OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tarija

See also Tarija on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TARIJA, or Tarixa, a department and town of south-eastern Bolivia. The department lies on the northern frontier of Argentina, and is bounded \V. by Potosi, N. by Chuquisaca, and E. by Paraguay. Pop. (1900) 102,887. Area, 33,036 sq. m. The eastern and larger part of the department belongs to the great Chaco region. The Chaco districts are inhabited by small nomadic tribes of Indians, and the grassy Llanos de Manzo by the Chiriguanos, one of the strong Indian nations of South America. They are considered a branch of the Guarany race, and live in permanent villages, breed horses, cattle and sheep, and till the soil. Near the Argentine frontier are the less civilized tribes of the Tobas, and in the mountainous districts are remnants of the Quichuas, once masters of an empire.
The capital, San Bernardo de Tarija (pop. 1900, 6980; 1906, estimate, 7817), is the only town of importance in the department. It is situated on the Rio Grande de Tarija, about 100 m. E. of Tupiza. It is about 5800 ft. above sea level and its climate is mild and healthy. The town was founded in 1577 by Luiz de Fuertcs, by orders of the Viceroy of Peru, as a military post to hold the Chiriguanos in check. About the same time the Jesuits established themselves here, and the most important building in the town is their convent, afterwards occupied by the Franciscans.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tarleton, Sir Banastre

See also Banastre Tarleton on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TARLETON, SIR BANASTRE (1754-1833), English soldier, was the son of John Tarleton (1719-1773), a Liverpool merchant, and was born in Liverpool on the 21st of August 1754. Educated at Oxford he entered the army, and in December 1775 he sailed as a volunteer to America with Earl, afterwards Marquess, Cornwallis, and his services during the American War of Inde- pendence in the year 1776 gained for him the position of a brigade major of cavalry. He was present at the battle of Brandywine and at other engagements in 1777 and 1778, and as the commander of the British legion, a mixed force of cavalry and light infantry, he proceeded at the beginning of 1780 to South Carolina, rendering valuable services to Sir Henry Clinton in the operations which culminated in the capture of Charleston. He was responsible for a British victory at Waxhaw in May 1780, and he materially helped Cornwallis to win the battle of Camden in the succeeding August. He was completely victorious in an engagement with Thomas Sumter at Fishing Creek, or Catawba Fords, but was not equally successful when he encountered the same general at Blackstock Hill in November 1780; then in January 1781, in spite of much personal valour, he was defeated with heavy loss at Cowpens. Having been successful in a skirmish at Tarrants House, and having taken part in the battle of Guilford in March 1781, he marched with Cornwallis into Virginia, and after affording much assistance to his commander-in-chief he was instructed to hold Gloucester. This post, however, was surrendered to the Americans with Yorktown in October 1781, and Tarleton returned to England on parole. In 1790 he entered parliament as member for Liverpool, and with the exception of a single year he remained in the House of Commons until 1812. In 1794 he became a major-general; in 1812 a general; and he held a military command in Ireland and another in England. In 1815 he was made a baronet. He died without issue at Leintwardine in Shropshire on the 25th of January 1833.
For some time Tarleton lived with the actress Mary Robinson (Perdita), and his portrait was painted both by Reynolds and by Gainsborough. Sir Banastre wrote a History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Provinces of North America (London, 1781), which, although of some value, is marred by the author's vanity and by his attacks on Cornwallis. It was criticized by Colonel Roderick Mackenzie in his Strictures on Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton's History (1781) and in the Cornwallis Correspondence.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tarn (department)

See also Tarn (department) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TARN, a department of south-western France, formed in 1790 of the three dioceses of Albi, Castres and Lavaur, belong- ing to the province of Languedoc. Pop. (1906) 330,533. Area, 2231 sq. m. Tarn is bounded N. and E. by Aveyron, S.E. by Herault, S. by Aude, S.W. and W. by Haute-Garonne, N.W. by Tarn-et-Garonne. The slope of the department is from east to west, and its general character is mountainous or hilly; its three principal ranges, the Mountains of Lacaune, the Sidobre, and the Montagne Noire, belonging to the Cevennes, lie on the south-east. The stony and wind-blown slopes of the first- named are used for pasturage. The highest point of the range and of the department is the Pic de Montalet (about 4150 ft.); several other summits are not much short of this. The granite- strewn plateaus of the Sidobre, from 1600 to 2000 ft. high, separate the valley of the Agout from that of its left-hand affluent the Thore. The Montagne Noire, on the southern border of the department, derives its name from the forests on its northern slope, and some of its peaks are from 3000 to 3500 ft. high. The limestone and sandstone foot-hills are clothed with vines and fruit trees, and are broken by deep alluvial valleys of extraordinary fertility. With the exception of a small portion of the Montagne Noire, which drains into the Aude, the whole department belongs to the basin of the Garonne. The eastern portion of the department has the climate of Auvergne, the severest in France, but that of the plain is Girondin. At Albi the mean temperature is 55 . The rainfall, 29 or 30 ins. at that place, exceeds 40 ins. on the Lacaune and Montagne Noire.
The most noteworthy places in the department are Albi, the capital, Castres, Gaillac, Lavaur, Mazamet and Cordes, which are separately treated. Other places of interest are Burlats, which has ruins of an old church and chateau; Lisle d'Albi, a bastide with a church of the 14th century; and Penne, which has ruins of a fine medieval chateau.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tarlton, Richard

