OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Edwards, Jonathan

​EDWARDS, JONATHAN, D.D. (1629–1712), controversialist was born at Wrexham, Denbighshire, in 1629. He entered as a servitor at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1655, and took his B.A. degree in October 1659. In 1662 he was elected fellow of Jesus, and proceeded B.D, in March 1669. His first preferment was the rectory of Kiddington, Oxfordshire, which he exchanged in 1681 for that of Hinton-Ampner, Hampshire. On the promotion of John Lloyd, principal of Jesus College, to the bishopric of St. David's, Edwards was unanimously elected (2 Nov. 1686) his successor; he was made D.D. on 1 Dec. 1686, and held the office of vice-chancellor from 1689 to 1691. In 1687 he became treasurer of Llandaff, and was proctor for the chapter of Llandaff in the convocation of 1702, He held, apparently along with ​Hinton-Ampner, a living in Anglesea, and another in Carnarvonshire.
Edwards published the first part of his 'Preservative against Socinianism' in 1693, but the work was not completed till ten years later. His fundamental position is that Faustus Socinus is not to be allowed to rank as a heretic, but treated, like Muhammad, as the founder of a new religion (pt. i. p. 7). The Socinians, who had many passages of arms with Edwards's contemporary and namesake, John Edwards, D.D. (1637–1716) [q. v.], scarcely noticed the 'Preservative; 'in fact, by the time it was finished, the Socinian controversy was practically over, its place being already taken by the Arian controversy, initiated by Thomas Emlyn [q. v.] The title of Edwards's book was borrowed by Edward Nares, D.D. (1746–1841) [q. v.]
Edwards figures in the Antinomian controversy which agitated the presbyterians and independents of London, in consequence of the alleged anti-Calvinistic tendency of Dr. Daniel Williams's 'Gospel Truth,' 1691. Stephen Lobb, the independent, quoted Edwards as condemning the positions of Williams, but Edwards in a letter to Williams (dated from Jesus College, 28 Oct. 1697) justified the statements of Williams on the points in dispute. A controversy on original sin with Daniel Whitby, D.D., Edwards did not live to finish. He died 20 July 1712. He is buried in the chapel of Jesus College, to the repairs of which he had given nearly 1,000l. His books he left to the college library.
He published:
* 'A Preservative against Socinianism,' &c., pt. i. Oxford, 1693, 4to; 3rd edition, 1698, 4to; pt. ii. 1694, 4to; pt. iii. mdcxdvii, i.e. 1697, 4to; pt. iv. 1703, 4to; the Index to the four parts is by Thomas Hearne.
* 'Remarks on a Book … by Dr. Will. Sherlock … entitled, A Modest Examination of the Oxford Decree,' &c., Oxford, 1695, 4to.
* 'The Exposition given by the Bishop of Sarum of the 2nd Article … examined,' 1702 (Watt).
* 'The Doctrine of Original Sin … vindicated from the Exceptions … of D. Whitby,' Oxford, 1711, 8vo (Whitby replied in 'A Full Answer,' &c., 1712, 8vo). Edwards's letter to Williams appears at p. 70 of the latter's 'Answer to the Report which the United Ministers drew up,' &c., 1698, 12mo.
[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. 1692. ii. 898; Chalmers's Biog. Dict. 1814, xiii. 52; Edwards's works.]
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Edwards, John (fl.1638)

