OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich

Edition of 1920. See also Johann Friedrich Blumenbach on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BLUMENBACH, bloo'mĕn-bạH, Johann Friedrich, German naturalist of distinction: b. Gotha, 11 May 1752; d. Göttingen, 22 Jan. 1840. He studied at Jena and Göttingen, and was appointed in the latter, in 1776, extraordinary professor of medicine and inspector of the museum of natural history, and in 1778 ordinary professor. In 1812 he was appointed secretary to the Royal Society of Sciences at Göttingen, in 1816 became physician to the King of Great Britain and Hanover, in 1821 was made a knight-commander of the Guelphic Order, and in 1831 was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences at Paris. In celebration of his
medical jubilee (1825) traveling scholarships were founded to assist talented young physicians and naturalists. In 1835 he retired. The first work which brought him into notice was the ‘De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa,’ and from its publication in 1775 he continued almost for 60 years to exert a powerful influence on the progress of science. Among his numerous published works are the ‘Institutiones Physiologicæ’ (1787), long a textbook in many of the most celebrated schools of Europe; the ‘Handbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie’ (‘Handbook of Comparative Anatomy,’ 1805) and ‘Collectio Craniorum Diversarum Gentium’ (1790-1828). The last work gives descriptions and figures of his collection of skulls, one of the most extensive in existence, and is still preserved at Göttingen. Blumenbach held decidedly that the human race formed only one species, and had originally descended from a single pair; but he divided it into the five varieties of Caucasian, Mongolian, Negro, American and Malay. Consult Mark's ‘Memoir’ (1840).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Blundell's School

Edition of 1920. See also Blundell's School on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BLUNDELL'S SCHOOL, a famous English free grammar school in Tiverton, Devonshire, founded in 1604 by Peter Blundell, who left his fortune to charities, the school being the most important of his benevolences. In connection with it five Balliol College scholarships were founded and many persons who afterward became eminent went to Balliol College, Oxford, from Tiverton School. Scholarships were also founded at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. The school is mentioned in the novel 'Lorna Doone' as the scene of John Ridd's early education. In 1880 new buildings in the Tudor style were built for the school in the outskirts of the town. The late archbishop of Canterbury, Frederick Temple, was a student at Blundell's School. Other students who later attained eminence were Bishops Bull, Hayter and Conybeare, Abraham Haywood, the essayist, and R. D. Blackmore, the novelist.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Blundell, Mrs. Francis

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
BLUNDELL, (Mrs.) Francis (M. E. Francis), English novelist: b. Dublin. She is the widow of Francis N. Blundell and has lived for many years in Lancashire, but more recently in Dorsetshire. Her writings, which have steadily increased in popularity, both in England and the United States, include ‘In a North Country Village’ (1893); ‘The Song of Dan’ (1894); ‘Town Mice in the Country, a Story for Children’ (1894); ‘A Daughter of the Soil’ (1895); ‘Frieze and Fustian’ (1896); ‘Among the Untrodden Ways’ (1896); ‘The Duenna of a Genius’ (1898); ‘Yeoman Fleetwood’ (1899); ‘Pastorals of Dorset,’ ‘North, South, and Over the Sea,’ ‘The Manor Farm’ (1902); ‘Christian Thal’ (1903); ‘Dorset Dear’ (1905); ‘Simple Annals’ (1906); ‘Margery o' the Mill’ (1907); ‘Galatea of the Wheatfield’ (1909); ‘Our Alty’ (1912); ‘Molly's Fortunes’ (1914); ‘Dark Rosaleen’ (1915).
# The Conquest of Mexico/Volume 1/Note

