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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Wigbod

From volume 15 of the work.
(WICBODUS, WIGBOLD, WIGBALD).
Theological writer of the eighth century. Of his works there is extant a Latin commentary on the Octateuch called "Quaestiones in Octateuchum" that is, on the Five Books of Moses, Josue, Judges, and Ruth. He wrote the work, as the title states, at the command of Charlemagne. As Charlemagne is only called king of the Franks and Lombards, not Emperor, the work must have been written before the year 800. The form of the book is that of a dialogue between pupil and teacher. The pupil propounds the difficulties and the teacher gives the solution. Wigbod, however, did not compose these answers himself, but gives verbatim, statements by the following eight Fathers: Augustine, Gregory, Jerome, Ambrose, Hilary, Isidore, Eucherius, and Junilius. For the greater part of Genesis only Jerome and Isidore are drawn on, and later Isidore almost entirely. The two members of the Congregation of Saint-Maur, Martène and Durand, who found the manuscript in the monastery of St. Maximin of Trier, have, therefore, only given the portion to the first three chapters of Genesis in their "Collectio amplissima", IX, (Paris, 1733), 295-366. This portion has been reprinted in P. L., XCVI. 1101-68. The work is chiefly valuable for its preservation of the texts of the Fathers quoted. The commentary is preceded by three Latin poems in hexameter. In the first Wigbod felicitates his book, because it is to be taken into the palace of the king; in the second he praises the king, particularly because Charlemagne has brought together books from many places, and because he knows the Bible well; in the third he treats the seven days of creation. The first two are largely taken from the introductory poems written by Eugene of Toledo to the work of Dracontius, the third is the closing poem to Dracontius (Mon. Germ. Hist.: Poet. Lat., I, 95-97). The manuscript used by Martène and Durand is now unknown. Two manuscripts without the poems are at Admond and Vienna. Nothing positive is known as to the author. Martène and Durand mention Wigbald, who was vice- chancellor under the chancellors Itherius and Rado, and Widbod, who was Count of Périgueux about 778. The last mentioned hardly seems possible.
Klemens Löffler.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Wilgefortis

From volume 15 of the work.
A fabulous female saint known also as UNCUMBER, KUMMERNIS, KOMINA, COMERA, CUMERANA, HULFE, ONTCOMMENE, ONTCOMMER, DIGNEFORTIS, EUTROPIA, REGINFLEDIS, LIVRADE, LIBERATA, etc.
The legend makes her a Christian daughter of a pagan King of Portugal. In order to keep her vow of chastity, she prayed God to disfigure her body, that she might evade the command of her father to marry a pagan prince. God caused a beard to grow on her chin, whereupon her father had her crucified. Connected with this legend is the story of a destitute fiddler to whom, when he played before her image (or before her crucified body), she gave one of her golden boots. Being condemned to death for the theft of the boot, he was granted his request to play before her a second time, and, in presence of all, she kicked off her other boot, thus establishing his innocence.
The legend is not a Christian adaptation of the Hermaphroditus of Greek mythology or of other androgynous myths of pagan antiquity, as it cannot be traced back further than the fifteenth century. It rather originated from a misinterpretation of the famous "Volto Santo" of Lucca, a representation of the crucified Saviour, clothed in a long tunic, His eyes wide open, His long hair falling over His shoulders, and His head covered with a crown. This crucifix, popularly believed to be the work of Nicodemus, is preserved in the Basilica of Lucca and highly venerated by the people. In the early Middle Ages it was common to represent Christ on the cross clothed in a long tunic, and wearing a royal crown; but since the eleventh century this practice has been discontinued. Thus it happened that copies of the "Volto Santo" of Lucca, spread by pilgrims and merchants in various parts of Europe, were no longer recognized as representations of the crucified Saviour, but came to be looked upon as pictures of a woman who had suffered martyrdom.
The name Wilgefortis is usually derived from Virgo fortis, but recently Schnürer has shown that Wilgefortis is probably a corruption of Hilge Vartz (Vartz, Fratz, face), "Holy Face". This would corroborate the opinion that the legend originated in the "Volto Santo". The old English name Uncumber, as also the German Oncommer and their equivalents in other languages, rose from the popular belief that every one who invokes the saint in the hour of death will die ohne Kummer, without anxiety. When the cult of St. Wilgefortis began to spread in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, her name found its way into various breviaries and martyrologies. Thus a breviary, printed at Paris for the Diocese of Salisbury in 1533, has a beautiful metric antiphon and prayer in her honour. Her feast is celebrated on 20 July. She is usually represented nailed to a cross: as a girl of ten or twelve years, frequently with a beard, or as throwing her golden boot to a musician playing before her, sometimes also with one foot bare.
MICHAEL OTT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Wibald

