OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Webster, Benjamin Nottingham

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See also Benjamin Nottingham Webster on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WEBSTER, BENJAMIN NOTTINGHAM (1797–1882), English actor, manager and dramatic writer, was born in Bath on the 3rd of September 1797, the son of a dancing master. First appearing as Harlequin, and then in small parts at Drury Lane, he went to the Haymarket in 1829, and was given leading comedy character business. He was the lessee of the Haymarket from 1837; he built the new Adelphi theatre (1859); later the Olympic, Princess's and St James's came under his control; and he was the patron of all the contemporary playwrights and many of the best actors, who owed their opportunity of success to him. As a character actor he was unequalled in his day, especially in such parts as Triplet in Masks and Faces, Joey Ladle in No Thoroughfare, and John Peerybingle in his own dramatization of The Cricket on the Hearth. He wrote, translated or adapted nearly a hundred plays. Webster took his formal farewell of the stage in 1874, and he died on the 3rd of July 1882. His daughter, Harriette Georgiana (d. 1897), was the first wife of Edward Levy-Lawson, 1st baron Burnham; and his son, W. S. Webster, had three children—Benjamin Webster (b. 1864; married to Miss May Whitby), Annie (Mrs A. E. George) and Lizzie (Mrs Sydney Brough)—all well known on the London stage, and further connected with it in each case by marriage.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Webb City

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​WEBB CITY, a city of Jasper county, Missouri, U.S.A., in the S.W. part of the state, about 160 m. S. of Kansas City. Pop. (1890) 5043; (1900) 9201, of whom 248 were foreign-born; (1910 U.S. census) 11,817. It is served by the Missouri Pacific and the St Louis & San Francisco railway systems, and is the headquarters of the electric interurban railway connecting with Carthage and Joplin, Missouri, Galena, Kansas and other cities. With Carterville (pop. 1910, 4539), which adjoins it on the E., it forms practically one city; they are among the most famous and productive “camps” in the rich lead and zinc region of south-western Missouri, and Webb City owes its industrial importance primarily to the mining and shipping of those metals. The value of the factory product increased from $353,366 in 1900 to $637,965 in 1905. Webb City was laid out and incorporated as a town in 1875, and first chartered as a city in 1876. White lead was discovered here in 1873, on the farm of John C. Webb, in whose honour the city is named; and systematic mining began in 1877.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Webster, Alexander

See also Alexander Webster on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WEBSTER, ALEXANDER (1707–1784), Scottish writer and minister, son of James Webster, a covenanting minister, was born in Edinburgh in 1707. Having become a minister in the church of Scotland, he propounded a scheme in 1742 for providing pensions for the widows of ministers. The tables which he drew up from information obtained from all the presbyteries of Scotland were based on a system of actuarial calculation that supplied a precedent followed by insurance companies in modern times for reckoning averages of longevity. In 1755 the government commissioned Webster to obtain data for the first census of Scotland, which he carried out in the same year. In 1753 he was elected moderator of the General Assembly; in 1771 he was appointed a dean of the Chapel Royal and chaplain to George III. in Scotland; and he died on the 25th of January 1784.
Webster published in 1748 his Calculations, setting forth the principles on which his scheme for widows' pensions was based; he also wrote a defence of the Methodist movement in 1742, and Zeal for the Civil and Religious Interests of Mankind Commended (1754).
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 5

| Fig. 101 to 116. | Fam. Nymphacea. 101.  Corbis fimbriata. Fimbria, Megerle. 102. Grateloupia Moulinsii. (from Lea.) 103. Egeria triangulata, (from Lea.) 104. Lucina tigerina. 105. Tellina radiata. 106. —— lingua-felis; a, showing the fold in the ventral margin. 107. Tellinides rosea. 108. Donax cuneatus. 109. Capsa Braziliensis, young. 110. Astarte Danmoniensis. Crassina, Lam. Fluviatile Conchacea. 111. Cyclas rivicola. Cornea, Megerle. 112. Pisidium amnicum. Pisum, Megerle. 113. Cyrena fuscata. Corbicula, Megerle. 114. Cyrenoides Dupontia. 115. Potamophila radiata. Galathæa, Lam. v. ventral margin. Marine Conchacea. 116. Cyprina vulgaris. Arctica, Schum. |
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 6

