OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Whitney, Asa (manufacturer)

Edition of 1889.
​WHITNEY, Asa, manufacturer, b. in Townsend, Mass., 1 Dec., 1791; d. in Philadelphia, 4 June, 1874. His opportunities for education were meagre, and, after spending several years in his father's blacksmith-shop, he went in 1812 to New Hampshire, and soon became so capable as a machinist that his employer sent him to Brownsville, N. Y., to superintend the erection of machinery in a cotton-factory. Here he remained till 1830, carrying on a business in machine- and forge-works, when he was appointed assistant superintendent of the Mohawk and Hudson railroad, and became superintendent the following year. Resigning this post in 1839, he was elected canal commissioner of New York state, and for two years superintended the enlargement and management of the Erie canal and its branches. In 1842 he removed to Philadelphia and entered into the manufacture of locomotives with Matthew W. Baldwin, but withdrew from the partnership in two years. Soon afterward he became president of the Morris canal company, for which he applied special machinery to a series of inclined planes worked by steam, by which means ​its boats could pass elevations. He took out patents on 22 May, 1847, for the corrugated plate car-wheel, and the curved corrugated plate wheel, and began their manufacture with his son George as partner. On 25 April, 1848, he patented his process for annealing car-wheels. It consisted in placing the wheels, soon after they were cast, in a heated furnace, where they were subjected to a further gradual increase of temperature, and were then slowly cooled for three days. The discovery of this process of annealing, as applied to chilled cast-iron wheels, marked an era in the history of railroads. It enabled them with safety to increase both loads and speed. Previous to this discovery it was impossible to cast wheels with solid hubs, and therefore impossible to secure them rigidly to the axle. Now the whole wheel was easily cast in one piece, and capable of being forced securely upon the axle at a pressure of forty tons. Over ten million car-wheels are now in use in this country, and this principle of annealing is applied in some form to every wheel that is made of chilled cast-iron. On 19 March, 1850, he patented the tapered and ribbed corrugated wheel. For many years he made from 50,000 to 75,000 car-wheels per annum. The business is still carried on by the firm of A. Whitney and Sons. In 1860 Mr. Whitney was made president of the Reading railroad, but he resigned in a year from failing health, after contributing largely to the success of the road. He gave liberally during his life, and among other public bequests he gave $50,000 to found a professorship of dynamical engineering in the University of Pennsylvania, $12,500 to the Franklin institute, and $20,000 to the Old men's home in Philadelphia.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Whitney, Thomas Richard

Edition of 1889.
​WHITNEY, Thomas Richard, author, b. in New York city in 1804; d. there, 12 April, 1858. He served two years in the assembly of the state in 1854-'5, and one term in congress in 1855-'7, having been elected by the American party. Mr. Whitney was editorially connected with the New York “Sunday Times” and other papers, and published “The Ambuscade,” a poem (New York, 1845), and “Defence of the American Policy as opposed to the Encroachments of Foreign Influence, and especially to the Interference of the Papacy” (1856).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Whittlesey, Abigail Goodrich

WHITTLESEY, Abigail Goodrich, educator, b. in Ridgefield, Conn., 29 Nov., 1788 ; d. in Col- chester, Conn., 16 July, 1858. She was a sister of Charles A. and Samuel G. Goodrich, was educated at Berlin, Conn., and married in 1808 the Rev. Samuel Whittlesey, who was pastor at New Pres- ton, Conn., for several years, then was steward for a short time of the American asylum for the deaf and dumb at Hartford, and afterward was associ- ated with her in conducting large female semina- ries in Utica and Canandaigua, N. Y. She began in 1832, while in Utica, the publication of the " Mother's Magazine," which she edited till about 1850, and subsequently revived under the title of " The Magazine for Mothers and Daughters."
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Whitney, Asa (merchant)

Edition of 1889.
​WHITNEY, Asa, merchant, b. in 1797; d. in Washington, D. C., in August, 1872. He was in mercantile business in New York city. He recognized the necessity of a railroad to the Pacific, was the first to suggest its feasibility, and from 1846 till 1850 urged it upon congress, the legislatures of several states, and the public, by personal influence and his writings. He was finally instrumental in securing appropriations in 1853 for the first surveys of the northern, southern, and middle routes, and lived to see communication opened from sea to sea in 1869. He was the author of “A Project for a Railroad to the Pacific” (New York, 1849), and “A Plan for a Direct Communication between the Great Centres of Populations of Europe and Asia” (London, 1851).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Whitney, Myron W.

