OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Æthelred

See also Æthelred of Mercia on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ÆTHELRED, king of Mercia, succeeded his brother Wulfhere in A.D. 675. In 676 he ravaged Kent with fire and sword, destroying the monasteries and churches and taking Rochester. Æthelred married Osthryth, the sister of Ecgfrith, king of Northumbria, but in spite of this connexion a quarrel arose between the two kings, presumably over the possession of the province of Lindsey, which Ecgfrith had won back at the close of the reign of Wulfhere. In a battle on the banks of the Trent in 679, the king of Mercia was victorious and regained the province. Ælfwine, the brother of Ecgfrith, was slain on this occasion, but at the intervention of Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury, Æthelred agreed to pay a wergild for the Northumbrian prince and so prevented further hostilities. Osthryth was murdered in 697 and Æthelred abdicated in 704, choosing Cœnred as his successor. He then became abbot of Bardney, and, according to Eddius, recommended Wilfrid to Cœnred on his return from Rome. Æthelred died at Bardney in 716. (See Wilfrid.)
Sources—Eddius, Vita Wilfridi (Raine), 23, 40, 43, 45-48, 57; Bede, Hist. Ecc. (ed. Plummer), iii. 11, iv. 12, 21; Saxon Chronicle, s.a. 676, 679, 704, 716.  (F. G. M. B.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Clarke, Sir Edward George

See also Edward Clarke (barrister) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​CLARKE, SIR EDWARD GEORGE (1841-), English lawyer and politician (see 6.444), retired from the bar in 1914. He published in 1918 an autobiography, The Story of my Life.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cohn, Gustav

See also Gustav Cohn on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​COHN, GUSTAV (1840–1919), German national economist (see 6.652), died in Sept. 1919, at Göttingen.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Clarke, Sir Caspar Purdon

See also Caspar Purdon Clarke on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​CLARKE, SIR CASPAR PURDON (1846-1911), English art expert, was born in London Dec. 21 1846. Educated privately at Sydenham and Boulogne. In 1862 he entered the art schools at South Kensington and was trained as an architect. In 1865 he entered the Office of Works, and in 1867 was attached to the works department of the South Kensington museum. He travelled extensively for the museum, purchasing objects of art, and at the same time carried on his profession as an architect. In 1883 he became keeper of the India museum at South Kensington, in 1892 keeper of the art collections at South Kensington, in 1893 assistant-director, and in 1896 director. This post he held until 1905, when he became director of the Metropolitan museum, New York, resigning in 1910. He was knighted in 1902. He died in London March 29 1911.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Clausen, George

See also George Clausen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​CLAUSEN, GEORGE (1852-), English painter (see 6.467). His recent work has been chiefly landscapes, such as “The Fields in June” (1914), now in the Cardiff gallery, and “Midsummer Dawn” (1921), but has also included portraits and figure work such as “The Window” (1912), now in Cape Town gallery. For the Imperial War museum he painted the large “Gun Factory at Woolwich Arsenal” (1919), broadly decorative but very refined in handling. His decorative work also includes “Renaissance" (1915) and decorations for the Hall at High Royd, Huddersfield, consisting of life-size figures in lunettes. He was elected R.A. in 1908, and is a member of the R.W.S. He is represented in the Tate gallery by “The Girl at the Gate” (1890) and “The Gleaners Returning” (1908).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Colajanni, Napoleone

See also Napoleone Colajanni on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
COLAJANNI, NAPOLEONE (1847–1921), Italian author and politician, was born at Castrogiovanni (Sicily) in 1847. He followed Garibaldi in his Sicilian expedition, and later at Aspromonte, when he was taken prisoner by the Royal troops and deported to Palmaria. Again in 1866 he fought under Garibaldi in the Trentino and was decorated with a silver medal for valour. Three years later, while a medical student, he was imprisoned for taking part in republican agitation. After graduating in medicine he took up the study of social science, and in 1892 was appointed professor of statistics at the university of Palermo. He published many books and essays on social and political problems, and exposed the fallacious and unscientific theories of Lombroso and Ferri on criminology. For many years he edited the Rivista popolare, by means of which he strove to improve the moral and intellectual standard of the masses and combated all forms of intolerance and hypocrisy. He began his public career as a municipal councillor in his native town in 1872; in 1882 he was elected provincial councillor and in 1890 deputy for the same place. In Parliament he sat as a Republican and showed Socialist tendencies. He was active in the exposure of the Banca Romana scandal, and a strong opponent of Crispi’s somewhat autocratic tendencies. While he had always opposed militarism and had also attacked the army with much animus, on the outbreak of the World War he admitted his error in that connexion and became a warm supporter of Italian intervention. After the Armistice he conducted a vigorous campaign against the Socialist organ Avanti and the bolshevist tendencies of the Italian Socialist party. He died at Castrogiovanni Sept. 2 1921.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cochéry, Georges Charles Paul