1904 Errata appended.
​EDWARDS or EDWARDES, JOHN, M.D. (fl. 1638), Sedleian reader at Oxford (his name is written 'Edwardes' in the school register and university books), was born 27 Feb. 1600 (School Reg.), educated at Merchant Taylors' School, and in 1617 elected thence to a probationary fellowship at St. John's College, Oxford. He gained there the favour of the president, Dr. (afterwards Archbishop) Laud, who in 1632 obtained for him, by 'special recommendation and request,' the head-mastership of Merchant Taylors' School. He resigned this post at the close of 1634, and returning to Oxford served the office of proctor in the following year. In 1638 he was appointed Sedleian reader of natural philosophy, and proceeded to the degrees of B. and D.M. He appears to have resided in college during the troublous times that followed, and in 1642 was, with others, appointed by convocation to provide accommodation for the troopers sent to Oxford, and procure arms for the further safety of the university. His loyalty made him obnoxious to the parliament, and in 1647 he was summoned, as a delinquent, to appear before the committee of lords and commons for regulating the affairs of the university. His answers being unsatisfactory, he was placed by the visitors in 1648 for a time in custody of the provost marshal for 'manifold misdemeanours.' His fellowship was taken from him, and he was superseded in the office of Sedleian reader by Joshua Crosse of Magdalen. He was, however, permitted to receive the emoluments of the readership until Michaelmas 1649, after which date all record of him disappears. It is not probable that he survived to the Restoration, as in that case his spirited conduct and pecuniary losses would have met with recognition.
[Robinson's Reg. of Merchant Taylors' School; Oxford Mat. Reg.; Woods Fasti, i. 477, 508, 509. and Annals; Burrows's Reg. of the Visitors of the Univ. of Oxford, 1647-68 (Camd. Soc.)]
C. J. R.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.113 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Edwards, John (fl.1651)

​EDWARDS, JOHN (Sion Treredyn) (fl. 1651), was the translator of the 'Marrow of Modern Divinity' into Welsh. It is described as by E. F. (Edward Fisher) [q. v.] in English, and by J. E. in Welsh, printed in London by T. Mabb and A. Coles, for William Ballard, and sold at his shop under the sign of the Bible, in Corn Street, in the city of Bristol, 1651. The dedication, to the Herberts, Morgans, Kerneys, Williams of Gwent, is dated 20 July 1650; the introduction to the reader, apologising for many errors, is dated 10 May 1651. Edwards was ejected from Tredynock in Monmouthshire.
[Rowlands's Cambrian Bibliography; Dr. Thomas Rees's Hist, of Prot. Nonconformity in Wales, 2nd ed. p. 77 note.]
R. J. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Edwards, Roger

​EDWARDS, ROGER, D.D. (1811–1886), Welsh Calvinistic methodist, was born in 1811, the year in which the Calvinistic ​methodists first assumed the power to ordain their own ministers; and he grew up amid the controversy over Calvin's five great points. Ebenezer Morris, John Elias, &c., were then leading lights in the denomination. In 1835 he became editor of 'Cronicl yr Oes,' perhaps the first Welsh political paper; this he conducted for four years, writing most of it himself. The leaders in the 'Chronicle' for 1836 on the 'House of Lords,' 'The Ballot,' and 'Church Rates' were strongly radical, and they brought on young Edwards the charge of socialism and sympathy with Tom Paine. From 1839 to 1874 Le was secretary of the Calvinistic Methodist Association. In January 1845 appeared the first number of the 'Traethodydd,' of which he was co-editor with his namesake Lewis Edwards[q.v.] till 1855, and after that with another till his death in 1886. He was editor of the 'Drysorfa' (a magazine founded in 1779 by Thomas Charles of Bala [q. v.] 1846-86. Besides this he published two volumes of the 'Preacher,' a hymn-book, the Welsh Psalmist; 'Methodist Diary;' James Hughes's 'Expositor,' with additional notes; Henru Rees' of Liverpool, 'Sermons,' 3 vols. He was the first to publish a serial story in Welsh; of these he wrote three.
[Memoir in Drysorfa for September and October 1886.]
R. J. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Edwards, John (1747-1792)

