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# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Smith, Arthur Paul

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​Smith, Arthur Paul, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Travancore, (Retd.) and Journalist, Madras; s. of Edward Smith of Ootacamund; youngest brother of late W. E. Smith, founder of Messrs. W. E. Smith & Co., Madras; b. 1854; educ: at Nash’s School, Ootacamund; at Dr. G. U. Pope’s Grammar School, Snodon, Ootacamund; joined Government service in the Madras Revenue Survey,1873; joined Travancore State service as Assistant Superintendent, Revenue Survey; did good work in the Minor Triangulation of the State; transferred to the Forest Department of the State; became Deputy Conservator of Forests; retired, 1907; was Editor of the Western Star, Cochin; special correspondent of the Madras Mail, and was on the staff of the latter for nearly two years; Assistant Editor, Madras Times, 1913-1914. Publications: Many articles in the Madras Review, the Hindustan Review, the Modern Review, the Madras Times, The Madras Mail, the Hindu, and other papers; numerous stories and sketches concerning Indian life and character. Address; 11, Sembudass Street, Georgetown, Madras.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Mazumdar, Bidhir Bhusham

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​Mazumdar, Bidhir Bhusham, B.A., Rai Sahib, (1911), Inspector of Students’ Residences; b. 1866; educ: at Jagannath school, Dacca, and the Calcutta Presidency College; worked in re-organizing the Eden High School for girls at Dacca and founded a scheme for the improvement of the Residences for College students in that city. Publications: Systems of Physical Exercises in schools. Address: Dacca, Bengal Presidency, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/McIver, Sir Lewis

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​McIser, Sir Lewis, Bart., M.P., (Bar-at-Law), Sub-Collector and Joint Magistrate, Madras; entered service, 1868; Assistant Collector and Magistrate. Madras,. 1868-70; Justice of the Peace 1870; transferred to Burma where he acted in several capacities including that of President of Rangoon Municipality till 1876; reverted to Madras, September 1876; on special duty for preparing part I of the Imperial Gazetteer, Madras, (Rs. 1,000), 1876; Officiating Assistant Commissioner, Nilgiris, without prejudice to special duty, 9th September to 8th November 1877; on special duty up to 7th April 1878; acting Deputy Commissioner, Salt Revenue, Northern Division, November 1879 to 20th April 1880; Member, Board of Examiners, 1882; Special Magistrate, Salem, for enquiring into the Salem riots (Department allowance of Rs. 10 a day) 23rd August to 26th November 1882; Deputy Superintendent, Census Operations, Madras, November 1883 to 13th April 1883; Sub-Collector and Joint Magistrate, Chingleput, from October 1884; retired, 1885. Address: c/o India Office, London.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/McLeod, Sir John Chatham

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​McLeod, Sir John Chatham, G C.B. (1891).; b. 1831; s. of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander McLeod; educ: at St. Andrew’s and Perth Academy; served for over 30 years in the 2nd Royal Highlanders; in Crimia, 1854-55; Indian Mutiny; 1857-58; Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel and C.B. Ashanti war, 1873-74; Commanded troops in Ceylon, 1882-87; Colonel of the Black Watch Royal Highlanders, 1907: retired, 1908. Address: Bellvin; North Berwick. Club: United Service.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/McLeod, General Sir Donald James Sim

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​McLeod, General Sir Donald James Sim, K.C.I.E. (1906), C.B. (1898), D.S.O. (1887); b. 1845; s. of Lieutenant-General W. C. McLeod; educ: Kensington School; joined the Madras Army, 1861; became Captain, 1873; became General, 1906; A.D.C. to Major General, Madras, 1864-67; D.A.Q.M.G., Madras, 1878-1883; D.Q.M.G., 1883-89; served on the Army Staff, India, 1877-88; D.Q.M.G., Burma, 1886-87; Commanding 3rd Madras Lancers, 1890-93; Lieutenant-General Commanding Troops, Burma ​1903-06; retired, 1906. Address: Holy Mount, Inkpen, Berks. Club: United Service.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/McLeod, N. C.

