OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gibson, James (1799-1871)

​GIBSON, JAMES, D.D. (1799–1871), Free church polemic, was born at Crieff, Perthshire, on 31 Jan. 1799, went to school in his native place, and entered the university of Glasgow in his twelfth year. Towards the close of his preparatory course he became tutor in a Lanarkshire family, and in 1820 was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Hamilton. He afterwards accepted a situation as tutor in a Roxburghshire family, where he remained more than three years. In 1825 he became travelling companion to Captain Elliot, a cousin to the Earl of Minto. They went to Portugal and resided a considerable time in Lisbon. Returning to Glasgow Gibson was appointed assistant to the Rev. Mr. Steel, of the West Church, Greenock. After two years of work he made another continental tour with a pupil, receiving a testimonial from the Greenock congregation on his departure. In these tours he specially studied the moral and religious condition of the countries visited. Gibson was afterwards appointed assistant to Dr. Lockhart in the college parish, Glasgow, and received ordination as a minister. He was distinguished for accurate scholarship, a well cultivated mind, and sincere piety, but was not an attractive or effective preacher. He was drawn into the voluntary controversy as a de​fender of church establishments. He argued that the errors supposed to be due to the action of the Emperor Constantine had existed at an earlier date. He became editor of the ‘Church of Scotland Magazine’ in 1834, an office which he held for three years. Some influential members of the church placed at his disposal about 2,000l., which might either be accepted as a gift or devoted to the purpose of building a church for him. A church was accordingly built in the suburb of Kingston, into which he was inducted in 1839. The disruption came in 1843, when Gibson joined the Free church, and on the Sunday following he was interdicted from entering his own church. A place of worship in connection with the Free church was built for him in the same locality. For some years he acted as clerk to the Glasgow free presbytery. In 1855, having a promise of 30,000l. from Dr. Clark of Wester Moffat, with whom Gibson was on friendly terms, the general assembly of the Free church resolved to erect a theological college in Glasgow, and next year Gibson was elected professor of systematic theology and church history. He was conspicuous as a debater in the courts of the Free church, and strenuously opposed anything like innovation. Gibson died on 2 Nov. 1871. Besides contributing to volumes of lectures against infidelity, popery, and voluntaryism, he edited the ‘Scottish Protestant,’ vols. i. and ii., Glasgow, 1852, and wrote treatises on ‘The Marriage Affinity Question,’ 8vo, Edinburgh, 1854; ‘Principles of Bible Temperance,’ 8vo, Glasgow, 1855; ‘Present Truths in Theology,’ 8vo, Glasgow, 1863; ‘The Connection between the Decalogue and New Testament Morality,’ 8vo, Glasgow, 1865; and ‘The Public Worship of God: its Authority and Modes,’ 8vo, Glasgow, 1869.
J. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gibson, Alexander (d.1693)

​GIBSON, Sir ALEXANDER (d. 1693), clerk of session, was eldest son of Sir John Gibson of Pentland and Addiston, co. Edinburgh (knighted circa 1647), by Jean, daughter and heiress of Alexander Hay of Kennet, Clackmannanshire. Sir John was second son of Sir Alexander Gibson, the first lord Durie (d. 1644) [q. v.] Douglas states that Sir John was a distinguished royalist, and was created a knight-banneret at the battle of Worcester, but there seems no other evidence than his assertion. Alexander was principal clerk of session and clerk to the privy council in Scotland. He was knighted in 1682, and died in 1693. He edited his grandfather's (Sir Alexander, first lord Durie) ‘Decisions of the Lords of Council and Session,’ also called ‘Lord Durie's Practicks,’ on the recommendation and permission of the court of session and the privy council. The volume was printed in folio, Edinburgh, 1690. Sir Alexander married Helen, daughter of Sir James Fleming of Rathobyers, Mid-Lothian, by whom he had (with five daughters) two sons, Sir John of Pentland, knighted in or before 1690, and died in 1704, and whose line ceased with his son; and Alexander, who purchased the estate of Durie from his brother John, and married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Foulis, and left an eldest son and heir, John, who married Helen, daughter of the Hon. William Carmichael of Skirling, second son of the first Earl of Hyndford, by Helen Craig of Riccarton, and sister and heiress of the fourth earl. The descendants of this marriage (the elder line having failed) are now the lineal male representatives of Sir Alexander Gibson, first lord Durie; and the present head of the family is the Rev. Sir William Gibson-Carmichael, bart., of Castle Craig, Dolphinton, N.B.
R. H-r.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gibson, Edward