​EDWARDS, JOHN (Sion Ceiriog) (1747–1792), Welsh poet, was born at Crogen Wladys in Glyn Ceiriog in 1747. He, Owen Jones (Myfyr), and Robert Hughes (Robin Ddu o Fon), were the founders of Cymdeithas y Gwyneddigion, or the Venedotian Society, 1770. Sion Ceiriog, as he was called, wrote an audi (ode) for the meeting of the society on St. David's day, 1778; he was its secretary in 1779–80, and its president in 1783. He died suddenly in 1792, aged 45, John Jones, Glan-y-Gors, contributed some memorial verses to the 'Geirgrawn' of June 1796, with these prefatory remarks: 'To the memory of John Edwards, Glynceiriog, in the parish of Llangollen, Denbighshire, who was generally known as Sion Ceiriog, a poet, an orator, and an astronomer, a curious historian of sea and land, a manipulator of musical instruments, a true lover of his country and of his Welsh mother tongue, who, to the great regret of his friends, died and was buried in London, September 1792.'
[Foulkoe's Geirlyfr Bywgraffladol, 1870.]
R. J. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Edwards, Sydenham Teak

Sydenham Teast Edwards in the ODNB.
​EDWARDS, SYDENHAM TEAK (1769?–1819), natural historical draughtsman, was the son of a schoolmaster and organist at Abergavenny. Having made copies of certain plates in Curtis's 'Flora Londinensis,' they were seen by a Mr. Denham, and by him brought under the notice of William Curtis, the founder of the 'Botanical Magazine' [q. v.], who was so pleased with their execution that he sent for Edwards to London, and there had him instructed in drawing. From 1798 onwards Edwards made nearly the whole of the drawings for the 'Botanical Magazine,' and several for the 'Flora Londinensis.' He accompanied Curtis on various excursions, that the plants and animals they found might be drawn from life. His patron died in 1799, but Edwards continued to furnish the 'Botanical Magazine' with drawings, and he also issued six parts of 'Cynographia Britannica, consisting of Coloured Engravings of the various Breeds of Dogs in Great Britain,' &c., London, 1800-5, 4to. He also supplied the plates of a serial publication, the 'New Botanic Garden,' which began in 1805, was completed in 1807, and was reissued by a different publisher in 1812 with text, the title being altered to 'The New Flora Britannica.' In 1814 Edwards was induced to withdraw from the 'Botanical Magazine,' and to start the 'Botanical Register,' the text of which was at first contributed by J. B. Ker-Gawler, and at a later period by Dr. John Lindley. Edwards died at Queen's Elms, Brompton, 8 Feb. 1819, in his fifty-first year.
[General Index, Bot. Mag. (1828), pp. x-xii; Gent. Mag. (1819), vol. lxxxix. pt. i. p. 188.]
B. D. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Earnshaw, Thomas

​EARNSHAW, THOMAS (1749–1829), watchmaker, was born at Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, on 4 Feb. 1749, and at the age of fourteen was bound apprentice to a watchmaker. He afterwards set up in business in London, and for many years had a shop at 119 High Holborn. He greatly improved and simplified Graham's ingenious transit clock at the Greenwich Observatory, and was the first who succeeded in making chronometers so simple and cheap as to be within the reach of private individuals. He was the inventor of the cylindrical balance spring, and of the detached detent escapement, though in the last he was anticipated in France by L. Berthoud. He was one of the competitors for the discovery of the longitude in 1793, when his cause was espoused by Maskelyne. His application was unsuccessful, but the commissioners granted him and John Arnold 3,000l. each for the improvements they had made in chronometers. Earnshaw wrote two pamphlets: 1. ‘Explanations of Timekeepers constructed by the Author and the late Mr. John Arnold. Published by order of the Commissioners of Longitude,’ 1806, 4to. 2. ‘Longitude: an Appeal to the Public, stating T. E.'s Claim to the Original Invention of the Improvements in his Timekeepers,’ 1808, 8vo.
He died on 1 March 1829 in Chenies Street, Bedford Square, aged 80. His portrait was engraved by S. Bellin, after Sir M. A. Shee.
C. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Eastcott, Richard

