OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Silvanus, solitary of Sinai

Silvanus (12), solitary of Sinai, a native of Palestine. "He founded at Geraris near the great torrent a very extensive establishment for holy men, over which the excellent Zachariah subsequently presided" (Soz. H. E. vi. 32). He trained his followers to industrial pursuits. A wandering ascetic seeing all the brethren working very diligently said to them, "Labour not for the meat which perisheth; Mary chose the better part." Silvanus over-hearing this said, "Give a book to the brother and lead him to an empty cell." When the ninth hour came, no one came to call the stranger to eat. At last, wearied and hungry, he sought Silvanus, and said, "Father, the brethren have not eaten to-day." "Oh yes," replied the abbat, "they have eaten." "And why," said the other, "did you not send for me?" "Because," responded Silvanus, "thou art a spiritual man, and dost not require food; but we are carnal and wish to eat, and therefore are compelled to work. Thou, however, hast chosen the better part and continuest in study the whole day, nor art willing to consume carnal food." The stranger confessed his fault and was forgiven, Silvanus playfully saying, "Martha is evidently necessary to Mary." Cotelerius tells stories of his prolonged trances. On one occasion he awoke very sad because he had been in the eternal world and seen many monks going to hell and many secular persons to heaven (Monument, t. i. p. 679).
[G.T.S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Silvanus, bishop of Tarsus

Silvanus (6), bp. of Tarsus and metropolitan,
one of the most excellent of those semi-Arians whom Athanasius described as "brothers who mean what we mean, and differ only about the terms" (Ath. de Synod. 41). He succeeded Antonius in the reign of Constantius. He was one of the 22 Oriental bishops who, at the council of Sirmium, in 351, joined in the deposition of Photinus (Hilar. Synod, p. 129; fragm. i. p. 48). On the deposition and banishment of Cyril from Jerusalem, early in 358, Silvanus received him hospitably at Tarsus, despite the remonstrances of Acacius (Theod. H. E. ii. 22). That year he took part in the semi-Arian council of Ancyra (Labbe, ii. 790), and in 359 in that of Seleucia, at which he vociferously advocated (μέγα ἀνέκραγε) the acceptance of the Lucianic dedication creed of Antioch (Socr. H. E. ii. 39), the mere mention of which made the Acacian party leave the place of assembly as a protest. Silvanus was among the semi-Arian leaders who, first of the rival church parties, memorialized Julian on his arrival at Antioch after becoming emperor, requesting him to expel the Anomoeans and call a general council to restore peace to the church, and declaring their acceptance of the Nicene faith (Socr. H. E. iii. 25). In 366 he was, with Eustathius of Sebaste and Theophilus of Castabala, a deputy to Liberius. He returned with the letters of communion of Liberius and the Roman synod (Basil. Ep. 67 [50]). His death is placed by Tillemont in 373 (Mém. eccl. t. vi. p. 592; Le Quien, Or. Christ. ii. 872).
[E.V.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Simeon (1)

