OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/A'dana

​A'DANA (ri "AJoko: Fth, 'AJoyei/f), a town of Cilicia, which keeps its ancient name, on the west side of the Sams, now the Syhoon or Syhan, It lay on the militaiy road from Tarsus to Lssus, in a fertile ooontiy. There are the remains of a portico. Pompey settled here some of the Cilician jnrates whom he had compelled to submit. (Appian, Mith. 96.) Dion Cassius (xlvii. 31) speaks of Tarsus and Adana being always quarrelling.[ G. L. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/A'thribis

​A'THRIBIS, A'THLIBIS (Herod. ii. 166; Ptol. iv. 5. §§ 41, 61 ; Plin. v. 9. s. 11; Steph. Byz. s. v. : Eth. or ), the chief town of the Athribite nome, in Lower Egypt. It stood upon the eastern bank of the Tanitic branch of the Nile, and near the angle where that branch diverges from the main stream. Ammianus Alarcellinns reckons Athribis among the most considerable cities of the Delta, in the 4th century of our era (xxii. 16. § 6). It seems to have been of sufficient importance to give the name Athribiticus Fluvius to the upper portion of the Tanitic arm of the Nile. It was one of the military nomes assigned to the Calasirian militia under the Pharaohs. Under the Christian Emperors, Athribu belonged to the province of Augustaomica Secunda.
The Athribite nome and its capital derived their name from the goddess Thriphis, whom inscriptions both at Athribis and Panopolis denominate " the most great goddess." Thriphis in associated in wor- ship with Amun Khem, one of the first quatemicm of deities in Egyptian mythology; but no repre- sentation of her has been at present identified Wilkinson (Manners and Customs, &c., vol. iv. p. 265) supposes Athribis to have been one of the Uon-h^ed goddesses, whoso special names have not been ascertained.
The ruins of Atrieb or Trieb, at the point where the modern canal of Moueys turns off from the Nile, represent the ancient Athribis. They consist of extensive mounds and basements, besides which are the remains of a temple, 200 feet long, and 175 broad, dedicated to the goddess Thriphis (Coptic Athreb%), The monks <^ the White Monastery, about half a mile to the north of these ruins, are traditionally acquainted with the name of Attrib, although their usual designation of these ruins is Medeenet Ashaysh. An inscription on one of the fallen architraves of the temple bears the date of the ninth year of Tiberius, and contains also the name of his wife Julia, the daughter of Augustus. On the opposite face of the same block are found ovals, including the names of Tiberius Claudius and Caesar Germanicus: and in another part of the temple is an oval of Ptolemy XIL, the eldest son of Ptolemy Auletes (b.c. 51 — 48). About half a mile from Athribis are the quarries from which the stone used in building the temple was brought; and below the quarries are some small grotto tombs, the lintels of whose doors are partially preserved. Upon one of these lintels is a Greek inscription, importing that it was the ** sepulchre of Uermeius, son of Archibius." He had not, however, been interred after the Egyptian &shion, nnoe his tomb contained the deposit of calcined bones. Vestiges also are found in two broad paved causeways of the two main streets of Athribis, which crossed each other at right angles, and probably divided the town into four main quarters. The causeways and the ruins generally indicate that the town was greatly en- larged and beautified under the Macedonian dynasty. (ChompoUion, tEgypte, voL ii. p. 48 ; Wilkinson, Egypt and Thebes, p. 393.)[ W. B. D. ]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Aucher, John

​AUCHER, JOHN, D.D. (1619–1700), royalist divine, was son of Sir Anthony Aucher, knight, of Hautsbourne in Kent. He was nominated to a Canterbury scholarship in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, by Archbishop Laud in 1634, but after taking the degree of B.A. he removed to Peterhouse for a fellowship, where he commenced M.A. in 1641. He was ejected from his fellowship on account of his loyalty, and during the Commonwealth he wrote two treatises against the dominant party, which, however, were not printed till long afterwards. At the Restoration he was created D.D. by royal mandate, and further rewarded with a prebend in the church of Canterbury (1660). He also held the rectory of Allhallows in Lombard Street, London, for many years (1662–85). Dr. Aucher died at Canterbury on 12 March 1700–1, and was buried in the cathedral.
His works are:
* ‘The Personal Reign of Christ upon Earth,’ 1642, 4to.
* A treatise against the ‘Engagement.’
* ‘The Arraignment of Rebellion, or the irresistibility of sovereign powers vindicated and maintained in reply to a letter,’ London, 1684, 4to; reprinted London, 1718, 8vo.
[Peter Barwick's Life of Dr. John Barwick, 283 n., Newcourt's Repertorium, i. 255; Kennett's Register and Chron. 185, 186; Le Neve's Fasti Eccl. Anglic. ed. Hardy, i. 54; MS. Lansd. 987 f. 144; Somner's Antiq. of Canterbury, ed. Battely, append. to the supplement, p. 9; Masters's Hist. of C.C.C.C. 219; Cat. Librorum Impress. Bibl. Bodl. (1843), i. 142; Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy, ii. 153; Carter's Hist. of the Univ. of Camb. 44, 49.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Audelay