​EASTCOTT, RICHARD (1740?–1828), writer on music, born at Exeter about 1740, was author of ‘Sketches of the Origin, Progress, and Effects of Music, with an Account of the Ancient Bards and Minstrels,’ Bath, 1793. The book, which was received with remarkable favour, was made up from the histories of Burney and Hawkins, the influence of the former being most prominently felt. The only portion of any real value is a chapter on the state of English church music, in which the author deprecates the custom of writing fugal music for voices, on the ground that such treatment prevents the words from being properly heard. His reasons are clearly expressed, and his examples, intended to prove the defects of vocal fugues, are taken with the utmost boldness from the works of musicians of the highest order. An elaborate criticism of the book will be found in the ‘Monthly Review,’ xiii. 45–50 [see also Davy, John, 1763–1824]. At the end of his book appears an advertisement of other works by the author, viz. ‘The Harmony of the Muses,’ ‘Six Sonatas for the Pianoforte,’ and ‘Poetical Essays.’ At his death in 1828 he was chaplain of Livery Dale, Devonshire, on the presentation of Lord Rolle.
J. A. F. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Eastmead, William

​EASTMEAD, WILLIAM (d. 1847?) dissenting minister, was pastor of a congregation at Kirkby Moorside, Yorkshire, and died about 1847. He wrote: 1. ‘Observations on Human Life,’ London, 1814, 8vo, 1825, 12mo. 2. ‘The Perfections of the Works of Christ.’ 3. ‘Historia Rievallensis ; containing the History of Kirkby Moorside, and an Account of the most Important Places in its Vicinity. To which is prefixed a Dissertation on the Animal Remains and other Curious Phenomena in the recently discovered Cave at Kirkdale,’ Thirsk, 1824, 8vo, pp. 488, dedicated to Francis Wrangham, archdeacon of Cleveland.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/East, Edward Hyde

​EAST, Sir EDWARD HYDE (1764–1847), chief justice of Calcutta, great-grandson of Captain John East, who was active in the conquest of Jamaica and obtained an estate there, was born in that island on 9 Sept. 1764. He became a student of the Inner Temple, and was called to the bar 10 Nov. 1786. He sat in the parliament of 1792 for Great Bedwin. He steadily supported Pitt. In 1813 he was chosen to succeed Sir Henry Russell as chief justice of the supreme court at Fort William, Bengal (such is the correct designation). Before he left England he was knighted by the prince regent. Besides performing his judicial duties he interested himself in the cause of native education, and was the chief promoter of the Hindoo College. When he retired from office in 1822 the natives presented him with an address and subscribed for a statue of him. This, executed by Chantrey, was afterwards placed in the grand-jury room of the supreme court. On his return East was made a baronet, 25 April 1823. He represented Winchester in parliament, 1823–31, was sworn of the privy council, and appointed a member of the judicial committee of that body, in order to assist in the disposal of Indian appeals. He was also chosen a bencher of the Inner Temple and a fellow of the Royal Society. East was married in 1786, and had a son and daughter. The son, James Buller East [q. v.], succeeded him in the title. East died at his residence, Sherwood House, Battersea, on 8 Jan. 1847. His wife predeceased him three years. East is chiefly known as a legal writer from his ‘Reports of Cases in the Court of King's Bench from Mich. Term, 26 Geo. III (1785), to Trin. Term, 40 Geo. III (1800),’ 8vo, 5 vols., 1817, by C. Durnford and E. H. East. These were the first law reports published regularly at the end of each term. Hence they were called the ‘Term Reports.’ They were continued by East alone in his ‘Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Court of King's Bench from Mich. Term, 41 Geo. III (1800), to Mich. Term, 53 Geo. III (1812),’ 1801, 1814. There are various American editions of both series. ‘No English reports,’ says Marvin, ‘are oftener cited in American courts than these’ (p. 282). East also wrote: 1. ‘Pleas of the Crown; or a General Treatise on the Principles and Practice of Criminal Law,’ 2 vols. 1803. This, the result of fifteen years' labour, is based partly on a careful study of previous writers and on private collections of cases. 2. ‘A Report of the Cases of Sir Francis Burdett against the Right Hon. Charles Abbott,’ 1811.
F. W-t.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/East, James Buller

