OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 57

CULICIVORA atricapilla. Black-crowned Gnatcatcher.
CULICIVORA atricapilla.
Black crowned Warbler.
Family, Sylviadæ. Sub-family, Sylvianæ. Nob. (See North Zool. Vol. 2.)
Generic Character.
Culicivora. Swains. in Zool. Journ. No. 11. Lesson Man. 2. p. 430.
Bill very slender, the base depressed, the sides compressed, the culmen arched from the base. Nostrils long; aperture linear and naked; rictus bearded. Wings remarkably short. Tail slender, graduated, and generally lengthened.
Specific Character.
Above cinereous, beneath white; upper part of the head, middle tail feathers, and base of the three outer feathers deep black. Quills blackish, with white and grey margins.
Figuier à tête noir de Cayenne? Pl. Enl. pl. 704. f. 1.?
The birds composing this natural but intricate group, have hitherto been found only in America. Scarcely superior in size to the Gold-crested Wrens, they exhibit much of the same activity and restlessness in searching after insects. Yet their manners, in other respects, are more in unison with those of the flycatching birds.
In size and in structure, our bird perfectly accords with the Sylvia cærulea of Vieil, and represents that northern species in tropical America, but we are fearful of identifying it with that figured in the Pl. Enl. Our drawings are of the natural size; in both these species the bill perfectly resembles that of Prinia. Horsf. except in being somewhat shorter: the feet, however, are those of Setophaga, Swains. The Flycatchers and Warblers, are so blended together, by all writers, that we have not yet been able to discover the typical example of this group. Its true affinities, however, appear to be as follows:—
Culicivora is represented in Africa by Drymoica, Sw., in India by Prinia, Horsf., and in Australia by Malurus, Vieil. These genera, in conjunction with that of Sylvia, seem to indicate the first typical circle of this family. Culicivora exhibits many singular characters; in some approaching to Prinia, the tail is very short: others, shewing an affinity to Sylvia, have yellow crests: while a few species, leading to Setophaga, present us with the depressed bill of a Flycatcher.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 51

SYLVIA Regulus. Gold-crested Warbler.
SYLVIA Regulus.
Gold-crest. Golden-crested Warbler.
Family, Sylviadæ. Sub-family, Sylvianæ. Nob. (See North. Zool. Vol. 2.)
Generic Character.
Bill very weak, considerably compressed, nearly straight; the tip bent and notched: rictus bristled. Wings moderate. Tail rather short.
Sub-genera. Acanthiza. Horsf. & Vig. Phyllopneuste. Meyer. pars.
Specific Character.
Sides of the head without any indication of white bands, crest of the male yellow-orange, bill very weak. Temminck.
Sylvia Regulus. Tem. Man. 1. 229. Roitelet ordinaire.
Motacilla Regulus. Linn. 1. 338.
Golden-crested Wren. Montague, Ornith. Dict. 2. p.—See particularly the Introduction to Vol. 1. p. 34.
With the exception of the Humming Birds, the Gold crests are the smallest birds in creation. The natural size of the only species found in this country is here represented; while the weight seldom exceeds eighty grains. Notwithstanding its delicate structure, this beautiful little bird braves the severest winters of Northern Europe: it is found in Denmark (Müll. Zool. Dan.), and extends to the borders of the Arctic Circle, (Temm.) It is more frequent with us than is generally supposed, but its diminitive size screens it from observation. It is perpetually in motion: hopping among the branches, examining every leaf and spray, and will frequently catch minute insects that endeavour to escape, by darting at them like a Flycatcher: we have repeatedly watched a pair of these birds which frequented our garden at Warwick, in the middle of winter, for three years: their favourite resort was an old fir-tree, which they regularly and carefully explored, much in the manner of the Titmice (Parii.)
If the name of Sylvia is to be retained in Ornithological systems, it should obviously be applied to this, which has been correctly thought the typical group of the whole family. Acanthiza, for reasons elsewhere explained, appears a subordinate type, and Phyllopneuste cannot be adopted, without a glaring violation of natural affinities.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 52

