OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baines, Matthew Talbot

1904 Errata appended.
​BAINES, MATTHEW TALBOT (1799–1860), politician, was the eldest son of Edward Baines, of Leeds, author of the 'History of Lancashire,' and was born 17 Feb. 1799. He obtained a scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge, and graduated in 1820 as a senior optime. lie was called to the bar in 1825, and, after practising with success on the northern circuit, was, in 1837, appointed recorder of Hull, and in 1841 became a queen's counsel. In 1847 he entered parliament as member for Hull, which he continued to represent until 1852, when he was chosen for Leeds. Under Lord Russell's administration he became, in 1849, president of the poor-law board, and he held the same appointment in Lord Aberdeen's ministry. After Lord Palmerston acceded to power m 1855, he was appointed chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, with a seat in the cabinet. Though not a brilliant debater, his solid talents won for him high consideration, and his firmness, impartiality, and special knowledge of the forms of the house pointed him out as a probable occupant of the speaker's chair, had not ill health caused his retirement from public life in April 1859. He died 22 Jan. 1860.
[Gent. Mag., 3rd series, viii. 302; Annual Register, cii. 386.]
T. F. H.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.12 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baines, Thomas (1622-1680)

​BAINES, Sir THOMAS, M.D. (1622–1680), the lifelong companion of Sir John Finch, M.D., was born about 1622. He was educated at Christ College, Cambridge, under the tuition of Henry More, and took the degree of B.A. in 1642, and M.A. in 1649. An accident brought him under the notice of John Finch, then at the same college, and from this time they became inseparable friends. Having accompanied Finch to Italy, Baines was created doctor of physic at Padua, and he received the same degree from Cambridge on his return to England in 1660. On 8 March of the same year he was chosen Gresham professor of music, and in May he was elected, along with Sir John Finch, a fellow extraordinary of the College of Physicians, London. From 1664 to 1670 he was at Florence, where Finch was ambassador. On his appointment, in 1672, to accompany Sir John Finch to Tuscany, in the character of physician, he received the honour of knighthood. Some years afterwards he was transferred, along with Finch, to Constantinople. He made arrangements for discharging his professorial duties by deputy, but, on account of his prolonged absence, he was deprived of the chair before the news of his death, at Constantinople, 5 Sept. 1680, reached England. His remains were embalmed by Sir John Finch, who brought them to England on his return thither, and deposited them in the chapel of Christ's College, Cambridge. Finch died shortly afterwards, and was buried in the same grave, above which there is an epitaph in Latin to their joint memories by Henry More.
[Hutchinson's Biographia Medica, i. 52-3; Ward's Gresham Professors, 227-232; Munk's Roll of the College of Physicians, i. 301-2,]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baines, John

​BAINES, JOHN (1787–1838), mathematician, was born at Westfield farmhouse in the parish of Horbury, Yorkshire, in 1787. From his boyhood he gave proofs of a strong mathematical bias, and in his latter years was a well-known correspondent of the 'Ladies' Diary,' the 'Gentleman's Diary,' the 'York Miscellany,' and other similar periodicals, which in those days were noted for their geometrical and algebraic problems. He died at Thornhill, near Wakefield, Yorkshire, on 1 May 1838, where for nine years he had been master of the grammar school.
Besides many mathematical contributions to the above-named periodicals, nearly all of which evince considerable talent, we find on p. 24 of the 'Ladies' Diary' for 1833 an article of Baines on Cuvier's 'Theory of the Earth,' written to prove that it is a confirmation of the Mosaic account. From the Latin inscription on his tombstone in Horbury churchyard he appears to have been also skilled in Latin, Greek, and natural science, especially botany, 'in herbis decernendis peritus.'
[Private information; Gentleman's Diary for 1835, pp. 33-46, 1836, p. 48, 1837, &c., and previous volumes; Ladies' Diary for 1833, p. 24, 1836, p. 35, 1837, pp. 15-47.]
R. E. A.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Bird, William Wilberforce

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​BIRD, WILLIAM WILBERFORCE ( ? –1857)
I.C.S.: arrived in India, 1803: Judge and Magistrate of Benares, 1814: Commissioner there, 1826: Member of the Board of Revenue, 1829: Provisional Member of Council, 1837, and Extra Member of the Board of Customs, Salt and Opium, 1837: Member of the Supreme Council, 1838: President of the Council of Education, 1842: President of the Council, 1842, and Deputy-Governor of Bengal, 1840, and 1842; as Senior Member of Council officiated as Governor-General, June 15 to July 23, 1844: retired, 1844: died June 1, 1857.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Bisudhwananda, Swami

