OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Roberts, Sir Abraham

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​ROBERTS, SIR ABRAHAM (1784–1873)
General: born April 11, 1784: son of the Rev. John Roberts, and father of Earl Roberts (q.v.): entered the Army in 1803, and joined the E. I. Co.'s service, 1804: served under Lord Lake, 1805: in Bundelkund against the Pindaris, at the sieges of Komona and Gunnouri, 1806–7: in the Nipal war, 1814–5: at the storming of Kahorga: Lt-Colonel, 1832: Brig-General in the first Afghan war, 1838–9: at Ghazni: C.B.: commanded Shah Shuja's force in 1840, but resigned and returned to India: anticipated the danger in Kabul, but his advice was disregarded: commanded the Lahore Division, and the Peshawar Division, 1852–4, when he retired: K.C.B., 1865: G.C.B., 1873: died Dec. 28. 1873.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Palliser, Sir Charles Henry

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​PALLISER, SIR CHARLES HENRY (1830–1895)
Son of Maj-General Henry Palliser, R.A. : educated at Addiscombe : entered the Army, 1847 : severely wounded on the Derajat frontier, 1853 : in the Indian mutiny, with Renaud's force from Allahabad to Cawnpur, and with Havelock's force : commanded Irregular Cavalry at Fatehpur, at the Alambagh, and the first relief of Lucknow : in defence of the Residency until the second relief by Sir Colin Campbell : at the Alambagh under Outram, Nov. 1857, to March, 1858 : at capture of Lucknow : and with Hodson's Horse : commanded 1oth Bengal Cavalry in Abyssinia : in Afghan war, 1879–80, with Sir D. Stewart's force to Kandahar : commanded the Cavahry Brigade at Ahmad Kheyl and Urzoo : K.C.B. : Lt-General : G.C.B. : died Nov. 22, 1895.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Q

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# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Roberts, Sir Henry Gee

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​ROBERTS, SIR HENRY GEE (1800–1860)
Maj-General: born July 18, 1800: son of William Roberts M.B. of Gloucester, and grandson of W. Roberts: President of Magdalen College. Cambridge; entered the E. I. Co.'s Bombay military service, 1818: Captain, 1824: commanded Cutch Irregular Horse, 1825: and employed politically as Assistant to the Resident: commanded a regiment of IrregularCavalry in Gujarat, till 1841: Lt-Colonel in the Sind campaign, 1843, commanding at Sukkur: denuded himself of troops there, in order to reinforce Sir C. Napier for Miani, which the latter fully acknowledged as contributing greatly to his success: Resident in Cutch: described in 1851, by Sir C. Napier, as the best officer in the Bombay Army, and perhaps in India, of his rank: and, later, as "capable of commanding any Army in the field": in the mutiny, commanded the N. Division of the Bombay Army and in 1858 the Raj-putana Field Force: took Kotah by assault, March, 1858, and 75 guns: defeated Tantia Topi on several occasions, at Sanganir, at Kankrauli, on the Banas, etc.: commanded in Gujarat: Maj-General: K.C.B., 1859: retired, 1859: died Oct. 6, 1860.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Byrth, Thomas

​BYRTH, THOMAS, D.D. (1793–1849), scholar and divine, was the son of John Byrth, of Irish descent, who married Mary Hobling, a member of an old Cornish family. He was born at Plymouth Dock (now called Devonport) on 11 Sept. 1793, and received his early education in that town and at Launceston, under Richard Cope, LL.D. For five years (1809–14) he served his apprenticeship to the Cookworthys, well-known chemists and druggists in the west of England, and during that period started, with other young men, the ‘Plymouth Magazine,’ which expired with its sixth number on 19 Nov. 1814. After this he passed some years as a schoolmaster, but in 1818 he matriculated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford. Hitherto he had been in sympathy with the Society of Friends, but on 21 Oct. 1819 he was baptised into the church of England at St. Andrew's Church, Plymouth. He took his degrees of B.A. and M.A. in the spring of 1826, and was ordained to the curacy of Diptford, near Totnes, in April 1823, remaining there until 1825. After that he was at Oxford as a tutor, but this occupation ceased in 1827, when he became the incumbent of St. James, Latchford, near Warrington. In 1834 he was appointed to the more important and more lucrative rectory of Wallasey in Cheshire, where he died on Sunday night, 28 Oct. 1849, having preached two sermons that day. Dr. Byrth—he became B.D. on 17 Oct. 1839 and took his degree of D.D. two days later—was an evangelical in religion and a whig in politics. His scholarship was thorough, and he was possessed of poetic taste and antiquarian enthusiasm. He published many sermons and addresses, and was engaged in controversy with the Rev. J. H. Thom on the unitarian interpretation of the New Testament. In 1848 he edited the sermons of the Rev. Thomas Tattershall, D.D., incumbent of St. Augustine's Church, Liverpool, and prefixed to them a memoir of the author. His own ‘Remains,’ with a memoir by the Rev. G. R. Moncreiff, were published in 1851, and a sermon on his death, preached by the Rev. John Tobin in St. John's Church, Liscard, on 4 Nov. 1849, was published in the same year. He married on 19 June 1827 Mary Kingdom, eldest daughter of Dr. Stewart, and after Byrth's death a sum of 4,000l. was collected for the widow and their seven children. She died 20 Feb. 1879, aged 80. The west window in the present Wallasey Church is filled with stained glass in memory of Byrth.
W. P. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bysshe, Edward (fl.1712)

