OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hand, Thomas

​HAND, THOMAS (d. 1804), painter, was a follower and imitator of George Morland [q. v.], and one of his boon companions. Some of his pictures were cleverly painted in Morland's manner, and have been known to pass for works of that painter. Hand exhibited a small landscape with the Incorporated Society of Artists in 1790, and from 1792 to 1804 was an occasional exhibitor at the Royal Academy. He was more successful in his landscapes than in his figures. He died in London in September 1804.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Seguier's Dict. of Artists; Anderdon's Royal Acad. Catalogues in the print room, British Museum.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Edgar, John George

​EDGAR, JOHN GEORGE (1834–1864), miscellaneous writer, fourth son of the Rev. John Edgar of Hutton, Berwickshire, was born in 1834. He entered a house of business at Liverpool and visited the West Indies on mercantile affairs, but soon deserted commerce and devoted himself to literature. His earliest publication was the ‘Boyhood of Great Men’ in 1853, which he followed up in the same year with a companion volume entitled ‘Footprints of Famous Men.’ In the course of the next ten years he wrote as many as fifteen other volumes intended for the reading of boys. Some of these were biographical, and the remainder took the form of narrative fiction based on historical facts illustrative of different periods of English history. Edgar was especially familiar with early English and Scottish history, and possessed a wide knowledge of border tradition. He was the first editor of ‘Every Boy's Magazine.’ In the intervals of his other work Edgar found time to contribute political articles, written from a strongly conservative point of view, to the London press. Under his close and continuous application to work his health broke down, and he died of congestion of the brain after a short illness on 22 April 1864.
A. V.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Edeyrn, Davod Aur

Edern Dafod Aur in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​EDEYRN, DAVOD AUR, i.e. The Golden-tongued (fl. 1270), Welsh bard and grammarian, is said to have written a grammar of the Welsh language, published in 1856 by the Welsh Manuscripts Society, with an English translation and notes by the Rev. John Williams ab Ithel. The introduction states that Edeyrn ‘performed it by command and at the desire of these three lords paramount, namely, Llewelyn, son of Gruffydd, prince of Aberffraw, and king of all Wales; Rhys Fychan, lord of Dinefwr and Ystrad Towy; and Morgan Fychan, lord of the territory between Nedd and Afan and Cilfai, and lord paramount of Morganwg.’ The same introduction, which can hardly in propriety be Edeyrn's work, speaks of Edeyrn's ‘acute and profound genius, reflection, various acquirements, memory, and retention.’ He compiled it ‘from the record which Einiawn the priest had formed.’ It includes not only ‘the Cymric letters and parts of speech,’ but ‘the metres of vocal song.’ The version published is said to have been ‘copied from a transcript of Mr. Lewis Richards of Darowen, Montgomeryshire, dated 1821, by the Rev. W. J. Rees of Cascob, Radnorshire, 1832,’ and we are informed that ‘Mr. Richards appears to have taken his copy from a manuscript of Iolo Morganwg.’ The editor does not inform us whether any old manuscripts exist. He believes the book to have been written about 1270.
[Dosparth Edeyrn Davod Aur, Welsh MSS. Society.]
T. F. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Edgcumbe, Richard (1499-1562)

​EDGCUMBE, or EDGECOMBE, Sir RICHARD (1499–1562), country gentleman, was the eldest son of Sir Piers Edgcumbe [see under Edgcumbe, Sir Richard, d. 1489]. His grandson, Richard Carew [q. v.], says that he studied at Oxford, but of this there is no other record. He was among the knights created by Edward Seymour, earl of Hertford, 18 Oct. 1537, and two years later he succeeded to his father's estates. On a portion of the Stonehouse property, which had come into the family through his mother, and which Sir Piers had already emparked, he built the house named by him Mount Edgcumbe, which was completed in 1553. He was sheriff of Devon in 1543 and 1544, and in 1557 he was named commissioner of muster in Cornwall to call out and arm three hundred men. A very pleasant picture of the knight is presented in ‘A Friendly Remembrance of Sir Richard Edgcombe,’ written by Carew, and found among his manuscripts, which has since been printed in various publications. From this paper it appears that Edgcumbe in his youth dabbled in astrology, and caused doubts to be cast upon his orthodoxy, which were dissipated only by his keeping afterwards a private chaplain. He was possessed of some literary skill, and was complimented by Cromwell on the lucidity of the reports which he sent up from quarter sessions. He prided himself on his housekeeping, taking care to always have in hand two years' provision of all things necessary for himself and his family, and he kept in a chest for current needs a sum of money which he never allowed to fall below 100l. His hospitality earned him the name of ‘the good old knight of the castle.’ He died on 1 Feb. 1561–2, as is shown by the inquisition on his will, and was buried in Maker Church under a tombstone, the inscription on which states that he died 1 Dec. 1561. He was married first to Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Arundell, who left no issue; and secondly to Winifred, daughter of William Essex, by whom he had four sons and four daughters. Piers (or Peter) Edgcumbe, the eldest son (1536–1607), was sheriff of Devon in 1566, and represented Cornwall county in the parliaments ​of 1562–3, 1572, 1588, and 1592, and Liskeard borough in those of 1584 and 1586. Richard, the second son, was M.P. for Totnes 1562–3.
A. V.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ceolwulf

