OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Eunson v. Dodge/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
85 U.S. 414
Eunson v. Dodge
This court has decided many times that the eighteenth section of the Patent Act of 1836 gives to an assignee of the patent during the original term the right to continue during the extended term the use of a machine used by him during the original term.
The complainants seek to distinguish the present from the cases cited in this manner: In those instances they say the machines were lawfully constructed by the patentees, or purchased from the patentees or their assignees, whereas the machine purchased by the defendants in this case was not a lawfully made machine, and was never purchased from the owner of the patent.
We are of the opinion that this distinction is not well taken. That the purchase of the machine was made from an infringer, and a wrong done, is true. When informed of the offence, the purchaser at once corrected the evil by purchasing the entire right of the patentees for the county where his machine was then used, and where it has since been used. This was equivalent to an original lawful purchase or manufacture of the machine. By the purchase of the right for Hudson County, and from the moment of that purchase, the defendants held and used the machine by a lawful title, as perfect and complete against the patentees as if the original purchase had been from them. They then became, in the language of the statute, 'grantees of the right to use the thing patented,' so continued to the time of the expiration of the original patent, and the right so to use was, in the further language of the statute, 'the extent of their interest therein.'
We are of the opinion that the decree of the Circuit Court was correct, and that it should be.
AFFIRMED.
Mr. Justice STRONG took no part in this judgment, not having sat in the case.

## Notes

* ↑ Wilson v. Rousseau, 4 Howard, 646; Bloomer v. McQuewan, 14 Id. 539; Chaffee v. Boston Belting Company, 22 Id. 217; Bloomer v. Millinger, 1 Wallace, 340.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Eunuchus

* related portals: Drama, Latin language and literature.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, quotes, Wikidata item.
Roman comedy by Terence
English-language translations of Eunuchus include:
* Eunuchus; or the Eunuch, translated by Henry Thomas Riley, The Comedies of Terence, and the Fables of Phædrus (1853) (transcription project)
* Eunuchus, trans. John Benson Rose, Comedies of Publius Terentius Afer (1870) (transcription project)
This work is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago. Translations of this work may be copyrighted.
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# Eumenides (Murray 1925)/Characters

Layout 2
CHARACTERS IN THE PLAY
The Pythian Prophetess.
Orestes.
The God Apollo.
The Goddess Pallas Athena.
The Ghost of Clytemnestra.
Chorus of Furies (Eumenides).
Chorus of Athenian Citizens.
The play was first produced in the Archonship of Philocles (458 B.C.). The first prize was won by Aeschylus with the "Agamemnon," "Choëphoroe" and "Eumenides" and the Satyr-play "Proteus."
# Eunuch

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Eunuch."
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Eunuchus (The Eunuch), a comedy by Publius Terentius Afer
* "The Eunuch", a poem by Ralph Hosea Chaplin
* "Eunuch," by Edward Burnett Tylor in Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed., 1911)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Laverna

See also Laverna on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​LAVERNA, an old Italian divinity, originally one of the spirits of the underworld. A cup found in an Etruscan tomb bears the inscription “Lavernai Pocolom,” and in a fragment of Septimius Serenus Laverna is expressly mentioned in connexion with the di inferi. By an easy transition, she came to be regarded as the protectress of thieves, whose operations were associated with darkness. She had an altar on the Aventine hill, near the gate called after her Lavernalis, and a grove on the Via Salaria. Her aid was invoked by thieves to enable them to carry out their plans successfully without forfeiting their reputation for piety and honesty (Horace, Ep. i. 16, 60). Many explanations have been given of the name: (1) from latere (Schol. on Horace, who gives laternio as another form of lavernio or robber); (2) from lavare (Acron on Horace, according to whom thieves were called lavatores, perhaps referring to bath thieves); (3) from levare (cf. shop-lifters). Modern etymologists connect it with lu-crum, and explain it as meaning the goddess of gain.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lavisse, Ernest

