OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vice

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​VICE, (1) (Through Fr. from Lat. vitium), a fault, blemish, more specifically a moral fault, hence depravity, sin, or a particular form of depravity. In the medieval morality plays a special character who acted as an attendant on the devil was styled “the Vice,” but sometimes took the name of specific vices such as Envy, Fraud, Iniquity and the like. He was usually dressed in the garb that is identified with that of the domestic fool or jester, and was armed with a wooden sword or dagger. (2) (M.E. vyce, vise or vyse; Fr. vis; Lat. vitis, a vine, or bryony, i.e. something that twists or winds), a portable or fixed tool or appliance which holds or grips an object while it is being worked; a special form of clamp. The tool consists essentially of movable jaws, either jointed by a hinge or moving on slides, and the closing motion is applied by a screw, whence the name, as of something which turns or winds, or by a lever, ratchet, &c. (see Tools). (3) (Lat. vice, in place of, abl. sing., of a noun not found in the nom.), a word chiefly used as a prefix in combination with names of office-holders, indicating a position subordinate or alternative to the chief office-holder, especially one who takes second rank or acts in default of his superior, e.g. vice-chairman, vice-admiral, &c.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Viceroy

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​VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king), the governor of a kingdom or colony to whom is delegated by his sovereign the power to exercise regal authority in his name. The lord-lieutenant of Ireland and the governor-general of India are frequently referred to as viceroys, but the title has no official recognition in British government.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vichy

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​ VICHY, a town of central France in the department of Allier, on the right bank of the Allier, 33 m. S. by E. of Moulins by rail. Pop. (1906) 14,520. Vichy owes its importance to its mineral waters, which were well known in the time of the Romans. They afterwards lost their celebrity and did not regain it till the 17th century, in the latter half of which they were visited and written of by Madame de Sévigné. Within the town or in its immediate vicinity there are between thirty and forty springs, twelve of which are state property, four of these having been tapped by boring. The waters of those which are outside the town are brought in by means of aqueducts. The most celebrated and frequented are the Grande Grille, L'Hôpital, the Célestins, and Lardy. The most copious of all, the Puits Carré, is reserved for the baths. All these, whether cold or hot (maximum temperature, 113° F.), are largely charged with bicarbonate of soda, some also are chalybeate and tonic. The waters, which are limpid, have an alkaline taste and emit a slight odour of sulphuretted hydrogen. They are recommended in cases of stomachic and liver complaint, also for diabetes, gravel and gout. Large quantities are bottled and exported. A luxurious bathing establishment, the property of the state, was opened in 1903. In addition to this, Vichy has the hydropathic establishments of Lardy, Larbaud and L'Hôpital, and a large military hospital, founded in 1843. A fine casino and two public parks add to its attraction. The promenade commands a splendid view of the mountains of Auvergne. Cusset, about 1 m. distant, has similar mineral waters and a bathing establishment.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Martinet

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​MARTINET, a military term (more generally used in a disparaging than in a complimentary sense) implying a strict disciplinarian or drill-master. The term originated in the French army about the middle of Louis XIV.’s reign, and was derived from Jean Martinet (d. 1672), who as lieutenant-colonel of the King’s regiment of foot and inspector-general of infantry drilled and trained that arm in the model regular army created by Louis and Louvois between 1660 and 1670. Martinet seems also to have introduced the copper pontoons with which Louis bridged the Rhine in 1672. He was killed, as a maréchal de camp, at the siege of Duisburg in the same year, being accidentally shot by his own artillery while leading the infantry assault. His death, and that of the Swiss captain Soury by the same discharge gave rise to a bon mot, typical of the polite ingratitude of the age, that Duisburg had only cost the king a martin and a mouse. The “martin” as a matter of fact shares with Vauban and other professional soldiers of Louis XIV. the glory of having made the French army the first and best regular army in Europe. Great nobles, such as Turenne, Condé and Luxemburg, led this army and inspired it, but their fame has obscured that of the men who made it manageable and efficient. It was about this time that the soldier of fortune, who joined a regiment with his own arms and equipment and had learned his trade by varied experience, began to give place to the soldier regularly enlisted as a recruit in permanent regiments and trained by his own officers. The consequence of this was the introduction of a uniform, or nearly uniform system of drill and training, which in all essentials has endured to the present day. Thus Martinet was the forerunner of Leopold of Dessau and Frederick William, just as Jean Jacques de Fourilles, the organizer of the cavalry, who was forced into an untimely charge at Seneffe (1674) by a brutal taunt of Condé, and there met his death, was the forerunner of Zieten and Seydlitz. These men, while differing from the creators of the Prussian army in that they contributed nothing to the tactics of their arms, at least made tactics possible by the thorough drilling and organization they imparted to the formerly heterogeneous and hardly coherent elements of an army.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Martins Ferry