​CEOLWULF (d. 764), king of the Northumbrians, was the son of Cutha (A.-S. Chron. an. 731; Symeon, De Dunelm. Eccl.), and the brother of Coenred, king of the Northumbrians. On the death of Coenred in 718, Osric succeeded to the throne. Before he died he appointed Ceolwulf as his successor, who accordingly began his reign on 9 May 729. His chief claim to remembrance is that Bæda dedicated his 'Historia Ecclesiastica' to him ('gloriosissimo regi Ceoluuolpho') in a prefatory letter in which he says that he has sent him his book that he may read and test it and have it transcribed, and speaks of the king's delight in the study of the Scriptures, in history, and especially in the records of famous Englishmen. Bæda ends his history with an account of the flourishing state of the kingdom of Northumbria in 731, noticing the large number of men of all ranks who at that time retired from the world to adopt a monastic life. It seems, however, as though a strong party in Northumbria disliked the increase of the ecclesiastical power, and was impatient of the rule of the studious king, for the next year an insurrection broke out, and Ceolwulf was seized and tonsured. He was restored to the throne the same year, the tonsure thus forced upon him being held therefore to be no impediment to the resumption of the kingly office. As Bishop Acca [q. v.] was banished at this time, it has been suggested that the troubles in Northumbria may have been connected with some change in the arrangement of the northern dioceses. Ceolwulf made his cousin Ecgberht bishop of York in 734, and Bæda, writing to Ecgberht, reminds him that he would find the king a ready helper in the ecclesiastical reforms he was urging on him, and especially in the increase of the episcopate. Ceolwulf resigned the throne in 737, and became a monk of Lindisfarne. He richly endowed the monastery with treasures and lands. From the time of his entrance into the house the monks were allowed to drink wine or beer instead of water or milk. He died in 764 (Symeon, 760, A.-S. Chron.), and was buried at Lindisfarne. His body was afterwards translated to Norham, where miracles are said to have been wrought at his tomb; his head was preserved among the relics deposited in the church of St. Cuthbert at Durham. Ceolwulf has a place in the calendar, his day being 15 Jan.
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ceolred

​CEOLRED (d. 716), king of the Mercians, was the son of Æthelred by his wife Osthryth of Northumbria. On Æthelred's retirement to a monastery in 704 he was succeeded by his nephew, Coenred, and Ceolred did not come to the throne until 709. He then sent two abbots to Wilfrith to beg him to come to him, promising to order his life in accordance with the bishop's instructions. Wilfrith accepted the invitation, but died soon after his coming into Mercia, and, as it seems, without meeting the king. The revival of the West-Saxon power under ​Ceadwalla and Ine had caused the loss of the Mercian territory beyond the Thames, together probably with Essex and London. Ceolred made a vigorous attempt to win back the supremacy of the south, and in 715 led his army into Wessex. He was met by Ine at Wodnesbeorg, probably Wanborough, where a battle was fought so fiercely that none could tell which side suffered the greater loss (Hen. Hunt. 724); it is evident, however, that the invasion failed. Ceolred was jealous of his cousin Æthelbald, and persecuted him so that he was forced to flee from the kingdom. The good intentions Ceolred had when he sent for Wilfrith seem by this time to have disappeared, for he greatly oppressed the church and did much evil to monasteries and nunneries. In 716, as he was feasting with his nobles, he was suddenly seized with madness, and so died, his end, according to St. Boniface, being the work of the evil spirit that possessed him. His widow, Werburh, is said to have lived until 782. Ceolred was buried at Lichfield. On his death Æthelbald was chosen king.
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cernach