​BYSSHE, EDWARD (fl. 1712), miscellaneous writer, describes himself as ‘gent.’ on the title-pages of his books. He probably belonged to the Surrey family of the name [see Bysshe, Sir Edward], but all that is positively known about him is that he sought a livelihood as a literary hack in London. In 1702 appeared the book by which he is remembered. Its title runs: ‘The Art of English Poetry: containing I. Rules for Making Verses. II. A Dictionary of Rhymes. III. A collection of the most Natural, Agreeable, and Noble Thoughts, viz. Allusions, Similes, Descriptions, and Characters of Persons and Things: that are to be found in the best English Poets.’ Bysshe addresses his dedication to ‘Edmund Dunch, Esq., of Little Wittenham in Berkshire.’ The first part of the volume is a business-like treatise on the laws of English prosody, with illustrations which prove Bysshe to have been an enthusiastic admirer of Dryden. The work was extraordinarily popular; a fifth edition was issued in 1714; a seventh, ‘corrected and enlarged,’ in 1724; an eighth is dated 1737. In 1714 the second and third parts were published separately under the title of ‘The British Parnassus; or a compleat Common Place-book of English Poetry’ (2 vols.), and this was reissued in 1718 with a new title-page (‘The Art of English Poetry, vols. the iiid and ivth’). Thomas Hood the younger reprinted Bysshe's ‘Rules’ as an appendix to his ‘Practical Guide to English Versification’ in 1877. Bysshe also edited in 1712 Sir Richard Bulstrode's ‘Letters,’ with a biographical introduction and a dedication addressed to George, lord Cardigan. In the same year there appeared a translation by Bysshe of Xenophon's ‘Memorabilia,’ which was dedicated to Lord Ashburnham from ‘London, 24 Nov. 1711,’ and was reissued in 1758.
[Bysshe's Works.]
S. L. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bölckow, Henry William Ferdinand

​ BÖLCKOW, HENRY WILLIAM FERDINAND (1806–1878), ironmaster, the son of Heinrich Bölckow, of Varchow, in the grand-duchy of Mecklenburg, by his wife Caroline Dussher, was born at Sulten, in Mecklenburg, 8 Dec. 1806. About 1821 his parents placed him in a merchant's office at Rostock. There he made the acquaintance of a gentleman at Newcastle-on-Tyne; at his suggestion came to England, and went into business with him in 1827. He liked England; was made a naturalised British subject; in 1841 selected the town of Middlesborough as the seat of his future operations; entered into partnership with Mr. John Vaughan; erected blast furnaces and commenced the manufacture of iron. Soon after this period Mr. Vaughan discovered the Cleveland ironstone mines. The success of their business in a short time enabled them to multiply their works: they acquired collieries, limestone quarries, machine works, gasworks, and brickfields; and Middlesborough became a centre of such great importance that it received a charter of incorporation in 1853. Bölckow was elected the first mayor. The population of the town had then risen to 40,000, and the production of ironstone to 4,000,000 tons per annum. Bölckow presented to the inhabitants the Albert Park, at a cost of more than 20,000l. (11 Aug. 1868). In the following year he spent 7,000l. in the erection of the St. Hilda's schools. When the town was granted parliamentary representation, Bölckow was unanimously elected the first member, 16 Nov. 1868, and held that position until his death. In 1871 the firm of Bölckow & Vaughan was formed into a limited liability company with a capital of 3,500,000l., the founder of the business becoming chairman of the company. Bölckow collected a fine gallery of pictures, nearly all of them being by living French and English artists (Athenæum, 22 Nov. 1873, pp. 664–6). He died at Ramsgate 18 June 1878, and was buried in Marton churchyard on 22 June. He married first, in 1841, Miriam, widow of C. Hay, who died in 1842, and secondly, in 1851, Harriet, only daughter of James Farrar, of Halifax.
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cabanel, Rudolph

