OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Adullam

From volume 1 of the work.
​Adullam, Hebr. 'Ădhúllām, Sept. Ὀδολλάμ Vulg. Odollam, but Adullam in Jos., xv, 35.—(1) A Chanaanite city, to the west of Bethlehem, at the foot of the mountains of Juda. From the hands of the Chanaanites (Gen., xxxviii, 1 sqq.) it passed into the power of Juda (Jos., xii, 15; xv, 35), was fortified by Roboam (II Par., xi, 7), mentioned by the prophet Micheas (i, 15), and after the exile repeopled by Jews (II Esdr., xi, 30; II Mach., xii, 38). (2) The Cave of Adullam, the shelter of David and his followers (I K., xxii, 1,2), is situated, according to some, six miles southeast of Bethlehem, in the Wady Khareitun; but more probably near the city of Adullam.
Clermont-Ganneau and Conder, Palestine Exploration Fund, Mem., III, 301–367; Muir in Hast., Dict. of the Bible, I (New York, 1903).
A. J. Maas.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Adso

From volume 1 of the work.
​Adso, Abbot of the Cluniac monastery of Moutier-en-Der, d. 992, on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem; one of the foremost writers of the tenth century. Born of rich and noble parents, he was educated at the Abbey of Luxeuil, was called to Toul as instructor of the clergy, and made Abbot of Moutier-en-Der in 960. He was the friend of Gerbert, afterwards Silvester II, of Abbo of Fleury, and other famous men of his time. His writings include hymns, lives of saints, among them a life of St. Mansuetus, Bishop of Toul (485–509), a metrical rendering of the second book of the "Dialogues" of Gregory the Great, and a tractate "De Antichristo" in the form of a letter to Queen Gerberga, wife of Louis IV (d'Outremer). This latter work has been attributed to Rabanus Maurus, Alcuin, and even to St. Augustine, and is quoted by Döllinger among other writings of the medieval conception of Antichrist. It is printed among the works of Alcuin (P.L., CI, 1289–93). The other writings of Adso are also found in Migne (P.L., CXXXVI, 589–603).
Schrödl in Kirchenlex.; Rivet, Hist. Litt. de la France, VI. 471; Döllinger, Prophecies and the Prophetic Spirit in the Christian Era (London. 1873), 83.
Francis W. Grey.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Adrien Rouquette

From volume 13 of the work.
Born in Louisiana in 1813, of French parentage; died as a missionary among the Choctaw Indians in 1887. The great passion of his youth was devotion to the Choctaw Indians. He was sent north in 1824 to divert his mind from his savage associates. In 1829 he was sent to France and finished his collegiate studies in Paris, Nantes, and Rennes, winning his baccalaureate in 1833. He returned to New Orleans, but refused to mingle in worldly pleasures, and spent much time alone or among his Indian friends. Later he returned to Paris to study law, but preferred literature, and returning to Louisiana, led a desultory life until 1842. He then made a third visit to France, where he published his first poetic essay, "Les Savannes". This was well received and he returned to Louisiana to become editor of "Le Propagateur Catholique". Ere long he found his true vocation and was ordained priest in 184. Assigned to duty at the Cathedral of Saint Louis, at New Orleans, his eloquence crowded the building, and his holy life commanded the love and respect of all denominations. He served for fourteen years as a priest at New Orleans, then suddenly, in 1859, he severed all connection with civilization and made his home for twenty-nine years as a missionary among the Chocktaw Indians on the banks of Bayou La Combe. As a result of his patient labours, he won many converts to the Faith. Among his publications are: "La Thébiade de L'Amérique", "L'Antoniade", "La Nouvelle Atala", "Wild Flowers".
S.B. ELDER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jerome de Prado