​GIBSON, EDWARD (1668–1701), portrait-painter, was nephew of William Gibson (1644–1702) [q. v.], from whom he received instruction in painting. He commenced painting portraits in oil, but subsequently ​found more employment in crayons. In this line he showed some genius, and was making great progress when he died in January 1701 in his thirty-third year. He resided in Catherine Street, Strand, and was buried at Richmond, Surrey. He drew his own portrait in crayons twice, in one dressed as a Chinese, in the other as a quaker. One portrait of himself, dated 1690, was at Tart Hall, and another, dated 1696, was formerly in Sir Thomas Lawrence's collection, and was sold at Christie's on 27 March 1866.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gibson, Alexander (d.1656)

​GIBSON, Sir ALEXANDER, Lord Durie (d. 1656), Scottish judge, was eldest son of Sir Alexander Gibson (d. 1644) [q. v.], by Margaret, eldest daughter of Sir Thomas Craig of Riccarton. He was made a clerk of session conjointly with his father upon the latter's promotion to the bench in 1621. He opposed Charles I's policy respecting the service-book, protested against the royal proclamations of 1638, and petitioned the presbytery of Edinburgh against the bishops, November 1638. He was commissary-general of the forces raised to resist Charles I in 1640, but was afterwards knighted 15 March 1641, and made lord clerk register 13 Nov. 1641. He was made a commissioner of the exchequer 1 Feb. 1645, and sat on the committee of estates (1645–8). He became lord of session in 1646, when he took the title of Lord Durie. He was deprived of his offices in 1649 by the act of classes, after joining ‘the engagement.’ He was one of the Scottish commissioners chosen to attend the English parliament in 1652 and 1654. Lamont writes in 1650, ‘Both Durie and his lady was debarred from the table because of their malignancie.’ He died in June 1656. He was twice married; first to Marjory Hamilton, by whom he had one daughter; secondly to Cecilia, daughter of Thomas Fotheringham of Powrie, by whom he left Sir Alexander Gibson of Durie, knt., commissioner to parliament in England for Fife and Kinross 1656–9, and for Fife 1659, who died at Durie 6 Aug. 1661.
R. H-r.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gibson, Francis

​GIBSON, FRANCIS (1753–1805), miscellaneous writer, son of Joseph and Mary Gibson of Whitby, Yorkshire, was baptised at Whitby 16 Jan. 1753. He became a seaman, voyaged to North America, and afterwards, as master mariner in a ship of his father's, to the Baltic. In 1787 he was, on the recommendation of Lord Mulgrave, appointed to the collectorship of customs at Whitby, which office he held till his death, 24 July 1805. He was twice married, and had issue.
Gibson wrote: 1. ‘Sailing Directions for the Baltic,’ 1791. These are said to have been employed with advantage by the Copenhagen expedition of 1801 under Sir Hyde Parker and Nelson. 2. ‘Streanshall Abbey, or the Danish Invasion,’ Whitby, 1800. This is a play in five acts, dedicated to Lady Mulgrave. It was first performed at the Whitby Theatre 2 Dec. 1799. It went through two (probably limited) editions in the year of its publication. 3. ‘Memoirs of the Bastile,’ a translation of an account published under the sanction of the National Assembly of France, Whitby, 1802. 4. ‘Poetical Remains,’ Whitby, 1807.
F. W-t.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gibson, Alexander Craig