Simeon (1), 2nd bp. of Jerusalem, succeeding James, the Lord's brother. According to the statement of Hegesippus preserved by Eusebius, Simeon was the son of Clopas "mentioned in Holy Scripture" (John xix. 25), the brother of Joseph, and therefore, legally, the uncle of our Lord, while Simeon himself—ὁ ἐκ τοῦ θείου τοῦ Κυρίου—was, legally, his cousin, ὄντα ἀνεψιὸν τοῦ Κυρίου, and of the royal line of David (Eus. H. E. iii. ii, 32 ; iv. 22). The language of Hegesippus (H. E. iv. 82) evidently distinguishes between the relationship of James and Simeon to our Lord. Dr. Mill, however, follows Burton (H. E. i. 290) in regarding Simeon as a brother of James and also of Jude, though perhaps by another mother (Mill, Pantheistic Principles, pp. 234, 253). Such an interpretation of Hegesippus's language is very unnatural and at variance with the statement of Epiphanius that Simeon was the cousin—ἀνεψιός—of James the Just (Epiph. Haer. lxxvii. c. 14, p. 1046; cf. Lightfoot, Galatians, p. 262). Bp. Lightfoot regards his age as "an exaggeration," and suggests that his being "a son of Cleopas mentioned in the Evangelical records "requires us to place his death earlier than the generally received date. According to Hegesippus, Simeon was unanimously chosen to fill the vacant see of Jerusalem on the violent death of James the Just, the date usually assigned for which being 62 or 63 (see Josephus, Ant. xx. 9. 1). Whether the appointment of Simeon immediately succeeded or was not made till the retirement of the Christian Jews to Pella cannot be determined. The former seems rather more probable. His retreat at Pella would save him from the inquisition after descendants of the royal line of David, made by Vespasian, according to Eusebius (H. E. iii. 12), as well as the later inquiry instituted by Domitian (ib. 19, 20). He must have returned with the Christians to Jerusalem when allowed to do so by the Roman authorities. Of his episcopate we know nothing. He was martyred in the reign of Trajan (ἐπὶ Τραϊανοῦ; Eus. H. E. iii. 32), but the exact date is uncertain. By a misinterpretation of the Chronicon of Eusebius, which seemed to assign his martyrdom with that of Ignatius to the 9th or 10th year of Trajan, Simeon's death has been assigned to 107 or 108. Bp. Lightfoot has shewn good reason for placing it earlier in Trajan's reign (Lightfoot, Ignatius, i. 21, 58–60, ii. 442–450). Hegesippus says that in his 121st year Simeon was accused before Atticus, then proconsul, by certain Jewish sectaries, first, that being of the line of David, he was a possible claimant of the throne of his royal ancestor, and secondly that he was a Christian. He was tortured for many days in succession, and bore his sufferings with a firmness which astonished all the beholders, especially Atticus himself, who marvelled at such endurance in one so advanced in age. Finally he was ordered to be crucified (Eus. H. E. iii. 32).
[E.V.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Philaeus 1.

PHILAEUS (Φίλαιος), a son of the Telamonian Ajax and Tecmessa, from whom the Attic demos of Philaïdae derived its name. (Herod. vi. 35 ; Plut. Sol. 10; Paus. i. 35. § 2, who calls Philaeus a son of Eurysaces.) [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Philippus (physicians) 2.

​2. A native of Epeirus at the court of Antigonus, king of Asia, b. c. 323 — 301. Celsus tells an anecdote (De Med. iii. 21, p. 56) that, when another physician said that one of the king's friends, who was suffering from dropsy caused by his intemperate habits, was incurable, Philippus undertook to restore him to health ; upon which the other replied that he had not been thinking so much of the nature of the disease, as of the character of the patient, when he denied the possibility of his recovery. The result justified his prognosis.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Philiscus, P. Atilius

​PHILISCUS, P. ATI'LIUS, killed his own daughter, because she had been guilty of fornication. (Val. Max. vi. 1. § 6.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Philaenis

Philaenis (Φιλανις), a Greek poetess of Leucas, appears to have lived at the time of the sophist Polycrates, who was a contemporary of Isocrates. She was the reputed authoress of an obscene poem on love (περι Αφροδισιων ακλαστον σθγγραμμα), which was classed by Chrysippus along with the Gastronomia of Archestratus. According to Aeschrion, however, Philaenis did not write this poem; and in an epitaph supposed to be placed on the tomb of Philaenis, Aeschrion ascribes the work to Polycrates. This epitaph, which is written in choliambic verses, and which has been preserved by Atheneaus, is given in the collection of choliambic poets appended to Lachmann's edition of Babirus, p. 137, Berol. 1845. (Athen. v. p. 220, f., viii. p. 335, b—e., x. p. 457, d.; Polyb. xii. 13.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Philiscus