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​McLeod, N. C., B.A., Bar-at-Law; Judge, High Court, Bombay; s. of late R. B. McLeod of Cadball, Rosshire; b. 1866; educ: Wellington College, New College, Oxford; called to Bar, 1890; Official Assignee, Bombay, 1900: Member, Imperial Legislative Council, 1908; appointed as Judge, High Court, Bombay, 1910. Address: Mount Pleasant Road, Bombay, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/McMahon, Sir Arthur Henry

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​McMahon, Sir Arthur Henry, K.C.I.E., (1906), C.S.I.,(1897),C.I.E., (1894); F.S.A., F.L.S.; b. 1862; s. of Lieutenant-General C. A. McMahon; educ: at Haileybery and Sandhurst; joined the Army, 1883; transferred to Indian Staff Corps, 1885; entered the Punjab Commission, 1887; joined the Indian Political Department, 1890; Political Agent at Zhob, 1891, and 1893; accompanied the Durand Mission to Kabul, 1693, Commissioner for demarcating boundary between Beluchistan and Afghanistan, 1894-96; Political Agent at Dir, Swet, and Chitral, 1899-1901; Revenue and Judicial Conmissioner; Beluchistan, 1901; Commissioner to settle the Perso-Afghan boundary, 1903; Agent to Governor General in Beluchistan, 1905; Secretary to Government of India (Foreign Department), and Member of Imperial Legislative Council. Address: Calcutta. Club: United Service.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Mayurbhanj Raja of; Sriram Chandra Bhanj Deo

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​ Maharbhanj, Rajar of; Sriram Chandra Bhanj Dec; b. 1872; succeeded to the gaddi as a minor, 1882; area of the State, 4,243 sq. miles; population, 400,000; the eldest son and heir-apparent of the family, is entitled to the courtesy title of “Tikit Babu”; the family cognisance is the peacock with its tail spread; the Raja maintains a force of 512 Infantry and 11 guns. Address: Maharbhanj, Orissa, Bengal Presidency, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Mazhar-ul-Haq

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​Mazhar-ul-Hag, Bar-at-Law Bankipur; claims descent from Umar, the 2nd Khalif, and from his mother’s side, is a pure Saiyed: g.s. of Maulvi Sakhawat Ali Khan, a well known and much esteemed Deputy Colle tor, of his days; b. 1866; educ: Patna College, and the Canning College, Lucknow; proceeded to England against the wish of his elders, 1888; known among his friends in England as the “Book worm”; started the Anjuman Islamia, London (the present Punjab Islamia Society, London); interested himself in politics and became a staunch supporter of the Indian National Congress; called to Bar, 1891; enrolled as an Advocate, Calcutta High Court, and commenced practice at Bankipur the same year; accepted the post of District Munsiff, 1892; resigned and resumed practice at Chappra, 1896; Secretary, Charitable Famine Relief Fund, Saran, 1897; twice returned as Municipal Commissioner at the head of the Poll; Vice-Chairman, Chappra Municipality; founded (in conjunction with Mr. Syed Hussain Imam) the All-India Muslim League, 1906; removed to Bankipur, 1907; organised a branch of the Muslim League in Behar, 1908; has been one of the Honorary Secretaries of the Behar Provincial Association; Vice-President, Behar Provincial Congress Committee; elected a Member of the Imperial Legislative Council, 1909; President, 4th session of the Behar Provincial Conference, 1911. Address: Bankipur, Bengal Presidency, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Mazumdar, Nanolal, Ranekial

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​Mazumdar, Nanolal, Ranekial. B.A., B.Sc, (London), Bar-at Law, Professor, Government College of Commerce, Bombay; first Indian to graduate in the faculty of Economics and Political Science in the University of London; first Indian to be elected as President of the Students’ Union in that University; Fellow, Royal Economic Society and Professor of Administration and Economics; first Indian pupil of Professor Lees, Smith, M.P., accompanied him to England, 1909; distinguished himself at the London School of Economics and Political Science; interested himself in the question of Indian emigration and was one of the deputation that waited on Lord Crew, to discuss the South African question, 1913. Address: Bombay, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/McInroy, Colonel Charles

