OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schandau

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​SCHANDAU, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Saxony, situated on the right bank of the Elbe, at the mouth of the little valley of the Kirnitsch. It is 4 m. from the Bohemian frontier, 20 m. S.E. of Dresden on the railway to Bodenbach, and has a branch to Niederneukirch, which is carried from the railway station lying on the right bank across the Elbe by an iron bridge. Pop. (1905) 3373. Schandau has an Evangelical parish church, a hydropathic establishment and a school of river navigation. The position of Schandau in the heart of the romantic “Saxon Switzerland” has made it a place of importance, and thousands of tourists make it their headquarters in summer. For their accommodation numerous hotels and villas have been ​erected. The chief manufactures of the town are artificial flowers and furniture.
See Schafer, Führer durch Schandau und seine Umgebung (Dresden, 1907).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schaumburg-Lippe

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SCHAUMBURG-LIPPE, a principality forming part of the German Empire, consisting of the western half of the old countship of Schaumburg, and surrounded by Westphalia, Hanover and the Prussian part of Schaumburg. Area, 131 sq. m. Its northern extremity is occupied by a lake named the Steinhuder Meer. The southern part is hilly (Wesergebirge), but the remainder consists of a fertile plain. Besides husbandry, the inhabitants practise yarn-spinning and linen-weaving, and the coal-mines of the Bückeberg, on the south-eastern border, are very productive. The great bulk of the population (in 1905, 44,992), are Lutherans. The capital is Bückeburg, and Stadthagen is the only other town. Under the constitution of 1868 there is a legislative diet of 15 members, 10 elected by the towns and rural districts and 1 each by the nobility, clergy and educated classes, the remaining 2 nominated by the prince. Schaumburg-Lippe sends one member to the Bundesrat (federal council) and one deputy to the reichstag. The annual revenue and expenditure amount each to about £41,000. The public debt is about £23,000.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Norwalk (Connecticut)

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​NORWALK, a city of Fairfield county, Connecticut, U.S.A., on the Norwalk river, in the township of Norwalk, adjoining the city of South Norwalk in the same township, and 13 m. W.S.W. of Bridgeport. Pop. (1900) 6125 (1023 foreign-born and 189 negroes); (1910) 6945; of the township (1900) 19,932; (1910) 24,211. The city is served by the New York, New Haven & Hartford railroad, by interurban electric lines, and by steamboats to New York. The city has a green with several old churches and some fine elms, a public library, a hospital, a state armoury and a county children’s home. The Norwalk Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution has erected here a drinking fountain in memory of Nathan Hale, who obtained in Norwalk his disguise as a Dutch school teacher and then started on his fatal errand to Long Island. Norwalk has some manufactures, including woollen goods and typewriting machines; and there is some coasting trade, oysters especially being shipped from Norwalk.
The site of the township was purchased from the Indians in 1640 by Roger Ludlow and Daniel Patrick, Ludlow giving six fathoms of wampum, six coats, ten hatchets, ten hoes, ten knives, ten scissors, ten jew’s harps, ten fathoms of tobacco, three kettles of six hands, and about ten looking-glasses for all the land between the Norwalk and Saugatuck rivers and extending one day’s walk N. from the Sound. The first settlement in the township was made in 1650 at what is now the village of East Norwalk by a small company from Hartford, and the township was incorporated in the next year. The village was burned by the British under Governor Tryon on the 12th of July 1779, and the chair in which it is alleged Tryon sat, on Grumman’s Hill, as he watched the flames, has been kept as a relic. Norwalk was incorporated as a borough in 1836 and was chartered as a city in 1893.
See C. M. Selleck, Norwalk (Norwalk, 1896); and Norwalk after Two Hundred and Fifty Years, an Account of the Celebration of the 250th Anniversary of the Charter of the Town (South Norwalk, 1901).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Norwich, George Goring, Earl of