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​BISUDHWANANDA, SWAMI (1820–1899)
Bansidhar (his original name) was a son of a Kanauj Brahman of Cawnpur, born near Hyderabad, (in the Dekkan) : learnt some Persian and Urdu under a Maulvi : entered the Nizam's service, was an excellent horseman, and a great favourite, but, failing to obtain justice in a quarrel over a horse, he set fire to all his earthly possessions, besmeared his body with the ashes, and left Hyderabad, visited places of pilgrimage and sacred shrines, observed the strictest discipline of a monk, took to studying Sanskrit, and in a few years became an accomplished grammarian (Panini School) : spent three years at Hardwar in study and meditation : removed to Benares, and took up his abode at a ghat; read all the Darsans (Hindu philosophy); became a Sanyasi (devotee); assumed a new name, isudhwananda, ("unalloyed peace"), and occupied the seat of Gaurswami at Ahlia Bai's Brahmapuri, till his death in April, 1899 : of high stature, strong will, great piety, and profound learning, he commanded great respect among all classes : princes and people sought his advice : he was a great admirer of British rule in India.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Bird, Robert Merttins

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​BIRD, ROBERT MERTTINS (1788–1853)
I.C.S.: arrived in India Nov. 1808: at first held subordinate judicial appointments, but in 1829 became Commissioner of Revenue in the Gorakhpur Division of the N.W.P.: in 1832 was made Member of the new Board of Revenue, N.W. P., and from 1833–41 was in charge of the settlement of the land revenue of that Province: the work was most thoroughly done and established Bird's reputation for all time as a revenue officer: his report was elaborate, embracing other topics besides the assessment of the revenue: retired in 1842, and gave much attention to the Church Missionary Society: died Aug. 22, 1853.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Birdwood, Christopher

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​BIRDWOOD, CHRISTOPHER (1807–1882)
General; born March 12, 1807: son and grandson of E. I. Co's agents at Plymouth: entered the E. I. Co.'s Military service as Ensign 1825: Capt. 1837: Maj-General, 1868: Lt-General, 1876: Adjutant and Interpreter of the 3rd Bombay N.I. at Bombay, and Fort-Adjutant at Asirghar: commissariat officer at Mhow, 1839, other stations, and Aden, 1847: Assistant Commissary General at Bombay and Executive Commissariat officer there during the Persian war, 1856–7: rendered also invaluable service during the mutiny, organizing the bullock train between Bombay, Wassind and Mhow, on which Sir H. Rose's operations depended: consulted constantly by Lord Elphinstone, Governor of Bombay, and highly esteemed by the native community, who called him Birdwood Maharaja: he always accompanied the Commissioner of Police, C. Forjett, (q.v.) in interviews with their leaders: was Commissary-General, ​Bombay Army: recommended for the C.B. by Lord Elphinstone, who constantly testified to his merits as a first-class commissariat officer: he became General in 1877 and retired after 52 years' service, 45 actually spent in India: died July 4, 1882.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Birrell, Javril

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​BIRRELL, JAVRIL (1800–1878)
General: born Sep. 15, 1800: entered the E. I. Co's service in 1816: in the first Burmese war, 1825–6: in the Afghan war of 1839–40: at Ghazni, and in the Waziri valley: in the Satlaj campaign of 1845–6, at Firozshahr and Sobraon: General, 1876: died Oct. 27, 1878.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Bird, Sir George Corrie

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​BIRD, SIR GEORGE CORRIE (1838–)
Born, 1838: entered the Indian Army, 1856: Maj-General, 1895: General, 1899: served in the mutiny: in Afghan war, 1878–80: at Ahmad Kheyl: Brevet Lt-Colonel: in Burma, 1892–3: in the N.W. Frontier campaign, 1897–8: commanded the Oudh district, 1895–6: the Panjab Frontier Force, 1897–8: C.B., 1890: K.C.I.E., 1899.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Birdwood, Herbert Mills

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​BIRDWOOD, HERBERT MILLS (1837–)
I.C.S: born May 29, 1837: son of General Christopher Birdwood: educated at Exeter, Edinburgh University, and Peterhouse, Cambridge: wrangler in 1858: Fellow: went to Bombay in the Civil Service, 1859: Under Secretary to the Bombay Government, Judicial and Political Departments, 1863: Registrar of the High Court, Bombay: District Judge; Judicial Commissioner in Sind, 1881: Judge of the Bombay High Court, officiating, and permanently from 1885: Member of Council, Bombay, 1892–7: C.S.I., 1893: edited legal works.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Birdwood, Sir George Christopher Molesworth