​AUDELAY. [See Awdelay.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Audley, Henry de

​AUDLEY, ALDITHEL, or ALDITHELEY, HENRY de (d. 1246), a royalist baron, was son of Adam de Alditheley, who held Alditheley (Staff.) from the Verdons in 1186 (Pipe Roll 32, 33 Hen. II.). He began his career as constable to Hugh de Lacy (whose first wife was a Verdon) when Earl of Ulster, and, on Hugh's disgrace (1214), attached himself to Ranulph, the great royalist Earl of Chester, and was rewarded by the crown with a forfeited estate (1216-16). He served as sheriff of Shropshire and Staffordshire 1216-1221, as deputy for the Earl of Chester, from whom he obtained large grants of lands (Cart. 11 Hen. III. p. 1, m. 6). On acquiring Heleigh Castle he made it his chief seat, but was entrusted by the crown, as a lord-marcher, with the constableship of several castles on the Welsh borders from 1223 to his death, which took place shortly before 11 Nov. 1246, when his son did homage (Fin. 31 Hen. III. m. 12).
J. H. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Auchinoul, Lord

​AUCHINOUL, Lord. [See Bellenden .]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Auckland, Earls of

​AUCKLAND, Earls of. [See Eden.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Audinet, Philip

​AUDINET, PHILIP (1766–1837), line-engraver, was descended from a French family which came over to England in consequence of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. He was born in Soho, London, in 1766, and, after having served his apprenticeship to John Hall, was employed to engrave the portraits for Harrison's 'Biographical Magazine' and other works. He also engraved 'Lear with the dead body of Cordelia,' after Fuseli, for Bell's ' British Theatre,' and several portraits after pictures by Danloux, a French painter who resided in England during the time of the revolution in France. Among his later works are portraits of Sir Benjamin Hobhouse, Bart., and Sir William Domville, Bart., lord mayor of London, after William Owen, and an excellent engraving of Barry's unfinished portrait of Dr. Johnson, as well as the illustrations designed by Samuel Wale for the edition of Walton's 'Angler' published in 1808. There is one plate in mezzotinto by him, a portrait of his brother, S. Audinet, a watchmaker. It is said to have been done for improvement when the artist was a boy, and to be the only impression that was taken off the plate. Audinet died in London 18 Dec. 1837, and was buried in the church of St. Giles-in-the-Fields.
[Ottley's Notices of Engravers, 1831; Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists of the English School, 1878; Smith's British Mezzotinto Portraits, 1878, i. 4.]
R. E. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cornwallis, Caroline Frances

​CORNWALLIS, CAROLINE FRANCES (1786–1858), authoress, was the daughter of the Rev. William Cornwallis, rector of Wittersham and Elham in Kent. When only seven years old Caroline produced 'histories, poems, commentaries, and essays' which would fill volumes, and at fifteen she made a vow 'to forsake all the follies' of her age. From 1810 to 1826, although suffering frequently from ill-health, she devoted herself to the acquirement of knowledge, while never neglecting her home duties. She learnt Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and German, and acquired some knowledge of philosophy, natural and social science, history, theology, law, and politics.
[Selections from the Letters of Caroline Frances Cornwaliis, 1864; No. I. Small Books on Great Subjects; article in Chambers's Encyclopædia; unpublished letters; private information.]
S. L. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cornwall, Charles Wolfran

