OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sondrio

See also Sondrio on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SONDRIO, a town of Lombardy, Italy, capital of the province of Sondrio, in the Valtellina, 1140 ft. above sea-level, on the river Adda, 26 m. E. of Lake Como and 82 m. by rail N.E. of Milan. Pop. (1901), 4425 (town); 7707 (commune). The Valtellina, of which Sondrio is the capital, produces a considerable quantity of red wine. Sondrio also has silk-works. Above the town to the north rise the snowclad peaks of the Bernina group. The railway goes on to Tirano, 16 m. farther east, from which diverge the Bernina and Stelvio roads.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sommers, William

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​SOMMERS, WILLIAM (d. 1560), court fool of Henry VIII., is said to have been brought to the king at Greenwich by Richard Fermor, about 1525. He was soon in high favour with Henry, whose liberality to Sommers is attested by the accounts of the royal household. The jester possessed a shrewd wit, which he exercised even on Cardinal Wolsey. He is said to have warned his master of the wasteful methods of the exchequer and to have made himself the advocate of the poor. His portrait is shown in a painting of Henry VIII. and his family at Hampton Court, and he again appears with Henry VIII. in a psalter which belonged to the king and is now in the British Museum. He was probably the William Sommers whose death is recorded in the parish of St Leonard’s, Shoreditch, on the 15th of June 1560.
For his position in 16th- and 17th-century literature see T. Nash, Pleasant Comedie called Summers’ last Will and Testament (pr. 1600); S. Rowlands, Good Newes and Bad Newes (1622); and a popular account, A Pleasant Historie of the Life and Death of William Sommers (reprinted 1794). See also John Doran, History of Court Fools (1858).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Soncino

See also Soncino, Lombardy on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SONCINO, a town of Lombardy, Italy, in the province of Cremona, 11 m. E. of Crema by steam tramway, 282 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901), 6150 (town); 8136 (commune). It contains a handsome castle built in 1469-1475 for Galeazzo Maria Sforza by Benedetto Terrini (cf. L. Beltrami, Il Castello di Soncino, Milan, 1890). The town was the seat of a Hebrew printing-press founded in 1472, but suppressed in 1597, when the Jews were expelled from the duchy of Milan.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Somnath

See also Somnath on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SOMNATH, an ancient decayed city of Kathiawar in the province of Bombay, India. Pop. (1901), 8341. It is situated on a bay of the Arabian Sea. The port, which is called Verāwal, is distinct from the city proper (Deva-Pattan, Somnath-Pattan, or Prabhas). The latter occupies a prominence on the south side of the bay, is surrounded by massive fortifications, and retains in its ruins and numerous tombs many traces of its former greatness as a commercial port. But the city was most famous for the temple just outside its walls in which stood the great idol or rather columnar emblem of Siva called Somnath (Moon’s lord), which was destroyed by Mahmūd of Ghazni. The famous “Gates of Somnath,” which were supposed to have been carried off by Mahmūd to Ghazni, had probably no connexion with Somnath. They are built of deodar (11 ft. in height and 9½ in width) and are richly carved in geometric ​Saracenic patterns. The gates were attached to the building covering Mahmūd’s tomb at Ghazni until their removal to India, under Lord Ellenborough’s orders, on the evacuation of Afghanistan in 1842. They are now contained in the arsenal at Agra.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sondershausen

See also Sondershausen on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SONDERSHAUSEN, a town of Germany, capital of the principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, situated in a plain 37 m. by rail N. of Erfurt. Pop. (1905), 7383. . It possesses a castle, with natural history and antiquarian collections, and a parish church (restored 1891), with the mausoleum (1892) of the reigning princes. There are manufactures of woollens and pins.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Ride a cock horse (1)

​XXXIII.
Ride a cock horse To Banbury Cross, To see an old woman Upon a grey horse, With rings on her fingers and bells on her toes, And she shall make music wherever she goes.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Pat-a-cake! Pat-a-cake! Baker's man

​XVIII.
Pat-a-cake! Pat-a-cake! Baker's man; Pat it and bake it as fast as you can. Prick it and prick it, and mark it with C, And that will do purely for Charlie and me.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Pussy-cat, pussy-cat, where have you been?

