OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Richmond, Ind.

See also Richmond, Indiana on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Richmond, Ind., a city on the east fork of Whitewater River, 70 miles by rail from Cincinnati and about the same distance from Indianapolis. It was founded by the Society of Friends, who established Earlham College (coeducational) here in 1859. The public-school system is excellent. The city has important manufactures of agricultural implements and buggies. Population 22,324.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Richmond, Leigh

See also Legh Richmond on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Richmond, Leigh, English clergyman, author of The Dairyman's Daughter, was born at Liverpool, Jan. 29, 1772, and while a child was lamed for life by leaping from a wall. He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, and after filling the joint curacies of Brading and Yaverland in the Isle of Wight for a number of years, in 1805 he was appointed to the rectory of Turvey, Bedfordshire, where he died on May 8, 1827. Besides The Dairyman's Daughter he wrote The Negro Servant and The Young Cottager. The three tracts have carried his name over the civilized world. Collected, they form The Annals of the Poor.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Riga

See also Riga on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Riga (rē′gȧ), capital of Livonia, and the third seaport of Russia, lies on Dwina River, seven miles from its mouth and 350 from St. Petersburg. The old town has narrow streets and medieval houses and stores; but the suburbs are laid out in broad streets with handsome buildings. Manufactures are numerous and varied and employ several thousand people. Riga was founded in 1201 by Albert, bishop of Livonia, and soon became a first-rate commercial town and a member of the Hanseatic League. It belonged to Poland from 1561 till it was taken by Gustavus Adolphus in 1621, and in 1710 it was finally annexed to Russia. Population 318,400.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Charlottenburg

See also Charlottenburg on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Charlot′tenburg is a large suburb lying to the west of Berlin. It is visited by tourists for the sake of the royal palace, built here in 1696 by Frederick I for his second wife, Sophia. The grounds and statuary are of great beauty. Charlottenburg has become the seat of many factories; and its population, which in 1871 was estimated at less than 20,000, has multiplied no less than tenfold.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Charlottesville, Va.

See also Charlottesville, Virginia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Char′lottesville, Va., a city, the seat of Albemarle County, on the Rivanna River and on the Southern and the Chesapeake & Ohio railroads, about 100 miles northwest of Richmond. It is the seat of the University of Virginia, founded in 1819 by Thomas Jefferson of Monticello, near by; also the seat of Albemarle College, Rawlings Female Institute and other educational institutions. Settled in 1744, Charlottesville became a city in 1888, and owns its gas and waterworks, which are operated by the municipality. Its industries embrace cigar-factories, wine-presses, flour, planing and woolen mills and textile manufactures. Population (1910), 6,800
# The New Student's Reference Work/Charter-House

See also Charterhouse School on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Charter-House, a famous school and hospital of London, founded in 1611. It first provides a good home for 80 “poor brethren.” The Charter-House school maintains some 60 scholarships, worth from $375 to $475, which are open to boys from 12 to 15 years old. Besides the holders of these scholarships, many Londoners send their boys to this school because of its reputation. Blackstone, Addison, Steele, John Wesley, Grote, Thackeray, John Leech, Eastlake and many other men of note and ability were educated there. In1872 the school was removed to Godalming in Surrey.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Chase, Salmon P.

See also Salmon P. Chase on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Chase, Salmon P., chief-justice of the United States, was born at Cornish, N. H,, Jan. 13, 1808. He graduated at Dartmouth College, and entered the law, practicing at Washington, D. C. His edition of the Statutes of Ohio, now court authority, made him known as a jurist, while his arguments in several cases intrusted to him, in favor of the rights of fugitive slaves, brought him into great prominence. In 1841 Chase entered politics as an opponent of slavery extension and was one of the founders of the Free-soil party. In 1849 he was chosen senator from Ohio as a Democrat, but withdrew from that party soon after on the slavery question. On his record in the senate he was elected governor of Ohio by the Republican party in 1855, and re-elected two years later. He was secretary of the treasury in President Lincoln's cabinet from 1861 to 1864. On him fell the burden of finding the ways and means of carrying the government financially through the war. Legal-tender greenbacks, issuing of bonds and the national banking system were the chief means used. In 1864 he became chief-justice of the United States, and as the head of the supreme court presided at the impeachment trial of President Johnson. He died at New York on May 7, 1873.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Chateauguay

