OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cowen, William

​COWEN, WILLIAM (fl. 1811–1860), landscape painter, was a native of Rotherham in Yorkshire. He travelled a great deal, making many sketches in the United Kingdom, and was liberally patronised by Earl Fitzwilliam, at whose expense he proceeded through Switzerland to Italy; there he studied for some time, returning with a stock of landscape sketches, which he turned to good account during a long career as an artist. He first appears as an exhibitor at the Society of Artists in 1811. In 1823 he exhibited at the British Institution, sending three landscapes, two Irish and one Swiss; and he continued to be a constant contributor of landscapes to that exhibition up to 1860. He first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1824, and contributed several landscapes up to 1839. In 1840 Cowen started with his sister on a visit to Corsica, then an unexplored country for artists, and resided for some time in that island, making many sketches. In 1843 he published a series of twelve etchings of Corsica, especially of scenes connected with the early life of Napoleon Bonaparte. These were very favourably criticised, and afterwards with two additions formed the illustrations to a book Cowen published in 1848, called ‘Six Weeks in Corsica,’ containing an account of his adventures and some translations of Corsican poetry. After his return from Corsica, Cowen took up his residence at Gibraltar Cottage, Thistle Grove, Old Brompton, and in 1844 contributed to the fresco competition in Westminster Hall a view of ‘Kilchurn Castle, Loch Awe, Scotland.’ In 1848–9 he contributed several of his landscape works to the Free Exhibition of Modern Art at Hyde Park Corner. Besides the etchings of Corsica mentioned above, Cowen published an etching of a church in 1817, ‘Six Views of Italian and Swiss Scenery’ in 1824; ‘A View of Rotherham,’ published 1826 in Rhodes's ‘Yorkshire Scenery,’ in which there are also two engravings of Roche Abbey from Cowen's drawings; ‘Six Views of Woodsome Hall,’ lithographs, published in 1851; two large aquatints of Harrow-on-the-Hill and Chatsworth; a lithograph view of Kirkstall Abbey, and a lithographed portrait of Jan Tzatzoe, a Kaffir chief. The date of Cowen's death is uncertain, but it was probably in 1860 or 1861.
[Redgrave's Dict. of English Artists; Graves's Dict. of Artists, 1760–1880; Nagler's Künstler-Lexikon; Guest's Historic Notices of Rotherham; Catalogues of the Royal Academy, British Institution, &c.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cope, Michael

Michel Cop in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. His English origins are apparently spurious.
​COPE, MICHAEL (fl. 1557), protestant author, fled from England to escape persecution in the reign of Mary, and took refuge in Geneva, where he preached much in French. He was the author of ‘A faithful and familiar Exposition of Ecclesiastes,’ written in French, Geneva, 1557, 4to, with corrections, 1563; and ‘An Exposition upon fyrste chap. of ye prouerbis of Salomon by Mygchell Coope,’ which Luke Harrison received license to print in 1564.
[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. (Bliss), i. 192; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 199; Ames's Typogr. Antiq. (Herbert), 929.]
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Coote, Henry Charles