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​NORWICH, GEORGE GORING, Earl of (1583?–1663), English soldier, was the son of George Goring of Hurstpierpoint and Ovingdean, Sussex, and of Anne Denny, sister of Edward Denny, earl of Norwich. He was knighted in 1608, and became a favourite at court, benefiting largely from monopolies granted by Charles I. He became Baron Goring in 1628, and privy councillor in 1639. When the troubles between Charles and his parliament became acute Goring devoted his fortune freely to the royal cause; and the king in November 1644 renewed for him the title of earl of Norwich which had become extinct at his uncle’s death. He went with the queen to Holland in 1642 to raise money for the king, and in the autumn of the next year he was seeking arms and money from Mazarin in Paris. His proceedings were revealed to the parliament in January 1644 by an intercepted letter to Henrietta Maria. He was consequently impeached of high treason, and prudently remained abroad until 1647 when he received a pass from the parliament under a pretext of seeking reconciliation. Thus he was able to take a prominent part in the Second Civil War of 1648 (see Great Rebellion). He commanded the Kentish levies, which Fairfax dispersed at Maidstone and elsewhere, and was forced to surrender unconditionally at Colchester. He was condemned to exile in November 1648 by a vote of the House of Commons, but in the next month the vote was annulled. Early in the next year a court was formed under Bradshaw to try Norwich and four others. All five were condemned to death on the 6th of March, but petitions for mercy were presented to parliament, and Norwich’s life was spared by the Speaker’s casting vote. Shortly after his liberation from prison in May he joined the exiled court of Charles II., by whom he was employed in fruitless negotiations with the duke of Lorraine. He became captain of the king’s guard at the Restoration, and in consideration of the fortune he had expended in the king’s service a pension of £2000 a year was granted him. He died at Brentford on the 6th of January 1663. By his wife Mary Nevill (d. 1648), daughter of the 6th Lord Abergavenny, he had four daughters and two sons: George, Lord Goring (q.v.); and Charles, who fought ​in the Civil War, succeeded his father in the earldom, and died without heirs in March 1671.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Norwood (England)

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​NORWOOD, a southern district of London, England, partly in Surrey and partly in the county of London (metropolitan borough of Lambeth). The district is hilly and well wooded, hence the name. It is divided into Upper, Lower and South Norwood, all consisting principally of villa residences and detached houses inhabited by the better classes. Among numerous institutions are almshouses for the poor of St Saviour’s, Southwark, opened at South Norwood in 1863, a Jewish convalescent home in 1869, and the Royal Normal College and Academy of Music for the Blind at Upper Norwood in 1872. At Gipsy Hill, Upper Norwood, lived Margaret Finch, queen of the Gipsies, who died in 1740 at the age of 109, and was buried in the churchyard at Beckenham.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Norwegian Sea

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​NORWEGIAN SEA, the sea enclosed between Norway, the Shetland and Faeroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, Spitsbergen and Bear Island. Its basin is bounded on the E. by the Spitsbergen platform, the continental shelf of the Barents Sea and the Norwegian coast: on the S. and S.W. by the North Sea, the Wyville-Thomson ridge, the Faeroe-Iceland ridge and the Iceland-Greenland ridge; on the W. by the coast of Greenland and on the N., so far as is known, by a ridge extending from Greenland to Spitsbergen. The Norwegian Sea is thus placed between the basins of the Atlantic on the one side and of the Arctic Ocean on the other: the mean depth of the submarine ridge separating it from the former being about 300 fathoms, and from the latter probably about 400 fathoms. The basin itself consists of a series of deeps, separated from one another by transverse ridges. Nansen and Helland-Hansen give the following results of measurements of the area:
| Area of surface | Area of surface | Area of surface | 2·58 million sq. km. |
| Water area at | 600 | metres | 1·79,,,, |
| ,,,, | 1000 | ,, | 1·65,,,, |
| ,,,, | 2000 | ,, | 1·05,,,, |
| ,,,, | 3000 | ,, | 0·30,,,, |
| Volume | Volume | Volume | 4·12 million cubic km. |
| Mean depth | Mean depth | Mean depth | 1600 metres. |
The Norwegian Sea forms the meeting-place of waters coming from the Atlantic and Arctic oceans, and it also receives coastal waters from the North Sea and connecting areas, and from the Barents Sea. As communication with other basins is cut off comparatively near the surface, the inflow and outflow of waters must take place entirely in the upper strata, and the isolated water in the deep basin has typical physical characters of its own.
The distribution and circulation of these waters are of great complexity, and have formed the subject of study by oceanographers since the region was first opened up by the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, 1876–1878. Much fresh light has been thrown on the subject by the work of the International Council for the study of the sea, and more particularly by the Norwegian investigators Nansen and Helland-Hansen, whose report on Norwegian Fishery and Marine Investigations (vol. ii. No. 2, 1909) contains a complete survey of present knowledge.  (H. N. D.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Norwalk (Ohio)

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​NORWALK, a city and the county-seat of Huron county, Ohio, U.S.A., about 55 m. W.S.W. of Cleveland. Pop. (1900) 7074, including 762 foreign-born and 101 negroes; (1910) 7858. It is served by the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, and the Wheeling & Lake Erie railways, and by interurban electric lines. It has a public library in which a small museum is maintained by the Firelands Historical Society. The city is the centre of a rich agricultural district. Among its manufactures are machine-shop products (the Wheeling & Lake Erie has shops here), iron and steel, pianos and automobile fittings.
Norwalk was settled in 1817 and was named from Norwalk, Connecticut; it was incorporated as a town in 1829 and chartered as a city in 1881. Huron county and Erie county immediately N. are the westernmost of the counties created from the “Western Reserve,” and comprise the “Fire Lands” grant made in 1792 by the state of Connecticut to the people of Greenwich, Fairfield, Danbury, Ridgefield, Norwalk, New Haven, East Haven and New London to indemnify them for their fire losses during the British expeditions in Connecticut under Governor Tryon in 1779 and Benedict Arnold in 1781. The Connecticut grantees were incorporated in 1803 as “the proprietors of the half-million acres of land lying south of Lake Erie”.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Norwich (New York)