From volume 15 of the work.
Abbot of Stavelot (Stablo), Malmedy, and Corvey, b. near Stavelot in Belgium in 1098; d. at Bitolia in Paphlagonia, 19 July, 1158, while returning from an imperial embassy to Constantinople. He studied at the monastic schools at Stavelot and Liege, and entered the Benedictine monastery at Waulsort near Namur in 1117. After presiding for some time over the monastic school at Waulsort he went to the monastery at Stavelot and in 1130 was elected Abbot of Stavelot and malmedy. On 22 October 1146, he was also elected Abbot of Corvey and four months later the convents at Fischbeck and Kemnade were annexed to Corvey by the emperor. During the abbacy of Wibald the monastery of Stavelot reached the period of its greatest fame, and at Corvey the monastic discipline which had been on the decline was again restored. Wibald was one of the most influential councillors of the emperors Lothaire and Conrad III. Combining true patriotism with a submissive devotion to the Holy See, he used his great influence to preserve harmony between the emperors and the popes. In 1137 he accompanied Lothaire on a military expedition to Italy and through the emperor's influence was elected Abbot of Monte Cassino. When, however, King Roger of Sicily threatened to destroy the monastery unless Wibald resigned the abbacy, he returned to Stavelot, having been Abbot of Monte Cassino only forty days. During the reign of Conrad III (1138-52) Wibald became still more influential. All the emperor's negotiations with the Apostolic See were carried on by Wibald, and he visited Rome on eight different occasions on imperial embassies. The emperor would enter upon no political undertaking without consulting the abbot. In 1147 he took part in the unsuccessful expedition against the Wends. During the absence of Conrad III in Palestine (1147-49) he was tutor of the emperor's young son Henry, but seems to have had little to do with the political affairs of Germany during that period. Conrad's successor, Frederick Barbarossa, also esteemed him highly and was sent by him on a mission to Constantinople in 1154 and again in 1157. His sudden death on his second journey back from Constantinople gave rise to the suspicion that he was poisoned by the Greeks. More than 400 of Wibald's epistles are still extant. They begin with the year 1146 and have become the chief source for the history of Conrad III and the early reign of Barbarossa. The best edition was prepared by Jaffé, "Monumenta Corbeiensia" in "Bibliotheca rerum Germ.", I (Berlin, 1864), 76-602. They are also printed in P.L., CLXXXIX, 1121-1458.
JANSSEN, Wibald von Stablo u. Corvey, Abt. Staatsmann u. Gelehrter (Munster, 1854); MANN, Wibald, Abt. von Stable u. Corvei nach seiner politischen Thatigkeit (Halle, 1875); TOUSSAINT, Etudes sur Wibald, abbe de Stavelot, du Mont-Cassin et de la Nouvelle-Carbie (Namur, 1890); DENTZER, Zur beurteilung der Politik Wibalds von Stable u. Korvey (Breslau, 1900).
MICHAEL OTT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Wichita Indians

From volume 15 of the work.
A confederacy of Caddoan stock, formerly dwelling between the Arkansas River, Kansas, and the Brazos River, Texas, and now located in Oklahoma, within the boundaries of the former Wichita reservation. They call themselves Kitikitisch and sometimes Tawehash, the meanings of which are unknown, and claim to have come from the same stock as the Pawnee. The names of nine of the tribes formerly comprising the confederacy have been preserved, but the only divisions now existing are the Tawakoni, the Waco, and the Wichita proper. Previous to the annexation of Texas (140-5), the Wichita proper dwelt north of the Red River and around the Wichita Mountains. The meaning of the name Wichita is unknown. These Indians were first met about 1541 in Quivara, during he expedition of Francisco Vasquez de Coronado. Fray Juan de Padilla, who accompanied Coronado, and some companions remained behind to evangelize them, and three years later gained the palm of martyrdom. In 1719 the Wichita were visited by La Harpe, a French soldier, who found them given to cannibalism; somewhat later they were forced to the southwest by the Osago and Chickasaw. In 1758 they destroyed the Spanish missions of San Sabá, near the Rio Colorado. In 1801 the tribe suffered severely from an epidemic of small-pox. Their first treaty of peace was made in 1835, and fifteen years later the Wichita proper settled at Rush Springs, Oklahoma. They took refuge in Kansas during the Civil War, on the conclusion of which they were placed on a reservation to the north of the Washita River. In 1902 the reservation was opened by the Government for settlement, and the Wichita received allotments in severalty. They now number 310, in addition to 30 Kichai.
The Wichita were an agricultural tribe, but also engaged in hunting the buffalo. They cultivated corn, pumpkins, and tobacco, which they bartered with their neighbours. Their permanent dwellings ere cone-shaped, with a diameter of from forty to fifty feet, and were thatched with grass; when travelling they lived in skin tipis. Before coming under the influence of civilization their dress was very scanty; they tattooed their faces, arms, and chests, and so were called the "tattooed people" by some of the other tribes, thus: Dogúat or Tuchquet (Kiowa), Dókana (Comanche), Hochsúwitan (Cheyenne). They were a steadfast, peaceful race, given to ceremonial dances, particularly the Horn dance and the Gift dance, and also held foot-races in which all the tribe competed.
MOONEY in Handbook of American Indians, II (Washington, 1910), s.v.; HODGE in ibidem, s.v. Quivira; MOONEY, Quivira and the Wichitas in Harper's New Monthly Magazine, XCIX (New York, 1899), 126-35.
A. A. MacErlean.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Widukind

