OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Edmund Plowden

From volume 12 of the work.
Born 1517-8; died in London, 6 Feb., 1584-5. Son of Humphrey Plowden of Plowden Hall, Shropshire, and Elizabeth his wife, educated at Cambridge, he took no degree. In 1538 he was called to the Middle Temple where he studied law so closely that he became the greatest lawyer of his age, as is testified by Camden, who says that "as he was singularly well learned in the common laws of England, whereof he deserved well by writing, so for integrity, of life he was second to no man of his profession" (Annals, 1635, p. 270). He also studied at Oxford for a time, and besides his legal studies, qualified as a surgeon and physician in 1552. On Mary's accession he became one of the council of the Marches of Wales. In 1553 he was elected member of Parliament for Wallingford and in the following year was returned for two constituencies, Reading and Wooten-Bassett; but on 12 Jan., 1554-5, he withdrew from the House, dissatisfied with the proceedings there. Succeeding the Plowden estates in 1577, he lectured on law at Middle Temple and during his treasurership the fine hall of that inn was begun. His fidelity to the Catholic faith prevented any further promotion under Elizabeth., but it is a family tradition that the queen offered him the Lord Chancellorship on condition of his joining the Anglican Church. He successfully defended Bishop Horne, and helped Catholics by his legal knowledge. On one occasion he was defending a gentleman charged with hearing Mass, and detected that the service had been performed by a layman for the purpose of informing against those who were present, whereon he exclaimed, "The case is altered; no priest, no Mass", and thus secured an acquittal. This incident gave rise to the common legal proverb, "The case is altered, quoth Plowden". He himself was required to give bond in 1569 to be of good behaviour in religious matters for he was delated to the Privy Council for refusing to attend the Anglican service, though no measures seem to have been taken against him. His works were: "Les comentaries ou les reportes de Edmunde Plowden (London, 1571), often reprinted and translated into Quares del Monsieur Plowden" (London, no date), included in some editions of the Reports; "A Treatise on Succession", manuscripts preserved among the family papers. Its object was to prove that Mary, Queen of Scots, was not debarred from her right to the English throne by her foreign birth or the will of Henry VIII. Several manuscripts legal opinions are preserved in the British Museum and the Cambridge University Libraries. He married Catherine Sheldon of Beoley and by her had three sons and three daughters. There is a portrait effigy on his tomb in the Temple Church, and a bust in the Middle Temple Hall copied from one at Plowden.
EDWIN BURTON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Edmund Tanner

From volume 14 of the work.
Bishop of Cork and Cloyne, Ireland, 1574-1579; born about 1526; died 1579. The statement in his brief of appointment that he was born in the ecclesiastical Province of Dublin is all that is known of his early life. His surname was borne by persons of humble station at Calverstown, Co. Kildare, which, coupled with his familiarity with the Eustaces of Baltinglas, may give colour to a surmise that he was a native of that district. In 1565 he was at Rome, being then probably in Holy orders, and entered the Society of Jesus; after a year in the Roman College he was sent to Dillingen University in 1567, and became doctor of divinity. His health, however, failed and he left the Society. In 1574 he was again at Rome, and the See of Cork and Cloyne being vacant, he was appointed thereto, 5 November, 1574, and was consecrated at Rome. In May, 1575, he set out for Ireland with exceptional faculties for his own diocese and for those of Cashel, Dublin, and its suffragan sees in the absence of their respective prelates. Not long after his reaching Ireland he was captured while exercising his functions at Clonmel, and was thrown into prison; here, as Holing tells, he was visited by a schismatical bishop whom he reconciled to the Church. A few days later he was himself released through the influence of a noble earl. Thereafter he did not venture into his own diocese but as commissary-Apostolic he traversed the other districts assigned him, administering the sacraments and discharging in secret the other duties of his office. Four years he laboured thus in continual peril and distress, and at length succumbed to his privations and fatigues in the Diocese of Ossory, 4 June, 1579. Bruodin states that he died in Dublin Castle after eighteen months of imprisonment and cruel torture.
HOGAN, Distinguished Irishmen of the 16th Century (London, 1894); BRADY, Episcopal Succession in Great Britain and Ireland (Rome, 1876-1877); MORAN, Spicilegium Ossoriense, I (Dublin, 1874); BRUODIN, Propugnaculum catholicœ veritatis (Prague, 1669).
Charles Mcneill.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Edmund O'Reilly (2)