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​MARTINS FERRY, a city of Belmont county, Ohio, U.S.A., on the Ohio River, nearly opposite Wheeling, West Virginia. Pop. (1890), 6250; (1900), 7760, including 1033 foreign-born and 252 negroes; (1910), 9133. It is served by the Pennsylvania (Cleveland & Pittsburg Division), the Baltimore & Ohio, and the Wheeling & Lake Erie (Wabash System) railways, and by several steamboat lines. The city is situated on two plateaus; the lower is occupied chiefly by factories, the upper by dwellings. Coal mining and manufacturing are the principal industries; among factory products are iron, steel, tin, stoves, machinery and glassware. The municipality owns and operates the waterworks and an electric-lighting plant. A settlement was attempted here in 1785, but was abandoned on account of trouble with the Indians. In 1795 a town was laid out by Absalom Martin and was called Jefferson, but this, too, was abandoned, on ​account of its not being made the county-seat. The town was laid out again in 1835 by Ebenezer Martin (son of Absalom Martin) and was called Martinsville; the present name was substituted a few years later. The Martins and other pioneers are buried in Walnut Grove Cemetery within the city limits. Martins Ferry was incorporated as a town in 1865 and chartered as a city in 1885.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Martos

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​MARTOS, a town of southern Spain, in the province of Jaen, 16 m. W.S.W. of Jaen, by the Jaen-Lucena railway. Pop. (1900), 17,078. Martos is situated on an outlying western peak of the Jabalcuz mountains, which is surmounted by a ruined castle and overlooks the plain of Andalusia. In the neighbourhood are two sulphurous springs with bathing establishments. The local trade is almost exclusively agricultural.
Martos perhaps stands on or near the site of the Tucci of Ptolemy, which was fortified and renamed Colonia Augusta Gemella by the Romans. By Ferdinand III. it was taken from the Moors in 1225, and given to the knights of Calatrava; it was here that the brothers Carvajal, commanders of the order, were in 1312 executed by command of Ferdinand IV. Before their death they summoned Ferdinand to meet them within thirty days at the judgment-seat of God. Ferdinand died a month later and thus received the popular name of el Emplazado—“the Summoned.”
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Martinsburg

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​MARTINSBURG, a town and the county-seat of Berkeley county, West Virginia, U.S.A., about 74 m. W.N.W. of Washington, D.C. Pop. (1890) 7226; (1900) 7564 (678 negroes); (1910) 10,698. It is served by the Baltimore & Ohio and the Cumberland Valley railways; the former has repair shops here. It lies in the Lower Shenandoah Valley at the foot of Little North mountain, in the midst of a fruit-growing region, peaches and apples being the principal crops. Slate and limestone also abound in the vicinity. The town has a fine Federal Building and a King’s Daughters’ hospital. There are grain elevators, and various manufactures, including hosiery, woollen goods, dressed lumber, &c. Martinsburg owns its waterworks, the supply being derived from a neighbouring spring. A town was laid out here a short time before the War of Independence and was named Martinstown in honour of Colonel Thomas Bryan Martin, a nephew of Thomas, Lord Fairfax (1692–1782); in 1778 it was incorporated under its present name. During the Civil War Martinsburg was occupied by several different Union and Confederate forces.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von

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​MARTIUS, CARL FRIEDRICH PHILIPP VON (1794–1868), German botanist and traveller, was born on the 17th of April 1794 at Erlangen, where he graduated M.D. in 1814, publishing as his thesis a critical catalogue of plants in the botanic garden of the university. He afterwards devoted himself to botanical study, and in 1817 he and J. B. von Spix were sent to Brazil by the king of Bavaria. They travelled from Rio de Janeiro through several of the southern and eastern provinces of Brazil, and ascended the river Amazon to Tabatinga, as well as some of its larger affluents. On his return to Europe in 1820 he was appointed conservator of the botanic garden at Munich, and in 1826 professor of botany in the university there, and held both offices till 1864. He devoted his chief attention to the flora of Brazil, and in addition to numerous short papers he published the Nova Genera et Species Plantarum Brasiliensium (1823–1832, 3 vols.) and Icones selectae Plantarum Cryptogamicarum Brasiliensium (1827), both works being finely illustrated. An account of his travels in Brazil appeared in 3 vols. 4to, 1823–1831, with an atlas of plates, but probably the work by which he is best known is his Historia Palmarum (1823–1850) in 3 large folio volumes, of which one describes the palms discovered by himself in Brazil. In 1840 he began the Flora Brasiliensis, with the assistance of the most distinguished European botanists, who undertook monographs of the various orders. Its publication was continued after his death under the editorship of A. W. Eichler (1839–1887) until 1887, and subsequently of Ignaz von Urban. He also edited several works on the zoological collections made in Brazil by Spix, after the death of the latter in 1826. On the outbreak of potato disease in Europe he investigated it and published his observations in 1842. He also published works and short papers on the aborigines of Brazil, on their civil and social condition, on their past and probable future, on their diseases and medicines, and on the languages of the various tribes, especially the Tupi. He died at Munich on the 13th of December 1868.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Style (column)

