OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wemyss, David (1721-1787)

​WEMYSS, DAVID, Lord Elcho (1721–1787), born on 30 July 1721, was the eldest son of James, fourth earl of Wemyss (1699–1756), who married, on 4 Oct. 1720, Janet, only daughter and heiress of the notorious Colonel Francis Charteris [q. v.] of Amisfield. In 1744 David arrived in Scotland from France, and, after conducting various negotiations on behalf of the Jacobites in conjunction with Murray of Broughton, set sail with him for Flanders. The same year they again, however, set out for England, and, after holding several meetings with the Jacobites in London, perfected a scheme for a Jacobite club (Murray of Broughton, Diary, p. 114). Although opposed to the enterprise of Prince Charlie in 1745, he joined the prince on 16 Sept., just as he was nearing Edinburgh, and he was chosen one of his council after the occupation of Holyrood. After Prestonpans he also exerted himself to raise and organise a troop of lifeguards, consisting of about a hundred gentlemen of good family, and he commanded this troop during all the remainder of the campaign until the defeat at Culloden. He accompanied the prince in his flight from that fatal field, and strongly protested against his determination meanwhile to discontinue all further efforts to rally his followers. Since, moreover, he was a strong sympathiser with Lord George Murray he remained henceforth on bad terms with the prince, whom he continued to dun in vain for repayment of the money he had lent him in aid of his unfortunate expedition.
Having been attainted for his connection with the rebellion, Elcho continued to remain abroad, and did not, on the death of his father in 1756, succeed either to the estates or the titles. By a special arrangement James, the third son of the fourth earl, succeeded to the estates, and the title remained dormant until the death of Lord Elcho at Paris, unmarried, on 29 April 1787, when it became vested in Francis (1723–1808), the second son, who had succeeded to the estates and adopted the name of his maternal grandfather, Colonel Charteris. Elcho left a narrative of the rebellion, preserved at Wemyss Castle, which, although never printed in full, has been made use of by Ewald in his life of Prince Charlie, and by other historians of the rebellion. A portrait of Elcho is at Wemyss Castle.
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Williamson, John Suther

​WILLIAMSON, JOHN SUTHER (1775?–1836), colonel royal artillery, was born about 1775. He entered the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich on 8 Aug. 1791, and received a commission as second lieutenant in the royal artillery on 1 Jan. 1794. The dates of his further commissions were: lieutenant, 11 March 1794; captain-lieutenant, 12 Oct. 1799; captain, 12 Sept. 1803; brevet major, 4 June 1811; brevet lieutenant-colonel, 13 Oct. 1814; regimental major, 20 Dec. 1814; regimental lieutenant-colonel, 24 March 1817; colonel, 29 July 1825.
In June 1795 Williamson served on the coast of France in the expedition to Quiberon Bay, to assist the French royalists. In 1799 he went to the Cape of Good Hope and served in the Hottentot and Kaffir war of that year, thence to Egypt and the Mediterranean, was at the siege of Ischia in June 1809, commanded the artillery at the capture of four of the Ionian islands in October of that year, and at the siege and capture of Santa Maura in April 1810. He subsequently went to Spain and commanded the artillery at the battle of Castalla, under Sir John Murray (1768?–1827) [q. v.], on 12 April 1813; at the siege of Tarragona in June; at the disastrous engagement of Ordal on 12 Sept., and at the combat on the following day at Villa Franca. He was frequently mentioned in despatches.
He returned to England in 1814, and in the following year went to the Netherlands and commanded the artillery of the third division at the battle of Waterloo. He received the Waterloo medal and was made a companion of the order of the Bath, military division, in 1815. He served with the army of occupation in France until his promotion to be regimental lieutenant-colonel, when he returned to England. He was for some time superintendent of the Royal Military Repository at Woolwich, and prepared a new and extensive course of instruction in artillery, which formed the basis of the exercise of heavy ordnance and of all the miscellaneous instructions of the gunner for many years, and will always remain a model for professional works of the kind. Williamson died at Woolwich on 26 April 1836.
[War Office Records; Royal Artillery Records; Despatches; Royal Military Calendar, 1820; Bunbury's Narrative of Military Transactions in the Mediterranean 1805–1810; Napier's History of the Peninsular War; Siborne's History of the Waterloo Campaign; Kane's List of Officers of the Royal Artillery.]
R. H. V.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Williamson, Alexander

