# Western Europe in the Middle Ages

COPYRIGHT, 1955, BY APPLETON-CENTURY-CROFTS, INC.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publishers.
685-12
Library of Congress Card Number: 54-10683
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
E 85336
CONTENTS
| | PREFACE | PREFACE | v |
| | INTRODUCTION | INTRODUCTION | 1 |
| 1. | THE MAKING OF EUROPE | THE MAKING OF EUROPE | 11 |
| | I. | The Roman Empire | 13 |
| | II. | The Church | 21 |
| | III. | The Germanic Migrations | 26 |
| | IV. | The End of Mediterranean Unity | 35 |
| | V. | The Work of Charlemagne | 44 |
| 2. | THE YEARS OF TRANSITION | THE YEARS OF TRANSITION | 55 |
| | I. | The Collapse of the Carolingian Empire—Feudalism | 57 |
| | II. | The Revival of the Empire—Germany and Italy | 66 |
| | III. | The Renewal of Western Civilization | 74 |
| 3. | THE FLOWERING OF MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATION | THE FLOWERING OF MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATION | 89 |
| | I. | The Temper of the Twelfth Century | 91 |
| | II. | The Commonwealth of Christendom | 100 |
| | III. | The Development of Secular Governments | 106 |
| | IV. | New Ideas and Their Expression in the Twelfth Century | 127 |
| 4. | THE MEDIEVAL SUMMER | THE MEDIEVAL SUMMER | 141 |
| | I. | The Temper of the Thirteenth Century | 143 |
| | II. | The Papal Monarchy—Innocent III | 147 |
| | III. | The Papal Monarchy—The Popes and the Hohenstaufen | 157 ​ |
| | IV. | The Rise of the Secular State | 163 |
| | V. | Economic, Intellectual, and Artistic Activities in the Thirteenth Century | 176 |
| 5. | THE LONG AUTUMN | THE LONG AUTUMN | 187 |
| | I. | The Changing Climate of Opinion | 189 |
| | II. | The First Frosts | 191 |
| | III. | The Failure of the Secular States | 196 |
| | IV. | Lost in the Fog | 205 |
| | V. | Premature Spring in Italy | 212 |
| | VI. | Fire Under the Northern Ashes | 220 |
| | SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING | SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING | 231 |
| | INDEX | INDEX | 237 |
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