OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bicester

See also Bicester on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​BICESTER, a market town in the Woodstock parliamentary division of Oxfordshire, England, 12 m. N.N.E. of Oxford by a branch of the London & North-Western railway. Pop. of urban district (1901) 3023. It lies near the northern edge of the flat open plain of Ot Moor, in a pastoral country. The church of St Eadburg, the virgin of Aylesbury, is cruciform, with a western tower, and contains examples of Norman and each succeeding style. There is, moreover, in the nave a single rude angular arch considered to be Saxon. Incorporated with a farm-house, scanty Perpendicular remains are seen of an ​Augustinian priory founded at the close of the 12th century. Bicester has considerable agricultural trade and a brewing industry. It is a favourite hunting centre.
The termination cester, commonly indicating Roman origin, does not do so here, and is perhaps copied from Alchester and Chesterton, 2 m. west of Bicester, where there is a small Roman site, probably a wayside village, at the meeting of roads from the south (Dorchester), west, north-east and east.
Bicester (Berncestre, Burencestre, Bissiter), according to the Domesday survey, was held by Robert d’Oily. In 1182 Gilbert Basset founded here an Augustinian priory, which from that date until its dissolution in 1538 became the centre of the industrial life and development of the town. In 1253 William Longspey obtained a grant of a fair at the feast of St Edburg, and a Friday market is mentioned in the 14th century. Richard II. granted a Monday market and a fair at the feast of St James the Apostle, and in 1440 an additional market was granted to be held in that part of the town called Bury-End, from this date known as Market-End. Bicester never possessed any manufactures of importance, but the fairs and markets were much frequented, and in the 16th century the cattle market was especially famous.
See J. C. Blomfield, History of the Deanery of Bicester (London, 1882–1894); John Dunkin, History of Bicester (London, 1816).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bickerstaffe, Isaac

See also Isaac Bickerstaffe on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​BICKERSTAFFE, ISAAC (c. 1735–c. 1812), English dramatist, was born in Ireland about 1735. At the age of eleven he was appointed a page to Lord Chesterfield, then lord lieutenant of Ireland, and subsequently held a commission in the Marines, but was dismissed the service under discreditable circumstances. He was the author of a large number of plays and burlesque farces interspersed with songs, produced between 1760 and 1771. The best-known are Maid of the Mill (founded on Richardson’s Pamela), The Padlock, He Would if he Could, Love in a Village, The Hypocrite and The Captive. In 1772 Bickerstaffe, suspected of a capital offence, fled to the continent. The exact date of his death is unknown, but he is stated to have been still living in abject misery in 1812.
A full account of his dramatic productions is given in Biographia Dramatica, edited by Stephen Jones (1812).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bice

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​BICE (from Fr. bis, a word of doubtful origin, meaning dark-coloured), a term erroneously applied in English to particular shades of green or blue pigments from the French terms vert bis and azur bis, dark green or blue. These colours are generally prepared from basic copper carbonates, but sometimes from ultramarine and other pigments.
# Essay on the Principles of Translation (Tytler)/Chapter 1

CHAPTER I.
If it were possible accurately to define, or, perhaps more properly, to describe what is meant by a good Translation, it is evident that a considerable progress would be made towards establishing the Rules of the Art; for these Rules would flow naturally from that ​definition or description. But there is no subject of criticism where there has been so much difference of opinion. If the genius and character of all languages were the same, it would be an easy task to translate from one into another; nor would any thing more be requisite on the part of the translator, than fidelity and attention. But as the genius and character of languages is confessedly very different, it has hence become a common opinion, that it is the duty of a translator to attend only to the sense and spirit of his original, to make himself perfectly master of his author's ideas, and to communicate them in those expressions which he judges to be best suited to convey them. It has, on the other hand, been maintained, that, in order to constitute a perfect translation, ​it is not only requisite that the ideas and sentiments of the original author should be conveyed, but likewise his style and manner of writing, which, it is supposed, cannot be done, without a strict attention to the arrangement of his sentences, and even to their order and construction. According to the former idea of translation, it is allowable to improve and to embellish; according to the latter, it is necessary to preserve even blemishes and defects; and to these must likewise be superadded the harshness that must attend every copy in which the artist scrupulously studies to imitate the minutest lines or traces of his original.
As these two opinions form opposite extremes, it is not improbable that the ​point of perfection should be found between the two. I would therefore describe a good translation to be, That, in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.
Now, supposing this description to be a just one, which I think it is, let us examine what are the laws of translation which may be deduced from it.
It will follow,
I. That the Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.
​II. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.
III. That the Translation should have all the ease of original composition.
Under each of these general laws of translation, are comprehended a variety of subordinate precepts, which I shall notice in their order, and which, as well as the general laws, I shall endeavour to prove, and to illustrate by examples.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Natal (Brazil)