From volume 11 of the work.
Theologian, b. in London, 30 April, 1811; d. at Dublin, 10 November, 1878. Educated at Clongowes and Maynooth, he made his theological studies at Rome, where after seven years in the Roman College he gained the decree of Doctor of Divinity by a "public act" de iniversa theologia. After his ordination in 1838 he taught theology for thirteen years at Maynooth into which he was mainly instrumental in introducing the Roman spirit and tradition, after which he entered the Jesuit novitiate at Naples. He taught theology for some years at St. Beuno's College in North Wales till he was appointed Professor of Theology under Newman in the Catholic University of Ireland. During the remainder of his life he resided at Milltown Park near Dublin as rector of a House of Spiritual Exercises; and he was Provincial of Ireland 1863-70. Constantly consulted on theological questions by the bishops and priests of Ireland, Cardinal Newman in his famous "Letter to the Duke of Norfolk" calls him "a great authority" and "one of the first theologians of the day". Dr. W.G. Ward, editor of "The Dublin Review", said: "It is a great loss to the Church that so distinguished a theologian as Father O'Reilly has published so little". Dr. Ward wrote of his chief work, "The Relations of the Church to Society", "Whatever is written by so able and so solidly learned a theologian, one so docile to the Church and so fixed in the ancient theological paths, cannot but be of signal benefit to the Catholic reader in these anxious and perilous times."
Freeman's Journal (Dublin, November, 1878); Irish Monthly, VI, 695.
Matthew Russell.
# City of Washington v. Dennison/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
73 U.S. 495
City of Washington v. Dennison
The act gave to the city ten days, exclusive of Sundays, to sue out the writ of error, and take the other necessary steps which are required to operate as a supersedeas. The ten days expired on the 5th of December.
According to the settled practice, if the writ of error is sued out before the first day of the term, it must be made returnable on the first day of the next term, and so as to the citation; and, if sued out after, it must be made returnable the first day of the succeeding term.
The cases cited also show, that both the writ and citation must be served before the return day-the writ by filing it in the clerk's office, and the citation by serving it on the party, or his attorney, or counsel.
In the present case it is, perhaps, sufficiently shown that the writ was placed in the clerk's office before the return day, but it was not sealed till the 5th of December, and until then it was a nullity. Writs of error from this court to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia are sued out under the same regulations as in cases of judgments in the Circuit Courts of the United States.
The writ, therefore, not being sealed till the 5th day of December, eleven days after the judgment, it was too late to operate as a supersedeas, and it cannot be amended in this respect, as was held in Hodge et al. v. Williams.
But if this objection could have been avoided, the omission to serve the citation before the return day of the writ is fatal.* It was not served till 6th of December.
MOTION DENIED.

## Notes

* ↑ Villabolos v. United States, 6 Howard, 89, 90; United States v. Curry, Id. 106, 112; Insurance Co. v. Mordecai, 21 Id. 195.
* ↑ Overton v. Cheek, 22 Howard, 46; Act of Congress, May 8, 1792, § 9.
* ↑ Brightly's Digest, 234, § 5; 12 Stat. at Large, 764, § 11.
* ↑ 22 Howard, 87.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# City of Waterville v. Van Slyke

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
115 U.S. 290
City of Waterville v. Van Slyke
Argued: November 9, 1885. ---
S. E. Brown, for the motion.
E. Stellings, against the motion.
WAITE, C. J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# City of Willcox Arizona v. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
498 U.S. 1084
City of Willcox Arizona v. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
No. 90-806
Petition for writ of certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# City of Waterville v. Van Slyke/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
115 U.S. 290
City of Waterville v. Van Slyke
Argued: November 9, 1885. ---
The judgment in this case is for less than $5,00, but the record contains a certificate of division. The motion to dismiss is 'on the ground that this court has no jurisdiction upon such a certificate as is filed herein.' The record has not been printed, and in National Bank v. Insurance Co., 100 U.S. 43, we announced the rule that to get a decision on a motion to dismiss before printing, the motion papers must present the case in a way which will enable us to act understandingly without referring to the transcript on file. In this case we have not been furnished either with a copy of the certificate on which the motion depends or with an agreed statement of what it contains. In fact, there is nothing on which we can act unless we go to the transcript. The further consideration of the motion is consequently postponed until the case is for hearing on its merits.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# City of Winchester v. Winchester Waterworks Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
251 U.S. 192
City of Winchester v. Winchester Waterworks Company
Argued: Oct. 24, 1919. --- Decided: Jan 5, 1920
Messrs. J. Smith Hays, of Winchester, Ky., and T. L. Edelen, of Frankfort, Ky., for appellants.
Mr. Beverly R. Jouett, of Winchester, Ky., for appellee.
Mr. Justice DAY delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# City of Yonkers v. Downey