​COOTE, HENRY CHARLES (1815–1885), writer of the ‘Romans in Britain’ and several legal treatises, was son of the well-known civilian, Charles Coote [q. v.] He was admitted a proctor in Doctors' Commons in 1840, practised in the probate court for seventeen years, and, when that court was thrown open to the whole legal profession in 1857, became a solicitor. He wrote several books on professional subjects, but devoted all his leisure in middle life to the study of early English history, folklore, and foreign literature. Coote frequently travelled in Italy, and was an accomplished linguist. He was a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, a founder of the Folklore Society, and an industrious contributor to learned periodicals. Attacked by paralysis in 1882, he died 4 Jan. 1885, being buried at Kensal Green.
Coote's name is chiefly associated with his endeavours to prove that the Roman settlers in Britain were not extirpated at the Teutonic conquest of the fifth century, and that the laws and customs observed in this country under Anglo-Saxon rule were in large part of Roman origin. The theory was first advanced by Coote in some papers published in the ‘Gentleman's Magazine,’ and in 1864 this material was expanded into a little volume entitled ‘A Neglected Fact in English History.’ Little attention was paid to Coote's researches until 1870, when Mr. E. A. Freeman subjected them to a fierce attack in a paper issued in ‘Macmillan's Magazine.’ Coote was stimulated to revise his work, and in 1878 he published a larger volume entitled ‘The Romans in Britain.’ All accessible authorities are here laid under contribution, and the importance of Coote's conclusions were acknowledged by Mr. Frederic Seebohm in his ‘English Village Community,’ 1883. Although Mr. Freeman and his disciples decline to modify their opinion that the Anglo-Saxon régime and population were free from any Roman taint, Coote's reasoning makes it clear that this opinion can only be finally accepted ​with large and important qualifications. Several papers bearing on this and cognate points were contributed by Coote to the ‘Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archæological Society.’
Coote's other writings are: 1. ‘Practices of the Ecclesiastical Courts, with Forms and Tables of Costs,’ 1846. 2. ‘The Common Form Practice of the Court of Probate in granting probates … with the New Act (20 & 21 Vict. c. 77),’ 1858; 2nd edition (with Dr. T. H. Tristram's ‘Practice of the Court in Contentious Business’) 1859; 9th edition 1883. 3. ‘Practice of the High Court of Admiralty,’ 1860; and 2nd edition 1869. His last published work was a paper in the ‘Folklore Quarterly Journal’ for January 1885, to which he was a very frequent contributor.
[Athenæum for 17 Jan. 1885, p. 86, and 24 Jan. p. 122; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cope, Alan

​COPE, ALAN (d. 1578), catholic divine, was a native of the city of London. He was educated at Oxford, and after taking the degree of B.A. was made perpetual fellow of Magdalen College in 1549. He graduated M.A. in 1552, being that year senior of the act celebrated on 18 July. In 1558 he was unanimously chosen senior proctor of the university. He studied civil law for five years, and supplicated for the degree of B.C.L. on 17 Dec. 1558, and again on 30 April 1560 (Boase, Register of the University of Oxford, i. 218). In the latter year, when he saw that the Roman catholic religion would be silenced in England, he obtained leave of absence from his college and withdrew to the continent. After staying some time in Flanders he went to Rome, where, applying himself to the study of canon law and divinity, he became doctor in those faculties (Dodd, Church Hist. ii. 62). The pope made him a canon of St. Peter's, thus providing for him an honourable and a plentiful subsistence. He died at Rome in September or October 1578, and was buried in the church belonging to the English college (Diaries of the English College, Douay, p. 145; Pits, De Angliæ Scriptoribus, p. 772), ‘leaving behind him a most admirable exemplar of virtue, which many did endeavour to follow, but could not accomplish their desires’ (Wood, Athenæ Oxon., ed. Bliss, i. 456).
His works are: 1. ‘Syntaxis Historiæ Evangelicæ,’ Louvain, 1572, 4to; Douay, 1603, 4to (Duthillœul, Bibliographie Douaisienne, p. 56). 2. ‘Dialogi sex contra Summi Pontificatus, Monasticæ Vitæ, Sanctorum, Sacrarum Imaginum Oppugnatores, et Pseudo-martyres; in quibus explicantur Centurionum etiam Magdeburgensium, auctorum Apologiæ Anglicanæ, Pseudo-martyrologorum nostri temporis, maxime vero Joannis Foxi mendacia deteguntur,’ Antwerp, 1566, 4to, illustrated with a plate of the miraculous cross, found in an ash tree at St. Donat's, Glamorganshire, shortly after the accession of Elizabeth (Gillow, Bibl. Dict. of the English Catholics, i. 561). Although this work appeared under Cope's name, it was really written by Dr. Nicholas Harpsfield during his imprisonment in the Tower. Harpsfield entrusted its publication to Cope, who, to avoid the aggravation of his friend's hardships, put his own name to the book, concealing the name of the author under the letters A. H. L. N. H. E. V. E. A. C., that is, ‘Auctor hujus libri, Nicolaus Harpsfeldus. Eum vero edidit Alanus Copus’ (Reynold, Conference with Harte, p. 36). 3. ‘Carminum diversorum lib. i.’ (Tanner). Cope was not, as Fuller states, the author of the ‘Ecclesiastical History of England’ which goes under the name of Nicholas Harpsfield.
[Authorities cited above; Boase's Register of the Univ. of Oxford, 300; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. (Bohn), Suppl. p. 233; Fuller's Church Hist. (Brewer), ii. 358, 466, iv. 456; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cope, Edward Meredith