From volume 15 of the work.
Saxon leader, and one of the heads of the Westphalian nobility. He was the moving spirit in the struggles of the Saxons for their independence and heathen faith.
The Frankish accounts of the Saxon wars, coloured by national feeling, give only an outline of Widukind's character. After Charlemagne's victory in 777 Widukind fled to Denmark. He saw that at the moment opposition was useless. When Charlemagne was in Spain in 778, Widukind came back and, trusting to the Saxon love of independence, organized a war of revenge. Saxon hordes plundered and devastated the region of the middle Rhine, and even threatened Fulda, so that the monks fled, carrying the remains of St. Boniface. A Frankish army defeated the Saxons at Laisa and rescued the town. In 782 order seemed to be restored among the Saxons, and Widukind again fled to Denmark, but returned once more when Charlemagne began his march toward home. The Wends also were incited to join the uprising. The hatred of the insurgents was directed against the churches and priests, and Willihad, first bishop of Bremen, was obliged for the time to abandon his missionary work. Widukind no longer had time the entire Saxon nation on his side. A strong Frankish party had now sprang up, but the terrible punishment inflicted by Charlemagne on 4000 Saxons at Verden on the Aller greatly strengthened the national party among the Saxons. Widukind again fled to Denmark; after this he persuaded the inhabitants of the northern Elbe district and the Frisians to join the revolt. Particulars as to Widukind's actions during the last struggles of the Saxons are lacking. Charlemagne saw that he was the leading spirit of the resistance and sought to induce him to submit peacefully. In 785 Widukind was baptized, with many of his companions, at Attigny. Charlemagne believed that the Saxon opposition was now broken, and the pope ordered a general feast of thanksgiving. Widukind took no part in the later Saxon wars. There is no further credible information respecting him. It is fairly probable that Mathilde, second wife of King Henry I of Germany, was a member of the same family. Widukind soon became one of the heroes of legend, and later he appeared as a great builder of churches and a saint. Medieval times regarded Enger, near Herford, as his place of burial. A gravestone purporting to be Widukind's and giving his entire figure, is a work of the twelfth century; what is called Widukind's reliquary is a work of the ninth or tenth century.
Franz Kampers.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Whithorn Priory