​PHILISCUS（Φιλίσκος), a citizen of Abydus, who in b. c. 368 was sent into Greece by Ariobarzanes, the Persian satrap of the Hellespont, to effect a reconciliation between the Thebans and Lacedaemonians. He came well supplied with money, and in the name of Artaxerxes II.; but in a congress which he caused to be held at Delphi, he failed to accomplish his object, as the Thebans refused to abandon their claim to the sovereignty of Boeotia, and Lacedaemon would not acknowledge the independence of Messenia. Upon this Philiscus, leaving behind him a body of 2000 mercenaries for the service of Sparta, and having been honoured, as well as Ariobarzanes, with the Athenian franchise, returned to Asia. Here, under cover of the satrap's protection, he made himself master of a number of Greek states, over which he exercised a tyrannical and insolent sway, till he was at last assassinated at Lampsacus by Thersagoras and Execestus (Xen. Hell. vii. 1. § 27 ; Diod. XV. 70 ; Dem. c. Aristocr. pp. 666, 667). Diodorus places the mission of Philiscus to Greece in b. c. 369, a year too soon. [E. E.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Philiscus (artists) 1.

​PHILISCUS, artists. 1. A painter, of whom we have no information, except the mention, by Pliny, of his picture of a painter's studio, with a boy blowing the fire. (H. N. xxxv. 11. s. 40. § 38.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Philippus (physicians) 4.

​4. A contemporary of Galen, about the middle of the second century after Christ, who belonged to the sect of the Empirici, and held a disputation for two days with Pelops (probably at Smyrna), in defence of their doctrines (Galen. De Libris Propr. c. 2, vol. xix. p. 16). It does not seem possible to decide with certainty whether this is the same person who is frequently mentioned in different parts of Galen's writings ; who wrote on marasmus (De Differ. Febr. i. 10, vol. vii. p. 315, De Marc. cc. 5, 6, 7, 9, vol. vii. pp. 685, 689, 694, 701, De Caus. Pul. iv. 10, vol. ix. p. 176, De Meth. Med. vii. 6, x. 10, vol. x. pp. 495, 706), on materia medica (De Compos. Medicam. sec. Loc. vii. I, vol. xiii. p. 14, De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. ii. 5, iii. 9, vol. xiii. pp. 502, 642), and on catalepsy (Cael. Aurel. De Morb. Acut. ii. 10, p. 96 ; conf. Gal. Comment. in Hippocr. " Prorrhet. I." ii. 90, vol. xvi. p. 684). Several of his medical formulae are preserved, from one of which it appears that he practised at Caesareia (Galen, de Compos. Medicam. sec. Loc. iv. 8, vii. 4, 5, ix. 5, vol. xii. p. 735, vol. xiii. pp. 88, 105, 304 ; Paul. Aegin. vii. 12, p. 663 ; Aët. iii. 1. 48, p. 503 ; Nicol. Myr. De Compos. Medicam. xli. 14, 21, p. 785). He is also mentioned by Galen, De Febr. Differ. ii. 6, vol. vii. p. 347, De Plenit. c. 4, vol. vii. p. 530. It is uncertain whether the Philippus of Macedonia, one of whose antidotes is quoted by Galen (De Antid. ii. 8, vol. xiv. p. 149), is the same person.
A sophist of this name is said by Aetius (i, 4. 96, p. 186) to have promised immortality to those persons who would engage to follow his directions, but it is not specified that he was a physician; neither is it known whether the father of the celebrated physician, Archigenes, whose name was Philippus (Suid. s. v. Ἀρχιγένης), was himself a member of the medical profession. [W. A. G.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Philippus (physicians) 3.

​3. A contemporary of Juvenal at Rome, about the beginning of the second century after Christ. (Sat. xiii. 125.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Philippus (physicians) 1.