​GIBSON, ALEXANDER CRAIG (1813–1874), antiquary, born at Harrington, Cumberland, on 17 March 1813, was the eldest son of Joseph Gibson, a native of that place, by his wife Mary Stuart Craig, who was of a Moffat family. He served his time to the practice of medicine in Whitehaven, and after studying at Edinburgh began his professional duties at Branthwaite and Ullock in his native county, where he remained about two years, removing to Coniston in 1843. Here he married in May 1844 Sarah, daughter of John Bowman of Hoadyood in Lamplugh. In 1849 he removed to Hawkshead, but in 1857, finding the work too heavy, settled at Bebington in Cheshire, where he remained in practice until his failing health compelled him to retire in 1872. Gibson was from his youth a contributor to newspapers. His first separate book, ‘The Old Man, or Ravings and Ramblings round Coniston’ (Kendal, 1849, 12mo), had already been printed in chapters in the ‘Kendal Mercury.’ It was an attempt to carry out a suggestion of Professor Wilson (Christopher North) that each locality in the Lake district should be carefully described by one well acquainted with it. The book went through several editions. About the same time he contributed to ‘Tait's Magazine’ a ballad in the Annandale dialect, ‘The Lockerbie Lycke.’ This he reprinted in his volume entitled ‘The Folk-speech of Cumberland and some Districts adjacent, being Short Stories and Rhymes in the Dialect of the West Border Counties’ (Carlisle, 1869, 12mo, 2nd ed. 1873). This work has much interest from Gibson's intimate acquaintance with the dialect of the district, and from his keen sense of the humour of the dales-folk. He contributed largely to the ‘Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire’ and other antiquarian associations. He was also author of ‘The Geology of the Lake Country’ in Miss Martineau's ‘Guide;’ and of numerous articles in medical and other periodicals. He was F.S.A., M.R.C.S. Engl. 1846, L.S.A. 1855, and L.M. Edinb. (Univ. Edinb.). He died at Bebington on 12 June 1874.
A. N.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gibson, George Stacey

​GIBSON, GEORGE STACEY (1818–1883), botanist and philanthropist, was born 20 July 1818 at Saffron Walden, Essex, being the only son of Wyatt George Gibson, a lineal descendant of Sir Henry Wyatt. His mother's maiden name was Deborah Stacey. Born to ample private means, though occupied by a large banking business and many charitable institutions, especially those connected with the Society of Friends, of which he was for many years ‘clerk of the yearly meeting,’ he at an early age imbibed a taste for botany. His keen observing powers added six species to the known British flora, and furnished the material for a series of interesting communications to the ‘Phytologist’ between 1842 and 1851. He also communicated to Hewett Watson records of plants from various counties of England, Wales, and Scotland. In 1845 he married Elizabeth, daughter of Samuel Tuke of York, and in 1847 became a fellow of the Linnean Society. In 1862 he published ‘The Flora of Essex,’ the result of nearly twenty years' work, which was in several respects an advance on preceding county floras. After this date other duties took him away from active scientific work; but he retained to the last a keen interest in science, especially photography, electric lighting, and the rearrangement of the excellent local museum at Walden. He was senior partner of the firm of Gibson, Tuke, & Gibson, and in 1877 and 1878 held the office of mayor of his native town, the charities of which he endowed munificently both during his life and at his death. He died of kidney disease, in Bishopsgate Street, London, on 5 April 1883. Exactitude and conscientiousness were his characteristics alike in science and in business, and he modestly submitted all his botanical discoveries to the judgment of his friends William Borrer, Edward Forster, and Professor C. C. Babington. His herbarium is in the Saffron Walden Museum.
G. S. B.
# Years