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​McInroy, Colonel Charles, C.B. (1894); s. of late J. P. Mclnroy; b. 1838; educ: Wimbledon school: entered the Army, 1855; passed through various lower grades and became Colonel, 1885; served in the Indian Mutiny; at the surrender of Kirvi; Commanded in the Cavalry actions at Maharajpur, Jokoli (thanked in despatches); worked in Mhow Mahoul (medal and clasp for Central India); served in Abysinian Campaign, 1868; (despatches and medal); Egyptian War, 1882; Burma Expedition, 1885-86; Principal Commissariat Officer, Upper Burma, 1888-89 (medal with two clasps). Recreations: golf, shooting, and fishing. Address: The Burn, Edzell, Brechim. Club: Edinborough.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sakkereya

​Sakkereya. — Some Upparas style themselves Mēl (western) Sakkereya-vāru. Their explanation is that they used to work in salt, which is more essential than sugar, and that Mēl Sakkare means superior sugar.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sakuna Pakshi

​Sakuna Pakshi. — For the following note on the Sakuna Pakshi (prophetic bird) mendicant caste of Vizagapatam, I am indebted to Mr. C. Hayavadana Rao. The name of the caste is due to the fact that the members of the caste wear on their heads a plume composed of the feathers of a bird called pālagumma, which is probably Coracias indica, the Indian roller, or "blue jay" of Europeans. This is one of the birds called sakuna pakshi, because they are supposed to possess the power of foretelling events, and on their movements many omens ​depend. Concerning the roller, Jerdon writes * that "it is sacred to Siva, who assumed its form, and, at the feast of the Dasserah at Nagpore, one or more used to be liberated by the Rājah, amidst the firing of cannon and musketry, at a grand parade attended by all the officers of the station. Buchanan Hamilton also states that, before the Durga Puja, the Hindus of Calcutta purchase one of these birds, and, at the time when they throw the image of Durga into the river, set it at liberty. It is considered propitious to see it on this day, and those who cannot afford to buy one discharge their matchlocks to put it on the wing."
According to their own account, the Sakuna Pakshis are Telagas who emigrated to Vizagapatam from Peddāpuram in the Godāvari district.
A member of the caste, before proceeding on a begging expedition, rises early, and has a cold meal. He then puts the Tengalai Vaishnava nāmam mark on his forehead, slings on his left shoulder a deer-skin pouch for the reception of the rice and other grain which will be given him as alms, and takes up his little drum (gilaka or damaraka) made of frog's skin. It is essential for a successful day's begging that he should first visit a Māla house or two, after which he begs from other castes, going from house to house.
The members combine with begging the professions of devil-dancer, sorcerer, and quack doctor. Their remedy for scorpion sting is well-known. It is the root of a plant called thēlla visari (scorpion antidote), which the Sakuna Pakshis carry about with them on their rounds. The root should be collected on a new-moon day which falls on a Sunday. On that day, the Sakuna Pakshi ​bathes, cuts off his loin-string, and goes stark naked to a selected spot, where he gathers the roots. If a supply thereof is required, and the necessary combination of moon and day is not forthcoming, the roots should be collected on a Sunday or Wednesday.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Salige

​Salige (wire). — A gōtra of Kurni.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Saluppan

​Saluppan. — The Tamil equivalent of the Telugu Janappan, which is derived from janapa, the sunn hemp ( Crotolaria juncea).
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Samayamuvāru

​Samayamuvāru.— An itinerant class of mendicants attached to the Sālē caste. From a note by Mr. C. Hayavadana Rao, I gather that they say that the name is an abbreviation of Rānasamayamuvāru, or men of the day of battle. According to a legend, when Bhāvana ​Rishi, the patron saint of the caste, was challenged to battle by Kālavasīna, a rākshasa, these people were created, and, with their assistance, the rākshasa was conquered. In recognition of their services, Bhāvana Rishi made the Sālēs maintain them. They wander from place to place in single families, and, when they reach a halting-place, dress up, and visit the house of the Pedda Sēnāpati (headman), who feeds them for the day, and gives a chit (note) showing the amount paid by him. At their visits to Sālē houses, Bhāvana Rishi is praised. They marry in the presence of, and with the aid of the Sālēs.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Samagāra

