OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# McCready v. Wells

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
59 U.S. 89
McCready v. Wells
THIS was an appeal from the circuit court of the United States for the southern district of New York.
The case is stated in the opinion of the court.
The district court decreed that the collision was caused by the fault, want of precaution, and blamable conduct of the persons on board of and managing each of the vessels, and ordered the damages to be borne in equal moieties by them. Both parties appealed to the circuit court. Mr. Justice Nelson reversed the decree of the district court, and ordered that the libellants should recover against The Bay State the sum of $6,411, with interest from the 8th of October, 1849, and costs in both courts.
An appeal from this decree brought the case up to this court.
It was submitted, on printed arguments, by Mr. Lord, for the appellants, and Mr. Cutting, for the appellees.
The arguments of the counsel upon both sides consisted of comments upon the facts and evidence in the cause, which it would not be possible to explain without an abstract of the testimony.
Mr. Justice NELSON delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# McCray v. United States (405 U.S. 944)
## Dissenting Opinion

    Douglas
Supreme Court of the United States
405 U.S. 944
McCray v. United States
Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
No. 71-5547
Certiorari denied.
Reported below: See 334 F. 2d 760.
# Men of Kent and Kentishmen/Thomas Nevile

* related authors: Thomas Nevile.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
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Thomas Nevile,
DEAN OF CANTERBURY,
Was brother of the preceding, and was born in Canterbury. He was educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, of which he was elected fellow in 1570. He was subsequently Master of Merton College, and Vice Chancellor, and held many preferments. In 1590 he was promoted by the Queen to the Deanery of Peterborough, three years later Master of Trinity, and in 1597 he was promoted to the Deanery of Canterbury. In 1615 he entertained James I. at Trinity College, during that monarch's visit to Cambridge, but he died in the same year. He was a munificent benefactor to Trinity College, being the builder of the quadrangle known as Nevile's Court, as well as a contributor to the Library. He lies buried in Canterbury Cathedral, in the chantry still known as Nevile's Chapel.
[See "Todd's Deans of Canterbury."]
# Men of Kent and Kentishmen/Thomas Trapham

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Thomas Trapham,
SURGEON,
Was the son of John Trapham, of Maidstone. He was licensed to practise physic in 1633. After the rebellion broke out, he practised in the Parliamentary army, and afterwards became Chyrurgion to Cromwell. After the execution of the King, he was employed to embalm the body, and to sew on the head. He was present at the fight at Worcester, and "was a great man among his party, and got what he pleased." At the Restoration he retired to Abingdon, where he practised among the brethren, and died December, 1683. His son Thomas was also a physician, and wrote a work on the Island of Jamaica,
[See Wood's "Fasti."]
# Men of Kent and Kentishmen/Thomas Kemp

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Thomas Kemp,
BISHOP,
Was nephew of the preceding. Like his uncle he was educated at Oxford, where he was proctor in 1437. He was consecrated by his uncle. Bishop of London, and continued in that See forty years. "Seeing," says Fuller, ​"the wars between Lancaster and York begun, continued, concluded, and the two roses tied together in one royal posie." He died in 1489.
[See "Fuller's Worthies," and Godwin's "Bishops of London."]
# Men of Kent and Kentishmen/Thomas Lushington

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Thomas Lushington,
Was born at Sandwich in 1590. He become a Prebendary of Salisbury in 1631, and was preferred to the rectory of Bamham, Westgate, in the following year. He is known as the author of "Commentaries on the Epistle to the Hebrews," described as a "learned and judicious, plain and very profitable work," and other theological treatises. He died in 1664.
[See "Wood's Athenæ Oxon." by Bliss.]
# Men of Kent and Kentishmen/Thomas Randolph

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Thomas Randolph,
DIVINE,
Was born at Canterbury in 1701, and educated at the King's School there, and at Corpus Christi, Oxford, of which he became fellow in 1723. Dr. Potter, Archbishop of Canterbury, collated him to the united Vicarages of Petham and Waltham, and two years later to the Rectory of Saltwood with Hythe. He became, subsequently, President of Corpus Christi, Vice-Chancellor of the University, and Margaret Professor of Divinity, and finally Archdeacon of Oxford. He died in 1783. He was the author of a treatise on the "Doctrine of the Trinity," published in 1753, and of other theological works, the principal of which were published in 1784 under the title of "A View of our Blessed Saviour's Ministry," to which was prefixed his life (q. v.)
# Men of Kent and Kentishmen/Thomas Hill

