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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Thomas William Croke

From volume 4 of the work.
Archbishop of Cashel, Ireland, b. near Mallow, Co. Cork, 24 May, 1824; d. at Thurles, 22 July, 1902. His early studies were made at the Irish College, Paris, and his theological course was completed at Rome. Returning to Ireland he was made one of the professors at St. Patrick's College, Carlow, and then did mission work at Charleville in his native diocese from 1849 to 1858. They were the years of misery following the great famine, and the suffering of the people from their economic and political misfortunes intensified the national leanings that were a marked characteristic of his whole career and which made him to his fellow-countrymen the ideal of the patriot priest. He was a zealous follower of O'Connell in the Repeal Era, and when the prestige of The Liberator waned, sided with the Young Ireland party.
Appointed president of St. Coleman's College, Fermoy, in 1858, Dr. Croke administered this office satisfactorily for seven years, followed by five equally successful years as pastor of Doneraile, and was then appointed bishop of Auckland, Australia. He was consecrated in Rome by Cardinal Cullen and took part in the concluding sessions of the Vatican Council. Returning to Ireland for a brief visit, he went by way of the United States to take possession of his See of Auckland. During the succeeding four years his government of the diocese was marked by great spiritual and material progress. In 1874 Archbishop Leahy of Cashel died, and at the request of the Irish hierarchy Bishop Croke was appointed to fill the vacancy. His return to Ireland gave the greatest satisfaction to the people, who immediately hailed him as the unquestioned and safe ecclesiastical leader in national politics that Archbishop MacHale of Tuam had been for the previous generation. He at once resumed his former active interest in political affairs and became a strong supporter of the Home Rule movement under the leadership of Isaac Butt. In the more advanced agrarian projects of the Land League days he was side by side with Charles Stewart Parnell in popular leadership, and was the main restraining influence when the ultra-radical element, infuriated by the new coercion laws of British officialism, broke out with the "No Rent" and other revolutionary manifestos. He made several visits to Rome in defence of the popular cause and to oppose the attempts of British diplomacy to enlist the direct intervention of the influence of the Vatican against the Irish Nationalists, the justice of whose efforts he vigorously championed. After the fall of Parnell and the confusion and factional strife that followed he withdrew in a measure from active participation in politics, but never lost his enthusiasm for the cause of Irish national regeneration.
THOMAS F. MEEHAN
# Children and Young Persons Act

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Children and Young Persons Act."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Children and Young Persons Act 1933 (23 & 24 Geo. 5 c. 12), an UK Act of Parliament that created the offence of cruelty to persons under 16 apart from other offences for child protection (Part I). Act also regulated children employment (Part II), their rights in criminal procedure (Part III) and institutions for juvenile offenders (Part IV).
* Children and Young Persons (Scotland) Act 1937 (1 Edw. 8 and 1 Geo. 6 c. 37), an UK Act of Parliament extending to Scotland that broadly covers the content of Children and Young Persons Act 1933.
* Children and Young Persons Act (Northern Ireland) 1950 (c. 5 (N.I.)), a Act of the Northern Ireland Parliament that broadly covers the content of Children and Young Persons Act 1933.
* Children and Young Persons Act 1963 (c. 37), an UK Act of Parliament that provided for the welfare of children and young persons. Act also amends the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 and Children and Young Persons (Scotland) Act 1937
* Children and Young Persons Act 1969 (c. 54), an UK Act of Parliament that governed the criminal procedure for juvenile offenders.
* Children and Young Persons Act 1974 (1974 No. 72), a New Zealand Act providing for similar issues. Repealed by the Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act 1989/Oranga Tamariki Act 1989 (1989 No. 24)
* Children and Young Persons Act 1989 (Vic.), a Victorian Act that was repealed by the Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 (Vic.).
* Children and Young Persons Act 1993, a Singaporean Act that provides for similar issues covered by Children and Young Persons Act 1933.
* Children and Young Persons Act 2008 (c. 23), an UK Act of Parliament that amends various Acts to provide for general child welfare.
# Children's Hospital GME Support Reauthorization Act of 2013 (H.R. 297; 113th Congress)

* related portals: United States Congress.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
H.R. 297 as introduced
113th CONGRESS
1st Session
H. R. 297
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
January 15, 2013
Mr. Pitts (for himself, Mr. Pallone, Mr. Burgess, and Mrs. Capps) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce
A BILL
To amend the Public Health Service Act to reauthorize support for graduate medical education programs in children’s hospitals.