​Samagāra. — The Samagāras have been described † as "the principal class of leather-workers in the South Canara district. They are divided into two endogamous groups, the Canarese Samagāras and the Ārya Samagāras. The latter speak Marāthi. Though the Samagāras are in the general estimation as low a caste as the Holeyas, and do not materially differ from them in their religious and other ceremonies and customs, they are, as a rule, of much fairer complexion, and the women are often very handsome. The tanning industry ​is chiefly carried on by the Samagāras, and their modus operandi is as follows. The hides are soaked for a period of one month in large earthen vats containing water, to which chunam is added at the rate of two seers per hide. After the expiry of the above period, they are soaked in fresh water for three days, in view to the chunam being removed. They are then put into an earthen vessel filled with water and the leaves of Phyllanthus Emblica, in which they remain for twelve days. After this, they are removed and squeezed, and replaced in the same vessel, where they are allowed to remain for about a month, after which period they are again removed, washed and squeezed. They are then sewn up and stuffed with the bark of cashew, daddala, and neralē trees, and hung up for a day. After this, the stitching is removed, and the hides are washed and exposed to the sun to dry for a day, when they become fit for making sandals. Some of the hides rot in this process to such an extent as to become utterly unfit for use."
The badge of the Ārē Samagāra at Conjeeveram is said * to be the insignia of the Mochis (or Mucchis), a boy's kite.
* ↑ † Manual of the South Canara district.
* ↑ • Ind. Ant,, IV, 1875.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Samaya

​Samaya.-— In his 'Inscriptions at Sravana Belgola' in Mysore, Mr. Lewis Rice refers to the Samaya as "Dāsaris or Vaishnava religious mendicants, invested ​with authority as censors of morals. No religious ceremony or marriage could be undertaken without gaining their consent by the payment of fees, etc. Under the former Rājas the office was farmed out in all the large towns, and credited in the public accounts as samayāchāra. An important part of the profits arose either from the sale of women accused of incontinency, or from fines imposed on them for the same reason. The unfortunate women were popularly known as Sarkar (Government) wives." " The rules of the system," Wilks writes,*" varied according to the caste of the accused. Among Brāhmans and Kōmatis, females were not sold, but expelled from their caste, and branded on the arm as prostitutes. They then paid to the ijārdār (or contractor) an annual sum as long as they lived, and, when they died, all their property became his. Females of other Hindu castes were sold without any compunction by the ijārdār, unless some relative stepped forward to satisfy his demand. These sales were not, as might be supposed, conducted by stealth, nor confined to places remote from general observation; for, in the large town of Bangalore, under the very eyes of the European inhabitants, a large building was appropriated to the accommodation of these unfortunate women, and, so late as 1833, a distinct proclamation of the Commissioners was necessary to enforce the abolition of this detestable traffic."
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sambandham

​Sambandham.— Sambandham, meaning literally connexion, is "the term used by the Nāyars [and other castes] of South Malabar to denote that a man and woman are united by a quasi-matrimonial bond."* In Act IV of 1896, Madras, sambandham is defined as "an alliance between a man and a woman, by reason of which they, in accordance with the custom of the community, to which they belong, or either of them belongs, cohabit or intend to cohabit as husband and wife."
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Salangukāran

​Salangukāran. — In the Madras Census Report, 1901, Salangaikāran is returned as a synonym of Karaiyān or Sembadavan fishermen. The word salangu or slangu is used for pearl fisheries, and Salangukāran is, I imagine, a name applied to pearl divers.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Samanthi

​Samanthi (Chrysanthemum indicum). — An exogamous sept of Kuruba and Togata. The flowers of the ​chrysanthemum are largely used for garlands, etc., in temple worship.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Abbey of Melrose

