OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Adams, Robert (1791-1875)

​ADAMS, ROBERT (1791–1875), surgeon, was born about 1791 in Ireland, but of his early life nothing is known. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, and became B.A. in 1814, proceeded M.A. in 1832, but not M.D. till 1842. He began the study of medicine by apprenticeship to Dr. William Hartigan, became licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland in 1815, and was elected fellow in 1818. After spending some time on the Continent to perfect his medical and surgical knowledge, he returned to Dublin to practise, and was elected surgeon successively to the Jervis Street Hospital and the Richmond Hospital. He took part in founding the Richmond (afterwards called the Carmichael) School of Medicine, and lectured ​there on surgery for some years. He was three times elected president of the Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, and in 1861 was appointed surgeon to the queen in Ireland and regius professor of surgery in the university of Dublin. Adams had a high reputation as a surgeon and pathological anatomist. His fame chiefly rests on his ‘Treatise on Rheumatic Gout, or Chronic Rheumatic Arthritis of all the Joints’ (8vo, London, 1857, with an Atlas of Illustrations in 4to; 2nd edition, 1873). This work, though describing a disease more or less known for centuries, contains so much novel and important research as to have become the classical work on the subject. Dr. Adams also wrote an essay on ‘Disease of the Heart’ in the Dublin Hospital Reports, and contributed to Todd's ‘Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology’ some articles on ‘Abnormal Conditions of the Joints,’ besides other papers in medical journals. He died on 13 Jan. 1875.
[Medical Times and Gazette, 1875, i. 133.]
J. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Adams, Thomas (1633?-1670)

​ADAMS, THOMAS (1633?–1670), one of the ejected divines of 1662, was born at Woodchurch, Cheshire, where his father and grandfather, the owners of the advowson, were both beneficed. Entering Brasenose College in July 1649, he became B.A. on 8 Feb. 1652, and fellow the same year. He was M.A. on 28 June 1655, and lecturer-dean. After a distinguished career at college he was ejected from his fellowship for nonconformity in 1662, and he spent the remainder of his life as chaplain in private families. He died on 11 Dec. 1670. His learning, piety, good-humour, and diligence are celebrated by Calamy. He wrote: ‘Protestant Union, or Principles of Religion wherein the Dissenters agree with the Church of England;’ and ‘The Main Principles of Christian Religion,’ in 107 articles, 1676 and 1677, prefaced by his younger brother Richard (the ejected minister of St. Mildred's, Bread Street, London), and addressed to the inhabitants of Wirrall.
J. E. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Adams, Robert (d.1595)

​ADAMS, ROBERT (d. 1595), architect, was author of a large plan of Middleburgh, dated 1588, and a pen-and-ink drawing intended to demonstrate the complete defensibility of London, called ‘Thamesis Descriptio.’ With the same object he ‘drew and engraved,’ according to Walpole, ‘representations of the several actions while the Spanish Armada was on the British coasts.’ It seems, however, that Ryther engraved them. Adams was ‘surveyor of the queen's buildings’ and a ‘man of abilities.’ An inscription to his memory is in the north aisle of Greenwich Church.
E. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Adams, Thomas (d.1620?)

​ADAMS, THOMAS (d. 1620?), printer, son of Thomas Adams, yeoman, of Neen Savage, Shropshire, was first apprenticed to Oliver Wilkes, stationer, on 29 Sept. 1582, for seven years, and turned over to George Bishop on 14 Oct. 1583, for the same period. He was admitted a freeman of the Stationers' Company on 15 Oct. 1590, and came upon the livery 1 July 1598. He appears to have commenced business by having the books, ballads, &c., printed by Robert Walley, assigned to him 12 Oct. 1591, and from that time to 1614 a considerable number of entries may be found to his name in the registers (Arber's Transcript, vols. iii. and iv.). They include books in all classes; some were issued jointly with John Oxenbridge, Peter Short, and John Newbury, &c. He also printed music books; among others, pieces by John Dowland, the lutenist, and Thomas Ravenscroft. On 14 March 1611, he is described as younger warden, and as the purchaser of the entire stock of Bishop, his former master, including the remainders of sixty important works (ib. iii. 453–5). He became warden in 1614, and died about 1620. In ​the latter year he is recorded as a benefactor to the company in the sum of 100l., to be defrayed for public charges at the discretion of the court.
[Ames's Typogr. Antiquities, ed. Herbert, ii. 1305; Nichols's Lit. Anecdotes, iii. 593.]
H. R. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Adams, Sarah Flower

