OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce/Bk1 Chapter 9

CHAP. IX.
NOw whether Idolatry or Adultery be the greatest violation of mariage, if any demand, let him thus consider, that among Christian Writers touching matrimony, there be three chiefe ends thereof agreed on; Godly society, next civill, and thirdly, that of the mariage-bed. Of these the first in name to be the highest and most excellent, no baptiz'd man can deny; nor that Idolatry smites directly against this prime end, nor that such as the violated end is, such is the violation: but he who affirms adultery to be the highest breach, affirms the bed to be the highest of mariage, which is in truth a grosse and borish opinion, how common soever; as farre from the countnance of Scripture, as from the light of all clean philosophy, or civill nature. And out of question the cheerfull help that may be in mariage toward sanctity of life, is the purest, and so the noblest end of that contract: but if the particular of each person be consider'd, then of those three ends which God appointed, that to him is greatest which is most necessary: and mariage is then most brok'n to him, when he utterly wants the fruition of that which he most sought therin, whether it were religious, civill or corporall society. Of which wants to do him right by divorce only for the last and meanest, is a perverse injury, and the pretended reason of it as frigid as frigidity it selfe, which the Code and Canon are only sensible of. Thus much of this controversie. I now return to the former argument. And having shewn that disproportion, contrariety, or numnesse of minde may justly be divorc't, by proving already that the prohibition therof opposes the expresse end of Gods institution, suffers not mariage to satisfie that intellectuall and innocent desire which God himself kindl'd in man to be the bond of wedlock, but only to remedy a sublunary and bestial burning, which frugal diet ​without mariage would easily chast'n. Next that it drives many to transgresse the conjugall bed, while the soule wanders after that satisfaction which it had hope to find at home, but hath mis't. Or els it sits repining even to Atheism; finding it self hardly dealt with, but misdeeming the cause to be in Gods Law, which is in mans unrighteous ignorance. I have shew'n also how it unties the inward knot of mariage, which is peace and love (if that can be unti'd which was never knit) while it aimes to keep fast the outward formalitie; how it lets perish the Christian man, to compell impossibly the maried man.
# The Discovery of Guiana/Introductory Note
### INTRODUCTORY NOTE

Sir Walter Raleigh may be taken as the great typical figure of the age of Elizabeth. Courtier and statesman, soldier and sailor, scientist and man of letters, he engaged in almost all the main lines of public activity in his time, and was distinguished in them all.
His father was a Devonshire gentleman of property, connected with many of the distinguished families of the south of England. Walter was born about 1552 and was educated at Oxford. He first saw military service in the Huguenot army in France in 1569, and in 1578 engaged, with his half-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, in the first of his expeditions against the Spaniards. After some service in Ireland, he attracted the attention of the Queen, and rapidly rose to the perilous position of her chief favorite. With her approval, he fitted out two expeditions for the colonization of Virginia, neither of which did his royal mistress permit him to lead in person, and neither of which succeeded in establishing a permanent settlement.
After about six years of high favor, Raleigh found his position at court endangered by the rivalry of Essex, and in 1592, on returning from convoying a squadron he had fitted out against the Spanish, he was thrown into the Tower by the orders of the Queen, who had discovered an intrigue between him and one of her ladies whom he subsequently married. He was ultimately released, engaged in various naval exploits, and in 1594 sailed for South America on the voyage described in the following narrative.
On the death of Elizabeth, Raleigh's misfortunes increased. He was accused of treason against James I, condemned, reprieved, and imprisoned for twelve years, during which he wrote his "History of the World," and engaged in scientific researches. In 1616 he was liberated, to make another attempt to find the gold mine in Venezuela; but the expedition was disastrous, and, on his return, Raleigh was executed on the old charge in 1618. In his vices as in his virtues, Raleigh is a thorough representative of the great adventurers who laid the foundations of the British Empire.
# The Discovery of Guiana

From The Harvard Classics vol. 33
By Sir Walter Raleigh

#### Contents

* Introductory Note
* Raleigh's Discovery Of Guiana
* To The Reader
* The Discovery Of Guiana
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fischer, Joseph