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
309 U.S. 590
CITY OF YONKERS v. DOWNEY (two cases). CONDON, Mayor, et al.
Argued: Feb. 29, 1940. --- Decided: April 22, 1940
See 310 U.S. 656, 60 S.Ct. 1071, 84 L.Ed. --.
Messrs. Leonard G. McAneny, of Yonkers, N.Y., and E. J. Dimock, of New York City, for petitioners.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 590-592 intentionally omitted]
Mr. George P. Barse, of Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice McREYNOLDS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# City of Willcox Arizona v. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
Denied.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Christmas (Vrchlický)

* related portals: Czech literature.
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Poem from the collection Co život dal ("What life gave"), originally published in 1883
English-language translations of Vánoce include:
# Christmas Amnesty Proclamation for Certain War-Time Offenders Who Have Completed Their Prison Sentences, 1933

This proclamation declares amnesty relating to World War I.
WHEREAS, in and by the Constitution of the United States of America, it is provided that the President "shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment," and
WHEREAS, various persons have been from time to time convicted in the Courts of the United States of violations of certain statutes enacted during the war between the United States and the Imperial German Government and Imperial Austro-Hungarian Government, to wit:
Section 3 of Title 1 of the Act approved June 15, 1917, entitled "An Act to punish acts of interference with the foreign relations, the neutrality, and the foreign commerce of the United States, to punish espionage, and better to enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and for other purposes" (40 Stat. 217); and said section as amended by the Act approved May 16, 1918 (40 Stat. 553); or of a conspiracy to violate the same;
Conspiracy to violate Section 5 of the Act approved on June 15, 1917, entitled "An Act to authorize the President to increase temporarily the Military Establishment of the United States" (40 Stat. 76); and said Section as amended by the Act approved August 31, 1918 (40 Stat. 955); and
WHEREAS, the emergency contemplated by the aforesaid statutes has long expired;
Now, THEREFORE, Be it known, that I, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States of America, in consideration of the premises, divers other good and sufficient reasons me thereunto moving, do hereby declare and grant a full pardon to all persons who have heretofore been convicted of a violation of any of the foregoing statutory provisions or of a conspiracy to violate the same, and who have complied with the sentences imposed on them; provided, however, that such pardon shall not be construed to pardon such persons for any offenses other than those designated herein, whether committed prior or subsequently to the offenses herein designated.
FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT The White House, December 23, 1933
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Christmas Bells (Longfellow)

* related portals: Hymns, Christmas.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Wadsworth first wrote the poem "Christmas Bells" on Christmas Day in 1863. It was first published in February 1865 in Our Young Folks, a juvenile magazine published by Ticknor and Fields.
In 1872, John Baptiste Calkin arranged five of the seven stanzas to his own tune "Waltham", resulting in the hymn "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day". Other composers have written tunes for this song, most notably Johnny Marks's 1950s popular rendition, and Joseph Mainzer's 1845 tune "Mainzer" is also commonly used as a musical setting for this work.
Original, 7 stanzas
* "Christmas Bells" in Flower-de-Luce, 1867
* "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day" in Hymns of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1985
Adapted, 5 stanzas
# Christmas (Gautier)

originally published as Noël
* "Christmas," in Enamels and Cameos
* "Christmas," in A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields (p. 183), London: C. Kegan Paul & Co. (1876) , translated by Toru Dutt
# Christmas (Irving)

* related portals: Christmas.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
* Christmas in The Sketchbook of Geoffrey Crayon, 1819
* Christmas in Our American Holidays - Christmas, 1949
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Christmas Bells

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Christmas Bells."
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* "Christmas Bells", a poem by Edith Mary David
* "Christmas Bells", a poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
* "Christmas Bells", a poem by Maria Theresa Rice
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Guitmund

