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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sclopis di Salerano, Federigo

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​SCLOPIS DI SALERANO, FEDERIGO (1798–1878), Italian statesman and jurist. While still comparatively young he was appointed attorney-general to the Sardinian senate, and took part in the compilation of the new codes. An advocate of liberal ideas and reform, he proclaimed the necessity for a constitution, and was himself one of the authors of the Statuto, or Sardinian charter of 1848, which is to this day the constitution of the Italian kingdom; the introduction is entirely his work. Sclopis also wrote the proclamation in which Charles Albert announced to the people of Lombardy and Venetia his war against Austria. He was minister in the first Sardinian constitutional ministry under the presidency of Count Balbo, and afterwards president of the senate. In 1871 he was sent to Geneva as Victor Emmanuel's representative on the “Alabama” arbitration, and was chosen president of that tribunal; on his return to Italy the king conferred on him the Order of the Annunziata. The last years of his life were mainly occupied with municipal affairs and charitable administration at Turin. Between 1819 and 1878 he published over seventy works on history, jurisprudence, politics and literature, in Italian, Latin and French. At the age of thirty he was elected member of the Turin Academy of Sciences, of which he became life president in 1864; he was also foreign member of the Institut de France. His most important work is his Storia della legislaziona Italiana dalle origini fino al 1847 (Turin, 1840), issued as a sequel to his Storia dell' antica legislazione del Piemonte, published in 1833.
Among his other writings we may mention the following: Ricerche sui Longobardi in Italia (1827), Delle relazioni politiche fra la dinastia di Savoia e il governo Britannica dal 1240 al 1815 (1853), Rimembranze sul Conte di Cavour (1876), and Considerazioni storiche sulle antiche assemblee rappresentative del Piemonte e della Savoia (1878).
See E. Ricotti, Notizia biografica di F. Sclopis; A. Manno, Bibliografia degli scritti di F. Sclopis; M. Ricci, Necrologia di F. Sclopis (in the Archivio storico Italiano, ser. iv. tom. ii. p. 331 seq.).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sconce

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​SCONCE (Lat. absconsus, Fr. esconce), a word of many meanings, mostly signifying a covering or protection, or, by extension, that which is covered or protected. Its most familiar significance is that of a wall light, consisting of a metal bracket, with two or more socketed branches for candles. The word is also used for the orifice of a candlestick into which the candle is fixed, and for the rim of metal, glass or china, placed round a candle to intercept grease droppings. Among its obsolete meanings is that of head or skull. At the English universities “ to sconce ” is still used as the term for imposing a penalty at dinner in the shape of a quart-pot of beer or cider.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sciomancy

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​SCIOMANCY (Gr. σκιά, shade, shadow, and μαντεία, soothsaying, divination), a form of divination by means of supposed communication with the shades or spirits of the dead. The calling up of the spirit of Samuel by the Witch at Endor when consulted by Saul is the classical example (1 Sam. xxviii.).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scion

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​SCION, a slip or cutting of a tree or plant used for grafting, hence a young shoot or twig. In a transferred sense the word is used of the heir or any young member of a family, a descendant. The word in O. Fr. was cion or syon, mod. scion, and the early forms in English are syon, cion or cyon. These forms seem to disprove the usual etymology, which connects it with Fr. scier, to cut, Lat. secare.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scolecite

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​SCOLECITE, a mineral belonging to the zeolite group; a hydrated calcium silicate, CaAl$_2$Si$_3$O$_{10}$+3H$_2$O. It is a lime-zeolite, and like the soda-zeolite natrolite and the soda-lime-zeolite mesolite, usually occurs as acicular and fibrous aggregations. Although having nearly the same inter facial angles as the orthorhombic natrolite, it crystallizes in the monoclinic system, and, as shown by the etched figures and the pyroelectric character, in the hemihedral class of this system, there being a plane, but no axis, of symmetry. Scolecite can therefore be distinguished from natrolite by an optical examination, since the acicular crystals do not extinguish parallel to their length between crossed nicols. Twinning on the ortho-pinacoid is usually evident. The mineral is colourless or white, transparent, and vitreous in lustre: the hardness is 51/2, and the specific gravity 2.2. It is a mineral of secondary origin, and occurs with other zeolites in the amygdaloidal cavities of weathered volcanic rocks of basic composition. Fine divergent groups of prismatic crystals are found in the basalt of Berufjord near Djupivogr in Iceland and in the Deccan traps near Poona in India; hence the synonym poonahlite for this species. The name scolecite is derived from Gr. σκώληξ, a worm, because the crystals sometimes curl up like worms when heated before the blowpipe. (L. J. S.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Monrose