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​BIRDWOOD, SIR GEORGE CHRISTOPHER MOLESWORTH (1831–)
Born at Belgaum, Dec. 8, 1832, son of General Christopher Birdwood, of the Indian Army (q.v.): educated at Plymouth Grammar School, Dollar Academy and Edinburgh University (M.D.): entered Bombay Medical Service 1854: served in Persian war, 1856–7, and on return to Bombay took a prominent part in the life of the city, influencing, by his great popularity with the leaders of native thought, the endowments which were made to the newly established University: the construction of some of the public buildings: and the carrying out of improvements which have earned for the town and island the title of "Bombay the Beautiful." He was for a time Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, and of Materia Medica and Botany at Grant Medical College: also Curator of the Government Central Museum: Hony. Secy. Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society and of the Agri-Horticultural Society: Registrar of the University: one of the founders of the Victoria and Albert Museum and the designer of the Victoria gardens at Byculla: Sheriff of Bombay, 1846: returning to England on account of ill-health, he joined the staff of the India Office, and was Special Assistant there in the Revenue and Statistical Department from 1878 to 1899, when he retired after two extensions of service beyond the ordinary age limit. He held a leading position in all the principal International Exhibitions from 1857 to 1901: founded Primrose Day: author of Economic Vegetable Products of the Bombay Presidency, 1888; The Industrial Arts of India, 1888; Report on the Old Records of the India Office, 1891: First Letter Book of the East India Company, 1895: of papers on The Genus Boswellia (Frankincense Trees): on Incense, and other articles in Encyc. Brit: and of erudite prefaces and introductions to various well-known works, such as Count d'Alviella's Migrations des Symboles, besides many official reports on economic products, etc.: a prolific contributor to leading journals and reviews, including the Times, the Athenæum, the Quarterly Review, and the Journal of the Society of Arts, the latter containing a great number of his speeches and essays in connexion with the work of the Society. C.S.I., 1877; K.C.I.E., 1877: LL.D. (Cambridge) 1886: Knight of Grace of St. John of Jerusalem.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Bisset, Sir William Sinclair Smith

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​BISSET, SIR WILLIAM SINCLAIR SMITH (1843–)
Colonel: born Nov. 13, 1843: son of Rev. James Bisset,D.D.: educated at Woolwich: joined the Royal Engineers: to India, 1866: entered the Railway Branch, held a number of subordinate appointments connected with railway construction and management: served in the Afghan war, 1878–80: Manager of the Rajputana-Malwa Railway, 1875–84: Agent of the Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway, 1884–93: C.I.E., 1888: Secretary to the Government of India, P.W.D., 1893–7, and Director-General of Railways: K.C.I.E., 1897: Government Director of Indian Railway Companies at the India Office, 1897–01: retired from the India Office, 1901: Chairman of the S. Mahratta Railway Co.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Bittleston, Sir Adam

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​BITTLESTON, SIR ADAM (1817–1892)
Educated at Merchant Taylors' school : called to the bar from the Inner Temple, 1841 : Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court, Madras, 1858–62 : knighted : and of the High Court, Madras, 1862–70, when he retired : died Jan. 18, 1892.
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Isaacus I, catholicos of Greater Armenia, Saint

Isaacus (7) I., St. (Sahag the Great, Parthev the Parthian), catholicos of the church of Greater Armenia for 40 or 51 years, 390–441. Moses of Khorene states that he belonged to the house of the founder of the Armenian church, Gregory the Illuminator. His long patriarchate is remarkable for the invention of the Armenian characters by Mesrob, the translation of the Scriptures into the Armenian language, and the commencement of the golden age of Armenian literature; for the revision of the Armenian liturgy, first translated from the Greek by Gregory, which has continued unaltered ever since in the Armeno-Gregorian church; and for the destruction of the independence of Armenia. At the commencement of his patriarchate Isaac visited the Persian king at Ctesiphon; where, on behalf of his sovereign, he acknowledged Armenia to be tributary to Persia. Owng to the troubled state of the country he was virtually ruler for several years. In 428, from which date Armenian chronology becomes more certain (St. Martin, Mém. sur l’Arménie, i. 320, n.), the Persian king deposed Ardaces IV., the last of the Armenian Arsacidae, and Isaac retired into Western Armenia, either by order of the Persian monarch or through the enmity of the satraps of his own country, whom it is said he had offended by refusing to join in their plans. Whilst in Western Armenia (428–439) he sent Mesrob to Constantinople with letters to Theodosius II., and the general Anatolius, who was commissioned by the emperor to build the city of Theodosiopolis (called Garin by the Armenians, Erzeroum by the Turks), near the sources of the Euphrates, as a place of refuge for Isaac. Meanwhile the Persian kings set up others as patriarchs in his, stead, but at length
the Armenian satraps repented and invited Isaac to resume his throne. This he refused to do, but appointed one administrator in his stead, according to some Mastentzes, according to Moses of Khorene Samuel, nominated by the Persian king. After the death of his vicar he seems to have partially resumed his episcopal functions over the whole Armenian community. On account of the patriarch's expulsion, the archbp. of Cappadocian Caesarea disallowed the ordination of bishops, which had been conceded to Isaac; but by the influence of the Persians all connexion between Armenia and Caesarea was from this time forth broken off—a fact which tended towards the isolation of the Armenian church. Isaac did not attend the general council of Ephesus. He died at the age of 110 years, being the last Armenian patriarch of the family of Gregory the Illuminator; he was followed to the grave in six months by his friend Mesrob. Moses of Khorene, bk. iii. cc. xlix.–lxviii., in Langlois, Hist. de l’Arménie, ii. 159–173; St. Martin, Mém. sur l’Arménie, i. 437; Galanus, Hist. Arm. c. vii.; Le Quien, Oriens Christ. i. 1375; Malan, Life of St. Gregory, p. 28.
[L.D.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Isaacus Senior, disciple of Ephraim the Syrian