See also Natal, Rio Grande do Norte on Wikipedia; the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​NATAL, a city of Brazil, the capital of the province of Rio Grande do Norte, is situated on the eastern bank of the river of that name, 2 miles above the mouth, with its fort in 5° 45′ S. lat. and 35° 13′ 12″ W. long. Though the water on the bar is only 14 feet at low tide, Natal is the first port of any note to the south of Cape Roque, and trades in cotton, sugar, dye-wood, and other local produce. It was founded in 1597. The population is about 11,000.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Natchez

See also Natchez, Mississippi on Wikipedia; the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​NATCHEZ, a city and port of entry of the United States, capital of Adams county, Mississippi, lies on the east bank of the Mississippi, 272 miles above New Orleans. Natchez-under-the-Hill, lying on a low alluvial bank, contains the steamboat landing and a few business houses. The main city, Natchez-on-the-Hill, occupies the summit of a bluff which rises nearly 200 feet above the river, and affords a wide view over the cotton plantations of Louisiana. Among the more conspicuous buildings are the city-hall, the court-house, the market-house, the Roman Catholic cathedral, the Jewish synagogue, and a number of handsome churches. There are two large cotton factories and other manufacturing establishments. Cotton dealing is the staple trade. The inhabitants numbered 4454 in 1850, 6612 in 1860, 9057 in 1870, and 7058 in 1880,—the city being in population the second in the State.
Fort Rosalie, erected on Natchez Bluff in 1716 by Bienville, and rebuilt in 1729 after its destruction by the Natchez Indians, continued to be a French trading and military post till 1763, when it passed into British hands and received the name of Fort Panmure. Occupied by the Spaniards from 1779 till 1798, Natchez became at the latter date the capital of the new Territory of Mississippi, retaining that rank till 1820. Its city charter dates from 1803.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Munster

See also Munster on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MUNSTER. See Ireland.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Nashua

See also Nashua, New Hampshire on Wikipedia; the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
NASHUA, a city of the United States, in Hillsborough county, New Hampshire, on hilly ground at the confluence of the Merrimac and the Nashua, 40 miles north-north-west of Boston by the Boston, Lowell, and Nashua Railroads. In 1803 the site was “a sandy plain covered with pine trees”; but after the formation of the Nashua Manufacturing Company in 1823 the village rapidly grew up, and by 1853 it was incorporated as a city. Its population increased from 10,543 in 1870 to 13,397 in 1880. The water-power of the Nashua river being rendered easily available by means of a canal 3 miles long and 8 feet deep, constructed in 1825-26, a great variety of industrial establishments are situated in the city. Besides the sheetings, shirtings, prints, and flannels manufactured by the original Nashua company and its younger rivals, iron goods, locks, edge tools, bedsteads, carpets, shuttles, bobbins, shoes, cards, glazed paper, are all produced on a large scale.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Glücksburg

See also Glücksburg on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​GLÜCKSBURG, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein, romantically situated among pine woods on the Flensburg Fjord off the Baltic, 6 m. N.E. from Flensburg by rail. Pop. (1905) 1551. It has a Protestant church and some small manufactures and is a favourite sea-bathing resort. The castle, which occupies the site of a former Cistercian monastery, was, from 1622 to 1779, the residence of the dukes of Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, passing then to the king of Denmark and in 1866 to Prussia. King Frederick VII. of Denmark died here on the 15th of November 1863.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Glückstadt

