OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Popular Science Monthly/Volume 88/May 1916/Earrings that Denote Widowhood

* related portals: Marriage, Death, Jewellery.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
From Popular Science Monthly/Volume 88
Earrings that Denote Widowhood
THAT India is a land of curious customs is confirmed by examining the accompanying illustration. This woman is a native of Garo, a province of Eastern Bengal. She is a widow; but instead of wearing black crêpe, she dons these ponderous earrings made of solid brass. Since her widowhood is perpetual, she is obliged to wear them the rest of her life. Each year another ring is added. The large number of rings would seem to indicate great age; but in India girls are married when only five or six years of age, and frequently are widowed at eight or ten.
The constantly increasing weight of metal stretches the lobe of the ear, to which they are attached, in the extraordinary manner depicted. It is safe to say that no widow ever forgets the fact of her widowhood when wearing such a clumsy weight.
She is a widow. Her earrings are a badge of mourning
# Popular Science Monthly/Volume 88/May 1916/When Should Children Be Held Upside Down?

From Popular Science Monthly/Volume 88
When Should Children Be Held Upside Down?
GREATER love for children hath no man than the one who discovered that the lives of many, little children can be saved in certain emergencies, if they are held upside down.
Held upside down, the child's face is safe from the flames
When the clothing of children catches fire if a third of the child's flesh is burned, inclusive of its chest or head, it is very likely to die. Yet if the little one is held upside down immediately after its garments have caught fire, the child's life may be saved.
The three-year-old tomboy daughter of a United States Senator was playing a war game with some boys. They were gathered around a camp-fire when the wind carried an ember in her direction and set her clothes on fire. Corporal Hopkins, who had served in an emergency hospital, happened to be at hand.
He seized the little girl by her ankles and held her head down, not an instant too soon. The flames were just about to burn her bosom and curls. Flames have a tendency to rise and a child's face, hair, lungs, heart, and chest are the vital parts first endangered.
Another emergency which demands that the child be held upside down by its legs or feet, is when it swallows a fish-bone, a coin, or a piece of candy.
The coin tumbles out promptly
# Popular Science Monthly/Volume 89

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# Popular Science Monthly/Volume 89/July 1916/Look Out Perhaps the Man You're Talking to Wears a Detectaphone

From Popular Science Monthly/Volume 89/July 1916
Look Out! Perhaps the Man You're Talking to Wears a Detectaphone
A PATENT has been issued to William Heymann, of Washington, D. C, on a device which records on a graphophone drum whispered conversations, without the speaker being aware of the fact.
The receiver, which is of the usual detectaphone type, is to be worn beneath the shirtfront, and the electric battery and cylinder of the recording graphophone are to be hooked to the wearer's belt. Release a wound-up clock-spring and the needle of the graphophone traces the zig-zags produced by the sound waves.
# Popular Science Monthly/Volume 89/November 1916/Measuring the Horsepower of That Baby of Yours

From Popular Science Monthly/Volume 89
The instruments showed that underweight babies produced more heat units or possessed more horsepower than did fat babies
Measuring the Horsepower of That Baby of Yours
DR. JOHN R. MURLIN, of Cornell University Medical College, has devised an apparatus which causes a baby to record its own horsepower. Horsepower is used in this sense merely as the expression of a unit of energy. Dr. Murlin devised this apparatus for use in the study of the energy requirement of the new-born child.
A baby unconsciously writes the story of its energy by means of its pulse and its breathing. A small cuff is attached to the left leg of the infant above the knee. From this cuff a tube leads to a glass connection, passing through the wall of the incubator and finally to a T-tube on the top of the incubator. One limb of this tube passes to an air-pump and the other to another T-tube. To the second T-tube a mercury pressure gage (manometer) is connected by one limb and a pressure-bottle to the other. From this bottle a transmission-tube leads to a recording drum. Thus with each pulse the baby makes a record.
Oddly enough, the fattest baby produced the smallest degree of horsepower. While sleeping the babies produced an average of .004 of a horsepower. It was determined that the normal heat production of recently fed, sleeping babies between two months and one year of age is .09 horsepower.
# Popular Science Monthly/Volume 88/March 1916/This Automobile Signal Takes Place of Your Hand When Rounding a Corner

