OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Inland Transit/Lecount

Mr. Peter Lecount.—p. 50.
1. Have you made yourself acquainted with the traffic on the great roads between London and Birmingham?
I have.
14. Will you have the goodness to look at this Paper, and tell me whether that contains the result of your calculation?
It does.
18. Did you also ascertain the tonnage on the canal?
I did.
20. What portion have you omitted?
All heavy goods of every kind, and included orily what went by the fly boats—general goods.
# Inland Transit/Mason

See also further evidence by Mason
Mr. Oliver Mason.—p. 70.
1. Where do you live?
At Great Malvern.
2. Where have you resided principally?
For the last twenty-three years at Birmingham.
3. Were you high bailiff for Birmingham last year?
I was.
4. How many years have you been a merchant at Birmingham?
Twenty-three years.
8. Do you think that increased communication between Birmingham and London would be a great advantage to the merchants?
Yes; we should experience great benefit as merchants. We are often put to great loss, and cannot execute orders, by not getting them up in sufficient time. If you lose the opportunity of shipping by a vessel that sails only once a year from a port you lose the order. I have experienced considerable difficulty by that. The correspondent says, if you can ship my goods by such a vessel, send me the order; and if you cannot get them ready you lose in the trade.
9. Do you consider the canal and waggon communication sufficient to enable the merchants to execute their orders with promptitude and certainty?
As to canal communication, there is great inconvenience from stoppages. I remember an instance in which I engaged to ship a quantity of goods to London, and I had an action brought against me for the freight of those goods, which were detained by a stoppage in the canal, and I was called on to pay the freight.
​ 10. In addition to that, the goods were returned on your hands?
Of course they were.
16. If the celerity of delivery was increased by a Railroad communication, would that be an advantage in your competition with the foreigner?
It would be a great benefit to the manufacturer.
54. Do you know, of your own knowledge, that you did lose orders in consequence of the length of time it took to send your goods from Birmingham to London. Liverpool, or any other place of shipment?
I think there were three instances; one about a week before Christmas; we had three instances in which we might have executed orders for 1500l, if we could have executed them in time for shipment.
# Inland Transit/Mason2

See also earlier evidence by Mason
Class A. (3.)—Travelling and Carriage of Goods.
Mr. Oliver Mason, in continuation.—p. 70.
19. You say you reside at Malvern at present?
I do.
20. When you have occasion to come to London, how many hours are you on the road?
I come up from Worcester by the evening coach in sixteen hours and a half.
21. What is the expense of travelling by that conveyance?
It costs me, including the usual fees, 43s.
22. If the proposed Railroad was established between Birmingham and London, would you make that your means of passage from Malvern to London?
Yes. I could go from Malvern to Birmingham in three hours for 10s., and then I should be five hours and a half by the Railroad, which would make nine hours, for which I should have to pay 1l. 2s.; that would be 32s, instead of 43s.
23. And a saving of seven hours in time?
Yes.
25. How many miles is Malvern from Birmingham?
Thirty-four.
# Inland Transit/Marshall

Class A. (4.)—Conveyance of Bullion, Mails, Troops, and Military Stores.
Mr. James Marshall.—p. 145.
1. Are you the secretary to the provincial bank in Ireland?
I am.
​ 2. Do you know that large quantities of bullion have often been forwarded by the Bank of England to Liverpool for transmission to Ireland?
I believe it would be more correct to say that it is obtained from the Bank of England by us to be sent to Ireland.
3. Do you send that to Liverpool?
To Liverpool and to Holyhead occasionally.
4. What time is occupied in the carriage of the bullion?
The direct course of post from London to Dublin is thirty-six hours, provided the packet can sail immediately.
5. Suppose you had the means of communication by a Railroad to Birmingham, which would save six hours in the conveyance of the bullion, do you think that would be of great importance?
The saving of six hours would, on many occasions that I have witnessed, have been of very great importance.
6. Do such occasions sometimes arise, from peculiar circumstances?
Yes; circumstances peculiar to Ireland, for some years back, from political causes, have occasioned sudden demands for gold, which we have been obliged to supply very suddenly.
7. When an hour's time would have been of great importance?
It might, certainly.
# Household stories from the collection of the Bros Grimm (L & W Crane)/The Straw, the Coal, and the Bean