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​GLÜCKSTADT, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein, on the right bank of the Elbe, at the confluence of the small river Rhin, and 28 m. N.W. of Altona, on the railway from Itzehoe to Elmshorn. Pop. (1905) 6586. It has a Protestant and a Roman Catholic church, a handsome town-hall (restored in 1873–1874), a gymnasium, a provincial prison and a penitentiary. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in commerce and fishing; but the frequent losses from inundations have greatly retarded the prosperity of the town. Glückstadt was founded by Christian IV. of Denmark in 1617, and fortified in 1620. It soon became an important trading centre. In 1627–28 it was besieged for fifteen weeks by the imperialists under Tilly, without success. In 1814 it was blockaded by the allies and capitulated, whereupon its fortifications were demolished. In 1830 it was made a free port. It came into the possession of Prussia together with the rest of Schleswig-Holstein in 1866.
See Lucht, Glückstadt. Beiträge zur Geschichte dieser Stadt (Kiel, 1854).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gmelin

See also Gmelin on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​GMELIN, the name of several distinguished German scientists, of a Tübingen family. Johann Georg Gmelin (1674–1728), an apothecary in Tübingen, and an accomplished chemist for the times in which he lived, had three sons. The first, Johann Conrad (1702–1759), was an apothecary and surgeon in Tübingen. The second, Johann Georg (1709–1755), was appointed professor of chemistry and natural history in St Petersburg in 1731, and from 1733 to 1743 was engaged in travelling through Siberia. The fruits of his journey were Flora Sibirica (4 vols., 1749–1750) and Reisen durch Sibirien (4 vols., 1753). He ended his days as professor of medicine at Tübingen, a post to which he was appointed in 1749. The third son, Philipp Friedrich (1721–1768), was extraordinary professor of medicine at Tübingen in 1750, and in 1755 became ordinary professor of botany and chemistry. In the second generation Samuel Gottlieb (1743–1774), the son of Johann Conrad, was appointed professor of natural history at St Petersburg in 1766, and in the following year started on a journey through south Russia and the regions round the Caspian Sea. On his way back he was captured by Usmey Khan, of the Kaitak tribe, and died from the ill-treatment he suffered, on the 27th of July 1774. One of his nephews, Ferdinand Gottlob von Gmelin (1782–1848), became professor of medicine and natural history at Tübingen in 1805, and another, Christian Gottlob (1792–1860), who in 1828 was one of the first to devise a process for the artificial manufacture of ultramarine, was professor of chemistry and pharmacy in the same university. In the youngest branch of the family, Philipp Friedrich had a son, Johann Friedrich (1748–1804), who was appointed professor of medicine in Tübingen in 1772, and in 1775 accepted the chair of medicine and chemistry at Göttingen. In 1788 he published the 13th edition of Linnaeus’ Systema Naturae with many additions and alterations. His son Leopold (1788–1853), was the best-known member of the family. He studied medicine and chemistry at Göttingen, Tübingen and Vienna, and in 1813 began to lecture on chemistry at Heidelberg, where in 1814 he was appointed extraordinary, and in 1817 ordinary, professor of chemistry and medicine. He was the discoverer of potassium ferricyanide (1822), and wrote the Handbuch der Chemie (1st ed. 1817–1819, 4th ed. 1843–1855), an important work in its day, which was translated into English for the Cavendish Society by H. Watts (1815–1884) in 1848–1859. He resigned his chair in 1852, and died on the 13th of April in the following year at Heidelberg.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Glycols