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​STYLE (from Gr. στῦλος, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below), in architecture, the term used to differentiate between its characteristics in various countries and at different periods (see Architecture). The derivation of the word suggests that it was at first employed to distinguish the classic styles, in which the column played the chief part, and it would be more appropriate to speak of the Doric and Ionic styles than orders (q.v.). In the Assyrian, Sassanian and perhaps the Byzantine styles, the column was a secondary feature of small importance, whereas the Greek, Doric and Ionic styles are based completely on the column and the weight of the superstructure it was required to carry. In France the term is sometimes employed of the individuality of character which is found in an artist’s work. For the use of the term “style” in botany see Flower.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Styx

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​STYX, in Greek mythology, a river which flowed seven times round the world of the dead. In the Iliad it is the only river of the underworld; in the Odyssey it is coupled with Cocytus and Pyriphlegethon, which flow into the chief river Acheron. Hesiod says that Styx was a daughter of Ocean, and that, when Zeus summoned the gods to Olympus to help him to fight the Titans, Styx was the first to come and her children with her; hence as a reward Zeus ordained that the most solemn oath of the gods should be by her and that her children (Emulation, Victory, Power and Force) should always live with him. Again, Hesiod tells us that if any god, after pouring a libation of the water of Styx, forswore himself, he had to lie in a trance for a year without speaking or breathing, and that for nine years afterwards he was excluded from the society of the gods. In historical times the Styx was identified with a lofty waterfall near Nonacris in Arcadia. Pausanias (viii. 17, 6) describes the cliff over which the water falls as the highest he had ever seen, and indeed the fall is the highest in Greece. The ancients regarded the water as poisonous, and thought that it possessed the power of breaking or dissolving vessels of every material, with the exception of the hoof of a horse or a mule. Considering the undoubted importance attached by the ancients to an oath by the water of the Styx (cf. Herodotus vi. 74), and the supposed fatal result of breaking it, it is probable that drinking the water originally formed a necessary part of the oath, and that we have to do with the tradition of an ancient poison ordeal, common amongst barbarous peoples (for the geography and similar ceremonies see Frazer's Pausanias, iv. pp. 250-255). The people in the neighbourhood, who call it Mavo Neró (the Black Water), still think that it is unwholesome, and that no vessel will hold it.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stylobate

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​STYLOBATE (Gr. στῦλος, a column, and βάσις, a base), the architectural term given to the upper step of the Greek temple on which the columns rest, and generally applied to the three steps.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Su-chow

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​SU-CHOW. There are in China three cities of this name which deserve mention.
1. Su-chow-Fu, in the province of Kiang-su, formerly one of the largest cities in the world, and in 1907 credited still with a population of 500,000, on the Grand Canal, 55 m. W.N.W. of Shanghai, with which it is connected by railway. The site is practically a cluster of islands to the east of Lake Tai-hu. The walls are about 10 m. in circumference and there are four large suburbs. Its silk manufactures are represented by a greater variety of goods than are produced anywhere else in the empire; and the publication of cheap editions of the Chinese classics is carried to great perfection. There is a Chinese proverb to the effect that to be perfectly happy a man ought to be born in Su-chow, live in Canton and die in Lien-chow. The nine-storeyed pagoda of the northern temple is one of the finest in the country. In 1860 Su-chow was captured by the Tʽaipʽings, and when in 1863 it was recovered by General Gordon the city was almost a heap of ruins. It has since largely recovered its prosperity, and besides 7000 silk looms has cotton mills and an important trade in rice. Of the original splendour of the place some idea may be gathered from the beautiful plan on a slab of marble preserved since 1247 in the temple of Confucius and reproduced in Yule’s Marco Polo, vol. i. Su-chow was founded in 484 by Ho-lu-Wang, whose grave is covered by the artificial "Hill of the Tiger" in the vicinity of the town. The literary and poetic designation of Su-chow is Ku-su, from the great tower of Ku-su-tai, built by Ho-lu-Wang. Su-chow was opened to foreign trade by the Japanese treaty of 1895. A Chinese and European school was opened in 1900.
2. Su-chow, formerly Tsiu-tsuan-tsiun, a free city in the province of Kan-suh, in 39° 48′ N., just within the extreme north-west angle of the Great Wall, near the gate of jade. It is the great centre of the rhubarb trade. Completely destroyed in the great Mahommedan or Dungan insurrection (1865–72), it was recovered by the Chinese in 1873 and has been rebuilt.
3. Su-chow, a commercial town situated in the province of Sze-chʽuen at the junction of the Min River with the Yang-tse-Kiang, in 28° 46′ 50″ N. Population (1907) about 50,000.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Minutoli, Livia