See also Georges Cochery on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​COCHÉRY, GEORGES CHARLES PAUL (1855–1914), French politician (see 6.619), died in Paris Aug. 8 1914.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Colby, Bainbridge

See also Bainbridge Colby on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​COLBY, BAINBRIDGE (1869–), American politician, was born at St. Louis Dec. 22 1869. After graduating from Williams College in 1890, he studied at the Columbia Law School and the New York Law School. He began to practise in 1892 in New York. He was counsel for Mark Twain in settling the affairs of the publishing house of Chas. L. Webster & Co. He was a member of the New York Assembly, 1901–2. He was an ardent supporter of the candidacy of Theodore Roosevelt for the Republican presidential nomination in 1912, and was in charge of the contests for seating the Roosevelt delegates in the national convention. Following the split in the Republican party he became one of the founders of the National Progressive party and was a delegate at its national convention in Chicago in 1912. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the U.S. Senate from New York on this party’s ticket in 1914 and 1916. He was appointed a commissioner of the U.S. Shipping Board, and a member of the U.S. Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corp. 1917–9. He was likewise a member of the American mission to the Inter-Allied Conference at Paris in 1917. In Feb. 1920 he was appointed Secretary of State to succeed Robert L. Lansing by President Wilson, to whose administration he had given his support.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Coleridge-Taylor, Samuel

See also Samuel Coleridge-Taylor on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​COLERIDGE-TAYLOR, SAMUEL (1875–1912), British musical composer, was of Anglo-African parentage, his father being a native of Sierra Leone and his mother an Englishwoman. He was educated at the Royal College of Music in London, entering as a violinist in 1891. In 1893 he won an open scholarship for composition, and studied for four years under Sir Charles Stanford. In 1898 his cantata, Hiawatha’s Wedding Feast, was produced in London with marked success, and was followed by two other cantatas, The Death of Minnehaha and The Departure of Hiawatha (see 19.85). This trilogy was first given complete at the Albert Hall, London, in 1900. The Blind Girl of Castel Cuillé was given at Leeds in 1901, Meg Blane at Sheffield in 1902, and an oratorio, The Atonement, at Hereford in 1903. He also produced Endymion’s Dream and the Bon-Bon suite (1908–9), and A Tale of Old Japan (1911). He died at Croydon Sept. 1 1912.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cody, William Frederick

See also Buffalo Bill on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​CODY, WILLIAM FREDERICK (1846–1917), American scout and showman (see 6.637), died in Denver, Col., Jan. 10 1917. He was buried in a tomb blasted from solid rock on Lookout Mountain, 20 m. from that city.
# A Channel Passage and Other Poems/Prologue to A Very Woman

PROLOGUE TO A VERY WOMAN
Swift music made of passion's changeful power,
Sweet as the change that leaves the world in flower
When spring laughs winter down to deathward, rang
From grave and gracious lips that smiled and sang
When Massinger, too wise for kings to hear
And learn of him truth, wisdom, faith, or fear,
Gave all his gentler heart to love's light lore,
That grief might brood and scorn breed wrath no more.
Soft, bright, fierce, tender, fitful, truthful, sweet,
A shrine where faith and change might smile and meet, A soul whose music could but shift its tune
As when the lustrous year turns May to June
And spring subsides in summer, so makes good
Its perfect claim to very womanhood.
The heart that hate of wrong made fire, the hand
Whose touch was fire as keen as shame's own brand
When fraud and treason, swift to smile and sting,
Crowned and discrowned a tyrant, knave or king,
False each and ravenous as the fitful sea,
Grew gently glad as love that fear sets free. Like eddying ripples that the wind restrains,
The bright words whisper music ere it wanes. Ere fades the sovereign sound of song that rang
As though the sun to match the sea's tune sang,
When noon from dawn took life and light, and time
Shone, seeing how Shakespeare made the world sublime,
Ere sinks the wind whose breath was heaven's and day's,
The sunset's witness gives the sundawn praise.
# A Channel Passage and Other Poems/Prologue to Doctor Faustus