Edition of 1920. See also Joseph Fischer (cartographer) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FISCHER, Joseph, German clergyman and cartographer: b. Quadrath, Rhein, Germany, 19 March 1858. He was educated at the gymnasium, Rhein, Westphalia, and the universities of Münster, Munich, Innsbruck and Vienna, and Jesuit scholasticates in Holland, Austria and England. In 1881 he entered the Society of Jesus and was ordained to the priesthood in
1891. Since 1895 he has been professor of geography and history at Stella Matutina College, Feldkirch. His scientific achievements comprise the discovery of the maps of Waldseemüller of 1507 and 1516 and of Jodocus Hondius in Wolfegg Castle, Württemberg in 1891. In 1903-04, and again in 1909-10, he visited Italy, France and England as member of the Austrian Institute of Historical Studies for the purpose of cartographical research. He has published ‘Die Beziehungen Kaiser Rudolfs II zu Erzherzog Matthias bis zum Vertage von Lieben’ (1608); ‘Der sogennante Schottwiener Vertrag vom Jahre 1600’ (1897); ‘Der Linzer Tag vom Jahre 1605 in seiner Bedeutung für die Österreichische Haus und Reichsgeschichte’ (1898); ‘Die Entdeckungen der Normannen in America’ (1902; Engl. trans., 1903); ‘Die älteste Karte mit dem Namen America A.D. 1507, und die Carta Marina aus dem Jahre 1516 des M. Waldseemüller’ (German and English eds., 1903); ‘Map of the World by Jodocus Hondius, 1611’ (1907); ‘Introduction of the Cosmographiæ Introductio of Martin Waldseemüller’ (1907); ‘Der “deutsche Ptolemäus” um 1490’ (1910). He collaborated in Jahrbuch des historischen Vereins von Liechtenstein (1910) and contributed to the Innsbrucker theologische Zeitschrift, Innsbrucker Fernandeums Zeitschrift, ‘Historical Records and Studies,’ ‘Göttinger Gelehrte Anzeigen,’ ‘The Catholic Encyclopedia,’ and ‘Stimmen aus Maria-Laach.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fischer von Erlach, Johann Bernhard

Edition of 1920. See also Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FISCHER VON ERLACH, Johann Bernhard, Austrian architect: b. Vienna 1650; d. 1723. He spent some time at Rome in preparation for the profession of architect. On his return to his native city he received commissions for several important buildings, including the castle of Schönbrunn, the Hofbibliothek, the palace of Prince Eugène, Church of Saint Charles Boromeo, etc., all in the Baroque style. He also was employed at Prague and Breslau.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fischer, Emil

Edition of 1920. See also Hermann Emil Fischer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FISCHER, Emil, German chemist: b. Euskirchen, 1852. After studying at Strassburg, in 1879 he was appointed professor extraordinary at the University of Munich and became professor of chemistry at Erlangen 1882, filling a similar chair at Würzburg 1885. He was appointed professor of organic chemistry at the University of Berlin 1892, succeeding the celebrated A. W. Hofmann; and in 1902 received the Noble prize for chemical research. His researches were along the lines of synthetic sugar, in which field he was a pioneer; and he also made significant investigations of the composition of the “purine group,” the polypeptides (synthetic proteids) and the depsides. He is author of ‘Anleitung zur Darstellung organischer Präparate’ (Eng. trans. by Stanford, 1909), a popular text-book; numerous papers which have since been collected into book form, and ‘Die Chemie der Kohlenhydrate und ihre Bedentung für die Physiologie’ (1894), and ‘Chemical Research in its Bearings on National Welfare’ (1912).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fisher, Irving

