OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Abad, Diego José

Edition of 1900.
​ABAD, or ABADIANO, Diego José, Mexican poet, b. near Jiquilpan, between Michoacan and Guadalajara, 1 July, 1727; d. in Italy, 30 Sept., 1779. He became a Jesuit in early youth, and afterward taught philosophy and civil and canon law in Zacatecas and the city of Mexico. When forty years old, and while rector of the college of Querétaro, he began the study of medicine, in the practice of which he was successful. Then he went to Italy and published a volume of Latin poetry, under the title of "Heroica Deo carmina," to which he owes his greatest fame. Among other works he wrote descriptions of the principal rivers of the world in a book called "Geografia hidráulica." Several editions of the "Heroica Deo carmina" were published, in Madrid (1769), Venice (1774), Ferrara (1776), and Cecina (1780).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Abad y Queipo, Manuel

Edition of 1900.
​ABAD Y QUEIPO, Manuel, Spanish bishop, b. in Asturias about 1775; d. about 1824. He studied theology in Spain, and went to Mexico. From Michoacan he was sent to Spain to plead against a royal decree affecting the interests of the priesthood, and was successful in his mission. In 1809 he was consecrated bishop of Michoacan. During the first period of the revolutionary war he adhered to the royal party, and went to the city of Mexico. After his return to Michoacan, through intrigues of his opponents, he was sent to Spain and imprisoned. But he obtained an interview with King Ferdinand VII., who not only pardoned him, but appointed him his minister of justice. Yet the Inquisitors imprisoned him again for his opposition to the Inquisition. Afterward he was bishop of Fortora, but was again in prison in 1823, where he died, it is believed, in the following year.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Abasolo, Mariano

Edition of 1900.
​ABASOLO, Mariano, Mexican patriot, b. near Dolores, Guanajuato, about 1780; executed at Chihuahua, 1 Aug., 1811. He became conspicuous during the Mexican war for independence, and was a colonel in the patriot army of Hidalgo, distinguishing himself during the campaigns that opened the war, and was exceptionally humane in his treatment of prisoners. He took part in the engagement at Las Cruces, and fled with Hidalgo after the disastrous fight at Arce de Calderon; was captured by the government troops, and shot in company with his chief. Their bodies were exposed on poles and left unburied until 1822.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Abbadie, Antoine Thomson d’

Edition of 1900.
​ABBADIE, Antoine Thomson d', explorer, b. in Dublin, Ireland, in 1810; d. in 1896. With his younger brother, Arnaud Michel, he was early taken to France by his father, a Frenchman. In 1835 he was sent by the academy of sciences on an exploring expedition to Brazil, where he remained nearly two years. In 1873 he published "Observations relatives à la physique du globe, faites au Brésil et en Ethiopie" in four volumes. His other works do not relate to South America.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Abadie, Eugene Hilarian

Edition of 1900.
​ABADIE, Eugene Hilarian, surgeon, b. in Paris, France, 16 Aug., 1810; d. in St. Louis. 12 Dec., 1874. He entered the U. S. army in 1836, with the rank of assistant surgeon. In 1853 he was promoted surgeon, and as such served through the civil war, receiving the brevet rank of colonel in March, 1865. His first service was with the Creek nation, then recently removed from their hereditary lands in Georgia, and until the Seminole war he was engaged with the migrating tribes. After this service he was stationed at the forts in New York harbor, and at various regular posts in the interior until the war with Mexico, where he was on duty in 1848, but was ordered to Point Isabel, Texas, in 1849. Changing from station to station as the exigencies of the service demanded, he was in Texas when the U. S. forces in that state were surrendered by Gen. Twiggs, and before the close of 1861 he was paroled as a prisoner of war and permitted to go north. He was stationed at West Point in 1862-'64, during which period he was detailed to serve on medical boards in Philadelphia and New York. In 1865 he became chief medical officer of the military division of west Mississippi, in 1866 medical director of the department of Missouri, and lastly acting assistant medical purveyor at St. Louis. At the time of his death he had seen more years of actual service than any, save two, of the army surgeons.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Abbadie de St. Germain