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Years."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* The Years, a poem by Dinah Maria Craik
* The Years, a poem by Sara Teasdale
* The Years, short story by James Oppenheim
# Yearsley v. W. A. Ross Construction Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
309 U.S. 18
Yearsley v. W. A. Ross Construction Company
Argued: Jan. 3, 4, 1940. --- Decided: Jan 29, 1940
Messrs. Robert Van Pelt and Ernest B. Perry, both of Lincoln, Neb. for petitioner.
Mr. Clay C. Rogers, of Kansas City, Mo., for respondent.
Mr. Chief Justice HUGHES delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Yeast: A Problem

'Yeast' was first published, in serial form, in 'Fraser's Magazine', during 1848. This transcription is of the first English edition in book form dating from 1851.
YEAST:
A Problem.
REPRINTED, WITH CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS,
FROM
FRASER'S MAGAZINE.
LONDON: JOHN W. PARKER, WEST STRAND. M DCCC LI.
'THE DAYS WILL COME, WHEN YE SHALL DESIRE TO SEE ONE OF THE DAYS OF THE SON OF MAN, AND YE SHALL NOT SEE IT.'
CONTENTS
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Yeast

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Yeast."
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.

### Fictional works

* Yeast: A Problem, a novel by Charles Kingsley

### Factual works

* "Yeast" by Thomas Henry Huxley in Popular Science Monthly, 1 (September 1872)
* "Yeast," in The New International Encyclopædia, New York: Dodd, Mead and Co. (1905)
* "Yeast," in Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed., 1911)
* "Yeast," in The New Student's Reference Work, Chicago: F.E. Compton and Co. (1914)
# Diatomaceae of Philadelphia/Index4

