OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Savaric

From volume 13 of the work.
Bishop of Bath and Glastonbury, and cousin of the Emperor Henry VI, date of birth unknown, d. at Rome, 1205. He was archdeacon of Canterbury, 1175, and archdeacon of Northampton, 1180. In 1191, while on the continent with the crusaders, he was elected Bishop of Bath, and the following year was ordained priest at Rome. Pope Celestine III consented to the annexation of Glastonbury Abbey to the See of Bath, and Savaric's plan was to be joint Bishop of Bath and Glastonbury. The monks of Glastonbury objected to the incorporation and appealed to Rome, but their appeal was disallowed in 1196. In spite of the fact that Savaric had been one of the hostages at Mainz for the ransom of Richard I, the king, on his release, supported the monks, and it was not till 1199 that the bishop, after a forcible entry, was enthroned in the abbey. A second appeal of the monks to the new pope, Innocent III, was dismissed and in 1202 Savaric was again declared abbot. From that time all opposition vanished and Savaric became a considerable benefactor to Glastonbury. At Wells he instituted a daily Mass in honour of Our Lady, and left instructions for the feeding of 100 poor persons both at Wells and at Bath. Savaric also gave a charter to Wells, and persuaded King John to grant a charter from the crown to that city. Not the least of his services to Bath was his intervention to save the treasury of the abbey from being emptied for the ransom of Richard I. Savaric died whilst busying himself on behalf of Peter des Roches, episcopus designatus of Winchester.
Epistoloe Cantuariensis; BENEDICT OF PETERBORO, Chronicle of Henry II and Richard I; Roger de Hoveden; R. de Diceto; Gertase of Canterbury; ed. STUBBS. R. de Coggeshall, ed. STEVENSON, All in Rolls Series. CHURCH, Chapters in Wells History; Wells Cathedral MSS. (Historic MSS. Commission).
Joseph Clayton.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Satala

From volume 13 of the work.
A titular see in Armenia Prima, suffragan of Sabastia. Satala according to the ancient geographers was situated in a valley surrounded by mountains, a little north of the Euphrates, where the road from Trapezus to Samosata crossed the boundary of the Roman Empire. Later it was connected with Nicopolis by two highways. This site must have been occupied as early as the annexation of Lesser Armenian under Vespasian. Trajan visited it in 115 and received the homage of the princes of the Caucasus and the Euxine. It was he doubtless who established there the Legio XV Apollinaris and began the construction of the great castra stativa (permanent camp) which it was to occupy till the fifth century. The town must have sprung up around this camp; in the time of Ptolemy it was already important. In 530 the Persians were defeated under its walls. Justinian constructed more powerful fortifications there, but these did not prevent Satala from being captured in 607-8 by the Persians. It is now Sadagh, a village of 500 inhabitants, in the vilayet of Erzeroum. The remains of the camp still exist strewn with fragments of brick bearing the stamp of the legion; there are also the ruins of an aqueduct and of Justinian's citadel; some Latin and Greek inscriptions, the latter Christian, have been discovered. The Christians were numerous in the time of Diocletian. Le Quien, "Oriens Christianus," I, 431, mentions seven of its bishops: Evethius, at Nicaea, 325; Elfridius, 360; Poemenius, about 378; Anatolius, 451; Epiphanius, 458; Gregory, 692; Philip, 879. The see is mentioned in the "Notitiae episcopatuum" until the thirteenth century, and we know the name of the bishop, Cosmas, in 1256.
SMITH, Dict. of Greek and Roman Geog., s.v.; MUELLER, (ed. DIDOT), Notes a Ptolemy, I, 884; CHAPOT, La frontiere de l'Euphrate de Pompee a la conquete arabe (Paris, 1907), 351; CUMONT, Studia Pontica (Brussels, 1906), 343-51.
S. Pétridès.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jemez Pueblo