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Thomas Hill,
LORD MAYOR OF LONDON,
Was the son of William Hill, of Hillstone. He was Sheriff of London in 1474, and Lord Mayor of the City in 1484. He was a member of the Grocers' Company. Stow says he "caused of his goods the conduit of Grasse-street to be builded," and that a monument was erected to him in the Mercers' Chapel.
[See "Fuller's Worthies," and "Stow's Survey of London."]
# Men of Kent and Kentishmen/Thomas Linacre

* related authors: Thomas Linacre.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
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Thomas Linacre,
PHYSICIAN,
Or Lynacer, was born at Canterbury about 1460, and educated there and at Oxford. Thence he accompanied his schoolmaster, William de Selling, to Rome, on a Mission from Henry VII. There he studied medicine and philosophy under Hermalanus Barbaras, and perfected himself at Florence in Greek, under Demetrius Chalcondyles. On his return to England he gave instruction in physic, and in the Greek language at Oxford. His reputation, thus acquired, caused him to be called to Court, where he became physician to the King's son. Prince Arthur, and afterwards to Henry VIII. He was the founder and first President of the Royal College of Physicians, to whom he bequeathed his house in Knightrider Street. Towards the latter end of his life he took Holy Orders, and held several preferments. He died October 20th, 1624, and was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. He was a man of great ability and learning, and the author and translator of several learned treatises. He was a friend of Sir John Cheke, Melancthon, and Erasmus (who has described him as "Vir non exacti tantum sed severi judicii"), and most learned men of the time.
[See "Fuller's Worthies" "Wood's Athenæ," by Bliss; and "Biographia Britannica," etc.]
# Men of Kent and Kentishmen/Thomas Milles

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Thomas Milles,
ANTIQUARY,
Thomas Milles was a native of Ashford. He was Customer of the port of Sandwich, and at one time Governor of Rochester Castle. He completed the work called "The Catalogue of Honour, or Treasury of True Nobility," commenced by Robert Glover, Somerset Herald (who was his uncle), and printed in 1610. He was also the author of two other works known as "The Customer's Alphabet" and "The Customer's Reply." The dates of his birth and death are unknown.
[See "Hasted's Kent," "Noble's College of Arms."]
# Men of Kent and Kentishmen/Thomas Puttison

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Thomas Puttison,
LORD MAYOR OF LONDON IN 1584,
Was born at Foot's Cray. He was a member of the Drapers' Company, and was Sheriff of London in 1573.
[See "Fuller's Worthies," and "Stow's Survey of London."]
# Men of Kent and Kentishmen/Thomas Tooke

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Thomas Tooke,
SCHOOLMASTER,
Was a member of the family of Tookes, of Godington, near Ashford. He was educated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and was rector of Lambourne, in Essex. He was during thirty years headmaster of Bishop Stortford School, which was rebuilt at his instance, and under his care and conduct, became one of the most distinguished academies in the kingdom. He edited and revised several of the Classics for the use of his scholars. He died in 1721.
[See "Gentleman's Magazine 1839, Nichols's Literary Anecdotes," Knight's "Life of Dean Colet."]
# Mold Web Course/Chapter 1/Lesson 4

​Lesson 4Mycotoxins and Health Effects
As molds grow, some (but not all) of them may produce potentially toxic byproducts called mycotoxins under some conditions. Some of these molds are commonly found in moisture-damaged buildings. More than 200 mycotoxins from common molds have been identified, and many more remain to be identified. The amount and types of mycotoxins produced by a particular mold depends on many environmental and genetic factors. No one can tell whether a mold is producing mycotoxins just by looking at it. Some mycotoxins are known to affect people, but for many mycotoxins little health information is available. Research on mycotoxins is ongoing. Exposure to mycotoxins can occur from inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact. It is prudent to avoid unnecessary inhalation exposure to mold.
* For more information on mycotoxins, see the 2004 Institute of Medicine Report, Damp Indoor Spaces and Health, published by The National Academies Press in Washington, DC, and available on the Web. See Resource List for Web link.
# Mold Web Course/Chapter 1/Lesson 5