PHÆNICORNIS flammeus. Orange Redbird.
PHÆNICORNIS flammeus.
Orange Redbird.
Family Laniadæ. Sub-family Ceblepyrinæ. Nob.
Generic(?) Character.
Bill with the sides compressed, the under mandible rather thick, the gonyx ascending: rictus bristled. Feathers on the back and rump slightly spinous. Wings short. Tail rather lengthened, graduated, the tip forked: the feathers narrow.
Phænicornis. Nob. Boié (pars.)
Specific Character.
Glossy black and golden orange: head, throat, wings, upper part of the back and middle of the tail glossy black; wings with two stripes of orange.
Muscicapa flammea. Auct. Tem. Pl. Col. pl. 263.
Mus. Paris. Nost.
The Birds now arranged under this group, exclusively belong to Southern India and its luxuriant Islands. About five species have been discovered, most of which are ornamented with a plumage of the brightest scarlet, crimson, or orange, relieved by glossy black. Their economy is not known, but their structure leads us to believe they live upon caterpillars and soft insects; as another group, representing these birds in Africa, are known to prefer such food. Both have the back feathers thick and rigid; although these characters are least apparent in Phænicornis. Our figure is nearly of the natural size. The female is stated to be yellow, where the male is orange. It appears to be not uncommon in Java.
The genera Parus, Turdus, Muscicapa and Sylvia have alternately been made the receptacles for these birds; to neither of which do we consider they have any immediate affinity. Their whole structure evidently accords with that of the Ceblepyrii, or Caterpillar catchers, of M. Cuvier; a group first pointed out by Le Vaillant: but as these have never been put in order, we can say nothing on the rank of Phænicornis, or on its various relations.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 55

MARGARITADÆ Pl. 1 Margarita crocata.
MARGARITA crocata.
Orange Pearl-Oyster.
Order Acephala. Family Margaritadæ. Nob.
Margaritadæ. Animal byssiferous, attached to marine bodies by a fascicle of tendinous filaments. Shell foliaceous, the centre internally pearly and iridescent: the form irregular; the margins fragile and transparent. Nob.
Genera. Margarita. Malleus. Perna. Pinna. (Vulsella?) Lam.
Sub-genera? Avicula. Crenatula. Inoceramus. Auct.
Generic Character.
Margarita. See Leach. Zool. Miss. 1. p.107. (1814.)
(Meleagrina. Lam. Syst. 1819.)
Specific Character.
Shell subquadrate, squamose, fulvous or yellow, the ear of the right valve dilated and scarcely sinuated, that of the left valve very small: inside silvery blue, hinge smooth.
It is the animal of this genus of Shells, which in sickness and disease, produces the true oriental Pearl: the costly ornament of sovereigns, and the chaste foil of beauty. An interesting account of the Pearl fishery of Ceylon, will be found in Mr. Wood's entertaining Zoography, extracted from Percival's History of that island.
The present is a small species, seldom exceeding the size of the figure: in young shells there is a cardinal tubercle in our valve, which disappears with age. The Pearl-oysters are nearly all inhabitants of warm seas; the species require much elucidation.
The genera, above enumerated, appear to present such a series of affinities, as to justify our suspicions that they form a natural group: the more so, as their analogies may be traced among the perlacious fluviatile shells, forming our family Unionidæ. If further investigation should confirm the correctness of this idea, the sub-genera will, of course, become types of form; bearing the same relation to the genera, as Dipsus does to Anodon, or Castalia to Hyria.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 58

OLIVA. Pl. 2. Olivella purpurata. 2. eburnea.
OLIVA purpurata.
Purple-mouthed Olive.
Family Volutidæ.—Genus Oliva. Auct.
Sub-genus, Olivella.
Characters.
Spire of the shell lengthened, conic, the tip acute: inner lip not thickened, outer lip straight: base of the pillar curved inwards, and marked by 2 strong plaits; upper plaits evanescent, or entirely wanting. Aperture effuse, and closed by an operculum? Nobis.
Specific Character.
Shell whiteish, with a very acute spire, nearly as long as the aperture; middle of the body whorl marked by angulated brown lines: suture with spots and fascicles of longitudinal stripes: basal belt very broad: aperture purple.
Oliva biplicata? Sow. Tank. Cat. No. 2332. p. 33.
This shell maybe considered as typical of a small group of Olives, which we suspect are peculiar to the American seas; they offer many points of difference from those of the Indian Ocean. We recollect to have seen another species, in some cabinet, with a small operculum. We have been fearful of pronouncing this to be the O. biplicata, as the judicious Conchologist will perceive the two descriptions do not exactly agree; and we have another to which the characters given of biplicata will equally well apply. The perpendicular line indicates the natural size.
OLIVA eburnea.
Ivory Olive.
Shell entirely white, or marked by two bands of angulated purplish spots; pillar about 8-9 plaited: basal belt and spire always white; the former single.
Oliva eburnea. Lam. Syst. 7. 1. p. 438.
This is the very common little Olive, sent in such abundance in the West India boxes of shells; we figure it, because it is seldom rightly named in collections, being confounded with conoidalis, oryza, and several others of an equally diminutive size: the plaits are sharp, short, well defined, and nearly all of equal size; although the base of the pillar forms an internal elevation.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 50