​CORNWALL, CHARLES WOLFRAN (1735–1789), speaker of the House of Commons, grandson of Charles Cornewall [q. v.], and only son of Jacobs Cornwall of Berrington, Herefordshire, by his wife, Rose, daughter of Robert Fowler of Barton Priors, was born on 15 June 1735. He received his education at Winchester and New College, Oxford. Although he was called to the bar at Gray's Inn, and became a bencher of the inn, he does not appear to have had any considerable amount of practice, and soon retired from professional life. In 1763 he was appointed commissioner for examining the German accounts, and on his retirement from that office received ​a pension of 1,500l. a year. His political career was decided by his marriage in 1764 with Elizabeth, daughter of Colonel Charles Jenkinson, and sister of Charles Jenkinson, then secretary-at-war, and afterwards Lord Hawkesbury and Earl of Liverpool. In the parliament of 1768 he represented Grampound, in those of 1774 and 1780 Winchelsea, and in that of 1784 Rye. Having fallen out with his brother-in-law, he attached himself for a short time to Shelburne's party, and acted with the whigs in the Middlesex election case and some other like matters. His defection, however, did not last long. He held office as a lord of the treasury in North's government from 1774 to 1780, and was made chief justice in eyre of the royal forests north of the Trent, and a privy councillor. At the meeting of the parliament of 1780 he was chosen speaker of the House of Commons, being proposed by Lord George Germaine, seconded by Welbore Ellis, and elected by a large majority in the place of Sir Fletcher Norton. 'As speaker,' Wraxall says, 'he possessed a sonorous voice, a manly as well as an imposing figure, and a commanding deportment.' He seems, however, to have owed his position rather to family influence than to any peculiar merit, for he was not a man of ability. His habit of relieving the weariness of his position during the debates of the house by frequent draughts of porter is noticed by Wraxall and commemorated in the 'Rolliad:'
There Cornwall sits, and ah! compelled by fate, Must sit for ever, through the long debate. Like sad Prometheus fastened to the rock, In vain he looks for pity to the clock; In vain th' effects of strengthening porter tries, And nods to Bellamy for fresh supplies.
He was re-elected in the parliament of 1784. On 27 Feb. 1786 Pitt brought forward a motion for fortifying the dockyards; the house divided, and the numbers being equal, 169 on each side, Speaker Cornwall gave his casting vote against the government. He died, while still holding office, on 2 Jan. 1789. Being master of St. Cross Hospital, near Winchester, he was buried in St. Cross Church. A long epitaph was inscribed on his monument. He left no children. His wife survived him until 8 March 1809, and was buried with him. Wraxall, in his spiteful way, says: 'Never was any man in a public situation less regretted or sooner forgotten.'
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cornwallis, James

​CORNWALLIS, JAMES, fourth Earl Cornwallis (1742–1824), bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, was the third son of Charles, first earl Cornwallis, by Elizabeth, daughter of Charles, viscount Townshend, and the younger brother of Charles, first marquis Cornwallis [q. v.] He was born in Dover Street, Piccadilly, London, on 25 Feb. 1742, and was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. in June 1763, afterwards being given a fellowship at Merton, from which college he took the M.A. degree in 1769. On ceasing residence at Oxford he entered as a member of the Temple, and intended practising at the bar, but on the advice of his uncle, Frederick Cornwallis, archbishop of Canterbury, he altered his mind and took holy orders. He commenced his career in the church by acting as chaplain to his cousin, Lord Townshend, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, till in 1769 he was presented by his uncle to the living of Ickham, Kent, to which that of the neighbouring parish of Adisham was added in the following year. In this same year (1770) he was made a prebend of Westminster, rector of Newington, Oxford, and then of Wrotham, Kent. On receiving this last appointment he resigned the livings of Ickham and Adisham, but six months later he was for the second time inducted as rector of Ickham, a dispensation having been granted allowing him to hold the rectory of Wrotham conjointly with that of Ickham and the chapel of Staple. In 1773, having in the meantime again resigned the living at Ickham, he became, still by his uncle's patronage, rector of Boughton Malherbe in the same county. From being a prebend of Westminster he was preferred in 1775 to the deanery of Salisbury, while he continued to hold his parochial cures, and at about the same time he received the honorary degree of D.C.L. from his university. In 1781 he was consecrated bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, and then at length retired from his Kentish livings. On the translation of Bishop Douglas of Carlisle to the see of Salisbury in 1791, Cornwallis succeeded him as dean of Windsor, a position which three years later he exchanged for that of dean of Durham.
In August 1823 the second Marquis Cornwallis died, and the marquisate becoming extinct, the earldom reverted to his uncle the bishop, who was now in his eighty-second year. On 20 Jan. 1824 he died at Richmond, Surrey. He had been bishop of Lichfield for nearly fifty-three years, and was buried in his cathedral.
In 1771 he married Catharine, daughter of Galfridus Mann of Newton and Boughton Malherbe, and sister of Sir Horace Mann, by whom he became the father of two daughters and a son James, who succeeded to the title.
He published at intervals five sermons (1777, 1780, 1782, 1788, 1811).
[Add. MS. 19167, fol. 142 (inaccurate in some respects); Gent. Mag. August 1823 and August 1824; Hasted's Kent, ii. 245, 432, and iii. 669, 672; Cat. of Oxford Graduates, p. 152.]
A. V.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Donald IV

