# Literary Research Guide/A

Guides to research methods offer essential introductions to the methods and tools associated with the kinds of research done within a discipline.

## General Guides
### A5

Altick, Richard D., and John J. Fenstermaker. The Art of Literary Research. 4th ed. New York: Norton, 1993. 353 pp. PR56.A68 807′.2.
A guide to research techniques, emphasizing “the irreducible element of brain work that lies at the heart of productive research” and the ways in which traditional methods of research and “historically oriented literary scholarship” can work in tandem with recent theoretical and critical approaches. The discussions of the vocation and spirit of scholarship, scholarly occupations (biography, textual study, authorship attribution, source investigation, reception and influence study, and historical research), the tracking down of materials (some information is outdated and computer-accessible resources need fuller treatment), major libraries, note-taking (the discussion on mechanics is more applicable to the era of fountain pens than to that of laptops), and the composing process are full of sound practical advice and leavened with instructive examples. Concludes with a selective bibliography and exercises keyed to the text. Indexed by persons, titles, and subjects. The standard vade mecum of methods of literary research, The Art of Literary Research should be among the well-thumbed volumes in every literary critic or scholar’s personal library.
In contrast, The Handbook to Literary Research, ed. Delia da Sousa Correa and W. R. Owens, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2010; 257 pp.) should be avoided because of its scattershot and superficial treatment of important resources (e.g., Google and Wikipedia receive much more attention than MLAIB [G335] and ABELL [G340]).
Sporting an equally promising title, Research Methods for English Studies, ed. Gabriele Griffin (Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2005; 248 pp.) is long on anecdote and fatally deficient on practical advice and discussion of basic methodology (e.g., the chapter on archives focuses on the “romance” of the archive, the chapter on textual analysis uses a painting as an example, and there is a discussion of “Creative Writing as a Research Method”).
Tory Young, Studying English Literature: A Practical Guide (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008; 172 pp.)—an elementary guide to writing critical essays with a completely inadequate discussion of MLA citation style—is best avoided.
For an entertaining and instructive account of the literary detective work behind some major scholarly discoveries, see Altick, The Scholar Adventurers, rpt. with a new pref. (Columbus: Ohio State UP, 1987; 338 pp.).

### A10

Barzun, Jacques, and Henry F. Graff. The Modern Researcher. 6th ed. Belmont: Wadsworth, 2004. 322 pp. D13.B334 001.4′32.
A multidisciplinary guide that emphasizes techniques important in historical research. Of most use to literature scholars are the discussions of note-taking, the researcher’s virtues (accuracy, love of order, logic, honesty, self-awareness, imagination), verification, the establishment of dates, kinds of evidence, and bias. Indexed by persons and subjects. Some chapters suffer from discursiveness and an attempt to address both the experienced scholar and the neophyte (who will be hampered by numerous incomplete and sometimes inaccurate citations for basic sources and will be misled by the shameless hyping of resources published by the Gale Group and Scribner’s, which—like the publisher of this edition—were subsidiaries of Thomson in 2004), and overall the current edition gives short shrift to electronic resources. This guide offers an instructive overview of research techniques, but literary scholars will find Altick and Fenstermaker, Art of Literary Research (A5), more concise and immediately helpful.
The third edition of Thomas Mann’s The Oxford Guide to Library Research (New York: Oxford UP, 2005; 293 pp.)—a substantial improvement over the second edition (1998; 316 pp.) and its predecessor (A Guide to Library Research Methods [New York: Oxford UP, 1987; 199 pp.])—is organized “around nine different methods of subject searching,” including controlled vocabulary searching, browsing classified book stacks, keyword searching, and related record searching. His advice on locating literary criticism (pp. 248–50) should be ignored, however. David Beasley’s Beasley’s Guide to Library Research (Toronto: U of Toronto P, 2000; 206 pp.), an inadequately updated version of How to Use a Research Library (New York: Oxford UP, 1988; 164 pp.), is an elementary, frequently inaccurate, outdated, and untrustworthy guide addressed to novices.

### A25

Nicholls, David G., ed. Introduction to Scholarship in Modern Languages and Literatures. 3rd ed. New York: MLA, 2007. 370 pp. PB29.I58 407.2.
A collection of fifteen essays, each by a major scholar, designed as an introduction to selected fields of linguistic and literary study: linguistics; language, culture, and society; language acquisition and language learning; rhetoric; composition; poetics; textual scholarship; literary interpretation; historical scholarship; comparative literature; cultural studies; feminist and gender studies; ethnic and minority studies; border studies; and translation studies. A concluding essay addresses the issue of the scholar in society. The authors typically “discuss the nature, value, philosophy, and underlying assumptions of their subjects; outline the history of relevant scholarship; survey major issues and approaches of the past, present, and foreseeable future; and conclude with suggestions for further reading.” Although directed to a student audience, the essays offer authoritative and balanced introductions for all nonspecialists.

## Specialized Topics
### A30

Harner, James L. On Compiling an Annotated Bibliography. 2nd ed., 2nd printing. New York: MLA, 2001. 48 pp. Z1001.H33 010′.44.
A succinct guide to planning, organizing, researching, writing, editing, and indexing a comprehensive or selective bibliography on a literary subject or author. The second printing of the second edition adds an appendix, “Annotation Verbs,” by Ken Bugajski. Although directed to those preparing an annotated bibliography for publication either in print or online, the practical advice on planning research and identifying scholarly works is valuable for anyone compiling a preliminary bibliography for other scholarly or critical studies.
D. W. Krummel, Bibliographies: Their Aims and Methods (London: Mansell, 1984; 192 pp.), which ranges beyond literary bibliographies, also offers useful advice on compilation and organization.

### A40

Love, Harold. Attributing Authorship: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002. 271 pp. PN171.F6 L68 809.
Evaluates the potential and limits of traditional and modern methods of attributing authorship, including the use of external evidence, internal evidence (including stylistic elements, self-reference within the work, and evidence from “themes, ideas, beliefs and conceptions of genre manifested in the work”), statistical methods, stylometrics, and bibliographical evidence; also addresses methods of detecting gender and forgery. Concludes with a chapter on arguing attribution. Drawing on a wide range of authorship studies and thoroughly conversant with the methods discussed, Love is essential reading for anyone investigating the authorship of a document or evaluating the evidence behind an attribution.

### A45

Latham, Sean, and Robert Scholes. “The Rise of Periodical Studies.” PMLA 121.2 (2006): 517–31. PB6.M6.
A description of the emerging field of periodical studies, its methodologies, and the problems attendant on its dependence on digital archives. Focuses on the “hole in the archive,” that is, the failure to preserve advertising pages in bound print runs and digital copies; the unreliability of optical character recognition (OCR) scanning and its implications for searching full text; and the need to “[g]enerate metadata for advertisements along with other features.” “The Rise of Periodical Studies” is required reading for anyone working with digital archives.