From volume 12 of the work.
Exegete, b. at Baeza in Spain, 1547; d. at Rome, 13 Jan., 1595. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1572; taught literature; and then filled the chair of scripture at Cordova for sixteen years. His great work is the "Tomus Primus in Ezechiel" (fol. pp. 360; Rome, 1596). After sixteen years spent on this tome he died at Rome, where he was seeking illustrations for it. He had reached the twenty-sixth chapter. The remainder of Ezechiel was interpreted by John Baptist Villalpando, S. J., of Cordova, who added two volumes: Of these the second is in two parts: I. "Explanationum Ezechielis prophetæ, pars prima, in tredecim capita sequentia" (fol. pp. 104; Rome, 1604); II. "De postrema Ezechielis prophetæ visione" (fol. pp. 655; Rome, 1605). This second part of the second volume goes into a detailed archæological study of the Temple. The third volume of this commentary on Ezechiel is entitled "Appartus urbis ac templi Hierosolymitani" (folio, pp. xvi, 603; Rome, 1604). There are two parts to the volume, and both are the joint work of Prado and Villalpando. Commentaries on Isaias, Zachary, Micheas, the Epistle to the Hebrews, together with a book on biblical chronology, are among the MSS. works left by Prado, several of which are in the National Library of Madrid. The volumes published by Villalpando were dedicated to Philip II, at whose request and cost the work begun by Prado was brought to a successful completion. These three volumes have always been highly esteemed for their thorough and scientific study of Jewish coins, weights, and measures; likewise for the care with which the Temple and the City of Jerusalem are reconstructed from the very few data at hand. Cardinal Wiseman found the work of Prado to be "still the greatest repertory to which every modern scholiast must recur, in explaining the difficulties of the book" (Science and Revealed Religion, II, London, 1851, 199). The younger Rosen Müller calls these volumes "a work replete with varied erudition, and most useful to the study of antiquity" (Ezechielis Vaticinia", I, Leipzig, 1826, 32, in Wiseman, I, c.). Among those whom Prado inspired with his thoroughness and enthusiasm in the study of the Bible were his pupils John Pineda and Louis de Alcazar.
HURTER, Nomenclator, I (Innsbruck, 1892), 84; SOMMERVOGEL, Bibliothèque de la Compagnie de Jésus, VI, 1149.
WALTER DRUM
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jerome Lalemant

From volume 8 of the work.
Alias HIEROSME.
Jesuit missionary, b. at Paris, 27 April, 1593, d. at Quebec, 16 November, 1665. He entered the order at Paris, 2 October, 1610. Arriving in Canada 25 June, 1638, he immediately went to the Huron missions as superior. He took the first regular census of the Indians, instituted the organization of the donnés or lay assistants of the missionaries, and re-arranged the different missionary posts making the new establishment of St. Mary's on the Wye the central one. In 1645 he returned to Quebec as general superior. In 1656 he was recalled to France and in 1658 was made rector of the Royal college of La Flèche; but was hardly installed when he was asked for by Laval as Vicar-General of Quebec. He returned with Laval in 1659 and acted as his vicar during all the troubles with the Governors d'Argenson, d'Avaugour, and de Mesy, and also with de Queylus who was an aspirant for the Bishopric of Quebec. He remained superior and vicar-general until the end of his life. He wrote many of the "Relations", and also most of the only volume we have of the "Journal des Jésuites".
T.J. CAMPBELL
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jerome Bellamy

From volume 2 of the work.
Jerome Bellamy of Uxenden Hall, near London, England, d. 1586, a member of an old Catholic family noted for its hospitality to missionaries and recusants. He was a warm sympathizer with Mary Queen of Scots. In the latter years of the sixteenth century the Babington plot to free Mary and assassinate Elizabeth was exposed, and Babington, with two of his fellow- conspirators, Barnewell and Donne, sought refuge in Bellamy's house. He concealed them and was later arrested with them and accused of complicity in the plot. All four were indicted, tried, convicted 15 September, 1586, and within six days thereafter executed.
Gillow, Bibl. Dict. Eng. Cath., I, 176.
Thomas Gaffney Taaffe.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jerusalem

From volume 8 of the work.
The content of the article is currently in subarticles: Jerusalem (Before A.D. 71), Jerusalem (A.D. 71-1099), Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099-1291), Jerusalem (After 1291).
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jeremias Drechsel