| Fig. 117 to 126 and 128. | Marine Conchacea. 117. Cythera Meretrix; e. escutcheon. 117 a. C. Meroe; Gen. Meroe. 117 b. C. Tripla; Gen. Trigona. 117 c. C. maculata; Gen. Chione. 117 d. C. Castrensis; Gen. Circe. 118. Artemis lincta; s, sinus in the Palleal impression. 119. Venus cancellata. Antigona, Schum. a. anterior; p. posterior; c. cardinal teeth. 119 a. V. Verrucosa. Dosina, Schum. 120. Pullastra Textile. Fam. Cardiacea. 121. Venericardia, recent species, resembling V. planicostata, Lam. 122. Cardium Dionæum. Cardissa, Sw. Hemicardium, Nonnull. 123. —— angulatum. 123*. —— Greenlandicum. Aphrodita, Lea, Acardo, Sw. 123**.  —- hemicardium. Gen. Hemicardum. 124. Cardita calyculata. 125. Cypricardia angulata. 126. Isocardia Moltkiana. 128. Hippagus Isocardioides, (from Lea.) |
# A Concise Grammar of the Malagasy Language/Conjunctions

CONJUNCTIONS.
The chief conjunctions, divided into classes, are as follows:—
       1. Copulative: àry, sỳ, àmana, àmin', and; sàdy, kòa, also; sàdy—nò, both—and; dìa, even; mbàmy (mbà, àmy), together with, including; ambàny, and, including.
       2. Disjunctive: nà, or; nà—nà, whether—or, either—or; sà, fà, or? Àry is used at the beginning of sentences, or for the sake of variety in enumerations with sỳ. Àmana couples nouns which usually go in pairs; as, rày àman-drèny, 'father and mother'; vòlana àman-kìntana, 'moon and stars'; sàdy adds a supplementary adjective, verb, or even sentence containing an additional statement. Sà and fà ​are used in asking alternative questions only; as, handèha và ìzy, sà (or, fà) tsìa? 'will they go, or not'?
       3. Adversative: fà, but; nèfa, kandrèfa, anèfa, kanèfa, yet; kànjo, however, but, nevertheless; saìngy (or, sàngy), but (only sometimes); kànjo implies the reverse of one's expectation; saìngy sometimes means but; as, saiky nàhavìta izàny ìzy, saìngy tsỳ mbòla vìta, 'he was merely able to finish that, but it is not yet done'.
       4. Conditional: ràha, nòny (with present or future), if; nòny tsỳ, had it not been for, but for, (literally, 'if not', like the Latin nisi.)
       5. Causal: fà, for, because (reason); nà dìa—àza, although (concession); satrìa, because (cause); saìngy, since, seeing that.
       6. Declarative: fà, nò, that.
          Fà is used after verbs of telling, believing, hoping, &c., to introduce the noun-sentence or statement, like our English conjunction that.
          Nò is used to express the reason, in the following way: gàga àho nò tsỳ tònga ìzy, 'I am surprised that he has not come'.
       7. Inferential: dìa, àry, then, therefore. In this sense àry is never placed at the beginning of a sentence. Thus, andèha àry isìka, 'let us therefore go'; but àry andèha isìka, 'and we go'. ​
       8. Final (result or consequence), kà, kòa, and so, so as; dìa, then; sào, andrào, lest; kà sometimes 'yet', 'and yet' (adversative); as, malàza hò làhy, kà tsỳ màndry an-èfitra, 'famed as a (brave) man, yet not lying (i.e. afraid to lie) in the desert'.
       9. Temporal: ràha, rehèfa, fòny, nòny, when; dìeny, whilst, while; dìa, then (of time, signifying progression of events). Rehèfa (ràha èfa) means when in the sense of after; as, rehèfa vìta izàny, 'when that was finished'. Fòny refers to the past; as, fòny tsỳ mbòla àry nỳ tàny, 'when the earth was not yet created'. Nòny implies a succession of events. Dìeny implies something passing away; as, dìeny mbòla tanòra hìanào, 'while you are still young'.
There are three peculiarities noticeable with regard to Malagasy conjunctions: viz.—
       1. They are often in couples; as, àry dìa; fà satrìa. 2. The same word often has to serve for several conjunctions; as, fà, for, but, that; dìa, even, therefore, then (of time). 3. They generally do not couple the same cases of pronouns; as, mitèny àminào sỳ ìzahày ìzy, 'he speaks to you and us (lit. we)'.
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 9

| Fig. 153 to 166. 165 next plate. | Fam. Chamacea. 153.  Chama Lazarus. Jataronus, Adanson. 154. Diceras perversum, (from Sowerby's Genera.) 155. Etheria semilunata. Order, MONOMYARIA. Fam. Tridacnacea. 156. Hippopus maculatus. 157. Tridacna elongata. Fam. Mytilacea. 158. Mytilus achatinus. 159. —— polymorphus. Dreissina. 160. Modiola Tulipa. 161. Lithodomus Dactylus. 162. Pinna saccata. Fam. Malleacea. 163. Avicula Hirundo. 164. —— margaritifera. Meleagrina, Lam. 166. Perna Ephippium. |
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 7

