OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Valencia (Venezuela)

See also Valencia, Carabobo on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VALENCIA, a city of Venezuela and capital of the state of Carabobo, 111 m. by rail W.S.W. of Caracas, and 24 m. direct (33½ m. by rail) S. by E. of Puerto Cabello. Pop. (1894) 38,654. There is railway connexion with Caracas by the Great Venezuela line (German) and with Puerto Cabello by the Puerto Cabello and Valencia line (English), which crosses the N. range of the Maritime Andes. There is also a steamboat service on Lake Valencia. The city is situated on the N.W. border of a lacustrine plain occupied in great part by Lake Tacarigua, or Valencia and nearly 2 m. from its western margin. It is beautifully situated in a large fertile valley between parallel ranges of the Maritime Andes, about 1625 ft. above sea-level, and in the midst of rich plantations and luxuriant tropical vegetation. The climate is mild and pleasant, the temperature ranging from 66° to 87° F. with an annual mean of 76°, and the rainfall being about the same as that of Caracas, or 23 to 30 in. Near Valencia on the Puerto Cabello railway are the Las Trincheras thermal springs. Among Valencia's public edilices and institutions are some good churches, the government palace, a university, a national college for women, al normal school for men and a public library. Valencia was founded in 1555 and is older than Caracas. It was occupied for a time in 1561 by Aguirre and his band of outlaws. At the beginning of the War of Independence it was made the capital of Venezuela, and the patriot congress was in session there in 1812 when Caracas was destroyed by an earthquake. It changed masters several times during the war, its most famous events being two successful defences in 1814 against, Spanish besieging forces. The town suffered much in the war and from subsequent revolutions, but the remarkable productiveness of the surrounding districts and its advantageous commercial position ensured a prompt recovery from all reverses.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Mediation

From volume 2 of the work.
​MEDIATION (Lat. Mediatio). That division of a Gregorian Tone which lies between the Intonation, and the Ending, forming, as it were, the main body of the Chaunt.
The Mediation begins, like the Ending, with a Reciting-Note—the Dominant of the Mode—whence it passes on to a short melodious phrase, the character of which differs, considerably, in ​different Tones. Each Tone has, in reality, only one Mediation; though that one exhibits itself, in most cases, in at least three different forms—one, used for the Psalms, one, for the Introits, and a third—commonly called the 'Festal Form'—for the Canticles. Moreover, Tones II, IV, V, VI, and VIII have each a special form of Mediation, used only when the first half of the Verse to which it is sung ends with a monosyllable, or Hebrew proper name. For examples of these different forms, see Tones, the Gregorian; under which heading will also be found a detailed account of the connexion of the Mediation with the other members of the Chaunt.
[ W. S. R. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Mefistofele

[ M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Meinardus, Ludwig

[ M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Medial Cadence

From volume 2 of the work.
​MEDIAL CADENCE (Clausula in medio modi). I. Among the numerous Cadences formed upon the Regular and Conceded Modulations of the Ecclesiastical Modes, that proper to the Mediant holds a place inferior in importance only to those occupied by the Final and Dominant.
In Plain Chaunt Melodies, the Medial Cadence sometimes leads to a close so satisfactory that it almost sounds final; as in the First Ending of the First Tone—
In Polyphonic Music, it is susceptible of infinite variety of treatment, as may be seen from the following examples—
| Mode I. | Kircher. |
| Mode II. |
| Mode III. |
| Mode IV. | Vittoria. |
| Mode V. | Cæsare de Zachariis. |
| Mode VI. | Orlando di Lasso. |
| Mode VII. | Palestrina. |
| Mode VIII. | Palestrina. |
| Mode IX. | Kircher. |
| Mode X. |
| Mode XIII. | Giovanni Croce. |
| Mode XIV. | Palestrina |
In the selection of these examples, we have confined ourselves exclusively to True Cadences, for the sake of illustrating our subject with the greater clearness: but, the Old Masters constantly employed Cadences of other kinds, in this part of the Mode, for the purpose of avoiding the monotony consequent upon the too frequent repetition of similar forms. It is only by careful study of the best works of the best period, that the invigorating effect of this expedient can be fully appreciated. [See Mediant; Modes, the Ecclesiastical; Modulations; Clausula Vera, Appendix.]
II. This term is also applied, by Dr. Callcott, and some other writers on Modern Music, to closes in which the Leading Chord is represented by an Inverted instead of a Fundamental Harmony.
[ W. S. R. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Medesimo Tempo