​EAST, Sir JAMES BULLER (1789–1878), barrister, eldest son of Sir Edward Hyde East [q. v.], was born in Bloomsbury, London, on 1 Feb. 1789. He was educated at Harrow and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he proceeded B.A. in 1810, M.A. in 1824, and was created a D.C.L. 13 June 1834. He was called to the bar of the Inner Temple on 5 Feb. 1813, became a bencher of his inn 15 Jan. 1856, and reader in 1869. He succeeded his father as second baronet 8 Jan. 1847. As a conservative he sat for Winchester from 30 July 1831 to 3 Dec. 1832, when he was defeated, and from 10 Jan. 1835 to 10 Feb. 1864. He was a J.P. and deputy-lieutenant for Gloucestershire, and a magistrate for Oxfordshire. He died at Bourton House, near Moreton-in-the-Marsh, Gloucestershire, on 19 Nov. 1878. He married, 27 June 1822, Caroline Eliza, second daughter of James Henry Leigh, and sister of Chandos Leigh, first baron Leigh. She was born on 12 June 1794, and died on 7 April 1870.
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Easthope, John

​EASTHOPE, Sir JOHN (1784–1865), politician and journalist, born at Tewkesbury on 29 Oct. 1784, was the eldest son of Thomas Easthope by Elizabeth, daughter of John Leaver of Overbury, Worcestershire. He was originally a clerk in a provincial bank, and came to London to push his fortune. In 1818, in partnership with Mr. Allen, he became a stockbroker at 9 Exchange Buildings, city of London, and engaged in a series of speculations by which in the course of a few years he is said to have realised upwards of 150,000l. He was a magistrate for Middlesex and Surrey, chairman of the London and South-Western Railway Company, a director of the Canada Land Company, and chairman of the Mexican Mining Company. He unsuccessfully contested St. Albans in the liberal interest on 9 June 1821, but was elected and sat for that borough from 1826 to 1830. In 1831 he was returned for Banbury; in 1835 contested without success Southampton and Lewes, and sat for Leicester from 1837 until his retirement from parliamentary life in 1847, when he contested Bridgnorth unsuccessfully. He spoke in the house with great ease, and usually with much effect, but only on the corn laws and other questions with which he was well acquainted. He purchased the ‘Morning ​Chronicle’ from William Innell Clement [q. v.] in 1834 for 16,500l., and sold his interest in the paper on his retirement from parliament in 1847. On 24 Aug. 1841 he was created a baronet by Lord Melbourne, as a reward for his adherence to the liberal party, and for his advocacy of a war policy in connection with the Syrian affairs. He died at Fir Grove, near Weybridge, Surrey, on 11 Dec. 1865. He married, first, 4 Aug. 1807, Ann, daughter of Jacob Stokes of Leopard House, Worcester; secondly, 19 Sept. 1843, Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Colonel A. Skyring, R.A., and widow of Major John Longley, R.A., who died on 23 Jan. 1865.
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clifford, Walter de

