OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bermuda Hundred

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BERMUDA HUNDRED, a locality in Chesterfield co., Va.; the scene of a battle in the Civil War between the Federal troops under General Butler, and the Confederates under General Beauregard. The battle was fought May 16, 1864, and resulted in a defeat for Butler.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste Jules

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BERNADOTTE, JEAN BAPTISTE JULES (ber-na-dot′), a French general, afterward raised to the Swedish throne, was the son of an advocate of Pau, born Jan. 26, 1764. He enlisted at 17, became sergeant-major in 1789, and subaltern in 1790. In 1794 he was appointed a General of Division, and distinguished himself greatly in the campaign in Germany, and on the Rhine. In 1798 he married Mademoiselle Clary, sister-inlaw of Joseph Bonaparte. The following year he became for a short time Minister of War, and on the establishment of the Empire was raised to the dignity of Marshal of France, and the title of Prince of Ponte-Corvo. On the death of the Prince of Holstein-Augustenburg, the heir apparency to the Swedish crown was oflFered to the Prince of Ponte-Corvo, who accepted with the consent of the Emperor, went to Sweden, abjured Catholicism, and took the title of Prince Charles John. In the maintenance of the interests of Sweden, a serious rupture occurred between him and Bonaparte, followed by his accession, in 1812, to the coalition of sovereigns against Napoleon. At the close of the war the Emperor of Austria and other sovereigns tried to restore the family of Gustavus IV. to the crown; but Bemadotte, retaining his position as Crown Prince, became King of Sweden on the death of Charles XIII., in 1818, under the title of Charles XIV. He died March 8, 1844, and was succeeded by his son Oscar.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bernard, Saint (Great and Little)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BERNARD, SAINT (GREAT and LITTLE). See St. Bernard.
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996/1997-02-04/Schedule 1

Schedule 1
National Flag
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996/1997-02-04/Schedule 4

Schedule 4
Functional Areas of Concurrent National and Provincial Legislative Competence
Part A
Administration of indigenous forests
Agriculture
Airports other than international and national airports
Animal control and diseases
Casinos, racing, gambling and wagering, excluding lotteries and sports pools
Consumer protection
Cultural matters
Disaster management
Education at all levels, excluding tertiary education
Environment
Health services
Housing
Indigenous law and customary law, subject to Chapter 12 of the Constitution
Industrial promotion
Language policy and the regulation of official languages to the extent that the provisions of section 6 of the Constitution expressly confer upon the provincial legislatures legislative competence
Media services directly controlled or provided by the provincial government, subject to section 192
Nature conservation, excluding national parks, national botanical gardens and marine resources
Police to the extent that the provisions of Chapter 11 of the Constitution confer upon the provincial legislatures legislative competence
Pollution control
Population development
Property transfer fees
Provincial public enterprises in respect of the functional areas in this Schedule and Schedule 5
Public transport
Public works only in respect of the needs of provincial government departments in the discharge of their responsibilities to administer functions specifically assigned to them in terms of the Constitution or any other law
Regional planning and development
​Road traffic regulation
Soil conservation
Tourism
Trade
Traditional leadership, subject to Chapter 12 of the Constitution
Urban and rural development
Vehicle licensing
Welfare services
Part B
The following local government matters to the extent set out in section 155(6)(a) and (7):
Air pollution
Building regulations
Child care facilities
Electricity and gas reticulation
Firefighting services
Local tourism
Municipal airports
Municipal planning
Municipal health services
Municipal public transport
Municipal public works only in respect of the needs of municipalities in the discharge of their responsibilities to administer functions specifically assigned to them under this Constitution or any other law
Pontoons, ferries, jetties, piers and harbours, excluding the regulation of international and national shipping and matters related thereto
Stormwater management systems in built-up areas
Trading regulations
Water and sanitation services limited to potable water supply systems and domestic waste-water and sewage disposal systems
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996/1997-02-04/Chapter 6