See also Châteauguay on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Chateauguay (shȧ′tō′gắ′), a village in the county of that name in the province of Quebec, possessing a monument erected in 1895 to commemorate the victory there gained by Col. de Salaberry over the Americans in 1813.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Charter-Oak

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​ Charter-Oak. See Andros and Hartford.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Chateaubriand, François René, Vicomte de

See also François-René de Chateaubriand on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Chateaubriand (shȧ-tō′brē′än′), François René, Vicomte de, a French man-of-letters, was born in Brittany, Sept. 14, 1768. At the time of the French Revolution he took part at first with the exiled royalists, but, returning to France, was employed in a diplomatic service by Napoleon. On the murder of the Duc d'Enghein, he threw up his office as ambassador to the Republic of Valais. He supported the restoration monarchy, becoming a minister of state, and was appointed ambassador-extraordinary to England. He visited America when a young man, and afterwards traveled in the east. His love story of savage life, Atala, made his literary reputation. This appeared in 1801, and the Genius of Christianity added its quota to raise him to the foremost place among French writers of the day. Chateaubriand's books abound in passages of brilliant description, and there is no French author before him whose prose writings can compare with his in the power of conveying the beauty and mystery of nature. Chateaubriand is called the father of the French romantic school of writers. He died at Paris, July 4, 1848.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Chemotaxis

See also Chemotaxis on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Chem′otax′is (in plants), the sensitiveness of an organism, free to move about, to a one-sided chemical stimulus (see Irritability), to which it responds by taking up a definite attitude with respect to the direction from which the substance is diffusing. Since no plants (except possibly the myxomycetes or slime-moulds, which see) are free to orient themselves thus unless they are immersed in water, it follows that the substance in order to act must be soluble and diffusible in water. Thus the sperms (male cells) of mosses will so place themselves in a diffusing current of sugar particles that, as they swim, they move toward the source of the sugar. Such agencies are believed to determine the movement of the sperms toward the egg in many plants.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Charlottetown

See also Charlottetown on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Char′lottetown, the capital of Prince Edward Island (which is separated from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia by Northumberland Strait) has a population of 13,000. It is nicely located on a good harbor in Hillsborough Bay. It has the main trade of the island. Its main industry is shipbuilding. The Prince Edward Island Railway, owned by the government of Canada, connects Charlottetown with the towns of the island, and a submarine telegraph connects the island with the province of New Brunswick, a distance of nine miles.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Chatham, Earl of

See also the disclaimer.
​ Chatham, Earl of. See Pitt.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Cotton, Charles

Edition of 1905. See also Charles Cotton on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COT′TON, Charles (1630-87). An English translator and poet, said to have been educated at Cambridge. He was a friend of Izaak Walton, to whom he addressed several poems, and to the fifth edition (1676) of whose Compleat Angler he contributed as the ‘second part’ an essay on fly-fishing. His works, nearly all in verse, include a translation of Corneille's Horace (1671); the Life of the Duke d'Espernon (1670); The Fair One of Tunis, published anonymously (1674); The Scarronides, or Virgil Travestie (1664); The Voyage to Ireland, and The Wonders of the Peak (1681). Cotton was a famous angler and was horticulturist enough to write an excellent Planters’ Manual (1675). Some of his poems have been much admired for their sweetness and directness of style. Wordsworth and Lamb particularly praised his Ode to Winter. His best work, the English version of Montaigne's Essays (1685, and frequently since), places him among the greatest of translators.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Court, Presentation at