​PHILIPPUS (Φιλιππος), the name of several physicians.
1. A native of Acarnania, the friend and physician of Alexander the Great, of whom a wellknown story is told by several ancient authors. He was the means of saving the king's life, when he had been seized with a severe attack of fever, brought on by bathing in the cold waters of the river Cydnus in Cilicia, after being violently heated, b. c. 333. Parmenion sent to warn Alexander that Philippus had been bribed by Dareius to poison him ; the king, however, would not believe the information, nor doubt the fidelity of his physician, but, while he drank off the draught prepared for him, he put into his hands the letter he had just received, fixing his eyes at the same time steadily on his countenance. A well-known modern picture represents this incident ; and the king's speedy recovery fully justified his confidence in the skill and honesty of his physician. (Q. Curt. iii. 6 ; Valer. Max. iii. 8, in fine ; Plut. Vit. Alex. c. 19 ; Arrian, ii. 4 ; Justin, xi. 8 ; Diod. Sic. xvii. 31.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Philaeus 2.

PHILAEUS or PHILEAS. [Rhoecus.]
# Daddy-Long-Legs (Webster)/Letter 70

Lock Willow,
September 19th.
Dear Daddy,
Something has happened and I need advice. I need it from you, and from nobody else in the world. Wouldn't it be possible for me to see you? It's so much easier to talk than to write; and I'm afraid your secretary might open the letter.
Judy.
P. S.I'm very unhappy.
# Daddy-Long-Legs (Webster)/Letter 8

​Dear Daddy-Long-Legs,
This is an extra letter in the middle of the month because I'm sort of lonely tonight. It's awfully stormy; the snow is beating against my tower. All the lights are out on the campus, but I drank black coffee and I can't go to sleep.
I had a supper party this evening consisting of Sallie and Julia and Leonora Fenton—and sardines and toasted muffins and salad and fudge and coffee. Julia said she'd had a good time, but Sallie stayed to help wash the dishes.
I might, very usefully, put some time on Latin to-night—but, there's no doubt about it, I'm a very languid Latin scholar. We've finished Livy and De Senectute and are now engaged with De Amicitia (pronounced Damn Icitia).
Should you mind, just for a little while, pretending you are my grandmother? Sallie has one and Julia and Leonora each two, and they were all comparing them to-night. ​I can't think of anything I'd rather have; it's such a respectable relationship. So, if you really don't object—When I went into town yesterday, I saw the sweetest cap of Cluny lace trimmed with lavender ribbon. I am going to make you a present of it on your eighty-third birthday.
That's the clock in the chapel tower striking twelve. I believe I am sleepy after all.
Good night, Granny.
I love you dearly.
Judy.
# Daddy-Long-Legs (Webster)/Letter 9

The Ides of March.
Dear D. L. L.,
I am studying Latin prose composition. I have been studying it. I shall be studying it. I shall be about to have been studying it. My reëxamination comes the 7th hour next Tuesday, and I am going to pass or BUST. So you may expect to hear from me next, whole and happy and free from conditions, or in fragments.
I will write a respectable letter when it's over. To-night I have a pressing engagement with the Ablative Absolute.
Yours—in evident haste,
J. A.
# Daddy-Long-Legs (Webster)/Letter 72

October 6th.
Dearest Daddy-Long-Legs,
Yes, certainly I'll come—at half-past four next Wednesday afternoon. Of course I can find the way. I've been in New York three times and am not quite a baby. I can't believe that I am really going to see you—I've been just thinking you so long that it hardly seems as though you are a tangible flesh-and-blood person.
You are awfully good, Daddy, to bother yourself with me, when you're not strong. Take care and don't catch cold. These fall rains are very damp.
Affectionately,
Judy.
P. S.I've just had an awful thought. Have you a butler? I'm afraid of butlers, ​and if one opens the door I shall faint upon the step. What can I say to him? You didn't tell me your name. Shall I ask for Mr. Smith?
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Aitken, William

Layout 2
​AITKEN, WILLIAM (1846–)
Son of James Aitken, of Falkirk, N.B., educated at Edinburgh Academy and Heidelberg : entered the Royal Artillery, 1867, Captain in 1878 : in Afghan war, 1878–80 : in the Mahsud Waziri expedition, 1881 : Major, 1884 : served in the Burma expedition, 1885–87 : Brevet Lt-Colonel : in the Chitral Relief Force, 1895 : C.B. : Brevet Colonel, 1897 : served with the Malakand Field Force, and in the Mohmand and Buner expeditions, 1897–8 : commanded the Mountain Artillery, Rawul Pindi, Panjab, till 1899 : ​A.D.C. to his Majesty : and Colonel on the Staff, commanding R.A., Scottish District since 1899.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Aiyar, Sir Tiruvarur Mutusawmy

Layout 2
​AIYAR, SIR TIRUVARUR MUTUSAWMY (1832–1895)
Born Jan. 28, 1832 : of a poor but respectable family in the Tanjore District : his father died when he was young, and his mother had not the means to educate him : began life as assistant to a village accountant : in 1846, Tahsildar Mutusawmy Naik was struck with his intelligence, and sent him to the Madras High School. He was a favourite pupil of E. B. Powell (q.v.) : after serving for a time in the Tanjore District, was appointed a Deputy Inspector of Schools in 1856 : and, later. District Munsif of Tranque-bar : in 1859, Deputy Collector of Tan-jore : in 1865, Sub-Judge of S. Canara : in 1868, Police Magistrate at Madras : passed the B.L. degree at the University, and became a Judge of the Small Cause Court : in 1878, C.I.E. and Judge of the High Court, where he remained for 15 years; acting as Chief Justice for 3 months in 1893 : K.C.I.E. : was very learned in Hindu Law and a sound English lawyer, somewhat timid in coming to a decision : died Jan. 25, 1895.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Ainslie, Whitelaw

Layout 2
​AINSLIE, WHITELAW (1766–1836)
Joined the E.I. Co's medical service in 1788, and served in Madras : in 1810 he was made Superintending Surgeon, and retired in 1815 : he wrote on cholera, fever, the Materia Medica of Hindostan, Materia Indica, and similar subjects : died April 29, 1836.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Aitken, Edward Hamilton

Layout 2
​AITKEN, EDWARD HAMILTON (1851–)
Son of the Rev. James Aitken, missionary. Free Church of Scotland : passed the B.A. and M.A. examinations of the Bombay University at the head of the list : Latin reader in the Dekkan College, 1880–6 : entered the Customs and Salt Department : writes under the name of E. H. A. : author of Tribes on my Frontier, Behind the Bungalow, The Naturalist on the Prowl, Five Windows of the Soul, Common Birds of Bombay : Chief Collector of Customs, Karachi.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Aitken, Robert Hope Moncrieff

Layout 2
​AITKEN, ROBERT HOPE MONCRIEFF ( ? –1887)
Of the 13th Bengal N.I. : served in the Panjab campaign, 1848–9 : in the mutiny, at Lucknow, in the operations before Cawnpur, and in the Oudh campaign, 1858 : gained the V.C. for acts of gallantry during the defence of the Lucknow Residency : Inspr-General of Police in Oudh : Colonel 1876 : died Sep. 18, 1887.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Aiyar, Sir Sheshadri

Layout 2
​AIYAR, SIR SHESHADRI (1846–1901)
Son of a Brahman of Palghat in the District of Malabar : educated at the Provincial School at Calicut and the Presidency College in Madras : entered the Government service as translator in the Collector's office at Calicut : transferred in 1868 to Mysore under Ranga Charlu (q.v.). In 13 years he filled various subordinate offices until the rendition of the State to its ruler in 1881 : then he became Personal Assistant to Runga Charlu, whom he succeeded as Diwan in 1883. For 17 years he laboured assiduously to promote the economic and industrial development of the State. He began with a debt of 30 lakhs and left with a surplus of 176 lakhs. In railway, irrigation, and mining works immense progress was made during his administration : his unpopularity was due to his showing preference in his appointments to "outsiders" over natives of the State : a high - principled and accomplished statesman : received a handsome bonus of 4 lakhs on his retirement in 1900 : made C.S.I, in 1887, K.C.S.I. in 1893 : Fellow of the Madras University : died Sep. 13, 1901.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Akbar Khan