* List of Illustrations
* Introduction
* Table of contents
* Note
* Preface
* Notes To Volume 1
Layout 4
NOTE
IT is always a difficult question to decide how far, if at all, the actual text of a standard work should be emended by an editor. In the case of Prescott, the question is the more important since it arises in the main from his spelling of native names, which, in many cases, is incorrect, when judged by the knowledge of to-day, and certainly inconsistent. There is little doubt that the name of the Aztec ruler should be written, not Montezuma, but Montecuzoma, the "u" being but the faintest breathing between the "c" and the "z." (An even more correct form would be Montec'zoma.) Yet it must be admitted that the spelling of Prescott in this case has the sanction of tradition in all but strictly scientific works. But when Prescott writes Guatemozin for the name of Montezuma's successor, he is neither correct nor consistent. To be, even approximately, correct, he should have written Guatemotzin, but this spelling would not remove the inconsistency, since the termination tzin is an honorific suffix to the name commonly spelt Guatemoc. If Prescott used the honorific form of the name of this ruler, he should have written Montecuzomatzin for Montezuma, and Ahuitzotzin for Ahuitzotl. But even the form Guatemoc, which is that most familiar to the general reader of history, is not strictly correct. The name itself is derived from the Aztec word for eagle, the accepted spelling of which is Quauhtli, and thus should be written Quauhtemoc. The names, therefore, have been left as Prescott wrote them, and the reasons are threefold. First, the consideration that any alteration would have to be radical, and would introduce many forms unfamiliar to the general reader. Second, the knowledge that no system of orthography would meet with universal acceptance even from the comparatively small circle of scientific readers. Third, the natural reluctance on the part of any editor to interfere with the written word of a great historian.
T. A. J.
# The Conquest of Mexico/Volume 2

* List of Illustrations
* Table of contents
* Appendix Part 1
* Appendix Part 2
* Notes To Volume 2
* Index 1
* Index 2
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/True, Rodney Howard

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
TRUE, Rodney Howard, American botanist and physiologist: b. Greenfield, Wis., 14 Oct. 1866. His education was secured at the University of Wisconsin and at Leipzig, where he took his Ph.D. degree (1895). He taught in the schools of Wisconsin, was made a lecturer in botany in Harvard in 1900-01, since which time he has been in charge of physiological investigations for the United States Department of Agriculture. His writings though voluminous are chiefly contributions to scientific journals.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Turner, Ethel

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
TURNER, Ethel, pen name of Mrs. H. R. Curlewis (q.v.)
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Turner, Frederick Jackson

Edition of 1920. See also Frederick Jackson Turner on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Turner, Frederick Jackson, American historian: b. Portage, Wis., 14 Nove. 1861. He was educated at the University of Wisconsin and took his Ph.D. degree at Johns Hopkins (1890), becoming professor of American history in the University of Wisconsin (1892-1910) and professor of history in Harvard the latter year. He was president of the American Historical Association (1910-11) and associate
in the department of historical research of the Carnegie Institute (1916-17). He is author of ‘Rise of the New West’ (1906); ‘Reuben Gold Thwaites’ (1914), etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Turner, Henry McNeal

Edition of 1920. See also Henry McNeal Turner on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TURNER, Henry McNeal, American bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church; b. Newberry Court House, S. C., 1 Feb. 1834; d. 8 May 1915. He educated himself by dint of earnest perseverance and was licensed to preach by the Methodist Church South in 1853. In 1858 he transferred his membership to the African Methodist Church and studied for the classics, Hebrew and divinity at Trinity College. He was the first colored chaplain ever commissioned, and after being mustered out in 1868 was then commissioned chaplain of the regular army. He sat in the Georgia legislature in 1868 and 1870, and in 1880 became a bishop in his Church. He organized four annual conferences in Africa, was a prominent advocate of the return of his race to Africa and published ‘Methodist Polity,’ etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Turner, Charles Yardley

Edition of 1920. See also Charles Yardley Turner on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TURNER, Charles Yardley, American artist: b. Baltimore. Md., 25 Nov. 1850; d. New York, 31 Dec 1918. He studied in Paris with Laurens, Munkacsy and Bonnat. Was elected to the National Academy of Design; was member of the American Water Color Society, the American Etchers and the National Society of Mural Painters. Mr. Turner excelled as a mural painter. One of his pictures is in the courthouse at Baltimore and shows the burning of the steamboat Peggy Stewart. Other paintings are in New York galleries and elsewhere. Among his works familiar to many are the decorations in the rotunda of the Manhattan Hotel, New York. In the Metropolitan Museum is his ‘Bridal Procession’ and in the Union League Club, Chicago, is ‘John Alden's Letter.’ ‘A Dordrecht Milkmaid,’ in the Water Color Society exhibit in 1892, attracted much favorable attention, and then came perhaps the most noted of his canvases, ‘Days That Are No More,’ picturing a widow and a child on the stile of a churchyard. At the Buffalo Pan-American Exposition (1901) Mr. Turner was director of color; he was assistant director of decoration at the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, in 1893. In 1912 he became director of the Maryland Institute Schools of Art and Design at Baltimore.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Turner, Fred

