OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ernst Deger

From volume 4 of the work.
Historical painter, born in Bockenem, Hanover, 15 April, 1809; died in Düsseldorf, 27 Jan., 1885. Little is known concerning his early life. In 1828 he went to the Berlin Academy of Fine Arts to begin the study of art under Professor Wach, and was there so impressed by pictures of the Düsseldorf School that he placed himself under Schadow, the director of the Dusseldorf Academy. Deger, says Dr. Banz, "lived in religion, had a profound conviction of the nobility of his art, and painted what he felt, believed and hoped." He was only twenty-one when his "Pietà" brought him fame, and thenceforth he devoted himself to religious painting. In 1837 he went to Italy with Ittenbach and the Müller brothers to study the frescoes by the old masters in Florence and Rome. Overbeck, leader of the German pre-Raphaelites and head of the "Nazarene School", gave advice and encouragement to these young zealots, and Deger especially gained much from contact with this master; Deger was intrusted with the most important frescoes in the church of St. Apollinaris (Remagen), and, fully equipped after his four years' study, he returned from Rome in 1843 and began the work. In eight years he finished a noble series of paintings, representing the events in the life of Christ; these Apollinaris frescoes, the most remarkable productions of the "Nazarites", mark the zenith of the German school of religious painting, called by Cardinal Wiseman "the restorer of Christian taste throughout all Europe."
In 1851 Frederick William IV, King of Prussia, commissioned Deger to paint twelve scenes in the chapel of the castle of Stolzenfels (Coblenz), and for this Deger chose subjects illustrating the redemption of mankind. When this monumental work was finished, Deger settled permanently in Düsseldorf, commenced again to paint in oil, and spent the rest of his life on easel pictures, chiefly Madonnas. Of these the most beautiful are the idyllic "Madonna 'mid the Green" and the inspiring "Regina Cœli". He frequently visited Munich where he painted a "Virgin and Child" and an "Ascension" for the Maximilianeum of that city. In 1857 and 1859 two of his notable canvases, both religious subjects, were hung in the Paris Salon. Deger was made professor in the Munich Academy of Fine Arts, a member of the Berlin Academy of Fine Arts, and, in 1869, professor in the Düsseldorf Academy of Fine Arts. His style was vigorous, direct, and simple; his handling careful and precise; his drawing and power of characterization masterful; and his colour rich and harmonious. Deger exerted a powerful influence in ridding German art of its baroque element and in stimulating its votaries to poetry, loftiness, and profound conviction. Two of his notable works are "Adam and Eve", in the Raczynski Gallery, Berlin, and the "Virgin and Child", in St. Andrew's Chapel, Düsseldorf.
ATKINSON, School of Modern Art in Germany (London); BANZ, Ernst Deger, the Religious Painter in Benziger's Magazine (New York, Sept., 1907); VON KÖNIGSWINTER, Düsseldorfer Künstler (Leipzig, 1854); WIEGMAN, Die Kunstakademie zu Düsseldorf (Düsseldorf, 1856).
LEIGH HUNT.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Zacatecas