Previously printed on pp. 5-6 of The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus. By Christopher Marlowe. As revived by The Elizabethan Stage Society, 1904. Also printed in The Athenæum, July 11th, 1896, p. 64.
PROLOGUE TO DOCTOR FAUSTUS
Light, as when dawn takes wing and smites the sea,
Smote England when his day bade Marlowe be.
No fire so keen had thrilled the clouds of time
Since Dante's breath made Italy sublime.
Earth, bright with flowers whose dew shone soft as tears,
Through Chaucer cast her charm on eyes and ears:
The lustrous laughter of the love-lit earth
Rang, leapt, and lightened in his might of mirth.
Deep moonlight, hallowing all the breathless air,
Made earth and heaven for Spenser faint and fair. But song might bid not heaven and earth be one
Till Marlowe's voice gave warning of the sun.
Thought quailed and fluttered as a wounded bird
Till passion fledged the wing of Marlowe's word.
Faith born of fear bade hope and doubt be dumb
Till Marlowe's pride bade light or darkness come.
Then first our speech was thunder: then our song
Shot lightning through the clouds that wrought us wrong.
Blind fear, whose faith feeds hell with fire, became
A moth self-shrivelled in its own blind flame. We heard, in tune with even our seas that roll,
The speech of storm, the thunders of the soul. Men's passions, clothed with all the woes they wrought,
Shone through the fire of man's transfiguring thought.
The thirst of knowledge, quenchless at her springs,
Ambition, fire that clasps the thrones of kings,
Love, light that makes of life one lustrous hour,
And song, the soul's chief crown and throne of power,
The hungering heart of greed and ravenous hate,
Made music high as heaven and deep as fate. Strange pity, scarce half scornful of her tear,
In Berkeley's vaults bowed down on Edward's bier.
But higher in forceful flight of song than all
The soul of man, its own imperious thrall,
Rose, when his royal spirit of fierce desire
Made life and death for man one flame of fire.
Incarnate man, fast bound as earth and sea,
Spake, when his pride would fain set Faustus free.
Eternal beauty, strong as day and night,
Shone, when his word bade Helen back to sight. Fear, when he bowed the soul before her spell,
Thundered and lightened through the vaults of hell.
The music known of all men's tongues that sing,
When Marlowe sang, bade love make heaven of spring;
The music none but English tongues may make,
Our own sole song, spake first when Marlowe spake;
And on his grave, though there no stone may stand,
The flower it shows was laid by Shakespeare's hand.
# A Channel Passage and Other Poems/Prologue to The Two Noble Kinsmen

PROLOGUE TO THE TWO NOBLE KINSMEN
Sweet as the dewfall, splendid as the south,
Love touched with speech Boccaccio's golden mouth,
Joy thrilled and filled its utterance full with song,
And sorrow smiled on doom that wrought no wrong.
A starrier lustre of lordlier music rose
Beyond the sundering bar of seas and snows
When Chaucer's thought took life and light from his
And England's crown was one with Italy's.
Loftiest and last, by grace of Shakespeare's word,
Arose above their quiring spheres a third, Arose, and flashed, and faltered: song's deep sky
Saw Shakespeare pass in light, in music die.
No light like his, no music, man might give
To bid the darkened sphere, left songless, live.
Soft though the sound of Fletcher's rose and rang And lit the lunar darkness as it sang,
Below the singing stars the cloud-crossed moon
Gave back the sunken sun's a trembling tune.
As when at highest high tide the sovereign sea
Pauses, and patience doubts if passion be, Till gradual ripples ebb, recede, recoil,
Shine, smile, and whisper, laughing as they toil,
Stark silence fell, at turn of fate's high tide,
Upon his broken song when Shakespeare died, Till Fletcher's light sweet speech took heart to say
What evening, should it speak for morning, may.
And fourfold now the gradual glory shines
That shows once more in heaven two twinborn signs,
Two brethren stars whose light no cloud may fret,
No soul whereon their story dawns forget.
# A Channel Passage and Other Poems/Prologue to The Duchess of Malfy