​COPE, EDWARD MEREDITH (1818–1873), classical scholar, was born on 28 July 1818 at Birmingham, was educated at the schools of Ludlow and Shrewsbury, and entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1837. After taking his degree in the mathematical tripos of 1841, and appearing as senior in the classical tripos, he was elected fellow of Trinity College in 1842, and took the degree of M.A. in 1844. In 1845 he was appointed assistant tutor of Trinity College, and here, excepting the portions of the year he spent in foreign travel, the greater part of his life was spent. He was ordained deacon in 1848 and priest in 1850, but he found the work of the educational clergy more congenial than that of the parochial. In 1867 he was a candidate for the Greek professorship at Cambridge; the votes of the electors were divided, and as the vice-chancellor and the master of Trinity College, on whom the election then devolved, differed, the appointment lapsed to the chancellor, who gave it to Dr. Kennedy. There is no doubt that his disappointment on this occasion preyed on Cope's mind, and was one of the causes of his seizure in 1869. His mind then gave way, and after lingering for four years, he died on 4 Aug. 1873, and was buried at Birmingham.
Eminent as a Greek and Latin scholar, he knew the chief modern languages of Europe. His first published work of any importance was his criticism of Mr. Grote's dissertation on the sophists in the ‘Cambridge Journal of Classical Philology,’ 1854–6. He published a translation of the Gorgias in 1864, and an introduction to Aristotle's ‘Rhetorick’ in 1867. After his death his translation of the ‘Phædo’ was edited by Mr. H. Jackson, and his edition of the ‘Rhetorick of Aristotle,’ with an elaborate commentary, by Mr. J. E. Sandys in 1877. Notes and corrections of his are in a later volume of Grote's ‘History of Greece.’
[Munro's Memoir, prefixed to Sandys's edition of the Rhetorick, Camb. 1877.]
H. R. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Coote, Holmes

​COOTE, HOLMES (1817–1872), surgeon, was born on 10 Nov. 1817, and was second son of Richard Holmes Coote, a conveyancer. He was educated at Westminster School, and at the age of sixteen was made apprentice to Sir William Lawrence, one of the surgeons to St. Bartholomew's Hospital. In 1845 he obtained a prize at the College of Surgeons for an essay ‘On the Anatomy of the Fibres of the Human Brain, illustrated by the Anatomy of the same parts in the Lower Vertebrata.’ His first book was published in 1849, ‘The Homologies of the Human Skeleton,’ and is an explanation of the relation of the several bones of the human skeleton to the parts of the archetype skeleton of Richard Owen. It is a mere piece of book-work. He was elected demonstrator of anatomy in the St. Bartholomew's Medical School, and continued to teach in the dissecting-room till elected assistant surgeon in 1854. Shortly after he received leave from the governors of the hospital to be absent as civil surgeon in charge of the wounded from the Crimean war at Smyrna. After his return he published ‘A Report on some of the more important Points in the Treatment of Syphilis,’ 1857, and in 1863 he was elected surgeon to the hospital. Besides some shorter writings, Coote published in the ‘St. Bartholomew's Hospital Reports’ three papers on diseases of the joints (vols. i. and ii.), one on the treatment of wounds (vol. vi.), on rickets (vol. v.), on operations for stone (vol. iv.), and one on a case of aneurysm. In 1867 he published a volume ‘On Joint Diseases.’ He wrote easily, but without much collected observation, thought, or research, and it is only as evidence of the practice of his period that his works deserve consultation. He was a tall man of burly frame, of kindly disposition and convivial tastes. He married twice, but was never in easy circumstances, nor attained much practice. While still in the prime of life he looked older than his years, and was attacked by general paralysis with delusions of boundless wealth, and died in December 1872.
[Memoir by Luther Holden in St. Bartholomew's Hospital Reports, 1873; MS. Minute-book of Medical Council of St. Bartholomew's; personal knowledge.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Eutherius (2), bp. of Tyana