From volume 2 of the work.
[ J. A. F. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Mehlig, Anna

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Meeresstille und glückliche Fahrt

From volume 2 of the work.
​MEERESSTILLE UND GLÜCKLICHE FAHRT, i.e. Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage, a poem by Goethe, which has been set to music by two great masters.
1. By Beethoven, for chorus and orchestra. Composed in 1815, first performed at the Great Redoutensaal in Vienna on Christmas day of that year, and published Feb. 28, 1823, by Steiner. It is dedicated 'to the immortal Goethe.' The reverse of the title-page contains 3 lines from Voss's translation of the Odyssey (viii. 479), thus rendered by Lang and Butcher:—
   'For from all men on earth minstrels get their meed of honour and worship; inasmuch as the muse teacheth them the paths ot song, and loveth the tribe of minstrels.'
A letter from Beethoven to the publisher, dated June 12, and apparently belonging to the year 1824, calls it a cantata, and asks for the loan of the score, that he 'might write a kind of overture to it.' This intention does not appear to have been carried out.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Meibom, Marcus

From volume 2 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Meister, Alte

From volume 2 of the work.
​MEISTER, ALTE. A collection of 40 P.F. pieces of the 17th and 18th centuries, edited by E. Pauer, published by Breitkopf & Härtel:—
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Coperario, John

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Coranto

​CORANTO. See Courante, vol. i. p. 410.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cooke, Thomas

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cor Anglais

From volume 1 of the work.
​COR ANGLAIS. (Ital. Oboe di Caccia; and Corno Inglese; Germ. Englisches Horn.) A tenor oboe, standing in the key of F, and therefore speaking a fifth lower than the ordinary oboe. It has the same scale and compass as the latter instrument, from E or E♭ in the bass, to about A or B♭ above the treble clef. It bears the same relation to the oboe that the bassethorn does to the clarinet, hence frequent confusion between the two instruments. It is probably similar in many respects to the 'oboe di caccia' found in Bach's scores, and perhaps to the 'chalumeau' of Glcck's operas; although the former was made in the form of a bassoon or alto-fagotto, and the latter may have been a kind of clarinet.
[ W. H. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cooper, George

From volume 1 of the work.
​COOPER, George, son of the assistant organist to St. Paul's; born in Lambeth July 7, 1820. His quickness of ear, readiness of execution, and taste for good music, developed themselves very early, and his road to the organ was smoothed by an old harpsichord with pedals and two rows of keys, on which the lad practised at all available times. When 11 years old he often took the service at St. Paul's for his father, and at the Festivals of the Sons of the Clergy it was Attwood's delight (then chief organist) to make him extemporise. On one such occasion Mendelssohn is said to have remarked and praised him. At 13½ he was made organist of St. Benet, Paul's Wharf. On Attwood's death he became assistant organist of St. Paul's, vice his father resigned; in 1836 organist of St. Ann and St. Agnes; and on the death of his father, in 1843, succeeded him at St. Sepulchre's, and became singing-master and organist to Christ's Hospital as well. On the death of Sir George Smart [App. p.597 "J. B. Sale (1856)"] he was appointed organist of the Chapel Royal. He died Oct. 2, 1876, much regretted.
Cooper did much to familiarise his hearers with the works of Bach and other great composers, which he played in a noble style. His 'Organ Arrangements,' 'Organist's Manual,' and 'Organist's Assistant,' are well known, and so is his 'Introduction to the Organ,' long the only work of its kind in England. These were his only publications of any moment. He had a strong taste for natural science, and divided his time between the organ, his ferns, and photography.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Coombs, James