​WILLIAMSON, ALEXANDER (1829–1890), missionary to China, was born on 5 Dec. 1829, at Falkirk, studied at Glasgow, and was appointed missionary to China under the London Missionary Society. He was ordained at Glasgow in April 1855, and sailed in the following month for Shanghai, having previously married Miss Isabel Dougall. For two years he took part in missionary work at Shanghai and Pringhu; but, his health failing, he left China on sick leave, and arrived in England on 16 April 1858. His connection with the London Missionary Society terminated soon after his arrival in England. After some years spent in Scotland he returned to China as agent of the National Bible Society of Scotland, and arrived at Shanghai in December 1863. He died at Chefoo on 28 Aug. 1890. In 1879 he published a most interesting work on ‘Journeys in North China,’ in which he described the home of Confucius, and the district which is consecrated by associations with the sage. In addition he published a ‘Treatise on Botany’ in Chinese, entitled ‘Chih wu hsio,’ 1859.
[Personal knowledge; and Memorials of Protestant Missionaries to the Chinese, Shanghai, 1867.]
R. K. D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Williamson, Samuel

​WILLIAMSON, SAMUEL (1792–1840), landscape-painter, was the younger son of John Williamson of Liverpool, in which town he was born in 1792. His father, John Williamson (1751-1818), painter, was born at Ripon in 1761. He was apprenticed to an 'ornamental' painter in Birmingham, married in 1781, settled in Liverpool in 1783, and continued to reside there, practising as a portrait-painter, till his death, on 27 May 1818. Among his best known works are portraits of William Roscoe, Sir William Beechy, R.A., H. Fuseli, R.A., the Rev. John Clowes, and Nathan Litherland, the inventor of the patent lever watch. He was a member of the Liverpool Academy, and a constant exhibitor at the local exhibitions. In 1783 he exhibited a portrait at the Royal Academy. His portraits are correct likenesses and fairly executed. He also painted miniatures, but they were not in the best style of that art.
In 1811 Samuel had three landscapes hung ​in the first exhibition of the Liverpool Academy, of which body he was a member. In the subsequent exhibitions of that body, as well as at the first exhibition of the Royal Manchester Institution in 1827 and the annual exhibitions that followed each year, he was represented by a large number of landscapes and seascapes. His only exhibit on the walls of the Royal Academy was a landscape in 1811. He earned a considerable reputation as a painter of seapieces and landscapes, and was highly esteemed by his fellow-townsmen. On his death, which took place on 7 June 1840, an obelisk to his memory was erected in the St. James's cemetery, a lithograph of which, by W. Collingwood, was published. His pictures are well composed, and are painted with an attractive charm of light and colour. There are three works by him at the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, and many more in private collections in the district.
[Graves's Dict. of Artists; Exhibition Catalogues; information from Robert Williamson of Ripon; note in Manchester City News, 7 Sept. 1878, by the present writer.]
A. N.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Argyll, 8th Duke of

​ARGYLL, eighth Duke of. [See Campbell, George Douglas, 1823–1900.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Armstrong, Alexander