Edition of 1920. See also Irving Fisher on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FISHER, Irving, American political economist: b. Saugerties, N. Y., 27 Feb. 1867. He was educated at Yale (A.B., 1888; Ph.D., 1891), where he remained as member of the faculty, becoming professor of political economy in 1898. He spent 1893-94 in study at Berlin and Paris. From 1896 to 1910 he edited the Yale Review. He was a member of Roosevelt's National Conservation Commission. He is president of the American Association for Labor Legislation and Fellow, of the American Statistical Association. He is a member of the American Economic Association and many other societies. He has published ‘Mathematical Investigations in the Theory of Value and Prices’ (1892; trans. French, 1916); ‘Elements of Geometry,’ with Prof. A. W. Phillips (1896, trans. into Japanese 1900); ‘Bibliography of Mathematical Economics’ in (and assisted in translating and editing) Cournot's ‘Mathematical Theory of Wealth’ (1897); ‘A Brief Introduction to the Infinitesimal Calculus’ (1897, trans. into German 1904, Italian 1909); ‘The Nature of Capital and Income’ (1906, trans. into French 1911, Japanese 1913); ‘The Rate of Interest’ (1907, Japanese condensation with ‘Nature of Capital and Income,’ 1912); ‘National Vitality’ (1909); ‘The Purchasing Power of Money’ (1911, trans. into German and French 1916); ‘Elementary Principles of Economics’ (1912); ‘Why is the Dollar Shrinking?’ (1914); ‘How to Live,’ joint author with Dr. E. L. Fisk (1915); also numerous articles, monographs, etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fisher

Edition of 1920. See also Fisher (animal) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FISHER, or PEKAN (Mustela pennanti), a fur-bearing animal, the largest of North American martens; also called pennants, black cat or black fox. In the fur market it is commonly called Canadian fisher and its pelt is valued at prices but little lower than the sable. The fisher has a range throughout the wooded regions of North America between the
parallels 35° and 65°. It chooses locations which are near water, quite the opposite of its near relative, the pine marten, with which it battles fiercely. The animal has a body from two to three feet in length, with a tail about one foot long. In color it is black or very dark gray. It breeds in a hole high up in a tree, having from two to four young in the litter. See also Marten.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fischer, Johann Georg

Edition of 1920. See also Johann Georg Fischer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FISCHER, Johann Georg, German poet: b. Gross Süssen, Würtemberg, 25 Oct. 1816; d. Stuttgart, 4 May 1897. From 1833-85 he held various positions as school teacher, most of the time in connection with schools in Stuttgart. Early in life he showed deep interest in nature and many of his poems show this influence. He excelled in popular songs and ballads; and in his love songs nobly idealized nature and passion. He wrote four dramas: ‘Saul’ (1862); ‘Friedrich II von Hohenstaufen’ (1863); ‘Florian Geyer’ (1866); ‘Kaiser Maximilian von Mexico’ (1868). In ‘Aus dem Leben der Vögel’ (1863) he notes the characteristic phenomena of the psychic life of animals with the acuteness of a naturalist and the sympathy of a poet. His other works, practically all of them published in Stuttgart, were ‘Gedichte’ (1838); ‘Dichtungen’ (1841); ‘Gedichte’ (1854); ‘Neue Gedichte’ (1865); ‘Den Deutschen Frauen’ (1869); ‘Aus Frischer Luft’ (1872); ‘Neue Lieder’ (1876); ‘Merlin. Ein Liederzyklus’ (1877); ‘Der Glückliche Knecht. Ein Idyll’ (1881); ‘Auf dem Heimweg’ (1891); ‘Mit Achtzig Jahren’ (1896). Consult Fischer, H., ‘Erinnerungen an J. G. Fischer von seinem Sonne’ (Tübingen 1897).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fischer, Ludwig Hans

Edition of 1920. See also Ludwig Hans Fischer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FISCHER, Ludwig Hans, Austrian painter: b. Salzburg, 2 March 1848. After a course of art study he traveled extensively, settling finally in Vienna. Among his works are nine landscapes for the Museum of Natural History, Vienna, and etchings and engravings forming historical landscapes from Austria-Hungary. He is the author of ‘Die Technik der Aquarellmalerei.’ Three of his oil paintings, including a ‘View of Jerusalem,’ are in the Vienna Museum. He also painted many excellent water colors and wrote numerous magazine articles accompanied by clearly defined and spirited drawings.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fischer, Paul Henri

