OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Birmingham

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
BIRMINGHAM, a city of England, on the Rea river near its confluence with the Tame, in the N. W. of Warwickshire, with suburbs extending into Staffordshire and Worcestershire; 112 miles N. W. of London, and 97 S. E. of Liverpool. It is the principal seat of the hardware manufacture in Great Britain, producing metal articles of all kinds from pins to steam engines. It manufactures firearms in great quantities, swords, jewelry, buttons, tools, steel pens, locks, lamps, bedsteads, gas fittings, sewing machines, articles of papier maché, railway carriages, etc. The quantity of solid gold and silver plate manufactured is large, and the consumption of these metals in electroplating is very great. Japanning, glass manufacturing, and glass staining or painting form important branches of industry, as also does the manufacture of chemicals. At Soho and Smethwick in the vicinity of the city are the famous works founded by Boulton and Watt, who there manufactured their first steam engines, where gas was first used, plating perfected, and numerous novel applications tried and experiments made. Among the public buildings are the Town Hall, a handsome building of the classic style, the Free Library, commenced in 1861, the central portion of which was burned down in 1879, when the irreplaceable Shakespeare library, and the collection of books, prints, etc., bearing on the antiquities of Warwickshire, were destroyed; the Midland Institute and
Public Art Gallery, the Council House, etc. There are statues of the Prince Consort, James Watt, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Nelson, Dr. Priestley, Rowland Hill, Sir Joshua Mason, and others. The finest ecclesiastical building is the Roman Catholic Cathedral, a noble Gothic structure. The principal educational establishments are Queen's College, providing instruction in theology, medicine, and arts; a Roman Catholic college (at Oscott); the Royal College for Medicine, Arts, Engineering and Law; the Mason Scientific College, founded by Sir Joshua Mason, 1875, opened 1880, now Birmingham University; and the Free Grammar School, founded by Edward VI., etc. The Reform Act of 1832 made Birmingham a Parliamentary borough with two members; the act of 1867 gave it a third; while the Redistribution Act of 1885 divided it into seven divisions, each sending one member to Parliament. Birmingham is known to have existed in the reign of Alfred, in 872, and is mentioned in the Domesday Book (1086) by the name of Bermengeham. Another old name of the town is Bromwycham, a form still preserved very nearly in the popular local pronunciation, Brummagem. Pop. (1919) 861,585.
# The Laws of Howel the Good

Translated from Harleian MS 4353 with missing leaves supplied by Cleopatra A XIV
WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW
BEING A TEXT OF
THE LAWS OF HOWEL THE GOOD
NAMELY
THE BRITISH MUSEUM HARLEIAN MS. 4353 OF THE 13th CENTURY, WITH TRANSLATION INTRODUCTION, APPENDIX, GLOSSARY INDEX, AND A MAP
BY
A. W. WADE-EVANS JESUS COLLEGE
OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1909
HENRY FROWDE, M.A. PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD LONDON, EDINBURGH, NEW YORK TORONTO AND MELBOURNE
TO MY WIFE
FLORENCE MAY DIXON
PREFACE
This book is intended primarily for the student of the political history of Wales, but it is hoped that others also will find it useful. The particular text adopted was at the recommendation of Dr. Gwenogfryn Evans some years ago, who regards it as the oldest and best of its class. It is reproduced page for page, line for line, and error for error, except where it was found more convenient to relegate notices of errors to the palaeographical notes. The translation is a tentative one based on that of Aneurin Owen in his Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales, a work which has been found indispensable for the present production. I would record my sincere thanks to Sir John Rhys, from whom I have received, not only the valuable assistance which so distinguished a scholar could render, but also the sympathy and encouragement of a friend ; to Dr. Gwenogfryn ​Evans for help and advice as to the choice of a text, and as to procedure with regard to publication ; and to Mr. Ernest Hughes, late of Jesus College, and now Lecturer in History at the University College of South Wales, to whom I am indebted for many suggestions whilst the Introduction and Glossary were still in proof. Finally, I have to thank the Delegates of the Clarendon Press for undertaking the publication of this work, and also the staff for the kindness and the efficiency which have so much lightened my labours.
Ty Rhos, Fishguard.
CONTENTS
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . vii The Houses of Cunedda and Rhodri Mawr . . lvi Analytical Summary . . . . . . . lviii Laws of Howel (Welsh Text) . . . . . 1 Translation . . . . . . . . . 145 Paleographical Notes . . . . . . 285 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . 289 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . 325 Index to Welsh Text . . . . . 351 Map of Pre-Norman Wales . . . . At end
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Arnim, Hans Georg von