1904 erratum appended.
​ADAMS, SARAH FLOWER (1805–1848), poetess, wife of William Bridges Adams, and daughter of Benjamin and sister of Eliza Flower [see Adams, William Bridges, and Flower, Benjamin], was born at Great Harlow, Essex, 22 Feb. 1805. After the death of her father in 1827 she lived with the family of Mr. W. J. Fox, and became a contributor to the ‘Monthly Repository,’ then conducted by him. In 1834 she married Mr. W. B. Adams, and died of decline in August 1848. Her principal work, ‘Vivia Perpetua, a Dramatic Poem,’ was published in 1841. She is likewise authoress of numerous contributions to the ‘Monthly Repository,’ chiefly in the years 1834 and 1835, and of a long poem in ballad metre, entitled ‘The Royal Progress,’ on the surrender of the sovereignty of the Isle of Wight to Edward I by Isabella, Countess of Albemarle, which appeared in the ‘Illuminated Magazine’ for 1845. She also composed several hymns, set to music by her sister, and used in the services at Finsbury Chapel; numerous unpublished poems on social and political subjects, principally written for the Anti-Corn Law League, specimens of which will be found in the fourth volume of Fox's ‘Lectures to the Working Classes;’ and a little religious catechism entitled ‘The Flock at the Fountain.’ Although Mrs. Adams was endowed with so much dramatic talent as to have meditated adopting the stage as a profession, the bent of her literary genius was rather lyrical than dramatic. ‘Vivia Perpetua,’ but moderately interesting as a play, is couched throughout in a fine strain of impassioned emotion, symbolising, in the guise of Vivia's conversion to christianity, the authoress's own devotion to the high ideals which inspired her life. This truth of feeling redeems Mrs. Adams's eloquence from the imputation of rhetoric, and, notwithstanding the artlessness of the construction and the conventionality of the stage accessories, renders her work genuinely impressive. Vivia's monologue on forswearing the altar of Jupiter is especially eloquent. The authoress, however, was more happily inspired in her hymns, which, as simple expressions of devotional feeling at once pure and passionate, can hardly be surpassed. ‘Nearer to Thee’—often erroneously attributed to Mrs. Beecher Stowe—is known wherever the English language is spoken; and the lines beginning ‘He sendeth sun, He sendeth shower,’ are even more exquisite in their blended spirit of fervour and resignation. All who knew Mrs. Adams personally speak of her with enthusiasm; she is described as a woman of singular beauty and attractiveness, delicate and truly feminine, high-minded, and in her days of health playful and high-spirited. She left no descendants.
[W. J. Fox, Lectures addressed chiefly to the Working Classes, vol. iv. lect. 9; Westminster Review, vol. 1. pp. 540–42; private information from Mrs. Bridell Fox and Mr. W. J. Linton.]
R. G.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.2 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 101 | i | 31 | Adams, Sarah F.: for 1827 read 1829 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Adams, William (1706-1789)

1904 Errata appended.
​ADAMS, WILLIAM (1706–1789), divine, was born at Shrewsbury 17 Aug. 1706, and at thirteen entered Pembroke College, Oxford. He took his M.A. degree in 1727, became fellow of his college, and, in 1734, tutor in place of Mr. Jorden. Samuel Johnson, born in 1709, had been one of Jorden's pupils; and during his short university career, 1728–9, formed a friendship with Adams which lasted till Johnson's death. In 1730 Adams was presented to the curacy of St. Chad's in Shrewsbury, and ceased to reside. In 1755 he became rector of Counde in Shropshire; and, in 1756, took his B.D. and D.D. degrees in Oxford. He was elected to the mastership of Pembroke, to which was attached a prebend of Gloucester, in 1775, and resigned St. Chad's. He was afterwards made archdeacon of Llandaff. He retained these offices and the rectory of Counde till his death in the prebendal house at Gloucester, 13 Jan. 1789. He married Sarah Hunt, and left a daughter, married, in 1788, to B. Hyatt of Painswick in Gloucestershire. Adams's friendship with Johnson is commemorated by Boswell, to whom he gave some information about their common friend. Adams attended the first representation of ‘Irene’ in 1749. He tried to reconcile Johnson to Chesterfield's incivility in 1754, though at the same time taking a message from Warburton to Johnson approving of his ‘manly behaviour.’ In June 1784 Johnson, accompanied by Boswell, paid a visit to Adams at Oxford. Johnson stayed at Pembroke lodge for a fortnight, and was greatly pleased by the attentions of Adams and his daughter. Adams published some occasional sermons, one of which ‘On True and False Doctrine,’ preached at St. Chad's, 4 Sept. 1769, and directed against the methodist doctrines of W. Romayne, led to some controversy, in which ​neither of the principals took part. His chief work is an ‘Essay on Mr. Hume's Essay on Miracles, by William Adams, M.A., chaplain to the Bishop of Llandaff,’ 1752. It is said to have been the first answer to Hume, whose essay was first published in 1748 (Burton's Life of Hume, i. 285), and was a temperate statement of the argument that the divine power supplies an adequate cause for the production of the alleged effects, which are therefore credible upon sufficient evidence.
[Life in Chalmers's Dictionary ‘from private information;’ Gent. Mag. vol. lix.; Rawlinson MSS. fol. 16, 4; Nichols's Illustrations, v. 277; Boswell's Johnson.]
L. S.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.2 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 106 | ii | 31 | Adams, William (1706-1789): before In 1755 insert He was made prebendary of Lichfield in 1747, prebendary of Llandaff in 1749, and also precentor in the latter cathedral in 1750 |
| | | 36 | omit afterwards |
| | | 37 | after Llandaff insert in 1777 |
| | | | for the prebendal house read his prebendal house |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Adams, William (1772-1851)

