OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Louis Pierre Anquetil

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ANQUETIL, Louis Pierre, a French historian, was born at Paris, 21st Jan. 1723. He was for some time director of the academy at Rheims, and published in 1757 three volumes of a history of that city. In 1759 he was appointed prior of the abbey de la Roe, in Anjou, and soon after director of the college of Senlis. In 1766 he obtained the curacy or priory of Chateau-Renard, near Montargis, which he exchanged, at the commencement of the Revolution, for the curacy of La Villette, in the neighbourhood of Paris. During the reign of terror he was imprisoned at St Lazare. On the establishment of the National Institute he was elected a member of the second class, and was soon afterwards employed in the office of the minister for foreign affairs. He died on the 6th of September 1808. Anquetil left a very considerable number of historical works; but his style is censurable in many respects, and he appears to have been almost entirely destitute of the critical discernment and philosophical sagacity of a good historian. A list of his works is given in the Biographie Universelle.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Louis Francois, Duc de Bouflers

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BOUFLERS, Louis Francois, Duc de, commonly called the Chevalier Bouflers, a peer and marshal of France, and a general of distinguished reputation, was born January 10, 1644. Having early entered the army, he was raised in 1669 to the rank of colonel of dragoons. In the conquest of Lorraine he served under Marshal de Créquy. In Holland he served under Turenue, frequently distinguishing himself by his skill and bravery; and when that celebrated leader was killed by a cannon-shot in 1675, he commanded the rear-guard during the retreat of the French army. After performing various military services in Germany, in Flanders, and on the frontiers of Spain, he was created, in 1690, general of the army of the Moselle, and contributed materially to the victory of Fleurus. In the following year he acted as lieutenant-general, under the king in person; and during the investment of Mons, he was wounded in an attack on the town. He conducted the bombardment of Li6ge, which was defended by an enemy superior in numbers, and afterwards forced the allied generals to abandon Luxembourg. He was entrusted with the command against King William at the siege of Namur, and took part in the victory of Steinkirk. For these important services he was raised in 1693 to the rank of marshal of France, and in 1695 was made a duke. In 1694 he was appointed governor of French Flanders and of the town of Lille. By a skilful manœuvre he threw himself into Namur in 1695, and obstinately held out for four months during which the besiegers lost 20,000 men. In the conferences which terminated in the peace of Ryswick he had a principal share. During the following war, when Lille was again threatened with a siege by the duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene, Bouflers was appointed to the command, and made an obstinate resistance of four months. He was rewarded and honoured by the king for his defence of Lille, as if he had been victorious. It was indeed a species of triumph; his enemy, appreciating his merits, allowed him to dictate his own terms of capitulation. When the affairs of France were threatened with the most urgent danger, Bouflers offered to serve under his junior, Villars, and was with him at the battle of Malplaquet. Here he again displayed his military skill, by conducting the retreat so as to lose neither cannon nor prisoners. He died at Fontainebleau in 1711.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Lorenzo Dow

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DOW, Lorenzo (1777–1834), an American preacher, noted for his eccentricities of dress and manner, was born at Coventry, Connecticut, U.S., October 16, 1777. He received but a limited education, and was much troubled in his youth by religious perplexities; but he ultimately joined the Methodists, and was appointed a preacher (1799). The same year, however, his official connection with that body ceased, and he came over to preach to the Catholics of Ireland. He attracted great crowds to hear and see him, and was often persecuted as well as admired. He also visited England, introduced the system of camp meetings, and thus led the way to the formation of the Primitive Methodist Society. These visits were repeated in 1805. Dow's enthusiasm sustained him through the incessant labours of more than thirty years, during which he preached in almost all parts of the United States. His later efforts were chiefly directed against the Jesuits. His Polemical Works were published in 1814. Among his other writings are The Stranger in Charleston, or the Trial and Confession of Lorenzo Dow (1822), A Short Account of a Long Travel (1823), and the History of a Cosmopolite. He died February 2, 1834.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Louis-Philippe