Edition of 1900.
​ABBADIE de St. Germain (ab-bah-dee'), governor, b. about 1710; d. in New Orleans, 4 Feb., 1765. He was sent to America by Louis XV. of France, to take charge of certain royal business interests in New Orleans, and was granted military authority over the affairs of the province. His administration was marked by great wisdom. Restraining the tendency to brutality on the part of masters toward their slaves, he secured the good will of the best people in the community. In his dealings with the Indians he was equally successful, and his memory is piously cherished in the French parishes. As the result of the sale of Louisiana to Spain in 1762, Gov. Abbadie was ordered in 1764 to resign his command to a Spanish representative, and he died of grief, caused by the necessity of surrendering his charge to those whom he regarded as enemies. There appears to be no record of his Christian name.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Abbe, Cleveland

Edition of 1900.
​ABBE, Cleveland, meteorologist, b. in New York city, 3 Dec., 1838. He was graduated at the New York free academy in 1857, taught mathematics in Trinity Latin school for a year, and then went to Michigan university, where he studied astronomy under Prof. Brünnow, and taught the higher mathematics in the scientific school. From 1860 to 1864 he lived at Cambridge, Mass., where Dr. B. A. Gould, the astronomer, assigned him the telegraphic longitude work of the U. S. coast survey. The years 1865–'66 he spent mainly at the Imperial observatory at Pulkova, near St. Petersburg, Russia, as the guest of the resident staff of observers. After a short sojourn at Washington, he was chosen director of the Cincinnati observatory. This was in 1868, and he soon proposed an enlargement of the scope of the institution to include terrestrial physics so far as they relate to astronomy. Investigation of the subject led him to suggest that Cincinnati should be made the headquarters of meteorological observation for the United States, for the purpose of collecting and comparing telegraphic weather-reports from all parts of the land, and making deductions therefrom. The Cincinnati chamber of commerce saw the value of the suggestion, and accepted his proposition. Sept. 1, 1869, he began the publication of the "Weather Bulletin of the Cincinnati Observatory." Prior to this time (1856) the Smithsonian Institution had used the telegraph for weather-forecasts, but these were not sent out for the benefit of the public at large. The favor with which the Cincinnati project was received was brought to the attention of congress through the efforts of H. E. Paine, M.C. (Wis.), and H. L. Dawes (Mass.) [see House Bill 602, Dec. 19, 1869], and, by a joint resolution of 9 Feb., 1870, the secretary of war was directed to provide for taking meteorological observations at military posts in the interior of the continent, and on the lakes and sea-coasts, with the design of giving warning of the approach and probable force of storms. In January, 1871, Gen. Albert J. Myer, chief of the army signal service, was directed to take charge of the new weather bureau, and he appointed Prof. Abbe his meteorologist, whose duty it was to prepare "probabilities" or storm warnings. Prof. Abbe became popularly known as "Old Probabilities," and under his direction the service soon reached the high degree of efficiency that it has since maintained. For about one year, or until competent assistants could be trained, Prof. Abbe in person did the work of collating and tabulating, which had to be done three times a day. The publication of the "Monthly Weather Review" and the "Bulletin of International Simultaneous Observations" was begun under his supervision. His publications, astronomical and meteorological, are very numerous, and his contributions to current periodicals, cyclopædias, and books of reference are well known to astronomers.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Abbeville, Claude d’

Edition of 1900.
​ABBEVILLE, Claude d' (dab'-veel), French missionary, d. in Paris in 1632. He was connected with the mission of the Capucin Fathers on the island of Maragnan, near the coast of Brazil, which was established in 1612. In his "History" of the mission he describes the customs of the natives of the island and of the neighboring parts of the American continent.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Abbey, Edwin Austin

Edition of 1900.
​ABBEY, Edwin Austin, artist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1852. He was a pupil of the Pennsylvania academy, Philadelphia, and has devoted himself chiefly to drawing
illustrations for books and magazines, but since 1875 has done excellent work in water-colors. He removed in 1883 from New York to London, where ​his studio now is. He is a member of the New York water-color society, and of the London institute of water-colors. Among his best pictures are "The Stage Office" (1876); "The Evil Eye" (1877); "Lady in a Garden" (1878); "Rose in October" (1879); "The Widower" (1883); and "Reading the Bible" (1884). Notable among his illustrations are those to Robert Herrick's poems and "She Stoops to Conquer." In 1897 he abandoned book illustrations, turning his attention to successful oil-painting.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Abascal, José Fernando