# Section 1. Short title

This Act may be cited as the “Children’s Hospital GME Support Reauthorization Act of 2013”.

# Sec. 2. Program of payments to children’s hospitals that operate graduate medical education programs
## (a) In general–

Section 340E of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 256e)is amended—
    (1) in subsection (a), by striking “through 2005 and each of fiscal years 2007 through 2011” and inserting “through 2005, each of fiscal years 2007 through 2011, and each of fiscal years 2013 through 2017”;
    (2) in subsection (f)(1)(A)(iv), by inserting “and each of fiscal years 2013 through 2017” after “2011”; and
    (3) in subsection (f)(2)(D), by inserting “and each of fiscal years 2013 through 2017” after “2011”.

## (b) Report to Congress–

Section 340E(b)(3)(D) of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 256e(b)(3)(D)) is amended by striking “Not later than the end of fiscal year 2011” and inserting “Not later than the end of fiscal year 2016”.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Vicariate Apostolic of Northern Shan-si

From volume 13 of the work.
The Faith was carried for the first time into the Province of Shan-si. Norhter China, by the Jesuit and Franciscan Fathers during the sixteenth century. At first the province was under the jurisdiction of the bishops of Peking; in 1698 it was erected, with the Province of Shen-si, a vicariate Apostolic by Innocent XII. From 1762 to 1838 the two Provinces of Hu-pe and Hu-nan were added to the same vicariate. On 17 June, 1890, the Vicariate Apostolic of Shan-si was divided into two missions: Northern and Southern Shan-si. In 1900 the notorious Yu-Hien ordered a wholesale massacre of misisonaries, both Catholic and Protestant, at T'ai-yuan-fu. Grogorio Grassi, vicar Apostolic, his coadjutor Francisco Fogolla, Fathers Facchini, Saccani, Throdoric Balat, Egide. Brother Andrew Baur, seven Franciscan Sister of Mary, several native priests, and many Christians were massacred. The vicariate Apostolic has 6,000,000 inhabitants. The mission is entrusted to the Franciscan Fathers. The present vicar Apostolic is the Right Rev. Eugene Massi, who resides at T'ai-yuan.
In 1904 the Catholic community numbered: 11 European Franciscan Fathers; 14 native priests; 14,700 Catholics; 2500 catechumens. In 1910 there were: 15 European Franciscan Fathers; 16 native priests; 24 churches; 154 chapels, 269 stations; 2 seminaries, with 33 students; 150 schools for boys, with 900 pupils; 20 schools for girls, with 200 pupils; 1 asylum for old men, with 118 inmates; 6 orphanages, with 609 inmates; 10 Franciscan Sisters of Mary; 18,200 Catholics; 7302 catechumens.
Missiones Catholicæ (Rome, 1907).
V. H. Montanar.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Vicariate Apostolic of Northern Ontario

From volume 17 of the work.
​Ontario, Northern, Vicariate Apostolic of. Detached from the Diocese of Haileybury in province of Ontario, Canada, and erected into a prefecture 18 April, 1918, and into a vicariate 27 November, 1920. The majority of the Catholic population of 12,000 are French-Canadian with the rest Indian or Irish. There are 8 secular priests, 9 parishes, 50 missions, 10 elementary schools with 16 teachers and 450 pupils, a boarding school for Indians at Albany with 30 pupils taught by 5 Gray Nuns of Ottawa, a boarding school for boys and girls at Hearst with 50 boarders and 80 day pupils taught by 8 sisters of Our Lady of Perpetual Help. The present vicar apostolic is Rt. Rev. Joseph Halle, elected prefect apostolic in 1919, titular Bishop of Theveste and vicar apostolic in 1920, consecrated Bishop of Petraea, 17 April, 1921, with his residence at Hearst.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Vicariate Apostolic of Northern Shan-tung