See also Ernest Lavisse on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer. He died in 1922.
​LAVISSE, ERNEST (1842– ), French historian, was born at Nouvion-en-Thiérache, Aisne, on the 17th of December 1842. In 1865 he obtained a fellowship in history, and in 1875 became a doctor of letters; he was appointed maître de conférence (1876) at the école normale supérieure, succeeding Fustel de Coulanges, and then professor of modern history at the Sorbonne (1888), in the place of Henri Wallon. He was an eloquent professor and very fond of young people, and played an important part in the revival of higher studies in France after 1871. His knowledge of pedagogy was displayed in his public lectures and his addresses, in his private lessons, where he taught a small number of pupils the historical method, and in his books, where he wrote ad probandum at least as much as ad narrandum: class-books, collections of articles, intermingled with personal reminiscences (Questions d’enseignement national, 1885; Études et étudiants, 1890; À propos de nos écoles, 1895), rough historical sketches (Vue générale de l’histoire politique de l’Europe, 1890), &c. Even his works of learning, written without a trace of pedantry, are remarkable for their lucidity and vividness.
After the Franco-Prussian War Lavisse studied the development of Prussia and wrote Étude sur l’une des origines de la monarchie prussienne, ou la Marche de Brandebourg sous la dynastie ascanienne, which was his thesis for his doctor’s degree in 1875, and Études sur l’histoire de la Prusse (1879). In connexion with his study of the Holy Roman Empire, and the cause of its decline, he wrote a number of articles which were published in the Revue des Deux Mondes; and he wrote Trois empereurs d’Allemagne (1888), La Jeunesse du grand Frédéric (1891) and Frédéric II. avant son avènement (1893) when studying the modern German empire and the grounds for its strength. With his friend Alfred Rambaud he conceived the plan of L’Histoire générale du IV $^e$ siècle jusqu’à nos jours, to which, however, he contributed nothing. He edited the Histoire de France depuis les origines jusqu’à la Révolution (1901– ), in which he carefully revised the work of his numerous assistants, reserving the greatest part of the reign of Louis XIV. for himself. This ​section occupies the whole of volume vii. It is a remarkable piece of work, and the sketch of absolute government in France during this period has never before been traced with an equal amount of insight and brilliance. Lavisse was admitted to the Académie Française on the death of Admiral Jurien de la Gravière in 1892, and after the death of James Darmesteter became editor of the Revue de Paris. He is, however, chiefly a master of pedagogy. When the école normale was joined to the university of Paris, Lavisse was appointed director of the new organization, which he had helped more than any one to bring about.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lavery, John

See also John Lavery on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer. He died in 1941.
​LAVERY, JOHN (1857– ), British painter, was born in Belfast, and received his art training in Glasgow, London and Paris. He was elected associate of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1892 and academician in 1896, having won a considerable reputation as a painter of portraits and figure subjects, and as a facile and vigorous executant. He became also vice-president of the International Society of sculptors, painters and gravers. Many of his paintings have been acquired for public collections, and he is represented in the National Galleries at Brussels, Berlin and Edinburgh, in the Carnegie Institute at Pittsburg, the Philadelphia Gallery, the New South Wales Gallery, the Modern Gallery, Venice, the Pinakothek, Munich, the Glasgow Corporation Gallery, and the Luxembourg.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Laverdy, Clément Charles François de

See also Clément Charles François de Laverdy on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​LAVERDY, CLÉMENT CHARLES FRANÇOIS DE (1723–1793), French statesman, was a member of the parlement of Paris when the case against the Jesuits came before that body in August 1761. He demanded the suppression of the order and thus acquired popularity. Louis XV. named him controller-general of the finances in December 1763, but the burden was great and Laverdy knew nothing of finance. Three months after his nomination he forbade anything of any kind whatever to be printed concerning his administration, thus refusing advice as well as censure. He used all sorts of expedients, sometimes dishonest, to replenish the treasury, and was even accused of having himself profited from the commerce in wheat. A court intrigue led to his sudden dismissal on the 1st of October 1768. Henceforward he lived in retirement until, during the Revolution, he was involved in the charges against the financiers of the old régime. The Revolutionary tribunal condemned him to death, and he was guillotined on the 24th of November 1793.
See A. Jobez, La France sous Louis XV (1869).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nanga

See also African harp on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
NANGA, the most primitive form of the ancient Egyptian harp. The nanga consisted of a boat-shaped or vaulted body of wood, the back of which was divided down the centre by a sound bar built into the back; on this bar was fixed a cylindrical stick round which one end of the strings was wound, the soundboard or parchment being stretched over the back without interfering with the stick. The other end of the strings was fastened to pegs set in the side of a curved neck, so that the strings did not lie directly over the soundboard. There were but 3 or 4 strings, one note only being obtained from each. Some of these nangas are to been seen at the British Museum.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nansen, Hans

