OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Paul, John (1707-1787)

​PAUL, JOHN (1707–1787), legal author, son of Josiah Paul of Tetbury, Gloucestershire, by Hester, daughter of Giles Pike of the same place, was born at Highgrove, Tetbury, in 1707. He married Sarah Wight, of Wotton-under-Edge, succeeded to the estate of Highgrove on the death of his father (2 Oct. 1744), and died without issue on 2 Sept. 1787.
Paul was author of the following legal manuals of a popular type, published at London: 1. ‘Every Landlord or Tenant his own Lawyer; or the whole Law respecting Landlords, Tenants, and Lodgers,’ 1775; 2nd edit., revised by G. Wilson, 1776; 7th edit. 1791, 8vo; 9th edit., revised by J. I. Maxwell, 1806, 8vo. 2. ‘The Parish Officer's Compleat Guide; containing the duty of the Churchwarden, Overseer, Constable, and Surveyor of the Highways,’ 1776; 6th edit., 1793, 8vo. 3. ‘A System of the Laws of Bankruptcy,’ 1776, 8vo. 4. ‘The Law of Tythes,’ 1781, 8vo; 2nd edit., revised by J. I. Maxwell, 1807, 8vo. 5. ‘The Compleat Constable,’ 1785, 8vo.
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Paul, John (1777-1848)

​PAUL, JOHN, D.D. (1777–1848), Irish divine, was born in 1777 at Tobernaveen, near Antrim, where his father, John Paul, was a large farmer. Having determined to become a minister of the reformed presbyterian body, to which his father belonged, he entered the university of Glasgow in 1796, and was licensed to preach at Garvagh on 16 Nov. 1803. He became minister at Loughmourne, near Carrickfergus, co. Antrim, on 11 Sept. 1805, and held the office till his death, mainly residing in Carrickfergus, where he conducted a classical school.
In the Arian controversy which raged in the north of Ireland in the earlier part of this century Paul came prominently into notice. In 1819 he published ‘Creeds and Confessions Defended in a Series of Letters addressed to the anonymous Author of “The Battle of the Two Dialogues”’ (8vo, Belfast, printed by Joseph Smyth). The motto on the title-page runs: ‘Paul, thou art permitted to speak for thyself.’ In 1826 he struck another strong blow in the controversy with ‘A Refutation of Arianism and Defence of Calvinism’ (8vo, Belfast, printed by A. Mackay). This was a reply to the ‘Sermons on the Study of the Bible and on the Doctrines of Christianity,’ Belfast, 1824, of the Rev. Dr. William Bruce (1757–1841) [q. v.] A speech delivered by Henry Montgomery [q. v.] in 1827, at the annual meeting of the synod of Ulster in Strabane, called forth a third work from Paul in 1828, viz. ‘A Review of a Speech by the Rev. Dr. Montgomery of Belfast, and the Doctrines of Unitarians proved to be unfavourable to the Right of Private Judgment, to Liberality, and Charity, to the Investigation of Truth and the practise of Virtue’ (8vo, Belfast, printed by A. Mackay, jun.). These three publications attained a very large circulation. Their keen and incisive logic and vigorous style constituted them powerful factors in the discussions which evoked them.
Paul became involved in another controversy with a brother minister of the reformed presbyterian body, the Rev. Thomas Houston, D.D., of Knockbracken, near Belfast, the point in dispute being the province of ‘the civil magistrate.’ He published several pamphlets on the question, the chief being ‘A Review of the Rev. Thomas Houston's “Christian Magistrate,” and a Defence of the Principles of Civil and Religious Liberty’ (8vo, Belfast, 1833). Eventually the controversy reached the synod of the reformed presbyterian church, and divided it into two bodies—one, the ‘Reformed Presbyterian Synod of Ireland,’ adhering to the views of Houston; and the other, the ‘Eastern Reformed Presbyterian Synod of Ireland,’ holding by those of Paul. But, though a keen polemic, he was kind and amiable, and was universally respected. He died at Carrickfergus on 16 March 1848.
His three works on the Arian controversy were republished in one volume in 1855 under the editorship of Stewart Bates, D.D., of Glasgow, who prefixed a memoir and introduction to them.
Paul married, in 1807, Miss Rachel Smith of Ballyearl, co. Antrim, by whom he had several children, one of whom became the wife of the Rev. Dr. Bates, Glasgow, mentioned above.
T. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Paul, Isabella Howard