Edition of 1920. See also Fred Turner (botanist) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TURNER, Fred, Australian botanist: b. Pontefract, England, 1856. He went to Australia in 1874, where he joined the staff of the Government Gardens at Brisbane and remained for five years, when he became botanist to the Department of Agriculture of New South Wales, and consulting botanist to the West Australian government. He traveled over 60,000 miles throughout Australia botanizing; made the study of botany popular in Australia and wrote interestingly on the subject for the press. He is the author of numerous works, many of which have been published by the government; translated into numerous foreign languages and republished at the expense of foreign governments. He is the holder of many medals and diplomas for economic botany. For several years he was engaged in the botanical survey of New South Wales. Among his published works are ‘Grasses of New South Wales’ (1890); ‘Indigenous Forage Plants of Australia’ (1891); ‘Australian Grasses’ (1895); ‘West Australian Grasses’ (1896); ‘West Australian Salt Bushes’ (1897); ‘Suspected Poison Plants of New South Wales’ (1890-1914); ‘Noxious Exotic Weeds’ (1890-1913); ‘New Commercial Crops for New South Wales’ (1890-1914).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Turner, Nat

Edition of 1920. See also Nat Turner on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TURNER, Nat, negro slave, preacher and leader of the “Southampton Insurrection”; b. Southampton County, Va., 1800; executed at Jerusalem, Va., 11 Nov. 1831. A man of elementary education, but a preacher of natural ability and influence among the negroes, his mystical claims of hearing voices and seeing visions from childhood culminated in 1828 when he announced that a voice from heaven had declared that “the last shall be first”; that the negroes should rise and slay their enemies and gain freedom and control, when a sign should appear. The solar eclipse of February 1831 and subsequent unusual atmospheric conditions were accepted as the signal, and on Sunday night, 21 Aug. 1831, Turner and seven companions murdered his master and five members of the family in their beds. With their band increased to 53 members, the negroes massacred 24 children, 18 women and 13 men of white blood before noon of the following day, when they were dispersed by a party of white men who had hastily gathered for defense. The criminals were subsequently hunted down and Turner escaped capture until 30 October. Tried and condemned, 17 of the band, including Turner, were hanged. The remainder received other sentences, as evidence showed that they acted under life or death compulsion. In other instances, at the risk of their lives, faithful slaves successfully defended their masters and families from slaughter. Pro-slavery advocates irrationally attributed the insurrection to the work of the abolitionists. Stricter slave codes were enacted, and the liberation movement received a serious setback. Consult Drewry, W. L., ‘The Southampton Insurrection’ (Washington 1900).
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 1/Allied Bazaar in Baltimore

ALLIED BAZAAR IN BALTIMORE.
In the series of Allied Bazaars, held in several of the large cities of the United States, Bohemians together with the Slovaks have participated with much enthusiasm. They were eager to enroll the Czechoslovak people on the side of the Entente and at the same time get money to be sent to Bohemian volunteers in the Allied armies and to their dependents. Incidentally the bazaars indirectly advised the people of Bohemia as to the work carried on by their kin across the seas. No direct news of the “treasonable” propaganda aimed against the integrity of the, Hapsburg Empire can be printed anywhere within the monarchy. But the “Muenchener Neueste Nachrichten” published in its correspondence from America a statement that Czechs in the United States are absolutely on the side of the Entente, and for proof it cited among other things their official participation in the Chicago Allied Bazaar. Bohemian news papers were permitted to quote this news item, and the Czech people were made aware once more of the work done in their interest by exiles.
The latest of these bazaars was held in Baltimore, in the middle of March. In that city there are some ten thousand people born in Bohemia or born in America of Bohemian parents. Together with the Slovaks they were allotted a booth at the bazaar and the honor of a special day. They went to work with a will, and they succeeded in making an impression on Baltimore. “České koláče” or Bohemian cakes were extremely popular throughout the bazaar and greatly impressed the reporter who described wittily the Bohemian day in the Baltimore “Sun”.
Chairman of the Bohemian booth at the Baltimore Allied Bazaar was Dr. J. J . Toula, an energetic worker in the ranks of the Bohemian National Alliance.
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 1/America First