From volume 8 of the work.
An Indian pueblo situated upon the north bank of the river of the same name about twenty miles north-west of Bernalillo, New Mexico. Its inhabitants, of Tanoan Shoshonean stock, are all that remain of an important tribe occupying some ten villages in the same region when first known to the Spaniards in 1541. The name comes from their Keran neighbours. They themselves call their town Walatoa, "Bear Village". The Jemez country was first entered by Coronado in 1541, and was visited later by Espejo (1583) and Oñate (1598). Through the efforts of the Franciscan Father MartÌn de Arvide the tribe was induced, about 1618, to concentrate in two villages, in each of which a mission was established. Somewhat later one of these was abandoned for a new station, San Juan (de los Jemez). Twice the Jemez, in connection with some other Indians, conspired against the Spaniards, but the risings were speedily suppressed, until the outbreak of the general Pueblo rebellion in 1680, when the Jemez rose in both villages, killing one of the missionaries. At last, in 1694, General Vargas stormed their pueblo, killing nearly 100 of the inhabitants and carrying off nearly 400 prisoners. The village was also destroyed, reducing the tribe to the single pueblo of San Diego. In 1696 they again revolted, killing the resident Franciscan missionary, and fled west to the Navaho. After some years of exile they returned and built the pueblo in which they now reside. In 1728 and 1780-1 they suffered heavily from smallpox. They number now about 500, including the remnant of the kindred Pecos tribe. Both a government and a Franciscan day-school are kept among them. In culture and general characteristics the Jemez resemble the other Pueblos.
BANCROFT, Hist. Arizona and New Mexico; BANDELIER, Archeol. Inst. Papers; HODGE, Handbook; WINSHIP, Coronado Expedition in Fourteenth Rpt. Bur. Am. Ethnol., for which see INDIANS, AMERICAN.
JAMES MOONEY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jedburgh

From volume 8 of the work.
(Eighty-two different spellings of the name are given in the "Origines Parochiales Scotiæ").
Augustinian abbey, in the town of the same name (capital of Roxburghshire, Scotland), established as a priory by David I, King of Scots, in 1118, and colonized by Canons Regular of St. Augustine from the Abbey of St-Quentin, at Beauvais, France. Fordun gives 1147 as the year of foundation, but this seems to have been the date of the erection of the priory into an abbey, when prior Osbert (styled in the Melrose chronicle "primus abbas de Geddeworth") was raised to the abbatial dignity. Jedburgh soon became one of the greatest Scottish monasteries, deriving importance from its proximity to the castle (now entirely destroyed), which was the favourite residence of many of the Scottish kings. Lands, churches, houses, and valuable fisheries, on both sides of the border, were bestowed on the abbey by David I, Malcolm IV, William the Lion, and other royal and noble benefactors; and Alexander III chose to be married in the abbey church to Yolande de Dreux in 1285, by which year the monastic buildings, including the great church, were probably complete.
An opulent abbey so near the English border as Jedburgh was sure to suffer much in the constant wars between England and Scotland. About 1300 the monastery became uninhabitable, owing to repeated attacks made on it, and the community was dispersed. Later on it recovered its prosperity for a time, but in the century and a half preceding the Reformation it was devastated, plundered, and occasionally set on fire, at least four times by the invading English. In 1559 (John Horne being abbot) the abbey was suppressed, and its possessions confiscated by the Crown. A Protestant church was afterwards constructed within the nave and used until 1875, when a new church was built by the Marquess of Lothian, whose family has possessed the lordship of Jedburgh continuously since 1622. Practically the whole of the domestic buildings of Jedburgh Abbey have disappeared; but the magnificent church is still wonderfully entire. The oldest part is the early Norman choir, of which the two western bays remain; and the nave, 129 feet long, is a very stately and impressive example of Early English work. The decorated north transept (fourteenth century) is the burial-place of the Kers of Fernihurst, now represented by the Marquess of Lothian. The massive central tower is still quite perfect. The total length of the church (inside) is 218 feet.
Origines Parochiales Scotiæ, I (Edinburgh, 1850), 366-386; WATSON, Jedburgh Abbey (Edinburgh, 1894); Saturday Review, LIV. 437-440; WORDSWORTH, Tour in Scotland, ed. SHAIRP (1874); GORDON, Monasticon, I (Glasgow, 1868), 249-258; MORTON, Monastic Annals of Teviotdale (Edinburgh, 1832); JEFFREY, History and Antiquities of Roxburghshire (4 vols., 1857-64); WYNTOUN, Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1872-79).
D.O. HUNTER-BLAIR
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jedediah Vincent Huntington