MITRANÆ Pl. 5. 1. Tiara isabella. 2. sulcata.
TIARA isabella.
Fawn coloured Mitre.
Order Zoophaga. Family Volutidæ.
Sub-Family Mitrianæ. (G. Mitra. Auct.)
Generic Character.
Animal——
Shell turrited, fusiform, the base contracted and slightly recurved; pillar with 4-5 plaits, the upper plait sulcated: outer lip smooth, or entire. Aperture narrow, striated within, and presenting an internal groove at its upper extremity. Nobis.
Types of Form.
1, M. Corrugata. 2, Regina. 3, Sanguisuga. 4, Microzonias. 5, Isabella.
Specific Character.
Ti. (Ty. 5) Shell slender, fawn coloured, unspotted, marked by slender crowded, transverse, convex ribs, the interstices deeply cancellated; inner lip wanting, outer lip crenately undulate; pillar 5 plaited.
It is highly probable that the Mitres, like some other carnivorous marine animals, seek their prey, and habitually reside, in the deep recesses of the ocean. Instances are recorded of individuals having been brought up from great depths; and notwithstanding the number of species, of which we already know near 150, very few are common.
This genus, in short, is now become too overloaded, even for the purposes of artificial arrangement: but we refrained from characterizing any other group than Conohelix, until we analized the remainder. Tiara appears to be the second, or sub-typical group. The subordinate section, or type of form, represented by T. isabella, includes several little known shells, all marked by delicate transverse ribs and longitudinal striæ: the outer lip is not strictly toothed or crenated, but is merely undulated by the external sculpture: this subordinate group in Tiara, is aberrant: all the species whose habitat we know, have come from the Pacific Ocean.
Tiara isabella is a shell of the greatest rarity. Our drawing was made from a specimen (presumed unique) sold at the Bligh Sale for 3l. 3s. It was stated to come from New Holland, and is now in the Manchester Museum.
TIARA sulcata.
Sulcated Mitre.
Tiara. (Ty. 5.) Shell marked by distinct, carinated, remote transverse ribs, the interstices concave: pillar three plaited, epidermis brown.
For this new and very distinct species, we are indebted to Mr. Bulwar. It was collected on the Pacific side of the American Isthmus. The central line indicates the true size of our specimen.
# Woman of the Century/Fannie Ruth Robinson

​ROBINSON, Miss Fannie Ruth, author and educator, born in Carbondale, Pa., 30th September, 1847. In 1859 her parents took up their residence in Albany, N. Y., and there the formative years of her life were passed. FANNIE RUTH ROBINSON. She was graduated at the age of seventeen years from the Albany Female Academy, and later received the degree of A. M. from Rutgers' College, New York. Among the influences which quickened her early ambitions, she recognizes three: First, the impulses received from a small circle of men and women, some of whom were very much older than herself; second, the impetus given to youthful ambitions by a class of young people in the alumnae of the female academy, and third, the lift into a rarer air which was hers, happily through many seasons, when Emerson and Phillips, Curtis and Beecher, Chapin and Holmes went to the capital city at the bidding of the Lyceum. She began to write early. Most of her published poems appeared in "Harper's Magazine" in the years between 1870 and 1880, during which time she wrote occasionally for the "Contributor's Club" of the "Atlantic Monthly." Her poem, "A Quaker's Christmas Eve," was copied in almost every city in the Union. Albany twice paid her the honor of asking for her verse, once for the services of the first Decoration Day, and again when an ode was to be written for the ceremony of laying the corner-stone of the capitol. In 1879 she began to teach, and since then she has written little for publication. A poem on Emerson, published after his death in the "Journal of Philosophy," is considered one of her best. Two of her sonnets found place in the collection of "Representative American Sonnets," made in 1890 by Mr. Crandall. ​She is at present preceptress of Ferry Hall Seminary, the woman's department of Lake Forest University, Lake Forest, Ill., a position she has held since 18S8. She is a member of the Woman's Educational Auxiliary of the Columbian Exposition.
# Woman of the Century/Fanny B. Ames