Edition of 1905. See also Hans Georg von Arnim-Boitzenburg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ARNIM, är'nĭm, or ARNHEIM, ärn'hīm, Hans Georg von (1581-1641). A German general in the Thirty Years' War. He was born at Boitzenburg in Brandenburg. He fought under Gustavus Adolphus against Russia in 1613, served in the Polish forces, and in 1626 entered the Imperial service under Wallenstein and was appointed a field-marshal. Being a Protestant, he left the Imperial service on account of the Edict of Restitution, entered that of the Elector John George of Saxony, and was in command of the left wing of the army of Gustavus Adolphus at Breitenfeld (1631). He was one of the principal agents in the negotiations between John George and Wallenstein, which were terminated by the latter's death in 1634. After this he defeated the Imperialists at Liegnitz and operated in conjunction with Bauer in Bohemia. In 1635 John George abandoned the Protestant cause, making peace with the Emperor Ferdinand ​II., and Arnim now left the Saxon service. He was seized by Oxenstierna in March, 1637, for alleged intrigues against Sweden, and was taken to Stockholm, but escaped to Hamburg in November, 1638, and thereafter devoted himself to freeing Germany from foreign domination. He was carrying on a campaign, as lieutenant-general of the imperial and Saxon forces against the French and Swedes, when he died at Dresden, April 18, 1641.
Consult: Helbig, Wallenstein und Arnim, 1632-34 (Dresden, 1850); Irmer, "G. von Arnim als kaiserlicher Feldherr in Pommern und Polen," in Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte (Göttingen, 1879), and H. G. von Arnim, Lebensbild (Leipzig, 1894). See Thirty Years' War; Wallenstein.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Arnim, Harry, Count von

Edition of 1905. See also Harry von Arnim on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ARNIM, Harry, Count von (1824-81). A German diplomat, born at Moitzelfitz, Pomerania. He studied law and entered the diplomatic service; was appointed ambassador to the Pope in 1864, and during the Vatican Council of 1869-70, as ambassador of the North German Confederation, supported the German bishops who opposed the dogma of infallibility. He was made a count in 1870, and during the next year took a prominent part in the negotiations preceding the Treaty of Frankfort. During 1872-74 he was ambassador to France, but as he was opposed to the policy of Bismarck, the latter secured his transfer to Constantinople, and a little later caused him to be arrested on the charge of stealing and publishing State documents from the German Embassy in Paris. For this he was sentenced to nine months' imprisonment. But he escaped punishment by remaining outside of the empire, chiefly in Austria, where he published many pamphlets attacking Bismarck. He died at Nice.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Army Administration

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ARMY ADMIN′ISTRA′TION. See Army Organization.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Arminian

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ARMIN′IAN, or GENERAL, BAP′TISTS. See Baptists.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Army

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​AR′MY. See Armies and Army Organization.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Arnim, Elisabeth von

Edition of 1905. See also Bettina von Arnim on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ARNIM, är′nī̇m, Elisabeth von, better known as Bettina (1785-1859). A sister of Clemens Brentano, and wife of Achim von Arnim, born at Frankfort-on-the-Main. She is noted chiefly for her friendship with Goethe (1807-11) and her pretended Correspondence of Goethe with a Child (Goethes Briefwechsel mit einem Kinde) (1838), which is in large part fictitious. Genuine sonnets of Goethe in it were addressed, not to her, but to Minna Herzlieb. As a work of fiction its merits are great. It is original, fresh, lively, and graphic, though with the usual romantic faults of construction; and in its speculative pages it is unintelligible. A similar volume of Correspondence with Caroline von Günderode is equally interesting, as is also a collection of real Letters to and from her brother Clemens. She was a true member of a brilliantly eccentric family, keen, witty, capricious, vain, untruthful. Her translation of her Correspondence with Goethe into English is one of the curiosities of literature.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Arming

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​AR′MING. See Lead, Sounding.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Army Corps

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ARMY CORPS, kōr. See Army Organization.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Army Estimates