​PAUL, ISABELLA HOWARD (1833?–1879), actress and vocalist, was born at Dartford, Kent, and made her first appearance on the London stage as Isabella Featherstone in March 1853, playing at the Strand, under the management of F. W. Allcroft, Captain Macheath in the ‘Beggar's Opera.’ Possessing great vivacity and spirit, distinct vocal gifts, and considerable stage talent, she made an immediate mark, and was engaged at Drury Lane and subsequently at the Haymarket, where she played Macheath on 24 April 1854. The same year, with Mr. Howard Paul, whom she married in 1857, she played in the country Paul's ‘Locked Out.’ In 1858 she took part with him in ‘Patchwork,’ described as ‘a clatter of fun, frolic, song, and impersonation.’ On 3 July of the same year she was Sir Launcelot de Lake (sic) in the ‘Lancashire Witches, or the Knight and the Giants,’ a burlesque included in an entertainment with which George Webster opened the Lyceum. In entertainments given by herself and her husband in town and country in 1860 and successive years, Mrs. Paul's share consisted largely of imitations of Mr. Henry Russell, Mr. Sims Reeves, and other known vocalists, in which she was very successful. On 2 Sept. 1867 she was at the Strand playing Mrs. Dove in her husband's ‘Ripples on the Lake.’ On 29 Aug. 1872 she played at Covent Garden Mistigris in Boucicault's ‘Babil and Bijou,’ with music by M. Hervé and Frederick Clay. Her most ambitious effort was her appearance at Drury Lane in February 1869 as Lady Macbeth to the Macbeth of Phelps and Charles Dillon on alternate nights. Anticipating subsequent actresses, she softened Lady Macbeth, subjugating to conjugal love the sterner traits ordinarily assigned the character. With this performance, which was not wanting in intensity, she doubled that of Hecate. She was also seen in Paris in comic opera. At the Olympic she appeared in the ‘Grand Duchess,’ and she took round the country a company of her own, playing a species of drawing-room entertainment. In November 1877, as Lady Sangazure in the ‘Sorcerer’ of Mr. Gilbert and Mr. (now Sir Arthur) Sullivan, she appeared at the Opera Comique. This proved to be her last London engagement. While performing at Sheffield in the ‘Crisis’ in 1879 she was taken suddenly ill; she was brought home to London, and on 6 May 1879 died at her residence, 17 The Avenue, Bedford Park, Turnham Green. She was buried at Brompton cemetery. Mrs. Howard Paul was a woman of ability, whose talents were often frittered away in parts and occupations unworthy of them.
[Personal recollections; Era Newspaper, 15 May 1879; Pascoe's Dramatic List; Scott and Howard's Memoirs of E. L. Blanchard; Era Almanack, various years; Sunday Times, various years.]
J. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Malley, George