See also Hans Nansen on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​NANSEN, HANS (1598–1667), Danish statesman, son of the burgher Evert Nansen, was born at Flensburg on the 28th of November 1598. He made several voyages to the White Sea and to places in northern Russia, and in 1621 entered the service of the Danish Icelandic Company, then in its prime. For many years the whole trade of Iceland, which he frequently visited, passed through his hands, and he soon became equally well known at Glückstadt, then the chief emporium of the Iceland trade, and at Copenhagen. In February 1644, at the express desire of King Christian IV., the Copenhagen burgesses elected him burgomaster. During his northern voyages he had learnt Russian, and was employed as interpreter at court whenever Muscovite embassies visited Copenhagen. His travels had begotten in him a love of geography, and he published in 1633 a “Kosmografi,” previously revised by the astronomer Longomontanus. During the siege of Copenhagen by the Swedes in 1658 he came prominently forward. At the meeting between the king and the citizens to arrange for the defence of the capital, Nansen urged the necessity of an obstinate defence. It was he who on this occasion obtained privileges for the burgesses of Copenhagen which placed them on a footing of equality with the nobility; and he was the life and soul of the garrison till the arrival of the Dutch fleet practically saved the city. These eighteen months of storm and stress established his influence in the capital once for all and at the same time knitted him closely to Frederick III., who recognized in Nansen a man after his own heart, and made the great burgomaster his chief instrument in carrying through the anti-aristocratic Revolution of 1660. Nansen used all the arts of the agitator with extraordinary energy and success. His greatest feat was the impassioned speech by which, on October 8th, he induced the burgesses to accede to the proposal of the magistracy of Copenhagen to offer Frederick III. the realm of Denmark as a purely hereditary kingdom. How far Nansen was content with the result of the Revolution—absolute monarchy—it is impossible to say. It appears to be pretty certain that, at the beginning, he did not want absolutism. Whether he subsequently regarded the victory of the monarchy and its corollary, the admittance of the middle classes to all offices and dignities, as a satisfactory equivalent for his original demands; or whether he was so overcome by royal favour as to sacrifice cheerfully the political liberties of his country, can only be a matter for conjecture. After the Revolution Nansen continued in high honour, but ​he chiefly occupied himself with commerce, and was less and less consulted in purely political matters. He died on the 12th of November 1667.
Bibliography.—Oluf Nielsen, Kjöbenhavns Historie, iii. (Copenhagen, 1877); Julius Albert Fridericia, Adelsvaeldens sidste Dage (Copenhagen, 1894); Danmarks Riges Historie, v. (Copenhagen, 1897–1905).  (R. N. B.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nandidrug

See also Nandidrug on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
NANDIDRUG, a hill fortress of southern India, in the Kolar district of Mysore, 4851 ft. above the sea. It was traditionally held impregnable, and its storming by Lord Cornwallis in 1791 was one of the most notable incidents of the first war against Tippoo Sultan. It was formerly a favourite resort for British officials during the hot season.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nankeen

See also Nankeen on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​NANKEEN, a cotton cloth originally made in China, and now imitated in various countries. The name is derived from Nanking, the city in which the cloth is said to have been originally manufactured. The characteristic yellowish colour of nankeen is attributed to the peculiar colour of the cotton from which it was originally made.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nanning

See also Nanning on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​NANNING, a treaty port in the province of Kwangsi, China, on the West river, 250 m. above Wuchow and 470 m. from Canton. Pop. about 40,000. It is the highest point accessible for steam traffic on the West river. From Canton to Wuchow the river has a minimum depth of 8 ft., but on the section from Wuchow to Nanning not more than 3 or 4 ft. are found during winter. The town is the chief market on the southern frontier. Its opening was long opposed by the French government, who had acquired the right to build a railway to it from Tongking, by which they hoped to divert the trade through their own possessions. Navigation by small native boats is open westwards as far as Paise.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nandgaon

See also Nandgaon State on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​NANDGAON, a feudatory state of India, in the Chhattisgarh division of the Central Provinces. Area, 871 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 126,356, showing a decrease of 31% in the decade, due to famine; estimated revenue £23,000; tribute £4600. The state has a peculiar history. Its foundation is traced to a religious celibate, who came from the Punjab towards the end of the 18th century. From the founder it passed through a succession of chosen disciples until 1879, when the British government recognized the ruler as an hereditary chief and afterwards conferred upon his son the title of Raja Bahadur. The state has long been well administered, and has derived additional prosperity from the construction of the Bengal-Nagpur railway, which has a station at Raj-Nandgaon, the capital (pop. 11,094). Here there is a steam cotton mill.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nanterre

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​NANTERRE, a town of northern France, with a port on the Seine, in the department of Seine, at the foot of Mount Valerien, 8 m. N.W. of Paris on the railway to St Germain. Pop. (1906), town, 11,874; commune, 17,434. The principal manufactures are chemicals, tallow and aluminium; stone quarried in the vicinity; the town is noted also for its cakes. The combined prison and mendacity depot for the department is a large institution, about 2 m. from the town. Nanterre (the ancient Nemptodurum or Nemetodurum) owes its origin to the shrine of Ste Geneviève (420–512), the patron-saint of Paris, whose name is still associated with various places in the town and district. The shrine is the object of a pilgrimage in September.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Thana (2.)