See also Diol on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​GLYCOLS, in organic chemistry, the generic name given to the aliphatic dihydric alcohols. These compounds may be obtained by heating the alkylen iodides or bromides (e.g. ethylene dibromide) with silver acetate or with potassium acetate and alcohol, the esters so produced being then hydrolysed with caustic alkalis, thus:
C$_2$H$_4$Br$_2$ + 2C$_2$H$_3$O$_2$·Ag → C$_2$H$_4$(O·C$_2$H$_3$O)$_2$ → C$_2$H$_4$(OH)$_2$ + 2K·C$_2$H$_3$O$_2$;
by the direct union of water with the alkylen oxides; by oxidation of the olefines with cold potassium permanganate solution (G. Wagner, Ber., 1888, 21, p. 1231), or by the action of nitrous acid on the diamines.
Glycols may be classified as primary, containing two –CH$_2$OH groups; primary-secondary, containing the grouping –CH(OH)·CH$_2$OH; secondary, with the grouping –CH(OH)·CH(OH)–; and tertiary, with the grouping >C(OH)·(OH)C<. The secondary glycols are prepared by the action of alcoholic potash on aldehydes, thus:
3(CH$_3$)$_2$CH·CHO + KHO = (CH$_3$)$_2$CHCO$_2$K + (CH$_3$)$_2$CH·CH(OH)·CH(OH)·CH(CH$_3$)$_2$.
The tertiary glycols are known as pinacones and are formed on the reduction of ketones with sodium amalgam.
The glycols are somewhat thick liquids, of high boiling point, the pinacones only being crystalline solids; they are readily soluble in water and alcohol, but are insoluble in ether. By the action of dehydrating agents they are converted into aldehydes or ketones. In their general behaviour towards oxidizing agents the primary glycols behave very similarly to the ordinary primary alcohols (q.v.), but the secondary and tertiary glycols break down, yielding compounds with a smaller carbon content.
Ethylene glycol, C$_2$H$_4$(OH)$_2$, was first prepared by A. Wurtz (Ann. chim., 1859 [3], 55, p. 400) from ethylene dibromide and silver acetate. It is a somewhat pleasant smelling liquid, boiling at 197° to 197.5° C. and having a specific gravity of 1.125 (0°). On fusion with solid potash at 250° C. it completely decomposes, giving potassium oxalate and hydrogen,
C$_2$H$_6$O$_2$ + 2KHO = K$_2$C$_2$O$_4$ + 4H$_2$.
Two propylene glycols, C$_3$H$_8$O$_2$, are known, viz. α-propylene glycol, CH$_3$·CH(OH)·CH$_2$OH, a liquid boiling at 188° to 189°, and obtained by heating glycerin with sodium hydroxide and distilling the mixture; and trimethylene glycol, CH$_2$OH·CH$_2$·CH$_2$OH, a liquid boiling at 214° C. and prepared by boiling trimethylene bromide with potash solution (A. Zander, Ann., 1882, 214, p. 178).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Glyph

See also Glyph on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​GLYPH (from Gr. γλύφειν, to carve), in architecture, a vertical channel in a frieze (see Triglyph).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Glycas, Michael

See also Michael Glycas on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​GLYCAS, MICHAEL, Byzantine historian (according to some a Sicilian, according to others a Corfiote), flourished during the 12th century A.D. His chief work is his Chronicle of events ​from the creation of the world to the death of Alexius I. Comnenus (1118). It is extremely brief and written in a popular style, but too much space is devoted to theological and scientific matters. Glycas was also the author of a theological treatise and a number of letters on theological questions. A poem of some 600 “political” verses, written during his imprisonment on a charge of slandering a neighbour and containing an appeal to the emperor Manuel, is still extant. The exact nature of his offence is not known, but the answer to his appeal was that he was deprived of his eyesight by the emperor’s orders.
Editions: “Chronicle and Letters,” in J. P. Migne, Patrologia Graeca, clviii.; poem in E. Legrand, Bibliothèque grecque vulgaire, i.; see also F. Hirsch, Byzantinische Studien (1876); C. Krumbacher in Sitzungsberichte bayer. Acad., 1894; C. F. Bähr in Ersch and Gruber’s Allgemeine Encyklopädie.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Glyconic