​ARMSTRONG, Sir ALEXANDER (1818–1899), naval medical officer, descended from a family originally of Cumberland, and from Major-general John Armstrong (1673–1742 [q.v.]), was the son of Alexander Armstrong of Croghan Lodge, Fermanagh. He studied medicine at Trinity College, Dublin, and at the university of Edinburgh, where he graduated with honours in 1841, and entered the navy as an assistant surgeon in March 1842. After a few months at Haslar Hospital and in the flagship at Portsmouth, he was appointed in June to the Polyphemus, a small steamer in the Mediterranean, and in 1843 was placed in medical charge of a party landed for the exploration of Xanthus. For his scientific observations on this expedition he received the official thanks of the trustees of the British Museum, and by his sanitary arrangements won the approval of the commander-in-chief, who recommended ​him for promotion. On his return to England in April 1846 he was appointed to the Grappler, fitting out for the west coast of Africa; but before she sailed Armstrong was moved into the royal yacht, from which, on the occasion of the queen’s visit to Ireland, he was promoted to the rank of surgeon on 19 Oct. 1849. Two months later he was appointed as surgeon and naturalist to the Investigator, going out to the Arctic under the command of (Sir) Robert John Le Mesurier McClure [q. v.], and in her he continued the whole time till she was abandoned in 1853, He returned to England with McClure in 1854. A great part of the comparatively good success of the voyage was properly attributed to the excellent arrangements made and carried out by Armstrong, with the result that no scurvy appeared on board till the spring of 1852, and at no time did it assume dangerous proportions. For his journal during this voyage he was awarded the Gilbert Blane gold medal—a reward for the best journal kept by surgeons of the royal navy. In February 1855 he was appointed to the Cornwallis, in which he served in the Baltic during that year’s campaign, and afterwards, till August 1856, on the North American station. On 19 July 1858 he was promoted to be deputy inspector-general of hospitals and fleets, and from 1859 to 1864 was in medical charge of the hospital at Malta. On 15 Nov. 1866 he was promoted to the rank of inspector-general, and from 1869 to December 1871 he was director-general of the medical department of the navy. On 17 June 1871 he was nominated a military K.C.B., and on 12 June 1873 he was elected F.R.S. He retired from active service in December 1871, living, for the most part, in the Albany, or at the Elms, Sutton-Bonnington, near Kegworth, where he died on 4 July 1899. In 1894 he married the widow of Sir William King Hall [q.v.] Armstrong was the author of ‘Personal Narrative of the Discovery of the North-West Passage’ (8vo, 1857), and of ‘Observations on Naval Hygiene’ (8vo, 1858).
[O’Byrne’s Naval Biogr. Dict. (2nd edit.); Times, 7 July 1899; Edinburgh Graduates in Medicine, 1867, p. 125; Armstrong’s Works; Navy Lists.]
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Arnould, Joseph

​ARNOULD, Sir JOSEPH (1814–1886), chief justice of Bombay and author, eldest son of Joseph Arnould, M.D., was born at Camberwell on 12 Nov. 1814. His father was owner of White Cross in Berkshire, and deputy lieutenant of the county; the property eventually passed to Sir Joseph. Educated at Charterhouse, he went to Oxford, where he was admitted at Wadham College on 4 Oct. 1831. He was Goodridge exhibitioner 1833, 1834, 1835, and Hody (Greek) exhibitioner 1833 to 1835. In 1834 he won the Newdigate prize for English verse, the subject being 'The Hospice of St. Bernard.' This was recited by him on 11 June, when the Duke of Wellington was installed chancellor of the university. Arnould thereupon interpolated two lines to the effect that he whom
' … a world could not subdue Bent to thy prowess, chief of Waterloo'
(Pycroft, Oxford Memories, ii. 4). Writing to his wife, John Wilson Croker, who was present, styled the verses 'very good,' adding that, after the last word had been spoken, the whole assembly started up, and 'some people appeared to me to go out of their senses—literally to go mad' (The Croker Papers, ii. 228).
Arnould graduated B. A. on 13 May 1836, having taken a first class. In 1840 he was elected moderator of philosophy; he became probationer fellow on 30 June 1838, and on 11 Jan. 1841 he ceased to be a fellow owing to his marriage, and he removed his name on 25 June 1841. He had been entered at the Middle Temple on 10 Nov. 1836, and he was called to the bar on 19 Nov. 1841. For a time he shared chambers with Alfred Domett [q. v.], the poet Browning's 'Waring.' He practised as a special pleader, and went the home circuit. He became a contributor to Douglas Jerrold's 'Weekly Newspaper,' many of the verses on social questions being from his pen. He was afterwards engaged as a leader-writer for the 'Daily News.' He continued to practise at the bar, and in 1848 he gave to the world a work in two volumes on the 'Law of Marine Insurance and Average.' It was so well received as to be reprinted at Boston, in America, two years later with some additions.
In 1859 Arnould accepted at the hands of Lord Stanley, secretary of state for India, a seat on the bench of the supreme court of Bombay. He was knighted on 2 Feb. 1859. He was reappointed to a like office in 1862, when the supreme court was converted into the high court of judicature. He retired in 1869, when the natives of Bombay presented an address in praise of his services, and founded an Arnould scholarship in their university to commemorate what he had done to promote the study of Mohammedan and Hindu law. A fruit of his leisure after his return to England was the 'Memoir of the first Lord Denman,' in two volumes, which was published in 1873.
Arnould died at Florence on 16 Nov. 1886. He was twice married: first, in 1841, to Maria, eldest daughter of H. G. Ridgeway; and, secondly, in 1860, to Ann Pitcairn, daughter of Major Carnegie, C.B.
[Private information; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715-1886; List of Carthusians, p. 7; Gardiner's Registers of Wadham College, ii. 346, 347; Times, 18 Feb. 1886.]
F. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Pickard, Benjamin