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LOUIS-PHILIPPE, king of the French, was born at the Palais Pioyal, Paris, on October 6, 1773. His father was Louis-Philippe-Joseph, duke of Orleans, a descendant of the younger brother of Louis XIV., and by his mother he derived his origin from the Comte de Toulouse, the legitimized son of Louis XIV. and Madame de Montespan. At his birth he received the title of duke of Valois; and after 1785, when his father succeeded to the Orleans title, he himself bore that of duke of Chartres. In 1781 Madame de Genlis was appointed his “gouverneur.” From 1789 onwards he manifested sincere sympathy with the new ideas then gaining currency, and in June 1791 he joined at Vendôme the regiment of dragoons of which he had been colonel since 1785. In 1792 he took part in the battles of Valmy and Jemmapes, holding high military rank under Kellermann and Dumouriez; in the following year he was present at the bombardment of Venloo and of Maestricht, and showed remarkable courage at Neerwinden. Proscribed
along with Dumouriez, he entered upon a period of twenty-one years of exile from France, spent partly in Switzerland and other European countries, partly in the United States and in the Spanish American colonies. By the execution of his father he became duke of Orleans in 1793; and he was married to Marie Amelie, daughter of Ferdinand IV. of Naples, at Palermo, on November 25, 1809. In April 1814 he returned to Paris, where his old military rank and the property of his father were restored to him; the “Hundred Days” in 1815 condemned him to a renewed but much briefer exile; during the reign of Louis XVIII. he was regarded with some jealousy by the court on account of his liberal opinions, but enjoyed greater favour under Charles X.; immediately after the three days of July 1830 he was called to exercise the functions of “lieutenant-general of the kingdom,” and on August 9 he accepted the title of king of the French. For his reign see France (vol. ix. p. 620-622). Escaping in disguise from Paris at the Revolution of 1848, he on March 3 reached England, where Claremont was his home until his death on August 26, 1850.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Louis Charles Antoine Desaix de Voygoux

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​DESAIX DE VOYGOUX, Louis CHARLES ANTOINE (1768-1800), one of the most eminent generals of the French republic, was born at the Chateau d Ayat, near Riom. in Auvergne, on the 17th August 1768. He studied at the military school founded by the Marshal d Effiat, and distinguished himself by his eagerness in acquiring a know ledge of his chosen profession. After joining the army he spent some time in garrison at Briangon and Huningue. He was favourable to the Revolution, but was an object of suspicion to the Convention, on account of his aristocratic birth and his popularity with his men. He was twice sus pended, and on the earlier occasion he was imprisoned for two months by order of Carnot. The first engagement in which he took part was the battle of Lauterburg, in which he was wounded ; and when Moreau executed his masterly retreat through the Black Forest, Desaix contributed not a little co the success of that memorable exploit. After some gallant achievements, such as the repulse of the Archduke Charles at Rastadt, and the defence of the bridge of Kehl, he accompanied Bonaparte (1798-9) to Egypt, where he dispersed the Arabs, and for his various services was made commander of Upper Egypt. The campaign of eight months in which he completed the conquest of L T pper Egypt was the great achievement of his military career. During his occupation he conducted himself in such a way as to win from the inhabitants the title of the Just Sultan, and to be compared by his soldiers to Bayard. On his return to Europe he found Napoleon marching to the con quest of Italy. With a small squadron he hastened to join the first consul, whom he overtook at Marengo at the very moment when the Austrians had deemed themselves secure of the victory. His timely arrival changed the fortune of the day ; but in the moment of victory he was shot through the heart and immediately expired, 14th June 1800. His body was embalmed at Milan, and finally deposited in the convent of Mount St Bernard, where a handsome monument is erected to his memory.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Lorenzo Hammarsköld

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HAMMARSKÖLD, Lorenzo (1785–1827), Swedish author, was born at Tuna, near Wimmerby, on the 7th of April 1785. He became a student at Upsala in 1801, but failed to take his degree in 1806. He therefore accepted a humble post at the royal library at Stockholm, with which institution he remained connected for many years. In 1804 he published an article on Tieck and Novalis, which attracted much attention, and was the means of founding the “Phosphoric School,” as it was called, of poetry in Sweden. Hammersköld became the friend of Atterbom and antagonist of Wallmark, and in due time, by the bitterness of his tone, brought down on himself the scathing anger of Tegnér. In 1806 he published Translations and Imitations of Poets, Old and New, in the preface of which he denounced the classic Swedish writers with much force and wit, commending Goethe and Tieck to the young poets of the day. In 1808 appeared his trenchant Critique of Schiller, and in 1810 a volume of essays of a polemical kind. In 1813 Hammersköld published a collection of his poems, and in 1815 had to endure the ridicule of Tegnér in his brilliant satire of Hammarspik. In 1818 appeared the first part of Hammarsköld’s chief contribution to literature, his famous Svenska Vitterheten, a history of polite letters in Sweden, a book that was revised and republished after his death by Sondén, in 1833. He is chiefly remembered as a critic; his lyrics and his juvenile tragedy of Prince Gustaf, 1812, are of little value.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Los Angeles

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LOS ANGELES, a city of the United States, the capital of Los Angeles county, California, is situated in the lowland between the Sierra Madre and the Pacific, about 17 miles from the coast, on the west bank of a stream of its
own name. It lies 483 miles by rail south-south-east of San Francisco on the Southern Pacific Railroad, and is connected by branch lines with Wilmington, Santa Monica (both on the coast), and Santa Ana. As the centre of a fine orange and grape growing country, and a resort for invalids, Los Angeles is a place of some importance; and since the opening of the railways it has been in full prosperity, the old adobe buildings rapidly giving place to more substantial structures. Founded in 1781 by the Spaniards, it received the name “Town of the Queen of the Angels” (Pueblo de la Reina de los Angeles) as a tribute to the beauty and pleasantness of the spot. It was the capital of the Mexican state of California from 1836 to 1846, in which latter year it was captured by United States forces. The population has increased from 5728 in 1870 to 11,311 in 1880.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne

See also Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne on Wikipedia; Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne at Wikipedia; Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
early friend and biographej of Napoleon, was born at Sens in 1769. His friendship with Napoleon began at the military academy of Brienne, where they were class-fellows, but they did not meet for some time after leaving school, as Bourrienne s humble birth precluded him from military service. In 1789, having embraced the career of diplomacy, he was sent as attache" to Vienna, and thence proceeded to Leipsic where he studied for some time. In 1792 he returned to Paris and renewed his close acquaintance with Bonaparte. Towards the close of the same year he was sent as Secretary of Legation to Stuttgart, but the fall of the monarchy a few months later threw him out of office. He was imprisoned for a short time by the Saxon Govern ment as an adherent of the Revolution, and did not return to Paris till 1795. In the following year, after a slight coldness between the friends, Napoleon invited Bourricnne to become his private secretary. The offer was accepted, and for six years the two lived on the most intimate and friendly terms. It was during this period that he accompanied Napoleon to Egypt. In 1802 implication in the disgraceful failure of the army-contractors Coulou caused his admissal. Three years later, however, he was sent as charge d affaires to Hamburg. There he was ac cused of peculation, and was in consequence recalled and compelled to pay one million francs into the public treasury. Bourrienno never forgave this ; ho became one of Napoleon s bitterest enemies, and after the first abdication ​held office for a short time under Talleyrand. In 1815 he was specially excluded from Napoleon s amnesty and fled to Belgium. After the fall of the emperor he sat for some years in the Chamber of Representatives, but his official salary could not support his extravagance, and in 1828 he took refuge from his creditors in Belgium. There he occupied himself in drawing up the Memoires of Napoleon, which were published in 1829 and 1830. The revolution of 1830 and the discomforts of his private life so preyed upon his mind that his reason became unhinged, and he had to be removed to an asylum near Caen, where he died in 1834. Bourrienne s Memoires , 10 vols. 8vo, 1829-31, contain much interesting information regarding Napoleon, but while lively and entertaining, they are in many points to be received with caution. Some of the inaccuracies were pointed out by Boulay de la Meurthe in Bourrienne et ses
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Huang Li-chou

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​HUANG Li-chou. See under Huang Tsung-hsi.
# Erie Company v. Duplak

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
286 U.S. 440
Erie Company v. Duplak
Argued: April 20, 1932. --- Decided: May 23, 1932
Messrs. Ralph E. Cooper, George S. Hobart, and Duane E. Minard, all of Newark, N. J., for petitioner.
Mr. Jack Rinzler, of Passaic, N. J., for respondent.
Mr. Justice SUTHERLAND delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Erie Company v. Shuart

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.

## Dissenting Opinion

    Hessin Clarke
United States Supreme Court
250 U.S. 465
Erie Company v. Shuart
Argued: April 25, 1919. --- Decided: June 9, 1919
Mr. Thomas Watts, of Middletown, N. Y., for petitioner.
Mr. Reeves T. Strickland, of Washington, D. C., for respondents.
Mr. Justice McREYNOLDS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Erie Company v. Kirkendall

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
266 U.S. 185
Erie Company v. Kirkendall
Argued: Oct. 8, 1924. --- Decided: Nov 17, 1924
Messrs. Benjamin D. Holt and Edward A. Foote, both of Cleveland, Ohio, for petitioner.
Messrs. D. K. Henderson and E. P. Chamberlin, both of Cleveland, Ohio, for respondent.
Mr. Justice McREYNOLDS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Erie Company v. Hamilton

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
248 U.S. 369
Erie Company v. Hamilton
Argued: Dec. 19, 1918. --- Decided: Jan 7, 1919
Mr. William C. Cannon, of New York City for plaintiff in error.
Messrs. Herbert C. Smyth and Frederic C. Scofield, both of New York City, for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice CLARKE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Erie Company v. Hilt