Edition of 1920. See also Paul Henri Fischer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FISCHER, Paul Henri, French naturalist: b. Paris 1835; d. 1893. He studied science and medicine, securing doctorates in both, and became assistant in paleontology at the Museum of Natural History. He was made assistant naturalist there in 1872. After 1856 he was joint editor of the Journal de Conchyliologie and served several terms as president of the Société Géologique de France and the Société Zoologique de France. He published ‘Fauna conchyliologique marine de la Gironde et du sud-ouest de la France’ (1865; enlarged ed., 1875); ‘Recherches sur les Actinies des côtes océaniques de France’ (1876); ‘Manuel de conchyliologie’ (1885); ‘Paléontologie de l'ile de Rhodes’ (1887).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fischer, Bernhard

Edition of 1920. See also Bernhard Fischer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FISCHER, Bernhard, German bacteriologist: b. Coburg, 1852. He was educated at the University of Berlin, received the degree of M.D. in 1875, and went to Egypt and India as member of the German Cholera Commission. In 1889 he was a member of the Plankton Expedition and 10 years later became professor at the University of Kiel. There he also became head of the Institute of Hygiene. He became generally known for his classification of bacteria. His ‘Structure and Functions of Bacteria’ (2d ed., 1900), is the standard in its field.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Llama

Edition of 1920. See also Llama on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LLAMA, lä'mạ, one domesticated form (often specifically distinguished as Lama glama) of the huanaco (q.v.), the other being the wool-bearing alpaca (q.v.). It is larger than the wild huanaco (about three feet at the shoulder), and may be white, brown, black or variegated with patches of all three colors. This animal was domesticated long before the era of the Incas. When the Spaniards conquered Peru they found hundreds of thousands in use as riding animals and beasts of burden in the southern part of the country; and as they were the only domestic ungulate of the kind in South America their importance was very great. The
Spanish conquerors adopted llamas as burden-beasts, and soon long strings, in charge of a few native drivers, were passing back and forth between the mountain mines and the coast, laden with ore or bullion or with supplies, a proper burden not exceeding 120 pounds, which may be carried about 12 miles a day. Until toward the middle of the 19th century this remained almost the only means of carriage in the Cordilleras, where the endurance of cold, ability to live on the mountain herbage and sure-footedness peculiarly fitted them for this service. Only the mature males were used as burden-beasts, the smaller females being reserved for their milk and flesh, which resembles mutton, and is extensively eaten. Llamas produce only one offspring annually, so that care is needed to sustain the herds which are still numerous and valuable. Various breeds are known, but the differences are not very great. The wool, which is inferior to alpaca, is used among the native Indians for the manufacture of textile fabrics. The skin is made into leather. The dried dung is used for fuel, and the milk is also employed as an article of native diet. When overloaded these animals lie down and refuse to budge; when irritated they have the habit of kicking at their adversaries, supplemented by the ejection of food when undergoing remastication in the mouth, along with quantities of evil-smelling saliva. An unsuccessful attempt has been made to acclimatize them in Australia.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Loeb, Jacques

Edition of 1920. See also Jacques Loeb on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LOEB, lėb, Jacques, German-American physiologist and biologist: b. Germany, 7 April 1859. He studied at Berlin, Munich and Strassburg, was assistant at both Würzburg (1886-88) and Strassburg (1888-90), studied at the Naples zoological station, and in 1891-92 was associate professor of biology at Bryn Mawr College. In 1892 he became assistant professor of physiology and experimental biology at the University of Chicago, and in 1895
associate professor. He was also professor of physiology at the Rush Medical College of Chicago from 1900. In 1902 he was appointed professor of physiology in the University of California. Since 1910 he has been a member of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York. His experiments have been in different fields of physiology and biology, all trying to show that complicated life phenomena can be reduced to simple physico-chemical laws. In his earlier work he showed that complicated animal instincts are identical with those reactions of plants which are known as tropisms, and he and his collaborators have recently shown that the law of Bunsen and Roscoe which controls the chemical effects of light also expresses the influence of light upon those animal instincts which fall under the name of heliotropism. His experiments on artificial parthenogenesis have furnished the proof that the fertilizing effect of the living spermatozoon can be replaced by simple solutions. Other experiments deal with the influence of salts upon life phenomena, with regeneration and heteromorphosis, with effects of temperature, etc. He has published numerous papers in scientific journals and the following books: ‘Der Heliotropismus der Tiere und seine Übereinstimmung mit dem Heliotropismus der Pflanzen’ (1890); ‘Untersuchungen zur physiologischen Morphologie der Tiere’ (1891-92); ‘Comparative Physiology of the Brain and Comparative Psychology’ (1900); ‘Studies in General Physiology’ (1906); ‘Untersuchungen über künstliche Parthenogenese’ (1906); ‘The Dynamics of Living Matter’ (1906); ‘The Mechanistic Conception of Life’ (1912); ‘Artificial Parthenogenesis and Fertilization’ (1913).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Loeb, James

