OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# United States Statutes at Large/Volume 2/12th Congress/1st Session/Chapter 9

Chap. IX.—An Act for the apportionment of Representatives among the several States, according to the third enumeration.
Ratio of one representative for every thirty-five thousand.Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the third day of March, one thousand eight hundred and thirteen, the House of Representatives shall be composed of members elected agreeably to a ratio of one representative for every thirty-five thousand persons in each state, computed according to the rule prescribed by the constitution of the United States, that is to say: Within the state of New Hampshire, six; within the state of Massachusetts, twenty; within the state of Vermont, six; within the state of Rhode Island, two; within the state of Connecticut, seven; within the state of New York, twenty-seven; within the state of New Jersey, six; within the state of Pennsylvania, twenty-three; within the state of Delaware, two; within the state of Maryland, nine; within the state of Virginia, twenty-three; within the state of North Carolina, thirteen; within the state of South Carolina, nine; within the state of Georgia, six; within the state of Kentucky, ten; within the state of Ohio, six; within the state of Tennessee, six.
Approved, December 21, 1811.
# True Tilda/End matter

Rear matter; advertisements, 4 pages.
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Adventures in Criticism
IA: A Love Story
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# Twentieth Century Impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and other Treaty Ports of China/Ceremonies/Medicine

MEDICINE.
The medical profession in China is one for which neither law nor custom demands that a man shall be specially trained. Any one who chooses to do so can practise as a doctor without registration of any kind. He reads one or two standard Chinese works on medicine, and gains a knowledge of certain drugs, which he combines in so-called prescriptions, charging his patients from ten cents to one dollar. The patient holds a consultation with some of his friends and relatives, who discuss the prescription and not infrequently decide to eliminate certain of the drugs specified and to add others. They may also come to the conclusion that the dose suggested by the doctor is too large or too small, and alter it accordingly. When they have settled these matters to their own satisfaction, the approved drugs are boiled together until the decoction is reduced to from six to ten ounces, and the patient swallows the bowlful at one draught. This is one of the most curious features of the Chinese medical system. Every man who can read regards himself as a doctor in embryo. Even in the native hospital at Hongkong it is a common practice still for the director and certain members of the committee to assemble the native doctors round a table and discuss the various prescriptions which they have given during the day.
In the Chinese pharmacopea there are numbers of useful and powerful drugs, practically unknown in Europe, only waiting for some one with time, means, and the necessary training to demonstrate their value and impress them into the service of man. Jen-tsin, for example, is a powerful tonic and cardiac stimulant, but its uses are commonly known only to the Chinese.
Major surgery is practised only to a very limited extent in China, but minor operations, such as acupuncture and dry cupping, are frequently performed. Bonesetting, the reduction of dislocations, lancing of abscesses, and dental surgery may also be mentioned as having their place in Chinese surgery.
Altogether the Chinese make a considerable ​claim to efficiency in their methods, and though there is a substratum of practitioners employing witchcraft and the black arts, doctors of the better class aver that their percentage of cures is very high. In the case of small-pox, for instance, they guarantee 90 per cent, of cures — the European percentage is barely as high as 70. The outstanding name on the medical roll is that of Wa To, who lived in the Han dynasty. He used the knife freely, both for amputations and for minor operations, and obtained great repute. He has now been canonised, or deified, and is worshipped as the god of medicine.
# Twentieth Century Impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and other Treaty Ports of China/Ceremonies/Nomenclature

NOMENCLATURE.
A Chinaman may have five names or more. One name is given to him in childhood by the father; another by his teacher when he is old enough to go to school; a third he adopts for the convenience of his friends when he arrives at manhood; and a fourth at marriage. This last is the name by which he is registered in the ancestral hall, or temple devoted to ancestral worship. Should he become an officer in the employment of the Government he will receive an official name, which may be one of the names by which he has been known formerly, or may be a new name altogether. In China a business is generally carried on under a name different from that of the proprietor, but in Hongkong this custom is falling into desuetude, and not infrequently now a man employs his own name in the designation of his premises.
Girls generally have only two names — one a maiden name, or "milk-name," as it may be more literally rendered from the Chinese ; the other a school name. Upon her marriage a girl places the surname of her husband before her own, so that, to anglicise an illustration, if a Miss Adam married a Mr. Smith, she would become Mrs. Smith-Adam. Children receive the father's surname, or, more properly speaking, the surname of the father's family or clan. In all Chinese names the surname is written first, and is followed by the individual names, as in an alphabetical directory. A similar arrangement is followed in addressing letters — the province is written first, followed by the town, street, and number or name of the house, and, last of all, the surname and name of the individual.
# Twentieth Century Impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and other Treaty Ports of China/Ceremonies/School Days