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Coppola, Giuseppe

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Coombe, William

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Coppola, Pier

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature/ז

    ז - זבוב
    זבוב - זבין
    זבין - זגא
    זגא - זהב
    זהב - זהם
    זהם - זוב
    זוב - זוג
    זוג - זווא
    זווא - זוטוס
    זוטוס - זול
    זול - זון
    זון - זועא
    זועא - זותן
    זותן - זיבות
    זיבות - זיהרא
    זיהרא - זיז
    זיז - זייתא
    זייתא - זימיונא
    זימיונא - זיקא
    זיקא - זירוד
    זירוד - זכה
    זכה - זכי
    זכי - זכר
    זכר - זכרן
    זכרן - זלל
    זלל - זמינא
    זמינא - זמן
    זמן - זמר
    זמר - זנב
    זנב - זנן
    זנן - זעירותא
    זעירותא - זקיפין
    זקיפין - זקף
    זקף - זקר
    זקר - זרדתא
    זרדתא - זרזיפא
    זרזיפא - זריע
    זריע - זרעי
    זרף - חבב
# 49th Annual Andersen Air Force Base Christmas Drop in Micronesia

49TH ANNUAL ANDERSEN AIR FORCE BASE CHRISTMAS DROP IN MICRONESIA
______
HON. ROBERT A. UNDERWOOD
OF GUAM
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, December 19, 2001
Mr. UNDERWOOD. Mr. Speaker, 49 years ago in 1952, over the tiny island of Kapingamarangi in Micronesia, the crew of an Air Force WB-50 aircraft assigned to the 54th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron in Guam quickly gathered a box of goodies they had on the plane upon seeing a number of islanders waving at them. Thus began the five-decade-old tradition.
For years, the residents of Kapingamarangi, Nukuoro and other remote islands have been receiving a variety of gifts such as machetes, hoes, snorkels, coloring books, soccer balls and toiletries--items they probably would not have been able to obtain otherwise due to their remote location in the Pacific. This year, four C-130 Hercules aircraft from the 36th Airlift Squadron based out of Yokota Air Base in Japan dropped 60 boxes of holiday gift items on the 54 islands and atolls in the Micronesia area. The operation lasted six days and entailed cargo planes descending upon sparsely populated islands and atolls. In addition to the goodwill spread among these communities, the aircrew involved also benefit from the opportunity of having their navigation and flight skills tested as they search out unfamiliar drop zones on remote and isolated island locations.
This year's organizers had a bit of difficulty in raising the necessary funding for this project due to Guam's current economic situation. However, the community has somehow managed to get together and, in the true spirit of this season of sharing, allow for another successful year. For the past several months the Christmas Drop committee has raised funds through several events. Three scuba diving boat trips, a 5k run/walk, a golf tournament along with T-shirt and commemorative coin sales generated a substantial part of the funds used for this year's operation. Despite a recent drop in tourism arrivals on Guam, donations steadily flowed from island residents and the local business communities. Also worth mentioning is the effort initiated by Jacob Jansen as part of his community service project in his effort to attain the rank of Eagle Scout. Through Jacob's efforts, a canned food drive was held at Andersen Air Force Base's middle and elementary schools as well as at Guam High School.
During these times of uncertainty and hardship, it is very gratifying to see that worthwhile projects such as the annual Christmas drop remains alive. This is a testament to our capacity to unite as a community and as a nation in the face of adversity. There is no better way to demonstrate our compassion and generosity than worthwhile projects such as this. I take this occasion to commend all those who participated and contributed towards the success of this year's Christmas drop. Let us keep this tradition going for many more years to come.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# 4SIGHT Manual: A Computer Program for Modelling Degradation of Underground Low Level Waste Concrete Vaults/Chemical Equilibrium