The statue is in Castlebar, Co. Mayo, Ireland.
​O'MALLEY, GEORGE (d. 1848), major-general, was a volunteer in the Castlebar yeomanry when the town was attacked by the French under Humbert on 27 Aug. 1798, and was present when the place was attacked a fortnight later by a strong rebel force, which was defeated by the yeomanry and a company of Fraser fencibles. O'Malley was confirmed as a lieutenant in the Castlebar yeomanry by Lord Cornwallis in recognition of his services, and soon after joined the North Mayo militia, from which he brought volunteers to the 13th foot. He was appointed ensign on 23 Feb. 1800; served with the 13th at Ferrol and in Egypt, where he was severely wounded in the action of 13 March 1801, and afterwards at Malta and Gibraltar. For his success in recruiting in Ireland he received a company in the new second battalion 89th foot on 25 April 1805, and served with it until Colonel Henry Augustus (afterwards thirteenth Viscount) Dillon or Dillon-Lee [q. v.] raised the 101st foot, in which O'Malley was appointed major. By his activity and local connection in Mayo he assisted materially in forming the regiment. He served with it in Ireland and Jersey, and was despatched ​with three hundred men to St. John's, New Brunswick, in 1808, when war with the United States was imminent, and the Americans were collecting a large force near that place. For his services in command of that garrison for eleven months, and the exemplary conduct of the troops under his command, he received the freedom of the city on 19 July 1809. As major, he afterwards commanded the regiment four years in Jamaica, obtaining the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel 4 June 1813. The regiment was disbanded as the 100th in 1817. His repeated applications for employment in Europe were unsuccessful, but on 12 June 1815 he was appointed to the 2nd battalion 44th foot, and commanded it in Picton's division at Quatre Bras and Waterloo. On l5 June the battalion lost very heavily, being reduced to five officers and two hundred men. O'Malley was twice wounded and had two horses shot under him, but did not leave the field (C.B. and medal). He commanded the battalion in France until it was disbanded in 1816, when he was placed on half-nay. He was appointed major 38th foot on 12 Aug. 1819, and lieutenant-colonel 88th Connaught rangers on 2 June 1825. He commanded that corps, which he had in a fine state of discipline, until promoted major-general on 23 Nov. 1841. He died in London on 16 May 1843. A statue was erected to him at Castletown, Isle of Man.
[Army lists; Naval and Military Gazette, 20 May 1843. p. 310.]
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Loghlen, Colman Michael

​O'LOGHLEN, Sir COLMAN MICHAEL (1819–1877), lawyer and politician, eldest son of Sir Michael O'Loghlen, bart. [q. v.] and Bidelia, daughter of Daniel Kelly of Dublin, was born on 20 Sept. 1819, and was educated at private schools in England, afterwards graduating B.A. at Dublin University in 1840. In the same year he was called to the Irish bar, and went the Munster circuit; he took silk in 1862. From 1856 to 1859 he was chairman of Carlow quarter sessions, and from 1859 to 1861 held same position in Mayo. In 1863 he became M.P. for Clare, and in 1865 was made a third serjeant-at-law for Ireland, becoming second serjeant in the following year. He was appointed judge-advocate-general in Mr. Gladstone's ministry and a member of the privy council in December 1868; he held the former office till November 1870. He introduced and carried the bill enabling catholics to obtain the position of lord chancellor of Ireland. His unassuming manner and his good nature made him universally popular. He died suddenly, on 22 July 1877, on board the mail-boat while crossing from Holyhead to Kingstown. He was buried in the family vault in co. Clare. He was unmarried, and his brother Bryan succeeded to the title.
[Foster's Baronetage and Knightage; Times, 28 and 27 July 1877; Todd's Dublin Graduates; Ward's Men of the Reign; Haydn's Book of Dignities.]
D. J. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Highton, Henry

​HIGHTON, HENRY (1816–1874), scientific writer, born at Leicester in 1816, was eldest son of Henry Highton of that town. He spent five years at Rugby School, under Dr. Arnold, and matriculated at Queen's College, Oxford, 13 March 1834. After leaving school, he continued on intimate terms with Dr. Arnold. A letter (5 April 1837) from Arnold to him on the religious duty of cultivating the intellect is printed in Stanley's ‘Life of Arnold.’ Highton proceeded B.A. in 1837 (M.A. in 1840), obtaining a first-class in classics, and was Michel fellow of his college in 1840–1. He was assistant-master at Rugby School from 1841 to 1859, and principal of Cheltenham College from the latter date till 1862. On 23 Dec. 1874 he died at The Cedars, Putney, where he had resided for several years.
In 1842 Highton offered some advice as to the recovery of the Israelitish ‘nationality lost for 1800 years’ in a printed letter addressed to Sir Moses Montefiore. In 1849 he published some sermons; in 1851 a ‘Catechism of the Second Advent;’ and in 1862 a revised translation of the New Testament. In 1863 appeared his ‘Letter to the Lord Bishop of London on the Repeal of the Act of Uniformity and the True Principles of Church Reform,’ criticising the Athanasian Creed—a ‘sore of long standing’—the burial service, ‘fabulous holidays,’ &c. Highton's last theological work was ‘Dean Stanley and Saint Socrates, the Ethics of the Philosopher and the Philosophy of the Divine,’ 1873. It was an attack on Stanley when chosen select preacher to the university of Oxford for his ‘consistent opposition to evangelical truth.’ In 1873 Highton published a translation of some of Victor Hugo's poems.
Meanwhile Highton had paid some attention to practical physics, especially to the application of electricity to telegraphy. On 1 May 1872 he read before the Society of Arts a paper on ‘Telegraphy without Insulation,’ as a cheap means of international communication, in which he refers to a systematic series of experiments with different lengths of wire dropped in the Thames, and with a gold-leaf instrument which had ‘twenty-six years previously been adapted [by him] for telegraphic purposes.’ The paper was accompanied by several experiments illustrating the entire field of electrical physics. The society conferred on Highton their silver medal for the paper. He afterwards read another on galvanic batteries; and various letters of his are printed in the society's journal on Atlantic telegraphy, the science of energy, &c. He also invented and patented an artificial stone which came into considerable use for paving and building purposes.
[Foster's Alumni Oxon.; Rugby School Register; Times, 24 Dec. 1874; Journal Soc. Arts, xx. 506, 657, 861, &c., xxi. 59, 62, 843, &c.]
R. E. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Higson, John