​XXXVII.
Pussy-cat, pussy-cat, where have you been? I've been to London to see the Queen. Pussy-cat, pussy-cat, what did you there? I frightened a little mouse under the chair.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Pease-pudding hot, pease-pudding cold

​LXX.
Pease-pudding hot, pease-pudding cold, Pease-pudding in the pot, nine days old. Some like it hot, some like it cold, Some like it in the pot, nine days old.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Primrose Hill

​X. PRIMROSE HILL
As I was going up Primrose Hill, Primrose Hill was dirty, There I met a pretty miss, And she dropped me a curtsey.
Little miss, pretty miss, Blessings light upon you. If I had half-a-crown a day, I'd spend it all upon you.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Pussy-Cat

​LXX. PUSSY-CAT
Pussy-cat high, Pussy-cat low, Pussy-cat was a fine teazer of tow.
Puss-cat she came into the barn, With her bag-pipes under her arm.
And then she told a tale to me, How mousie had married a humble-bee.
Then was I indeed ever so glad, That mousie had married so clever a lad.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Rain, rain, go to Spain!

​XLI.
Rain, rain, go to Spain! And when we want you, come again.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Oranges and Lemons

​II. ORANGES AND LEMONS
Gay go up and gay go down To ring the bells of London Town.
Bulls' eyes and targets, Say the bells of St. Marg'et's.
Brickbats and tiles, Say the bells of St. Giles'.
Ha'pence and farthings, Say the bells of St. Martin's.
Oranges and lemons, Say the bells of St. Clement's.
Pancakes and fritters, Say the bells of St. Peter's.
Two sticks and an apple, Say the bells of Whitechapel.
Old father Baldpate, Say the slow bells of Aldgate.
Pokers and tongs, Say the bells of St. John's.
Kettles and pans, Say the bells of St. Anne's.
​You owe me ten shillings, Say the bells of St. Helen's.
When will you pay me? Say the bells at Old Bailey.
When I grow rich, Say the bells at Shoreditch.
Pray when will that be? Say the bells of Stepney.
I'm sure I don't know, Says the great bell at Bow.
Here comes a candle to light you to bed, And here comes a chopper to chop off your head.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Pretty Little Girl

​IV. PRETTY LITTLE GIRL
See this pretty little girl of mine, She has brought me a bottle of wine. Bottle of wine and biscuits too; See what this pretty girl can do! On the carpet she shall kneel, As the grass grows on the field. Stand upright upon your feet, Choose you one that you love sweet.
Now you're married I wish you joy, First a girl and then a boy. Seven years after a son and daughter, Pray, young couple, kiss together. First she bought a wooden ladle, Then she bought a wooden cradle, The very next day the babe was born, Rock, rock the cradle, rock, rock the cradle.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper

​LXXXVIII.
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper; A peck of pickled pepper Peter Piper picked. If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper, Where's the peck of pickled pepper Peter Piper picked?
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Loges, (Mary Bruneau des)

LOGES (MARY BRUNEAU DES) a French Lady,
One of the most illustrious women of the seventeenth century. In the year 1599, married Charles, ​Lord des Loges, gentleman in ordinary of the king's bedchamber, by whom she had nine children, of whom only five survived her. She died 1641, in Limousin. Her zeal for the reformed religion, which she constantly professed all her lifetime, her piety and exalted mind, shone with a fresh eclat towards the latter end of her life, when she suffered, as she had already done on other occasions, several domestic vexations, which she bore with true christian patience and constancy. Her piety diminished not the singular gaiety of her mind, yet it was sincere and fervent. Her grand-nieces, Luzerne, who retired into Holland to profess more freely the reformed religion, were highly esteemed for their piety and other great qualities, of whom Madame de Aulnoy need only be mentioned.
Balzac celebrates her in his Latin poems, under the name of Urania. He speaks of her in many parts of his other works as the person in the world he esteemed the most, and as his most sincere and estimable friend; and mentions her reproving him severely for the too indiscriminate praise he distributed in his writings. Unintentionally he has attributed some pieces of poetry to her, not of her own writing. In effect, it is not at present well known what she did write, as nothing of hers was published collectively, though she was called the tenth muse by her contemporaries.
Malherbe, who was tenacious of bestowing his esteem, was a particular friend of Mad. des Loges, as was Racan, Gombaud, and almost all the beaux-esprits of that age. Foreigners of the highest distinction sought her acquaintance when they came to Paris, and she corresponded with some crowned heads.
F. C. &c.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Locusta