​8Chemical Equilibrium
After each time step, each computational element is brought to chemical equilibrium by satisfying two conditions:
* If a salt exists as solid, the constituent ion concentration product equals the solubility product.
* The sum of the free charges from all available ions equals zero, insuring local charge neutrality.
Given the salt $A_{\beta }C_{\alpha }$, composed of anion $A^{\alpha -}$ and cation $C^{\beta +}$, condition 1 above implies that if $A_{\beta }C_{\alpha }$ exists as a solid then
| $\left[A^{\alpha -}\right]^{\beta }\left[C^{\beta +}\right]^{\alpha }=K_{sp}$ | (23) |
where $K_{sp}$ is the ion solubility product. Condition 2 implies that with $m$ anions and $n$ cations present in the pore solution:
| $\sum _{i=1}^{m}\alpha A_{i}^{\alpha -}=\sum _{j=1}^{n}\beta C_{j}^{\beta +}$ | (24) |
* Determine how many moles of salt should be precipitated or dissolved to satisfy eqn. 23.
* Given $K_{sp}$ for water what concentration of hydroxyl ions ($OH^{-}$) is needed to satisfy eqn. 24
These two steps are repeated, as necessary, until both equations are satisfied.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# 49th Annual National Thanksgiving Turkey presentation

27 November 1996
Please sit down. You can hear I'm hoarse. I just got back from a long trip. But if you'll bear with me, I will – I'll do my best to talk.
I want to, first of all, thank the chairman of the National Turkey Federation, Jim Cooper, and his family for bringing the turkey here, all the way from Oakwood, Ohio. His Congressman, Representative Paul Gillmor, is here; I welcome him as well. I want to thank Stuart Proctor, the president of the National Turkey Federation, and Joel Brandenberger, the executive director. I want to thank the volunteers and young people from the Big Brothers and the Big Sisters program and the Boys and Girls Club of America for being here.
You all know why we're here. Tomorrow 45 million turkeys will play the supreme sacrifice for our Thanksgiving. So, continuing a tradition begun 50 years ago by President Truman, I am going to keep at least one turkey off of the Thanksgiving dinner table by giving a pardon to a turkey from Ohio that will now go to the petting zoo that Kidwell Farms maintains in Fairfax, Virginia.
We can all be grateful, therefore, that there will be one less turkey in Washington, DC, tomorrow. [Laughter] Let me thank the turkey farmers in Ohio, in my native State of Arkansas, and throughout the country for the fine job that they do all year long, and say how very grateful I am to see all the children here.
Now, let's pardon this bird. Thank you for coming.

## References

* ↑ "The Ungobbled Gobbler," Barbara Mikkelson of Snopes.com
* ↑ "Did Truman pardon a Turkey?," Harry S. Truman Library & Museum
# 4SIGHT Manual: A Computer Program for Modelling Degradation of Underground Low Level Waste Concrete Vaults

NISTIR 5612
4SIGHT Manual: A Computer Program for Modelling Degradation of Underground Low Level Waste Concrete Vaults
Kenneth A. Snyder James R. Clifton Building and Fire Research Laboratory Gaitherburg, Maryland 20899
NISTIR 5612
4SIGHT Manual: A Computer Program for Modelling Degradation of Underground Low Level Waste Concrete Vaults
Kenneth A. Snyder James R. Clifton June 1995 Building and Fire Research Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899
U.S. Department of Commerce Ronald H. Brown, Secretary Technology Administration Mary L. Good, Under Secretary for Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology Arati Prabhakar, Director
Abstract
A computer program has been written to facilitate performance assessment of concrete vaults Low Level Waste (LLW) disposal facilities. The computer program is a numerical computer model of degradation in concrete. A one-dimensional finite difference equation is used to propagate ions by precipitation/dissolution of salts, in turn, changes the transport properties, which changes the rate of ion transport. The result is a model which incorporates the synergism of multiple degradation mechanisms.
This Report is self-contained. It includes the installation instructions, user manual, technical details, and source code. The program was written using a literate programming tool and the “pretty-printing” output of the source code is attached at the end of this report.
Keywords: building technology; computer modelling; concrete; corrosion of reinforcement; degradation; leaching; radioactive waste; service life; sulfate attack
​Contents
​List of Figures
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# 4SIGHT Manual: A Computer Program for Modelling Degradation of Underground Low Level Waste Concrete Vaults/Assumptions