other versions: The Straw, the Coal, and the Bean
The STRAW, The COAL, and the BEAN
HERE lived in a certain village a poor old woman who had collected a mess of beans, and was going to cook them. So she made a fire on her hearth, and, in order to make it burn better, she put in a handful of straw. When the beans began to bubble in the pot, one of them fell out and lay, never noticed, near a straw which was already there; soon a red-hot coal jumped out of the fire and joined the pair. The straw began first, and said,
"Dear friends, how do you come here?" The coal answered,
"I jumped out of the fire by great good luck, or I should certainly have met with my death. I should have been burned to ashes." The bean said,
"I too have come out of it with a whole skin, but if the old woman had kept me in the pot I should have been cooked into a soft mass like my comrades."
"Nor should I have met with a better fate," said the straw; "the old woman has turned my brothers into fire and smoke, sixty of them she took up at once and deprived of life. Very luckily I managed to slip through her fingers."
"What had we better do now?" said the coal.
"I think," answered the bean, "that as we have been so lucky as to escape with our lives, we will join in good fellowship together, and, lest any more bad fortune should happen to us here, we will go abroad into foreign lands."
​The proposal pleased the two others, and forthwith they started on their travels. Soon they came to a little brook, and as there was no stepping-stone, and no bridge, they could not tell how they were to get to the other side. The straw was struck with a good idea, and said,
"I will lay myself across, so that you can go over me as if I were a bridge!"
So the straw stretched himself from one bank to the other, and the coal, who was of an ardent nature, quickly trotted up to go over the new-made bridge. When, however, she reached the middle, and heard the water rushing past beneath her, she was struck with terror, and stopped, and could get no farther. So the straw began to get burnt, broke in two pieces, and fell in the brook, and the coal slipped down, hissing as she touched the water, and gave up the ghost. The bean, who had prudently remained behind on the bank, could not help laughing at the sight, and not being able to contain herself, went on laughing so excessively that she burst. And now would she certainly have been undone for ever, if a tailor on his travels had not by good luck stopped to rest himself by the brook. As he had a compassionate heart, he took out needle and thread and stitched her together again. The bean thanked him in the most elegant manner, but as he had sewn her up with black stitches, all beans since then have a black seam.
# Household stories from the collection of the Bros Grimm (L & W Crane)/The Rabbit's Bride

THE RABBITS BRIDE
HERE was once a woman who lived with her daughter in a beautiful cabbage-garden; and there came a rabbit and ate up all the cabbages. At last said the woman to her daughter,
"Go into the garden, and drive out the rabbit."
"Shoo! shoo!" said the maiden; "don't eat up all our cabbages, little rabbit!"
"Come, maiden," said the rabbit, "sit on my tail and go with me to my rabbit-hutch." But the maiden would not.
Another day, back came the rabbit, and ate away at the cabbages, until the woman said to her daughter,
"Go into the garden, and drive away the rabbit."
"Shoo! shoo!" said the maiden; "don't eat up all our cabbages, little rabbit!"
"Come, maiden," said the rabbit, "sit on my tail and go with me to my rabbit-hutch." But the maiden would not.
Again, a third time back came the rabbit, and ate away at the cabbages, until the woman said to her daughter,
"Go into the garden, and drive away the rabbit."
"Shoo! shoo!" said the maiden; "don't eat up all our cabbages, little rabbit!"
"Come, maiden," said the rabbit, "sit on my tail and go with me to my rabbit-hutch."
And then the girl seated herself on the rabbit's tail, and the rabbit took her to his hutch.
​"Now," said he, "set to work and cook some bran and cabbage; I am going to bid the wedding guests." And soon they were all collected. Would you like to know who they were? Well, I can only tell you what was told to me; all the hares came, and the crow who was to be the parson to marry them, and the fox for the clerk, and the altar was under the rainbow. But the maiden was sad, because she was so lonely.
"Get up! get up!" said the rabbit, "the wedding folk are all merry."
But the bride wept and said nothing, and the rabbit went away, but very soon came back again.
"Get up! get up!" said he, "the wedding folk are waiting." But the bride said nothing, and the rabbit went away. Then she made a figure of straw, and dressed it in her own clothes, and gave it a red mouth, and set it to watch the kettle of bran, and then she went home to her mother. Back again came the rabbit, saying, "Get up! get up!" and he went up and hit the straw figure on the head, so that it tumbled down.
And the rabbit thought that he had killed his bride, and he went away and was very sad.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yazdegerd