INDEX
(SYNONYMS IN ITALICS)
| | PAGE |
| Schizonema |
| cruciger Wm. Sm., | 100 |
| dillwynii Wm. Sm., | 78 |
| grevillei Ag., | 99 |
| smithii Kuetz., | 95 |
| Scoliopleura |
| tumida (Bréb.) V. H., | 99 |
| Scoliotropis, | 69 |
| latestriata var. amphora Cl., | 69 |
| Stauroneis, | 88 |
| acuta Wm. Sm., | 89 |
| americana A. S., | 89 |
| anceps Ehr., | 88 |
| var. amphicephala (Kuetz.) Cl., | 88 |
| var. gracilis (Ehr.) Cl., | 88 |
| crucicula (Grun.) Cl., | 89 |
| exilis Kuetz., | 59 |
| frickei var. angusta n. var., | 88 |
| legumen Ehr., | 89 |
| maculata Bail., | 90 |
| phœnicenteron Ehr., | 88 |
| salina Wm. Sm., | 89 |
| smithii Grun., | 89 |
| spicula Hickie, | 100 |
| Staurosira |
| construens Ehr., | 45 |
| Stephanopyxis, | 18 |
| appendiculata Ehr., | 18 |
| corona (Ehr.) Grun., | 18 |
| turris (Grev.) Ralfs, | 18 |
| Striatella, | 37 |
| interrupta (Ehr.) Heib., | 38 |
| unipunctata (Lyng.) Ag., | 38 |
| Surirella, | 124 |
| amphioxys Wm. Sm., | 124 |
| anceps Lewis, | 128 |
| angusta Kuetz., | 127 |
| arctissima A. S., | 128 |
| bifrons Ehr., | 124 |
| biseriata (Ehr.) Bréb., | 124 |
| cardinalis Kitton, | 126 |
| circumsuta Bail., | 118 |
| cruciata A. S., | 127 |
| crumena Bréb., | 126 |
| davidsonii A. S., | 126 |
| delicatissima Lewis, | 128 |
| diaphana Bleisch, | 125 |
| elegans Ehr., | 125 |
| fastuosa Ehr., | 127 |
| febigerii Lewis, | 128 |
| gemma Ehr., | 125 |
| gracilis Grun., | 127 |
| guatimalensis Ehr., | 126 |
| intermedia Lewis, | 128 |
| linearis Wm. Sm., | 124 |
| mœlleriana Grun., | 124 |
| oblonga Ehr.?, | 127 |
| ovalis Bréb., | 126 |
| var. pinnata (Wm. Sm.) De Toni, | 126 |
| panduriformis Wm. Sm., | 126 |
| pinnata Wm. Sm., | 126 |
| var. minuta Grun., | 126 |
| recedens A. S., | 127 |
| robusta Ehr., | 124 |
| splendida (Ehr.) Kuetz., | 125 |
| striatula Turpin, | 125 |
| tenera Greg., | 125 |
| Synedra, | 47 |
| acus Kuetz., | 48 |
| affinis Kuetz., | 50 |
| var. parva (Kuetz.) V. H., | 50 |
| var. tabulata (Ag.) V. H., | 50 |
| biceps (Kuetz.) A. S., | 48 |
| capitata Ehr., | 48 |
| danica Kuetz., | 48 |
| fulgens (Grev.) Wm. Sm., | 50 |
| goulardi Bréb., | 48 |
| gracilis Kuetz., | 50 |
| oxyrhynchus var. undulata Grun., | 48 |
| pulchella (Ralfs) Kuetz., | 48 |
| var. abnormis Macchiati?, | 48 |
| var. flexella n. var., | 49 |
| radians Kuetz., | 49 |
| ulna (Nitzsch) Ehr., | 47 |
| vaucheriæ var. parvula (Kuetz.) Rab., | 49 |
| Tabellaria, | 36 |
| fenestrata (Lyng.), | 36 |
| flocculosa (Roth) Kuetz., | 36 |
| Terpsinoë, | 34 |
| americana (Bail.) Ralfs, | 34 |
| novæ-cæsareæ Boyer, | 34 |
| Tessella |
| interrupta Ehr., | 38 |
| Trachyneis, | 79 |
| aspera var. intermedia Grun., | 79 |
| Trachysphenia, | 47 |
| australis Petit, | 47 |
| Triceratium |
| alternans Bail., | 33 |
| favus Ehr., | 31 |
| obtusum Br., | 33 |
| pileotus Ehr., | 30 |
| punctatum Br., | 33 |
| sculptum Shad., | 33 |
| Trinacria, | 30 |
| pileolus (Ehr.) Grun., | 30 |
| Tripodiscus |
| argus Ehr., | 26 |
| Tropidoneis, | 68 |
| lepidoptera (Greg.) Cl., | 69 |
| Tryblionella |
| punctata Wm. Sm., | 116 |
| scutellum Wm. Sm., | 118 |
| Vibrio |
| paxillifer O. F. Mueller, | 119 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gay, John (1813-1885)

​GAY, JOHN (1813–1885), surgeon, was born at Wellington, Somersetshire, in 1813, and after a successful studentship at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, became M.R.C.S. in 1834, and in 1836 was appointed surgeon to the newly established Royal Free Hospital, with which he was connected for eighteen years. In 1856 he became surgeon of the Great Northern Hospital, of which he was senior surgeon at the time of his death, which took place on 15 Sept. 1885, after two years' partial paralysis. He left a widow, one daughter, and two sons. Besides contributions to the medical press and an elaborate article on ‘Cleft Palate’ in Costello's ‘Cyclopædia of Surgery,’ Gay wrote several important practical memoirs, which are enumerated below. His work on femoral rupture (1848) described a new mode of operating, modified from that of Mr. Luke. Sir W. Fergusson, in his ‘Practical Surgery,’ says of ​it: ‘For many years I have rarely performed any other operation for crural hernia.’ The book exhibits much anatomical and surgical research. He also advocated and successfully practised the free incision of acutely suppurating joints, and this came into general use. In the treatment of chronic and indurated ulcers of the leg he introduced considerable improvements, and his Lettsomian lectures and other writings exhibit intelligence, study, and practical skill. Gay was of short stature, active, enthusiastic, and somewhat impetuous, high-principled and popular socially. He wrote: 1. ‘On Femoral Rupture, its Anatomy, Pathology, and Surgery,’ 4to, 1848. 2. ‘On Indolent Ulcers and their Surgical Treatment,’ 1855. 3. ‘On Varicose Disease of the Lower Extremities and its Allied Disorders’ (the Lettsomian lectures before the Medical Society of London, 1867), 1868. 4. ‘On Hæmorrhoidal Disorder,’ 1882. He contributed many papers to the medical journals and transactions of societies.
G. T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gaywood, Richard