From volume 15 of the work.
Located in Wigtownshire, Scotland, founded about the middle of the twelfth century, in the reign of David I, by Fergus, Lord of Galloway, for Premonstratensian, or White, Canons. The canons of Whithorn formed the chapter of the Diocese of Galloway, which was re-established about the same time, also by Fergus, the old succession of bishops having died out about 796. The prior stood next in rank to the bishop, as we see from the order of signatories to an espiscopal charter early in the thirteenth century; and he and his community enjoyed the right of electing the bishop, although this right was occasionally overruled in favour of the secular clergy by the Archbishop of York, of which see Galloway was a suffragan for several centuries. The full list of priors has not been preserved; among them were: Maurice, who swore fealty to King Edward I of England in 1296; Gavin Dunbar (1514), who rose to be Archbishop of Glasgow; and James Beaton, successively Archbishop of Glasgow and of St. Andrews, and chancellor of the kingdom. Whithorn was long a noted place of pilgrimage, owing to its connection with the venerated memory of St. Ninian. Many Scottish sovereigns, among them Margaret (queen of James III), James IV, and James V, made repeated pilgrimages to the saint's shrine, and left rich offerings behind them. The monastery, thus endowed, became opulent, and its income at the dissolution was estimated at over £1000. The last prior (Fleming) was committed to prison in 1563 for the crime of saying Mass. The whole property of the priory was vested in the Crown by the annexation act of 1587, and was granted in 1606 by James VI to the occupant of the See of Galloway when he established Episcopalianism in Scotland in 1606. It continued to belong to the bishopric until the revolution of 1688, at which date that see was the richest in the kingdom next to St. Andrews and Glasgow. The priory church, which served also as the cathedral of the diocese, had a long nave without aisles, a choir of about the same length, and a lady chapel beyond. In 1684 the nave and western tower were still intact; but the existing remains consist only of the roofless nave and the extensive vaulted crypts constructed under the eastern end of the church. Such restoration as was possible has been carefully carried out by the third Marquis of Bute.
The Five Great Churches of Galloway (Edinburgh, Ayrsh, and Gall. Archaeol. Assn., 1899), 169-96, with a complete series of drawings of the ruins; MAXWELL, Hist. of Dumfries and Galloway (Edinburgh, 1896), 22, 48 sq.; GORDON, Monasticon, III (London, 1875), 318-21; WALCOTT, The Ancient Church of Scotland (London, 1974), 223-28; CHALMERS, Caledonia, V (Paisley, 1890), 410-20; BELLESHEIM, Hist. of Cath. Church of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1887-90), I, 303; III, 73; ROBERTSON, Scottish Abbeys and Cathedrals, II (Aberdeen, 1891), 42.
D.O. HUNTER-BLAIR
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Wigand Wirt

From volume 15 of the work.
Theologian, born at Frankfort about 1460; died at Steyer, 30 June, 1519. He entered the Dominican Order at Frankfort, where he also, after his religious profession, made his ecclesiastical studies, obtaining on their completion the lectorate in theology. His literary activity began in 1494 with the publication of a polemical work in which he attacked the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception incidentally treated by John Trithemius in his "De laudibus S. Annae". The wide circulation of the work called forth much opposition from those in sympathy with the views of Trithemius, and while on 12 September, 1495, a reconciliation was effected between the contending authors, the announcement of a disputation on that subject for 18 June, 1501, by the Observantine John Spengler, was the occasion of renewing the controversy. Wirt, however, found a new opponent in Father Conrad Hensel, who, flinging his invectives against the entire order, forced the latter to turn with their complaint to the Bishop of Strasburg. The process instituted to settle the affair began on 24 September, 1501, and concluded in 1503 in favour of Hensel. But the matter had not yet come to an end. During the process Wirt published the "Defensio Bullae Sixitinae sive Extravagantis grave nimis". In 1483 Sixtus IV forbade the opponents to charge each other with heresy. The prohibition was renewed by Alexander VI on 20 February, 1503. But the Bull and its confirmation were now interpreted by the opponents of the Dominicans in the sense that the pope forbade the denial of the Immaculate Conception, an interpretation which renewed the controversy in all its bitterness. In reply to the "Concordia curatorum et fratrum mendicantium" of Wigand Trebellius, Wirt published his "Dialogus apologeticus". His severe attack on the Observantines and their leader, John Spengler, prompted the Archbishop of Mainz in 1506 to forbid the reading of the work. In the meantime Wirt was elected prior in Stuttgart, and in this capacity posted on the doors of the convent church a document in which he accused his opponents as promoters of heresy. The matter was then taken to Rome where, in 1512, it was decided against Wirt. At his death he was prior of the convent at Steyer.
Hurter, Nomenclator, II, 1113-14; Lauchert in Hist. Jahrbuch, XVIII (1897), 759-92; Paulus in Hist. Jahrbuch (1898), 101-8.
JOSEPH SCHROEDER
# Chronicles

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Chronicles."
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* A book of the Christian and Hebrew Bibles, and works of commentary thereof, usually divided into 1 Chronicles and 2 Chronicles.
* Biblical commentary and analysis
** "Chronicles, Books of," in Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)
** "Chronicles," in Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)