LOCUSTA,
A celebrated poisoner in the time of Nero, who could make her potions of such different qualities, that they would give a sudden or a slower death at pleasure. Nero found her so useful, that he kept her always near him. Yet, on the poison she gave Britannicus not being potent enough, was going to put her to death, and beat her with his own hands. He made her prepare her poisons in his palace, and for recompence not only granted her impunity for those crimes she committed without his order, but gave her large possessions, and pupils to learn her art.
F.C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Longvic, (Jacqueline de)

LONGVIC, (JACQUELINE DE), Duchess of Montpensier,
A lady of great merit, in the sixteenth century. She had great influence over Francis I. Henry II. and Catherine de Medicis, and made the tranquillity of the publick her care and study; and it is believed, had she not been snatched away so soon, she would have prevented the commotions that afterwards broke out. She was the youngest daughter of John de Longvic, lord de Givri; and married Lewis de Bourbon, duke of Montpensier. She died, August 28, 1561, a little before the troubles on account of religion broke out. Manifestly discovering, during her long consumptive illness, what her husband had long suspected, that she was a protestant; and doubtless it was by her private instructions, that some of her daughters were so firmly attached to the reformation, for Frances de Bourbon, her eldest, married, in 1558, to the duke of Bouillon, openly professed the protestant religion, and could not be prevailed upon to quit it, notwithstanding the incredible pains her father took for that purpose. Charlotte, her fourth daughter, had been sent to a nunnery, contrary to her inclination. She was abbess of Joüare; but as this kind of life did not suit, either the principles she had ​imbibed, or perhaps her own inclination, she fled to Germany in 1572, abjured the Roman religion there, and married the prince of Orange. Two other daughters persevered in the monastic life, to which they were devoted, and one married the son of the duke de Nevers,
Female Worthies.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Louisa

They however secretly left it immediately after their ​marriage; but the prince dying in 1614, Louisa devoted herself entirely to the belles lettres, patronized the learned, and employed her time in studying their works and writing books. She was one of cardinal Richelieu's enemies, and he banished her to Eu, where she died 1531. She wrote the amours of Henry IV, under the title of Les Amours du Gr. Alexandre. The best edition is that in the journal of Henry V, 1744. 5 vols, octavo. She was suspected of having married the maréchal de Bassompierre for her second husband.
L'Advocat's Dict.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Lincoln, (Elizabeth, Countess of)

Was married to Thomas, earl of Lincoln, about the latter end of the reign of queen Elizabeth, by whom she had seven sons and nine daughters: she survived him many years, and in the year 1628 published a small but valuable tract, entitled. The Countess of Lincolne's Nursery. It is addressed to her daughter-in-law, Bridget, countess of Lincoln, and is an excellent proof of her good sense, being, as a judicious writer observes, a well written piece, full of fine arguments, and capable of convincing any one, that is capable of conviction, of the necessity and advantages of mothers nursing their own children. By her ladyship's speaking of it as the first work of hers ever printed, one would imagine she had written more, but nothing of this kind has come to our knowledge.
Female Worthies.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Lombarda, (Dauna)

Bernard Arnould, brother of the count d'Armagnac, having heard of her character and talents, came to Toulouse purposely to see her. He admired her extremely, and always remained her firm friend.
Some of her works are in the Vatican Library.
F. C.
# Keystone Manufacturing Company v. Adams