SCHOOL DAYS.
A small ceremony characterises the first entrance of a Chinese boy of the upper and middle classes to school. It begins with a form of religious worship, viz., the worship of Confucius and Wun Chang, the god of literature. A "school fee" is paid to the teacher who imparts the first lesson to the pupil, a dinner is generally given to celebrate the event, and the child receives his "school name."
Formerly the aim of all study was the passing of State examinations, in which a ​series of degrees were conferred for literature and composition, but these examinations are rapidly being done away with throughout China, for it is becoming recognised that a knowledge of the classics or the ability to write elegant composition does not by itself fit a man to occupy a high position in the State or in the commercial world. Gradually the superior advantages of Western education are becoming recognised, more especially in official circles. Students are satisfied now with one of the minor degrees, and, after passing the first degree, are only examined once more if they obtain a diploma from a foreign university or acquire a profession abroad. This second examination takes place in Peking, and the student receives rank and office according lo the proficiency he displays. Girls are taught at school just as much as is necessary to fit them for their social station in life. When they are small children they attend the same school as the boys, but at the age of about eleven or twelve they are, as a rule, withdrawn from the society of boys. At that age the path of study for the two sexes begins to diverge; boys continue to attend school and pursue a higher course of study for State examinations, while girls remain at home, probably under a governess, and learn, in addition, those domestic accomplishments necessary to qualify them for the management of their future households. When grown-up girls form their own society of girl friends, so accustomed are they to the exclusive association of their own sex that it becomes a habit, as well as a rule of etiquette, among them to abstain from the society of the other sex. So strictly is this rule adhered to that no young girl at the marriageable age would ever see a young man unless he be either a brother or cousin. Even her intended husband would be denied an interview.
# Twentieth Century Impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and other Treaty Ports of China/Ceremonies/Guilds

GUILDS.
As in other countries, so in China, there are many and various kinds of societies, unions, or guilds among the people. But, in the Middle Kingdom, there is this difference, that none of them are legally registered or incorporated. So long as they do not commit anything against the peace or good order of the place or against the Imperial Government they are tolerated and even recognised by Government officials as institutions having certain rights and privileges. The most commonly known and by far the greater majority of these societies or unions are the guilds. These guilds are really trade or business unions or associations of artisans, manufacturers, or merchants. Each one particular trade or business has its own guild, in which all persons or firms engaged in that trade or business are associated together for mutual protection and aid. It has its own rules and regulations, its funds, and committee of management. The members of the committee are generally elected annually by members of the guild. The election usually takes place at the beginning of the Chinese year, when members meet and feast together. All rules or customs affecting any particular trade are regulated by its guild. Should any individual member transgress any of the rules he is liable to a fine, and should he persist after he has been warned or fined he is liable to be expelled from the guild. A member after expulsion is subject to a boycott by the other members of the guild, and oftentimes the boycott is maintained in such a vigorous manner that the ex-member is only too willing to submit to any terms that the guild may impose for his re-admittance. The common funds of the guild are raised differently in different guilds. Though collected chiefly for the purpose of protecting the trade or the members, they are often devoted to charities or used in connection with festivals, religious ceremonies, processions, and other public functions. On such occasions the different guilds frequently vie with each other in making the best show. Besides these guilds formed by persons engaged in some particular trade or business, there are other guilds formed by merchants of one particular province or 1 district trading in another province — such, for example, as the Canton Guild or Ningpo Guild in Shanghai or Tientsin. These guilds can scarcely be classed with the trade guilds, but are rather associations of a social and charitable nature. They possess big buildings known as "the Wiu Koon," in which the members meet and discuss matters affecting the welfare and interest of their provincials. There are also in China many other societies, some of them secret. The Ko Lo Wiu, the Big Knife and Triad Societies, are some of the better-known secret societies, to which only the lower classes belong. Even beggars themselves have their own associations. They divide themselves into districts, each of which is ruled by a headman, who is all-powerlul among his own associates, and the beggars of one district may not encroach upon another district.
# Twentieth Century Impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and other Treaty Ports of China/Ceremonies/Justice