## See also

* Annals
# Chronicle of the law officers of Ireland/Table of Reigns

TABLE OF REIGNS. :
| Henry III. | Accession | 28 October, 1216. |
| Edward I. | — | 20 November, 1272. |
| Edward II. | — | 8 July, 1307. |
| Edward III. | — | 25 January, 1927. |
| Richard II. | — | 22 Jane 1377. |
| Henry IV. | — | 30 September, 1399. |
| Henry V. | — | 21 March, 1413. |
| Henry VI. | — | 1 September, 1422. |
| Edward IV. | — | 4 March, 1461 |
| Edward V. | — | 9 April, 1483. |
| Richard III. | — | 26 June, 1483. |
| Henry VII. | — | 22 August, 1485. |
| Henry VIII. | — | 22 April, 1509. |
| Edward VI. | — | 28 January, 1547. |
| Mary. | — | 6 July, 1553. |
| Elizabeth. | — | 17 November, 1558 |
| James I. | — | 24 March, 1603. |
| Charles I. | — | 27 March, 1625. |
| Charles II. | — | 30 January, 1649. |
| James II. | — | 6 February, 1685. |
| William and Mary | — | 13 February, 1689. |
| William III. | — | 28 December, 1694. |
| Anne. | — | 8 March, 1702. |
| George I. | — | 1 August, 1714. |
| George II. | — | 11 June, 1727. |
| George III. | — | 25 October, 1760. |
| George IV. | — | 29 January, 1820. |
| William IV. | — | 26 June, 1880. |
| Victoria. | — | 20 June, 1837. |
# Chronicle of the law officers of Ireland/Table of Abbreviations

TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS.
Abp., Archbishop. Archd., Archdeacon. An. Reg., Annual Register. At-Gen., Attorney GeneraL Behr., Behaviour. Bp., Bishop. B. T., Bermingham Tower. C, Chancellor. Cant., Canterbury. C. B., Chief Baron. C. J., Chief Justice. C. P., Common Pleas. Cl. R., Close Rolls. Dock., Docket Book. Gent Mag., Gentleman's Magazine. Han., Hanaper. Harr., Harris. Inr., Inrolled. K. B., King's Bench. K. L., King's Letter. L. C, Lord Chancellor. L. L., Lord Lieutenant L. K., Lord Keeper. Midens., Midensis, or of Meath. M. R., Master of the Rolls. Pat R. Ch., Patent Rolls of Chancery. Q. B., Queen's Bench. Rot Cl., Close Rolls. S.-G., and Sol.-Gen., Solicitor-General. Sergt., Sergeant U. B., Upper Bench. V. C., Vice Chancellor.
The records vouching the grants, patents, &c., and directing to the rolls, are thus referred to, viz.: Berm. Turr., or T. B. 49 Edw. III. No. 149, signifies that in Bermingham Tower, the roll of the 49th year of King Edward III., contains such a grant; and 9 Car. I. 3$^a$ p. f. 28, signifies the 9th year of Charles the First, the third part on the face or front of the roll, the 28th strip or membrane; and d. signifies dorso, or the back of the roll; and so of every other reign. Where the grant is dated in one year and the reference to another of the reign, the year of the grant is thus marked (12.) (16.)
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abbeville (France)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABBEVILLE, a city of France, capital of the arrondissement of the same name (department of the Somme), situated on both sides of the river Somme, 12 miles above its mouth. It is one of the most thriving manufacturing towns in France. Besides black cloths of the best quality, there are produced velvets, cottons, linens, serges, sackings, hosiery, packthread, jewelry, soaps, glasswares, etc. Its most interesting building is the church of St. Wolfram, begun in 1488, one of the richest existing examples of the flamboyant style. Pop. about 20,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abbey, Henry Eugene

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABBEY, HENRY EUGENE, an American operatic manager; born in Akron, O., June 27, 1846; was engaged for several years in theatrical, and, from 1883, in operatic management, producing Italian and German operas with the most distinguished singers of the day. He died in 1896.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abbot

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABBOT, the superior of a monastery of monks erected into an abbey or priory, the principal distinction observed between abbots are those of regular and commendatory. The former take the vow and wear the habit of their order: whereas the latter are seculars, who have received tonsure, but are obliged by their bulls to take orders when of prefer age. Other distinctions also arose among abbots when abbeys were flourishing in Europe; as, mitered, those privileged to wear the miter and exercise episcopal authority within their respective precincts; crosiered, so named from their carrying the crosier, or pastoral staff; ecumenical, such as exercised universal dominion; and cardinal, from their superiority over all others.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abbott, Benjamin Vaughan

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABBOTT, BENJAMIN VAUGHAN, an American lawyer and legal writer, born in Boston, Mass., June 4, 1830. He published a number of able works on legal subjects, among them a revision of the United States Statutes. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Feb. 17, 1890.