From volume 7 of the work.
Jedediah Vincent Huntington, clergyman, novelist; born 20 January, 1815, in New York City; died 10 March, 1862, at Pau, France. He received his early education at home and at an Episcopalian private school. He entered Yale College and later the University of New York, where he was graduated in 1835. He then studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, received his degree in 1838, but never practised his profession. During the three years following he was professor of mental philosophy in St. Paul's Episcopal school near Flushing, L. I., and at the same time studied for the ministry. In 1841 he was ordained a minister of the Protestant Episcopal Church, resigned his professorship, and became rector of the Episcopal church at Middlebury, Vermont. At the end of five years he resigned because of doubts about his religious position, and went to Europe. The next three years he spent mostly in England and in Rome. He left England apparently a firm believer in the Anglican theory of the "Via Media". The authority of Rome outside the British possessions he readily accepted. Soon after his arrival in Rome, however, he became convinced that his duty lay in recognizing the exclusive authority of the Catholic Church. On speaking of the subject to his wife, he was agreeably surprised to learn that she was of one mind with him. Accordingly they were both received into the Church in 1849. Returning to America he lectured before learned associations in several of the large cities. He became editor of the "Metropolitan Magazine", a Catholic periodical published in Baltimore, and later edited "The Leader" published in St. Louis; each proved a failure. His life was, however, a literary life, and fairly successful. His first publication was a book of verse. He made several translations from the French, one of which, Ségur's "Short and Familiar Answers to Objections against Religion," is still doing service.
But Huntington is best known as a writer of fiction. His novels were widely read and received considerable notice in the leading journals in America and England. The criticism was often harsh and at times justly deserved, especially in the case of his first novel "Lady Alice" and its sequel "The Forest". Probably the best of his works is "Alban, or the History of a Young Puritan", which is practically the history of his own life. His last work, which is best known and which is the only one reprinted, is "Rosemary, or Life and Death". The last few years of his life were spent at Pau, in the South of France, where he died of pulmonary tuberculosis in his forty-eighth year.
Records of the American Catholic Historical Society, 1905.
Matthew J. Flaherty.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jeremiah Benettis

From volume 2 of the work.
Friar Minor Capuchin and historical writer, d. in 1774. He belonged to the Province of Piedmont in Italy, and left two valuable historical treatises. The first, entitled "Chronica et critics historiæ sacrse et profanæ" (Rome, 1766), deals with various astronomical questions and the religious rites and ceremonies of ancient peoples, and was written with a view to facilitate the study of Sacred Scripture. In the second work, entitled 'LPrivilegiorum S. Petri vindicia" (Rome, 1756-66), he gives a history of the primacy of the Roman Pontiff.
HURTER, Nomenclator, III, 111.
STEPHEN M. DONOVAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jeremiah Williams Cummings

From volume 4 of the work.
Publicist, b. in Washington, U.S.A., April, 1814; d. at New York, 4 January, 1866.
His father's death caused his mother to move to New York in his boyhood, and he was there accepted as an ecclesiastical student by Bishop Dubois, who sent him to the College of the Propaganda at Rome to make his theological studies. He displayed much ability, and after winning his doctor's degree returned to New York, where he was assigned as one of the assistants at St. Patrick's Cathedral. He there proved himself an accomplished linguist, writer, and musician, and an interesting and popular preacher and lecturer. In 1848 Bishop Hughes selected him to found St. Stephen's parish, New York, and to erect a church. Dr. Cummings was then, and had been for several years previously, the intimate friend and disciple of Orestes A. Brownson, the philosopher and reviewer. He was instrumental in having Brownson change his residence from Boston to New York, took charge of his lecture arrangements, and wrote frequent contributions for the "Review". "It was often complained of in Brownson", says his son (Middle Life, Detroit, 1899, p. 132), "that he was lacking in policy, and no doubt he was in the habit of plain speaking; but Cummings was more so, and some of the most violent attacks on the editor and his 'Review' were occasioned by unpalatable truths plainly stated by Cummings".
Cummings was one of the leading spirits in a little club of priests and laymen, who were opposed to what they called the "Europeanizing" of the Church in the United States by the foreign-born teachers, to the system of teaching in vogue in the Catholic colleges and seminaries, and who were in favour of conciliating those outside the Church by the use of milder polemics. In an article on "Vocations to the Priesthood" that Dr. Cummings contributed to "Brownson's Review" of October, 1860, he severely criticized the management and mode of instruction in Catholic colleges and seminaries which he styled "cheap priest-factories". This aroused a bitter controversy, and brought out one of the noted essays by Archbishop Hughes, his "Reflections on the Catholic Press".
Under the administration of Dr. Cummings St. Stephen's, which he had completed in March, 1854, became the most fashionable and most frequented church in New York, its sermons and music making it a local attraction. He continued as its pastor till his death, which followed a long illness that incapacitated him for active service. Besides his articles in "Brownson's Review" he was also a contributor to "Appleton's Encyclopedia" and published in New York: "Italian Legends" (1859); "Songs for Catholic Schools" (1862); "Spiritual Progress" (1865); "The Silver Stole".
THOMAS F. MEEHAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jeremias