See also Thane on Wikipedia; Thana in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
THÁNA, chief town of the above district and a station on the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, lies 20 miles north east of Bombay city, in 19° 11′ 30″ N. lat. and 73° 1′ 30″ E. long., and in 1881 had a population of 14,456 (males 7856, females 6600). It is a municipal town and a port, and contains a civil hospital and post-office.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Thar and Parkar

See also Thar and Parkar on Wikipedia; Thar and Parkar in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
THAR AND PÁRKAR, or Thur and Parker, a district in the east of Sind, Bombay presidency, India, with an area of 12,729 square miles. It lies between 24 13 and 26 15 N. lat. and between 68 51 and 71 8 E. long., and is bounded on the N. by Khaipur state, on the E. by the states of Jaisalmir, Malani, and Jodhpur, on the W. by Hyderabad district, and on the S. by the Runn of Cutch. The district is divided into two portions. The western part, called the " Pat," is watered by the Eastern Nara and the Mithrau canals, which constitute the sole water-system of the district, and the presence of water has created a quantity of jungle and marsh; the other part, called the " Thar," is a desert tract of rolling sand-hills, running north-east and south-west, composed of a fine but slightly coherent sand. To the south-east of Tharis Parkar, where there are ranges of rocky hills, rising to 350 feet above the surrounding level, and open plains of stiff clay. The Parkar portion of the district contains the ruins of several old temples; one of these is a Jain temple, which contained an idol of great sanctity and repute, known under the name of Gorcha. The climate is subject to consider able extremes in temperature, being excessively hot in the summer and very cold in winter, the cold increasing as the sand-hills are approached.
The census of 1881 returned the population at 203,344 (males 112,400, females 90,944); Hindus numbered 43,755, Mohammedans 109,924, and Christians only 14. Umarkot, the birth place of Akbar, is the chief town, with a population of 2828. The chief products of the district are rice, joar, bajri, cotton, and oil seeds. It is estimated that only 45 per cent, of the arable area is under cultivation. The exports are chiefly rice, wheat, oil-seeds, cattle, goats, and sheep; the imports consist of cotton, metals, dried fruits, piece goods, sugar, and tobacco. The manufactures are chiefly blankets, camel saddles, and coarse cotton cloth. The imperial revenue in 1885-86 amounted to 44,313, of which the land supplied 32,927. Very little is known of the early history of the district. The Soda Rajputs, said to be descendants of Parmar Soda, are supposed to have come into this part of Sind about 1226, when they quickly displaced the rulers of the country, though, according to other authorities, they did not conquer the country from the Sumras, the dominant race, before the beginning of the 16th century. The local dynasty of the Sodas succumbed to the Kalhoras about 1750, since which period the district has been subject more or less to Sind. The Talpur mirs succeeded the Kalhoras, and built a number of forts to overawe the people, who were lawless and addicted to robbery. On the British conquest of Sind in 1843 the greater part of the district was made over to Cutch; and in 1856 it was wholly incorporated in the province of Sind. In 1859 a rebellion broke out, which was quickly suppressed.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Thalberg, Sigismond

See also Sigismond Thalberg on Wikipedia; Thalberg, Sigismond in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
THALBERG, Sigismond (1812–1871), a celebrated pianist and composer for his instrument, was born at Geneva in 1812 (May 5 or January 7). In 1822 he was taken to Vienna, where, under the watchful care of Count Dietrichstein, his education was completed. There is some doubt as to the masters under whom he studied; but it is certain that he received instruction from Hummel, and perhaps also from Czerny, and that he took lessons in com position from Sechter. He made his first appearance as a pianist at Prince Metternich's in 1826, and published his first composition a Fantasia on Airs from "Euryanthe" in 1828, but it was not until 1830 that he was first fairly introduced to the public, with such brilliant success that from that time forward his only rival was Liszt. In 1834 he was appointed "kammervirtuos" to the emperor of Austria. He first appeared in Paris in 1837; and in 1838 he came to England, astonishing his hearers with the novel effects produced in his Variations on God Save the Queen, while he charmed them with his delicate touch and the purity of his expression. Thenceforward his career was a succession of triumphs. In order to disprove the popular idea that he could execute no music but his own, he played Beet hoven's Concerto in C minor (op. 37) at the London Wednesday Concerts, held in 1846-47 at Exeter Hall, with a keen intelligence which proved his power of inter preting the works of the great masters to be at least on a level with his wonderful technique. Besides his pianoforte compositions, which are almost innumerable, Thalberg pro duced two operas, Cristina, which proved a complete failure, and Florinda, which fared but little better at Her Majesty's Theatre in 1851. He played in London for the last time in 1863, and afterwards retired to his estate near Naples. He died at Naples, April 27, 1871.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Thane

See also Thane on Wikipedia; Thegn in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
THANE, or Thegn. See England, vol. viii. p. 274; and Nobility, vol. xvii. p. 529.