​AMES, Mrs. Fanny B., industrial reformer, born in Canandaigua, N. Y., 14th June, 1840. In her childhood she was taken with her father's family to Ohio, where she was for some time a student in Antioch College, under the presidency of Horace Mann. Her first experience in practical work was gained in military hospitals during the war. For five years she was a teacher in the public schools in Cincinnati. She was married in 1863 to the Rev. Charles G. Ames, and during his ministry in Philadelphia she engaged in the work of organized charity, was president of the Children's Aid Society, traveled widely in Pennsylvania, assisting in the organization of county branches of that society, visiting almshouses, and getting up the provisions by which dependent children were removed from almshouses and placed in private families under the supervision of local committees of women. Under State authority she was for five years one of the visitors of public institutions, with power to inspect and report to the Board of State Charities. She thus became familiar with the methods, merits and abuses of those institutions, her knowledge of which not only qualified her to prepare the reports of the Philadelphia Board of Visitors, but led her into wide and careful study of the causes of poverty and dependence, quickening her natural sympathy with the struggling classes, at the same time elevating her estimate of the social service rendered by wisely-used capital and fairly-managed industries. She was for two years president of the ​New Century Club of Philadelphia, one of the most active and influential women's clubs of this country. Mrs. Ames now resides in Boston, her husband presiding over the Church of the Disciples. She read a paper before the National Council of Women in 1891 on the "Care of Defective Children." She was appointed Factory Inspector in Massachusetts, 8th May. 1891, by Governor Russell, in accordance with an act passed by the State legislature
# Woman of the Century/Fannie De Grasse Black

​FANNIE DE GRASSE BLACK. BLACK, Mrs. Fannie De Grasse, singer and pianist, born in Nisouri, Canada, 21st November, 1856. Her maiden name was De Grasse. She moved with her parents to the United States and made her home in Milwaukee, Wis., where she was educated in the high and normal schools, graduating in 1874. At ten years of age she began the study of piano and sight singing, continuing until her sixteenth year, when she became a pupil of Prof. William Mickler, formerly director in court to the Duke of Hesse, Germany, studying with him for four years. She sang in public when she was only six years old, and made her debut in classic music at the age of eighteen, under the direction of Professor Mickler, in the concerts of the Milwaukee German Musical Society, and has since sung successfully in opera and oratorio. Later on she took up the study of the pipe organ and is now {1892) organist of the Presbyterian church, El Dorado. In 1S81 she was married to Judge S. K. Black, of El Dorado, Kan. Mrs. Black is a thorough scholar, and she believes that only a thorough scholar and student can become a fine musician. She sings equally well in English, German and Italian, and her pleasant El Dorado home is a center of music and refinement.
# Woman of the Century/Fanny Lily Gipsy Davenport

​DAVENPORT, Fanny Lily Gipsy, actor, born in London, England, 10th April. 1850. She is a daughter of the late Kdward Loomis Davenport, the well-known actor, who was born in Boston FANNY LILY GIPSY DAVENPORT. Mass., 15th November, 1814. and died in Canton, Pa., 1st September, 1877. Her mother was a daughter of Frederick Vining, manager of the Hay market Theater, Lot Ion, England. Miss Vining became the wife of Mr. Davenport 8th January, 1849. Fanny was their first child. Mr. and Mrs. Davenport came to the United States, where both were for years favorite actors. Fanny was educated in the public schools in Boston, Mass., where she made her debut as the child in " Metamora." At the age of twelve years she appeared in New York, in Niblo's, in "Faint Heart Never Won Fair Lady," making her deibut in that city 14th February, 1862. She afterwards played soubrette parts in Boston and Philadelphia, under Mrs. John Drew's management Augustin Daly found her there, and he called her to New York, where she played Effie in "Saratoga," Lady Gay Spanker, Lady Teazle, Nancy Sykes, Leah, Fanny Ten Evck and Mabel Renfrew. Encouraged by her evident success, she left Mr. Daly's company and formed a company of her own. She played "Olivia," in Philadelphia, and Miss Anna E. Dickinson's "An American Girl," both without success, when she conceived the idea of abandoning comedy and taking up tragedy. She induced Yictorien Sardou, of Paris, to give her the American rights to "Fedora," "La Tosca" and "Cleopatra," and in those roles she has won both fame and fortune in large degree. Her tours have been very successful, and the woman who was supposed to be merely a charming comedian has shown herself to be possessed of the very highest powers of tragedy. Miss Davenport, as she is known to. the world, has been twice married. Her first husband was Edwin H. Price, an actor, to whom she was married 30th July. 1889. She secured a divorce from him in 1888. She was married in 1889 to Melbourne McDowell, the principal actor in her company. Recently Miss Davenport has given American theater-goers great pleasure in the magnificent staging and dressing of her plays. She has advanced to the extreme front rank m the most difficult of all histrionic fields, and comparison with the greatest actors can not fail to show that she is one of the most successful women who have ever lived before the footlights.
# Woman of the Century/Fannie Douglass Smith