​PICKARD, BENJAMIN (1842–1904), trade union leader, born on 26 Feb. 1842 at Kippax, near Pontefract, in Yorkshire, was son of Thomas Pickard, a working miner, by his wife Elizabeth Firth, He was educated at the colliery school. At twelve he commenced to work in the mine with his father, and in due course went through the various grades of labour there. He early joined the miners' union, becoming lodge secretary in 1858, and in 1873, when the membership and work of the West Yorkshire Miners' Association greatly increased, he was elected its assistant secretary, succeeding to the secretaryship in 1876. He had also joined the Wesleyan body and became one of its local preachers. He foresaw that the next step in trade unionism was the amalgamation of local societies, and in 1881 he brought about the union of the south and west Yorkshire associations, under the title of the Yorkshire Miners' Association, and became its secretary; and when the Miners' Federation of Great Britain was formed in 1888 he was elected president. His policy was to protect members by restricting output and so check excessive driving. In 1885 the employers resolved to reduce wages. Pickard advised acceptance, but the men declined to follow his lead and a strike ensued which was unsuccessful, but events then gave Pickard his grip upon the miners which he never lost. Prosperous times followed, but he again found himself involved in the dispute of 1893, when the miners again resisted a reduction of 25 per cent, and refused arbitration on the ground that they were entitled to a living wage. It was another form of the opposition to a sliding scale for wages which the Miners' Federation had been formed to carry on. In this great dispute, which lasted sixteen weeks, Pickard played the leading part, and in the end received a testimonial of 750l. from the men. The result of this strike was the establishment of conciliation boards to settle all wages disputes. Things went smoothly until 1902 when reductions were again threatened, unrest was widespread, and the Denaby Main strike ensued. During the board of trade inquiry which followed this strike and at which he gave evidence, Pickard died in London on 3 Feb. 1904; he was buried in the Barnsley cemetery.
A liberal in politics, Pickard sat in parliament for the Normanton division of Yorkshire from 1885 till his death. In parliament he was the leader of the eight hours I for miners agitation, and his interest in arbitration sent him in 1887 on a peace deputation to the president of the United States (Grover Cleveland). In 1897 he received a cheque for 500l. from liberal members of the House of Commons as a mark of respect. Before entering parliament he was a member of the Wakefield school board, and in 1889 was elected an alderman of the West Riding county council.
He married in. 1864 the daughter of John Freeman of Kippax; she died in 1901.
[The Times, 4 Feb. 1904; Reports of Miners' Federation; Sidney Webb's History of Trades Unionism 1894, and his Industrial Democracy 1897; family information.]
J. R. M.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/phuah
### phuahphuah

* 撇phuah6866412
* A downward stroke in writing.