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​COURT, Presentation at. What in monarchical countries is considered the honor of being presented at Court or formally introduced to the sovereign, is valued not only for the éclat of the ceremonial, but also for its service as a credential. Having been received by his own sovereign, a person may expect to be received anywhere else, and may claim to be presented by the representative of his country at any foreign Court. The privilege is therefore carefully guarded from abuse; and during her long reign, Queen Victoria exercised the most scrupulous personal supervision over the names of those who sought the honor, excluding all whose reputation was in the slightest degree tarnished. In England the names of those desiring to be presented, and of their presenters, must be sent to the Lord Chamberlain's office several days previously for approbation. Those who are not British subjects may be presented by their own ambassador. An elaborate ceremonial, including the wearing of full Court dress, is connected with the ceremony. For fuller information as to court dress, etc., consult Armytage, Old Customs and Modern Court Rules (London, 1883).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Cotton, Artificial

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer. Apparently taken from “Artificial cotton in Austria,” Fibre and Fabric, v. xxix, no. 746, p. 206.
​ COTTON, Artificial. A material made in Germany from the wood of the fir-tree, which is reduced to thin shavings. These are washed, then steamed for ten hours, after which they are treated with a strong solution of sodium lye and then heated under great pressure for thirty-six hours. The wood is then said to be changed to pure cellulose. To give the material greater resisting power, castor-oil and gelatin are added, after which it is ready to be spun into thread and reeled.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Court (royal)

Edition of 1905. See also Royal court on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COURT. A name originally applied to the square or space inclosed by the buildings of a feudal castle. In time it came to denote the persons immediately surrounding a feudal chief or superior. Its application is now confined to the residence and surroundings of sovereign princes, together with such persons of distinction as are in the habit of approaching the monarch and of associating with the other members of the royal family, both in a public and a private capacity.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Covered Way

Edition of 1905. See also Covertway on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COVERED WAY, or COVERT WAY. A term used in fortification to describe a passage constructed on the side of the ditch toward the enemy. See Fortification.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Coverly, Sir Roger de

Edition of 1905. See also Roger de Coverly on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COVERLY, kŭv′ẽr-lĭ, Sir Roger de. An old English dance, so called from the tune used during its performance. Neither the author of the tune nor the date of its composition is known, but the editor of the Skene MS. claims the tune as Scotch, on the authority of a MS. dated 1706, and says that north of the Tweed it is known as the “Mautman comes on Monday.” The tune is variously called “Old Roger of Coverly for evermore, a Lancashire Hornpipe;” “Roger of Coverly;” “Roger a Coverly,” in Gay's opera Polly; “Roger de Coverly,” in Robin Hood; and “Sir Roger de Coverly,” in Fielding's Tom Jones. A song, “O Brave Roger de Coverly,” is contained in Pills to Purge Melancholy. The dance is an old-fashioned country-dance (or contredanse), and is known in the United States as the “Virginia reel.” Addison took the name for his Sir Roger de Coverley in the Spectator.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Coversed Sine

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​COVERSED (kō̇-vẽrst′) SINE. See Trigonometry.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Coverture

Edition of 1905. See also Coverture on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COVERTURE (OF. coverture, Fr. couverture, covering, from ML. cooptura, from Lat. cooperire, to cover, from co-, together + operire, to cover, for opverire, Lith. uzh-veriù, I shut). Under the common law, the legal condition or status of a married woman. By that law, an unmarried woman, whether spinster or widow, is a ‘complete juristic person,’ having the same standing before the law as a man. Upon marrying, however, i.e. coming under the protection of a man, her legal position is radically altered, and, in many respects, completely merged in that of her husband. This is especially true of her property rights. Her goods and chattels at once become his property. He acquires custody of her claims against others (choses in action), and may collect them for his own benefit. Her land passes under his control, and he acquires a joint seisin with her therein and may take the rents and profits to his own use during the continuance of the marriage relation. On the other hand, he becomes liable to pay her debts, those contracted before as well as those contracted after marriage, and under some circumstances he is responsible for her torts and crimes. The modern legislation which has almost restored to the married woman her lost personality will be described under the titles Husband and Wife and Married Woman. Consult the authorities referred to under these titles, and also those under Common Law.
# The Old Bachelor (Congreve)/Epilogue