​Lesson 5The Color of Mold
# Mold Web Course/Chapter 1/Lesson 7

​Lesson 7Biocides
Biocides are substances that can destroy living organisms. The use of a biocide or a chemical that kills organisms such as mold (chlorine bleach, for example) is not recommended as a routine practice during mold cleanup. There may be instances, however, when professional judgment indicates their use (for example, when immune-compromised individuals are present).
In most cases, it is not possible or desirable to sterilize an area; a background level of mold spores will remain, but these spores will not grow if the moisture problem has been resolved. If disinfectants or biocides are used, always ventilate the area and exhaust the air to the outdoors. Never mix chlorine bleach with other cleaning solutions or with detergents that contain ammonia because toxic fumes could be produced.
Please note: Dead mold is allergenic and may cause allergic reactions and other health effects in some individuals, so it is not enough to simply kill the mold. It must also be removed.
# Mold Web Course/Chapter 2/Lesson 2

​Lesson 2Moisture Problems
Moisture problems can have many causes. Some moisture problems have been linked to changes in building construction practices since the 1970s. These practices led to buildings that are tightly sealed but, in some cases, lack adequate ventilation. Without adequate ventilation, moisture may build up indoors and mold may grow.
A building must be properly designed for climate, site location, and use, and its design must be accurately followed during construction or the building may have moisture-control problems. For more information on building construction for moisture control, see the Resource List.
Delayed or insufficient maintenance can lead to moisture problems in buildings. Undiscovered or ignored moisture problems can create an environment in which mold can grow. Moisture problems in temporary structures, such as portable classrooms, are also frequently associated with mold problems.
Common moisture problems include:
* Leaking roofs.
* Leaking or condensing water pipes, especially pipes inside wall cavities or pipe chases.
* Leaking fire-protection sprinkler systems.
* Landscaping, gutters, and down spouts that direct water into or under a building.
* High humidity (> 60% relative humidity).
* Unvented combustion appliances such as clothes dryers vented into a garage. (Clothes dryers and other combustion appliances should be vented to the outside.)
Some moisture problems are not easy to see. For example, the inside of walls where pipes and wires are run (pipe chases and utility tunnels) are common sites of mold growth. Mold is frequently found on walls in cold corners behind furniture where condensation forms. Other possible locations of hidden moisture, resulting in hidden mold growth are:
* Poorly draining condensate drain pains inside air handling units.
* Porous thermal or acoustic liners inside duct work.
* Roof materials above ceiling tiles.
* The back side of drywall (also known as gypsum board, wallboard, or SHEETROCK®), paneling, and wallpaper.
* The underside of carpets and pads.
You may suspect mold, even if you can't see it, if a building smells moldy. You may also suspect hidden mold if you know there has been a water problem in the building and its occupants are reporting health problems.
* Building Design and Vapor Barriers
* Many buildings incorporate vapor barriers in the design of their walls and floors. Vapor barriers must be located and installed properly or the building may have moisture problems. A vapor barrier is a layer of material that slows or prevents the absorption or release of moisture from or into a wall or floor. Vapor barriers can prevent damp or wet building materials from drying quickly enough to prevent mold growth. For more information on building design see the Resource List.
# Mold Web Course/Chapter 1/Lesson 1

​Lesson 1What Molds Are
Molds are organisms that may be found indoors and outdoors. They are part of the natural environment and play an important role in the environment by breaking down and digesting organic material, such as dead leaves. Also called fungi or mildew, molds are neither plants nor animals; they are part of the kingdom Fungi.
Molds can multiply by producing microscopic spores (2 - 100 microns [µm] in diameter), similar to the seeds produced by plants. Many spores are so small they easily float through the air and can be carried for great distances by even the gentlest breezes. The number of mold spores suspended in indoor and outdoor air fluctuates from season to season, day to day, and even hour to hour.
Mold spores are ubiquitous; they are found both indoors and outdoors. Mold spores cannot be eliminated from indoor environments. Some mold spores will be found floating through the air and in settled dust; however, they will not grow if moisture is not present.
Mold is not usually a problem indoors—unless mold spores land on a wet or damp spot and begin growing. As molds grow they digest whatever they are growing on. Unchecked mold growth can damage buildings and furnishings; molds can rot wood, damage drywall, and eventually cause structural damage to buildings. Mold can cause cosmetic damage, such as stains, to furnishings. The potential human health effects of mold are also a concern. It is important, therefore, to prevent mold from growing indoors.
# Mold Web Course/Chapter 1/Lesson 2