Chapter 6
Provinces
Provinces
103.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(2)
Provincial Legislatures
Legislative authority of provinces
104.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(c)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Composition and election of provincial legislatures
105.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(2)
Membership
106.
(1)
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(2)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(4)
Oath or affirmation
107.
Duration of provincial legislatures
108.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Dissolution of provincial legislatures before expiry of term
109.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(2)
(a)
(b)
Sittings and recess periods
110.
(1)
(2)
(3)
Speakers and Deputy Speakers
111.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Decisions
112.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
(a)
(b)
Permanent delegates’ rights in provincial legislatures
113.
Powers of provincial legislatures
114.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
Evidence or information before provincial legislatures
115.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Internal arrangements, proceedings and procedures of provincial legislatures
116.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Privilege
117.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(2)
(3)
Public access to and involvement in provincial legislatures
118.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(2)
Introduction of Bills
119.
​Money Bills
120.
(1)
(2)
Assent to Bills
121.
(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(3)
Application by members to Constitutional Court
122.
(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(4)
Publication of provincial Acts
123.
​Safekeeping of provincial Acts
124.
Provincial Executives
Executive authority of provinces
125.
(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(a)
(b)
​Assignment of functions
126.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Powers and functions of Premiers
127.
(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Election of Premiers
128.
(1)
(2)
(3)
Assumption of office by Premiers
129.
Term of office and removal of Premiers
130.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(4)
Acting Premiers
131.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
(3)
Executive Councils
132.
(1)
(2)
Accountability and responsibilities
133.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(a)
(b)
Continuation of Executive Councils after elections
134.
Oath or affirmation
135.
Conduct of members of Executive Councils
136.
(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Transfer of functions
137.
(a)
(b)
Temporary assignment of functions
138.
Provincial supervision of local government
139.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(3)
Executive decisions
140.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(a)
(b)
Motions of no confidence
141.
(1)
(2)
Provincial Constitutions
Adoption of provincial constitutions
142.
Contents of provincial constitutions
143.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
Certification of provincial constitutions
144.
(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
Signing, publication and safekeeping of provincial constitutions
145.
(1)
(2)
(3)
Conflicting Laws
Conflicts between national and provincial legislation
146.
(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Other conflicts
147.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
Conflicts that cannot be resolved
148.
Status of legislation that does not prevail
149.
Interpretation of conflicts
150.
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996/1997-02-04/Chapter 8

Chapter 8
Courts and Administration of Justice
Judicial authority
165.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Judicial system
166.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Constitutional Court
167.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(4)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(5)
(6)
(a)
(b)
(7)
Supreme Court of Appeal
168.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(c)
High Courts
169.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
Magistrates’ Courts and other courts
170.
Court procedures
171.
Powers of courts in constitutional matters
172.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Inherent power
173.
Appointment of judicial officers
174.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
​Acting judges
175.
(1)
(2)
Terms of office and remuneration
176.
(1)
(2)
(3)
Removal
177.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(2)
(3)
Judicial Service Commission
178.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Prosecuting authority
179.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(2)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(4)
(5)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(6)
(7)
Other matters concerning administration of justice
180.
(a)
(b)
(c)
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996/1997-02-04/Chapter 9

Chapter 9
State Institutions Supporting Constitutional Democracy
Establishment and governing principles
181.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Public Protector
Functions of Public Protector
182.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Tenure
183.
Human Rights Commission
Functions of Human Rights Commission
184.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(3)
(4)
Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities
Functions of Commission
185.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Composition of Commission
186.
(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
Commission for Gender Equality
Functions of Commission for Gender Equality
187.
(1)
(2)
(3)
Auditor-General
Functions of Auditor-General
188.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(3)
(4)
Tenure
189.
Electoral Commission
Functions of Electoral Commission
190.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
Composition of Electoral Commission
191.
Independent Authority to Regulate Broadcasting
Broadcasting Authority
192.
General Provisions
Appointments
193.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(5)
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(6)
Removal from office
194.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(3)
(a)
(b)
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996/1997-02-04/Schedule 5

Schedule 5
Functional Areas of Exclusive Provincial Legislative Competence
Part A
Abattoirs
Ambulance services
Archives other than national archives
Libraries other than national libraries
Liquor licences
Museums other than national museums
Provincial planning
Provincial cultural matters
Provincial recreation and amenities
Provincial sport
Provincial roads and traffic
Veterinary services, excluding regulation of the profession
Part B
The following local government matters to the extent set out for provinces in section 155(6)(a) and (7):
Beaches and amusement facilities
Billboards and the display of advertisements in public places
Cemeteries, funeral parlours and crematoria
Cleansing
Control of public nuisances
Control of undertakings that sell liquor to the public
Facilities for the accommodation, care and burial of animals
Fencing and fences
Licensing of dogs
Licensing and control of undertakings that sell food to the public
Local amenities
Local sport facilities
Markets
Municipal abattoirs
Municipal parks and recreation
Municipal roads
Noise pollution
Pounds
​Public places
Refuse removal, refuse dumps and solid waste disposal
Street trading
Street lighting
Traffic and parking
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996/1997-02-04/Chapter 7

Chapter 7
Local Government
Status of municipalities
151.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Objects of local government
152.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(2)
Developmental duties of municipalities
153.
(a)
(b)
Municipalities in co-operative government
154.
(1)
(2)
Establishment of municipalities
155.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(a)
(b)
(7)
Powers and functions of municipalities
156.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(a)
(b)
(5)
Composition and election of Municipal Councils
157.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Membership of Municipal Councils
158.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(2)
Terms of Municipal Councils
159.
Internal procedures
160.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(4)
(a)
(b)
(5)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(6)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(7)
(8)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Privilege
161.
Publication of municipal by-laws
162.
(1)
(2)
(3)
Organised local government
163.
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Other matters
164.
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996/1997-02-04/Schedule 3

Schedule 3
Election Procedures
Part A — Election Procedures for Constitutional Office-Bearers
Application
1.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Nominations
2.
Formal requirements
3.
(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(3)
Announcement of names of candidates
4.
​Single candidate
5.
Election procedure
6.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Elimination procedure
7.
(1)
(2)
Further meetings
8.
(1)
(2)
Rules
9.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(2)
Part B — Formula to Determine Party Participation in Provincial Delegations to the National Council of Provinces
1.
2.
# Collected Physical Papers/On Double Refraction of the Electric Ray by a Strained Dielectric

First published in The Electrician, vol. 36.
III
ON DOUBLE REFRACTION OF THE ELECTRIC RAY BY A STRAINED DIELECTRIC
The following investigations were undertaken to find whether a solid dielectric becomes double-refracting to the electric ray when it is subjected to a molecular stress by unequal expansion in two directions, or by mechanical compression.
The Electric Polarisation Apparatus, previously described, was used for these experiments. The Analyser and the Polariser were crossed. The strained substance was then introduced between the crossed Analyser and Polariser.
Effect due to unequal expansion
I cast a rectangular piece of paraffin, and chilled its surface unequally by a freezing mixture. On suitably interposing this between the Polariser and the Analyser, the galvanometer spot was at once deflected, proving the double-retracting nature of the strained dielectric. The piece was cast six months ago. It retains its unannealed property even now.
I took two zinc tubes, one cylindrical and the other rectangular, and made castings of melted pitch, which set on cooling. In the cylindrical tube the strain was the same in all directions at right angles to the axis, and this cylindrical mass of pitch did not exhibit any double-refraction. But in the tube with the square section, unequal strain was evident in rectangular directions, perpendicular to the axis; two of the opposite ​sides bulged out, and the other two bulged in. On interposing this piece between the crossed Polariser and Analyser, it exhibited double~refraction.
Effect due to compression
It appeared that stratified rocks, which, from the nature of their formation, were subjected to great pressure, would serve well for the purpose of this experiment. My anticipations were verified, as the following experiments will show:—
I took a cube of Sandstone, about 5 cm. on each side, and held it between the Polariser and the Analyser, with the plane of stratiﬁcation inclined at 45°. The galvanometer at once responded.
I then rotated the piece of rock, and adjusted it with its plane of stratification parallel to the vibration plane of the Polariser. There was now no depolarisation effect, the galvanometer remained unaffected. On further rotation in the same direction, the depolarisation effect re-appeared, to disappear again when the plane of stratification was made parallel to the vibration plane of the Analyser.
Experiments with many other rocks, gave similar result.
(The Electrician, Dec. 1895.)
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pennsylvania College for Women

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. An institution founded by the Presbyterian Church in 1869 to provide women with a college education, and also instruction in the social service work of the Church. It is situated in the residential section of Pittsburgh, Pa., and had in 1915 a total enrollment of 250. The buildings and grounds are now valued at $700,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pennsylvania Dutch

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH, a patois that is not, as some erroneously suppose, a corruption of German, originating in Pennsylvania, but a South-German dialect, brought from Europe, and due to a mixture of forms existing on the upper Rhine in Rhenish Bavaria, Baden, Darmstadt, Württemberg, German Switzerland, and Alsace. In the United States, chiefly in Pennsylvania, the dialect has taken up an English element. A more correct name would be Pennsylvania German.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pennsylvania, University of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational non-sectarian institution in Philadelphia, Pa.; founded in 1740; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 935; students, 9,921; volumes in the library, 481,000; productive funds, $10,802,420; income, $472,886; provost, Edgar Fahs Smith, Ph. D.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Penny

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​PENNY, a British coin (formerly of copper, since 1860 of bronze) and money of account, the 12th part of a shilling. It was at first a silver coin weighing about 22½ grains troy, or the 240th part of a Saxon pound. Till the time of Edward I. it was so deeply indented by a cross mark that it could be broken into halves (thence called half-penny) or quarters (fourthings or farthings). Its weight was steadily decreased till at last, in the reign of Elizabeth, it was fixed at 7 grains, or the 62d part of an ounce of silver. Copper pennies were first coined in 1797, but copper half-pennies and farthings had been in use from 1672. The old Scotch penny was only a 12th of a penny sterling in value, the pound being equal to 20 pennies sterling.
In the United States the term penny is commonly used for “cent,” the 100th part of a dollar. It consists of 95 per cent. of copper and 5 per cent. tin and zinc. There are 1,000,000,000 pennies in circulation throughout the country and the Philadelphia mint is turning them out at the rate of 4,000,000 a month to keep up the supply. Copper blank sheets are bought by the government large enough to cut 100 cents from. On reaching the mint the sheets are cut into strips, from which the round blanks called planchets are punched, and these run directly through the stamping machines. Then they go to an automatic weighing machine, which throws out all the imperfect coins. In 1897 Pennsylvania took the most pennies, 11,000,000. New York came next with a demand for 9,000,000, and in New Mexico, where the penny is little used, only 4,000 were asked for. It is estimated that 100,000 pennies a year are lost in various ways.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pennyroyal