See also Glyconic on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​GLYCONIC (from Glycon, a Greek lyric poet), a form of verse, best known in Catullus and Horace (usually in the catalectic variety _ ◡ – ◡ ◡ – ◡ ◡), with three feet—a spondee and two dactyls; or four—three trochees and a dactyl, or a dactyl and three chorees. Sir R. Jebb pointed out that the last form might be varied by placing the dactyl second or third, and according to its place this verse was called a First, Second or Third Glyconic.
Cf. J. W. White, in Classical Quarterly (Oct. 1909).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Glyptothek

See also Glyptothek on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​GLYPTOTHEK (from Gr. γλυπτός, carved, and θήκη, a place of storage), an architectural term given to a gallery for the exhibition of sculpture, and first employed at Munich, where it was built to exhibit the sculptures from the temple of Aegina.
# Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation (Jane)
## Contents

* Preface
* Book 1
* Book 2
* Book 3
* Book 4
* Book 5
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# Ecclesiastes (Bible)

Ecclesiastes is a book of the Hebrew Bible. It is universally accepted across all Jewish and Christian biblical canons, though the order of placement differs.
English-language translations of Qoheleth include:
* "Ecclesiastes" in the Wycliffe version of the Bible (1380s)
* "Ecclesiastes" in the Bishops' version (1568)
* "Ecclesiastes" in the Douay-Rheims version (1610)
* "Ecclesiastes" in the Authorized Version (1611)
* "Ecclesiastes" in the King James version (1769)
* "Ecclesiastes" in the American Standard version (1901)
* "Ecclesiastes" in the Jewish Publication Society version (1917)
* "Ecclesiastes" in the World English version (in progress since 1997)
* "Ecclesiastes" in the Wikisource edition (in progress since 2006)
* "Ecclesiastes" in the Literal Standard Version of the Bible (2020)
# Ecclesiastical History

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Ecclesiastical History."
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Ecclesiastical History by Eusebius of Caesarea, c. 326
* Ecclesiastical History by Philostorgius, c. 430
* Ecclesiastical History by Sozomen, c. 440
* Ecclesiastical History by Socrates Scholasticus, c. 440
* Ecclesiastical History by Theodoret, c. 450
* Ecclesiastical History by Orderic Vitalis, 1122–1141

## See also

* Ecclesiastical History of the English People by Bede, 731
# Ecclesiastes

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Ecclesiastes."
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* A book of the Hebrew Bible; for versions, see Ecclesiastes (Bible).
* Biblical commentary and analysis
** "Ecclesiastes," in Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)
** "Ecclesiastes," in Catholic Encyclopedia, (ed.) by Charles G. Herbermann and others, New York: The Encyclopaedia Press (1913)
** "Ecclesiastes," in Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed., 1911)
* Ecclesiastes, a poem by Ewart Alan Mackintosh
* Ecclesiastes, a poem by Gilbert Keith Chesterton
# Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius)

English-language translations of Ἐκκλησιαστικὴ ἱστορία include:
* The Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius Pamphilus (c. 326) translated by C.F. Cruse (1842)
* Church History of Eusebius (Historia Ecclesiastica), by Philip Schaff et al. (1885)
** St. John and the Robber, from Tracts for the Times, 1833
** Account of the Martyrs of Lyons and Vienne, from Tracts for the Times, 1833
** Account of the St. James the Apostle, from Tracts for the Times, 1833
# Ecclesiastical History of the Ancient Churches of Piedmont

Some Remarks Upon the Ecclesiastical History of the Ancient Churches of Piedmont. by Peter Allix, D.D.,
Originally published in 1690 and 1692. Revised in 1821 (Oxford). Edited 1989.

## Table of contents

* Chapter IX. - Opinions of the Church of Italy during the ninth century.. (pp. 62-87)
(Presenting the life, acts, beliefs and works of Claudius, bishop of Turin)

## About the book

The copyrights have expired (Pierre Allix 1641-1717).
Chapters devoted to the history of the Churches of Piedmont and of the Waldenses can be found at http://www.giveshare.org/churchhistory/allix/index.html.
Chapters devoted to the history of the Albigenses can be found at http://www.giveshare.org/churchhistory/allix/albigenses.html.
The whole book (1821 edition) is also available in online Canadian Libraries in TXT/PDF/JPG format.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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