From volume 15 of the work.
(DE ZACATECAS).
Diocese in the Republic of Mexico, suffragan of Guadalajara. Its area is almost he same as that of the State of Zacatecas. Its population (1910) 475,863. The bishop and governor of the state reside in Zacatecas, which has 25,905 inhabitants (census of 1910), situated 2442 metres of above sea level. This territory was conquered and peopled by the Spanish between 1546 and 1548. The first parish, founded in 1569, belonged to the See of Guadalajara. The following orders established themselves in this famous mineral region: Franciscans in 1567; Augustinians, 1576; Dominicans, 1604; Order of St. John, 1610; Jesuits, 1616; and Mercedarians, 1701. The famous College of the Propagation of the Faith, founded by the Venerable Father Margil, and inaugurated, 4 May, 1721, sent out missionaries to Texas, to the French in Louisiana, and to Tamaulipas (1768), and took charge of various missions abandoned by the Jesuits, when expelled from Tarahumara and Lower California. When, in 1836, the Mexican Government asked that a bishopric be created at San Francisco, California, Francisco Garcia Diego of this college was consecrated first bishop in 1849. During the religious persecution in 1859 all the religious of the college were imprisoned, and all priests who denied absolution to those who had given their oath to the constitution of 1857, were liable to punishment; the few priests in the town hastily fled. The Diocese of Zacatecas was created from parishes of Guadalajara by Pius IX in 1863, and became suffragan of Guadalajara. It has: 2 seminaries with 101 students; 144 parochial schools, 19 colleges with about 7000 students. Protestants have 3 colleges with 55 students and 9 churches. The cathedral was begun in 1612 and completed in 1782. Its facade is of red stone, elegant, severe, and grandiose. On the hill known as the Bufa, on the outskirts of Zacatecas, is the venerated sanctuary of Nuestra Senora de los Remedios.
VERA, Catecismo geogr. hist. estad. de la Iglesia Mexicana (Amecameca, 1881); SOTOMAYOR, Historia del apostolico Colegio de Ntra Sra de Guadalupe de Zacatecas.
Camillus Crivelli.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Zengg-Modrus

From volume 15 of the work.
(SEGNIENSIS ET MOD-RUSIENSIS SEU CORBAVIENSIS).
Located in Hungary; suffragan of Agram. The year of its foundation is not known. Miraeus, about 1150-1160, was the first bishop. The See of Modrus was established at Corbavia (Krbava) 1185. Pius II moved the former see from Corbavia to Modrus, as it suffered from the advance of the Turks. From that time it was known as the See of Modrus. Urban VIII united the See of Zengg with that of Modrus. Gregory XVI in 1836 confirmed this union "per aequalitatem". Until 1600 the see was suffragan of Spalato, later of Gran, then of Kaloesa; since 1852 it is suffragan of Agram. The diocese consists of Fiume, of some parts of the "Komitat" of Agram, and of the Military Frontier. It is divided into 5 archdeaneries and 15 vice-archdeaneries, and 137 parishes. The language at Mass and during the services was ancient Slavic, by reason of a papal privilege. There are two chapters which belong to Zengg and to Modrus, and one collegiate chapter at Fiume. The seminary is situated at Zengg; it was established by Bishop Osegovich in 1857. Tersato, a place of pilgrimage, is situated in the neighbourhood of Fiume.
FARLATI, Illyricum sacrum, IV, 106; Povesu Biskupijah Senjske I Modruske Il Krbavske trudon Manoila Sladovica (Trieste, 1856); In Hungarian: A Katolikus Magyarorszag (Budapest, 1902).
A. ALDASY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Zamboanga

From volume 15 of the work.
(ZAMBOANGENSIS).
Philippine Islands. It includes the islands of Basilan, Camiguin, Dinagat, Mindanao, Siargao, and the Sulu Archipelago. The area of the diocese is 39,000 sq. miles, the population about 670,000. Mindanao, the second largest of the Philippine group, has an area of 36,292 sq. miles. The Catholic population of the diocese is 290,000. There are 300,000 Moros or Mohammedan Malays and 80,000 pagans of various tribes. Mindanao was evangelized at the end of the sixteenth century by the Jesuits and the Recollects Members of both these religious orders met their death at the hands of the fanatical Moros. When the Jesuits were permitted to re-enter the country, they again devoted themselves to the missions of Mindanao. Their labours among the savage tribes and even among the Moros were crowned with wonderful success (cf. article PHILIPPINE ISLANDS). The establishments they conducted at Tamontaxa for the abandoned children of the Moros resembled somewhat the famous Jesuit Reductions of Paraguay. As the Spanish Government supported the priests and their missions (finding this the most economical, as well as the most humane, way of civilizing the island), the evangelization of Mindanao met with a great setback when the Philippines were ceded to the United States. Many of the Jesuit missionaries had to be recalled from Mindanao, and a number of their mission-posts were abandoned. At present there are sixty mission parishes in the diocese and forty-five priests, most of them members of the Society of Jesus. The Congregation of the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart of Jesus has charge of Surigato Province, in the northeastern part of Mindanao. Native nuns of the Society of Mary conduct schools in some of the larger towns. Zamboanga, the residence of the bishop, has a population of 24,000. The territory comprising the Diocese of Zamboanga was formerly attached to the Dioceses of Cebu and of Boilo. Pius X erected the new diocese by the Bull "Novas erigere dioceses", 10 Apr., 1910. The Right Rev. Michael O'Doherty, D.D., rector of the Irish College of Salamanca, was consecrated its first bishop.
Philip M. Finegan.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Zamora (2)