From volume 5 of the work.
(Also Drexelius or Drexel.)
Ascetic writer, b. at Augsburg, 15 August, 1581; entered the Society of Jesus 27 July, 1598; d. at Munich, 19 April, 1638. He was professor of humanities and rhetoric at Augsburg and Dillengen, and for twenty-three years court preacher to the Elector of Bavaria. His writings enjoyed an immense popularity. Chief among them was his "Considerationes de Æternitate" (Munich, 1620), of which there were nine editions; in addition to these Leyser printed 3200 copies in Latin and 4200 in German. It was also translated into English (Cambridge, 1632; Oxford, 1661; London, 1710 and 1844) and into Polish, French, and Italian. His "Zodiacus Christianus" or "The Twelve Signs of Predestination" (Munich, 1622) is another famous book but there seems to have been an edition anterior to this; in 1642 eight editions had already been issued and it was translated in several European languages. "The Guardian Angel's Clock" was first issued at Munich, 1622, and went through seven editions in twenty years; it was also translated extensively. "Nicetas seu Triumphata conscientia" (Munich, 1624) was dedicated to the sodalists of a dozen or more cities which he names on the title page; "Trismegistus" was printed in the same year and place; "Heliotropium" or "Conformity of the Human Will with the Divine Will" came out in 1627; "Death the Messenger of Eternity" also bears the date 1627. His fancy for odd titles shows itself in other books also. Thus there are the "Gymnasium of Patience"; "Orbis Phaëton, hoc est de universis vitiis Linguæ". The only work he wrote in German was entitled "Tugendtspregel oder Klainodtschatz" (Munich, 1636). He has also a "Certamen Poeticum"; Rosæ selectissimarum virtutum"; "Rhetorica Coelestis"; "Gazophyacium Christi". There are in all thirty-four such books. Other works are "Res bellicæ expeditionis Maximiliani" (1620), and some odes and sermons.
De Backer, Bibl. de la c. de J., 1646-55; Sommervogel, Bibl. de la c. de J., III, 181 sqq.
T.J. CAMPBELL
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jerome Lamy Besange

From volume 2 of the work.
Born at Linz, 1726; died 1781. For twenty-four years he taught Scripture at Salzburg. He published the following works: Introductio in Vetus Testamentum (2 vols., Steyr, 1765); Introductio in sancta quatuor Evangelia" (Venice, 1775); Introductio in Acta Apostolorum (Pavia, 1782); Fasciculus Myrrhæ, a commentary on the Passion (Steyr, 1766); Die sieben Busspsalmen (Salzburg, 1776).
PARISOT in VIG., Dict de la Bible.
JOHN CORBETT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Itinerarium

From volume 8 of the work.
A form of prayer used by monks and clerics before setting out on a journey, and for that reason usually printed at the end of the Breviary, where it can be conveniently found when required. Most probably the use of such prayers originated in monastic observance. The early rules of the Fathers of the Desert - St. Anthony and St. Pachomius - as well as that of St. Basil, legislate minutely as to the behaviour of monks when travelling, and impose various restrictions and duties upon them. St. Benedict, whose rule, more than any other, has exerted so wide an influence over all ecclesiastical customs, monastic and otherwise, in the Western Church, laid down (chap. lxvii) that when any of the brethren were to be sent on a journey, they should, before setting out, commend themselves to the prayers of the abbot and community, by whom they were to be daily remembered during their absence from the monastery. According to monastic tradition, if the absence were to be only a short one, i. e. if they were to return the same or the following day, they merely asked the abbot's blessing, usually at the conclusion of one of the canonical hours, and then requested the prayers of the community.
But if the journey was, to occupy a longer time, a more solemn form of itinerarium was customary. Kneeling or lying prostrate at the altar steps, some versicles and prayers were recited over them by the abbot, who then dismissed the travellers with his blessing and the kiss of peace. This was most likely the origin of the itinerarium as we have it at present. The constitutions of the various orders and congregations usually legislate for the particular prayers to be used by their members before a journey, and the duty of a community to pray for those who may be travelling is fulfilled at the present day by the versicle "Divinum auxilium", said for absent brethren at the end of each of the canonical hours. The inclusion of the itinerarium in the secular Roman Breviary indicates that its use is at least recommended to all clerics, though not obligatory. The "Cæremoniale Episcoporum" directs that a prelate ought to recite it with his chaplains or household before commencing a Journey; and Gavanti mentions an ancient pontifical containing a longer form of itinerarium for the use of prelates. The usual form consists of the canticle "Benedictus" with antiphon, certain versicles, and several collects. Two of these latter are very ancient, being found in the Gregorian Sacramentary. In some modern editions of the monastic Breviary a shorter form of itinerarium is also given, for use "ante ambulationem extra monasterium".
DURAND, Rationale Divini Officii (Venice, 1568); HAEFTEN, Disquisitiones Monast. (Antwerp, 1644); GAVANTI, Thesaurus Sacrorum Rituum (Venice, 1744); MARTÈNE, De Antiquis Monachorum Ritibus (Lyons, 1790).
G. CYPRIAN ALSTON.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/J. M. Vincent Audin