​DONALD IV, Breac (the Speckled or Freckled) (d. 643), a Celtic king of Scottish Dalriada, the fifty-third according to the fictitious list followed by Buchanan, but, according to the rectified chronology of Father Innes and Mr. Skene, the tenth or eleventh king counting from Fergus Mor Mac Eare, the real founder of the Dalriad monarchy, was son of Eochadh Buidhe (the Yellow), who was son of Aidan, son of Gabhran, the king ordained by St. Columba.
On the death of Kenneth Kerr, an elder son of Eochadh Buidhe, in 629 he was succeeded by his brother, Donald Breac (though some of the lists of kings interpolate a king, Fearchan, and Buchanan two kings, Eugenius IV and Fearchar II, between the two brothers). In 634 (?) Donald was defeated at Calathros (Callendar?) by the Angles of Bernicia, whose rule then extended to the Firth and whose kings were attempting to push their boundaries further north. In 637 he took part in the battle, called by Adamnan Rath (Mag Rath = Moira in Ireland), having taken the side of Congall Claen, king of the Cruthnigh (Picts) of Dalriada, against Donald, son of Aed of the Hy Nial, king of Ireland, contrary to the convention of Drumceat, by which the Scottish Dalriads were to support the king of Ireland in his expeditions. In 638 another battle was fought against the Angles at Glenmairison (Glenmuiriston), near the Pentlands, in which the men of Donald Breac were again defeated and Etin (Edinburgh? or Carriden near Boness) was besieged. Four years later (642) Donald Breac was himself slain in a battle in Strathcarron in West Lothian, by Owen (Hoan), king of the Strathclyde Britons. Adamnan (Life of Columba III, ch. 5) attributes this defeat to Donald having taken part in the Irish war against his kin the Scots in favour of the Picts, and, seeing in the defeat the fulfilment of a prophecy of Columba, adds ‘from that day to this (690–700) they (i.e. the Scottish Dalriads) have been trodden down by strangers,’ meaning probably the Strathclyde Britons. Such is the account of this king by Skene (Celtic Scotland, i. 247–50), which substantially agrees with Pinkerton (Enquiry into the History of Scotland prior to Malcolm III, ii. 118–20), and Reeves (Notes to Adamnan's Life of Columba), but it is to a large extent conjectural. In these writers the older authorities will be found.
It seems reasonably certain, however, that this king was contemporary with Edwin (617–33) and Oswald of Northumbria (633–642), in whose reign Aidan, a monk of Iona, became bishop of Lindisfarne, having been called thither by Oswald, who had spent his youth in exile at Iona during the reign of Edwin. Donald Breac must have been a powerful monarch to have pushed the arms of Dalriada so far east as the Lothians and engaged also in Irish wars in the middle of the seventh century.
Æ. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dominis, Marco Antonio de

G. G. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Don, David

​DON, DAVID (1800–1841), botanist, was born at Doo Hillock, Forfarshire, 21 Dec. 1800, and not, as sometimes stated, in 1779. He was the second son of George Don, who was for some time curator of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, but who retired to a nursery-garden at Doo Hillock, the family consisting in all of fifteen children. On leaving his father's nursery David was employed at Messrs. Dickson's of Broughton, near Edinburgh, and in 1819 came to London with an introduction from his father's friend, Dr. Patrick Neill, secretary to the Wernerian Society, to Robert Brown (1773–1858) [q. v.] Don was next employed in the Apothecaries' Company's garden at Chelsea, but was soon appointed keeper of the library and herbarium of A. B. Lambert, and in 1821 accompanied Dr. Neill to Paris, where he made the acquaintance of Humboldt and Cuvier. In 1822 he succeeded Brown as librarian to the Linnean Society, which post he retained until his death, and in 1823 he became an associate, and subsequently a fellow, of the society. In 1836 he was appointed professor of botany at King's College, London. He died, after eight months' illness, at the Linnean Society's house in Soho Square on 8 Dec. 1841, and was buried at Kensal Green on the 15th. He is accredited with fifty-two papers in the Royal Society's Catalogue, the first consisting of ‘Descriptions of several New or Rare Native Plants, found in Scotland,’ chiefly by his father, communicated to the Wernerian Society in 1820. Numerous valuable monographs of genera were contributed to the ​‘Linnean Transactions’ and to the ‘Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,’ and for some time he acted as an editor of ‘The Annals and Magazine of Natural History.’ His chief independent work was the ‘Prodromus Floræ Nepalensis,’ London, 1825, 12mo, but the second series of Sweet's ‘British Flower Garden,’ from about 1830, was entirely conducted by him.
G. S. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Don, George (1798-1856)