​GAYWOOD, RICHARD (fl. 1650–1680), engraver, was a pupil of Wenceslaus Hollar [q. v.], and worked in the style and method of that artist, though without attaining at any time to the same excellence. He was a friend of Francis Barlow [q. v.], and engraved many of his designs. From a letter written by Barlow to John Evelyn, the diarist, dated 22 Dec. 1656 (see Evelyn, Diary and Correspondence), it appears that the large etching from Titian's ‘Reclining Venus,’ Gaywood's most remarkable work, ​was commenced by Barlow, who made the drawing from the original picture; Barlow also commenced the work on the plate, but left the completion of the etching to Gaywood, and allowed him to put his name to it. The engraving was dedicated to Evelyn, who mentions Gaywood by name in his ‘Sculptura.’ Gaywood was an industrious and prolific artist. His best work is shown in his etchings of birds and animals after Barlow. The bulk of his work consisted in portraits and frontispieces to books, for which he was largely employed by the publishers. Among the portraits, many of which are mere copies from engravings by Hollar or those in the ‘Centum Icones’ of Vandyck, were those of William Drummond of Hawthornden, and the early kings of Scotland in his ‘History of Scotland,’ 1655, Oliver Cromwell, James Shirley, Sir Peter and Lady Ellinor Temple, George Monk, duke of Albemarle (after Barlow), Madame Anne Kirk, General William Fairfax, Sir Bulstrode Whitelocke, John Browne, maker of mathematical instruments (Gaywood's original drawing of this is in the print room at the British Museum), and many others. Among the frontispieces and title-pages was that to J. Wecker's ‘Secrets of Art and Nature,’ 1660, signed ‘Ric. Gaywood, sculp.’ Among other plates were a set of social scenes, representing the ‘Five Senses,’ a view of ‘Stonehenge,’ ‘The most magnificent Riding of Charles the II to the Parliament, 1661,’ ‘The Egg of Dutch Rebellion’ (a satirical print), 1673, ‘Capture of a Whale at Sea,’ ‘Democritus,’ ‘Heraclitus,’ &c. Gaywood is stated to have lived to 1711, but this seems uncertain.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Geare, Allan

​GEARE, ALLAN (1622–1662), nonconformist divine, was born at Stoke Fleming, near Dartmouth, Devonshire, in 1622. Sir Richard Carew of Anthony, Cornwall, whose clerk he was, taught him Latin. Soon after the outbreak of the civil war he was sent to Holland with a grandson of Carew, and money and plate. On 30 Sept. 1643 he entered Leyden University (Leyden Students, Index Soc. p. 39), and after residing there for eight years graduated M.A., being subsequently admitted ad eundem at Oxford. On his return home he was chosen minister of St. Peter, Paul's Wharf, London, a preferment which he held for six years. He then removed to Woburn in Bedfordshire as chaplain to the Earl of Bedford, and stayed there about two years. In 1656 he was elected minister of St. Saviour, Dartmouth, but was ejected for nonconformity in 1662. Some of the magistrates informed against him for preaching on a Sunday after the churches had closed. He was summoned before the commissioners at Exeter in very severe weather, and caught a fever, from which he died towards the end of December 1662. He was buried in St. Saviour's churchyard, amid considerable opposition. By his marriage with a daughter of John Canne [q. v.], minister of the English independent congregation at Amsterdam, he had five children. When at Leyden he is said to have written a treatise against the baptists, but he had no concern in the works mentioned by Calamy, whose account of him is in other respects very inaccurate.
G. G.