From volume 15 of the work.
(ZAMORENSIS).
The Diocese of Zamora, located in the Republic of Mexico, comprises almost one half of the State of Michoacan and has a population of 400,000. The city of Zamora, founded in 1540 by Antonio de Mendoza, and built with fortifications (a privilege at that time) to serve as a barrier against the onslaughts of the Chichimeecas Indians, has a population of 14,000. Vasco de Quiroga, first Bishop of Michoacan (d. at Urapan, 14 Mar., 1565), made it a parish and placed a rector in charge. It was there, in fact, that the Franciscan Fathers had baptized the Indians many years before. When Michozcan became an archbishopric Zamora was made an episcopal see with the mountainous part of the State of Michoacan under its jurisdiction. The diocese has: 2 seminaries and 288 students, 159 parochial schools, and 12 Catholic colleges, with about 11,000 pupils. Protestants have neither churches nor colleges in this diocese. A new cathedral is being built in the city of Zamora, the birthplace of Mgr. Labastida y Dávalos, Archbishop of Mexico, who took such an active part in the affairs of Mexico during the wars of reform and under the empire. Uruapan, founded by Father Juan de S. Miguel (one of the first Franciscans in Mexico), belongs to the Diocese of Zamora.
VERA, Catecismo geogra. histor. estad. de la Iglesia Mex. (Amecameca, 1881).
Camillus Crivelli.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Zante

From volume 15 of the work.
(ZACYNTHOS).
This Greek diocese, the only suffragan of the Archdiocese of Corfu, is permanently united with the Diocese of Cephalonia. The diocese includes the Islands of Cephalonia, Zante, Ithaca, Santa Maura or Leucas, and Cerigo or Cynthera. Among 170,000 inhabitants there are scarcely 1200 Catholics of the Latin Rite. The diocese contains 2 secular priests, 4 Capuchin Fathers, 1 brother, 3 main stations and 1 auxiliary station, 7 churches and chapels. As early as the fourth century the Island of Zante was the see of a Catholic bishop, whose successors fell away to the Greek Schism. About 1200 a Catholic Latin diocese was again established in Zante, and in 1222 this was united with the Diocese of Cephalonia, which is also mentioned in the fourth century and later became schismatic. In 1386 both dioceses wee made suffragans of the Archdiocese of Corfu. After the union of the Ionian Island with Greece in 1863, the Catholics were much oppressed by the schismatics. At the present time the diocese has no bishop of its own but is administered by the Archbishop of Corfu, and does not seem to increase in strength.
LE QUIEN, Oriens Christianum, II, 232, III, 878; SCHMIDT, Zante (Gotha, 1899); SALVATOR, Zante (2 vols., Prague, 1904).
JOSEPH LINS
# Barton v. Geiler/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
108 U.S. 161
Barton v. Geiler
This was a suit in equity brought in a state court of Tennessee by Barton, as assignee in bankruptcy of Kessler & Harmon, to set aside a conveyance made by Kessler, one of the bankrupts, to Geiler, and the only question presented by the writ of error is whether, upon the testimony embodied in the record, and considered by the supreme court of Tennessee in the determination of the cause, it should have been found that the conveyance was in fraud of the bankrupt law. The question is entirely one of fact. There can be no dispute about the law. It is sufficient to say that, after a careful examination of the testimony, we are satisfied with the conclusion finally reached below. It would serve no useful purpose to set forth in an opinion the details of the evidence, or to enter into any discussion as to its effect.
The decree of the supreme court of Tennessee is affirmed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Barton v. United States

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United States Supreme Court
129 U.S. 249
Barton v. United States
George S. Boutwell, for appellant.
Atty. Gen. Garland, Asst. Atty. Gen. Howard, and F. P. Dewees, for the United States.
FULLER, C. J.