See also Yazdegerd on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YAZDEGERD (“made by God,” Izdegerdes), the name of three Sassanid kings of Persia. (1) Yazdegerd I., son of Shapur III., 399–420, called “the sinner” by the Persians, was a highly intelligent ruler, who tried to emancipate himself from the dominion of the magnates and the Magian priests. He punished the nobles severely when they attempted oppression; he stopped the persecution of the Christians and granted them their own organization. With the Roman Empire he lived in peace and friendship, and is therefore as much praised by the Byzantine authors (Procop. Pers. i. 2; Agath. iv. 26) as he is blamed by the Persians. After a reign of twenty years he appears to have been murdered in Khorasan. (2) Yazdegerd II., was the son of Bahram V. Gor, 438–457. He persecuted the Christians and Jews, and had a short war with Rome in 441. He tried to extend his kingdom in the East and fought against the Kushans and Kidarites (or Huns). (3) Yazdegerd III., a grandson of Chosroes II., who had been murdered by his son Kavadh II. in 628, was raised to the throne in 632 after a series of internal conflicts. He was a mere child and never really ruled; in his first year the Arabic invasion began, and in 637 the battle of Kadisiya decided the fate of the empire. Ctesiphon was occupied by the Arabs, and the king fled into Media. Yazdegerd fled from one district to another, till at last he was murdered at Merv in 651 (see Caliphate, sect. A. 1). The Parsees, who use the old Persian calendar, continue to count the years from his accession (era of Yazdegerd, beginning June 16th, a.d. 632). (Ed. M.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yatsauk

See also Lawksawk on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YATSAUK, called by the Shans Lawksawk, a state in the central division of the southern Shan States of Burma. Area, 2197 sq. m. Pop. (1901), 24,839, of whom less than one-half are Shans; revenue, £2000. The crops grown are rice, segamum, cotton, ground-nuts and oranges. As a whole the state is mountainous, with ranges running N. and S. The main range has a general height of 5000 ft., with peaks, such as Loi Sampa, rising to 7846 ft. The middle and S., however, consist of open rolling country, with an average height of 3500 ft. To the N. the country falls away to the Nam Tu (Myitngè), where there are fine teak forests, as well as along the Nam Lang and Nam Et, which with the Zawgyi form the chief rivers of the state. Most of them disappear underground at intervals, which makes the extraction of timber impossible except for local use. Lawksawk, the capital, stands on the N. bank of the Zawgyi, near a small weedy lake. The old brick walls and the moat are falling into decay. The chief at the time of annexation had been at war with the Burmese, but refused to submit to the British, and fled to Kēng Hūng, where he died some years afterwards. The sawbwa chosen in 1887 belonged to another Shan ruling house. He died in 1900, and was succeeded by his son.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yatung

See also Yadong County on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YATUNG, a trade-market of Tibet, situated in the mouth of the Chumbi valley near the Indian frontier. According to the Convention of 1890–93, the market at Yatung was opened to India, and the conduct of the Tibetans in building a wall across the road between Yatung and Tibet was one of the incidents that led up to the British mission of 1904. According to the treaty of that year, a British trade-agent was to be maintained at Yatung.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yawl