​HIGSON, JOHN (1825–1871), local antiquary and topographer, of Lees, near Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, was born in 1825 at Whitely Farm, Gorton, Lancashire. He resided for many years at Droylsden, where he was employed as cashier of the Springhead Cotton-spinning Company, was a zealous supporter of the Droylsden Mechanics' Institute, and an active church worker for years at Leesfield. He died at Lees, 13 Dec. 1871, leaving a widow and seven children. ​Although to a great extent self-taught, Higson early became an industrious collector of facts of local history and antiquities, some of which relating to his native place he published under the title of ‘Gorton Historical Recorder, … a History of the Chapelry, illustrating the Rise of the Mesne Manor,’ with illustrations, Droylsden, 1852, 12mo. He also published a local history of Droylsden. With some friends he started a Droylsden paper on liberal-conservative lines, which proved a failure. He was a contributor to the ‘Ashton Reporter’ from its commencement in 1855, under the signature ‘H.’ At the time of his death he was engaged on a ‘Glossary of Lancashire Idioms.’
[Ashton Reporter, 16 Dec. 1871, and information from private sources.]
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Highmore, Thomas

​HIGHMORE, THOMAS (d. 1720), serjeant-painter, was son of Abraham Highmore, and cousin of Nathaniel Highmore, M.D. [q. v.] He was created serjeant-painter to William III. Sir James Thornhill [q. v.], who was lineally related to him, was apprenticed to Highmore, and eventually succeeded him in his office as serjeant-painter. Highmore died towards the close of 1720. He was brother to Edward Highmore, the father of Joseph Highmore [q. v.]
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Hutchins's Hist. of Dorset (new edit.), ii. 461.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Highmore, Nathaniel