Rudolphe Cabanel in the ODNB.
​CABANEL, RUDOLPH (1762–1839), architect, was born at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1762. He came to England early in life, and settled in London, where he was employed in construction of several theatres. He designed the arrangements of the stage of old Drury Lane Theatre, the Royal Circus, afterwards called the Surrey Theatre, 1805 (burnt down 30–1 Jan. 1868), and the Cobourg Theatre, 1818. He was the inventor of the roof known by his name, besides a number of machines, &c. He died in Mount Gardens, Lambeth, on 5 Feb. 1839.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Gent. Mag. (1839), i. 325]
C. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bythner, Victorinus

1904 Errata appended.
​BYTHNER, VICTORINUS (1605?–1670?), Hebrew grammarian, was a native of Poland. He became a member of the university of Oxford about 1635, and lectured on the Hebrew language in the great refectory at Christ Church until the outbreak of the civil war. When Charles I fixed the headquarters of his army at Oxford in 1643, Bythner removed to Cambridge. He afterwards lived in London, but in 1651 we find him again lecturer on Hebrew at Oxford. About 1664 he retired into Cornwall, and there practised medicine. The date of his death is unknown. Bythner's grammatical works, though written in curiously faulty Latin, are models of lucid and compact arrangement, and continued long in use. His Hebrew grammar, published in ​1638 under the title ‘Lingua Eruditorum,’ was several times reprinted. An edition of this work was published by Dr. Hessey in 1853, accompanied by the author's ‘Institutio Chaldaica’ (first printed in 1650). Of Bythner's other writings, the most important is his ‘Lyra Prophetica Davidis Regis’ (London, 1650), which is a grammatical analysis of every word in the Hebrew psalter. An English translation of this book, by T. Dee, was published in 1836, and a second edition of this translation appeared in 1847.
[Wood's Athenæ Oxon., ed. Bliss, iii. 675; MS. Egerton 1324, f. 106.]
H. B.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.48 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 165 | ii | 8 f.e. | Bythner, Victorinus: for professor of read lecturer on |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Caddick, Richard

​CADDICK, RICHARD, D.D. (1740–1819), Hebraist, was educated at Christ Church College, Oxford, and took the degree of B.A. on 5 June 1776, and that of M.A. on 20 June 1799. In the latter year he published a small Hebrew grammar, which is very inaccurate and inconveniently arranged. From an advertisement prefixed to this volume, it appears that he had previously issued an edition of the gospels in Hebrew. In 1799–1800 he published an edition of the Hebrew New Testament, in 3 vols. This was a corrected reprint of the translation published by G. Robertson in 1641, which is substantially identical with Hutter's version of 1599. Caddick's edition was issued simultaneously in two forms, viz. separately, and interleaved with the authorised English translation. In 1805 it was reprinted, interleaved with the Greek and the Latin Vulgate texts as well as the English. In 1802 Caddick published three sermons, the titles of which are ‘True Christianity,’ ‘Peace the Christian's Happiness,’ and ‘Counsel for Christians.’ In 1805 he issued proposals for printing by subscription a Hebrew and English edition of the Book of Common Prayer, an annotated edition of the Old and New Testaments in Hebrew and English, and ‘A Volume of Sermons preached in the Parish Churches in and about the Cities of London and Westminster from 1780 to 1804.’ It does not appear, however, that any of these works were actually published. During the last forty years of his life he resided in or near London—in Whitehall, at Islington, and at Fulham, where he died on 30 May 1819. The obituary in the ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ gives him the title of D.D., but he did not obtain this degree either from his own university or from that of Cambridge.
[Gent. Mag. lxxxix. pt. i. 587, 655; List of Graduates of Oxford University.]
H. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cabbell, Benjamin Bond