See also Richard Tarlton on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TARLTON, RICHARD (d. 1588), English actor, was probably at one time an inn-keeper, but in 1583, when he is mentioned as one of the original company of queen's players, was already an experienced actor. He was Elizabeth's favourite clown, and his talent for impromptu doggerel on subjects suggested by his audience has given his name to that form of verse. To obtain the advantage of his popularity a great number of songs and witticisms of the day were attributed to him, and after his death Tarlton's Jests, many of them older than he, made several volumes. Other books, and several ballads, coupled his name with their titles. He is said to have been the Yorick of Hamlet's soliloquy.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tarn (lake)

See also Tarn (lake) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TARN (O. Eng. lame, Scand. (jam, tjarn, tjorn, &c), a name applied in England (especially in the Lake District) and in Scotland to small lakes or pools in mountainous districts, especially to such as have no visible affluent streams. The term is sometimes used also of a marsh or bog.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tarkani

See also Tarkani on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TARKANI, or Tarkalanri, a Pathan tribe inhabiting the whole of Bajour (q.v.), on the border of the North-West Frontier Province of India. Subdivided into Mamunds, Isazai and Ismailzai, the tribe numbers some 100,000 persons.
# Jungersen v. Ostby & Barton Company/Dissent Jackson

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Dissenting Opinions Frankfurter Jackson
United States Supreme Court
335 U.S. 560
Jungersen v. Ostby & Barton Company
Argued: Nov. 10, 1948. --- Decided: Jan 3, 1949
Mr. Justice JACKSON, dissenting.
I think this patent meets the patent statute's every requirement. And confronted by this record an industry heretofore galled by futility and frust ation may well be amazed at the Court's dismissal of Jungersen's ingenious and successful efforts.
Of course, commercial success will not fill any void in an invalid patent. But it may fill the void in our understanding of what the invention has meant to those whose livelihood, unlike our own, depends upon their knowledge of the art. Concededly, in this high-pressure age sales volume may reflect only powerful promotion or marketing magic, and its significance as an index of novelty or utility may rightly be suspected. But Jungersen's success was grounded not in the gullibility of the public but in the hard-headed judgment of a highly competitive and critical if not hostile industry. Knowing well its need for and its failure to achieve improvements on available processes, that industry discarded them, adopted this outsider's invention, and made it a commercial success.
It would take a singular self-assurance on the part of one who knows as little of this art as I do, or as I can learn in the few hours that can be given to consideration of this case, to ignore the judgment of these competitors who grew up in the industry and say that they did not know something new and useful when they saw it. And if Benvenuto Cellini's age-old writings are so revealing to us laymen of the appellate Bench, it is hard to see why this practical-minded industry which the Court says was following Cellini failed through all the years to get his message.
It would not be difficult to cite many instances of patents that have been granted, improperly I think, and without adequate tests of invention by the Patent Office. But I doubt that the remedy for such Patent Office passion for granting patents is an equally strong passion in this Court for striking them down so that the only patent that is valid is one which this Court has not been able to get its hands on.
I agree with the opinion of Judge Learned Hand below.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Jungle Joe

Dapples of the Circus
    The Story of a Shetland Pony
A Gentleman From France
    An Airedale Hero
Jungle Joe: Pride of the Circus
    The Story of a Trick Elephant
Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co. Boston
Page 33.
Jungle Joe, Pride of the Circus The Story of a Trick Elephant
By Clarence Hawkes Author of "Dapples of the Circus," "A Gentleman From France," etc.
Illustrated by L. J. Bridgman
Boston Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co.
To Every Boy or Girl Who Loves the American Circus, This Book is Dedicated by
The Elephant
Hilaire Belloc.
Contents
Illustrations
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1954, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 69 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Jungle

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Jungle."
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* The Jungle (1906), a novel by Upton Sinclair
* "The Jungle" (1927, "The snakelike vines reach out on every side"), a poem by Cristel Hastings
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Close