Edition of 1921; disclaimer. See also Hedeoma pulegioides on Wikipedia.
PENNYROYAL (Mentha pulegium), a species of mint, a native of Europe and western Asia, abundant in England and in some parts of Ireland, not found wild in Scotland, though sometimes grown there in gardens for its reputed medicinal qualities. It enjoys a high popular reputation as an emmenagogue, but no dependence may be placed in its efficacy. The name pennyroyal is given in North America to a small plant, hedeoma pulegioides, allied to the mints, and having, like them, a pleasant aromatic smell and a warm pungent taste. It is much in use in domestic medicine, in the form of a warm infusion, to promote perspiration and as an emmenagogue.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pennyweight

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​PENNYWEIGHT, a Troy weight, containing 24 grains, each grain being equal to a grain of wheat from the middle of the ear, well dried. Twenty pennyweights make one ounce Troy weight. The name is derived from its having been originally the weight of the silver penny.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pennsylvania College

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE, a coeducational institution in Gettysburg, Pa., founded in 1832 under the auspices of the Lutheran Church; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 35; students 500; president, W. A. Granville, Ph. D.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pennsylvania State College

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE, a coeducational non-sectarian institution in State College, Pa.; founded in 1855; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 350; students, 3,065; volumes in the library, 74,000; productive funds, $567,000; income, $1,165,877; president, Edwin Erle Sparks, Ph. D., LL. D.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pennypacker, Samuel Whitaker

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​PENNYPACKER, SAMUEL WHITAKER. Born 1843 at Phœnixville, Pa. died Sept. 2, 1916. After graduating at Gettysburg University in 1863 he took up the practice of law, becoming in 1889 judge of the Court of Common Pleas in Philadelphia. From 1896-1902 he was president-judge of the same court. In 1903 he was elected governor of Pennsylvania. Governor Pennypacker was later a member of important railroad and historical commissions of the State, and for many years was president of the Pennsylvania Historical Society.
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993/1996-03-29/Schedule 5

Schedule 5
Procedure for Election of President
1. Nominations of candidates for election as President shall be called for by the Chief Justice or the other judge presiding at the meeting at which the President is to be elected.
2. Every nomination shall be submitted on the form prescribed by the Chief Justice and shall be signed by two members of Parliament and also by the person nominated, unless the person nominated has in writing signified his or her willingness to accept the nomination.
3. The names of the persons duly nominated as provided for in item 2 shall be announced at the meeting at which the election is to take place by the person presiding thereat, and no debate shall be allowed at the election.
4. If in respect of any election only one nomination has been received, the person presiding at the meeting shall declare the candidate in question to be duly elected.
5. Where more than one candidate is nominated, a vote shall be taken by secret ballot, each person present and entitled to vote having one vote, and any candidate in whose favour the majority of all the votes cast is recorded, shall be declared duly elected by the person presiding at the meeting.
6. (a) If no candidate obtains a majority of all the votes so cast, the candidate who has received the smallest number of votes shall be eliminated and a further ballot shall be taken in respect of the remaining candidates, this procedure being repeated as often as may be necessary until a candidate receives a majority of all the votes cast and is declared duly elected.
(b) Whenever two or more candidates being the lowest on the poll have received the same number of votes, the meeting shall by separate vote, to be repeated as often as may be necessary, determine which of those candidates shall for the purpose of paragraph (a) be eliminated.
7. Whenever—
(a)
(b)
and there is an equality of votes between those two candidates, the person presiding at the meeting shall at the time the result of the election is announced, fix the time at and date on which a further meeting will be held, being a date not more than seven days thereafter.
8. At the further meeting referred to in item 7, the provisions of this Schedule shall apply as if such further meeting were the first meeting called for the purpose of the election in question.
9. (1) The Chief Justice shall make rules in regard to the procedure to be observed at a meeting at which the President is to be elected, and rules defining the duties of the presiding officer and of any person appointed to assist him and prescribing the manner in which the ballot at any such meeting shall be conducted.
(2) Any such rules shall be made known in such manner as the Chief Justice may consider necessary.