## Notes

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# Barton v. Forsyth (72 U.S. 190)

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United States Supreme Court
72 U.S. 190
Barton v. Forsyth
IN error to the Circuit Court of the United States for the Northern District of Illinois.
Mr. Ballance, for the plaintiff in error; Mr. Gondy, contra.
Mr. Justice CLIFFORD delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Barton v. Geiler

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United States Supreme Court
108 U.S. 161
Barton v. Geiler
H. E. Jackson, for plaintiff in error.
No counsel for defendant in error.
WAITE, C. J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Barton v. Forsyth

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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Barton v. Forsyth (61 U.S. 532)
* Barton v. Forsyth (72 U.S. 190)
# Barton v. Forsyth (61 U.S. 532)

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
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United States Supreme Court
61 U.S. 532
Barton v. Forsyth
THIS case was brought up, by writ of error, from the Circuit Court of the United States for the northern district of Illinois.
The case is stated in the opinion of the court.
It was argued by Mr. Ballance and Mr. Reverdy Johnson for the plaintiff in error, and by Mr. Williams for the defendant.
Mr. Chief Justice TANEY delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Bartone v. United States

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## Dissenting Opinion

    Clark
United States Supreme Court
375 U.S. 52
Bartone v. United States
Argued: Oct. 28, 1963. ---
O. B. Cline, Jr. and Nicholas J. Capuano, for petitioner.
Solicitor General Cox, for the United States.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Cybistra

From volume 4 of the work.
A titular see of Cappadocia in Asia Minor. Ptolemy (5, 7, 7) places this city in Lycaonia; Strabo (12, 535) in Cilicia; Cicero (Epist. ad fam., 15, 2, 4) in Cappadocia extrema, near the boundary of Cilicia and not far from Taurus. It is mentioned as a suffragan of Tyana, metropolis of Cappadocia Secunda, in the "Synecdemus" of Hierocles (700), and in some early "Notitiæ episcopatuum". It was captured by Harun in 805, and by Almamun in 832. Afterwards, probably in the eleventh century, it was made an independent archbishopric (Parthey's Notitiæ, 10 and 11); it still remained a Byzantine possession after a great part of Cappadocia had passed into Turkish hands. From the eighth to the eleventh centuries we hear often of a fortress Heracleia, now known to have been near Cybistra and united with it in one bishopric (Notitia, 10). The name of this fortress has been preserved in the modern form, Eregli, a poor village and the centre of a caza in the vilayet of Konia. Five bishops are quoted by Lequien (I, 403); the first was present at Nicæa in 325, the last at Constantinople at the end of the twelfth century.
RAMSAY, Hist. Geogr. of Asia Minor, 341.
S. PÉTRIDES
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Cynic School of Philosophy