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MINUTOLI, LIVIA,
Daughter to Andrea and Lucretia de Vulcano, was married to Don Louis do Silva, Duke of Pastrano, Knight of the order of St. James, and commander of the castle of Capuano. When she became a widow, Charles the Fifth, Emperor of Germany, chose her, on account of her virtue and good sense, to conduct the education of Margaret of Austria, his daughter. She lived in the sixteenth century.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Mingotti, Catharine

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MINGOTTI, CATHARINE,
A celebrated Italian singer, was born at Naples, in 1728. After the death of her father, who was a German, Catharine entered a convent, where she was instructed in music. When she was fourteen she left the convent, and some time after married Mingotti, director of the opera at Dresden. Here she was very much admired, and sang at the theatre, before the king. Her reputation soon extended through Europe, and under the direction of the celebrated Farinelli, she visited most of the principal cities on the continent, and also came to London. She died at Munich, in 1807. She was a highly educated and intellectual woman.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Mirbel, Lezinska Rue de

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MIRBEL, LEZINSKA RUE DE,
Was born at Paris, daughter of a commissary of the marine. She belonged to a family, every branch of which was opulent, except her own. Nature had endowed her, however, with a firmness of character and a loftiness of spirit which rendered poverty honourable, as, instead of degrading, it spurred her to those exertions which have given her name a European celebrity. She determined, at a very early age, to accomplish an object which she set before herself; that was, to become independent by her own efforts, and to supply the wants of her mother and her young brother. After long and due consideration, she determined upon applying herself to miniature painting, which she felt was her particular vocation. She was then eighteen, and remarkable for beauty and intelligence. Having entered herself as a student with Augustin, she regulated her hours upon the strictest rules of industry and method; every moment had its employment; a time was allotted to the necessary practice of her art; a time to reading, and a time to needle-work. Up at four o'clock in the morning, she was always ready and never hurried; the evening she devoted to society, and the day to the most persevering labours. Her youthful spirit knew no languor, either moral or physical. Filling her place gracefully in the drawing-room, in the studio she was the most severe and indefatigable of students Preparing by earnest and fatiguing application her distant future success—
"For sluggard's brows the laurel never grows Renown is not the child of indolent repose."
The besetting sin of miniature painters is want of skill in drawing; Augustin could teach her the way of mixing and laying on colours, and the little mysteries of the profession; but this was not art, it was not drawing. A friend of her family, M. Belloc, a very distinguished connoisseur, advised her to withdraw firom the school of Augustin, and to give herself up exclusively and strenuously to the study of drawing. She took this judicious advice, and under his friendly direction applied herself to copy the greatest masters of her special branch of art. Her talent became rapidly developed, and she soon acquired a distinguished reputation. After her marriage with M. de Mirbel, she continued her efforts for improvement, which were attended by fame, fortune, and success. While the merit of her miniatures was acknowledged all over Europe, her charming manners and intelligent mind rendered her house the resort of the most distinguished literary and artistic personages of the day. She died September, 1849, deeply regretted by all who could estimate genius and her worth.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Molsa, Tarquinia

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MOLSA, TARQUINIA,
Daughter of Camillus Molsa, knight of the order of St. James of Spain, and granddaughter of Francis Maria Molsa, a celebrated Italian poet, was one of the most accomplished ladies in the world, uniting in an extraordinary degree wit, learning, and beauty. Her father, observing her genius, had her educated with her brothers, and by the best masters, in every branch of literature and science. Some of the most distinguished scientific men of the time were her instructors and eulogists. She was perfect mistress of Latin, Greek, and the ethics of Aristotle, Plato, and Plutarch. She also understood Hebrew and natural philosophy, and wrote her own language, ​the Tascan, with great ease and spirit. She played on the lute and violin, and sang exquisitely.
Tarquinia Molsa was highly esteemed by Alphonsus the Second, Duke of Ferrara, and his whole court; and the city of Rome, by a decree of the senate, in which all her excellences were set forth, honoured her with the title of Singular, and bestowed on her, and the whole family of Molsa, the rights of a Roman citizen, a very unusual honour to be conferred on a woman. This decree was passed December 8th., 1600.
Molsa was married to Paulus Porrinus, but losing her husband while still very young, she would never consent to be married again. She grieved so much for his death, as to be called another Artemisia.
She retained her personal charms to an advanced period of her life, confirming the opinion of Euripides, "That the autumn of beauty is not less pleasing than its spring." Although so courted and extolled, she avoided notice and distinction, and retained to the last her fondness for a quiet and retired life.