Edition of 1900.
​ABASCAL (ab-as-cal'), José Fernando, Spanish soldier, b. in Oviedo, Asturias, in 1743; d. in Madrid in 1821. He entered the army in 1762, and after serving for twenty years was promoted to the rank of colonel, and during the war against the French to that of brigadier-general. In 1796 he went to Cuba, assumed the command as viceroy, and took an active part in the defence of Havana when that city was attacked by an English fleet. Afterward he was commander in New Galicia, and still later viceroy of Peru, his great ability and tact being especially beneficial to those countries. He also defended Buenos Ayres from the English, and at the same time repressed revolts in Lima and in Cuzco; but being unsuccessful in some operations, he was recalled in 1816. Four years before he had been created Marqués de la Concordia, in allusion to his conciliatory policy in Peru, which prevented trouble between the natives and the Spanish residents. See Stevenson's "Twenty Years' Residence in South America" (London, 1825).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Schieffelin, Samuel Bradhurst

Edition of 1900.
​SCHIEFFELIN, Samuel Bradhurst (shef'-lin), author, b. in New York city, 24 Feb., 1811. He was educated in private schools, and early turned his attention to business, but contributed largely to the religious press. His works include “ Message to Ruling Elders, their Office and their Duties” (New York, 1859); “The Foundations of History: a Series of First Things” (1863); “Milk for Babes: a Bible Catechism” (1874); “Children's Bread: a Bible Catechism” (1874); “Words to Christian Teachers” (1877); “Music in our Churches” (1881); “The Church in Ephesus and the Presbyterian and Reformed Churches” (1884); and “People's Hymn-Book” (Philadelphia, 1887). — His brother, Bradhurst, b. in New York city, 21 Sept., 1824, was educated in his native city, and then entered the house that had been founded by his grandfather, Jacob Schieffelin. He subsequently became one of the firm of Schieffelin Brothers, and retired from active business on the formation of the present firm. Mr. Schieffelin has been largely interested in political affairs, and has connected himself with the People's party, whose platform is the product of his pen. He believes that no republic can exist where wealth is allowed to accumulate in the hands of a small minority, and favors a law limiting inheritance. In 1883 he was nominated by his party for state senator from the 10th district of New York city, but failed of election.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Schimmelin, Alexander Oliver

Edition of 1900.
​SCHIMMELIN, Alexander Oliver, styled also Oeskmelin and Esquemeling, and generally known under the French form of Oexmelin, Dutch historian, b. in Flanders about 1645; d. in France in 1707. He studied medicine, but on 2 May, 1666, embarked as a contract laborer on a vessel belonging to the French company of the West Indies, and was sold for thirty crowns to M. de La Vie, agent of the company in Tortugas. After serving his master for three years, he was freed, and enlisted with the buccaneers, with whom he remained till 1674, when he returned to Europe on a Dutch vessel. Later he made three voyages to South America as surgeon on board Dutch and Spanish vessels. The narrative of his adventures, written originally not in Dutch, as it is claimed, but in French, fell into the hands of Baron de Frontignières, who published them with the title “Histoire des aventuriers flibustiers qui se sont signalés dans les Indes, contenant ce qu'ils ont fait de remarquable, leurs mœurs, leurs entreprises, avec la vie, les mœurs et les coutumes des habitants de Saint Domingue et de l'ile de la Tortue; une description exacte de ces lieux, ainsi que l'histoire de la chambre des comptes des Indes Occidentales” (2 vols., Paris, 1684). The first volume contains also a monograph on the flora, and fauna of South America. An enlarged edition (4 vols., Trevoux, 1775) contains the “Relation du voyage fait a la mer du Sud avec les flibustiers en 1685-'7,” by Raveneau de Lussan, and a “Histoire des pirates Anglais.” The Dutch edition, which is claimed by some to be the original, “Geschichte van de Vrebuyters van America” (Amsterdam, 1700), is asserted by others to be only a translation from the French.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Schimmelpfennig, Alexander