From volume 1 of the work.
​CLOSE is a word very frequently used in the same sense as Cadence, which see. In ordinary conversation it may very naturally have a little more expansion of meaning than its synonym. It serves to express the ending of a phrase or a theme, or of a whole movement or a section of one, as a fact, and not as denoting the particular succession of chords which are recognised as forming a cadence. Hence the term 'half-close' is very apt, since it expresses not only the most common form of imperfect cadence which ends on the dominant instead of the tonic, but also the position in which that form of close is usually found, viz. not at the end of a phrase or melody, but marking the most usual symmetrical division into two parts in such a manner that the flow of the complete passage is not interrupted.
[ C. H. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cocchi, Gioacchino

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Clément, Felix

From volume 1 of the work.
[ G. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cocchetta

From volume 1 of the work.
​COCCHETTA. See Gabrielli, C.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cluer, J.

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Clé du Caveau

[ A. J. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cobbold, William

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Coccia, Carlo

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Clive, Catherine

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Clocking

From volume 1 of the work.
​CLOCKING. See Chiming.
# Johnson v. Collier

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
222 U.S. 538
Johnson v. Collier
Argued: December 14, 15, 1911. --- Decided: January 9, 1912
M. B. Johnson, as executor, recovered judgment against B. T. Collier, in the city court of Gadsden, Alabama. Execution thereon was levied July 20, 1906, on certain personal property.
Under a provisions of the Alabama statute, Collier immediately filed with the sheriff a claim of exemption. On the same day he filed, in the proper district court of the United States, a voluntary petition in bankruptcy, including this property in his schedule of assets. Notwithstanding the claim of exemption, the sheriff sold the property at public outery on July 30, 1906.
Thereafter, on a date not shown by the record, Collier was adjudicated a bankrupt. On August 8, 1906, before a trustee was elected, he brought suit against both Johnson and the sheriff for damages, on the theory that the sale of the property after the filing of the claim of exemption made them trespassers ab initio. The defendants filed a plea, in which they set up the pendency of the bankruptcy proceedings, and alleged that Collier had no title to the cause of action, which was in gremio legis until the election of the trustee, and for that reason he could not maintain a suit for damages occasioned by the unlawful sale of property included in the schedule of assets. A demurrer to this plea was sustained. The jury found a verdict in favor of Collier, which the trial court refused to set aside. This ruling was affirmed, and the case is here on writ of error from that judgment of the supreme court of Alabama.
Mr. George D. Motley for plaintiffs in error.
Mr. Amos E. Goodhue for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice Lamar, after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Johnson v. Eisentrager

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Johnson v. Eisentrager, 339 U.S. 763 (1950), was a major decision of the U.S. Supreme Court, where it decided that U.S. courts had no jurisdiction over German war criminals held in a U.S.-administered German prison. The prisoners had at no time been on American sovereign territory. Warning: template has been deprecated.

## Dissenting Opinion

    Black
United States Supreme Court
339 U.S. 763
Johnson v. Eisentrager
Argued: April 17, 1950. --- Decided: June 5, 1950
[Syllabus from pages 763-765 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Solicitor General Philip B. Perlman, Washington, D.C., for petitioners.
Messrs. A. Frank Reel, Boston, Mass., Milton Sandberg, New York City, for respondents.
Mr. Justice JACKSON delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# 1998-1999 Tornadoes and a Long-Term U.S. Tornado Climatology

Information from the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on tornadoes between 1998-1999. This document also includes a complete chronological list of the 93 historical F5 tornadoes in the United States.
National Climatic Data Center Technical Report No. 99-02
1998–1999 Tornadoes and a Long-Term U.S. Tornado Climatology
Neal Lott, Sam McCown, Tom Ross
November 1999 Updated August 2000
U.S. Dept of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service National Climatic Data Center Asheville, NC 28801-5001
​Table 5: Historical F5 Tornadoes
11
12
13
Notes about Tornado Classifications
The Fujita Tornado Scale has been used by meteorologists to classify tornado intensities since it was formulated by Dr. Theodore Fujita in 1971. Because it is a subjective damage assessment tool, there are differences in the intensity classifications for individual tornadoes, depending upon the source used. This list depends upon three sources:
* "Storm Data" Publication (used as a source after 1982 for this report) and the "U.S. Local Storm Reports" Database, by the National Climatic Data Center;
* National Weather Service's (NWS) National Severe Storm Forecast Center /
Storm Prediction Center WWW page covering tornadoes from 1950 to present;
Rather than try to reconcile such differences, the above list includes all indicated F5 tornadoes, regardless of the three sources. Differences are noted below.
* Tornadoes listed as F5 by the NWS, but not by NUREG: Numbers: 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 47, 50, 62, 67, and 75
* Tornadoes listed as F5 by NUREG, but not by NWS: Numbers: 52, 55, 56, 57, 68
There are at least two other tornado data sources (not necessarily independent of those listed above) which may exhibit additional differences. These are the University of Chicago's Damage Area Per Path Length (DAPPL) database and the Tornado Project.
* Damage estimates are derived from the National Weather Service's (NWS) National Severe Storm Forecast Center / Storm Prediction Center web page entitled "The 10 Costliest U.S. Tornadoes." Property damage has been adjusted to 1995 dollars. As with all statistics given on this page, the values are for single tornado events. Only four of the top ten costliest tornadoes were of F5 category; five of the remaining six were F4, and one was F2.
Reference: 1984: Grazulis. T.P., "Violent Tornado Climatography, 1880-1982," NUREG/CR-3670, PNL-5006 RB, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington D.C., 184 pp.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Clavicembalo