​CLIFFORD, WALTER de (d. 1190?), is said to have been the grandson of Pons or Poncius, the father of five sons, Walter, Drogo, Osbern, Simon, and Richard. Of these five sons Richard FitzPonce was the father of Walter de Clifford, who, according to Eyton, succeeded to the estates of his uncles Walter and Drogo. These two brothers figure in Domesday as the possessors of lands in Herefordshire, Berkshire, and other counties (Eyton, v. 146, &c. ; Domesday, i. 180 b, 61 ; Ellis, Introduction, i. 405, 504). His father Richard seems to have died between 1115 and 1138, in which latter year we find ' Walter de Cliffort ' signing a Gloucester charter (Eyton, v. 148 ; Monasticon, i. 551). He reappears under the same name in 1155 (Pipe Soils, p. 144). He probably obtained the barony of Clifford from his wife Margaret, asserted to be the daughter of Ralph de Tony, who in 1068 was lord of this fee (Domesday, i. 183). According to another theory, his mother Maud,wife of Richard FitzPonce, was the original holder of it (Eyton, ​149). Towards the middle of Henry II's reign he was possessed of the manors of Corf ham, Culminton, &c. in Shropshire. He was a benefactor to several monasteries, e.g. Haughmond, Dore, and Godstow (Monasticon, viii. 551; Eyton).
Clifford's name occurs in the Welsh annals as lord of the castle of Llannymddyvri. He ravaged the lands of Rhys ap Gruffydd, who, finding his complaints to Henry II disregarded, surprised his castle (1157-9). In 1164 he is said to have slain Cadwgan, son of Maredudd (Brut, 118; Annales Cambriæ, p. 48). He was still living in 1187, and according to Eyton died in 1190. His children were Walter (d. 1220?), Richard, and William, and three daughters, Lucia, married to Hugo de Say, Amicia, married to Osbern FitzHugh, and Rosamond [q. v.] The main part of the Clifford estates passed to Matilda, a great-granddaughter, wife of William Longespée, earl of Salisbury, whose daughter, Margery Longespée, brought them to her husband, Henry de Lacy, earl of Lincoln (d. 1311). Walter de Clifford's grandson Roger (d. 1231) was father of Roger (d. 1285?) [q. v.]
[Authorities cited above, and Dugdale's Baronage, i. 338, &c.]
T. A. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clifford, William (d.1670)

​CLIFFORD, WILLIAM (d. 1670), divine, was son of Henry Clifford of Brackenborough, Lincolnshire, and Elizabeth Thimelbey of Irnham, Lincolnshire, who in her widowhood retired to the monastery of English nuns at Louvain, and became a religious. He was lineally descended from the ancient family of the Cliffords, who were first created barons and afterwards earls of Cumberland. By right of succession the barony, though not the earldom, fell to him, and he might have assumed the title of Lord Clifford, but his humility prevented him from asserting his claim. He received his education in the English college at Douay, and after being ordained priest he was sent back on the mission. Subsequently he was made rector of the English college at Lisbon. He was next constituted superior of Tournay College at Paris, which Cardinal Richelieu had granted to the Bishop of Chalcedon for the education of the English clergy. In 1660 he was placed on the list for the episcopal dignity; but he declined this honour, as he also did in 1670 the offer of the presidentship of Douay College. During the latter years of his life he resided in the Hôpital des Incurables at Paris, where he spent the greater part of his time in ministering to the wants of the poor inmates. He died on 30 April 1670, and was buried in the churchyard belonging to the hospital.
His works are:
* 'Christian Rules proposed to a Vertuous Soule aspiring to Holy Perfection, whereby shee may regulate both her Time and Actions for the obtaining of her happy end,' Paris, 1655, 1659, 1665, 12mo. Dedicated to Mrs. Ursula Clifford.
* 'The Spiritual! Combat, worthily termed a Golden Treatise of Christian Perfection. Translated out of the truest coppies in severall languages by R. R. With a Letter of S. Eucnerius, Bishop of Lyons, &c, to Valerian,' Paris, 1656, 48mo. Dedicated to Walter Montagu, abbot of St. Martin at Pontoise; second dedication to Mrs. Ursula Clifford.
* 'A little Manual of the Poor Man's Dayly Devotion,' 2nd edit. Paris, 1670, 12mo; 4th edit. London, 1687, 12mo; 5th edit. (London?) 1705, 8vo; frequently reprinted. # 'Observations upon all the Kings' Reigns since the Conquest,' manuscript.
* 'Collections concerning the Chief Points of Controversy,' manuscript.
[Preface to fifth edition of Clifford's Little Manual; Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 297; Gillow's Bibl. Dict. i. 514; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus.]
T. C.