#### cêk phuah kùe lâi cêk phuah kùe khṳ̀;

    two downward strokes, one inclining to the left and the other to the right.

#### tíam sĭ tíam, phuah sĭ phuah, màiⁿ thèng sía;

    a dot is a dot and a dash is a dash, do not make these indiscriminately.

#### lâu nŏ̤ phuah chiu;

    had a moustache.

#### nŏ̤ phuah bâi ngía căi, sìu-sìu;

    had beautiful tufted eyebrows, neither too heavy nor too thin.

#### pit cē khô̤h tîeh bâk, cū phuah m̄ khui;

    if your pen is stock up with dry ink it will not make a smooth stroke.
* 潑phuah7108512
* To throw water down; a dash of water; vigorous.

#### hŏ phuah cêk sin;

    the rain has splashed all over me.

#### i taⁿ kau-cúi khṳ̀ phuah chài;

    he is carrying water from the ditch and watering the vegetables.

#### i kâi nâng ûah-phuah căi;

    he is in very good spirits.

#### ûah-ûah phuah-phuah kâi nâng;

    a very lively person.
* 糞phuah13211911
* To put on fertilizers.

#### phuah châng;

    to put fertilizers on the fields.
* 搧phuah7516410
* To fan.

#### khîa ki sìⁿ tó̤ phuah huang;

    had a fan and was fanning himself.

#### phuah huang-lô;

    fan the fire in the earthen stove.

#### phuah i chìn;

    cool it by fanning it.
* 尥phûah530434
* character seems to be missing a "dot" The gait of a sprained horse.

#### i kîaⁿ lō phûah-a-phûah;

    in walking he crosses his legs, as does an ox weak in the legs, or as a very old man.

#### tâng-cá cêk ciah hóⁿ phûah-a-phûah kîaⁿ tŏ̤ cí kò̤ kùe;

    a little while ago a tiger went ambling along here.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/pho̤
### phó̤

* 頗phó̤7051815
* Somewhat; a degree; a little; rather doubtful.

#### phó̤ cai cêk nŏ̤;

    I know a thing or two.

#### úa phó̤ hío;

    I partially understand it.

#### phó̤ hâh úa kâi ì;

    it will answer my purpose.

#### phó̤ cōi;

    rather too much of it.

#### phó̤ ŭ;

    very likely has some.

#### cí kâi sṳ̄ úa phó̤-phó̤ thiaⁿ-kìⁿ;

    I have heard something about this.

#### i to phó-phó cai;

    he very likely knows.

#### phó̤ khío;

    rather pretty.
* 茂phò̤5891405
* Luxuriant; flourishing.

#### câng chīu phò̤-phò̤;

    a tree having dense foliage.

#### a-noⁿ-kíaⁿ phò̤-phò̤;

    a strong healthy child.

#### cí cho̤h kúe-cí phò̤ căi;

    this fruit looks very thrifty.
* 婆phô̤704388
* An old woman.

#### i phàⁿ láu phô̤;

    he stands in awe of his old wife.

#### kong phô̤;

    an old couple; Darby and Joan.

#### cêk phìeⁿ phô̤ sim;

    a motherly heart.

#### hwn thâu phô̤;

    a step-mother.
* 抱phŏ̤665645
* To hold in the arms; to embrace; to clasp.

#### phŏ̤ a-nôⁿ;

    hold a baby.

#### phŏ̤ m̄ phû;

    cannot carry him.

#### phŏ̤ kha-thâu-u;

    hold on the lap.

#### cêk ciah chíu phŏ̤ cêk kâi;

    held one on each arm.

#### phŏ̤ i kâi ĕ ie;

    clasped him around the waist.

#### i pûah lô̤h khṳ̀, phŏ̤ khí lâi chêk;

    he has fallen down, take him up and trot him on your knee.

#### phŏ̤ tîeh kâi châk;

    grabbed a thief.