​CERNACH, Saint. [See Carantacus.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cenwulf

1904 Errata appended.
​CENWULF or KENULF (d. 1006), bishop of Winchester, on the appointment of Aldulf [q. v.] to the see of York, was chosen, in 992, to succeed him as abbot of St. Peter's, at Medehamstede (Peterborough). He surrounded his abbey with a wall, changed its name to Burch (Borough), and added to its wealth. On the promotion of Ælfheah [q. v.] to the archbishopric of Canterbury, Cenwulf is said to have procured his election to the see of Winchester in 1005 by simoniacal means. Ælfheah when at Rome, whither he had gone to receive the pall, is said to have announced the day of his successor's death, which took place in 1006. By Hugh ‘Candidus,’ the historian of Peterborough, Cenwulf is described as remarkably learned and eloquent, and is said to have carefully corrected the books belonging to the monastery. Probably on the strength of this statement Pits reckoned him an author. The works of Kynewulf [q. v.] have at times been assigned to him in error. Abbot Ælfric, the ‘grammarian’ [q. v.], dedicated his ‘Life of St. Æthelwold’ to Bishop Cenwulf. This dedication fixes the date of the work as 1005–6, the period of Cenwulf's episcopate.
[Anglo-Saxon Chron. i. 221, 240, 255, 257 (Rolls Ser.); Florence of Worcester, i. 149, 158 (Eng. Hist. Soc.); William of Malmesbury, Gesta Pontiff. 170, 317 (Rolls Ser.); Osbern de Vita S. Elphegi, Anglia Sacra, ii. 130; Hugo Candidus, Cœnobii Burgensis Historia, 31, ed. Sparke; Vita S. Æthelwoldi ap. Chron. de Abingdon. ii. 255 (Rolls Ser.); Dugdale's Monasticon, i. 347; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 175.]
W. H.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.60 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 424 | i | 35 | Cenwulf: for No works . . . . to him read The works of Kynewulf [q. v,] have at times been assigned to him in error |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ceolric

​CEOLRIC or CEOL (d. 597), king of the West Saxons, was the son of Cutha, the brother of Ceawlin. After his victory over his uncle Ceawlin [q. v.] at Wodnesbeorg in 592 he reigned for five years. At his death in 597 he left a son, Cynegils [q. v.] He was succeeded by his brother, Ceolwulf, who reigned until 611, when, at his death, Cynegils succeeded to the throne.
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cervetto, Giacobbe

​CERVETTO, GIACOBBE (1682?–1783), violoncellist, was born in Italy of Jewish parents about 1682. His real name was Basevi, but he had adopted the name of Cervetto before his arrival in England in 1738 or 1739. He played first at a concert in Hickford's Rooms, Brewer Street, Golden Square, where Festing led, but he was soon engaged for the Drury Lane orchestra, of which he was a conspicuous member until his death. Cervetto, with Caporale and Pasquali, was one of the first to popularise the violoncello in England. His tone is described as having been coarse, and his execution not remarkable; but Burney states that he was a good musician and a good man. At Drury Lane, where his large nose and a huge diamond he used to wear on the forefinger of his bow-hand made him very conspicuous, he was very popular with the audience, and it is said that the gallery cry, ‘Play up, nosey,’ owes its origin to his appearance. Cervetto published a few trios, duets, and sonatas, mostly for the violoncello. He was a constant frequenter of the Orange coffee-house, and in the early part of his London career he lodged ‘at Mr. Marie's, tobacconist, in Compton Street, Soho,’ but afterwards lived at 7 Charles Street, Covent Garden. He died, aged over one hundred, at Friburg's snuff-shop in the Haymarket, on 14 Jan. 1783. By his will he directed that his body should be buried according to the rites of the church of England. In the course of his long life Cervetto had amassed a large fortune, which is variously estimated at from twenty to fifty thousand pounds. There is a fine mezzotint of him by ​V. M. Picot, after Zoffany, published 16 April 1771, and a smaller portrait in H. de Janvry's ‘Miniatures of Celebrated Musicians.’
[Grove's Dict. of Music, i. 331; Rees's Encyclopædia; British Museum Music Catalogue; European Mag. January 1783; Gent. Mag. September 1817; Thespian Dictionary; Pohl, Mozart und Haydn in London, 54, &c.; Musical Quarterly Mag. vi. 354; Cervetto's Will, Probate Registry, communicated by Mr. J. Challoner Smith.]
W. B. S.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Claudius Apollinaris

CLAU'DIUS APOLLINA'RIS. [Apollina'ris.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Claudius Atticus Herodes

CLAU'DIUS A'TTICUS HERO'DES. [Atticus Herodes.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Cicero 1.