Isaacus (29) Senior, mentioned in an anonymous Life of Ephraim the Syrian among the more distinguished disciples of Ephraim who were also Syriac writers. He is cited by Joannes Maro (Tract. ad Nest. et Eutych.), by Bar-hebraeus (Hist. Dynast. 91), and by many other Syriac and Arabic authors, most of whom, however, confuse him with Isaac presbyter of Antioch (Assemani, B. O. i. 165). Gennadius in his de Scriptor. Eccl. c. 26, says: "Isaac wrote, concerning the Three Persons of the Holy Trinity and the Incarnation of the Lord, a book of very dark disputation and involved discourse; proving that there are three Persons in the one Godhead, each possessing a proprium peculiar to himself. The proprium of the Father is that He is the origin of the others, yet Himself without origin; that of the Son is that, though begotten, He is not later than His begetter; that of the Holy Ghost is that It is neither made nor begotten, and yet is from another. Of the Incarnation he writes that two Natures abide in the one Person of the Son of God." This chapter precedes those about Marcarius and Evagrius Pontinus, who lived ante 400. It is hence inferred that Isaac flourished about the end of the 4th cent. (Cave, i. 415, places him c. 430 (?), but some put him a century earlier.)
The work of Isaac, not unfairly described by Gennadius, is entitled Libellus Fidei SS. Trinitatis et Incarnationis Domini. It is a brief treatise, and is printed in Migne, Patr. Gk. xxxiii. In a codex Pithoeanus, teste Sirmond, the title is Fides Isaacis (or Isacis) ex Judaeo. Hence Isaac Senior has been identified by Tillemont (viii. 409) with Isaac the converted Jew who calumniated pope Damasus. Assemani thinks that the silence of Gennadius and his epitomizer Honorius renders it doubtful that Isaac Senior, the author of the Libellus Fidei, was a Jew. Cf. also Galland. vii. Prol. p. xxv.; Ceillier, vi. 290; Mansi, iii. 504 B; Pagi, Crit. ad ann. 378, xx.
[C.J.B.]
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Clerk, Sir Godfrey

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​CLERK, SIR GODFREY (1835–)
General : son of Sir George Russell Clerk (q.v.), the Governor of Bombay : born Oct. 25, 1835 : entered the Army, 1851 : served with the Rifle Brigade in the Indian mutiny and N.W. Frontier campaign : Adjutant-General of the Madras Army, 1880–5 : Assistant Military Secretary at Headquarters, 1886–7 : D.A.G. to the Forces, 1887–92 : commanding Belfast District, 1892–3 : Lieutenant of the Tower of London, 1897–1900 : Groom in Waiting to Queen Victoria, and to H.M the King : C.B. : K.C.V.O. in 1902.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Cobb, James

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​COBB, JAMES (1756–1818)
Appointed a clerk in the Secretary's office at the India House, March 28, 1771 : became Assistant Secretary, June 2, 1802 : Secretary, Jan. 7, 1814 : between 1779 and 1809, he wrote a large number of pieces of various kinds for the stage : died 1818.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Clyde, Colin Campbell, Baron