#### phŏ̤-kò̤ kâi nâng;

    one who pleads for the plaintiff.

#### úa phŏ̤ lṳ́ lô̤h;

    I will lift you down.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/phueh
### phuehphueh

* 談phûeh8541498
* To converse; to talk about; to discuss; to chat.

#### i tó̤ phûeh mih ūe?

    What are they talking about?

#### phûeh lâi phûeh khṳ̀;

    to bandy words.

#### phûeh tang phûeh sai;

    talk of all sorts of things.

#### ôiⁿ tiang-sî lâi cŏ̤ phûeh;

    when you have leisure come and have a chat with me.

#### bô̤ sṳ̄, tó̤ ôiⁿ phûeh;

    talking at ease, having nothing to do.

#### phûeh sńg; phueh chìe;

    talk playfully.
* 沬phûeh604855
* Froth; foam; spume; drool; scum.

#### cúi phûeh;

    spume on water.

#### lâu phûeh;

    spit out froth.

#### phûeh lâu-lâu;

    froth bubbles out.

#### ko tīo mīn cīeⁿ kâi phûeh;

    skim the scum off its surface.

#### nŭaⁿ seⁿ phûeh;

    frothy expectoration.

#### gû-nĭ phueh;

    cream.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/phong
### phong

* 掬phóng457648
* To hold or grasp with both hands; a double handful; to scoop up in both hands.

#### m̄ cĭeⁿ cêk phóng;

    there is not a double handful of it.

#### phóng cúi m̄ hù chùi;

    water scooped up in the hands does not all reach the mouth.
* 掽phòng662649
* To run against; to meet unexpectedly; to encounter by accident.

#### sie phòng tîeh;

    happened to meet each other.

#### jît àm, thóiⁿ m̄ kìⁿ, nŏ̤ nâng phòng káu thâu khak hueh lāu;

    it was dark so that they could not see, and the two came in collision with such force that their heads bled from the bump.

#### phòng i m̄ tîeh;

    did not come across him.

#### màiⁿ lâi tó̤ phòng thâu phòng náu;

    do not come into collision with him.

#### nŏ̤ cîah cûn sie phòng;

    the two vessels collided.

#### thèng phòng i kâi châi-khì;

    it depends on his luck.

#### phòng tîeh ŭ ki-hŭi;

    happened to have an opportunity.

#### líang ke tŏ̤ lō tèng siang phòng;

    the two met on the road.
* 爆phòng6668615
* To crackle; to pop.

#### phòng-phĭe;

    fire-crackers.

#### phah phòng-phīe;

    fire off crackers.

#### phòng-phĭe kîu;

    torpedoes.
* 狵phòng578947
* Shaggy.

#### phòng-mô̤ⁿ káu; phòng-mô̤-ⁿsai;

    a shaggy dog.

#### ciah káu mô̤ⁿ phòng-phòng;

    that dog has very shaggy hair.
* 埄phông661327
* Dust raised by the wind; to whirl the dust about.

#### huang thàu kàu muaⁿ lō phông-phông-eng;

    the wind blows so that the whole road is covered with a cloud of dust.

#### huang li tōa, cē kîaⁿ hía sua phông-phông-kìe khí lâi;

    the wind is high, and as soon as you start the fine dust swirls upward.
* 髼phông6611907
* Disheveled, uncombed hair.

#### thâu mô̤ⁿ li phông-song, bô̤ siu-sîp;

    the hair disheveled and unkempt.
* 棚phông662758
* A booth.

#### kháu phông;

    temporary rooms made in examination halls, by stretching awnings over the open courts and unroofed walls.
* 躘蹱phŏng-pheng569
* To stagger.

#### khí-thâu-ē ô̤h kîaⁿ, kîaⁿ lâi phŏng-pheng phŏng-pheng;

    in beginning to learn to walk, one staggers.

#### i sĭ cîu cùi kâi īeⁿ, kîaⁿ lō phŏng-pheng phŏng-pheng;

    he staggers as if he were tipsy.