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​NORWICH, a village and the county-seat of Chenango county, New York, U.S.A., on the Chenango river, 42 m. N.E. of Binghamton. Pop. (1910 census), 7422. It is served by the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western and the New York, Ontario & Western railways. The village has three parks, two libraries—the Guernsey Memorial Library and the D. L. Follett Memorial Law Library—and the Chenango Valley Home for Aged Women. Norwich is in a dairying and farming region, where hops especially are grown; and there are bluestone quarries in the vicinity. There are a variety of manufactures, and the New York, Ontario & Western has repair shops and division headquarters here. The first settlement was made in 1792, and the village was incorporated in 1857.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Norwood (Massachusetts)

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​NORWOOD, a township in Norfolk county, Massachusetts, about 14 m. S.W. of Boston. Pop. (1900) 5840 (1497 foreign-born); (1910) 8014; area about 10 sq. m. Norwood is served ​by the New York, New Haven & Hartford railway. The township is traversed by the Neponset river. It has the Morrill Memorial Library (12,000 volumes in 1909). Norwood’s manufactories include printing-ink and glue factories, tanneries, an iron foundry, and the printing-presses and binderies of J. S. Cushing Co., H. M. Plimpton & Co., and the Norwood Press Co. Originally the South or Second Precinct of Dedham, Norwood was incorporated as a township (with the addition of a part of Walpole) under its present name in 1872.
See D. Hamilton Hurd, History of Norfolk County, Massachusetts (Philadelphia, 1864).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nusku

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​NUSKU, the name of the light and fire-god in Babylonia and Assyria, who is hardly to be distinguished, from a certain time on, from a god Girru—formerly read Gibil. Nusku-Girru is the symbol of the heavenly as well as of the terrestrial fire. As the former he is the son of Anu, the god of heaven, but he is likewise associated with Bel of Nippur as the god of the earth and regarded as his first-born son. A centre of his cult in Assyria was in Harran, where, because of the predominating character of the moon-cult, he is viewed as the son of the moon-god Sin (q.v.). Nusku-Girru is by the side of Ea, the god of water, the great purifier. It is he, therefore, who is called upon to cleanse the sick and suffering from disease, which, superinduced by the demons, was looked upon as a species of impurity affecting the body.
The fire-god is also viewed as the patron of the arts and the god of civilization in general, because of the natural association of all human progress with the discovery and use of fire. As among other nations, the fire-god was in the third instance looked upon as the protector of the family. He becomes the mediator between humanity and the gods, since it is through the fire on the altar that the offering is brought into the presence of the gods.
While temples and sanctuaries to Nusku-Girru are found in Babylonia and Assyria, he is worshipped more in symbolical form than the other gods. For the very reason that his presence is common and universal he is not localized to the same extent as his fellow-deities, and, while always enumerated in a list of the great gods, his place in the systematized pantheon is more or less vague. The conceptions connected with Nusku are of distinctly popular origin, as is shown by his prominence in incantations, which represent the popular element in the cult, and it is significant that in the astro-theological system of the Babylonian priests Nusku-Girru is not assigned to any particular place in the heavens. (M. Ja.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nutcracker

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​NUTCRACKER, the name given by G. Edwards in 1758 (Gleanings, No. 240) to a bird which had hitherto borne no English appellation, though described in 1544 by Turner, who, meeting with it in the Rhaetic Alps, where it was called “Nousbrecher” (hodie “Nussbrecher”), translated that term into Latin as Nucifraga. In 1555 C. Gesner figured it and conferred upon it another designation, Caryocatactes. It is the Corvus caryocatactes of Linnaeus and the Nucifraga caryocatactes of modern ornithology. F. Willughby and J. Ray obtained it on the road from Vienna to Venice as they crossed what must have been the Sömmerring Pass, 26th September 1663. The first known to have occurred in Britain was, according to T. Pennant, shot at Mostyn in Flintshire, 5th October 1753, and about fifteen more examples have since been procured, and others seen, in the island. Contrary to what was for many years believed, the nest of the Nutcracker seems to be invariably built on the bough of a tree, some 20 ft. from the ground, and is a comparatively large structure of sticks, lined with grass. The eggs are of a very pale bluish-green, sometimes nearly spotless, but usually more or less freckled with pale olive or ash-colour. The chief food of the Nutcracker appears to be the seeds of various conifers, which it extracts as it holds the cones in its foot, and it has been questioned whether the bird has the faculty of cracking nuts—properly so called—with its bill, though that can be used with much force and, at least in confinement, with no little ingenuity. The old supposition that the Nutcrackers had any affinity to the Woodpeckers (Picidae) or were intermediate in position between them and the Crows (Corvidae) is now known to be wholly erroneous, for they undoubtedly belong to the latter family (see also Crow).  (A. N.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nutation