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​CLYDE, COLIN CAMPBELL, BARON (1792–1863)
Field-Marshal, son of Colin Macliver, a carpenter : took his mother's name of Campbell : born Oct. 20, 1792 : entered the Army in 1808 : served in Portugal under Sir Arthur Wellesley and Sir John Moore : was in the expedition to Walcheren, 1809 : served in the Peninsular from 1810 to 1813, distinguishing himself by his gallantry : Captain, 1813 : was in Nova Scotia, at Gibraltar, in the W. Indies : Major, 1825 : Lt-Colonel, 1832 : in the China war of 1842 : C.B. : to India in 1846 : Brigadier at Lahore : was engaged in the second Sikh war, at Ramnagar, Chilianwala and Gujarat : commanded the Peshawar Division : K.C.B. in 1849 : commanded the Highland Brigade in the Crimea at Alma, Balaclava : G.C.B. in 1855 : Lt-General, 1856 : D.C.L. of Oxford : went out at a day's notice in July, 1857, to be C. in C. in. India during the mutiny, hurried up reinforcements to Cawnpur, and thence, in Nov. 1857, relieved Lucknow, carrying off the garrison, defeated the rebels at Cawnpur, and, in March, 1858, besieged and took Lucknow on the 19th : subsequently he reduced the rebels of Northern India to submission : General, and made Lord Clyde of Clydesdale, in 1858 : and received a pension from the E.I. Co. : returned to England in 1860 : was one of the first Knight Commanders of the Star of India in 1861 : was made Field-Marshal in 1862 : died on Aug. 14, 1863, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. His military career was one of the greatest of the century : his victories in India and his modest and exemplary character made him a hero to the public.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Clerk, Sir George Russell

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​CLERK, SIR GEORGE RUSSELL (1800–1889)
I.C.S. : son of John Clerk : educated at Haileybury: entered the Service as "writer" in 1817 : after holding some unimportant appointments in Bengal, he entered the Political Department : was in the Secretariat, in Rajputana, at Delhi, Political Agent at Umbala and Ludiana : Envoy at Lahore, 1842 : Agent to the Governor-General on the North-Western Frontier during the first Afghan war, in which capacity he pushed forward reinforcements with energy, and, after the massacre of the Army, urged a policy of retribution. He was Lieutenant-Governor of the N.W.P., June to Dec. 1843 : Provisional Member of the Supreme Council, 1844 : twice Governor of Bombay, from 1847 to 1848 : K.C.B. : and from 1860–2. He refused the government of the Cape, but served there on boundary and political work, 1853–4 : was Under Secretary and Secretary to the Board of Control in 1856–8, and permanent Under Secretary of State for India, 1858–60. He was a Member of the Council of India, 1863–76 : K.C.S.I., 1861 : G.C.S.I., 1866 : died July 25, 1889.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Close, Sir Barry, Baronet

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​CLOSE, SIR BARRY, BARONET (1766–1813)
Appointed to the Madras Army in 1771 : besieged at Tellicherry in 1780 by Hyder Ali's troops : conducted boundary negotiations with Tippoo's Commissioners : was present at the sieges of Seringapatam in 1792 and 1799, as Deputy, and Assistant Adjutant-General : his services warmly acknowledged by the C. in C, General Harris : appointed Resident of Mysore in 1799, and Resident of Poona in 1801, remaining there for ten years. He, there, as Resident, negotiated the Treaty of Bassein of Dec. 31, 1802, with the Peshwa, Baji Rao : retired to England in 1811 : created a Baronet : died April 20, 1813.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Cleveland, Augustus

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​CLEVELAND, AUGUSTUS (1755–1784)
Of the Bengal Civil Service : said to have been a cousin of Lord Teignmouth (q.v.) : was Collector and Judge of the Diwani Adalat (Civil Court) of the districts of Bhagalpur, Monghyr and Rajmahal : proceeding in the Atlas Indiaman, to the Cape for his health, he died at sea, ​Jan. 12 or 13, 1784 : his remains were brought back to Calcutta, and interred in the South Park Street Cemetery. Warren Hastings had a monument erected to him with a lengthy inscription : another monument was put up by his native subordinates and others at Bhagalpur. The inscription on the latter runs : "Who, without bloodshed or terrors of authority, employing only the means of conciliation, confidence and benevolence, attempted and accomplished the entire subjection of the lawless and savage inhabitants of the jungle-territory of Rajmahal, who had long infested the neighbouring lands by their predatory incursions, inspired them with a taste for the arts of civilized life, and attached them to the British Government by a conquest over their minds, the most permanent as the most rational mode of dominion." He has been called "the dulce decus of the early Civil Service." This was the voyage of the Atlas in which Mrs. Warren Hastings returned to England.