​DON, GEORGE (1798–1856), botanist, born at Doo Hillock, Forfarshire, in 1798, was the eldest son of George Don, for some time curator of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, and brother of Professor David Don [q. v.] He came to London as a young man and was employed in the Chelsea garden before his brother David's arrival, but in November 1821 he was despatched to Brazil, the West Indies, and Sierra Leone as a collector to the Royal Horticultural Society. He sailed in the Iphigenia under Captain Sabine, and his new discoveries were described in the ‘Transactions’ of the society by Mr. Joseph Sabine. In 1822 he was made an associate, and in 1831 a fellow of the Linnean Society. He published an ‘Account of several new species … from Sierra Leone’ in the ‘Edinburgh Philosophical Journal’ for 1824, ‘A Monograph of the genus Allium’ in the Wernerian Society's ‘Memoirs’ for 1826 to 1831, and ‘A Review of the genus Combretum’ in the ‘Linnean Transactions’ for 1826. The first supplement to Loudon's ‘Encyclopædia of Plants,’ published in 1829, was revised by Don, and the second edition of the work, issued in 1855, was edited by Mrs. Loudon with his assistance. His chief work was ‘A General System of Gardening and Botany, founded upon Miller's “Gardener's Dictionary,”’ 4 vols. 4to, 1832 to 1838, which is still most useful as a work of reference. He also furnished the Linnæan arrangement to Loudon's ‘Hortus Britannicus’ in 1839. Don died at Bedford Place, Kensington, on 25 Feb. 1856.
G. S. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Domett, Alfred

​DOMETT, ALFRED (1811–1887), colonial statesman and poet, son of Nathaniel Domett, was born at Camberwell Grove, Surrey, 20 May 1811. From 1829 to 1833 he was at St. John's College, Cambridge, but left without a degree. In 1833 he published a volume of poems, and contributed verses to ‘Blackwood's Magazine’ in 1837, 1838, ​and 1839. One of the latter, ‘A Christmas Hymn,’ deservedly attracted general attention. In 1839 Domett issued a second volume, a poem on Venice. Meanwhile he was living a life of ease, for the most part in London, but at times diversified by tours in Europe and America. His most intimate friend was Mr. Robert Browning, the poet. In 1841 he was called to the bar at the Middle Temple, and shared chambers with Joseph Arnold, afterwards chief justice of Bombay. In May 1842 he purchased land of the New Zealand Company and emigrated to the colony. Mr. Browning mourned his sudden departure in the poem entitled ‘Waring,’ first published in ‘Bells and Pomegranates’ (1842). In New Zealand Domett filled in succession nearly all the chief administrative offices. He was colonial secretary for New Munster (1848), secretary for the whole colony (1851), commissioner of crown lands and resident magistrate at Hawke's Bay (1853–6), M.P. for Nelson (1855), prime minister (1862–3), secretary for crown lands, legislative councillor, and commissioner of old land claims (1864), registrar-general of land (1865), and administrator of confiscated lands (1870). He married an English lady, and returned to England in 1871. Settling in London, he renewed his acquaintance with Mr. Browning, who had testified to his continued affection for his old friend during his absence in his ‘Guardian Angel’ (1855). In 1872 Domett issued a volume of verse entitled ‘Ranolf and Amolia, a South Sea Day Dream,’ descriptive of New Zealand scenery and Maori customs, in which he incidentally eulogised Mr. Browning's genius. A second edition appeared in 1883. His latest publication was ‘Flotsam and Jetsam, Rhymes Old and New’ (1877), dedicated to Mr. Browning. He was made C.M.G. in 1880. Domett died on 2 Nov. 1887.
Besides the literary work mentioned above, Domett was the author of the following official publications: ‘Narrative of the Wairoan Massacre,’ 1843; ‘Petition to the House of Commons for the recall of Governor Fitzroy,’ 1845; ‘Ordinances of New Zealand Classified,’ 1850.
S. L. L.