From volume 13 of the work.
Erected by Gregory XVI in 1839. The first vicar Apostolic was Louis de Besi, formerly Pro-Vicar of Hu-pe and Hu-nan. The vicariate Apostolic had to undergo many wars and persecutions. In 1885 it was divided into Northern and Southern Shan-tung; in 1894, the Vicariate Apostolic of Eastern Shan-tung was erected. The Vicariate Apostolic of Northern Shan-tung enjoys a salubrious and temperate climate; it numbers 11,000,000 inhabitants, and is entrusted to the Franciscan Fathers. The present vicar Apostolic Paltus, born 16 October, 1868, consecrated 8 July, 1902. He resides at Tsi-nan-fu. In 1904 the mission numbered: 11 European Franciscan Fathers; 18 native priests; 18,000 Catholics; 13,900 catechumens; and 134 churches and chapels. In 1910 there were: 29 European Franciscan Fathers; 19 native priests; 28,000 Catholics; 20,000 catechumens; 187 churches and chapels.
Missiones Catholicæ (Rome, 1907).
V. H. Montanar.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Vicariate Apostolic of Nyassa

From volume 11 of the work.
Vicariate Apostolic in Central Africa, bounded north by the Anglo-German frontier, east by Lake Nyassa, south by the Anglo-Portuguese frontier, west by a line running northward past Lake Bangwelo. It is under the care of the White Fathers and was founded by Father Lechaptois in June, 1889, at Mponda, Nyassaland. This region passing under British control, the missionaries moved to Mambwe between Nyassa and Tanganika in 1891, but, finding the region desolated by the slave-hunters, they proceeded to Lubemba, a high plateau to the west where the Congo rises. In December, 1894, Fr. Van Oost settled at Kayambi in Mpanda, with permission of the Chief Makasa, but was expelled by Makasa's suzerain, Chiti-Mukulu. Fr. Dupont, however, succeeded in founding a permanent station there in July, 1895. The natives are well-built and warlike; they are being taught agriculture by the fathers. On 13 February, 1897, the mission was made a Vicariate Apostolic, Fr. Joseph Dupont (born at Gesté, Maine et Loire, France, in 1855) being appointed superior and consecrated titular bishop of Tibaris. When Chief Mwamba was dying in 1898, he asked Mgr Dupont to become king; the bishop accepted the post temporarily to prevent the customary hecatomb following the sovereign's death. In 1904 the south-eastern part of the vicariate was formed into the Prefecture Apostolic of Shire. The population is about 1,000,000, speaking Chibemba and Kinyassa; catechumens, 30,000; baptized, 2000; missionary priests, 50; Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa, 8; catechists, 127; churches, 9; chapels, 25; stations, 6 in Lubemba and 3 in Angoniland; schools, 34; orphanages, 4.
PIOLET, Les Missions francaises, V (Paris), 422-26; DUFF, Nyassaland under the Foreign Office (London, 1906).
A. A. MacErlean.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Vicariate Apostolic of Northern Shen-si

From volume 13 of the work.
(Vicariate Apostolic).
In 1640 the Christian religion was preached for the first time in the Province of Shen-si. It was, by turns, looked upon with favor and disfavor by the emperors of China. The Province of Shen-si belonged to the Vicariate Apostolic of Shan-si until 1841. By a Decree of 3 February, 1841, it was erected as a separate vicariate Apostolic. It kept the Province of Kan-su and Ku-Ku-Nor until 1878. In 1887, by a Decree of 6 July, the province was divided in two vicariates Apostolic, Northern and Southern Shen-si. The Vicariate Apostolic of Northern Shen-si includes the five Prefectures of Si-ngan, Feng-tsiang, Tung-chu, Yen-ngan and Ye-lin. The climate is healthful but very cold in winter. There are about 7,000,000 inhabitants.
The mission is entrusted to the Franciscan Fathers. The present vicar Apostolic is the Rt. Rev. Maurice Gabriel, consecrated in 1908. He resides at Si-ngan. In 1903 the missions numbered: 10 European Franciscan Fathers; 21 native priests; 23,600 Catholics; 2,500 catechumens; 160 churches and chapels. In 1910 there were: 18 European Franciscan Fathers; 28 native priests; 25,116 Catholics; 4,627 catechumens; 203 churches and chapels. On May, 1911, the Vicariate Apostolic of Northern Shen-si was divided in two missions, Northern and Central Shen-si.
Missiones Catholicae (Rome, 1907).
V. H. Montanar.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Benjamin Elbel