From volume 2 of the work.
Born at Lyons in 1793; died in Paris, 21 February, 1851. He first studied theology in the seminary of Argentiere, and afterwards pursued the study of law. He passed his law examination but never practiced his profession, having decided to enter on a literary career. His first publications were. "La lanterne magique" (1811); "Blanc, bleu et rouge" (1814); "Tableau historique des événements qui se sont accomplis depuis le retour de Bonaparte jusqu'au rétablissement de Louis XVII" (1815). He contributed to the "Journal de Lyon" founded by Ballanche. He soon left his native city and settled in Paris where he opened a bookstore and at the same time was active with his pen. He first published articles of a political cast, and historical tales in the style of the time, such as "Michel Morin et la Ligue"; "Florence ou la Religieuse"; Le Régicide," and others. He then took up historical writing, his first work of this kind being "Le Conordat entre Léon X et François I" (1821), which is for the most part a translation of that document. This was followed by his "Histoire de la St. Barthélemy" (2 vols., 1826). These two works were fairly well received although some ecclesiastical critics accused him of being to favorable to the Protestants. Audin publicly defended himself against this imputation, and asserted his firm belief in the doctrines of the Catholic Church. He now began his most important work, the history of the Protestant Reformation, which he published from 1839 to 1842 in four books, as follows: (1) "Histoire de la vie, des ouvrages et de la doctrine de Luther" (2 vols., Paris, 1839; 2d ed., 3 vols., 1850); (2) "Histoire de la vie, des ouvrages et de la doctrine de Calvin" (2 vols., 1841; 2d ed., 1851); (3) "Histoire de Léon X et de son siecle" (2 vols., 1844; 2d ed., 1851); (4) "Histoire de Henri VIII et du schisme d'Angleterre" (2 vols., 1847; 2d ed., 1862). The author claims to have based his statements upon researches which he made in the archives of various European cities, especially in the archives of the Vatican. The work shows that this assertion cannot be accepted in its entirety. The volumes are written in a romantic manner, and contain many particulars which sober criticism has long proved to go false. Döllinger says of the work on Luther: "Audin's work is written with an extraordinary, and at times almost naive ignorance of Luther's writings and contemporary literature, and of the general condition of Germany at that period" (Kirchenlex., s.v. Luther).
La Grande Encyclopedie, IV, 611.
J.P. KIRSCH
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jacinto Barrasa

From volume 2 of the work.
(Or Barraza).
Born at Lima, Peru, early in the seventeenth century; died there, 22 Nov., 1704. When, in the seventeenth century, the different religious orders appointed historiographers or official chroniclers of the work done in their several American provinces, the Jesuits selected Father Ignacio Arbieto for their Peruvian missions, but as his account was not accepted Father Jacinto Barrasa was appointed in his stead. His fame was principally as a preacher, and two volumes of his "Sermones" were published, one at Madrid in 1678, the other at Lima in 1679. In the latter year he finished his voluminous history of the Society of Jesus in Peru, which is still at Lima in private hands, and comprises 1,350 pages of manuscript. Its title is: Historia de las fundaciones de los colegios y casas de la Compania de Jesus, con la noticia de las vidas y virtudes religiosas de algunos varones ilustres que en ella trabajaron. No allusions are made in that chronicle to any other events than those of a religious or ecclesiastical nature. In addition to his "Sermones", a "Panegirico", pronounced by him in 1669 on the beatification of St. Rose of Lima, was also printed. Torres Saldamando Los Antiquos Jesuitas del Peru (Lima, 1882); Cobo, Historia de la fundacion de Lima (published at Lima, 1882, but written in the year 1639).
AD. F. BANDELIER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jacob Anton Zallinger zum Thurn

From volume 15 of the work.
Philosopher and canonist, born at Bozen, 26 July, 1735, died there, 11 January, 1813. He studied at Innsbruck and Munich, entered the Jesuit Order on 9 October, 1753, was ordained priest on 1 June, 1765, then taught philosophy at Munich, Dillingen, and Innsbruck. Shortly after the suppression of the Jesuits in 1773, Prince-bishop Clemens Wenceslaus engaged him as professor of canon law at Augsburg. He held this position for thirty years (1777-1807), with the exception of four months, during which he was theologian at the papal nunciature at Ratisbon, and sixteen months, which upon invitation of Pius VII he spent in Rome as papal councillor in German affairs (1805-6). In 1807 he returned to Bozen, devoting the rest of his life to literary labours. As a canonist he defended the papal rights again the Febronian tendencies in Germany, and as a philosopher he endeavoured to replace the Scholastic method by the empiricism of Newton. His chief canonical works are: "Institutionum juris naturalis et ecclesiastici publici libri V" (Augsburg, 1784; Ghent, 1823; Rome, 1832); "De usu publici commentarioulus" (Augsburg, 1784; Ghent, 1823); "Historische Bemerkungen uber das sogenannte Resultat des Emser Congressus" (Frankfort and Leipzig, 1787); "Institutiones juris ecclesiastici, maxime privati, ordine Decretalium" (5 vols., Augsburg, 1792-3; 3 vols., Rome, 1832). His chief philosophical works are: "Lex gravitatis universalis ac mutuae cum theoria de sectione coni" (Munich, 1769); "Interpretatio naturae, seu philosophia Newtoniana methodo exposita" (3 vols., Augsburg, 1773); "Disquisitiones philosophiae Kantianae" (2 vols., Augsburg, 1799).
SOMMERVOGEL, Bibliothèque de la Compagnie de Jésus, VIII (Brussels, 1898), 1415-8; WÜRZBACH, Biogr. Lex., LIX (Vienna, 1890), 114-5; HURTER, Nomenclator, V, I (Innsbruck, 1911), 771-5.
MICHAEL OTT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jacob Arcadelt