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
151 U.S. 139
Keystone Manufacturing Company v. Adams
Statement by Mr. Justice SHIRAS:
On the 14th day of May, 1886, Henry A. Adams filed in the circuit court of the United States for the northern district of Illinois a bill of complaint against the Keystone Manufacturing Company, a corporation of the state of Illinois, and Thomas A. Galt, J. B. Patterson, George S. Tracy, and E. L. Galt, officers and managers of the said company, complaining that the defendants were infringing his rights as the patentee and owner of letters patent No. 132,128, granted on October 15, 1872, by the United States to him, as the original and first inventor of a certain new and useful improvement in cornshellers. The bill contains the usual averments, and prayed for an account and an injunction. On August 2, 1886, the defendants filed a joint answer, admitting that letters patent had been issued to the complainant as alleged, denying that said patent described any new or patentable invention, alleging that the said alleged invention had been anticipated in numerous other specified letters patent, and denying that the machines made and sold by the defendant company were infringements of any rights possessed by the complainant.
A replication was duly filed, evidence was taken, and argument had, the result of which was that on June 30, 1888, the court entered an interlocutory decree sustaining the validity of the patent, finding an infringement, directing an account, and appointing a master to state the same. 35 Fed. 579. Afterwards, on June 21, 1889, the master filed a report awarding the sum of $27,620 to the complainant, being the amount of the profits he found to have accrued to the defendants from their use of the patented machines, to which report exceptions were filed. On February 5, 1890, a final decree was entered, overruling the exceptions to the master's report, decreeing the payment by the defendant company of the sum of $27,620 and costs, and dismissing the bill, for want of equity, as against Thomas A. Galt, J. B. Patterson, George S. Tracy, and E. L. Galt. 41 Fed. 595.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Jefferson Lake Sulphur Company v. New Jersey/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
370 U.S. 158
Jefferson Lake Sulphur Company v. New Jersey
The motion to dismiss is granted and the appeal is dismissed. Treating the papers whereon the appeal was taken as a petition for writ of certiorari, certiorari is denied.
Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Jefferson Lake Sulphur Company v. New Jersey

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
370 U.S. 158
Jefferson Lake Sulphur Company v. New Jersey
Eberhard P. Deutsch, Rene H. Himel, Jr. and Arthur C. Dwyer, for appellant.
Arthur J. Sills, Atty. Gen. of New Jersey, Theodore I. Botter, First Asst. Atty. Gen., and Charles J. Kehoe, Deputy Atty. Gen., for appellee.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Chapter 12/115

[Sidenote: 115. Islam not aggressive.]
That Islam as preached by Mohammad was never aggressive has been fully shown in several places of the Koran. During the whole time of his ministry, Mohammad was persecuted, rejected, despised and at last made an outlaw by the Koreish at Mecca, and a fugitive seeking protection in a distant city; exiled, attacked upon, besieged, defeated, and prevented from returning to Mecca or visiting the Holy Kaaba by the same enemies at Mecca and other surrounding tribes who had joined them, and even from within Medina plotted against by the Jews who were not less aggressive towards him than their confederates of Mecca, the Koreish, whom they had instigated to make war on him and had brought an overwhelming army, had proved traitors, and, even more injurious than the Koreish themselves. Consequently, he was constantly in dangers and troubles, and under such circumstances it was impossible for him to be aggressive, to get time or opportunity to pursue any aggressive course, or enforce, at the point of the sword, any attempt of his for universal acceptance, or universal supremacy even if he had designed so. But it was far from his principles to have cherished the object of universal conquest. "That Islam ever stepped beyond the limits of Arabia and its border lands," admits Sir. W. Muir in his Rede Lecture for 1881, just twenty years after he had written the passage I am dealing with, "was due to circumstances rather than design. The faith was meant originally for the Arabs. From first to last, the call was addressed primarily to them." He writes in a footnote of the same lecture (page 5):
    "It is true that three or four years before, Mahomet had addressed dispatches to the Kaiser, and the Chosroes, and other neighbouring potentates, summoning them to embrace the true faith. But the step had never been followed up in any way."