1904 Errata appended.
​ADAMS, WILLIAM, LL.D. (1772–1851), a learned lawyer, was the youngest son of Patience Thomas Adams, filazer of the court of King's Bench, and was born at 39 Hatton Garden, London, 13 Jan. 1772. By his father's side he was connected with an old Essex family, and his mother was a descendant of William of Wykeham. He was educated at Tunbridge school, and in 1788 entered Trinity Hall, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow. At the age of twenty-five he began to attend the courts at Doctors' Commons. In 1799 he took the degree of LL.D., and in November of the same year he was admitted into the College of Advocates. Obtaining a high reputation for business capacity and mastery of legal details, he rendered valuable service on several important commissions. He served on the commission appointed in 1811 to regulate the practice of the vice-admiralty courts abroad, and on that which was occupied from 1815 till 1824 in inquiring into the duties, offices, and salaries of the courts of justice and the ecclesiastical courts of England. His chief claim to distinction is, however, the part he took in the negotiations for a treaty with the United States in 1814 after the capture of Washington; he was one of the three commissioners sent to represent England, and was entrusted with the sole preparation of the despatches relating to maritime law, the most delicate and important part of the negotiation. In 1815 he was also named one of the three plenipotentiaries sent to conclude a convention of commerce between Great Britain and the United States, which was signed on 3 July. Excessive labour connected with the preparation of the case against Queen Caroline had serious effects on his health, and in 1825 he was compelled on this account to resign his profession. He spent the last years of his life in retirement at Thorpe in Surrey, where he died 11 June 1851.
T. F. H.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.3 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 108 | i | 7-6 f.e. | Adams, William (1772-1851): for a descendant read of the family |
# Custer

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Custer."
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Custer, a poem by Edmund Clarence Stedman
* "Custer, George Armstrong," in Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed., 1911)
* "Custer, George Armstrong," in Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography, New York: D. Appleton and Co. (1891)
# Custer v. McCutcheon

United States Supreme Court
283 U.S. 514
Custer v. McCutcheon
Argued: April 20, 1931. --- Decided: May 18, 1931
Messrs. J. F. Nugent, of Boise, Idaho, and James R. Bothwell, of Twin Falls, Idaho, for petitioner.
Mr. Whitney North Seymour, of Washington, D. C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice ROBERTS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Custom and Myth

To E. B. Tylor, author of 'Primitive Culture,' these studies of the oldest stories are dedicated.
* Introduction
* The Method of Folklore
* The Bull-Roarer
* The Myth of Cronus
* Cupid, Psyche, and the Sun-Frog
* A Far-Travelled Tale
* Apollo and the Mouse
* Star Myths
* Moly and Mandragora
* Kaleva
* The Diving Rod
* Hottentot Mythology
* Fetichism and the Infinite
* The Early History of the Family
* The Art of Savages
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Description of the Rules of Football as played at Charterhouse School (1863)

Taken from a November 1863 newspaper article.
The printed rules do not state how the game is to be commenced; we believe it is by a kick-off.
The ball is not allowed to be carried or thrown by the hands. It may be caught, either before touching the ground or after, provided it has bounded from the ground above the height of the knees. What privilege attends a catch made in either of these ways is not stated. Stopping the ball with the hands is declared legitimate; but it may not be struck either when in the air or upon the ground.
Holding, pushing with the hands, purposely kicking, or tripping any player, or in any way pushing him behind his back, is not allowed.
The ball when kicked out of the side bounds is returned at right angles, and is, we suppose, nothing being said to the contrary, immediately in play again.
When kicked beyond the goal-line the defending side are entitled to a fair kick in any way they please within six yards of their goal without obstruction from any opposing player.
The question of "off side," which is considered to present so many difficulties, is thus dealt with by rule eight: "Any player is off his side, or behind, when only three or less than three of the opposite side are between himself and the opposite goal. Any player off his side is not to stop or kick the ball until it has been kicked or otherwise moved by one of the opposite side. This does not include the case of a player who is fairly following up the ball." Provision has to be made in every game for this kind of case. Rugby has its provisions for off side and on side, and Eton does not allow a player to obtain a rouge unbullied, or to "sneak" the ball behind his foot with less than three of the opposite party before him.
The fourth rule is the one in the Charterhouse code which states how the game shall be won. It says, "In order to win a game the ball must go between the two flags and underneath the cord of the goal of the opposite side, provided it be not hit or otherwise impelled through by the hands of any one of the side who are not defending the goal. If hit, or in any way impelled through by any of the side who are defending the goal, the game is counted."