Edition of 1889.
​WHITNEY, Myron W., singer, b. in Ashbury, Mass., 5 Sept., 1836. He went to Boston at the age of sixteen and made his first appearance there in 1858 at a Christmas performance of the “Messiah” that was given by the Handel and Haydn society. After about ten years of concert-singing he went to Florence, Italy, where he studied with Luigi Vennusini, and then to London to become a pupil of Alberto Randegger. He then filled various engagements and attracted attention especially by his rendition of the part of Elijah at the Birmingham festival. In 1876 he was the principal solo-singer at the opening exercises of the Centennial exhibition in Philadelphia. Since that year he has sung in his native country, and has appeared in nearly all the May festivals held in different cities of the Union. For several years he was a member of the Boston ideal opera company. He possesses a fine bass voice of nearly three octaves compass, and is especially noted as an oratorio-singer.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Whitney, William Collins

Edition of 1889.
​WHITNEY, William Collins, secretary of the navy, b. in Conway, Mass., 15 July, 1841. His father, James S. Whitney, was at one time collector of the port of Boston, and in 1860 was a delegate to the Charleston convention. The son was graduated at Yale in 1863 and at Harvard law-school in 1865, and continued the study of law under Abraham R. Lawrence, in New York city, where he was admitted to the bar and practised his profession. In 1871 he assisted in the organization of the Young men's Democratic club, and was subsequently brought into notice by his active measures in the movement against the Tweed ring. He was made inspector of the city schools in 1872, and was defeated the same year as the candidate of the reformed Democracy for district attorney. In the following year he took an active part in the Tilden canvass. He was appointed corporation counsel of New York city in 1875, 1876, and 1880, and is credited with having saved the city several minions of dollars by his opposition to claims against the city treasury. He also put in practice a system for the protection of the legal rights of the corporation, which has proved of permanent value. He resigned this office in 1882, and on 5 March, 1885, was appointed secretary of the navy. Yale conferred the degree of LL. D. upon him in 1888. His administration has been marked by the completion of several vessels that form the nucleus of a new U. S. navy, in whose development he has taken much interest. Secretary Whitney's residence, at the corner of 5th avenue and 57th street, New York, is one of the finest in the city.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Whitney, James Amaziah

Edition of 1889.
​WHITNEY, James Amaziah, lawyer, b. in Rochester, N. Y., 30 June, 1839. He removed in childhood with his parents to Maryland, Otsego co., N. Y., where he received a common-school education, and began life as a farmer, but in 1860-'5 studied chemistry, mechanics, and engineering without a master, and in the latter year became a writer of specifications in the office of a firm of patent solicitors. In 1868 he became an editor of the “American Artisan,” and took an active part in organizing the New York society of practical engineers, of which he was president for several years. In 1869-'72 he was professor of agricultural chemistry in the American institute, and in the latter year he established himself as a solicitor of patents. In 1876 he was admitted to practice in the U. S. circuit courts. Iowa college gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1880. Besides numerous essays on scientific, mechanical, legal, and political subjects, Mr. Whitney is the author of a monograph on “The Relations of the Patent Laws to the Development of Agriculture” (New York, 1874); “The Chinese and the Chinese Question” (1880; enlarged ed., 1888); “Shobab, a Tale of Bethesda,” a poem (1884); “Sonnets and Lyrics” (1884); “The Children of Lamech,” a poem (1885); and “Poetical Works” (2 vols., 1886).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Whitney, Peter