From volume 8 of the work.
[Hebrew Irmeyah; often in the paragogic form Irmeyahu, especially in the Book of Jeremias-meaning, possibly, "whom Jehovah appoints" (see Gesenius, "Lexicon", s.v.); Sept. Ieremias], the name of seven or eight men, besides the prophet, mentioned in the Old Testament:-
(1) Jeremias of lobna (A.V. Libnah, II Kings, xxiii, 31), of the tribe of Juda. he was the father of Amital, or Hamutal, one of the wives of Josias and mother of Kings Joachaz (IV Kings, xxiii, 31) and Sedecias (IV Kings, xxiv, 18). Cf. Jer., lii, 1-Gr. text.
(2) Jeremias, Jeremia [D.V., I Par., v, 24 (A.V. Jeremiah, Chron.); Sept. Ieremia], a chief of the half tribe of Manasses east of the Jordan, about the time of the Assyrian deportation under Thelgathphalnasar (A.V. Tiglath-pileser).
(3) Jeremias, one of the Benjamite bowmen and slingers who repaired to David's assistance at Siceleg (A.V. Ziklag) during the persecution by Saul (I Par., xii, 4).
(4) Jeremias (A.V. and R.V. Jeremiah), a valiant warrior of the tribe of Gad, fifth in rank of those who went over to David when he had withdrawn into the desert of Juda to escape capture at the hands of Saul (I Par., xii, 10).
(5) Jeremias, the tenth in reputation of the Gadite braves who threw in their lot with David's small army when he lay hid in the wilderness (I Par., xii, 13).
(6) Jeremias, son of Habsanias (R.V. Habazziniah), and father of Jezonias (A.V. and R.V. Jaazaniah). The last-mentioned seems to have been the head of the Rechabites (Jer., xxxv, 3) in the time of th prophet.
(7) Jeremias, a priest who returned with Zorobabel and Josue to Jerusalem [II Esd. (A.V. Nehem.), xii, 1] after the Babylonian Captivity-about 536 B.C.. His name was given to one of the twenty-two courses [II Esd., xii, 1-7-Vig., op. cit. below, here reckons only twenty-one; cf. Gr. text (Neemias), where the name is written Ieremia. Hattus is omitted in v. 2, and a lacuna occurs after the Sechenias of v. 3 as far as v. 7], into which were divided the four families of priests (I Esd., ii, 36-9).
(8) Jeremias, head of one of the priestly families, who, together with the other leaders of the people, subscribed to the sacred covenant renewed in the time of Nehemias (about 444 B.C.). A comparison of the priestly list given in II Esd., x, 2-8, with the enumeration of xii, 1 sq., will show the name of Jeremias (Ieremia) placed in close juxtaposition to that of Saraias (Saraia), and both are mentioned, in either case, amongst the first three. For these and similar reasons some have been led, despite the seeming difficulties, chiefly chronological, to identify that Jeremias who "went up with Zorobabel" and the homonymous priest who swore on behalf of his brethren that "they would walk in the law of God".
ERMONI in VIG., Dict. de la Bible, s.v. Jérémie; MOSS in HAST., Dict. of the Bible, s.v. Jeremiah.
P. J. MacAuley.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kolata Gudiya

​Kolata Gudiya.—A name for Gudiyas engaged in agriculture.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kollakar