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​NUTATION (from Lat. nutare, to nod), a revolution of the celestial pole around its mean position, due to inequalities in the action of the sun and moon, on an earth of ellipsoidal form. When either of these attracting bodies is in the plane of the equator, it produces no change in the direction of the celestial pole. The greater their distance from this plane, the greater the change, for reasons shown in the article Astronomy (Celestial Mechanics). The result is a motion which can be divided into two components. One of these is the progressive and nearly uniform motion of a fictitious mean pole, called precession (q.v.), and the other a revolution of the true around the mean pole, depending on the varying declinations of the sun and moon, and called nutation. Owing to the revolution of the moon’s node and the inclination of its orbit, this body moves through a wider range of declination in some positions of the node than in others. The period of the revolution of the node is 18·6 years. At one time of this period the limits of its declination are more than 28° north and south, while, at the opposite point, they are little more than 18°. The result of these periodic changes is that the nutation takes place nearly in an ellipse, differing little from a circle, at a distance of about 9″, in a period of about 18·6 years. The motion is not exactly an ellipse, having a great number of minute inequalities arising from the ellipticity of the orbits of the sun and moon and their varying declinations. The amount and formulae of nutation from year to year are given in the Nautical Almanac.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nuthatch

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​NUTHATCH, in older English Nuthack, from its habit of hacking or chipping nuts, which it cleverly fixes, as though in a vice, in a chink or crevice of the bark of a tree, and then hammers them with the point of its bill till the shell is broken. This bird was long thought to be the Sitta europaea of Linnaeus; but that is now admitted to be the northern form, with the lower parts white, and its buff-breasted representative in central, southern and western Europe, including England, is known as Sitta caesia. It is not found in Ireland, and in Scotland its appearance is merely accidental. Without being very plentiful anywhere, it is generally distributed in suitable localities throughout its range—those localities being such as afford it a sufficient supply of food, consisting during the greater part of the year of insects, which it diligently seeks on the boles and larger limbs of old trees; but in autumn and winter it feeds on nuts, beech-mast, the stones of yew-berries and hard seeds. Being of a bold disposition, and the trees favouring its mode of life often growing near houses, it will become on slight encouragement familiar with men; and its neat attire of ash-grey and warm buff, together with its sprightly gestures, render it an attractive visitor. It generally makes its nest in a hollow branch, plastering up the opening with clay, leaving only a circular hole just large enough to afford entrance and exit; and the interior contains a bed of dry leaves or the filmy flakes of the inner bark of a fir or cedar, on which the eggs are laid. In the Levant occurs another species, S. syriaca, with somewhat different habits, as it haunts rocks rather than trees; and four or five representatives of the European arboreal species have their respective ranges from Asia Minor to the Himalayas and Northern China. North America possesses nearly as many; but, curiously enough, the geographical difference of coloration is just the reverse of what it is in Europe—the species with a deep rufous breast, S. canadensis, being that which has the most northern range, while the white-bellied S. carolinensis, with its western form, S. aculeata inhabits more southern latitudes. The Ethiopian Region has as representative of the group the Hypositta corallirostris of Madagascar. Callisitta and Dendrophila are nearly allied genera, inhabiting the Indian Region, and remarkable for their beautiful blue plumage. Sittella, with four or five species, is found in Australia and New Guinea, whilst Daphnoesitta occurs in New Guinea. The nuthatches are placed in the Passerine family Sittidae, intermediate between the Paridae and the Certhiidae. (A. N.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nuwara Eliya

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​NUWARA ELIYA, a town and sanatorium of Ceylon. Pop. (1901) 5026, with 1000 additional visitors during the season. It is situated 6240 ft. above sea-level, with the highest mountain in the island, Pedrotallagalla, towering over the plain for 2056 ft. more. Nuwara Eliya is reached from Colombo by railway, eight hours to Namuoya, and thence, by a light 21/2-ft.-gauge line, running up to the heart of the sanatorium. The average shade temperature for the year is 58° F.; the rainfall, 95 in. Considerable sums have been spent by the government in improving the place.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nusretabad

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​NUSRETABAD, the capital of Persian Seistan, so called after Nusret el Mulk, a former deputy governor of Seistan; when built, c. 1870, it was first called Nasirabad in honour of Nasr-uddin Shah; other names, used locally, are Shahr (town) i Seistan, Shahr i Nassiriyeh, or simply Shahr, the town. It is the residence of British and Russian consuls, and has post and telegraph offices.