* related portals: Inventions, Automobiles.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
From Popular Science Monthly/Volume 88
This Automobile Signal Takes Place of Your Hand When Rounding a Corner
THROUGHOUT the country it is the practice of motorists, when they are about to turn a corner, to extend the arm out of the car at the side toward which they intend turning. Drivers have learned to look ahead for this notice. The unusual signal here shown comes nearer to the extended arm than anything that has thus far made its appearance.
A red disk, raised by pressing a button, takes the place of the motorist's extended hand in making a turn
Upon approaching the corner the driver of the car, which is equipped with a pair of these signals, simply presses a button which is located at the top of the body near the side of the seat. As this button is pressed it operates a mechanism, which in turn swings this arm-signal outward from the side of the car so that it may be plainly seen by the driver of the machine that is following. When the corner has been turned, the button is again pressed, this action permitting the signal to drop down against the side of the car. This signal is equipped with a red disk for use during the hours of the day and a tiny electric lamp for night driving.
We are told by experts that seventy-five per cent of the driver's steering efficiency is lost the moment the arm is extended outward from the side of the car. By the use of this device the hands of the driver are upon the wheel when the corner is actually being rounded. The arm of this signal is about fourteen inches in length, twice the thickness of the ordinary lead pencil, and the disk is about six inches in diameter. With the exception of the disk and the globe, the contrivance is painted black, and everything except the small lamp is mechanically operated. The device is the invention of W. F. Irwin of Los Angeles, Cal.
A Safety Wringer-Guard
AS wringer rolls revolve very rapidly when operated by an electric motor the element of safety to the hands of the laundress is important. A new wringer-guard has appeared, the inventor of which has kept this in mind. In feeding the clothes into the wringer the hands are kept at a safe distance by this guard, the opening of which is large enough for bulky pieces, like blankets. The guard may be attached to either side of a reversible wringer.
The need of a guard to prevent injury to the fingers in an electric wringer has been met by this device
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# Popular Science Monthly/Volume 60/February 1902/Discussion and Correspondence

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THE FUNCTIONS OF A MUSEUM AND OF ITS DIRECTOR.
To the Editor:—Professor E. Ray Lankester, director of the Museum of Natural History, London, concluded an address on 'The Scope and Functions of Museums' at the opening of a new wing of the Ipswich Museum on November 8 with the following words:
If a local museum is a place no better for school teaching than Madame Tussaud's 'chamber of horrors,' or if it only serves for the cramming of school-boys, so much the worse for the museum and its director. Neither has Professor Lankester a very high opinion of adult visitors, for in the same address he calls them 'innocent' and 'casual well-meaning.' Such sarcasm and assumption of superiority ill befits the director of a museum.
Surely a man who accepts a position such as the directorship of the British Museum of Natural History or the secretaryship of the Smithsonian Institution owes a definite duty to the public, and should not permit his impressions of his own dignity to interfere with the services for which he is paid.
Can you not, sir, secure for your excellent journal an article on 'The Scope and Functions of a Museum Director'?
A Teacher.
# Popular Science Monthly/Volume 81

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# Popular Science Monthly/Volume 64/December 1903/Shorter Articles and Discussion

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AN UNUSUAL AURORA.
In the October number of the Popular Science Monthly, Mr. A. F. A. King has called attention to the remarkable display of aurora borealis on August 21 and has figured it as seen at York Harbor, Maine. I had the privilege of witnessing this aurora from Intervale, New Hampshire, and it corresponded very closely to the description given by Mr. King with a single exception, so remarkable that it seems to me worthy of note. At York Harbor the western half of the arch was made up of the comet-like pennants while the eastern half of the arch was continuous. This is clear, both from Mr. King's description and from the accompanying cut. As seen from Intervale this was reversed, the western half of the arch being continuous and the eastern broken. When I first saw the display, perhaps a little after half-past nine, the top of the arch was about ten degrees south of the zenith, and it slowly descended till about thirty degrees south. This was about half-past ten, and at this time the arch had so faded as to be hardly distinguishable.
* Jas. Lewis Howe.
* Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va.,
* October 7, 1903.
To the Editor: I was much interested in the account of the 'Auroral Arch,' given by Dr. A. F. A. King in the October number of Popular Science Monthly, owing to the facts that I observed the phenomenon and wondered what it was, and that Dr. King's observations differed somewhat from mine.
It was about 8 p.m. that I first saw the aurora. To me and others who observed it, it seemed in no way unusual save that we had not seen the 'northern lights' for several years, and we thought it was rather a poor display. No more notice was taken of it at this time. It was about nine o'clock that we were called out to see 'a peculiar appearance in the sky.' It was a band of nebulous light extending from the eastern to the western horizon, and it seemed to be about three feet wide (to me wider than the apparent diameter of the full moon). It was of nearly uniform width and intensity throughout its extent.
At nine o'clock I took the direction of the band with a pocket compass and I the time by my watch. At this time the band had begun to break up at the zenith and eastern end into the 'comet-like,' slowly wavering bodies as described by Dr. King. The band continued to break from the east to a little west of the zenith until the whole eastern arc was composed of these bodies, which was at about 10 p.m., when I returned to the house. Then the western arc was intact save that it seemed to have faded somewhat.
The phenomenon as described here was seen by five others at the time and place that I saw it. I was ignorant of the nature of the display, but thought it could not be the aurora borealis, so watched the papers for the next few days to ascertain if others who might explain the phenomenon had observed it, but found nothing satisfactory until I received the October Popular Science Monthly.
W. C. Kendall.
Robert Henry Thurston.
# Portland Tribune

Newspaper in Portland, Oregon. Founded in 2001; published in print three days per week.