​Kollakar.— There are about seven hundred members of this community at Cochin, to which place the Kollakars, or people of Kollam, are said to have come from Quilon (Kollam) in Travancore one or two centuries ago. The majority of the men work as coolies on board steamers, and a few as fishermen. The women of the poorer classes twist rope and sell fish, while the others make lace. A few hold appointments under the Government, and, in 1907, two had passed the Matriculation examination of the Madras University. They are Roman Catholics, and are said to have been converted to Christianity by the Portuguese. They marry among themselves. The Kollakars are also found at Calicut, Cannanore, Mahē, and Tellicherry, and are mainly occupied in fishing, rope-making, and making fishing-nets. ​A few at Tellicherry are employed as carpenters, tailors, and petty shopkeepers.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Koil Pandala

​Koil Pandala (keeper of the royal treasury). — One of the divisions of Kshatriyas in Travancore.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kokkundia

​Kokkundia.— See Kukkundi.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kolla Kurup

​Kolla Kurup.— The Kolla Kurups of Malabar are described, in the Gazetteer of Malabar, as a sub-caste of, or a caste allied to, the Kammālans. "They combine two professions, which at first sight seem strangely incongruous, shampooing or massage, and the construction of the characteristic leather shields of Malabar. But the two arts are intimately connected with the system of combined physical training, as we should now call it, and exercise in arms, which formed the curriculum of the kalari (gymnasium), and the title Kurup is proper to castes connected with that institution." Among Kolla Kurups, the following symbolical ceremony is necessary to constitute a valid divorce. "The husband and the wife's brother stand east and west respectively of a lighted lamp placed in the yard of the woman's original home. The husband pulls a thread from his cloth, and approaches the lamp, and breaks the thread saying 'Here is your sister's acchāram.' "
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kohōro

​Kohōro.——A form of Kahar.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Koi

​Koi.— See Kōya.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Koibarto

​Koibarto.— A sub-division of Kēvuto.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kokkara

​Kokkara.—Recorded, in the Travancore Census Report, as a sub-division of Nāyar.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Limyra

From volume 9 of the work.
Limyra, a titular see of Lycia, was a small city on the southern coast of Lycia, on the Limyrus, and twenty stadia from the mouth of this river. It is mentioned by Strabo (XIV, 666), Ptolemy (V, 3, 6), and several Latin authors. Nothing, however, is known of its history except that Caius Cæsar, adopted son of Augustus, died there (Velleius Paterculus, II, 102).
Limyra is mentioned in the "Notitiæ Episcopatuum" down to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries as a suffragan of Myra. Six bishops are known: Diotimus, mentioned by St. Basil (ep. ccxviii); Lupicinus, present at the Council of Constantinople, 381; Stephen, at Chalcedon (451); Theodore, at Constantinople (553); Leo, at NicÊa (787); Nicephorus, at Constantinople (879).
The ruins of Limyra are to be seen three or four miles east of the village of Fineka, in the sanjak of Adalia, Vilayet of Konia; they consist of a theatre, tombs, Sarcophagi, bas-reliefs, Greek and Lycian inscriptions, etc.
LEQUIEN, Oriens christianus, I, 971; LEAKE, Asia Minor (London 1893), 186; FELLOWS, Journal of an Excursion in Asia Minor (London, 1859), 214; IDEM, Account of Discoveries in Lycia (London, 1852), 205 sq.; SMITH, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, s. v.; TEXIER, Asie mineure (Paris,1862), 694.
S. Pétridès
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Lionel Albert Anderson

From volume 1 of the work.
An English Dominican, b. about 1620; d. 21 October, 1710. The son of a Lincolnshire gentleman, he suffered much for his faith. He became a convert, entered the order of St. Dominic at Paris in 1638, was ordained priest in 1665, and returned to London, where he was known under the assumed name of Munson. He was later accused by Titus Oates of being a conspirator against the King and Parliament, was indicted for being a priest contrary to the law of England, was tried and condemned to death at the Old Bailey, in 1679 or 1680, by the notorious Scroggs. He was pardoned by Charles II, after undergoing a year's imprisonment in Newgate, and was exiled for life. In 1686, after a visit to the Holy Land, he returned to England with a free pardon from James II, fled with that King to the Continent in 1688, returned again to England in 1698, and died at the patriarchal age of 91.
GILLOW, Bibl. Dict. of Engl. Catholics, I, 29; PALMER, Obituary Notices of Dominicans.
THOMAS J. SHAHAN