Edition of 1905. See also Military budget on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ARMY ESTIMATES. United States Army. The estimates furnished annually by the heads of the various branches of the War Department, giving a statement of their requirements, and the amount of money necessary for the same. The estimates are addressed to the secretary of war, who, in his report to the President, submits the same, together with his comments thereon. The President, in his turn, sends the estimates to Congress, upon which the House of Representatives draws up the Army Appropriation Bill, which is then sent to the Senate for final action. The appropriations are expended by the heads of departments, under the general direction of the Secretary of War, after which the final accounts are audited by the auditor for the War Department of the Treasury. The same general procedure obtains in all other civilized countries, varying only in details due to the various governmental constitutions.
# The Little Book of the Most Holy Child Jesus/Meditation VII

MEDITATION VII.
THE CHILD JESUS PRAYS IN THE TEMPLE.
Grace to ask for: Great reverence in the house of God.
Twelve years have passed away since the angels sang that new song on earth, the song of the new-born Babe.
Now behold the Child, kneeling in the Temple, whither He had gone up with Mary His Mother and Joseph His Foster-father.
He kneels in His Father's house, the house of prayer, and prays for His people Israel.
Prays for all mankind, for me.
There is always a place for me in that Sacred Heart of His.
My life is all there, as if there were no other life but mine.
He loves me as if there were none else to love but me.
​But Oh, how wondrous is that prayer!
Earth has never sent up to the eternal Throne a prayer like the prayer of Jesus.
That the world which God had made might give its Maker fitting worship, He has come to us.
Not only does the race of man give becoming worship in that prayer, but that Holy Child who prays is God.
Man's eye can only see the form of a kneeling child.
But angels unseen around, angels in the highest heaven, wonder and adore.
Earth's worship is now Divine through that Sacred Heart which prays for men.
Dear Jesus, I will often think of Thee praying in the Temple.
I will be devout and very reverent in church, which is Thy holy Temple, my Father's house, where Thou art present on the Altar.
Drive far from me all vain and sinful thoughts.
​Thy Church is a holy place, none other than the gate of heaven.
With soul and body, as Thou art Lord of both, I would adore Thee there.
Give me grace never to give scandal by carelessness or light behaviour, but ever to act as in Thy holy Presence.
Mary, dear Mother, pray to thy dear Son for me.
Joseph, by thy deep reverence and thy unselfish love, I beg thee, pray for me.
Most Holy Child Jesus, save Thy children.
# The Little Book of the Most Holy Child Jesus/Meditation VIII

MEDITATION VIII.
JESUS WITH THE DOCTORS IN THE TEMPLE.
Grace to ask for: Teachableness.
Behold the Child Jesus now at the age of twelve.
For once, Mary and Joseph are not by His side.
He is in the Temple—in the hall of the ​doctors, the teachers of the Law, which He had come to fulfil.
They know not who stands before them meekly answering their questions.
He is but a boy, yet such answers these learned men have never heard.
Such wisdom they have never known.
His questions startle these gravest men of Israel yet more than the answers which He gives.
While He would teach, He seems to learn from them.
He is the eternal Wisdom, clothed in our flesh.
A bashful modest Child before those doctors of the Temple, all knowledge is in His Heart.
The elders hold their breath with wonder.
Now listen. It is a Mother's voice that pleads.
Into that Hall have entered Mary and Joseph.
​Their souls have been full of sorrow.
For three whole days they have lost the Child, and all the light went out from their hearts.
He had not come for them alone, His Father's business called Him.
At Mary's word He leaves the work for yet a while, and departs with her to dwell at Nazareth, their home in Galilee, in the house of Joseph the carpenter.
Dear Jesus, all Wisdom and Knowledge as Thou art, Thou didst stand like a teachable child before the doctors of Jerusalem.
I will gladly receive the words of those whom Thou hast set over me.
I know but very little. Teach me in their teaching, and above all things to know and love Thee.
Dear Mother Mary, to whom the holy Child was obedient, pray to Him for me.
Holy Joseph, I look to thee as a father.
​Most Holy Child Jesus, save Thy children.
# The Little Book of the Most Holy Child Jesus/Meditation V