​HIGHMORE, NATHANIEL, M.D. (1613–1685), physician, son of Nathaniel Highmore, rector of Candel-Purse, Dorsetshire, was born at Fordingbridge, Hampshire, on 6 Feb. 1613. Scholar of Trinity College, Oxford, 1632–9, he graduated M.B. in 1641, and M.D. in 1642, and was still in residence when Harvey, the discoverer of the circulation of the blood, came to Oxford with the king after the battle of Edgehill. They became friends, and in 1651 Highmore, who had settled in practice at Sherburne, Dorsetshire, dedicated to Harvey his first work, ‘Corporis Humani disquisitio anatomica in qua sanguinis circulationem prosequutus est.’ This treatise was published at the Hague, and, like most of the books on anatomy of its period, gives an account of pathological appearances and of comparative anatomy, as well as of the normal structure of the human body. He was familiar with the anatomy of the dog and of the sheep, and had dissected an ostrich. Though perfectly sound in his views as regards the circulation of the blood, the physiological remarks of Highmore are sometimes mediæval. Thus he believed in an ‘alexipharmaca dispositio vitalium,’ which enabled an Oxford student of his acquaintance to devour spiders with impunity. His plates are based on those of Vesalius, and he frequently attacks Spigelius. The book is never read now, but one passage in it has made the author's name familiar to all students of anatomy. He describes accurately (p. 226 and table xvi.) the cavity in the superior maxillary bone, to which his attention was drawn by a lady patient, in whom an abscess of this ​cavity, ever since known as the antrum of Highmore, was drained by the extraction of the left canine tooth. He became a magistrate for Dorsetshire, and attained considerable practice as a physician. He never took fees from the clergy. He also published in 1651 ‘A History of Generation, examining the Opinions of Sir Kenelm Digby, with a Discourse of the Cure of Wounds by Sympathy,’ a work containing some careful observations on the development of the chick. In 1660 he published at Oxford ‘Exercitationes duæ … De Passione Hysterica et de Affectione Hypochondriaca;’ 3rd ed., Jena, 1677; and a few years later some remarks on Scarborough spa, and an account of springs at Farindon and East Chenock. He died at Sherburne on 21 March 1685, and was buried on the south side of the chancel of the church of Candel-Purse. He had made his will on 4 March 1684, and by it endowed an exhibition to Oxford from Sherburne school, and left his tables of the muscles to the physic school at Oxford. There is a small portrait of him on the title-page of his anatomy (1651), and one drawn in 1676 in Hutchins's ‘Dorset.’
[Works; Hutchins's Dorsetshire, vol. iv.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Higham, Thomas

​HIGHAM, THOMAS (1796–1844), engraver, born in 1796, was a line-engraver under the Findens, and engraved several plates after J. D. Harding, S. Prout and others for Moore's 'Life of Byron,' published in 1833. Higham engraved plates after J. M. W. Turner,R.A., for the `Rivers of France,' Whitaker's 'Richmondshire' and similar works. A view of Helmingham Hall in Suffolk by Higham was engraved by J. Greig. He died in 1844.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Schnebbelie, Jacob

​SCHNEBBELIE, JACOB (1760–1792), topographical draughtsman, was born in Duke's Court, St. Martin's Lane, London, on 30 Aug. 1760. His father, who was a native of Zürich and had served in the Dutch army at Bergen-op-Zoom, settled in England and became a confectioner in Rochester. Jacob, after carrying on the same business for a short time—first at Canterbury and then at Hammersmith—abandoned it, and, though self-taught, became a drawing-master at Westminster and other schools. Through the influence of Lord Leicester, the president, Schnebbelie obtained the appointment of draughtsman to the Society of Antiquaries; and the majority of the excellent views of ancient buildings published in the second and third volumes of ‘Vetusta Monumenta’ were drawn by him. He also made many of the drawings for Gough's ‘Sepulchral Monuments of Great Britain’ and Nichols's ‘History of Leicestershire.’ In 1788 he published a set of four views of St. Albans, drawn and etched by himself and aquatinted by Jukes. In 1791 Schnebbelie commenced the publication of the ‘Antiquaries' Museum,’ illustrating the ancient architecture, painting, and sculpture of Great Britain, a series of plates etched and aquatinted by himself; but he lived to complete only three parts. The work was continued by his friends, Richard Gough [q. v.] and John Nichols [q. v.], and issued as a volume, with a memoir of him, in 1800. He was also associated with James Moore and J. G. Parkyns in the production of their ‘Monastic Remains,’ 1791, his name appearing as the publisher on some of the plates. A view of the Serpentine river, Hyde Park, etched by Schnebbelie in 1787, was aquatinted by Jukes and published in 1796. Schnebbelie died of rheumatic fever at his residence in Poland Street, London, on 21 Feb. 1792, leaving a widow and three children, for whom provision was made by the Society of Antiquaries.
Robert Bremmel Schnebbelie (d. 1849?), his son, also practised as a topographical artist, occasionally exhibiting views of old buildings at the Royal Academy between 1803 and 1821. He made the drawings for many of the plates in Wilkinson's ‘Londina Illustrata’ (1808–25), Hughson's ‘Description of London,’ and similar publications, but died in poverty about 1849.
F. M. O'D.