​12Assumptions
The calculations of 4SIGHT are based upon a set of assumptions. For completeness, these are assumptions are enumerated here:
* The vault system is, and remains, water saturated. This should be valid for all but the most arid locations.
* Darcy flow is valid, even at the bottom of the slab which might not be in direct contact with liquid.
* There is sufficient oxygen present for corrosion. This a conservative approach to corrosion.
* The concrete vault begins service approximately 100 days after casting. Therefore, the transport properties have reached about 90% of their assymptotic values.
* The external ion concentration and hydraulic head are constant over the life of the vault.
* As the sulfate front advances, the concrete in its wake can be treated like soil and the external conditions can be advanced to this point.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# 4SIGHT Manual: A Computer Program for Modelling Degradation of Underground Low Level Waste Concrete Vaults/Installation

​2Installation
2.1Distributed Files
4SIGHT is distributed with the following files:
| README | Basic installation instructions |
| 4SIGHT.EXE | Executable program |
| ION.DB | Ion database |
| MANUAL.PS | 4SIGHT manual in PostScript format |
| MANUAL.HP | 4SIGHT manual in HP-PCL format |
| MANUAL.TXT | 4SIGHT manual in ASCII format |
| EXAMPLE.DAT | Example input file |
To install 4SIGHT, simply copy these files to a directory on the hard drive. This manual has been included in three different useful formats for printing.
2.2Hardware Requirements
To execute the program 4SIGHT, the user must be using a personal computer equipped with either an 80386 or 80486 microprocessor with a math coprocessor. Lacking either of these requirements, the program will fail to run.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# 4SIGHT Manual: A Computer Program for Modelling Degradation of Underground Low Level Waste Concrete Vaults/Acknowledgements

​13Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Mr. Jacob Philip was the NRC Program Manager and his advice was greatly appreciated. The authors would also like to express their thanks to Dr. James Pommersheim of Bucknell University and Mr. Dale Bentz of NIST for their discussion and comments.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# 4SIGHT Manual: A Computer Program for Modelling Degradation of Underground Low Level Waste Concrete Vaults/Failure Criteria

​9Failure Criteria
Once the rules for propagating ions through the slab have been defined criteria for terminating the calculations are needed for each degradation mechanism. Termination occurs when suitable failure criteria have been met.
9.1Reinforcement Corrosion
Corrosion of the rebar is due to the presence of chloride ions and proceeds in two stages: initiation and corrosion. The initiation stage is the time during which chloride ions are diffusing through the concrete. During this time there is an insufficient concentration of chloride ions at the rebar for corrosion to occur. As the concentration of chloride ions at the rebar increases, the pH decreases to insure charge neutrality. When a sufficient concentration of chloride ions reaches the rebar, corrosion begins. The corrosion stage begins at the onset of corrosion and lasts until failure of the of the steel reinforcement, which is typically only a few years hence. Since the initiation stage may last for hundreds of years, the duration of the corrosion stage is insignificant to the total lifetime of the reinforcement. Therefore, an accurate estimate of the service life of the concrete can be approximated from the duration of the initiation period.
9.2Sulfate Attack
​9.3Joint Failure
The failure criteria for joints is based upon the service life of the joint compound. Since joint widths will be centimeters wide, as previously stated, upon joint failure the permeability of the roof slab will be overwhelmed by the flow through the joints. Therefore, the calculations terminate upon when the internal time variable has reached the limit of the joint service life.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Welsh, Thomas

[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Wennerberg, Gunnar

[ A. H. W. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Wessel, Christian

​WESSEL, Christian Rudolph, born in 1797, at Bremen, came to England in 1825, and established, with an amateur named Stodart, at No. 1 Soho Square, the firm of music-publishers Wessel & Stodart, for the popularisation of foreign music in this country. In 1838 Stodart retired and Wessel continued the business until 1839, when he took in Stapleton as a partner, and removed to 67 Frith Street, Soho. About this time the firm entered into a contract with Chopin for the exclusive right to publish his works in England, paying him £12 for each fresh composition. In 1845 Stapleton left the firm, and Wessel again carried on business by himself, from 1846 at 229 Regent Street, and from 1856 at 19 Hanover Square, until 1860, when he retired in favour of Messrs. Edwin Ashdown and Henry John Parry, both of them long in his employ. In 1882 Mr. Parry retired, and since then it has been in the hands of Mr. Ashdown alone.
[ A. C. ]