​SCHIMMELPFENNIG, Alexander, soldier, b. in Prussia in 1824; d. in Minersville, Pa., 7 Sept., 1865. He served as an officer of the Prussian army in Schleswig-Holstein in 1848, and soon afterward came to the United States. At the beginning of the civil war he was elected colonel of a Pennsylvania regiment, which he commanded during Gen. John Pope's campaign in Virginia. For his services at Bull Run he was nominated brigadier-general. The appointment was at first rejected, but, on being presented again, was confirmed in March, 1863, the commission dating from ​29 Nov., 1862. At Chancellorsville he commanded a brigade in Gen. Carl Schurz's corps, and served with credit at Gettysburg. In February, 1864, he was sent to St. John's inland, near Charleston, and thence crossed to James island. When Charleston was evacuated on the approach of Gen. William T. Sherman's army, Gen. Schimmelpfennig entered and took possession, 18 Feb., 1865. He remained in command of the city for some time, but was finally relieved on account of sickness, the result of exposure, which in a short time terminated in his death. He was the author of “The War between Russia and Turkey” (Philadelphia, 1854).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Schlatter, Michael

Edition of 1900.
​SCHLATTER, Michael, clergyman, b. in St. Gall, Switzerland, 14 July, 1716; d. on Chestnut Hill, now a part of Philadelphia, Pa., in November, 1790. He was educated at the gymnasium of his native town and at the University of Helmstedt, Brunswick, taught for several years in Holland, entered the German Reformed ministry, officiated for a few months in Switzerland, and then went to Amsterdam and volunteered his services as a missionary to the destitute congregations of Pennsylvania. He arrived in Philadelphia on 6 Aug., 1746, and on 1 Jan., 1747, was installed as pastor of the united churches of Germantown and Philadelphia. For a great part of the time he was absent on missionary tours among the German Reformed settlers of Pennsylvania, Maryland, New Jersey, and New York. He organized a synod, which met in Philadelphia on 29 Sept., 1747. Rev. John C. Steiner in 1750 drew away more than one half of his hearers, which prompted him in 1751 to visit Europe for the purpose of making a complaint before the synods of South and North Holland. In Amsterdam he published (1751) a journal of his experiences and transactions in America, with an account of the Reformed congregations and their dearth of pastors. Of this book he made a German translation (Frankfort, 1752), and afterward it was rendered into English by Rev. David Thomson, of Amsterdam, and distributed throughout Great Britain. He returned to Pennsylvania in March, 1752, bringing with him six young ministers and substantial aid in money. As a result of his appeal, a fund of more than £20,000 was collected in England and Holland for the maintenance of free schools among the Germans in America. Schlatter withdrew from the active duties of the pastorate in 1755, and devoted himself to the establishment of these schools, which met with strong opposition among the Germans, because the scheme included the teaching of the English language. The project rendered him unpopular, and in 1757 he abandoned it and accepted a chaplaincy in the Royal American regiment that was tendered him by Lord Loudoun. He accompanied the Pennsylvania troops in the expedition against Louisburg, and remained with the army till 1759. After his return from Nova Scotia he preached at Chestnut Hill, where he resided, and in neighboring places, but held no further relations with the authorities of the church. When the Revolutionary war began he still held the appointment of chaplain in the royal army, and officiated as such for a short time. But his sympathies were with the patriots, and when English troops invaded Germantown in September, 1777, he refused to obey orders, and was imprisoned, while his house was plundered. See his “Life,” by Rev. Henry Harbaugh (Philadelphia, 1857).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Schlagintweit, Robert von

​SCHLAGINTWEIT, Robert von (shlah-gint-vite). German explorer, b. in Munich, Bavaria, 27 Oct., 1833; d. in Giessen, Hesse-Darmstadt, 6 June, 1885. He assisted his brothers, Hermann and Adolf, in the geological exploration of India in 1854-’7, prepared the work entitled “Results of a Scientific Mission to India and High-Asia” (4 vols., Leipsic, 1860-’6), and filled the chair of geography in the University of Giessen. In 1867-’70 he lectured in German and English throughout the United States, beginning at the Lowell institute, Boston, and while in the country explored the Pacific coast. He published “Die Pacificeisenbahnen in Nordamerika” (New York, 1870), and “California” (1871).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Schley, William

Edition of 1900.
​SCHLEY, William, governor of Georgia, b. in Frederick, Md., 15 Dec., 1786; d. in Augusta, Ga., 20 Nov., 1858. He was educated at the academies of Louisville and Augusta, Ga., studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1812, and practised in Augusta. In 1825-'8 he was a judge of the superior court. In 1830 he entered the legislature, and in 1832 he was elected as a Democrat to congress. When his term ended he was chosen governor of the state for the two years ending with October, 1837. He was an ardent Democrat and strict constructionist. The building of the first railroad in Georgia was undertaken on his recommendation. He also advocated the establishment of a lunatic asylum and a geological survey of the state. Gov. Schley published a “Digest of the English Statutes in Force in Georgia” (Philadelphia, 1826).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Scherzer, Karl von