​SMITH, Miss Fannie Douglass, journalist, born in Middletown, Ohio, 3rd August, 1865. While she was yet a child, her parents removed to Hamilton, Ohio, where they have since resided. She was educated in the public schools of Hamilton. After leaving school she devoted her attention for some time to music, taking a course of FANNIE DOUGLASS SMITH. vocal instruction in the College of Music in Cincinnati. She has a fine soprano voice and is a leading member of the Methodist Episcopal Church choir of Hamilton. She has a local reputation as a singer, and her vocal gifts give great promise for her future success in that line. She now holds the routine of society reporter on the Hamilton "Daily Democrat," where she has gained considerable reputation. She is a member of the Unity Club, the leading literary club of Hamilton, and she frequently contributes to the musical as well as the literary parts of its programmes.
# Woman of the Century/Fannie Edgar Thomas

​THOMAS. Miss Fannie Edgar, author, was born in Chicago, Ill. The death of her father threw her upon her own resources while she was only a girl. She became a book-keeper in a publishing house, and worked hard and faithfully. As a diversion she wrote a small book during her leisure hours, which she published clandestinely by the aid of a printer. FANNIE EDGAR THOMAS. All the work was done outside of business hours. She signed the volume with the cabalistic pen-name, "6-5-20," and the venture was successful, clearing her a comfortable sum of money. The small edition was soon exhausted. The book attracted the attention of Mrs. Ella Wheeler Wilcox, who invited the author to New York City and took her into her home. She soon became a contributor of taking sketches and essays, and the identity of "6-5-20" was established. She now uses her own full name. She has no overmastering ambition for a literary career, but her talents have already pushed her into prominence. She is now permanently settled in New York City, where she is concentrating her talents upon music and fiction.
# Woman of the Century/Fanny J. Crosby

​CROSBY, Fanny J., blind song-writer, born in 1823. For over a half-century she has been singing in her blindness, and her songs have gone around the earth, been translated into many languages and been sung in every land. Miss Crosby showed her talent for versification in childhood. At the age of eight years she composed verses that were remarkable in their way. She was educated in a school for the blind, and she became a teacher in the Institution for the Blind in New York City. While engaged there, she wrote the words for many of the songs composed by George F. Root, the well-known musician. Among these were some that became very widely known, including, "Hazel Dell," "Rosalie, the Prairie Flower," "Proud World, Good-bye, I'm Going Home," "Honey-suckle Glen" and "There's Music in the Air." She wrote the words for the successful cantatas, "The Pilgrim Fathers" and "The Flower Queen." Her most famous hymn, "Safe in the Arms of Jesus," was written in 1868. That hymn is her favorite. In the same year she wrote that other famous hymn, "Pass Me Not, O Gentle Savior." Every year she has added new songs of remarkable power and taking qualities to her long list of productions. Her "Rescue the Perishing," "Jesus, Keep Me Near the Cross," and "Keep Thou My Way, O Lord," appeared in 1869. The last named song was set to music and used for years as the prayer-song in the Mayflower Mission connected with Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, N. Y. In 1871 she wrote "The Bright Forever," in 1873 "Close to Thee," in 1874 "O, Come to the Savior," " Like the Sound of Many Waters" and "Savior, More than Life to Me." In 1875 she wrote "I am Thine, O Lord," "So Near to the Kingdom," and "O, my Savior, Hear Me." She has always been known as Fanny J. Crosby, but her name since her marriage has been Van Alstyne. She lives in New York City. It is estimated that the hymns from her pen number over 2,500, and in addition to that wonderful total must be considered the many secular songs, cantatas and other lyrical productions which have appeared under her name or anonymously. One house has published 1,900 of her productions. No complete collection of her verses has vet been made.