From volume 7 of the work.
A Bishop of Aversa, a Benedictine monk, theologian, and opponent of Berengarius; born at an unknown place in Normandy during the first quarter of the eleventh century; died between 1090-95, at Aversa, near Naples. In his youth he entered the Benedictine monastery of La-Croix-St-Leufroy in the Diocese of Evreux, and about 1060 he was studying theology at the monastery of Bec, where he had Lanfranc as teacher and St. Anselm of Canterbury as fellow-student. In 1070 King William the Conqueror called him to England and, as an inducement to remain there, offered him a diocese. The humble monk, however, not only refused the offer, but fearlessly denounced the conquest of England by the Normans as an act of robbery ("Oratio ad Guillelmum I" in P. L., CXLIX, 1509). He then returned to Normandy and became a stanch defender of the Catholic doctrine of Transubstantiation against the heretical Berengarius of Tours. Some time between 1073-77 he wrote, at the instance of one of his fellow-monks by the name of Roger, his famous treatise on the Holy Eucharist, entitled "De corporis et sanguinis Jesu Christi veritate in Eucharistia". It is written in the form of a dialogue between himself and Roger and contains an exposition as well as a refutation of the doctrines of Berengarius concerning the Holy Eucharist. Guitmund ably defends Transubstantiation against Berengarius, but his notion of the manner of the Real Presence is obscure. Moreover, he does not well distinguish between substance and accident, and hence concludes that the corruptibility of the species is merely a deception of our senses. The work has often appeared in print. The first printed edition was brought out by Erasmus (Freiburg, 1530). Shortly after Guitmund had published his treatise against Berengarius, he obtained permission from his abbot, Odilo, to make a pilgrimage to Rome. Because the name Guitmund had become too well known to suit the humble monk, he exchanged it for that of Christianus and lived for some time in the obscurity of a Roman monastery. When Urban II, who had previously been a monk at Cluny, became pope, he appointed Guitmund Bishop of Aversa, near Naples, in 1088. A few historians hold that he afterwards became a cardinal, but there seems not to be sufficient evidence for this assumption. Besides the work mentioned above, Guitmund is the author of a short treatise on the Trinity and of an epistle to a certain Erfastus, which deals with the same subject. His works are published in "Bibl. Patr. Lugd.", XVIII, 440 sqq.; in Gallandi, "Bibl. veterum Patr.", XIV, 240 sqq., and Migne, "P. L.", CXLIX, 1427-1513.
Histoire littéraire de la France, VIII, 553-573; WERNER, Gerbert von Aurillac (Vienna, 1881), 178-182; SCHEEBEN in Kirchenlex, s. v.; HURTER, Nomenclator (Innsbruck, 1903), I, 1053-4; SCHNITZER, Berengar von Tours (Stuttgart, 1892), 350 sqq.; 406 sqq.
MICHAEL OTT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Gunning S. Bedford

From volume 2 of the work.
Medical writer and teacher, b. at Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., of a distinguished family in 1806; d. in New York, 5 September, 1870. He was a nephew and namesake of Gunning Bedford, first Attorney-General of Delaware and one of the framers of the Constitution of the United States, who was aide-de-camp to General Washington and was appointed by him U.S. Judge for the District of Delaware. Dr. Bedford graduated in 1825 at Mount St. Mary's College, Emmitsburg, Maryland, and took his degree in medicine from Rutgers College, New York. He spent two years in foreign study and in 1833, when only twenty-six years of age, became professor of obstetrics in Charleston Medical College. From here he accepted a professorship in the Albany Medical College. He went to New York in 1836 and four years later founded the University Medical College, which became a great success. In connection with it he established an obstetrical clinic for those too poor to pay a doctor's fee. This was the first of its kind in the country and was of great service to the poor and to medical science. Dr. Bedford continued to teach until his health broke down in 1862 and he died in 1870. His funeral panegyric was preached by Archbishop McCloskey who had been his fellow student at Mount St. Mary's. Two books written by him, "Diseases of Women" and "Practice of Obstetrics" went through many editions, were translated into French and German, and were adopted as textbooks in American schools.
Medical Record, files (New York, 1870), p. 330; Cyclopaedia of American Biography, s. v.
JAMES J. WALSH