Eutherius (2), bp. of Tyana, a leader of the Nestorians at the council of Ephesus, a.d. 431, and for some time afterwards. Before the council he was in active correspondence with John of Antioch, about the alleged Apollinarianism of Cyril of Alexandria and his adherents (Theod. Ep. 112; Migne, Patr. Gk. lxxxiii. 1310). His name occurs in the various documents addressed to, and issued by, the members of his party collectively at this council. On July 18 John and his adherents were deposed and excommunicated, and Eutherius among them (Act. Co. Eph. acta v. 654); his sentence being confirmed at Constantinople before the end of the year. After his return home we find him in friendly correspondence with Firmus of Caesarea, notwithstanding the part Firmus had taken in his excommunication (Firm. Ep. 23; Patr. Gk. lxxvii. 1498). Firmus was sent to Tyana to ordain a successor to Eutherius, and met with great opposition from the citizens, who were much attached to their bishop. Longras also, the imperial officer in command of the Isaurian troops there, interfered; and both Firmus and the person whom he had ordained were compelled to flee. The newly ordained bishop renounced his orders, and seems to have returned to lay life (Theod. Ep. Hypomnesticon Alex. Hierapolis Synodicon, c. 45). After the reconciliation of Cyril and John of Antioch, Eutherius wrote to John to remonstrate with him on his inconsistency and want of loyalty to what he once contended for (ib. c. 73, u.s. 681); to Alexander of Hierapolis, who was opposed to the reconciliation, a long letter ably defending the position which they and others were still determined to maintain (ib. c. 201, u.s. 815); and to Helladius bp. of Tarsus, who had also written to Alexander, to encourage him in his opposition, expressing great joy at what he had done (ib. c. 74, u.s. 684). Eutherius was ultimately banished to Scythopolis, and from thence to Tyre, where he died (ib. c. 190, u.s.).
He is the author of a treatise in 17 chapters, with a prefatory letter addressed to Eustathius bp. of Parnassus, which Photius ascribed to Theodoret (Phot. Biblioth. c. xlvi. Migne, Patr. Gk. ciii. 79), and which has since been attributed by some to Maximus the Martyr, and by others to Athanasius (Garner's notes on Marius Mercator in Patr. Lat. xlviii. 759, 1086, 1087; Fabricius, Biblioth. Graec. ed. Harles, viii. 304), in which he subjects the "Scholia" of Cyril of Alexandria, "de Incarnatione Unigeniti" (Mar. Merc. u.s. 1066) to elaborate and searching criticism.
[T.W.D.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Eutychianus, bp. of Rome

Eutychianus (3), bp. of Rome from Jan. 275 to Dec. 283, during a period of 8 years, 11 months and 3 days, and buried in the cemetery of Callistus. The truth of the record in the Liberian Catalogue has been confirmed by the discovery by De Rossi (Rom. Sot. ii. 70), in the papal crypt of the cemetery, of fragments of a slab inscribed ΕΥΤΥΧΙΑΝΟC ΕΠΙC (Eutychianus episcopus). Ten decreta appear as his in the collections of Gratian, Ivo, and others.
[J.B—Y.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Euzoïus, Arian bp. of Antioch

Euzoïus (1), Arian bp. of Antioch, the companion and intimate friend of Arius from an early age. He was one of 11 presbyters and deacons of that church, deposed together with Arius by Alexander bp. of Alexandria, c. 320 (Socr. H. E. i. 6; Soz. H. E. i. 15; Theod. H. E. i. 4, ii. 311; Athan. de Syn. p. 907). He was again condemned and banished, with Arius, by the council of Nicaea, a.d. 325. When Arius was recalled from banishment, and summoned to the emperor's side in 330, he was accompanied by Euzoïus, by this time a priest. Both regained the emperor's confidence by an evasive declaration of their faith and a professed acceptance of the creed of Nicaea (Socr. H. E. i. 25, 26; Soz. H. E. ii. 27). He accompanied Arius to Jerusalem at the great gathering of Eusebian bishops for the dedication of the church of the Anastasis, Sept. 13, 335, and with him was received into communion by the council then held (Soz. l.c.; Athan. de Synod. p. 891). In 361 Constantius, having banished Meletius, bp. of Antioch, summoned Euzoïus from Alexandria, and commanded the bishops of the province to consecrate him. A few months later Constantius, being seized with a fatal fever, summoned the newly appointed bishop, Euzoïus, to his bedside on Nov. 3, 361, and received from him the sacrament of baptism. Whether this was at Antioch or Mopsucrene in Cilicia is uncertain (Athan. ib. 907; Philost. H. E. vi. 5). On the accession of Valens, Euzoïus was urged by Eudoxius to convene a synod of bishops at Antioch to take off Aetius's sentence, and this he ultimately did, c. 364 (ib. vii. 5). On the death of Athanasius in 373, Euzoïus was, at his own petition, dispatched by Valens, with Magnus the imperial treasurer and troops, to instal the imperial nominee, the Arian Lucius of Samosata, instead of Peter the duly elected and enthroned bishop. This commission was carried out with shameless brutality and persecution of the orthodox (Socr. H. E. iv. 21; Theod. iv. 21, 22). Euzoïus's death is placed by Socrates in 376 at Constantinople (H. E. iv. 35). Le Quien, Or. Chr. ii. 713; Baron. Ann. ad ann. 325, lxxix.; 335, xlix.
[E.V.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brown, John (d.1736)