​1. M. Tullius Cicero, grandfather of the orator, appears to have taken a lead in his own community, and vigorously opposed the projects of his fellow-townsman and brother-in-law, M. Gratidius, who had raised a great commotion at Arpinum by agitating in favour of a law for voting by ballot. The matter was referred to the consul M. Aemilius Scaurus (b. c. 115), who complimented Cicero on his conduct, declaring that he would gladly see a person of such spirit and integrity exerting his powers on the great field of the metro­polis, instead of remaining in the seclusion of a country town. The old man was still alive at the birth of his eldest grandson (b. c. 106), whom he little resembled in his tastes, for he was no friend to foreign literature, and was wont to say, that his contemporaries were like Syrian slaves, the more Greek they knew, the greater scoundrels they were. (Cic. de Leg. ii. 1, iii. 16, de Orat. ii. 66.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Cicero 2.

​2. M. Tullius Cicero, son of the foregoing, and father of the orator. He was a member of the equestrian order, and lived upon his hereditary estate, in the neighbourhood of Arpinum, near the junction of the Fibrenus with the Liris, devoted to literary pursuits, till far advanced in life, when he removed to Rome for the purpose of educating his two boys, Marcus and Quintus, and became the pro­prietor of a house in the Carinae. His reputation as a man of learning procured for him the society and friendship of the most distinguished charac­ters of the day, especially the orators M. Antonius and L. Crassus, and the jurists Q. Scaevola and C. Aculeo, the latter of whom was his brother-in-law, being married to the sister of his wife Helvia. Although naturally of a delicate constitution, by care and moderation he attained to a good old age, and died in the year b. c. 64, while his son, whose rapid rise he had had the happiness of witnessing, was canvassing for the consulship with every pros­pect of success. (De Leg. ii. 1, de Orat. ii. 1, de Off. iii. 19, ad Att. i. 6.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Cicero 3.

​3. L. Tullius Cicero, brother of the foregoing. He accompained M. Antonius the orator to Cilicia in b. c. 103 as a private friend, and remained with him in the province until his return the following year. He must have lived for a considerable time after this period, since he was in the habit of giving his nephew many particulars with regard to the pursuits of Antonius. (De Orat. ii. 1.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Cicero 4.

​4. L. Tullius Cicero, son of the foregoing. He was the constant companion and schoolfellow of the orator, travelled with him to Athens in b. c. 79, and subsequently acted as his assistant in collecting evidence against Verres. On this occasion the Syracusans paid him the compliment of voting him a public guest (hospes) of their city, and trans­mitted to him a copy of the decree to this effect engraved on a tablet of brass. Lucius died in b. c. 68, much regretted by his cousin, who was deeply attached to him. (De Fin. v. 1, c. Verr. iv. 11, 61, 64, 65, ad Att. i. 5.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Claudia 11.

11. Claudia [Stemma, No. 45], sister of the preceding, was married to M. Brutus, who separated from her in b. c. 45. (Cic. ad Fam. iii. 4, ad Att. xiii 9, 10, Brut. 77, 94.)
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Grace, Mary

​GRACE, Mrs. MARY (d. 1786?), painter, was the daughter of a shoemaker named Hodgkiss. She had a natural gift for art, and without any instruction attained some proficiency as a portrait-painter, and also considerable employment as a copyist. In 1762 as Mrs. Grace she exhibited with the Incorporated Society of Artists, sending a portrait of herself, a whole length of a young lady, ‘A Ballad-singer,’ and ‘An Old Woman's Head.’ In 1763 she exhibited again, sending among other pictures a portrait of Mr. Grace. She continued to exhibit up to 1769, sending in 1765 ‘The Death of Sigismunda,’ and in 1767 ‘Antigonus, Seleucus, and Stratonice.’ About 1769 she appears to have lost her husband, and retired from practice to Homerton, where she is said to have died at an advanced age in 1786. Her own portrait was engraved and published in 1785. A portrait by her of the Rev. Thomas Bradbury was engraved in mezzotint by J. Faber in 1749, and again by J. Spilsbury.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Grace, Sheffield