From volume 1 of the work.
[ A. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Clavier

From volume 1 of the work.
[ A. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Clef

From volume 1 of the work.
​CLEF (Ital. Chiave, from the Lat. Clavis; Ger. Schlüssel), i.e. key, the only musical character by which the pitch of a sound can be absolutely represented. The clefs now in use are three only— , , and . These severally represent the sounds known as middle C (of the pianoforte), the G a fifth above it, and the F a fifth below it. Two other clefs, severally representing the D, a fifth above , and the G, a seventh below have been long obsolete. From the last of these, Γ, the Greek gamma, which represents the lowest sound of the musical system, is derived the word gamut, still in use.
The following tables (from Koch's Musikalisches Lexicon) will show that the three clefs now in use are but corruptions of old forms of the letters C, G, and F:—
One or other of these characters, placed on one or other of the lines of a stave, indicated, and still indicates, the name and pitch of the notes standing on that line, and by inference those of other notes on lines and spaces above and below it.
The stave which, at various times and for various purposes, has consisted of various numbers of lines, consists now commonly of five. [Stave.] On any one of these each of the three clefs might be (almost every one has been) placed. In the following examples they occupy the positions in which they are now most commonly found:—
Only however in its relation to the stave of five lines can a clef be said with truth to change its place. On the Great Stave of Eleven Lines [Stave] the clefs never change their places; but any consecutive set of five lines can be selected from it, the clef really retaining, though apparently changing, its place:—
From the above it will be seen that when notes are written 'in the tenor clef' (more properly 'on the tenor stave') they are written on the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th lines of the 'great stave' of eleven; that when written 'in the alto clef they are written on the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th lines of this great stave; and when 'in the soprano clef on the 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th.
The more familiar 'bass and treble staves' consist severally of the lowest and the highest five lines of the great stave:—
In early musical MSS. two, and even three, clefs are sometimes found on the same stave. It would be in no way inconsistent with modern theory, and indeed might be convenient in books of instruction, so to place them now:—
[ J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Clauss, Wilhelmine

From volume 1 of the work.
[ A. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Clavecin

From volume 1 of the work.
[ A. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Clavicytherium

From volume 1 of the work.
[ A. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Clay, Frederic

From volume 1 of the work.
​CLAY, Frederic, son of James Clay, M.P. for Hull. Born Aug. 3, 1840, in the Rue Chaillot, Paris; educated in music entirely by Molique, with the exception of a short period of instruction at Leipzig under Hauptmann. Mr. Clay's compositions have been almost wholly for the stage. After two small pieces for amateurs, 'The Pirate's Isle' (1859) and 'Out of sight' (1860), he made his public début in 1862 at Covent Garden with 'Court and Cottage,' libretto by Tom Taylor. This was followed by 'Constance' (1865), by 'Ages ago' (1869), 'The Gentleman in Black' (1870), 'Happy Arcadia' (1872), 'Cattarina' (1874), 'Princess Toto,' and 'Don Quixote' (both 1875). [App. p.593 "the productions of 'The Merry Duchess' (Royalty Theatre, May 23, 1883), and 'The Golden Ring' (Alhambra, Dec. 3. 1883)."] In addition to these Mr. Clay wrote part of the music for 'Babil and Bijou' and the 'Black Crook' (both 1872), and incidental music to 'Twelfth Night' and to Albery's 'Oriana.' He has also composed two cantatas, 'The Knights of the Cross' (1866) and 'Lalla Rookh,' produced with great success at the Brighton Festival in February 1877; and not a few separate songs.
[ S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Clayton, Thomas

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Verve

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Vesperale

[ W. S. R. ]