EPILOGUE. Spoken by Mrs. Barry.
As a rash girl, who will all hazards run, And be enjoyed, though sure to be undone, Soon as her curiosity is over, Would give the world she could her toy recover, So fares it with our poet; and I’m sent To tell you he already does repent: Would you were all as forward to keep Lent. Now the deed’s done, the giddy thing has leisure To think o’ th’ sting, that’s in the tail of pleasure. Methinks I hear him in consideration: What will the world say? Where’s my reputation? Now that’s at stake. No, fool, ’tis out o’ fashion. If loss of that should follow want of wit, How many undone men were in the pit! Why that’s some comfort to an author’s fears, If he’s an ass, he will be tryed by’s peers. But hold, I am exceeding my commission: My business here was humbly to petition; But we’re so used to rail on these occasions, I could not help one trial of your patience: For ’tis our way, you know, for fear o’ th’ worst, To be beforehand still, and cry Fool first. How say you, sparks? How do you stand affected? I swear, young Bays within is so dejected, ’Twould grieve your hearts to see him; shall I call him? But then you cruel critics would so maul him! Yet may be you’ll encourage a beginner; But how? Just as the devil does a sinner. Women and wits are used e’en much at one, You gain your end, and damn ’em when you’ve done.
# The Old Bachelor (Congreve)/Poem by J. Marsh

TO MR. CONGREVE.
The danger’s great in these censorious days, When critics are so rife to venture praise: When the infectious and ill-natured brood Behold, and damn the work, because ’tis good, And with a proud, ungenerous spirit, try To pass an ostracism on poetry. But you, my friend, your worth does safely bear Above their spleen; you have no cause for fear; Like a well-mettled hawk, you took your flight Quite out of reach, and almost out of sight. As the strong sun, in a fair summer’s day, You rise, and drive the mists and clouds away, The owls and bats, and all the birds of prey. Each line of yours, like polished steel’s so hard, In beauty safe, it wants no other guard. Nature herself’s beholden to your dress, Which though still like, much fairer you express. Some vainly striving honour to obtain, Leave to their heirs the traffic of their brain: Like China under ground, the ripening ware, In a long time, perhaps grows worth our care. But you now reap the fame, so well you’ve sown; The planter tastes his fruit to ripeness grown. As a fair orange-tree at once is seen Big with what’s ripe, yet springing still with green, So at one time, my worthy friend appears, With all the sap of youth, and weight of years. Accept my pious love, as forward zeal, Which though it ruins me I can’t conceal: Exposed to censure for my weak applause, I’m pleased to suffer in so just a cause; And though my offering may unworthy prove, Take, as a friend, the wishes of my love.
# The Old Bachelor (Congreve)/Prologue by Lord Falkland

PROLOGUE INTENDED FOR THE OLD BACHELOR. Written by the Lord Falkland.
Most authors on the stage at first appear Like widows’ bridegrooms, full of doubt and fear: They judge, from the experience of the dame, How hard a task it is to quench her flame; And who falls short of furnishing a course Up to his brawny predecessor’s force, With utmost rage from her embraces thrown, Remains convicted as an empty drone. Thus often, to his shame, a pert beginner Proves in the end a miserable sinner.  As for our youngster, I am apt to doubt him, With all the vigour of his youth about him; But he, more sanguine, trusts in one and twenty, And impudently hopes he shall content you: For though his bachelor be worn and cold, He thinks the young may club to help the old, And what alone can be achieved by neither, Is often brought about by both together. The briskest of you all have felt alarms, Finding the fair one prostitute her charms With broken sighs, in her old fumbler’s arms: But for our spark, he swears he’ll ne’er be jealous Of any rivals, but young lusty fellows. Faith, let him try his chance, and if the slave, After his bragging, prove a washy knave, May he be banished to some lonely den And never more have leave to dip his pen. But if he be the champion he pretends, Both sexes sure will join to be his friends, For all agree, where all can have their ends. And you must own him for a man of might, If he holds out to please you the third night.
# The Old Bachelor (Congreve)/Dramatis Personæ