Previously printed in The Nineteenth Century, January 1899, pp. 90-91.
PROLOGUE TO THE DUCHESS OF MALFY
When Shakespeare soared from life to death, above
All praise, all adoration, save of love,
As here on earth above all men he stood
That were or are or shall be—great, and good,
Past thank or thought of England or of man—
Light from the sunset quickened as it ran.
His word, who sang as never man may sing
And spake as never voice of man may ring,
Not fruitless fell, as seed on sterile ways,
But brought forth increase even to Shakespeare's praise. Our skies were thrilled and filled, from sea to sea,
With stars outshining all their suns to be.
No later light of tragic song they knew
Like his whose lightning clove the sunset through.
Half Shakespeare's glory, when his hand sublime
Bade all the change of tragic life and time
Live, and outlive all date of quick and dead,
Fell, rested, and shall rest on Webster's head.
Round him the shadows cast on earth by light
Rose, changed, and shone, transfiguring death and night. Where evil only crawled and hissed and slew
On ways where nought save shame and bloodshed grew,
He bade the loyal light of honour live,
And love, when stricken through the heart, forgive.
Deep down the midnight of the soul of sin
He lit the star of mercy throned therein.
High up the darkness of sublime despair
He set the sun of love to triumph there.
Things foul or frail his touch made strong and pure,
And bade things transient like to stars endure. Terror, on wings whose flight made night in heaven,
Pity, with hands whence life took love for leaven,
Breathed round him music whence his mortal breath
Drew life that bade forgetfulness and death
Die: life that bids his light of fiery fame
Endure with England's, yea, with Shakespeare's name.
# A Channel Passage and Other Poems/Prologue to The Spanish Gipsy

Previously printed on p. 3 of the Programme of the Performance of The Spanish Gipsy by the Elizabethan Stage Society, at St. George's Hall, April 5th, 1898. Also printed in The Athenæum, April 9th, 1898, p. 468.
PROLOGUE TO THE SPANISH GIPSY
The wind that brings us from the springtide south
Strange music as from love's or life's own mouth
Blew hither, when the blast of battle ceased
That swept back southward Spanish prince and priest,
A sound more sweet than April's flower-sweet rain,
And bade bright England smile on pardoned Spain.
The land that cast out Philip and his God
Grew gladly subject where Cervantes trod.
Even he whose name above all names on earth
Crowns England queen by grace of Shakespeare's birth Might scarce have scorned to smile in God's wise down
And gild with praise from heaven an earthlier crown.
And he whose hand bade live down lengthening years
Quixote, a name lit up with smiles and tears,
Gave the glad watchword of the gipsies' life,
Where fear took hope and grief took joy to wife.
Times change, and fame is fitful as the sea:
But sunset bids not darkness always be,
And still some light from Shakespeare and the sun
Burns back the cloud that masks not Middleton. With strong swift strokes of love and wrath he drew
Shakespearean London's loud and lusty crew:
No plainer might the likeness rise and stand
When Hogarth took his living world in hand. No surer then his fire-fledged shafts could hit,
Winged with as forceful and as faithful wit:
No truer a tragic depth and heat of heart
Glowed through the painter's than the poet's art.
He lit and hung in heaven the wan fierce moon
Whose glance kept time with witchcraft's air-struck tune: He watched the doors where loveless love let in
The pageant hailed and crowned by death and sin
He bared the souls where love, twin-born with hate,
Made wide the way for passion-fostered fate.
All English-hearted, all his heart arose
To scourge with scorn his England's cowering foes:
And Rome and Spain, who bade their scorner be
Their prisoner, left his heart as England's free.
Now give we all we may of all his due
To one long since thus tried and found thus true.
# A Channel Passage and Other Poems/Prologue to Old Fortunatus