## Footnotes

* ↑ The Early Caliphate and Rise of Islam, being the Rede Lecture for 1881, delivered before the University of Cambridge by Sir William Muir, K.C.S.I., LL.D., page 5, London, 1881.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Chapter 12/117

[Sidenote: 117. The Revd. Stephens quoted.]
The Reverend Mr. Stephens writes:—
"In the Koran, the Mussulman is absolutely and positively commanded to make war upon all those who decline to acknowledge the Prophet until they submit, or, in the case of Jews and Christians, purchase exemption from the conformity by the payment of tribute. The mission of the Mussulman, as declared in the Koran, is distinctly aggressive. We might say that Mahomet bequeathed to his disciples a roving commission to propagate his faith by the employment of force where persuasion failed. 'O Prophet, fight for the religion of God'—'Stir up the faithful to war,' such are commands which Mahomet believed to be given him by God. 'Fight against them who believe not a God, nor the last day,' 'attack the idolatrous in all the months,' such are his own exhortations to his disciples."
The Reverend gentleman is very much mistaken in his assertions against the Koran. There is no absolute or positive command in the Koran for a war of aggression or compulsory proselytism. The sentences quoted by Mr. Stephens are but mutilated verses forcibly dislocated from their context. A disjointed portion of a verse, or a single sentence of it cannot be brought forth to prove any doctrine or theory. Due regard must be made for the context, the general scope, and parallel passages. The verses referred to by Mr. Stephens are Sura IV, 86, and Sura IX, 29, 36. All these have been quoted in full and discussed elsewhere. They relate only to defensive wars.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Christianity and Islam; The Bible and the Koran; by the Rev. W.R.W. Stephens, London, 1877, pp. 98-99.
* ↑ Vide paras. 17, 29, 126.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Chapter 12/110

[Sidenote: 110. Traditions quoted and refuted.]
The jurists further quote a tradition from the compilation of Abú Daood that the Prophet had said, "The Jihád will last up to the day of the Resurrection:" But in the first place, Jihád does not literally and classically mean warfare or fighting in a war. It means, as used by the classical poets as well as by the Koran, to do one's utmost; to labour; to toil; to exert one's-self or his power, efforts, endeavours, or ability; to employ one's-self vigorously, diligently, studiously, sedulously, earnestly, or with energy; to be diligent or studious, to take pains or extraordinary pains. Vide Appendix A.
In the second place, Yezid bin Abi Shaiba, a link in the chain of the tradition, is a "Mujhool", i.e., his biography is not known, therefore his tradition can have no authority.
There is also another tradition in Bokháree to the effect that the Prophet had said, "I have been enjoined to fight the people until they confess that there is no god but the God." This tradition goes quite contrary to the verses of the Koran which enjoin to fight in defence,—that is, until the persecution or civil discord was removed.—(Vide Sura II, 189; VIII, 40.) Thus it appears that either the whole tradition is a spurious one, or some of the narrators were wrong in interpreting the words of the Prophet.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Vide Ainee's Commentary of the Hedaya, Vol. II, Part II, p. 798.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Chapter 12/111

[Sidenote: 111. Early Moslem legists quoted against Jihád.]
That the Koran did not allow war of aggression either when it was revealed, or in future as the early jurisconsults did infer from it, will be further shown from the opinions of the early Moslems; legists of the first and second century of the Hegira, like Ibn (son of) Omar the second khalif, Sotian Souri, Ibn Shobormah, Atá and Amar-bin-Dinar. All these early legists held that the fighting was not religiously incumbent (wájib), and that it was only a voluntary act, and that only those were to be fought against who attacked the Moslems.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Vide Kázee Budrudeen Mahmood bin Ahmed Ainee's (who died in 855 A.H.) Commentary on the "Hedaya" called Binayah, and generally known by the name of Ainee, Vol. II, pp. 789-90, "Book of Institute."