See also Yawl on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YAWL, the name of a special rig of small sailing vessels or yachts, with two masts, the mainmast cutter-rigged, and a small mizzen stepped far aft with a spanker or driving sail. The name has also been applied to a small ship’s boat rowed with four or more oars. The word is apparently an adaptation of the Dutch jol, skiff.
The English “jolly-boat,” a small bluff-bowed, wide-transomed ship’s boat, swung at the stern of a vessel for ready use, is probably a corruption of the Danish form of the word jolle. Other authorities take it to be a corruption of a late 15th-century jolywat, a small ship’s boat, which is supposed to represent galiote, galliot (see Galley). A galliot, however, was never a small boat, but an independent vessel propelled by oars or sails.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yates, Mary Ann

See also Mary Ann Yates on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YATES, MARY ANN (1728–1787), English actress, was the daughter of William Graham, a ship’s steward. In 1753 she appeared at Drury Lane as Marcia in Samuel Crisp’s (d. 1783) Virginia, Garrick being the Virginius. She was gradually entrusted with all the leading parts. Mrs Yates, whose husband, Richard Yates (c. 1706–1706), was a well-known comedian, succeeded Mrs Cibber as the leading tragedian of the English stage, and was in turn succeeded—and eclipsed—by Mrs Siddons.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yates, Richard

See also Richard Yates (politician, born 1815) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YATES, RICHARD (1818–1873), American political leader, was born at Warsaw, Kentucky, on the 18th of January 1818. He graduated at the Illinois College at Jacksonville in 1838, was admitted to the bar, and entered politics as a Whig. From 1842 to 1845 and again in 1849 he served in the state House of Representatives. He was a representative in Congress in 1851–1855, but having become a Republican, was defeated for a third term. From 1861 to 1865 he was governor of Illinois, and was successful in enlisting troops and in checking the strong pro-Southern sentiment in the state. He was a member of the United States Senate in 1865–71, and was prominent in Reconstruction legislation. He died at St Louis, Missouri, on the 27th of November 1873. His son Richard (b. 1860) was governor of Illinois from 1901 to 1905.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yauco

See also Yauco, Puerto Rico on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YAUCO, a city of the department of Ponce, Porto Rico, 20 m. W. by N. of the city of Ponce. Pop. (1899) 6108. Yauco is served by the American Railroad of Porto Rico. The city is situated about 150 ft. above the sea, and has a delightful climate. It is connected by a wagon road with its port, Guanica (pop. about 1000), which has an excellent harbour. Coffee and tobacco are the chief industries. Yauco was first settled in 1756.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yavorsky, Stephen

See also Stefan Yavorsky on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YAVORSKY, STEPHEN (c. 1658–1722), Russian archbishop and statesman, one of the ablest coadjutors of Peter the Great, was educated at the Kiev Academy and various Polish schools. Becoming a monk, he settled at the Kiev Academy as a preacher and professor, being appointed prefect of the institution and prior of the monastery of St Nicholas. He attracted the attention of Peter by his funeral oration over the boyar Shein, and was made archbishop of Ryazan in 1700. In 1702, on the death of the last patriarch of Moscow, Yavorsky was appointed custodian of the spiritualities of the patriarchal see. Notwithstanding frequent collisions with Peter, and his partiality for the unfortunate tsarevich Alexius, Yavorsky was too valuable a man to be discarded. In 1721 he was made first president of the newly erected Holy Synod, but died in the following year.
Yavorsky’s chief works are his Rock of the Faith of the Orthodox-Catholic Eastern Church and Dogmatic, Moral and Panegyrical Sermons. See Y. T. Samarin, Stephen Yavorsky (Rus.) (Moscow, 1844); I. Morev, “The Rock of the Faith” of the Metropolitan Stephen Yavorsky (Rus.) (Petersburg, 1904).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thun

See also Thun on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THUN (Fr. Thoune), a picturesque little town in the Swiss canton of Bern, built on the banks of the Aar, just as it issues from the Lake of Thun, and by rail 19 m. S.E. of Bern, or 171 m. N.W. of Interlaken. It is the capital of the Bernese Oberland, the snowy peaks of which are well seen from it. It has 6030 inhabitants, mostly German-speaking and Protestants. The 18th-century parish church and the 15th-century castle rise in a striking fashion above the town, in the chief street of which are arcades (locally called Lauben) as in Bern. There is a museum in the tower of the castle, while in and near the town (in the Heimberg . valley) are several potteries of local ware. From its local lords it passed by n 27 to the house of Zahringen, and on its extinction (1218) to the counts of Kyburg. The heiress of that family brought Thun (and Burgdorf) in 1273 to the cadet or Laufenburg line of the Habsburg family, her mother having (1264) granted the town a charter of liberties that confirmed an earlier grant of 1256. In 1375 the town was mortgaged to Bern, to which it was sold outright in 1384. From 1798 to 1802 Thun was the capital of the canton Oberland of the Helvetic Republic.  (W. A. B. C.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thunder