AMERICA FIRST.
As we go to press, the break with Germany seems imminent and every one talks of war. If the United States is forced to take a part in the European war, Bohemian speaking citizens and residents of this country will be found in the front ranks of those ready to fight for their country. Bohemian soldier fought in the Civil War, Bohemians volunteered in thousands for the Spanish War, and Bohemians will not be behind Americans of whatever racial stock in their devotion to the land in which they found liberty and prosperity. We are fortunate in that there is no conflict between the affection we feel for our native country and the loyalty we owe to our adopted country. But regardless of any ties still binding them to Europe Bohemians are for America first and are ready to offer every sacrifice of life and property to prove themselves good American citizens.
* The Bohemian Review, 10 cents a copy, one dollar a year.
* Contributions for the publication fund of the Bohemian Review will be gratefully received.
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 1/A valued friend

A VALUED FRIEND
In England and France, in Russia and Italy, leaders of public opinion have arrived at much more definite conclusions with reference to the coming reconstruction of Europe, than have their colleagues in the United States. Metropolitan journals of the Allied countries realize that Austria, which has for centuries taken up so much space on the maps of Europe, is doomed, and they pay much attention to the new states which will appear on the future map of Europe, chief of them being Bohemia. In America the big dailies moulding the public opinion of the nation have not looked so far ahead; at most they accept Poland as a coming state, but Bohemia and Jugoslavia have not yet entered within the range of their vision.
Now that the United States is about to join the Allies and consequently will have a voice at the peace conference, it ought to make up its mind as to what concrete changes it will favor in the ​reorganization of the present boundaries of Europe. Presumably all Americans will endorse the principles announced by President Wilson in his address to the senate, Jan. 22 , 1917: “Every people should be left free to determine its own policy, its own developments, unhindered, unthreatened, unafraid, the little along with the great and powerful. I am proposing government by the consent of the governed.” The Bohemian Review would like to accomplish this much: to impress upon American public opinion the fact that principles embodied in the history of this republic, if applied to Europe, make necessary the creation of an independent Bohemia. And it welcomes with undisguised pleasure any voice showing that the Review does fulfill its function of informing the American press on this point.
One of Chicago’s daily papers, The Evening Post, printed the following editorial article in its issue of March 20, 1917, entitled “The Voice of Bohemia”:
“The national aspirations of Bohemia have found an appealing voice in the Bohemian Review, a new monthly publication that we welcome because of its informative value and its intelligent discussion of problems in which all the world is interested.”
“The Review is issued from Chicago under the editorial charge of Jaroslav F. Smetanka, whose recognized leadership among Bohemian-Americans qualifies him for this important educational work. Among articles of much interest and value in the current number is one by Thomas G. Masaryk, the Bohemian patriot, on ‘Bohemia and the European Crisis’. Mr. Masaryk gives the historical background for the national aspirations of the Bohemians and presents a case that must win the sympathy of all lovers of freedom.
“In Europe there is no more heroic people and none who have better deserved the liberty they seek. Those of them who have adopted America as their land are among the most loyal of our citizens and display by their response to republican institutions the spirit and capacity of a race inherently qualified for democracy.
“The Review will quicken the interest of Americans in the cause of Bohemia and will cultivate a sentiment that may yet find opportunity to express itself in behalf of Bohemian liberation.”
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 1/A sympathetic editorial