| Fig. 127 and 129 to 141. | Fam. Cardiacea. 127.  Megalodon cucullatus, (from Sow. Min. Con.) 129. Hippopodium ponderosum, (from Sow. Min. Con.) 130. Pachymya gigas, (from Sow. Min. Con.) Fam. Arcacea. 131. Arca antiquata. 132. Bysso-arca Noæ. 133. Cucullæa auriculifera, (from Sowerby's Genera.) 134. Pectunculus pilosus. 135. Myopara costata, (from Lea.) 136. Crenella. 137. Nucula margaritacea, three views. 138. Solenella Norrissii. Fam. Trigonacea. 139. Trigonia pectinata. 140. Castalia ambigua. Tetraplodon pectinatus, Spix. Fam. Nayades. 141. Alasmodon complanatus, Say. Margaritana, Schum. |
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 8

| Fig. 142 to 152. | Fam. Nayades. 142.  Dipsas plicatus, Leach. Cristaria, Schum. 143. Hyria corrugata, Lam. Paxyodon, Schum. Triplodon. 144. Syrmatophora, Sow. Prisodon, Schum. Diplodon, Spix. 145. Unio littoralis, Lam. Mysca ovata, Turton. 147. —— Alatus. Symphynota, Lea. 148. —— Atratus, Lam. Naia, Sw. 149. Monocondylæa Paraguayana. 150. Iridina elongata. Pleiodon, Conrad. $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ Platiris, Lea. Mycetopus solenoides, D'Orb. Spatha, Lea. 151. 152. Anodon Cataractus. |
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Chapter 12/97

[Sidenote: 97. The Kifaya refuted.]
Here the author of Kifaya has contrived to make out by way of subterfuge and sophistry five successive periods of the policy of the Koran regarding warfare against the unbelievers:
He is wrong in history, chronology as well as in understanding the general scope of the Koran and the tenor of the Suras. He does not regard even the context of the verses quoted.
The verses containing injunctions for turning aside, shunning, forgiving, passing over, and withdrawing are found even in the later period of the Medinite Suras.—(Vide Sura II, 103; V, 16, 46; Sura IV, 66, 83; and VII, 198.) They have nothing to do either with war or peace.
The summoning of people to the faith of God was the chief duty of the Prophetical office, and was not confined to any special period, and was alike during times of war and peace. Even during the actual warfare it was incumbent on the Prophet to give quarters to the enemy, if he desired, to listen to his preachings.—(Vide Sura IX, 6.)
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Chapter 2

II.—The Meccans or the Koreish.
* 7. A Koreish chieftain commits a raid near Medina, A.H.
* 8. The Koreish march to attack Medina. Battle of Badr
* 9. Attack by Abu Sofian upon Medina, A.H.
* 10. Battle of Ohad
* 11. Mohammad's prestige affected by the defeat
* 12. Abu Sofian threatened the Moslems with another attack next year
* 13. The Koreish again attack Medina with a large army. Mohammad defends the city. The enemy retire. A.H.
* 14. Mohammad with his followers advanced to perform the lesser pilgrimage of Mecca. The Koreish oppose Mohammad, who return disappointed. The treaty of Hodeibia
* 15. Violation of the treaty by the Koreish and their submission
* 16. Two other tribes assume the offensive
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Chapter 2/13

[Sidenote: 13. The Koreish again attack Medina with a large army. Mohammad defends the city. The enemy retire. (Ditch or Nations.—A.H., V.)]
The winter season in the next year was chosen for the renewal of hostilities by the Koreish. They joined an immense force of the Bedouin tribes (the entire army was estimated at ten thousand), marched against Mohammad, and besieged Medina. Mohammad defended the city by digging a Ditch. The army of Medina was posted within the trench, and that of the Koreish encamped opposite them. In the meantime Abu Sofian succeeded in detaching the Jewish tribe of Koreiza from their allegiance to Mohammad. The danger to Medina from this defection was great. The enemy made a general attack, which was repulsed. Bad weather set in, and Abu Sofian ordered the allied force to break up. The enemy retired, and never came again to attack the Moslems. This, therefore, was the last war of aggression on the part of the Koreish, and of defence on the part of Mohammad.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Chapter 2/14