​GRACE, SHEFFIELD (1788?–1850), historiographer, was second son of Richard Grace (d. 1801) of Boley, Queen's County, Ireland, M.P. for Baltimore, by Jane, daughter of John Evans, son of George, first lord Carbery. He studied at Winchester College, became a member of Lincoln's Inn, 1806, matriculated at St. Mary Hall, Oxford, 2 July 1813, aged 25, and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society and of the Society of Antiquaries, London (Foster, Alumni Oxon. ii. 547). He was created D.C.L. at Oxford, 27 June 1827. He died at Knole House, Tunbridge Wells, 5 July 1850. He married Harriet Georgiana, daughter of Lieutenant-general Sir John Hamilton, by whom he left a son and two daughters. Grace befriended the novelist Banim, and was panegyrised by Samuel Carter Hall.
Grace published for private circulation: ​
* ‘A Descriptive and Architectural Sketch’ of the Grace mausoleum in Queen's County, originally contributed to William Shaw Mason's ‘Statistical Account or Parochial Survey of Ireland,’ vol. iii., Dublin, 1819, and reprinted (Dublin, 1819), with additional matter and illustrations, including a portrait of the author.
* ‘Memoirs of the Family of Grace,’ a semi-romantic and panegyrical work (1823), with a dedication to the Duchess of Buckingham and Chandos, and including many portraits and sketches, mainly from plates which had been used for other books. Severe strictures were made on these memoirs by William Beckford of Fonthill.
* ‘Re-impressions from Thomas Worlidge's Etchings of Antique Gems,’ 1823, 4to, originally published in 1768.
* ‘A Letter from Winifrid Herbert, Countess of Nithsdale, to her sister, Lady Lucy Herbert, Abbess of English Augustine nuns at Bruges, containing a circumstantial account of the Escape of her Husband, William Maxwell, fifth Earl of Nithsdale, from the Tower of London on the 12th of February, 1716–17,’ London, 1827, dedicated to Mary, marchioness of Chandos.
* ‘An Ancient Feudal War-song … the Slogan or War-cry of the Retainers and Clansmen of the Family of Grace, Barons of Courtown and Lords of the Cantred of Grace's Country, with Translations from the original Gaelic or Iberno-Celtic Language into Metrical Versions of the English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Greek, and Latin languages, Selected and Composed by Sheffield Grace,’ London, 1839. In this were included many engravings and pedigrees which had appeared in the Grace memoirs.
[Manuscripts of Grace family; Foster's Baronetage; Tales of the O'Hara Family; Hall's Ireland; Catalogue of Library of William Beckford.]
J. T. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Graeme, James

​GRAEME, JAMES (1749–1772), poet, born 15 Dec. 1749, at Carnwath in Lanarkshire,was fourth and youngest son of William Graeme, a farmer of the middle class. As a child he was delicate, and his parents educated him for the ministry. After being taught to read in a dame's school, he was sent to the grammar schools of Carnwath, Libberton, and Lanark. In 1767 he went to Edinburgh University, where he studied for three years. His friend and biographer, Robert Anderson (1750-1830) [q. v.], says that he excelled in classical learning, and made a special study of metaphysics, besides reading widely in general literature. In 1769 he was presented to a bursary at St. Andrews, but soon resigned it,and, returning to Edinburgh next year, entered the theological class. In 1771 he became tutor to the sons of Major Martin White of Milton, near Lanark. He died of consumption at Carnwath, 26 July 1772.
Graeme was a man of amiable character, but his poems, consisting of elegies and miscellaneous pieces, show little promise. His poetical reputation is due to the partiality of Anderson, who printed his friend's poems after his death, together with some of his own, in 'Poems on Several Occasions,' Edinburgh, 1773. They reappeared in Anderson's 'Poets of Great Britain,' vol. xi., and in Davenport's 'British Poets,' vol. lxxi.; a selection is given in 'The Works of the British Poets,' edited by T. Parke, vol. v.
[Memoirs in Anderson's and Davenport's collections; Chalmers's Biog. Dict.; Anderson's Scottish Nation, ii. 344; Gent. Mag. 1782. p. 425.]
C. L. K.