## 2016

* Portland Tribune/2016/12/22/Taking a Stand at Standing Rock
# Porto Rico Sugar Company v. Lorenzo

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
222 U.S. 481
Porto Rico Sugar Company v. Lorenzo
Argued: December 22, 1911. --- Decided: January 9, 1912
Messrs. Hannis Taylor and C. M. Boerman for plaintiff in error.
No brief was filed for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Porto Rico Sugar Company v. Lorenzo/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
222 U.S. 481
Porto Rico Sugar Company v. Lorenzo
Argued: December 22, 1911. --- Decided: January 9, 1912
This is an action upon notarial contracts to grind all the plaintiff's sugar cane raised upon specified plantations let to him for a certain number of zafras or grinding seasons, ending in 1912. The breaches alleged are failure to grind the cane, 'during the months of January to June,' 1908, and to furnish the necessary cars and men to handle the cane, as agreed. At the trial it was proved that the cane was ready to be ground and should have been ground between the months of January and the first weeks of June, but that a large part of the crop was ground in the latter part of June, and through July, to the great damage of the plaintiff. A failure to furnish the proper number of cars for a part of the time also was established. The contract did not fix a period within which the grinding should be done otherwise than by reference to the zafras to which it extended, and it was objected by demurrer, requests for rulings, and exceptions to evidence, that, as the written agreement was silent, it could not be made more definite by parol. But the court ruled the other way and sustained a verdict of $15,000 for the plaintiff, whereupon the case was brought to this court.
It appears to us not to need extended argument to show that the court was right. A contract to grind sugar cane implies on its face, if read with any knowledge of the business, that it has reference to seasons, and that it is more definite than a simple grammatical interpretation of the words would express. An illustration suggested at the argument brings it home to those of us whose experience has been in the North. A contract to reap a field of wheat, with no mention of time, would not leave the contractor free to choose his own time. The grinding of cane must be done in the grinding season, and a contract to grind is a contract to grind in the grinding season. Parol evidence may be necessary to show what that season is in a given place, as it constantly is in order to translate the words and the implications of words into things; but the season, when ascertained, is the limit by the very meaning of the words used, when used in a business contract made with regard to one of the great industries of the world.
A part of the delay seems to have been caused by the repeated breaking down of the machinery, but nothing appears to take the case out of the ordinary rule that performance of an absolute undertaking is not excused by facts of that sort. Nothing else in the case seems to us to call for remark. The trial was conducted fairly and intelligently, and the defendent must bear the loss.
Judgment affirmed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Porto Rico v. Bonocio Ramos

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
232 U.S. 627
Porto Rico v. Bonocio Ramos
Argued: February 25, 1914. --- Decided: March 16, 1914
Mr. Felix Frankfurter for plaintiff in error.
Messrs. Frank Antonsanti and Frederick S. Tyler for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice McKenna delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Portneuf-Marsh Valley Canal Company v. Brown

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
274 U.S. 630
Portneuf-Marsh Valley Canal Company v. Brown
Argued: March 18, 1927. --- Decided: May 31, 1927
Messrs. T. C. Coffin, J. H. Peterson, and D. C. McDougall, all of Pocatello, Idaho, for petitioner.
Mr. Edwin Snow, of Boise, Idaho, for respondents.
[Argument of Counsel from page 631 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Porto Rico Railway Light Power Company v. Mor

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
253 U.S. 345
Porto Rico Railway Light Power Company v. Mor
Argued: April 23, 1920. --- Decided: June 1, 1920
Mr. Carroll G. Walter, of New York City, for Porto Roco Ry., Light & power co.
Mr. Justice BRANDEIS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Popular Science Monthly/Volume 65

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# Presidential Radio Address - 7 July 2001