[Sidenote: 14. Mohammad, with his followers, advanced to perform the lesser pilgrimage of Mecca. The Koreish opposed Mohammad, who returned disappointed.—A.H. VI.]
Six years had passed since the expulsion of Mohammad and his followers from Mecca. They had not since visited the Holy house, nor had they joined the yearly pilgrimage, which was an essential part of their social and religious life. Mohammad undertook to perform the lesser pilgrimage to Mecca in the month of Zalkada, in which war was unlawful throughout Arabia. Mohammad, with his followers, the pious and peaceful worshippers, fifteen hundred in number, set forth for Mecca. The pilgrims carried no arms, but such as were allowed by custom to travellers,—namely, each a sheathed sword. The Koreish, with their allies, the surrounding tribes, hearing of the approach of the pilgrims, took up arms. They pushed forward to obstruct the pilgrims. Mohammad encamped at Hodeibia, where a treaty of peace was concluded between the Koreish and Mohammad. The treaty was to the effect, that war should be suspended for ten years, neither party attacking the other. Whosoever wished to join Mohammad and enter into treaty with him, should have liberty to do so. "If any one goeth over to Mohammad, without the permission of his guardian, he shall be sent back to his guardian. But if any one from amongst the followers of Mohammad return to the Koreish, the same shall not be sent back, provided, on the part of the Koreish, that Mohammad and his followers retire from us this year without entering our city. In the coming year he may visit Mecca—he and his followers—for three days, when we shall retire therefrom. But they may not enter it with any weapons, save those of the travellers—namely, to each a sheathed sword." Bani Khozaá entered into the alliance of Mohammad, and Bani Bakr adhered to the Koreish.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Chapter 12/96

[Sidenote: 96. Further quotation.]
The same author writes in continuation of the above quotation, and attempts to reconcile his theory with the numerous precepts of the Koran, which do not permit the war of aggression:—
"Know, that in the beginning the Prophet was enjoined to forgive, and withdraw from those who joined other gods with God. God said, 'wherefore dost thou forgive with kindly forgiveness, and withdraw from those who join other gods with Me.'"
"Then He enjoined him to summon the people to the faith by kind warning and kind disputation, saying, 'Summon thou to the way of thy Lord with wisdom and kindly warning: dispute with them in the kindest manner.'"
"Then He allowed fighting, when they, the unbelievers, were the aggressors, and said:—'A sanction is given to those who have fought because they have suffered outrages;' i.e., they are allowed to fight in self-defence. And God said, 'If they attack you, then kill them' (II, 187); and also said, 'If they lean to peace, lean thou also to it.' (VIII. 63)."
"Then he enjoined to fight aggressively during a certain period. God said, 'And when the sacred months are passed, kill them who join other gods with God, wherever ye find them, and seize them' (IX. 5)."
"After this He enjoined for fighting absolutely, at every time and in every place. God said, 'And do battle against them until there be no more (fitnah) persecution' (II. 189; VII. 40)."

## Footnotes

* ↑ Kifaya as before.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Chapter 2/12

[Sidenote: 12. Abu Sofian threatened the Moslems with another attack next year.]
Abu Sofian, while retiring from the field, victorious as he was, threatened the Moslem with a fresh attack the next year as he said to Omar: "We shall meet again, let it be after a year, at Badr." Medina and the Moslems, however, enjoyed a long exemption from the threatened attack of the Koreish.
At length the time came when the forces of the Koreish and the Moslems were again to meet at Badr. But the year was one of great draught, and the Koreish were desirous that the expedition should be deferred to a more favorable season. Accordingly the Koreish engaged Naeem, an Arab of a neutral tribe, to repair to Medina, and there to give forth an exaggerated account of the preparations of the Koreish, in the hope that, with the field of Ohad fresh in memory, it might deter the Moslems from setting out to meet them. But Mohammad, with a force of fifteen hundred men and only ten horses, set forth for Badr. The Koreish, who never appeared mortified at the triumph of Mohammad, began to project another grand attack upon him.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Chapter 2/10

[Sidenote: 10. The battle of Ohad.]
The Koreish made great preparations for a fresh attack upon Medina. One year after the battle of Badr, they commenced their march,—three thousand in number, seven hundred were mailed warriors, and two hundred well mounted cavalry. Reaching Medina they encamped in an extensive and fertile plain to the west of Ohad.
Mohammad met Abu Sofian at the head of 700 followers and only two horsemen, but lost the battle and was wounded.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Chapter 2/11