From volume 4 of the work.
The Cynic School, founded at Athens about 400 B.C., continued in existence until about 200 B.C. It sprang from the ethical doctrine of Socrates regarding the necessity of moderation and self-denial. With this ethical element it combined the dialectical and rhetorical methods of the Eleatics and the Sophists. Both these influences, however, it perverted from their primitive uses; the Socratic ethics was interpreted by the Cynics into a coarse and even vulgar depreciation of knowledge, refinement, and the common decencies, while the methods of the Eleatics and the Sophists became in the hands of the Cynics an instrument of contention (Eristic Method) rather than a means of attaining truth. The Cynic contempt for the refinements and conventions of polite society is generally given as the reason for the name dogs (kúnes) by which the first representatives of the school were known. According to some authorities, however, the name Cynic arose from the fact that the first representatives of the school were accustomed to meet in the gymnasium of Cynosarges.
The founder of the school was Antisthenes, an Athenian who was born about 436 B.C., and was a pupil of Socrates. The best known among his followers are Diogenes of Sinope, Crates, Menedemus, and Menippus. Antisthenes himself seems to have been a serious thinker and a writer of ability. In his theory of knowledge he advocated individualistic sensism as opposed to Plato's intellectualistic theory of ideas; that is to say, he taught that the sense-perceived individual alone exists and that there are no universal objects of knowledge. In ethics he maintained that virtue is the only good and that pleasure is always and under all conditions an evil. Self-control, he said, is the essence of virtue, and a wise man will learn above all things to despise material needs and the artificial comforts in which worldly men find happiness.
Diogenes, generally referred to as "Diogenes the Cynic", is one of the most striking figures in Greek history; at least, his personality with its eccentricities, its coarse humour, its originality, and its defiance of the commonplace, has appealed with extraordinary force to the popular imagination. His interview with Alexander, of which the simplest version is to be found in Plutarch, was greatly exaggerated by subsequent tradition. The followers of Diogenes, namely, Crates, Menedemus, and Menippus, imitated all his eccentricities and so exaggerated the anti-social elements in the Cynic system that the school finally fell into disrepute. Nevertheless, there were in the Cynic philosophy elements, especially the ethical element, which later became a source of genuine inspiration in the Stoic School. This element, combined with the broader Stoic idea of the usefulness of intellectual culture and the more enlightened Stoic concept of the scope of logical discussion, reappeared in the philosophy of Zeno and Cleanthes, and was the central ethical doctrine of the last great system of philosophy in Greece.
WILLIAM TURNER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Cyprien Tanguay

From volume 14 of the work.
Genealogist, born at Quebec, 1819; died 1902. After a course of classics and theology at Quebec Seminary, he was ordained in 1843. The first twenty-two years of his priesthood were devoted to parochial work, especially at Rimouski, where he greatly contributed to the foundation of the future diocesan seminary. His early taste for genealogical studies fully manifested itself after his official appointment to the Dominion Statistics Department (1867). His whole time was henceforth spent in consulting and compiling parochial and historical records throughout Quebec, the Maritime Provinces, Ontario, and the old French settlements in the United States. He also twice visited France for the same purpose. As the result of his labours he published (1871-90) his "Dictionnaire généalogique des familles canadiennes françaises depuis les origines de la colonie jusqu'à nos jours", comprising seven large double column volumes of over six hundred pages: a colossal undertaking, fit for a numerous body of collaborators, which he achieved alone. Although he was unable to realize the latter part of his programme entirely and many inaccuracies have crept into his work, yet on the whole it is highly reliable and almost unique. Every French Canadian by completing from contemporary registers the information supplied by this dictionary can proudly trace back his genealogy to his ancestors from old France. It has proved valuable for the discovery of canonical impediments to marriage through relationship, and has given birth to a copious genealogical literature of less comprehensiveness. In recognition of his labours the author received a prelature from Leo XIII (1887). He likewise published "Répertoire du clergé canadien-français" (1868) and "A travers les registres" (1886).
MCLEAN-ROSE Canadian Biography (Toronto, 1886); ALLAIRE, Dict. biog. du clergé canadien-français (Montreal, 1910).
LIONEL LINDSAY.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Cyme

From volume 4 of the work.
A titular see of Asia Minor. Kyme (Doric, Kyma) was a port on the Kymaios Kolpos (Tchandarli Bay), the most important city of Æolis, and was founded by the Æolians about the eleventh or the thirteenth century B.C., according to old traditions, by Pelops on his return from Greece. After defeating Oenomanos and expelling the native inhabitants, he gave to the city the name of Amazon Kyme. Another uncommon name was Phrykonis. Cyme is mentioned in the "Synecdemus" of Hierocles and in the "Notitiae episcopatuum" as late as the thirteenth or fourteenth century. Five bishops are mentioned in Lequien (I, 729), from 431 to 787. There was another, John, in 1216. Cyme is identified with the small village of Lamourt, in the vilayet of Smyrna. The name is sometimes transcribed Cume, or even Cumae, possibly a source of confusion with Cumae in Italy. There was also a Cyme in Ægyptus Secunda, a suffragan of Cabasa.
S. Pétridès.