​CABBELL, BENJAMIN BOND (1781–1874), patron of art, fourth son of George Cabbell, apothecary, of 17 Wigmore Street, London, by Mary, daughter of Thomas Bliss, astronomer royal, was born in Vere Street, London, in 1781, educated at Westminster School, and matriculated from Oriel College, Oxford, 19 June 1800, ‘aqed 17;’ thence he matriculated to Exeter College on 25 Feb. 1801, left the university in 1803 without a degree. He was called to the bar, at the Middle Temple, 9 Feb. 1818, when he went the Western and Somerset circuits. In 1850 he became bencher of his inn. On 11 Aug. 1848 he entered parliament, in the conservative interest, as member for St. Albans, and in the following year, on 11 July, was returned for Boston, which he represented till 21 March 1857. He was a staunch supporter of protestant principles, and was in favour of very great alterations in the then existing poor laws; he opposed the grant to Maynooth, and, according to Dod's ‘Parliamentary Companion,' ‘was anxious to promote the improvement of the social, moral, and mental condition of the industrious classes’
Cabbell was elected a. fellow of the Royal Society 19 Jan. 1837, was a magistrate for Norfolk, Middlesex, and Westminster, and served as high sheriff for the first-named county in 1854. He was president of the City of London General Pension Society, a vice-president of the Royal Literary Fund, treasurer to the Lock Hospital, and sub-treasurer to the Infant Orphan Asylum. He was also a zealous and influential mason, a trustee of the Royal Masonic Institution, and grand master of the freemasons of Norfolk. His country residence was at Cromer Hall, Norfolk, and to Cromer and its neighbourhood he was a munificent benefactor ,having defrayed the cost of building a lifeboat for the town, besides presenting a considerable piece of land for the purposes of a cemetery.
He was widely known as an art patron. He became a member of the Artists’ Benevolent Fund, 1824, aided in obtaining n charter of incorporation for the society in 1827, and contributed 20l. towards the preliminary expenses. He died at 39 Chapel Street, Marylebone Road, London, 9 Dec. 1874, in his 94th year.
[Solicitor’s Journal, 19 Dec. 1874, p. 128; Law Times, 19 Dec. 1874, p. 124; Pye's Patronage of British Art, 1845, pp. 358, 365, with portrait; Times, 11 Dec. 1874, p. 10.]
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cade, John (1734-1806)

​CADE, JOHN (1734–1806), antiquary, was born in January 1734, at Darlington, where he was educated at the free grammar school. Entering the house of a wholesale linendraper in London, he in a few years was promoted to the first position in the counting-house, and subsequently became a partner in a branch of the concern at Dublin. Having obtained a sufficient competency, he retired from business, and occupied himself with antiquarian studies. He collected illustrations for a copy of Bishop Gibson's edition of Camden's ‘Britannia,’ and also supplied Gough with many corrections for his edition. He sent to Nichols ‘Some Conjectures on the Formation of Peat-mosses in the mountainous parts of the Counties of Durham, Northumberland, &c.,’ printed in the ‘Gentleman's Magazine,’ lix. 967. Though not a member of the Society of Antiquaries, he contributed several papers to their ‘Archæologia,’ including ‘Conjectures concerning some undescribed Roman Roads and other Antiquities in the County of Durham,’ vii. 74; ‘A Letter from Rev. Dr. Sharp, Archdeacon of Northumberland, to Mr. Cade,’ ib. 82; ‘Conjectures on the name of the Roman Station Vinovium or Birchester,’ ib. ix. 276; and ‘Some Observations on the Roman Station of Cataractonium, with an account of the Antiquities in the neighbourhood of Piersbridge and Gainford; in a letter to Richard Gough, Esq.,’ ib. x. 54. He died at Gainford 10 Dec. 1806, and was buried at Darlington.
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Moses of Khoren