Edition of 1900.
​SCHERZER, Karl von, German explorer, b. in Vienna, Austria, 1 May, 1821. He became a printer, but was left an independent fortune, and travelled extensively. During the revolution of 1848 he took an active part in the discussion of social and economical reforms, and in 1850 he was exiled to Italy. He made there the acquaintance of Dr. Moritz Wagner, and they resolved to explore North America. Landing in New York in June, 1852, they visited all the principal states, Central America, and the West Indies. On returning to Vienna toward ths middle of 1855, he was appointed, through the influence of the Archduke Maximilian, afterward emperor of Mexico, a member of a scientific commission that was destined to sail on the frigate “Novara” in 1857 for a voyage round the world. After his return in 1859 he was a councillor of the board of trade, held an office in the bureau of foreign relations, and was intrusted with compiling the commercial statistics of the empire. His works procured him letters of nobility and the title of knight of the empire in 1866. In 1869 he was placed at the head of an expedition to explore eastern Asia, and he was afterward Austrian consul-general in various places, but retired toward the close of 1886. His works include “Reisen in Nordamerika” (Leipsic, 1854); “Die Republik Costa Rica,” with Moritz Wagner (1854); “ Wanderungen durch die mittelamerik. Freistaaten Nicaragua, Honduras, und San Salvador” (Brunswick, 1857); “Las historias del origen de los Indios de la provincia de Guatemala” (Vienna, 1857); “Beschreibende Theile der Reise der oesterreichischen Fregatte ‘Novara’ um die Erde” (3 vols., with illustrations, 1801-'2); “Aus dem Natur- und Völkerleben im tropischen Amerika” (Leipsic, 1864); “Statistisch commerzieller Theil der Novara-Expedition” (2 vols., Vienna, 1864); “Statistisch commerzielle Ergebnisse einer Reise um die Erde” (Leipsic, 1867); “Fachmännische Berichte über die oesterreichisch-ungarische Expedition nach Siam, China, und Japan” (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1871-2); “Smyrna” (Vienna, 1873); and “Das wirthschaftliche Leben der Völker” (Leipsic, 1885).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Schley, Winfield Scott

Edition of 1900. The 1891 edition omits the note on Cervera and says instead “He published, jointly with James Russell Soley, a book entitled ‘The Rescue of Greely’ (New York, 1886).” A more informative article on Schley appears in the Supplement.
​SCHLEY, Winfield Scott, naval officer, b. in Frederick county, Md., 9 Oct., 1839. He was graduated at the U. S. naval academy in 1860, served on board the frigate “Niagara” in 1860-'1, was attached to the frigate “Potomac” of the Western Gulf squadron in 1861-'2, and subsequently took part, on board the gun-boat “Winona” and the sloops “Monongahela” and “Richmond,” in all the engagements that led to the capture of Port Hudson, being promoted lieutenant on 16 July, 1862. He served on the “Wateree” in the Pacific in 1864-'6, quelling an insurrection of Chinese coolies on the Middle Chincha islands in 1865, and later in the same year landing at La Union, San Salvador, to protect American interests during a revolution. He was instructor at the naval academy in 1866-'9, served on the Asiatic station in 1869-'72, taking part in the capture of the Corean forts on Salee river, after two days of fighting, in June, 1871, and was again at the naval academy in 1874-'6, being promoted commander in June, 1874. In 1876-'9 he was on the Brazil station, and during the cruise sailed in the “Essex” to the vicinity of the South Shetland islands in search of a missing sealer, and rescued a shipwrecked crew on the islands of Tristan d'Acunha. In 1884 he commanded the relief expedition that rescued Lieut. Adolphus W. Greely and six of his companions at Cape Sabine in Grinnell Land, passing through 1,400 miles of ice during the voyage. He was commissioned chief of the bureau of equipment and recruiting at the navy department in 1885, and promoted captain in 1888, commodore in 1898, and assisted in destroying Admiral Cervera's Spanish squadron off Santiago in July, 1898.