From volume 16 of the work.
Elbel, Benjamin, a first-class authority in moral theology, b. at Friedberg, Bavaria, in 1690; d. at Soflingen in 1756. He belonged to the Strasburg Franciscan province, was lector of theology, and held high positions in the order. His classical work, "Theologia moralis decalogalis et sacramentalis" (Venice, 1731), passed rapidly through several editions, and has recently been brought up to date by Irenaeus Bierbaum, O.F.M., under the title "Theologia moralis per modum conferentiarum auctore clarissime P. Benjamin Elbel." (3 vols., Paderborn, 1891-92). Elbel advocates probabilism. His doctrine is sound and solid; his style simple and unassuming. He shows admirable facility in giving exact and lucid expression to abstract principles, and in applying them to strikingly practical cases. The eminent qualities of his work have elicited praise from all theologians. It is constantly referred to by St. Alphonsus, and has been largely copied by modern writers.
Thomas Plassmann.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Benedictus Arias Montanus

From volume 1 of the work.
Orientalist, exegete, and editor of the "Antwerp Polyglot", born at Frejenal de la Sierra in Estremadura, Spain, 1527; died at Seville, 1598. Passing through the schools of Seville, he studied theology and the Oriental languages at Alcala, later gaining proficiency in the various European languages by means of extended travel. He became a clerical member of the Military Order of St. James, and accompanied the Bishop of Segovia to the Council of Trent (1562) where he won great distinction. On his return he retired to a hermitage at Aracena whence he was summoned by Philip II (1568) to supervise a new polyglot edition of the Bible, with the collaboration of many learned men. The work was issued from the Plantin press (1572, 8 volumes) under the title "Biblia sacra hebraice chaldaice, graece et latine, Philippi II regis catholici pietate et studio ad sacrosanctae Ecclesiae usum", several volumes being devoted to a scholarly apparatus biblicus. Arias was responsible for a large part of the actual matter, besides the general superintendence, and in obedience to the command of the king took the work to Rome for the approbation of Gregory XIII. Leon de Castro professor of Oriental languages at Salamanca, to whose translation of the Vulgate Arias had opposed the original Hebrew text, denounced Arias to the Roman, and later to the Spanish Inquisition for having altered the Biblical text, making too liberal use of the rabbinical writings, in disregard of the decree of the Council of Trent concerning the authenticity of the Vulgate, and confirming the Jews in their beliefs by his Chaldaic paraphrases. After several journeys to Rome Arias was freed of the charges (1580) and returned to his hermitage, refusing the episcopal honours offered him by the King. He accepted, however, the post of a royal chaplain, but was only induced to leave his retirement for the purpose of a superintending the Escorial library and of teaching Oriental languages. He led the life of an ascerlc, dividing his time between prayer and study. In addition to the works written in connection with polyglot, the most celebrated of which is "Antiquitatum judaicarum libri IX" (Leyden, 1593), Arias left many commentaries on various books of the Bible; also: "Humanae salutis monumenta" (Antwerp, 1571); a Latin translation of the "Itinerary" of Benjamin of Tudela, and other works on widely varying subjects. He was also celebrated as a poet, his verses being chiefly of a religious nature.
F.M. RUDGE
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Benedictus Polonus