From volume 10 of the work.
Located in in Roxburghshire, founded in 1136 by King David I, was the earliest Cistercian monastery established in Scotland. Its first community came from Rielvaux, the Yorkshire house colonized from Cîteaux. In less than ten years St. Mary's Abbey, Melrose, had been completely built. It stood in a broad glen south of the Tweed, two miles distant from the Celtic monastery of Old Melrose, where St. Cuthbert had lived five centuries before. Melrose Abbey suffered greatly from hostile incursions of more than one English monarch; the soldiers of Edward II desecrated, pillaged, and burned the church; Richard II in 1385 laid waste the surrounding country and set fire to the abbey. Mainly through the generosity of Robert the Bruce, a more stately church was begun in 1326, and scarcely completed by the sixteenth century. Cruciform in shape, built in English Perpendicular, Decorated, and Flamboyant styles, two hundred and fifty feet in length, Melrose was distinguished for the fairy-like lightness of its carvings and window-tracery, finished with exquisite care. Not only the royal founder, but succeeding sovereigns, and countless benefactors, nobles and commoners, so richly endowed Melrose with lands and possessions that its annual revenue is computed at one hundred thousand pounds of present money value. One example of the application of such revenues is told in twelfth century records. During a time of famine four thousand starving people were fed by the monastery for three months. Many of the abbots were men of distinction: Abbot Waltheof (1148), stepson of David I, and honoured as a saint; Abbot Joscelin, afterwards Bishop of Glasgow (1175), took a prominent part in the erection of the fine cathedral of that city, as a shrine for the body of St. Mungo; Abbot Robert (1268) had been formerly Chancellor of Scotland; Abbot Andrew (1449) became Lord High Treasurer; many others were raised to the episcopate. The English troops of Henry VIII burned Melrose in 1544. Although the monks once numbered two hundred, and there were one hundred and thirty as late as twenty years before the Reformation, eleven only received pensions at the dissolution, so quickly must they have been dispersed. After many vicissitudes, the possessions of the abbey came finally to the Buccleuch family. The ruins were further devastated by a fanatical mob in 1569, when statues and carvings were ruthlessly destroyed; but more wanton still was the subsequent carting away of the sacred stones in great numbers to serve as building materials. The result is seen in the carved religious emblems still appearing upon surrounding houses. The ruins of the once noble abbey form a strikingly beautiful picture from the North British Railway, about thirty-seven miles south of Edinburgh.
Liber de Melros, ed. INNES (2 vols., Bannatyne Club, 1837); MORTON, Monastic Annals of Teviotdale (1832); Scottish Cistercian Houses in Dublin Review (April, 1902).
Michael Barrett.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Abbey of Pontigny

From volume 12 of the work.
Second daughter of Cîteaux, was situated on the banks of the Serain, present Diocese of Sens, Department of Yonne. Hildebert (or Ansius), a canon of Auxerre, petitioned St. Stephen of Cîteaux to found a monastery in a place he had selected for this purpose. St. Stephen in 1114 sent twelve monks under the guidance of Hugh of Mâcon, a friend and kinsman of St. Bernard. The sanctity of their lives soon attracted so great a number of subjects that during the lifetime of the first two abbots, Hugh and Guichard, twenty-two monasteries were founded. So great an array of episcopal sees in France were filled by men taken from its members, and to such a number of renowned personages did it offer hospitality that it was called the "cradle of bishops and the asylum for great men". Amongst the former must be mentioned particularly Blessed Hugh of Mâcon, Bishop of Auxerre (d. 1151); Gerard, Cardinal Bishop of Praeneste (d. 1202); Robert, Cardinal Titular of St. Pudentiana, (d. 1294); amongst the latter are mentioned especially three Archbishops of Canterbury, St. Thomas, Stephen Langton, and St. Edmund, who was interred there. Discipline gradually became relaxed, especially from 1456, when the abbey was given in commendam. In 1569 the monastery was pillaged and burnt by the Huguenots, nothing being saved, except the relics of St. Edmund. Partly restored, it continued in existence until suppressed at the French Revolution. It is now in charge of the Fathers of St. Edmund, established there by J. B. Muard in 1843.
JONGELINUS, Notitia Abbatiarum O. Cist. (Cologne, 1640); MANRIQUE, Annales Cister. (Lyons, 1642); LE NAIN, Essai de l'Hist. de l'Ordre de Cîteaux (Paris, 1696); MARTÈNE and DURAND, Voyage litt. (Paris, 1716); KOBLER, Klöster d. Mittelalters (Ratisbon, 1867); HENRY, Hist. de Pontigny (Auxerre, 1839); MABILLON, Annales O.S. Benedicti, V (Lucques, 1740); Gallia Christiana, XII; JANAUSCHEK, Originum (Vienna, 1877).
EDMOND M. OBRECHT