[Sidenote: 11. Mohammad's prestige affected by the defeat.]
Mohammad's prestige being affected by the defeat at Ohad, many of the Bedouin tribes began to assume an hostile attitude towards him. The Bani Asad, a powerful tribe connected with the Koreish in Najd and Bani Lahyan in the vicinity of Mecca, prepared to make a raid upon Medina. The Mohammadan missionaries were killed at Rají and Bír Maúna. The marauding bands of Duma also threatened a raid upon the city. Bani Mustalik also raised forces to join the Koreish in their threatened attack upon Medina.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Chapter 12/99

[Sidenote: 99. S. II, v. 189, discussed.]
The 189th verse of the second Sura is not at all an absolute injunction to wage a war of aggression. The verses 186, 187, 188 and 189, if read together, will show that the injunction for fighting is only in defence. The verses are:—
186. And fight for the cause of God against those who fight against you: but commit not the injustice of attacking them first; verily God loveth not the unjust.
187. And kill them wherever ye shall find them; and eject them from whatever place they have ejected you; for (fitnah) persecution is worse than slaughter; yet attack them not at the sacred Mosque until they attack you therein, but if they attack you then slay them: such is the recompense of the infidels!
188. But if they desist, then verily God is Gracious, Merciful—
189. And do battle, against them until there be no more (fitnah) persecution and the only worship be that of God: but if they desist, then let there be no hostility, save against wrong-doers.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Chapter 12/98

[Sidenote: 98. S. IX, v. 5, discussed.]
The fifth verse of the ninth Sura is by no means an injunction to attack first or wage an aggressive war. This verse is one of the several published at Medina after the Meccans had violated the treaty of Hodeibia and attacked the Bani Khozaa, who were in alliance with Mohammad. The Meccans were given four months' time to submit, in default of which they were to be attacked for their violation of the treaty and for their attacking the Bani Khozaa. They submitted beforehand, and Mecca was conquered by compromise. The verses referred to above (Sura IX, 1-15, &c.) were not acted upon. So there was no injunction to wage an aggressive war. This subject has been discussed at pages 51-55 of this work, and the reader is referred to them for fuller information.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Hiltrudis

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HILTRUDIS,
Daughter of Charles Martel, was born in the year 728. After the death of her father, when she saw that her brothers, Pepin and Carlman, treated the rest of the family with great cruelty, she ​fled to her aunt, the Duchess of Bavaria, which title she assumed, when her cousin Odillo, enchanted with her courage and beauty, married her.
Five years afterwards, Odillo declared war against the Franks, but fell, badly wounded, a prisoner into the hands of his enemies. Hiltrudis disguised herself as a knight, and followed her husband to the court of her brothers, where she arrived just in time to assist at the Baptism of Charlemagne, whom she presented with costly jewels. She was recognised by her brothers, reconciled to them, and obtained the liberty of her husband. She died in the year 769, and was buried in Osterhofer, by the side of Odillo.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Hohenhauser, Philippine Amalie Elise von

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HOHENHAUSER, PHILIPPINE AMALIE ELISE VON,
Born 1790, daughter of the Westphalian General von Ochs, was married, in 1810, to Leopold, Baron von Hohenhauser. In 1816, ​she wrote her first work, "Spring Flowers;" in 1819, she published "Minden and its Vicinity;" in 1820, "Nature, Art, and Life," and "Recollections of Travels;" and afterwards several other novels and tales, and a translation of Byron's "Corsair." In 1833, she lost a promising son, who was then a student at the university of Bonn. A peculiar monomania induced him to commit suicide. This unhappy event induced his parents to write a work entitled "Charles von H——," in which much wise counsel is given to parents, guardians, and instructors.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Hooper, Lucy

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HOOPER, LUCY,
Was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts, in 1816. When she was about fifteen, the death of her father caused the removal of the family to Brooklyn, Long Island. Soon after her arrival in that city she began to write and publish poems, under the initials of L. H. In 1840, she published an "Essay on Domestic Happiness," and a work entitled "Scenes from Real Life." She was engaged in preparing a work entitled "The Poetry of Flowers," during the time of her last sickness: the book was published after her decease, which occurred in August, 1841. The following year one of her friends collected and arranged the "Literary Remains of Miss Hooper," which were published, with an affectionate tribute to her genius and the excellence of her private life. Another biographer remarks: "There have been in our literary history few more interesting characters than Lucy Hooper. She died at an early age, but not until her acquaintances had seen developed in her a nature that was all truth and gentleness, nor until the world had recognised in her writings the signs of a rare and delicate genius, that wrought in modesty, but in repose, in the garden of the affections and in the light of religion."