See also Thunder on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THUNDER, the noise which accompanies or follows a flash of lightning, due to the disturbance of air by a discharge of electricity (see Lightning; Atmospheric Electricity and Meteorology). The Old English word is þunor, also the name of the Scandinavian god Thor (q.v.), which is cognate with Dutch dander, German Donner. The root is than,- Indo-European tan-, cf. Latin tonare, tonitru. This root is apparently another form of stan-, as in Skr. stan, to sound, thunder, Gr. στένειν, to groan, Eng. “stun.”
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thurible

See also Thurible on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THURIBLE (Lat. thuribulum or turibulum, thus or tus, incense, Gr. θυός, from θυέιν, to offer a burnt sacrifice, cf. Skr. dhüma and Lat. fumus, smoke), the ecclesiastical term for a censer, a ​portable vessel in which burning incense (q.v.) can be carried. The censer, to use the more general term, is a vessel which contains burning charcoal on which the aromatic substances to be burned are sprinkled. The early Jewish portable censer would seem to have been a bowl with a handle, resembling a ladle. A similar form was used by the ancient Egyptians long prior to the Jewish use. There are very numerous representations on the monuments; in some the censer appears as a small cup or bowl held by a human hand to which a long handle is attached on which is a small box to hold the incense. The Greek and Roman censers (θυμιατήριον and turibulum or thuribulum) are of quite different shape. They are small portable braziers (foculi) of bronze or sometimes of silver and of highly ornate design. One type took the form of a candelabrum with a small flat brazier on the top. They were carried in processions and were lifted by cords. Terra cotta censers have also been found of a similar shape. The censers or thuribles in Christian usage have been specially adapted to be swung, though there are in existence many early specimens of heavy weight and made of gold or silver which were obviously not meant to be used in this way and have handles and not chains. The thurible, the proper ecclesiastical term for the vessel in the Western Church, is usually spherical in form, though often square or polygonal, containing a small receptacle for the charcoal and covered by a perforated lid; it is carried and swung by three chains, a fourth being attached to the lid, thus allowing it to be raised at intervals for the volume of smoke to be increased. The early thuribles were usually simple in design; but in the medieval period an architectural form was given to the lids by ornamenting them with towers, battlements and traceries, varying according to the prevalent Gothic style of the period. A censer lid with a late Saxon tower upon it, now in the British Museum, dates from the 12th century or earlier.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thule

See also Thule on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THULE, the Greek and Roman name for the most northerly known land in the north Atlantic. The first to use the name was the Greek navigator Pytheas (about 300 B.C. probably). He calls it the most northerly of the British Isles and says that he reached it after six days' sail from Britain: it was inhabited, but produced little; corn grew there sparingly and ripened ill; in summer the nights were long and bright. This account of his travels is lost save for fragments, and the few surviving fragments ​do not determine where his Thule was, but Müllenhoff is probably right in thinking it was the Shetlands. The Faeroes, Iceland and Norway have also been suggested, but are for various reasons much less likely. After Pytheas, the name is used loosely for the farthest north. Thus Agricola's fleet in A.D. 84 sailing up the east coast of Scotland is said to have espied but not to have reached Thule (“dispecta est Thule”) but the phrase is merely literary. The actual point meant may be the Orkneys or the Shetlands, or even some fragment of Scotland seen across the water. In some later writers (Procopius, &c.) Thule seems sometimes used to denote Scandinavia. The phrase “ultimate Thule” is commonly used to denote the farthest limit possible.  (F. J. H.)