Edition of 1920. See also James Loeb on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LOEB, James, American banker and Hellenist: b. New York, N. Y., 6 Aug. 1867. He was graduated at Harvard University in 1888 and from that year until 1901 was a member of the banking firm of Kuhn, Loeb and Company, New York. He is a member of the English Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies; in 1911 he turned over his collection of Aretine pottery to the Fogg Museum at Harvard, and in the same year perfected plans for the publication of a library of Greek and Latin authors — text and translation. The volumes, known as the Loeb Classical Library, began to appear in 1912 and were continued in the following years. Mr. Loeb has published translations of Paul Delcharme's ‘Euripides and the Spirit of His Dreams,’ and of Maurice Croiset's ‘Aristophanes and the Political Parties at Athens.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Loeb, Louis

Edition of 1920. See also Louis Loeb on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LOEB, Louis, American artist: b. Cleveland, Ohio, 1866; d. 1909. He completed his studies in art under Gérôme in Paris, winning honorable mention at the Salon in 1895, and a third medal in 1897. As artist, illustrator and teacher he secured a notable place. As an illustrator of books and magazines he showed both strength and inventive ability. In 1903 his exhibition of oils at the new rooms of the Co-operative Society in New York aroused interest in his later work, which shows a steady progress in his artistic achievements. His best-known works are ‘Temple of the Winds’ (1898), in the Metropolitan Museum, New York; ‘The Breeze’ (1900); ‘The Dawn’ (1903); ‘The Siren’ (1905); portrait of Eleanor Robson (1905); ‘Miranda’ (1906), in the Metropolitan Museum, New York; ‘The Summit’ (1907); ‘Princess Zomona’ (1908). He was awarded two silver medals at the Saint Louis Exposition 1904.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Locofoco

Edition of 1920. See also Locofocos on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LOCOFOCO, formerly a familiar name for a member of the Democratic party; applied especially to the radical or equal rights section of that party, because at a meeting in Tammany Hall, New York, on 29 Oct. 1835, in which there was great diversity of sentiment, the chairman left his seat, and the lights were extinguished, with a view to dissolving the meeting; when those in favor of extreme measures produced loco-foco matches — then a comparatively recent invention, rekindled the
lights, continued the meeting, and accomplished their object. (See Democratic Party). Consult Byrdsall, F., ‘History of the Loco-Foco Party’ (New York 1842); Alexander, De A. S., ‘Political History of the State of New York’ (Vol. II, New York 1906); Woodburn, J. A., ‘Political Parties and Party Problems in the United States’ (2d ed., ib., 1914).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Loeb Classical Library

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY. See Loeb, James.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Loeb, Leo

Edition of 1920. See also Leo Loeb on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LOEB, Leo, American pathologist: b. Germany, 21 Sept. 1869. He received his education at the universities of Heidelberg, Berlin, Zürich and Freiburg (1889-96) and in 1903 was research Fellow at McGill University, Montreal. In 1900-01 he was adjunct professor of pathology at the University of Illinois; in 1902 experimental pathologist of the New York State Pathological Laboratory at Buffalo; in 1904-10 assistant professor of experimental pathology at the University of Pennsylvania; in 1910-15 director of the department of pathology of the Barnard Skin and Cancer Hospital, Saint Louis, and since 1915 professor of comparative pathology at Washington University. Professor Loeb is fellow or member of
many scientific societies and is a contributor, chiefly on tissue and tumor growth, physiology of generative organs, pathology of circulation, venom of Heloderma, etc., to professional journals.