​BROWN, JOHN (d. 1736), chemist, was elected F.R.S. in 1722, and during 1723-1725 served on its council. He discovered the presence of magnesia in sea-water (Phil. Trans. xxxii. 348), and the nature of Prussian blue (Phil. Trans. xxxiii. 17).
H. F. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brown, John (d.1829)

​BROWN, JOHN (d. 1829), miscellaneous writer, was an inhabitant of Bolton in Lancashire, where during the early part, of this century he was engaged in miscellaneous literary work. There he projected his 'History of Great and Little Bolton,' of which seventeen numbers were published (Manchester, 1824–5). This work begins with an 'Ancient History of Lancashire,' which he maintains was peopled by colonists of a 'German or Gothic' origin, and frequent visits to the west of Europe confirmed him, he says, in this belief (Introduction, pp. 9, 10). He became about this time very intimate with the inventor Samuel Crompton, also a Bolton man, and, laying his 'History of Bolton' aside, drew up 'The Basis of Mr. Samuel Crompton's Claims to a second Remuneration from Parliament for his Discovery of the Mule Spinning-machine' (1825, reprinted Manchester, 1868). Moving to London, Brown there prepared a memorial on this subject, dated May 1825, addressed to the lords of the treasury, and numerously signed by the inhabitants of Bolton, with a petition to the House of Commons (6 Feb. 1826) on the part of Crompton, which briefly narrates the grounds of his claim (Appendix to Crompton's Life, p. 281). 'There is abundant evidence,' says French, the biographer of Crompton, 'that Brown was indefatigable in his endeavours to procure a favourable consideration of Crompton's case from the government of the day.' He was, however, completely unsuccessful, owing, as he wrote to Crompton, to secret opposition on the part of 'your primitive enemy,' as he called the first Sir Robert Peel. Further efforts were rendered useless by the death of the inventor in June 1827, and Brown did not long survive him. His life in the metropolis was in all ways unsuccessful, and in despair he committed suicide in his London lodgings in 1829. A posthumous work of his of sixty-two pages was published in 1832 at Manchester. It is entitled 'A Memoir of Robert Blincoe, an orphan boy sent from the workhouse of St. Pancras, London, at seven years of age to endure the horrors of a cotton mill.'
[Life and Times of Samuel Crompton, by G. J. French (2nd ed. Manchester, 1860); Fishwick's Lancishire Library (1875); Sutton's Lancashire Authors (Manchester, 1876).]
F. W-t.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brown, John Wright

​BROWN, JOHN WRIGHT (1836–1863), botanist, was born in Edinburgh on 19 Jan. 1836. He was of a delicate constitution, and early showed a great love for plants, in consequence of which he was, at the age of sixteen, placed in one of the Edinburgh nurseries. But the exposure connected with garden work proved too much for his health, and Professor Balfour appointed him to an assistantship in the herbarium connected with the Botanic Garden. Here he improved his opportunities and became well acquainted with botany; he was much interested in the Scottish flora, and contributed a list of the plants of Elie, Fifeshire, to the Edinburgh Botanical Society, of which he was an associate. He died in Edinburgh on 23 March 1863.
[Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vii. 519.]
J. B.