Weekly radio address delivered on July 7, 2001.
George W. Bush: Good morning. My second working day as President, I sent to Congress the boldest plan to improve our public schools in a generation -- a plan to raise educational standards for every child and to require new accountability from every school. This reform gives our public schools greater resources and insists on proven results in return -- not just for some of our children, but for all of them.
The plan has now passed both Houses of Congress with strong margins and broad bipartisan support. We stand on the verge of dramatic improvements for America's public schools. We're increasing funding for public schools and insisting on results. We are maximizing local control to give governors, school boards and local people more say in their schools. And we are giving parents unprecedented new choices to help their children get a quality education.
Yet, all of this will happen only when Congress joins with me to take the final, crucial step of resolving differences between the House and the Senate versions and sending an education reform bill to my desk.
Across America, governors are waiting to work with their legislatures to implement reform. Local school boards are eager to put the new flexibility my plan offers into action. We are ready to provide teachers with the best research on the science of reading this very fall. We need to act quickly, because states and schools must make decisions on how to use their new flexibility and live up to their new responsibility.
We have come so far; we're almost there. And we must finish the job. Completing the work of education reform is a final exam for Congress before they go home in August for summer vacation and before America's children go back to school.
The differences between the education reform bills that passed with large majorities in both House and Senate are small. Both bills call for strong accountability. The Senate bill gives states more flexibility. The House bill is more fiscally responsible and focuses federal dollars where they will do the most good.
With prompt action this month, our public schools can begin to implement the first of the education reforms this fall, with guidance to help teachers use the latest research to teach all our children to read.
This is summer vacation for our children, and it can be a season of accomplishment for our nation's leaders. I urge the Congress to act swiftly on my education reform plan.
Thank you for listening.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Popular Tales from the Norse/One's own Children are always Prettiest

ONE'S OWN CHILDREN ARE ALWAYS PRETTIEST.
A sportsman went out once into a wood to shoot, and he met a Snipe.
"Dear friend," said the Snipe, "don't shoot my children?"
"How shall I know your children?" asked the Sportsman; "what are they like?"
"Oh!" said the Snipe, "mine are the prettiest children in all the wood."
"Very well," said the Sportsman, "I'll not shoot them; don't be afraid."
But for all that, when he came back, there he had a whole string of young snipes in his hand which he had shot.
"Oh! oh!" said the Snipe, "why did you shoot my children after all?"
"What, these your children!" said the Sportsman; why, I shot the ugliest I could find, that I did!"
"Woe is me!" said the Snipe; "don't you know that each one thinks his own children the prettiest in the world?"
# Popular Science Monthly/Volume 67

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# Punch/Volume 147/Issue 3817/To Arms

TO ARMS!
Recruiting-Sergeant Punch. "NOW, MY LADS, YOUR COUNTRY WANTS YOU. WHO'S FOR THE FRONT?"
# Punch/Volume 147/Issue 3818/Charivaria

A weekly selection of short humorous items, normally on the first page of each issue.
CHARIVARIA.
The Deutsche Tageszeitung says:—
"Our present war with England shall not be done by halves; it is no war to be stopped by notice, but by a proper settlement. Otherwise the peace we all desire would be both rotten and dangerous." Your wish shall be respected, Deutsche Tageszeitung.
The fines which Germany has been imposing so lavishly on towns and provinces will, a commercial friend informs us, ultimately prove to be what are known in City circles as "temporary loans."
By the way, The Globe tells us that the Kaiser was once known to his English relatives as "The Tin Soldier." In view of his passion for raising tin by these predatory methods this title might be revived.
The German threat that they will make "Gurkensalad" of the Goorkhas, leaves these cheery little sportsmen undismayed.
We give the rumour for what it is worth. It is said that, overcome with remorse at the work of his vandals at Louvain, the Kaiser has promised when the war is over to present the city with a colossal monument of himself.
Meanwhile President Wilson is being urged by innumerable tourist agencies in his country to stop the war before any more historical buildings are demolished.
A number of the more valuable of the pictures in the Louvre have, with a view to their safety, been placed in cellars. La Gioconda is to be interned at an extra depth, as being peculiarly liable to be run away with.
Strangely enough, the most heroic single-handed feat of the war seems only to have been reported in one paper, The Express. We refer to the following announcement:—
"AUSTRIAN WARSHIP SUNK By J. A. Sinclair Pooley Express Correspondent."
It is stated that the German barque Excelsior, bound for Bremen with a valuable cargo, has been captured by one of our cruisers. It speaks well for the restraint of our Navy that, with so tempting a name, she was not blown up.
A proposal has been made in The Globe that all "alien enemies" in this country shall be confined within compounds until the end of the War. Suggested alteration in the National Anthem: "Compound his enemies."
"Carry on" is no doubt an admirable motto for these times, but the Special Constable who was surprised by his wife while carrying on with a cook (which he thought to be part of his professional duty) complains that it is misleading.
We hear that some of our Nuts have volunteered to serve as regimental pets.
Partridge shooting began last week, but poor sport is recorded. The birds declare that it is not their fault. They turned up in large numbers, but there were not enough guns to make it worth while.