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1924, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 99 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Description of the Rules of Football as played at Cheltenham College (1863)

Taken from a November 1863 newspaper article.
The Cheltenham ground is 120 yards long by 80 yards broad, and the game played there is, like that of Marlborough, closely allied to the Rugby system. There are some variations in the rules, but they are not very important, and the college may be said to play as the school plays.
With regard to hacking, it is declared unlawful to hold and hack at the same time. The rule making this provision also says :-- "No hacking with the heel above the knee is fair."
The 22nd and last rule in their set is a good one, designed to prevent that most cowardly description of play -- sneaking. It says: "When anyone is found sneaking in his opponents' goal, he must either not touch the ball, or, if he touches it, go out of the game."

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1924, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 99 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Description of the Rules of Football as played at Shrewsbury School (1855)

From a set of printed rules of "douling" or Football, dated "about 1855". Source gives only "the principal points in which the code then differed from modern Association [football]".
1. Each side could consist of twelve, or of an unlimited number.
2. A match was decided by the best out of three 'games' (i.e. goals).
3. A goal could be kicked at any height.
4. A player who caught the ball direct from a kick could take a 'hoist' (i.e. drop kick); otherwise the ball might not be handled.
5. No one might stand wilfully between the ball and his opponent's goal.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1924, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 99 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Description of the Rules of Football as played at Shrewsbury School (1863)

Taken from a November 1863 newspaper article.
The following are the rules of the game as played at Shrewsbury School:—
The football ground at Shrewsbury is 150 yards long and 120 broad, and the goal sticks 40 feet apart.
The game commences with a free kick, the ball being placed rather nearer the goal of the side winning the kick — sometimes between quarter distance and the middle of the ground.
The use of the hands for carrying, throwing, or striking the ball is not allowed.
Players must not stand between the opponents' goal and the ball, nor kick immediately after being in that position.
A player must not kick the ball directly after one of his own side has done so, unless he was behind the player when he kicked it and has run forward; but if it is kicked at right angles to the goals, and he is on a line with the player kicking it, he may do so.
When the ball is kicked to the limits of the field into line with the adversaries' goal, one of the opposite side is entitled to a fair kick either from the ground or a hoist — that is after throwing the ball in the air, to kick it while descending.
Any player catching the ball from the kick of an opponent is entitled to a hoist, or drop kick.
A player may catch the ball from a kick by his own side, if it is kicked at right angles to the goals, and he be on a line with the player kicking it.
Opposing players are not allowed to be within five yards of the ball in case of a fair kick being obtained.
Touching the ball with the hands, except in catching it, is unlawful, as is also running with it in the hands.
A game is won when the ball is kicked through or at any height over, provided it be wholly within the limits of the goal-posts.
If the ball is caught on the rebound it is to be immediately put down again.
Pushing, holding, or striking an opponent with the hands is not allowed.
There is no law against "shinning" or "hacking," but "back shinning" is not permitted.
Matches are ordinarily decided by the best of three games.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1924, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 99 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Description of the Rules of Football as played at Marlborough College (1863)

Taken from a November 1863 newspaper article.
[T]he game is identical with that of Rugby, and the collegers find it a matter of little or no difficulty to get up a game or two every year with past Rugbæans at Oxford, who take a trip to the college ground for that purpose, or receive them at the university.
The Marlborough ground is 120 yards long, and 60 yards broad, the width between the goal-posts being 8 yards; the cross-bar is 9 feet from the ground. These dimensions are rather less than those of the "Old Bigside" at Rugby, but about the same proportions are observable.
The most important points of difference between the two games -- and these are not very material -- are the uniform distance of 30 yards in front of "touch" for the "place kick" at Marlborough, instead of the kick from an undefined place at Rugby; and not allowing the "free kick" which a Rugbæan may claim after a catch. The Marlborough system of kicking from a definite spot is an improvement on the Rugby method, but, as we have said, the two games may be looked upon as the same, both of them permitting running with the ball, hacking and mauling, &c.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1924, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 99 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse