OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/pfropfen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/pfropfen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ pfropfen, vb., ‘to plug up, cork,’ from MidHG. pfropfen, allied to OHG. pfroffo, *pfropfo, ‘layer of a vine, slip,’ MidHG. pfropfœre, ‘graft.’ OHG. pfroffo, pfropfo, m., is derived from Lat. prō̆pâgo, m. (for the retention of the nom. form instead of the oblique case see Pfau), ‘layer, slip,’ whence also Ital. propaggine, Fr. provin. With regard to the period when the word was borrowed see Pfirsich.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/passen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/passen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ passen (1.), vb., ‘to forego one's turn in playing,’ ModHG. only, formed from Fr. ​passer, ‘to omit, pass.’ Numerous words relating to play are derived from the Fr.; comp. Pasch and Daus. — The meaning ‘to lie in wait, watch,’ comes, however, from Du. passen.
passen (2.), vb., ‘to pass muster, suit, be convenient,’ ModHG. only, corresponding to Du. passen, which is found even in the 13th cent.; from Fr. passer. Deriv. päßlich, ‘tolerable.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/pflegen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/pflegen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ pflegen, vb., ‘to nurse, cherish, indulge in, be accustomed to,’ from MidHG. pflëgen, OHG. pflëgan, ‘to take care of, take a friendly interest in, provide for, protect, carry on, be wont or accustomed to,’ OHG. and early MidHG. also ‘to promise, stand security for.’ It corresponds to OSax. plëgan, ‘to promise, stand security, be answerable for,’ Du. plegen, ‘to nurse, execute, do, be accustomed’; also to AS. plëgian, ‘to move on rapidly, play,’ E. to play. The Prov. and OFr. plevir, ‘to assure, stand security,’ to which no definite Lat. and Rom. original can be assigned, is derived rather from MidEurop. Teut. (OSax. and OHG.) than the reverse. E. pledge originated in OFr. pleige, MidLat. plegium. Although the West Teut. cognates must have existed perhaps as early as the 4th cent., nothing definite can be asserted concerning their origin and their numerous meanings, the base of which seems to be ‘to act affectionately for, or in conjunction with, some one’; to this Gr. βλέφαρον, ‘eye,’ as well as βλέπειν, ‘to see’ (Aryan root glegh?), is perhaps primit. allied. If the cognates have been borrowed, their source cannot be determined; Rom. is out of the question, since it contains no suitable root from which they can be derived. See Pflicht.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/geschehen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry geschehen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ geschehen, verb, ‘to happen, occur, befall,’ from the equivalent Middle High German geschëhen, Old High German giscëhan; a specifically German word (Middle Dutch geschien, Dutch geschieden), as well as the corresponding factitive schicken. It is uncertain whether the word is connected with Gothic skêwjan, ‘to go,’ and the Teutonic root skeh (*kē̆hw, skē̆w), from skek, or Old Slovenian skokŭ, ‘leap,’ and Old Irish *scuchim, ‘I go or pass away.’ See Geschichte and schicken.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/geschickt

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry geschickt. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ geschickt, ‘apt, skilful, adroit,’ properly a participle, Middle High German geschicket, ‘arranged, prepared, ready, suitable,’ from Middle High German schicken, ‘to arrange, set in order.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/geschweigen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry geschweigen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ geschweigen, ‘to pass by in silence, omit mentioning,’ a factitive of schweigen, from Middle High German gesweigen, Old High German gisweigen, ‘to reduce to silence.’ See schweigen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/geschweige

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry geschweige. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ geschweige, conjunction with a subj. to be supplied, ‘much less, to say nothing of, I am silent about it,’ &c. —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gern

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry gern. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gern, adverb, ‘gladly, willingly, fain,’ from the equivalent Middle High German gërne, Old High German gërno, adverb, ​from the Middle High German and Old High German adjective gërn; to the latter correspond Gothic gairns in faihugairns, ‘avaricious’ (compare Gothic gairnjan, ‘to desire, long for, demand’), Old Icelandic gjarn, ‘eager,’ Anglo-Saxon georn, ‘zealous,’ Dutch gaarne, Old Saxon gern. Akin to Old High German and Middle High German gër (without the participle suffix n), ‘desiring, demanding,’ as well as to begehren, Gier. The Teutonic root ger (from Aryan gher, ‘to demand violently,’ was confused with a derivative form in r from a root gĭ (ghĭ), allied in meaning; see Gier, Geier. Whether the Sanscrit root har-y, ‘to be fond of,’ or Greek χαίρω, or Oscan heriest, ‘he will be willing,’ is connected with the Aryan root gher is uncertain.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gesamt

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry gesamt. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gesamt, adjective, ‘joint, collective,’ from the equivalent Middle High German gesament, gesamnet, Old High German gisamanôt; participle of Old High German samanôn. See sammeln.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/geschlacht

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry geschlacht. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ geschlacht, adjective, ‘of good quality, soft, tender, shapely,’ from Middle High German geslaht, ​Old High German gislaht, ‘well brought up, noble, well behaved’; ungeschlacht, ‘uncouth, unwieldy, boorish,’ even in Middle High German ungeslaht, Old High German ungislaht, ‘ignoble, base.’ Allied to Modern High German Geschlecht, neuter, ‘species, race, extraction, family,’ from Middle High German geslehte, neuter, ‘race, tribe, family, quality,’ Old High German gislahti; compare Old High German slahta, feminine, ‘race, family,’ Middle High German slahta, ‘manner, relation’; akin also to Schlag (e.g. Menschenschlag, ‘race of men’), not found in Old High German and Middle High German. It is difficult to determine the relation of these cognates to schlagen; even in Old High German slahan itself means ‘to take after, resemble’ (e.g. nâh dên fordôrôn slahan, ‘to resemble one's ancestors’), for which in late Middle High German nâch-slahen occurs, Modern High German nachschlagen. Probably the strong verb in Old Teutonic once had the meaning ‘to beget,’ which cannot now be authenticated; of this verb Old High German gislaht, ‘of good quality,’ would be an old participle in to (see falt, traut, laut), with a development of meaning similar to that of König. Compare French gentil, equivalent to Latin gentilis.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gering

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry gering. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gering, adjective, ‘petty, trifling,’ properly ‘insignificant, easy,’ from Middle High German geringe, ‘light and quick, nimble,’ ringe, ‘easy, light, convenient, insignificant, slight, small,’ Old High German ringi, giringi, ‘light’; a specifically German adjective, wanting in the other Teutonic dialects; origin obscure. The development of meaning from ‘light’ to ‘slight’ through the medium of ‘easy’ is similar to that of klein.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/geruhen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry geruhen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ geruhen, verb, ‘to deign, condescend, be pleased,’ corrupted by connection with Ruhe from the earlier Modern High German geruochen, Middle High German geruochen, Old High German geruochan, ‘to care for, take into consideration’ (Middle High German also ‘to approve, grant’). Corresponding to ASax. rôkian, Anglo-Saxon rêcan (and rĕccan, whence English to reck), Old Icelandic rœ́kja, ‘to take care of.’ The Teutonic root. rak, rôk, appears also in Old High German rahha, ‘account, speech;’ so too in rechnen. In the non-Teutonic languages no root rā̆g in a cognate sense has yet been found.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gescheit

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry gescheit. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gescheit, ‘sensible, judicious, discreet,’ corrupted into gescheut, from Middle High German geschîde, adjective, ‘sensible, sly’; akin to schîden, a variant of scheiden. See scheiden.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kutteln

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kutteln. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kutteln, feminine, ‘chitterlings, tripe,’ from Middle High German kutel, feminine, ‘gut, tripe’; as a genuine Upper German word it is probably not cognate with Low German küt, ‘entrails,’ but connected rather with Gothic qiþus, ‘belly.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Köder

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Köder. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Köder, masculine, ‘bait.’ The word, on account of its very varied forms and senses, is difficult to explain etymologically, perhaps several words, originally different, have been combined with it; Middle High German köder, koder, këder, korder, körder, kërder, quërder, masculine, ‘lure, bait, patch of cloth or leather,’ Old High German quërdar also means ‘wick of a lamp’; in Modern High German it signifies, in the various dialects and at different periods, ‘double chin, slime, rag, leather strap, bait.’ With Köder, ‘double chin,’ we may perhaps compare English cud, Anglo-Saxon cudu, cweodu (Gothic qiþus, ‘belly’?). With the meaning ‘bait,’ Gothic qairrus and High German kirre may be most closely connected, because quërdar, as the oldest High German form, points to a Gothic *qaírþra-; with this the Greek compound δέλεαρ (δελ- for δερ- may be due to a process of differentiation, since a German form kerdel occurs; and ð, according to Æolic βλῆρ, is perhaps an old guttural, root ger) may be certainly associated, and its variant δέλετρον, which more early corresponds with the German word; the latter form is usually approved, since it combines the meanings of ‘bait’ and ‘torch’ (corresponding to Old High German quërdar, ‘wick’); in either case English cud is abnormal. For the other meanings of the German word no satisfactory etymologies can be found.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Käfter

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Käfter. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Käfter, neuter, compare Kabuse; the meaning ‘little chamber’ is Modern High German only; in Old High German chafteri, ‘beehive,’ Suabian Kâft, ‘student's room’. Allied to Anglo-Saxon ceafortûn, ‘hall’.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kämpe

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kämpe. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kämpe, masculine, ‘combatant, wrestler,’ first introduced into literary Modern High German by the study of the Teutonic languages, yet the special history of the word is not known. The form Indicates a Low German origin; compare Old Low German kęmpio, ‘combatant, warrior.’ Perhaps it was originally a legal term of the Saxon Code. See Kampf.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Käse

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Käse. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Käse, masculine, ‘cheese,’ from the equivalent Middle High German kœse, Old High German châsi, masculine; Latin câseus (whence also Old Irish caise), before the 5th century at the latest was adopted in the vernacular form câsius (variant căscus?) by the Teutons; compare Dutch kaas, Anglo-Saxon čŷse, English cheese. It corresponds in Romance to Italian cacio, Spanish queso; yet câseus was supplanted in the dialects at an early date by Latin *formaticus, ‘(cheese) mould’; compare French fromage (Italian formaggio). Old Icelandic has a peculiar word for ‘cheese,’ ostr, in Gothic perhaps *justs (compare Finnish juusto, ‘cheese’); the assumed Gothic *justs is connected etymologically with Latin jus, ‘broth,’ Old Slovenian jucha, ‘soup,’ Old Indian yûšán, ‘soup’ (compare Jauche), the root of which is yu, ‘to mix,’ in Lithuanian jáuju, jáuti, ‘to mix (dough).’ From this collocation of terms it is probable that *justs is the Old Teutonic word for ‘cheese,’ and that the Teutons did not learn how to make cheese from the Southerners, but only an improved method of doing so when they adopted the term Käse from them. It is true that according to Pliny, Hist. Nat. xi. 41, the barbarians generally were not acquainted with the method; yet compare also Butter.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kuß

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kuß. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kuß, masculine, ‘kiss,’ from the equivalent Middle High German and Old High German kus (genitive kusses); corresponding to Dutch kus, Old Saxon cus, cos (genitive -sses), Anglo-Saxon coss, Old Icelandic koss, masculine; a common Teutonic word for ‘kiss,’ wanting only in Gothic (*kussus, compare Gothic kukjan, East Frisian kükken, ‘to kiss’). A pre-Teutonic root gut, gud, ‘to kiss,’ does not occur. Indubitable cognates are not found in the non-Teutonic languages unless Irish bus, ‘lip,’ and Gaelic bus, ‘mouth with thick lips,’ are allied. —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kux

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kux. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kux, masculine, ‘share in a mine,’ earlier Modern High German and dialectic Ruckus; first occurs in early Modern High German, perhaps introduced from the Slavonic frontier mountains.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Käfer

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Käfer. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Käfer, masculine, ‘beetle, chafer,’ from the equivalent. Middle High German këver, këfere, Old High German chëvar, chëvaro, masculine; compare Anglo-Saxon čeafor, English chafer, Dutch kever, masculine. The Gothic term was probably *kifra, or following Anglo-Saxon ceafor, *kafrus also (compare Low German kavel). The name, which has the same import in all the dialects at ​their different periods, signifies ‘gnawing animal’ (compare Middle High German kifen, kiffen, ‘to gnaw, chew,’ Middle High German kiffel under Kiefer), or ‘husk animal,’ from Old High German chëva, ‘husk,’ Middle High German kaf, English chaff (Anglo-Saxon čeaf).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Käfig

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Käfig. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Käfig, masculine and neuter, ‘cage, gaol,’ from Middle High German kęvje, masculine, feminine, and neuter, ‘cage (for wild animals and birds),’ also ‘prison’; the j of the Middle High German word became g (compare Ferge and Scherge). Old High German chęvia, feminine, is derived from Low Latin cávia, Latin cặvea, ‘birdcage’ (respecting High German f for Latin v, compare Pferd, Vers, and Verdikt), whence also Modern High German Kaue. Allied to the Romance words, Italian gabbia, gaggia, French cage (hence English cage), and Italian gabbiuolo, French geôle (English jail, gaol), ‘prison.’ Further, Bauer first obtained the meaning ‘cage’ in Middle High German.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Köcher

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Köcher. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Köcher, masculine, ‘quiver,’ from Middle High German kocher, Old High German chohhar, masculine, ‘quiver,’ yet also generally ‘receptacle’ with the variants, Middle High German kochœre, Old High German chohhâri, Middle High German koger, keger, with an abnormal g apparently in harmony with the obscure Old Icelandic kǫgurr ‘quiver’?), preserved only in kǫgursweinn, kǫgurbarn; Old Icelandic kǫgurr, ‘quilted counterpane, coverlet,’ is an entirely different word, and is connected with a remarkable German form Köcher, ‘cover.’ Anglo-Saxon cocur, Middle English coker, ‘quiver’; also in Middle English and English quiver, from Old French cuivre, which is again derived from the Teutonic word (Teutonic kokro-, whence Middle Latin cucurum, ‘quiver’).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/knobeln

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/knobeln | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ knobeln, vb., ‘to fillip,’ ModHG. only, allied to a widely diffused dial. form knöbel (UpG.), knöwel (MidG. and LG.), ‘joint,’ espec. of the fingers.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/kosten

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/kosten | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ kosten (1.), vb., ‘to cost,’ from MidHG. kosten, ‘to come to, cost’; from MidLat. and Rom. costare (Lat. constare); Fr. coûter; see Kost (1) and (2); E. to cost.
kosten (2.), vb., ‘to taste,’ from MidHG. ‘to scrutinise, test by tasting’; OHG. and OSax. costôn, AS. costian (wanting in E.); a common Teut. vb. meaning ‘to put to the test, scrutinise, try.’ Kosten, like the Teut. words mentioned under Kost (2), is connected with kiesen, and is identical in form with Lat. gustâre, ‘to taste.’ Teut. kus, pre-Teut. gus, is the root. Comp. kiesen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/knüpfen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/knüpfen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ knüpfen, vb., from the equiv. MidHG. knüpfen, OHG. knupfen, ‘to unite, tie, fasten together’ (Goth. *knuppjan is wanting); a nominal vb. from Knopf, which see; MidHG. knopf, ‘knot.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/kochen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/kochen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ kochen, ‘to cook,’ from the equiv. MidHG. kochen, OHG. chohhôn, from Lat. coquere (more accurately *coquâre?). The HG. word could not remain a str. vb., because the vowel of the stem differed from the analogy of verbs of that class. In Rom. note Fr. cuire, Ital. cuocere. Comp. also Kuchen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/koscher

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/koscher | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ koscher, kauscher, adj., ‘pure,’ ModHG. only, from Jew. Chald. kâschêr, ‘pure, according to prescription.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/kosen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/kosen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ kosen, vb., ‘to chat, caress,’ from MidHG. kôsen, OHG. chôsôn, ‘to converse, talk.’ The meaning of the vb. is opposed to any connection with OHG. chôsa, ‘lawsuit,’ and Lat. causa, causari, for it nowhere shows an indication of a legal origin; ModFr. causer, ‘to chat,’ is also derived from G., since in Lat. causa, Fr. chose originated. As a native word kosen (Goth. *kausôn) is of uncertain origin; it is certainly connected, however, with AS. ceást, MidE. cheeste, ‘argument, dispute,’ Du. keuzelen, ‘to caress.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/kostspielig

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/kostspielig | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ kostspielig, adj., ‘expensive,’ first used towards the end of the 18th cent.; it contains, however, an old word which has elsewhere disappeared, and even in this compound has been corrupted; MidHG. spildec, ‘extravagant’; OHG. spilden, ‘to squander, dissipate’ (from OHG. gaspilden, Fr. gaspiller is derived). Hence *kostspildig is probably ‘squandering money’; spildig, which was etymologically obscure, was corrupted into -spielig.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/knuffen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/knuffen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ knuffen, vb., ‘to cull,’ wanting in the earlier periods; of obscure origin.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/kommen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/kommen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ kommen, vb., from the equiv. MidHG. komen, OHG. chuëman, ‘to come,’ a common Teut. vb. The proper form of the initial k is qu, as is proved by ModHG. bequem, and hence OHG. quëman is the base; the w of an initial hw is frequently suppressed in HG. (comp. keck and kirr) before e and o (not before a). Goth. qiman, AS. cuman, E. to come, OSax. cuman, OIc. koma. The prim. Teut. vb. qeman, ‘to come,’ thus deduced has a remoter history; it is identical with the Ind. and Zend root gam, ‘to come,’ and allied to Lat. vĕnio for *gvĕmio, Gr. βαίνω for *βανjω (for *gvĕmiô); comp. bequem and Kunst. The assumed Aryan root is gem. The evolution of a v after the g is normal; comp. Goth. qinô with Gr. γυνή and Ind. gnã (*gánâ), ‘woman’; Goth. qiwa-, Lat. vivus (Gr. βίος, subst.), Ind. jîvá (see keck; comp. the similar evolution of a kv akin to Teut. hw from Aryan k under wer and welcher).