JUSTICE.
Four, or sometimes five, ministers of his own choosing act as his advisers. They are usually venerable officers of high standing, and hold office during their lifetime, or until disability or the imperial pleasure dictates their retirement. The administration of the penal code is left to magistrates appointed by the Viceroys of the several provinces. During the hearing of criminal cases not only the defendant but also the complainant and the witnesses are liable to be punished if suspected of suppressing the truth — caning, bambooing, and torture being inflicted at the discretion of the magistrate.
Until quite recently these methods of "truth-compelling" were permitted in civil cases, and though they have now been formally abolished by imperial edict they are still commonly employed in a great number of places. The tortures, which have so frequently been described that they need not here be detailed, are fiendish in their ingenuity, and are certainly effectual in securing to justice a victim, even though an innocent one, for every crime committed. The punishments meted out by the court in criminal cases include fines, imprisonment, and death by the cord, by the sword, or by torture.
# Twentieth Century Impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and other Treaty Ports of China/Ceremonies/Mr. Tso Seen Wan

​ MR. TSO SEEN WAN, the author of the foregoing article, went to England upon the completion of his Chinese education at the age of eighteen, and entered Cheltenham College. He subsequently qualified as a solicitor in England, and has been in practice in Hongkong for nearly twelve years.
# United States Statutes at Large/Volume 4/19th Congress/1st Session/Chapter 148

Chap. CXLVIII.—An Act making appropriations to carry into effect the treaty concluded between the United States and the Creek nation, ratified the twenty-second of April, eighteen hundred and twenty-six.
Appropriation to carry into effect the treaty between the United States and the Creek nation. Payment of the sum to the chiefs and warriors of said nation. March 3, 1825, ch. 16.Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the following sums be, and the same are hereby, appropriated, out of any money not otherwise appropriated, to carry into effect the treaty concluded between, the United States and the Creek nation, on the twenty-fourth of January, eighteen hundred and twenty-six, and ratified on the twenty-second of April, eighteen hundred and twenty-six, that is to say: For the payment of the sums to the chiefs and warriors of the Creek nation, stipulated in the third article of the said treaty, in addition to an unexpended balance of one hundred and seventy thousand dollars, appropriated by the act of the third of March, eighteen hundred and twenty-five, and which is hereby directed to be used for the purpose of this act, forty-seven thousand six hundred dollars, both of which sums shall be paid to the chiefs of the Creek nation, to be divided among the chiefs and warriors of said nation, and that the same be done under the direction of the Secretary of War, in a full council of the nation convened upon notice for that purpose.
Annuity to the Creek nation.For the payment of the permanent annuity to the Creek nation, provided for by the fourth article of the said treaty, the sum of twenty thousand dollars.
For the payment of the sum to the friends of Gen. M’Intosh.For the payment of the sum to the friends and followers of General M’Intosh, stipulated for in the ninth article of the said treaty, one hundred thousand dollars.
Payment to Creek nation.For the payment of the sum to the Creek nation, stipulated for by the supplemental article to the said treaty, thirty thousand dollars.
For carrying into effect the stipulations of the treaty.For carrying into effect the stipulations of the sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, eleventh, and sixteenth articles, and to defray all other expenses attending the faithful execution of the provisions of said treaty, one hundred and twenty thousand dollars.
Approved, May 22, 1826.
# United States Statutes at Large/Volume 4/19th Congress/1st Session/Chapter 152

Chap. CLII.—An Act to compensate the registers and receivers of the land offices, for extra services rendered under the provisions of the act of the second of March, eighteen hundred and twenty-one.
Additional fees to the registers and receivers of land offices, for extra services. Act of March 2, 1821, ch. 12.Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That, for the services rendered by the registers and receivers of the several land districts, in carrying into effect the act for the relief of the purchasers of public lands, prior to the first day of July, eighteen hundred and twenty, passed on the second day of March, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one, and the several acts supplementary thereto, the Secretary of the Treasury, with the approbation of the President, in addition to the fees allowed by the said act and supplementary acts, shall be, and he is hereby, authorized to make such allowance and compensation to each of the said officers, as shall appear to him reasonable and just; which allowance shall, in no case, exceed the expenditure incurred in clerk hire, by any register or receiver, in consequence of the duties imposed upon those officers by the provisions of the said act, and the acts supplementary thereto, and the one half of one per cent. on the amount of payments made by relinquishments and discounts, calculating the value of the lands relinquished at the rate of two dollars per acre: Provided,Proviso. That the allowance made on account of percentage, including their annual salary, and including their commission on the money actually paid, shall in no case exceed, to any one officer for any one year, the sum of three thousand dollars.
Approved, May 22, 1826.
# United States Statutes at Large/Volume 4/19th Congress/1st Session/Chapter 139

Chap. CXXXIX.—An Act appropriating a sum of money for the repair of the post-road from the Chatahoochie to Line Creek, in the state of Alabama.
Repairs of the post-road in the Indian country between Chatahoochie and Line Creek.Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the sum of six thousand dollars be, and the same is hereby, appropriated, for the repair of the post-road in the Indian country between the Chatahoochie and Line creek, in the state of Alabama, to be expended under the direction of the Postmaster General, and that it be paid out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated.
Approved, May 20, 1826.
# United States Statutes at Large/Volume 4/19th Congress/1st Session/Chapter 14

Chap. XIV.—An Act making appropriations for certain fortifications of the United States, for the year eighteen hundred and twenty-six, and for other purposes.
Specific appropriations for certain fortifications.Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the following sums be, and the same are hereby, appropriated, to wit: For fortifications, to each specifically, as follows:
Fort Adams.For fort Adams, at Brenton’s Point, one hundred thousand dollars.
Fort Hamilton.Fort fort Hamilton, at New Utrect [Utrecht] Point, seventy-five thousand dollars.
Fort Monroe.For fort Monroe, at Old Point Comfort, one hundred and fifteen thousand dollars.
Fort Calhoun.For fort Calhoun, at the Rip Rap Shoal, eighty thousand dollars.
Fort at Bogue point.For the fort at Bogue Point, North Carolina, twenty-five thousand dollars.
Oak island.For the fort at Oak Island, North Carolina, thirty thousand dollars.
Mobile point.For the fort at Mobile Point, ninety thousand dollars.
Chef Menteur.For the fort at Chef Menteur, eighty-five thousand dollars.
Fort Jackson.For fort Jackson, at Plaquemine Bend, ninety thousand dollars.
Fort at Bayou Bienvenu.For the fort to be commenced at Bayou Bienvenu, Louisiana, ninety thousand dollars.
Repairs, &c.For repairs and contingencies, fifteen thousand dollars.
Fort Constitution.For repair of fort Constitution, in Portsmouth Harbour, two thousand five hundred dollars.
For the purchase of land, &c., on Throg’s point.For the purchase of land, and the right of way on Throg’s Point, in Long Island Sound, seventeen thousand dollars.
Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the said sums shall be paid out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated.
Approved, March 14, 1826.
# United States Statutes at Large/Volume 4/19th Congress/1st Session/Chapter 140

Chap. CXL.—An Act to perpetuate the evidence relating to the sale of dwelling-houses, lots, and lands, for the non-payment of direct taxes due the United States.
Duty of the Secretary of the Treasury, where sales have been made to satisfy any direct taxes imposed thereon by virtue of the laws of the United States. To cause evidence of proceeding to be preserved.Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That, where sales shall have been made of any dwelling-houses, lots, or lands, to satisfy any direct taxes imposed thereon, by virtue of the laws of the United States, the Secretary of the Treasury shall, so far as practicable, cause such of the books, and other documentary evidence relating to the assessment of such taxes, and to the advertising and sale of such houses, lots, and lands, for the non-payment thereof, as may remain in the hands of the assessors and collectors, or their representatives, to be deposited, for safe keeping, in the office of the clerk of the district court of the United States, within whose district such houses, lots, and lands, may lie.
Approved, May 20, 1826.