Moses (5), of Khoren (Moses Khorenensis)—-called by his countrymen the Father of History—the poet, grammarian, and most celebrated writer of Armenia, was the nephew and disciple of St. Mesrob, the founder of Armenian literature. [MESROBES.] Born at Khoren or Khorni, a town of the province of Darou, he was one of a band of scholars sent by Mesrob to study at Edessa, Constantinople, Alexandria, Athens, and Rome. There he accumulated very wide historical knowledge (cf. Hist. Armen. iii. 61, 62). Returning to Armenia, he assisted St. Mesrob in translating the Bible into his native language, a work which was accomplished between 407 and 433. This fixes his birth in the early part of cent. v.; though some place it in the latter part of cent. iv. Beyond his literary activity we do not know much about his life. He succeeded Eznig as bp. of Pakrevant, where he displayed great spiritual activity. According to the medieval Armenian chronicler, Samuel of Ani, he died in 488, aged 120. The following works attributed to him are extant: (1) Hist. of Armenia, (2) Treatise on Rhetoric, (3) Treatise on Geography, (4) Letter on Assumption of B. V. M., (5) Homily on Christ's Transfiguration, (6) Oration on Hripsinia, an Armenian Virgin Martyr, (7) Hymns used in Armenian Church Worship. He wrote also 2 works now lost, viz. Commentaries on the Armenian Grammarians, of which fragments are found in John Erzengatzi, an Armenian writer of cent. xiii., and Explanations of Armenian Church Offices, of which we have only some fragments in Thomas Ardzrouni (cent. vii.). The Hist. of Armenia is perhaps the work of a later writer, but it is in some respects one of the most important historical works of antiquity. It embodies almost our only remains of pre-Christian Armenian literature and preserves many songs and traditions retained at that time in popular memory. For special studies of it see Dulaurier in Journ. Asiat. Jan. 1852. It is also very valuable because it preserves extensive remains of Assyrian, Chaldean, Syrian, and Greek writers. Moses had studied long at Edessa, where the library was very rich in ancient Assyrian chroniclers. This work also throws much light on the history of the Roman empire in cents. iv. and v., and its struggles against the renewed Persian empire and the efforts of Zoroastrianism. It has been translated into Italian by the Mechitarite Fathers (Venice, 1841); into French by V. Langlois in Historiens anciens de l’Arménie (Paris, 1867). See also AE. Carriére, Moise de Khoren, etc. (Paris, 1891); Id., Nouvelles sources de Moise de Kh. (Vienna 1894); Id., La. legende d’Abgar, dans l'hist. de Moise de Kh.; also F. C. Conybeare in Byzant. Zeitschr. (1901), x. 489 seq.
[G.T.S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Narcissus, bp. of Jerusalem

Narcissus (1), bp. of Jerusalem. Clinton (Fasti Romani) accepts the date a.d. 190 for the commencement of his episcopate. He was the 15th of the Gentile bishops of Jerusalem, reckoning from Marcus, a.d. 136, and the 30th in succession from the apostles (Eus. H. E. v. 12). According to the Synodicon, Narcissus presided over a council of 14 bishops of Palestine held at Jerusalem a.d. 198, on the Paschal controversy, and took part in that at Caesarea on the same subject under the presidency of Theophilus, bp. of the city (Labbe, Concil. i. 600). Eusebius speaks of the synodical letter of these bishops as still extant in his time (Eus. H. E. v. 23). Narcissus was conspicuous in the church of his day (Neale, Patriarch. of Antioch, p. 34; Eus. H. E. v. 12). Eusebius records a miracle traditionally ascribed to him, whereby water was converted into oil one Easter Eve, when the oil required for the great illumination had failed (Eus. H. E. vi. 9). The sanctity of his life raised against him a band of slanderers. Narcissus, stung by their calumny, abdicated his bishopric, and retired to the remotest part of the desert, where for several years he lived the ascetic life he had long coveted, no one knowing the place of his concealment.
Having been sought for in vain, the neighbouring bishops declared the see vacant, and ordained Dius as his successor, who was succeeded by Germanicus, and he by Gordius. During the episcopate of Gordius, Narcissus reappeared. Shortly after his disappearance the falsity of the charges against him, Eusebius tells us, had been proved by the curses imprecated by the false accusers having been fearfully made good. This, having eventually reached Narcissus's ears, probably led to his return. He at once resumed the oversight of his see at the earnest request of all (ib. 9, 10). In the 2nd year of Caracalla, a.d. 212 (Eus. Chronicon), Alexander, a Cappadocian bishop, a confessor in the persecution of Severus, visiting the holy city in fulfilment of a vow, was selected by the aged Narcissus as his coadjutor and eventual successor. Eusebius preserves a fragment of a letter written by Alexander to the people of Antinous, in which he speaks of Narcissus as being then in his 116th year, and as having virtually retired from his episcopal office (Eus. H. E. vi. 11). Epiphanius states that he lived ten years after Alexander became his coadjutor, to the reign of Alexander Severus, a.d. 222 (Epiph. Haer. lxvi. 20). This, however, is very improbable. Tillem. Mém. eccl. iii. 177 ff.
[E.V.]