Edition of 1889.
​WHITNEY, Peter, clergyman, b. in Northborough, Mass., 6 Sept., 1744; d. there, 29 Feb., 1816. He was graduated at Harvard in 1762, and on 4 Nov., 1767, ordained pastor at Northborough, where he remained till his death. He was the author of a “History of the County of Worcester” (Worcester, 1793); single sermons; and papers in the “Memoirs of the American Academy.” His son, Peter (1770-1843), was graduated at Harvard in 1791, had charge of the church at Quincy, Mass., ​from 1800 till his death, and published various discourses.—The second Peter's son, George, clergyman, b. in Quincy, Mass., 2 July, 1804; d. in Jamaica Plain, Mass., 2 April, 1842, was graduated at Harvard in 1824 and at the divinity-school in 1828, and from 1831 till his death was pastor of churches in Roxbury. He published “Some Account of the Early History and Present State of the Town of Quincy, Mass.” (Boston, 1827), of which he was preparing an enlarged edition at the time of his death.—George's brother, Frederic Augustus, clergyman, b. in Quincy, Mass., 13 Sept., 1812; d. in Brighton, Mass., 21 Oct., 1880, was graduated at Harvard in 1833 and at the divinity-school in 1838, teaching in the mean time. After doing missionary work, he was pastor at Brighton, Mass., in 1843-'59, and afterward lived in that town without a pastoral charge. He issued thirteen annual reports as chairman of the town school committee, and nine as president of the trustees of the Public library. Besides these, and various sermons, addresses, and contributions to current literature, he published “Historical Sketch of the Old Church at Quincy” (Albany, 1864), and “Biography of James Holton,” founder of the Holton library, Brighton (Boston, 1865). He was also the author of various hymns, some of which are collected in Rev. Alfred P. Putnam's “Singers and Songs of the Liberal Faith” (Boston, 1875).
# Byron

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Byron."
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Byron, a poem by Letitia Elizabeth Landon
* Byron, a poem by Edmund Clarence Stedman
* Byron, a biography in the English Men of Letters series, by John Nichol
* Byron, George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron, 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article, 1788-1824 English poet
For works by George Gordon Byron, Lord Byron, see Author:George Gordon Byron.
# Byron (Stedman)

"A hundred years, 't is writ,—O presage vain!—"
* Edmund Clarence Stedman (1897), "Byron" in Poems, now first collected.
* Edmund Clarence Stedman (1908), "Byron" in The poems of Edmund Clarence Stedman.
# Byron Nash Renal Medullary Carcinoma Awareness Act of 2021 (H.R. 124; 117th Congress)

117th congress (2021-2022)
117th CONGRESS 1st Session
H.R. 124
To amend title XIX of the Social Security Act to provide incentives for education on the risk of renal medullary carcinoma in individuals who are receiving medical assistance under such title and who have Sickle Cell Disease.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
January 4, 2021
Mr. Green of Texas introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce
A BILL
To amend title XIX of the Social Security Act to provide incentives for education on the risk of renal medullary carcinoma in individuals who are receiving medical assistance under such title and who have Sickle Cell Disease.
    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

### SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the “Byron Nash Renal Medullary Carcinoma Awareness Act of 2021”.

### Sec. 2. PROVIDING INCENTIVES FOR EDUCATION ON RISK OF RENAL MEDULLARY CARCINOMA TO INDIVIDUALS WITH SICKLE CELL DISEASE UNDER MEDICAID.

    (a) In General.—Section 1903(a)(3)(E)(ii) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1396b(a)(3)(E)(ii)) is amended by inserting “, renal medullary carcinoma,” after “stroke” each place it appears.
    (b) Effective Date.—The amendments made by subsection (a) shall apply with respect to items and services furnished on or after the date of the enactment of this Act.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# California Company v. Colorado

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
364 U.S. 285
California Company v. Colorado
See 364 U.S. 897, 81 S.Ct. 219.
John P. Akolt, V. P. Cline and Francis R. Kirkham, for appellant.
Duke W. Dunbar, Atty. Gen. of Colorado, Frank E. Hickey, Deputy Atty. Gen., Fred M. Winner and Carl W. Berueffy, Special Assistants to Atty. Gen., for appellees.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# California Artificial Stone Paving Company v. Molitor

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
113 U.S. 609
California Artificial Stone Paving Company v. Molitor
M. A. Wheaton, for Paving Co. E. M. Marble, for Molitor.
BRADLEY, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# California Artificial Stone-Paving Company v. Schalicke

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
119 U.S. 401
California Artificial Stone-Paving Company v. Schalicke
M. A. Wheaton, for appellant, California Artificial Stone-paving Co. Manuel Eyre, for appellee, Schalicke.
BLATCHFORD, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# California Company v. Colorado/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
364 U.S. 285
California Company v. Colorado
The motion to dismiss is granted and the appeal is dismissed for want of a substantial federal question.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# California Constitution

sourced from the State of California's official constitution website: "State Constitution - Table of Contents" on 5 June 2005.
PREAMBLE :
| ARTICLE I | DECLARATION OF RIGHTS |
| ARTICLE II | VOTING, INITIATIVE AND REFERENDUM, AND RECALL |
| ARTICLE III | STATE OF CALIFORNIA |
| ARTICLE IV | LEGISLATIVE |
| ARTICLE V | EXECUTIVE |
| ARTICLE VI | JUDICIAL |
| ARTICLE VII | PUBLIC OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES |
| there is no ARTICLE VIII |||
| ARTICLE IX | EDUCATION |
| ARTICLE X | WATER |
| ARTICLE X A | WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT |
| ARTICLE X B | MARINE RESOURCES PROTECTION ACT OF 1990 |
| ARTICLE XI | LOCAL GOVERNMENT |
| ARTICLE XII | PUBLIC UTILITIES |
| ARTICLE XIII | TAXATION |
| ARTICLE XIII A | TAX LIMITATION |
| ARTICLE XIII B | GOVERNMENT SPENDING LIMITATION |
| ARTICLE XIII C | VOTER APPROVAL FOR LOCAL TAX LEVIES |
| ARTICLE XIII D | ASSESSMENT AND PROPERTY-RELATED FEE REFORM |
| ARTICLE XIV | LABOR RELATIONS |
| ARTICLE XV | USURY |
| ARTICLE XVI | PUBLIC FINANCE |
| there is no ARTICLE XVII |||
| ARTICLE XVIII | AMENDING AND REVISING THE CONSTITUTION |
| ARTICLE XIX | MOTOR VEHICLE REVENUES |
| ARTICLE XIX A | LOANS FROM THE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ACCOUNT OR LOCAL TRANSPORTATION FUNDS |
| ARTICLE XIX B | MOTOR VEHICLE FUEL SALES TAX REVENUES AND TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENT FUNDING |
| ARTICLE XX | MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS |
| ARTICLE XXI | REDISTRICTING OF SENATE, ASSEMBLY, CONGRESSIONAL AND BOARD OF EQUALIZATION DISTRICTS |
| ARTICLE XXII | ARCHITECTURAL AND ENGINEERING SERVICES |
| there are no ARTICLES XXIII - XXXIII |||
| ARTICLE XXXIV | PUBLIC HOUSING PROJECT LAW |
| ARTICLE XXXV | MEDICAL RESEARCH |
This work is in the public domain in the U.S. because it is an edict of a government, local or foreign. See § 313.6(C)(2) of the Compendium II: Copyright Office Practices. Such documents include "legislative enactments, judicial decisions, administrative rulings, public ordinances, or similar types of official legal materials" as well as "any translation prepared by a government employee acting within the course of his or her official duties."
These do not include works of the Organization of American States, United Nations, or any of the UN specialized agencies. See Compendium III § 313.6(C)(2) and 17 U.S.C. 104(b)(5).
A non-American governmental edict may still be copyrighted outside the U.S. Similar to {{PD-in-USGov}}, the above U.S. Copyright Office Practice does not prevent U.S. states or localities from holding copyright abroad, depending on foreign copyright laws and regulations.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Bendē