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
247 U.S. 97
Erie Company v. Hilt
Argued: May 3, 1918. --- Decided: May 20, 1918
[Syllabus intentionally omitted]
Mr. George S. Hobart, of Jersey City, N. J., for petitioners.
Mr. Raymond Dawson, of New York City, for respondent.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 98-99 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice HOLMES delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Erie Company v. Kirkendall/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
266 U.S. 185
Erie Company v. Kirkendall
Argued: Oct. 8, 1924. --- Decided: Nov 17, 1924
Respondent sued for the value of a lost package described by the bill of lading as 'one box bedding,' weighing 280 pounds, which actually contained 'miscellaneous household articles, together with two quilts and two pair woolen blankets.' In defense the railroad insisted that he misrepresented the true character of the contents and thereby prevented it from obtaining a released valuation which, according to the rate paid and provisions of the published tariffs, would not have exceeded $28.
The writ must be dismissed. The inducing petition failed to give adequate information concerning the record and essential facts. Furness, Withy & Co. v. Yang-Tsze Insurance Asso., 242 U.S. 430, 37 S.C.t. 141, 61 L. Ed. 409; Layne & Bowler Corp. v. Western Well Works, 261 U.S. 387, 43 S.C.t. 422, 67 L. Ed. 712; Southern Power Co. v. North Carolina Public Service Co., 263 U.S. 508, 44 S.C.t. 164, 68 L. Ed. 413. The confused state of the record renders it difficult to ascertain the facts; maybe impossible. The petition for certiorari seemed to represent that at time of shipment the consignor accepted a bill of lading misdescribing the contents of the package and accepted a rate based upon limited liability, as he must have known.
It appears, however, that the shipper correctly reported the contents to the railroad, that he was not asked concerning value and made no representations relative thereto, that no rate was quoted, and that the undisclosed charges were to be collected at destination. The bill of lading contained no statement of value or rate and no provision restricting the carrier's liability to less than the actual worth. Section 8 provides:
'The owner or consignee shall pay the freight and all other lawful charges accruing on said property, and, if required, shall pay the same before delivery. If upon inspection it is ascertained that the articles shipped are not those described in this bill of lading, the freight charges must be paid upon the articles actually shipped.'
See New York Central R. Co. v. Goldberg, 250 U.S. 85, 87, 39 S.C.t. 402, 63 L. Ed. 857.
The case tendered by the petition is radically different from the one presented upon the argument.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Shih-tsung

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​SHIH-tsung. Temple name of Yin-chên.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Shao T'ing-ts'ai

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​SHAO T'ing-ts'ai 邵廷采 (original ming 行中 T. 念魯, 允斯), Jan. 29, 1648–1711, July 11, historian and philosopher, was a native of Yü-yao, ​Chekiang. His grandfather, Shao Tsêng-k'o 邵曾可 (T. 子唯, H. 魯公, d. 1658, aged 51 sui), was a pupil of Shên Kuo-mo 沈國模 (or 謨 T. 叔則, 求如, 1575–1656), who founded in Yü-yao the Academy known as the Yao-chiang Shu-yüan 姚江書院 I to promote the teachings of Wang Shou-jên (see under Chang Li-hsiang)—Wang also having been a native of that place. His father, Shao Chên-hsien 邵貞顯 (T. 立夫, H. 鶴閒, d. 1670 aged 45 sui), carried on the tradition as a student and teacher. In 1664 Shao T'ing-ts'ai became a pupil of Han K'ung-tang 韓孔當 (T. 仁父, H. 遺韓, d. 1671, aged 73 sui), a local scholar of the Wang school. During 1667-68, he went to Shaohsing to attend the Chêng-jên chiang-hui 證人講會, a gathering of scholars called together by Huang Tsung-hsi [q. v.] and others. It was there that, in 1668, he first met Mao Ch'i-ling [q. v.] whom he admired and with whom he later corresponded. After he was made a licentiate, in 1669, he competed fourteen times for a higher degree, but never succeeded. In 1694 he was engaged by the magistrate of Yü-yao to take charge of the Yao-chiang Academy. In 1708 he went to Peking where he lived in the home of Sung Chih (1656–1726, see under Sung Lao), and while there he became a friend of Wan Ching [q. v.]. He also corresponded with Li Kung [q. v.], the well-known philosopher of North China.
His historical works, entitled 東南紀事 Tung-nan chi-shih and 西南紀事 Hsi-nan chi-shih, deal with the southern Ming regime. They were printed, each in 12 chüan, in the 邵武徐氏叢書 Shao-wu Hsü-shih ts'ung-shu (1884). A collection of his essays, entitled 思復堂文集 Ssŭ-fu t'ang wên-chi, 10 chüan, was first printed in 1705, and was reprinted in 1894 in the Shao-hsing hsien-chêng i-shu (see under Wang Hui-tsu). A considerable number of these essays are devoted to biographies of Ming and early Ch‘ing philosophers and to the lives of Sung and Ming loyalists. Twelve of them, dealing with economics and government, were printed separately in 1711 under the title 治平略 Chih-p'ing lüeh.
[1/486/9a; Ssŭ-fu t'ang wên-chi; Shao-hsing fu-chih (1792) 53/63a; Yao Ming-ta 姚名達, 邵念魯年譜 Shao Nien-lu nien-p'u (1930); T'oung Pao (1934), p. 98.]
Tu Lien-chê