DRAMATIS PERSONÆ.
MEN.
* HEARTWELL, a surly old bachelor, pretending to slight women, secretly in love with Sylvia—Mr. Betterton.
* BELLMOUR, in love with Belinda—Mr. Powell
* VAINLOVE, capricious in his love; in love with Araminta—Mr. Williams
* SHARPER,—Mr. Verbruggen
* SIR JOSEPH WITTOL,—Mr. Bowen
* CAPTAIN BLUFFE,—Mr. Haines.
* FONDLEWIFE, a banker—Mr. Dogget
* SETTER, a pimp—Mr. Underhill
* SERVANT to Fondlewife.
WOMEN.
* ARAMINTA, in love with Vainlove—Mrs. Bracegirdle.
* BELINDA, her cousin, an affected lady, in love with Bellmour—Mrs. Mountfort
* LÆTITIA, wife to Fondlewife—Mrs. Barry.
* SYLVIA, Vainlove’s forsaken mistress—Mrs. Bowman
* LUCY, her maid—Mrs. Leigh
* BETTY.
* BOY and FOOTMEN.
SCENE: London.
# The Old Bachelor (Congreve)/Poem by Thomas Southerne

TO MR. CONGREVE.
When virtue in pursuit of fame appears, And forward shoots the growth beyond the years. We timely court the rising hero’s cause, And on his side the poet wisely draws, Bespeaking him hereafter by applause. The days will come, when we shall all receive Returning interest from what now we give, Instructed and supported by that praise And reputation which we strive to raise. Nature so coy, so hardly to be wooed, Flies, like a mistress, but to be pursued. O Congreve! boldly follow on the chase: She looks behind and wants thy strong embrace: She yields, she yields, surrenders all her charms, Do you but force her gently to your arms: Such nerves, such graces, in your lines appear, As you were made to be her ravisher. Dryden has long extended his command, By right divine, quite through the muses’ land, Absolute lord; and holding now from none, But great Apollo, his undoubted crown. That empire settled, and grown old in power Can wish for nothing but a successor: Not to enlarge his limits, but maintain Those provinces, which he alone could gain. His eldest Wycherly, in wise retreat, Thought it not worth his quiet to be great. Loose, wand’ring Etherege, in wild pleasures tost, And foreign int’rests, to his hopes long lost: Poor Lee and Otway dead! Congreve appears, The darling, and last comfort of his years. May’st thou live long in thy great master’s smiles, And growing under him, adorn these isles. But when—when part of him (be that but late) His body yielding must submit to fate, Leaving his deathless works and thee behind (The natural successor of his mind), Then may’st thou finish what he has begun: Heir to his merit, be in fame his son. What thou hast done, shews all is in thy pow’r, And to write better, only must write more. ’Tis something to be willing to commend; But my best praise is, that I am your friend,
# The Old Bachelor (Congreve)/Poem by Bevil Higgons

TO MR. CONGREVE, ON HIS PLAY CALLED THE OLD BACHELOR.
Wit, like true gold, refined from all allay, Immortal is, and never can decay: ’Tis in all times and languages the same, Nor can an ill translation quench the flame: For, though the form and fashion don’t remain, The intrinsic value still it will retain. Then let each studied scene be writ with art, And judgment sweat to form the laboured part. Each character be just, and nature seem: Without th’ ingredient, wit, ’tis all but phlegm: For that’s the soul, which all the mass must move, And wake our passions into grief or love. But you, too bounteous, sow your wit so thick, We are surprised, and know not where to pick; And while with clapping we are just to you, Ourselves we injure, and lose something new. What mayn’t we then, great youth, of thee presage, Whose art and wit so much transcend thy age? How wilt thou shine at thy meridian height, Who, at thy rising, giv’st so vast a light? When Dryden dying shall the world deceive, Whom we immortal, as his works, believe, Thou shalt succeed, the glory of the stage, Adorn and entertain the coming age.