​Lesson 2What Mold Needs to Grow
To grow indoors, mold needs moisture and food. Moisture is the most important factor influencing mold growth indoors. Controlling indoor moisture helps limit mold growth.
Moisture control is the key to mold control.
Besides moisture, mold needs nutrients, or food, to grow. Mold can grow on virtually any organic substance. Most buildings are full of organic materials that mold can use as food, including paper, cloth, wood, plant material, and even soil. In most cases, temperature is not an issue; some molds grow in warm areas, while others prefer cool locations such as bread stored in a refrigerator. Often, more than one type of mold can be found growing in the same area, although conditions such as moisture, light, and temperature may favor one species of mold over another.
* *Floods
* click to enlarge Buildings that have been heavily damaged by flood waters should be assessed for structural integrity and remediated by experienced professionals. Please note that the guidelines covered in this course were developed for damage caused by clean water (not flood water, sewage, or other contaminated water). See the EPA Resource List, which includes the EPA Fact Sheet: Flood Cleanup - Avoiding Indoor Air Quality Problems, for more information.
# Mold Web Course/Chapter 1/Lesson 6

​Lesson 6Moldy Smell
Some compounds produced by molds have strong smells and are volatile and quickly released into the air. These compounds are known as microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs). Because mVOCs often have strong or unpleasant odors, they can be the source of the "moldy odor" or musty smell frequently associated with mold growth. A moldy odor suggests that mold is growing in the building and should be investigated.
The health effects of inhaling mVOCs are largely unknown, although exposure to mVOCs has been linked to symptoms such as headaches, nasal irritation, dizziness, fatigue, and nausea. More research is needed to determine whether there are any human health effects from nonoccupational indoor exposures to mVOCs.
# Mold Web Course/Chapter 1/Lesson 3

​Lesson 3Health Effects That May Be Caused by Inhaling Mold or Mold Spores
Inhalation exposure to mold indoors can cause health effects in some people. Molds produce allergens (substances that can cause allergic reactions), irritants, and, in some cases, potentially toxic substances or chemicals (mycotoxins). Inhaling or touching mold or mold spores may cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Mold does not have to be alive to cause an allergic reaction. Dead or alive, mold can cause allergic reactions in some people.
Allergic Reactions, Asthma Attacks, Irritant Effects Allergic reactions to mold are common and can be immediate or delayed. Repeated or single exposure to mold, mold spores, or mold fragments may cause non-sensitive individuals to become sensitive to mold, and repeated exposure has the potential to increase sensitivity. Allergic responses include hay fever-like symptoms such as headache, sneezing, runny nose, red eyes, and skin rash (dermatitis). Molds can cause asthma attacks in people with asthma who are allergic to mold. In addition, molds can irritate the eyes, skin, nose, throat, and lungs of individuals whether or not they are allergic to mold.
Other Health Effects Breathing in mold may also cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis, an uncommon disease that resembles bacterial pneumonia. In addition, mold exposure may result in opportunistic infections in persons whose immune systems are weakened or suppressed.
When mold grows indoors, the occupants of a building may begin to report odors and a variety of symptoms including headaches, difficulty breathing, skin irritation, allergic reactions, and aggravated asthma symptoms. These and other symptoms may be associated with exposure to mold. But all of these symptoms may be caused by other exposures or conditions unrelated to mold growth. Therefore, it is important not to assume that, whenever any of these symptoms occurs, mold is the cause.
For more detailed information on mold and its health effects, consult a health professional. You may also wish to consult your state or local health department. ( Also see the Resource List for additional information.)
* Damp Buildings
* Although mold is frequently found in damp buildings, it is not the only potential contaminant — biological contaminants other than mold, and nonbiological contaminants are often present and may also cause health effects. Damp buildings may attract rodents and other pests. Damp or wet building components and furnishings may release chemicals indoors.
* Potential contaminants in damp or wet buildings include bacteria, dust mites, cockroaches and other pests, as well as chemicals emitted by damp building materials and furnishings. For more information on damp buildings and health effects, see the 2004 Institute of Medicine Report, Damp Indoor Spaces and Health, published by The National Academies Press in Washington, DC, and available on the Web. See Resource List for Web link.
# Mold Web Course/Chapter 2/Lesson 1