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​MONROSE (1783–1843), French actor, whose real name was Claude Louis Séraphin Barizain, was born in Besançon on the 6th of December 1783, and was already playing children’s parts at the time of the Revolution. He was called to the Comédie Française in 1815, and was received sociétaire in 1817. A small, active man, with mobile and expressive features and quick, nervous gestures, he was noted as the rascally servant in such plays as Le Barbier de Séville and Les Fourberies de Scapin. His son, Louis Martial Barizain (1809–1883), also called Monrose, was also an actor. He succeeded Samson as professor at the Conservatoire in 1866.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Monro, David Binning

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​MONRO, DAVID BINNING (1836–1905), English Homeric scholar, was born in Edinburgh on the 16th of November 1836. He was a grandson of Alexander Monro, tertius (1773–1859), professor of anatomy in Edinburgh University, whose father, Alexander Monro, secundus (1733–1817), and grandfather, Alexander Monro, primus (1697–1767), both filled the same position. He was educated at Glasgow University, and Brasenose and Balliol Colleges, Oxford. In 1859 he was elected fellow, and in 1882 provost of Oriel, which office he held till his death at Heiden, Switzerland, on the 22nd of August 1905. He was a man of varied attainments, an excellent linguist, and possessed considerable knowledge of music, painting and architecture. His favourite study was Homer, and his Grammar of the Homeric Dialect (2nd ed., 1891) established his reputation as an authority on that author. He also edited the last twelve books of the Odyssey, with valuable appendices on the composition of the poem, its relation to the Iliad and the cyclic poets, the history of the text, the dialects, and the Homeric house; a critical text of the poems and fragments (Homeri opera et reliquiae, 1896); Homeri opera, (1902, with T. W. Allen, in Scriptorum classicorum bibliotheca oxoniensis); and an edition of the Iliad with notes for schools. His article on Homer, written for the 9th edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, was revised by him for this work before he died. Mention may also be made of his Modes of Ancient Greek Music (1894), on which see Classical Review for December 1894, with author’s reply in the same for February 1895.
See Memoir by J. Cook Wilson (Oxford, 1907).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Monroe (Michigan)

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​MONROE, a city and the county-seat of Monroe county, Michigan, U.S.A., on the Raisin river, 2 m. from Lake Erie, near the south-eastern corner of the state. Pop. (1890), 5258; (1900), 5043; (1904), 6128; (1910), 6893. It is served by the Michigan Central, the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, the Pere Marquette, and the Detroit & Toledo Shore Line railways, and by electric lines to Detroit and Toledo. There is a statue here (dedicated in 1910) of Gen. G. W. Custer. Monroe has a German Altenheim and St Mary’s academy and college for girls. The city has a large trade in farming-produce and fish, and various manufactures. The place was settled in 1783 by French Canadians and called Frenchtown. In January 1813 the inhabitants, fearing destruction from the British and their Indian allies, pleaded to the Americans for protection, and about 660 men from the army of General James Winchester (1752–1826), sent from the rapids of the Maumee river, on the 18th of January drove a small British force from the village. Three days later General Winchester arrived with 300 more men; but at dawn on the 22nd Colonel Henry A. Proctor (1787–1859) with a force of British and Indians surprised the Americans, defeated their right wing, captured General Winchester and obtained from him an order for the surrender of his entire force. In 1815 Monroe received its present name in honour of James Monroe. In 1817 it was made the county-seat, and in 1827 it was incorporated as a village. It was chartered as a city in 1837 (being rechartered in 1874), and as a city of the fourth class in 1895.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mons