MEDITATION V.
THE FLIGHT INTO EGYPT.
Grace to ask for: Forgiveness of injuries.
The cave of Bethlehem is left far behind.
No more is heard the hum of the crowds of Jerusalem or the singing in the Temple.
As far as the eye can see, the lone wilderness stretches round.
The noonday sun shines down with strong heat from the mid sky.
A small spring of cooling water has sprung up and made the grass to grow. It is like a green island in the midst of the great salt sea.
A few slight trees make a shelter here in this hot sandy plain.
Here rests the Holy Family, wearied by a long swift journey. All night have they travelled, and now it is the broad noonday.
Joseph is watchful still; for in those wild parts dwell beasts and still wilder ​men, robbers who make the traveller their prey.
Why is that tender Babe brought from home, from the land of His birth, out into this desert place?
Herod, the king, seeks to kill Him.
He who is Lord of heaven and earth, Creator and King of angels and of men, was called 'King of the Jews' by the wise men.
Herod the king is jealous. He is in fear of this little Babe. He seeks to slay the Child.
That He may not escape, he orders all the little ones of Bethlehem to die.
This little Child has come into the world to save His people; and not only has He not where to lay His head, but they seek to take His tender life with cruel sword.
So it is that, far away across that desert, where of old His people Israel wandered, He has to flee with Mary and Joseph into the strange dark land of Egypt.
​Does He say, 'I will not save these men. They seek to shed My Blood, to take the life of Me, who came to be their life'?
'I will not save them'!
No. It is already in His Heart, 'Father, forgive them.'
The wilder their hate, the more tender His love.
Dear Child Jesus, I will bear no anger nor hatred in my heart.
I forgive all who have vexed me, or who have sought to do me harm.
Give me grace, for Thy dear sake, always to forgive, always to pray for those who may injure me or wish me ill.
Dear Mother Mary, it was sorrow, not anger, that filled thy heart. Thou couldst not but pray for the enemies of thy dear Son. Pray that I may have ever a forgiving heart.
Holy Joseph, pray for me.
Most Holy Child Jesus, save Thy children.
# The Little Book of the Most Holy Child Jesus/Meditation VI

MEDITATION VI.
MURDER OF THE INNOCENTS.
Grace to ask for: The spirit of penance.
What dismal sound is this that rings through the streets of Bethlehem, where of late the Maiden-mother vainly sought a shelter?
It is the voice of weeping mothers, of others wailing for their children torn from their breasts and slain.
Soldiers, cruel messengers of a cruel king, seek them in every house, snatch them from mothers' arms, that fondly cling in vain, and spill with the sharp biting sword their red young blood beneath God's sky.
He whom they seek to slay is far off in the old Egyptian land.
These little ones die in His stead.
Herod would have slain the Lord of life ​and glory, but they are the babes of Bethlehem who perish.
Dear Jesus, how couldest Thou suffer these harmless lambs to lose their young lives thus?
To the angels Thy birth was joy unspeakable.
To Mary it was heaven on earth.
To Joseph, to the shepherds, to the kings, to Simeon and Anna, it was the brightness of the very God.
But to these poor guileless babes it has brought red blood and death.
The innocent and sinless are not to be without their penance in this world, upon which falls the deep shadow of sin. I see it is Thy holy will, who willest all things well.
Not even they.
I, then, will at least deny myself some little pleasure each day for love of Thee.
I will not always seek and choose the easy and the flowery path.
​Teach me to give up daily my own will with gladness for Thy dear sake.
Ye holy Innocents, blest Babes, earliest martyrs of Jesus Christ, the King of martyrs, how bright a life was won by that sharp death!
Beautiful little martyrs of the holy Child, your eyes soon closed upon the dull mists of earth, to open upon untold glories.
Bitter and short the passage, but Oh, how passing sweet the end!
How sweet to have died for Him who came to give His life for you!
Pray for me, ye stainless ones, before the Throne, that I too, unworthy and wayward as I am, may come to be with those who follow the Lamb whithersoever He goeth.
Most Holy Child Jesus, save Thy children.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Beauty

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ BEAUTY, bū′tĭ. See Æsthetics; Art.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Beauvais