From volume 2 of the work.
A medieval Friar Minor missionary and traveller (c. 1245) companion of Giovanni da Piancarpino, and author of the brief chronicle "De Itinere Fratrum Minorum ad Tartaros", concerning the first Franciscan missions to the Tatars. This work was unknown apparently to Wadding and Sbaralea, the literary historians of the order. It was first published by D'Avezac in the "Recueil de Voyages" (Paris, 1839, IV, 774-779). Cf. the "Chronicle" of Glassberger in "Analecta Franciscana" (II, 71). The report of Benedictus is important for the curious letter of the Great Khan to Innocent IV.
GOLUBOVICH, Biblioteca bio-bibliografica della terra santa e dell' oriente Francescano (Quaracchi, 1906), 213-215.
THOMAS J. SHAHAN.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Benedictional

From volume 2 of the work.
(Benedictionale).
A book containing a collection of benedictions or blessings in use in the Church. In the ancient sacramentaries, particularly in the Gregorian, various early forms of blessings are found. In some manuscripts these benedictions are interspersed throughout the book, while in others they are given separately. The blessings collected from the Gregorian Sacramentary constitute the so-called Benedictionale. From the very ancient manuscript of the Caesarean Library, Lambecius edited this Benedictiona1e, believing that he was the first to give it to the public. In this, however, Lambecius erred, since nearly all the blessings contained in this manuscript had been previously published, though under a different order, or arrangement, by Ménard (d. 1644). Pamelius (Liturgicon Ecclesiae Lat., II) also edited a benedictional from two manuscripts of the time of Charlemagne or a little later, formerly in the library of the Queen of Sweden, now in the Vatican. Many discrepancies, nevertheless, are to be noted between the work of Pamelius and the original manuscripts from which it is supposed to be drawn. The "Liber Sacramentorum" of Ratoldus, of the tenth century, likewise contains numerous blessings; but the most complete benedictional is that found in two manuscripts (Nos. 62, 63) of the monastery of St. Theodoric, near Reims, written about 900. From a manuscript in the Abbey of St. Eligius Ménard edited a benedictional, while Angelo Rocca has given us one from a manuscript of the Vatican Library. The pontifical of Egbert, Archbishop of York (732-766), published by the Surtees Society in 1853, contains numerous forms of blessings. The blessings in use in the present day are found for the most part in the Missal and in the Ritual.
Praef. in librum Sacram. S. Greg., in P. L., LXXVIII, 601f.; CXXI, 865f.; SINKER in Dict. of Christ. Antiq.
ANDREW B. MEEHAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Benito Jerónimo Feyjóo y Montenegro

From volume 6 of the work.
A celebrated Spansh writer, b. at Casdemiro, in the parish of Santa Maria de Molias, Galicia, Spain, 8 October, 1676, d. at Oviedo, 26 September, 1764. Intended by his parents for a literary career, he showed from a very early age a predilection for ecclesiastical studies, and in 1688 received the cowl of the Order of St. Benedict at the monastery of San Juan de Samos. A man of profound learning, Feyjóo wrote on a great variety of subjects, embracing nearly every branch of human knowledge. In his writings he attacked many old institutions, customs, superstitions. He criticized, among other things, the system of public instruction in Spain, offering suggestions for reforms; and it was owing to his agitation that many universities adopted new and better methods of teaching logic, physics, and medicine. He naturally stirred up many controversies and was the object of bitter attacks, but he was not without his supporters and defenders. In his long life he wrote many works, the full list of which may be found in Vol. LVI of "La Biblioteca de Autores Españoles" (Madrid, 1883). The subjects may be conveniently grouped as follows: arts, astronomy and geography; economics, philosophy and metaphysics; philology; mathematics and physics; cultural history; literature, history, medicine. Nearly all are included in the eight volumes which bear the title "Teatro crítico universal ó discursos varios en todo género de materias para desengaño de errores comunes" (Madrid, 1726-39) and in the five volumes of his "Cartas Eruditas" (Madrid, 1742-60). During the life of the author his works were translated into French, Italian, German, and after his death into English. At his death Feyjóo was laid to rest in the church of San Vicente at Oviedo. A fine statue in his memory ornaments the entrance to the National Library at Madrid.
VENTURA FUENTES