​Lesson 1Introduction to Mold Growth
Mold can grow on virtually any organic material as long as moisture and oxygen are present. There are molds that grow on wood, paper, carpet, food, and insulation. Because mold eats or digests what it is growing on, it can damage a building and its furnishings. If left unchecked, mold eventually can cause structural damage to building materials.
Eliminating all mold and mold spores indoors is virtually impossible, but controlling indoor moisture will control the growth of indoor mold.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Benson, Lyde George Ernest

​Benson, Lyde George Ernest, under-grad. St. John's Coll., Oxon, a member of the Oxford circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 29 April, 1868 (then aged 22), called to the bar 6 June, 1872 (3rd son of Moses George Benson, Esq., of Lutwyche Hall, Salop); born 27 May, 1845.
    2, Hare Court, Temple, E.C.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Benthall, Francis

​Benthall, Francis, F.S.A. 1841, educated at Westminster school, a student of Lincoln's Inn 19 Nov., 1861 (then aged 45), called to the bar 6 June, 1864 (younger son of William Searle Benthall, Esq., late of Totnes and of Buckfast Abbey, formerly of Willen, Bucks, dec.); born 31 March, 1816; married 17 Dec., 1859, Susanna, widow of D. N. Bates, Esq., of Sudbury, Suffolk.
    Hexton, near Ampthill; 7, Stone Buildings, W.C.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Bentinck, Henry Aldenburg

​Bentinck, Henry Aldenburg, B.A., Exeter Coll., Oxon, 1874, from Marlborough Coll., a member of the Western circuit, a student of Lincoln's Inn 15 Nov., 1873 (then aged 21), called to the bar 13 June, 1877 (only son of Charles Aldenburg Bentinck, J.P., of Bovey Tracey, Devon); born 7 Jan., 1852 (see Foster's Peerage, D. Portland).
    Indio, Bovey Tracey; 12, King's Bench Walk, Temple, E.C.; Conservative and United University Clubs.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Bennion, John Alexander

​Bennion, John Alexander, F.R.A.S., M.A. Corpus Christi Coll., Camb., a student of the Inner Temple 18 Nov., 1881 (then aged 32), called to the bar 25 June, 1884 (eldest son of late Isaac Bennion, Esq., of Manchester); born , 1849.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Benson, Richard Cuming

​Benson, Richard Cuming, B.A. Merton Coll., Oxon, a student of Lincoln's Inn 10 Dec., 1880 (then aged 21), international and constitutional law scholar 1883, called to the bar 26 Jan., 1885 (eldest son of Richard Matthias Benson, of Clifton, co. Glouc., merchant); born , 1859.
    Common Room, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Benson, William

​Benson, William, M.A., Queen's Coll., Camb., 1844, J.P. co. Southampton, a student of Lincoln's Inn 13 March, 1840 (then aged 23), called to the bar 19 Nov., 1844 (2nd son of Robert Benson, Esq., of Liverpool); born 3 Aug., 1816; married 9 Dec., 1852, Elizabeth Soulsby, dau. of Thomas Smith, Esq., of Colebrooke Park, Tunbridge, and has issue.
    Langtons, Alresford, Hants; Oxford and Camb. Club.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Benson, William Denman

​Benson, William Denman, B.A. (honours) Balliol Coll., Oxon, a member of the South Wales and Chester circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 23 Nov., 1870 (then aged 21), called to the bar 6 June, 1874 (2nd son of George Henry Roxby Benson, of Fairy Hill, Swansea, Glamorgan); born , 1849; married 8 Aug., 1876, Jane, 2nd dau. of Thomas Penrice, Esq., of Kilvrough.
    67, West Cromwell Road, S.W.; 7, King's Bench Walk, Temple, E.C.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Benson, George Vere

​Benson, George Vere, M.A. Downing Coll., Camb., wrangler, foundation scholar vice-chancellor's prizeman in English prose, B.A. Trin. Coll., Dublin, a student of the Middle Temple 3 Nov., 1871, called to the bar 15 May, 1878 (3rd son of Charles Benson, M.D., of Dublin); born 22 Aug., 1847; married 4 Aug., 1880, Mary, eldest dau. of Daniel Bateman Thornton, of St. Petersburg, Russia, and of Auckland, New Zealand.
    3, Queen Anne's Grove, Bedford Park, W.; 5, Stone Buildings, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.