Edition of 1905. See also Beauvais on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BEAUVAIS, bō̇′vā̇′ (from Bellovacum). The capital of the Department of Oise, in the old Province of Ile de France, France, situated in the Valley of the Thérain (a tributary of the Oise), 41 miles north-northwest of Paris, and surrounded by rising woodlands (Map: France, H 2). It is the seat of a bishop, and contains a public library of 20,000 volumes, a museum, etc. Among its several fine buildings, the most noteworthy is its uncompleted Cathedral of Saint Pierre, which consists of nothing but a choir and transept of amazing proportions, built in the decorated Gothic style. It was begun in 1225 and was intended to rival that of Amiens. The Basse Œuvre is the former cathedral, a Romanesque building of great antiquity. The manufactures of Beauvais include woolen cloth, shawls, carpets, Gobelin tapestry, etc. Beauvais carries on a brisk trade in grain and wine. Population, in 1890, 19,900. It was included in the country of the powerful Bellovaci, in Gallia Belgica, and was known by the Romans as Cæsaromagus, afterwards as Bellovacum. The Jacquerie, or Peasants' War, broke out in the neighborhood of Beauvais, March 21, 1358. In 1472 the town was besieged by Charles the Bold of Burgundy, with an army of 80,000 men, when the women of Beauvais, under the leadership of the heroine, Jeanne Lainé, surnamed La Hachette for her daring, joined in the defense. Consult Labande, Histoire de Beauvais (Paris, 1892).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Beaux' Stratagem, The

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ BEAUX’ (bōz) STRAT′AGEM, The. See Farquhar, George.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Beautemps-Beaupré, Charles François

Edition of 1905. See also Charles-François Beautemps-Beaupré on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BEAUTEMPS-BEAUPRÉ, bō̇-täN′ bō̇′prā̇′, Charles François (1766-1854). A distinguished French hydrographer, born at Neuville-au-Pont. He accompanied the expedition sent in search of La Pérouse in 1791, and made valuable charts of many of the places visited then and subsequently, when he was employed in all the important hydrographic labors undertaken during the Empire and the Restoration. The perfection of his work earned him the name of ‘the father of hydrography.’ He was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1810, and was appointed chief hydrographer and keeper of the dépôt of marine and the colonies in 1814.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Beaux, Cecilia

Edition of 1905. See also Cecilia Beaux on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BEAUX, bō, Cecilia (1863—). An American figure and portrait painter. She was born in Philadelphia; studied painting first from William Sartain, then, going to Paris in 1899, under Bouguereau and Constant, Courtois and Dagnan-Bouveret. She has received a number of prizes, including the gold medals of the Philadelphia Art Club (1893), the Carnegie Institute, Pittsburg (1899), the Buffalo Exposition (1901), and the Dodge prize of the National Academy, and is a member of the Society of American Artists, the National Academy, and the Société Nationale des Beaux Arts. Among her best-known paintings are “Last Days of Infancy” (1885), portraits of Rev. James Grier and her niece Ernesta, “Sita and Sarita,” “Cynthia” (Miss Sherwood), “The Dreamer,” “Mother and Daughter,” “A New England Woman” (Philadelphia Academy), and “Dorothea and Francesca,” daughters of Richard Watson Gilder, whose portrait she also exhibited at the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904. She was a member of the international jury of the Paris Exposition of 1900. Miss Beaux unites with a fine feeling for color a freedom of brushwork which contributes much to the pleasure-giving qualities of her art. There is no sense of effort conveyed in the manipulation of pigment; no dull and heavy tones. Everything she paints lives through the vivacity of her happy stroke, and her work becomes art by the felicitous way in which it is done.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Beauty and the Beast

Edition of 1905. See also Beauty and the Beast on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BEAUTY AND THE BEAST. A story, first told in Straparola's Piacevoli notti (1550), of a self-sacrificing daughter who accepts the addresses of a beast, and later falls in love with him because of his kindness. This breaks the spell, and he regains his human form. There is a French version in Mme. Villeneuve's Contes marines (1740); another by Mme. Beaumont (1757). Among numerous English adaptations may be mentioned that of Miss Thackeray. It is 'also the basis of Grétry's opera, Zémise et Azor.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Beaux-Arts, Académie des

Edition of 1905. See also Académie des Beaux-Arts on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BEAUX-ARTS, bō̇′-zär′, Académie des. One of the five academies of the Institut de France. Its origin is traced to an unofficial association of artists in the Fourteenth Century, which received royal recognition in 1648, and was united in 1795 with the Academy of Architecture. Its membership numbers 41, besides 10 honorary and 10 foreign associates, and 40 corresponding members. Its publications embrace transactions, memoirs, and the Dictionnaire Général des Beaux Arts.