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​MONS (Flemish Bergen), a town of Belgium situated on a small river called the Trouille in the province of Hainaut of which it is the capital. Pop. (1904), 27,072. Mons was the capital of the ancient countdom of Hainaut, well known in English history from the marriage of Edward III. with its Countess Philippa. The town was founded by the Countess Waudru in the 8th century, whereupon Charlemagne recognized it as the capital of Hainaut, and it has retained the position ever since. It was only in the 11th century, however, that it became the fixed residence of the counts, who had previously occupied the castle of Hornu, leaving Mons to the abbey and the church of St Waudru. Regnier V. moved to Mons at the beginning of that century, and his only child—a daughter—Richilde, married Baldwin VI. of Flanders. The junction of the two countdoms was only temporary, and they again separated in the person of Richilde’s sons. In this age Hainaut was known as “the poor land of a proud people,” and it was not until the beginning of the 14th century that Mons was converted into a trading town by the establishment of a cloth market. At the same time the count transferred his principal fortress from Valenciennes to Mons. When the Hainaut title became merged in the duchy of Burgundy, Mons was a place of considerable importance on account of its being a stronghold near the French frontier. Its capture, defence and surrender by Louis of Nassau in 1572 was one of the striking incidents of the religious troubles. In the long wars of the 17th and 18th centuries Mons underwent several sieges, but none of the same striking character as those of Namur. Several times dismantled and refortified, Mons was finally converted into an open town in 1862.
The most remarkable building in the city is the cathedral of St Waudru, named after the first countess, which was begun in the middle of the 15th century, but not finished for more than a century and a half later. It is a fine specimen of later Gothic, and contains some good glass as well as a few pictures by Van Thudden. The Hôtel de Ville is about the same age as the cathedral, having been commenced in 1458 and finished in 1606. The tower was added a century later. There is also a fine belfry with a peal of bells. Mons is now a flourishing town with a good trade in cloth, lace, sugar refinery, &c.; but its chief importance is derived from its proximity to the Borinage (place of boring), district containing mines of the finest coal in Belgium. The military engineering college for the Belgian army is here, and not far from Mons are the battle-fields of Malplaquet (1709) and Jemappes (1792).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Monotriglyph

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​MONOTRIGLYPH, in architecture, the interval of the intercolumniation of the Doric column, which is observed by the intervention of one triglyph only between the triglyphs which come over the axes of the columns. This is the usual arrangement, but in the Propylaea at Athens there are two triglyphs over the central intercolumniation, in order to give increased width to the roadway, up which chariots and beasts of sacrifice ascended.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Monotypic

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​MONOTYPIC (Gr. μόνος, alone, single, and τύπος, a type), a term used in biology, &c., for subjects having only one exponent, for example a genus containing only one species.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Monroe (Louisiana)

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​MONROE, a city of Louisiana, U.S.A., the capital of Ouachita parish, in the northern part of the state, on the east bank of the Ouachita river, 72 m. W. of Vicksburg, Mississippi, and 96 m. E. of Shreveport, Louisiana. Pop. (1890), 3256; (1900), 5428 (2834 negroes); (1910), 10,209. It is served by the Arkansas, Louisiana & Gulf, the Little Rock & Monroe, the Vicksburg, Shreveport & Pacific (Queen & Crescent), and the St Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern railways, and by river steamers plying between New Orleans and Camden, Arkansas. Across the Ouachita is the town of West Monroe (pop. in 1910, 1127). The improvement of the river, by the removal of snags and the construction of dams and locks in order to give it a navigable depth of 10 ft. at Monroe and 61/2 ft. beyond Camden, was nearly completed by the United States government in 1909. Monroe lies in a level valley, and has broad streets shaded by live oaks. Among the public buildings are a handsome city-hall, a city market-house, a charity hospital and a high school. There are also a parish high school and St Hyacinth’s Academy (Roman Catholic). The leading industries are the manufacture of lumber and cotton products.
In 1785, during the Spanish occupation of Louisiana, Juan Filhiol, commandant of the district of Ouachita, founded a settlement on the site of the present Monroe, which was called Ouachita Post until 1790 and then Fort Miró, in honour of the governor-general. In 1819 the place was renamed Monroe, in honour of President James Monroe, and in the following year the town was incorporated. Monroe was chartered as a city in 1871, and received a new charter in 1902.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 17:1

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 16:8

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 16:9

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 17:12

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