A SYMPATHETIC EDITORIAL.
That the efforts of the Bohemians to call the attention of America to the cry of Bohemia for freedom are meeting with some response is evidenced by a very cordial and well informed editorial article, published in the Chicago Journal, February 9, 1917, under the title of “The Unconsidered Martyr”. It reads as wollows:
“Much, though not a word too much, has been said of the sufferings of Belgium, Poland and Serbia; brave, unfortunate peoples bludgeoned by the warmakers of Berlin. But there is another heroic state whose martyrdom, as cruel as these, has passed almost unnoticed—Bohemia.
By this term is meant the Czecho-Slovak nation, including Bohemia proper, Moravia and a slice of northwestern Hungary. This nation numbers nearly 10,000,000 members, has a rich and ancient culture, a stirring history and an unbreakable love of liberty. It has resisted all the efforts of the Hapsburgs to Germanize it and remained a Slavic state; friendly to France and England as the liberal powers of Europe and to Russia as the protector of Slav peoples. For this, even before the war, it was held down like a newly conquered and hostile province, and since the war broke, Bohemian sufferings have been incalculable.
By the end of the first year of the conflict two-thirds of the Czech publications had been suppressed, and many of the editors imprisoned or executed. No musician is allowed to play the works of the great Bohemian composer, Smetana, and no Czech is allowed to circulate or read the writings of Tolstoi or Emerson. The athletic societies have been disbanded, Germans have been put in charge of the police administration of Bohemian cities, the national language is forbidden on the railways and may not even be used in sending telegrams. These measures are enforced with savage severity; according to a semiofficial paper of Vienna, up to December, 1915, there had been 1,045 civil executions in Bohemia and Moravia alone.
The Bohemians have resisted this tyranny in every way they could. Forced by their tyrants into a war against their friends, they have deserted at every opportunity. The Twenty-eighth regiment went over to the Russians in a body, and is now ​fighting gallantly on the Russian side. The Eighth, Thirtieth, Eighty-eighth and 102nd regiments made the same move in a little less unanimous fashion. Thousands of recalcitrant Bohemian soldiers have been executed, and wholesale confiscations have been levied against the families of those who have been taken prisoners; yet still the desertions go on.
A people so devoted and resourceful can not be destroyed and should not be held in tutelage. When the war ends, there should be an independent republic of Bohemia.”
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 1/America taking notice of the Bohemians

AMERICA TAKING NOTICE OF THE BOHEMIANS
Formerly it was a very rare occurrence to have American newspapers mention either Bohemia or citizens of Bohemian birth. Lately the word Bohemian is found very frequently by readers of our newspaper columns.
The successful campaign for recruiting undertaken by the Alliance together with the Sokols has been noticed and favorably commented upon by scores of daily papers, ranging from Baltimore to Seattle. Dr. Hrdlička’s excellent article on “Bohemia and the Czechs,” published originally in the National Geographic Magazine, was sent out as a war bulletin by the National Geographic Society and reprinted in hundreds of smaller newspapers in this country. That article alone has done a very great service to the Bohemian cause by bringing a sympathetic discussion of the problem of Bohemia to the attention of millions of American citizens.
There is evidence, too, that the Bohemian Review is read by men who mould public opinion in this country. Reprints from the Review and editorial articles based upon material found in the Bohemian Review, have been published, as far as we could ascertain, in the following newspapers: Providence Journal, Chicago Post, Austin, (Tex.) Statesman, Cedar Rapids, (Iowa) Times, Evening Gazette and Republican of the same city, Boise, (Idaho), Statesman, Houston, (Tex.), Post and Houston Chronicle, Galveston News, Oelwein, (Ia.) Register.
Newspapers in cities containing larger groups of Bohemian born citizens refer frequently to the patriotic meetings, enlistment and Red Cross campaigns held by men and women from Bohemia. Some of the local branches of the Alliance are very successful in informing the American people through the public press of the sentiments of Bohemians and the cry of Bohemia for freedom. The Hudson County, N. J. branch, with its able secretary, Jeremiah L. Trnka, is the best example of this persevering work through which the sympathies of America are gained for Bohemia.