From volume 1 of the work.
(Also ARCHADELT, ARKADELT, HARCADELT)
A distinguished musician, b. in Holland at the close of the fifteenth, or at the beginning of the sixteenth century; d. probably at Paris, between 1570 and 1575. He grew up under the influence of Josquin and the Belgian. School. He began his career as a singer at the court of Florence. In 1539 he went to Rome and became singing-master of the boys' choir at St. Peter's, and the following year entered the Papal choir as a singer. Here he remained till 1549. In 1555, his services having been engaged by Cardinal Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, he followed him to Paris, where he probably remained until his death. He is mentioned, at this period, as regius musicus (Court Musician).
Of his numerous compositions a large proportion have been published. Foremost among these are his six books of madrigals for five voices (Venice, 1538-56), each book containing at least forty compositions. They are his finest and most characteristic works, and, toghether with three volumes of masses for from three to seven voices (Paris, 1557), are perhaps his chief claim to lasting renown. An excellent copy of the first four books of the madrigals, with other selected compositions of Arcadelt, is contained in the library of the Brithis Museum. At Paris and Lyons many of his French songs were published, including "L'excellence des chansons musicales" (Lyons, 1572) and "Chansons françaises à plusieurs parties" (Lyons, 1586).
He was one of those distinguished musicians of the Netherlands who by their efforts to advance their art in Italy, both as teachers and composer, helped to lay the foundations of the great Italian school.
BAKER, Biog. Dict. of Musicians; HOEFER, Biog. Univ. GROVE, Dict. of Music and Musicians; RIEMANN, Dict. of Music; NAUMANN, Geschichte der Musik.
J.A. VÖLKER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jacinto Verdaguer

From volume 15 of the work.
Poet, b. at Riudeperas, Province of Barcelona, Spain, 17 April, 1845; d. at Vallvidrera, Barcelona, 10 June, 1902. While in training to receive Holy orders, he early showed his literary instincts by competing for the prizes offered in the Jochs Florals or poetical tournament, held yearly for the purpose of stimulating composition in the vernacular of the eastern part of the Iberian peninsula. Religious faith, country, and love are the main themes promoted by the Jochs Florals, and on the first two of these Verdaguer wrote with signal success, winning his first prize in 1861. He was ordained in 1870. In 1877 he published is most famous work, one of the most notable in the history of modern Catalan, the epic "La Atlantida" which quickly attracted attention and was translated in Spanish, French, Italian, English, and German. The "Oda a Barcelona" of 1883 was followed by the epic legend, "Canigó" (dealing with the times of the reconquest of Spain from the Moors and locating its scenes in the Pyrenees region). Then came the noted "Idilis y cants mistichs" (1879), the "Cansons de Montserat" (1880), the "Caritat" (1885), the "Patria" (1888), the "Cants religiosos pel poble" (1882), the "Somni de Sant Joan" (1887), the "Jesus Infant" (1890-05), the "Sant Francesch" (1895), the "Flors de Calvari" (1896), the "Santa Eularia" (1898), etc.
Obres completes ordenades y anotades (7 vols., Barcelona, 1905-1908); La Atlantida ab la traduccio Castellana per Melcior de Palau (Barcelona, 1878); Sp. tr. PALAU (Madrid, 1906); SAVINE, L'Atlantide, porme traduit du Catalan de Mossen Jacinto Verdaguer (Paris, 1884); this contains the Catalan text with the French and an interesting essay on la renaissance de la poesie catalane.
J.D.M. FORD