Layout 2
​AKBAR KHAN ( ? –1849)
Eldest son of Dost Mahammad (q.v.), the Amir of Afghanistan : distinguished himself against the Sikhs, and took an active part in the insurrection in Kabul in 1841 against Shah Shuja, the Amir and the British forces : at the conference to which the envoy. Sir W. H. Macnaghten, was invited on Dec. 23, 1841, outside Kabul, he treacherously murdered Macnaghten : the British hostages, including women and children, were given over to him, when the British army retreated from Kabul and was destroyed, in Jan., 1842, by the Afghans and the climate : he treated them chivalrously : he attacked Sale's garrison near Jalalabad, but was beaten off on April 7, 1842, by a force under Havelock : he was again routed, in Aug., 1842, at Tezin by the relieving force under General Pollock : he died 1849, in Kabul, after the restoration of Dost Muhammad.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Ajudhia Nath Pandit

Layout 2
​AJUDHIA NATH PANDIT (1840–1892)
A Kashmiri Brahman : born April 8, 1840 : his father, Kedar Nath, was a merchant at Agra and for some time Diwan to the Nawab of Jaffhar : educated at the Agra College : in 1862 joined the bar. When the seat of Government was moved from Agra to Allahabad, he migrated there : in 1869 Professor of Law at Agra : very successful as a pleader, and amassed a fortune : continued his studies in Persian and Arabic : became a member of the N.W.P. Legislative Council; Fellow of the Calcutta and Allahabad Universities; a prominent member of the National Congress in 1888, and afterwards became Joint General Secretary : a man of strong individuality : died Jan. 11, 1892.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Airey, Sir James Talbot

Layout 2
​AIREY, SIR JAMES TALBOT (1812–1898)
Son of Lt-General Sir George Airey, and brother of Lord Airey : born Sep. 6, 1812 : entered the Army in 1830 : in 1841 he accompanied General Elphinstone (q.v.) to Kabul as his A. D. C. : in Dec. he was one of the hostages given up to Akbar Khan : they were released in Sep. 1842 : was present under McCaskill (q.v.) at Istalif : in the Gwalior campaign in 1843 : at Punniar : served in the Guards in the Crimea : C.B. : Colonel, 1859 : Lt-General and K.C.B. in 1877 : retired as General in 1881 : died Jan. 1, 1898.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Aitchison, Sir Charles Umpherston

Layout 2
​AITCHISON, SIR CHARLES UMPHERSTON (1832–1896)
I.C.S. : born May 20, 1832, son of Hugh Aitchison, of Edinburgh : educated at the High School and University there : and at the University of Halle : passed in the first competitive examination, while Haileybury was being abolished : arrived in India in 1856 : he narrowly escaped the massacre of Emropeans at Hissar in 1857 : was Under Secretary in the Foreign Department of the Government of India, 1859–65, and, after some executive work, was Foreign Secretary, 1868–78. Sharing, as he did, the views of Lord Lawrence on questions of Central Asian and Afghan policy, he was strongly opposed to the measures which led to the second Afghan War of 1878–80. He was Chief Commissioner of British Burma from March, 1878, to July, 1880; Lieutenant-Governor of the Panjab, 1882–87; Member of the Supreme Council from April, 1887. to Nov. 1888 : also President of the important Public Service Commission in 1887–88 : K.C.S.I. in 1881, C.I.E. in 1882 : also LL.D. of Edinburgh and honorary M.A. of Oxford. He compiled the first edition of the Treaties, Engagements and Sunnuds, an authoritative work of reference, always quoted under his name : wrote also The Native States of India, and Lord Lawrence in the Rulers of India series : he died at Oxford Feb. 18, 1896.