PROLOGUE TO OLD FORTUNATUS
The golden bells of fairyland, that ring
Perpetual chime for childhood's flower-sweet spring,
Sang soft memorial music in his ear
Whose answering music shines about us here.
Soft laughter as of light that stirs the sea
With darkling sense of dawn ere dawn may be,
Kind sorrow, pity touched with gentler scorn,
Keen wit whose shafts were sunshafts of the morn,
Love winged with fancy, fancy thrilled with love,
An eagle's aim and ardour in a dove, A man's delight and passion in a child,
Inform it as when first they wept and smiled.
Life, soiled and rent and ringed about with pain
Whose touch lent action less of spur than chain,
Left half the happiness his birth designed,
And half the power, unquenched in heart and mind.
Comrade and comforter, sublime in shame,
A poor man bound in prison whence he came
Poor, and took up the burden of his life
Smiling, and strong to strive with sorrow and strife, He spake in England's ear the poor man's word,
Manful and mournful, deathless and unheard.
His kind great heart was fire, and love's own fire,
Compassion, strong as flesh may feel desire, To enkindle pity and mercy toward a soul
Sunk down in shame too deep for shame's control.
His kind keen eye was light to lighten hope
Where no man else might see life's darkness ope
And pity's touch bring forth from evil good,
Sweet as forgiveness, strong as fatherhood. Names higher than his outshine it and outsoar,
But none save one should memory cherish more:
Praise and thanksgiving crown the names above,
But him we give the gift he gave us, love.
# A Channel Passage and Other Poems/Prologue to The Broken Heart

PROLOGUE TO THE BROKEN HEART
The mightiest choir of song that memory hears
Gave England voice for fifty lustrous years.
Sunrise and thunder fired and shook the skies
That saw the sun-god Marlowe's opening eyes. The morn's own music, answered of the sea,
Spake, when his living lips bade Shakespeare be,
And England, made by Shakespeare's quickening breath
Divine and deathless even till life be death,
Brought forth to time such godlike sons of men
That shamefaced love grows pride, and now seems then. Shame that their day so shone, so sang, so died,
Remembering, finds remembrance one with pride.
That day was clouding toward a stormlit close
When Ford's red sphere upon the twilight rose.
Sublime with stars and sunset fire, the sky
Glowed as though day, nigh dead, should never die.
Sorrow supreme and strange as chance or doom
Shone, spake, and shuddered through the lustrous gloom.
Tears lit with love made all the darkening air
Bright as though death's dim sunrise thrilled it there And life re-risen took comfort. Stern and still
As hours and years that change and anguish fill, The strong secluded spirit, ere it woke,
Dwelt dumb till power possessed it, and it spoke.
Strange, calm, and sure as sense of beast or bird,
Came forth from night the thought that breathed the word;
That chilled and thrilled with passion-stricken breath
Halls where Calantha trod the dance of death.
A strength of soul too passionately pure
To change for aught that horror bids endure, To quail and wail and weep faint life away
Ere sovereign sorrow smite, relent, and slay,
Sustained her silent, till her bridal bloom
Changed, smiled, and waned in rapture toward the tomb.
Terror twin-born with pity kissed and thrilled
The lips that Shakespeare's word or Webster's filled:
Here both, cast out, fell silent: pity shrank,
Rebuked, and terror, spirit-stricken, sank:
The soul assailed arose afar above
All reach of all but only death and love.
# A Channel Passage and Other Poems/Prologue to The Revenger's Tragedy

Previously printed in The Star, January 16th, 1899, p. i.
PROLOGUE TO THE REVENGER'S TRAGEDY
Fire, and behind the breathless flight of fire
Thunder that quickens fear and quells desire,
Make bright and loud the terror of the night
Wherein the soul sees only wrath for light.
Wrath winged by love and sheathed by grief in steel
Sets on the front of crime death's withering seal.
The heaving horror of the storms of sin
Brings forth in fear the lightning hid therein,
And flashes back to darkness: truth, found pure
And perfect, asks not heaven if shame endure. What life and death were his whose raging song
Bore heaven such witness of the wild world's wrong,
What hand was this that grasped such thunder, none
Knows: night and storm seclude him from the sun.
By daytime none discerns the fire of Mars:
Deep darkness bares to sight the sterner stars,
The lights whose dawn seems doomsday. None may tell
Whence rose a world so lit from heaven and hell.
Life-wasting love, hate born of raging lust,
Fierce retribution, fed with death's own dust And sorrow's pampering poison, cross and meet,
And wind the world in passion's winding-sheet.
So, when dark faith in faith's dark ages heard
Falsehood, and drank the poison of the Word, Two shades misshapen came to monstrous birth,
A father fiend in heaven, a thrall on earth:
Man, meanest born of beasts that press the sod,
And die: the vilest of his creatures, God.
A judge unjust, a slave that praised his name,
Made life and death one fire of sin and shame. And thence reverberate even on Shakespeare's age
A light like darkness crossed his sunbright stage.
Music, sublime as storm or sorrow, sang
Before it: tempest like a harpstring rang.
The fiery shadow of a name unknown
Rose, and in song's high heaven abides alone.