsequent reproduction by contact with sensitized papers.
Stencil Papers (Waxed) are used in connection with cyclostyle, mimeograph and similar machines. Thin, strong, unsized papers are coated with wax, and a stencil is actually made by removing the wax in various ways. For stencils made by handwriting the wax is removed by writing with a stylus on a file plate or a metal plate covered with bolting silk, or a cyclostyle pen, having a wheel at its tip, is used, making a series of perforations through the waxed paper. With the typewriter the wax is removed by a blow of the letter upon a tissue which is placed in front of the stencil paper. Wherever wax ​is perforated or removed ink can be forced through the stencil, and the prints, although not always showing the broken lines of stencil work, are actually produced by stencil process. On account of the strength of long fibred papers, Japanese tissues are usually employed as the basis of stencil papers.
Tissues.—Fine thin papers, made of strong materials such as rag and hemp fibres, beaten very finely. Other tissues are made of chemical wood and a proportion of straw pulp. Papers are unsized, used for wrapping and ​protective purposes. Usual size and weight: double crown 7 Ib. per ream of 500 sheets.
Waterproof Papers for packing purposes are made by coating strong wrappings with tar or bitumen, and rolling ​scrim on to the surface to prevent the coating coming in contact with the contents of the package. A coating between two sheets of thin wrapping paper is another method of waterproofing. Used for protecting goods from the influence of moisture. Roofing paper is a variety of waterproof paper prepared by coating strong papers with tar.