​Bendē (Hibiscus esculentus).—An exogamous sept of Kuruba. The mucilaginous fruit (bendēkai or bandicoy) of this plant is a favourite vegetable of both Natives and Europeans. The nick-name Bendēkai is sometimes given, in reference to the sticky nature of the fruit, to those who try to smooth matters over between contending parties.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Benia

​Benia.— A small caste of Oriya cultivators and palanquin-bearers in Ganjam. It is on record* that in Ganjam honey and wax are collected by the Konds and Benias, who are expert climbers of precipitous rocks and lofty trees. The name is said to be derived from bena, grass, as the occupation of the caste was formerly to remove grass, and clear land for cultivation.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Bellapu

​Bellapu (jaggery: palm-sugar). — An exogamous sept of Boya.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Bellara

​Bellara.— " The Bellaras, or Belleras," Mr. H. A. Stuart writes,* "are a somewhat higher caste of basket and mat-makers than the Parava umbrella-makers and devil-dancers. They speak a dialect of Canarese (see South Canara Manual, Vol. II). They follow the aliya santāna law (inheritance in the female line), but divorce is not so easy as amongst most adherents of that rule of inheritance, and divorced women, it is said, may not marry again. Widows, however, may remarry. The dead are either burned or buried, and a feast called Yede ​Besala is given annually in the name of deceased ancestors. The use of alcohol and flesh, except beef, is permitted. They make both grass and bamboo mats."
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Bellathannaya

​Bellathannaya (jaggery : crude sugar).—An exogamous sept of Bant.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Benayito

​Benayito.—A sub-division of Odiya.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Belli

​Belli.—Belli or Velli, meaning silver, has been recorded as an exogamous sept of Badaga, Korava, Kuruba, Mādiga, Okkiliyan, Toreya, and Vakkaliga. The Belli Toreyas may not wear silver toe-rings. Vellikkai, or silver-handed, has been returned as a sub-division of the Konga Vellalas.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Bellē

​Bellē (white).—An exogamous sept of Kuruba. The equivalent bile occurs as a gōtra of Kurni.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Bengri

​Bengri (frog).—A sept of Dōmb.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Benise

​Benise (flint stone).—An exogamous sept of Kuruba.
# Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day/Mark Twain

MARK TWAIN.
The name by which the American humorist who wrote 'The Jumping Frog' is known by the readers of his works is a nom de plume. Mr. Samuel L. Clemens has only lately left England, and has promised to come and see us 'Britishers' again before long.
California has developed a literature of its own, and its proudest boast is the possession of Mark Twain. 'The Jumping Frog,' pronounced by the 'Saturday Review' 'an inimitably funny book,' soon made its author famous, and gained for him readers wherever English is spoken. 'The Jumping Frog' is a story of the Californian gold-mines; it is very humorous and very well told. 'Eye-openers,' 'Screamers,' 'A Burlesque Autobiography,' 'The Innocents Abroad,' and 'The New Pilgrim's Progress,' are all of them works of the peculiar humour invented by our American cousins, from the pen of the author of 'The Jumping Frog.'
In the summer of the year '67 a pleasure trip left New York, Mark Twain being one of the excursionists. For 1250 dollars, passengers were to cross the Atlantic, and visit Spain, Italy, Turkey, Greece, Egypt, and Syria. The incidents of travel and impressions of life in foreign parts are detailed by the American humorist in the two last works of the list given above. 'The Innocents Abroad' gives Twain's account of the voyage out;. while 'The New Pilgrim's Progress' recounts the adventures of the voyage home.
The author of these books is possessed of remarkable talent. His works are widely read and very generally popular. Mark Twain is altogether the best living exponent of American humour, and he may be sure of receiving a hearty welcome whenever he revisits the Old Country.
AMERICAN HUMOUR.