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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Giles

From volume 6 of the work.
(Latin Ægidius.)
An Abbot, said to have been born of illustrious Athenian parentage about the middle of the seventh century. Early in life he devoted himself exclusively to spiritual things, but, finding his noble birth and high repute for sanctity in his native land an obstacle to his perfection, he passed over to Gaul, where he established himself first in a wilderness near the mouth of the Rhone and later by the River Gard. But here again the fame of his sanctity drew multitudes to him, so he withdrew to a dense forest near Nimes, where in the greatest solitude he spent many years, his sole companion being a hind. This last retreat was finally discovered by the king's hunters, who had pursued the hind to its place of refuge. The king [who according to the legend was Wamba (or Flavius?), King of the Visigoths, but who must have been a Frank, since the Franks had expelled the Visigoths from the neighbourhood of Nimes almost a century and a half earlier] conceived a high esteem for solitary, and would have heaped every honour upon him; but the humility of the saint was proof against all temptations. He consented, however, to receive thenceforth some disciples, and built a monastery in his valley, which he placed under the rule of St. Benedict. Here he died in the early part of the eighth century, with the highest repute for sanctity and miracles.
His cult spread rapidly far and wide throughout Europe in the Middle Ages, as is witnessed by the numberless churches and monasteries dedicated to him in France, Germany, Poland, Hungary, and the British Isles; by the numerous MSS. in prose and verse commemorating his virtues and miracles; and especially by the vast concourse of pilgrims who from all Europe flocked to his shrine. In 1562 the relics of the saint were secretly transferred to Toulouse to save them from the hideous excesses of the Huguenots who were then ravaging France, and the pilgrimage in consequence declined. With the restoration of a great part of the relics to the church of St. Giles in 1862, and the discovery of his former tomb there in 1865, the pilgrimages have recommenced. Besides the city of St-Gilles, which sprang up around the abbey, nineteen other cities bear his name, St-Gilles, Toulouse, and a multitude of French cities, Antwerp, Bridges, and Tournai in Belgium, Cologne and Bamberg, in Germany, Prague and Gran in Austria-Hungary, Rome and Bologna in Italy, possess celebrated relics of St. Giles. In medieval art he is a frequent subject, being always depicted with his symbol, the hind. His feast is kept on 1 September. On this day there are also commemorated another St. Giles, an Italian hermit of the tenth century (Acta SS., XLI, 305), and a Blessed Giles, d. about 1203, a Cistercian abbot of Castaneda in the Diocese of Astorga, Spain (op. cit. XLI, 308).
John F. X. Murphy.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Goar

From volume 6 of the work.
An anchorite of Aquitaine; b. about 585; d. near Oberwesel (Germany), 6 July, 649. He came of a distinguished family, and at an early age gave evidence of sound piety. Prayer was the constant occupation of his heart, and meditation on the truths of religion that of his mind. Having received Holy orders, and being thus enabled to act with more authority, he laboured to secure the salvation of a great number of souls. But being above all solicitous for his own sanctifcation, he resolved to leave the world, and about 618 he took up his dwelling in a lonely place at the extremity of the Diocese of Trier and in the neighbourhood of the little town of Oberwesel. It was here that, near a little chapel which he built, he began to lead an existence completely detached from material and perishable things. Nevertheless it was impossible for him so to conceal himself that his reputation did not spread far and wide. Pilgrims flocked to him, thus furnishing him with occasions to exercise the duties of hospitality in their behalf and to give them good advice. Two of them denounced him to Rusticus, Bishop of Trier, as a hypocrite and fond of good living and he was called upon by the bishop to defend himself. According to the legend, he did so with the help of a miracle which resulted in the bishop's confusion and in the manifestation of his unworthiness. King Sigebert III having learned of the occurrence summoned St. Goar to Metz and insisted that he should accept the episcopal see from which Resticus been driven. But the pious hermit was frightened by this offer, and asked time for reflection. On returning to his solitude he fell sick and died before the burden of the episcopal dignity had been imposed upon him. A small church was dedicated to him, in 1768, in the little town on the banks of the Rhine which bears his name (St-Goar).
LEON CLUGNET
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Godard

From volume 6 of the work.
(Also spelled GOTHARD, GODEHARD).
Bishop of Hildesheim in Lower Saxony; born about the year 960, in a village of Upper Bavaria, near the Abbey of Altaich, in the Diocese of Passau; Nassau; died on 4 May, 1038 canonized by Innocent II in 1131.
After a lengthy course of studies he received the Benedictine habit in 991. Having entered the Abbey of Altaich, his learning and sanctity speedily procured his elevation to the dignity of prior, and afterwards that of abbot, in the discharge of which sacred duties Godard went far towards enforcing rigorous observance of rule among those placed under his care. His special fitness in this department led to his being chosen to effect the work of reform in the Abbeys of Hersfeld, in Hesse; Tegernsee, in the Diocese of Freising; and Kremsmunster, in the Diocese of Passau.
On the death of St. Bernard, Bishop of Hildesheim (1021), Godard was chosen to succeed him; but his modesty yielded only to the urgent admonitions of Emperor St. Henry II. His zeal and prudence kept up the high tradition of Godard's cloistered activity. The monastic observance was established, as far as possible, in his cathedral chapter. He built schools for the education of youth in which he always manifested an active interest; maintained a rigorous personal surveillance over his seminary; and fostered a strict observance of the liturgy whilst attending to the building and upkeep of churches. He also exercised a paternal care for the material needs of his people. Many churches in Germany honour Godard as patron and several bear his name. His letters which have come down to us exhibit a lofty spiritual tone throughout. Godard was buried in his cathedral.
In 1132, the year following his canonization and the translation of his relics, the erection of a Benedictine monastery under the patronage of St. Godard, was begun, and two altars were dedicated to him in the cathedral church.
P. J. MacAuley.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Society of Divine Charity

From volume 5 of the work.
Divine Charity, Society of (Societas Divinæ Charitatis), founded at Maria-Martental near Kaisersesch, in 1903 by Josepth Tallmanns for the solution of the social question through the pursuit of agriculture and trades (printing, etc.) as well as by means of intellectual pursuits. The society consists of both priests and laymen.
Tillmanns and Oehmen, Die wahre Lösung der sozialen (Martental, 1905).
Sisters of Divine Charity, founded at Besançon, in 1799, by a Vincentian Sister, and modelled on the Sisters of Mercy of St. Vincent de Paul. The motherhouse, originally at Naples, is now in Rome, and there are many filial establishments in Italy, in Malta, and Gozzo. The sisters have charge of educational institutions, orphanages, hospitals, and insane asylums.
Daughters of Divine Charity, founded at Vienna, 21 November, 1868, by Franziska Lechner (d. 1894) on the Rule of St. Augustine, and approved by the Holy See in 1884 and definitively confirmed 22 July, 1891. The purpose of the congregation is to furnish girls without positions, shelter, care and the means of obtaining a position, without compensation, likewise to care for servants no longer able to work. The sisters are also engaged in schools, orphan asylums, and kindergartens. The motherhouse and novitiate are at Vienna; the congregation has 36 filial houses, 766 sisters, and 59 postulants.
F. M. Rudge
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sobaipura Indians

From volume 14 of the work.
Once an important tribe of the Piman branch of the great Shoshonean linguistic stock, occupying the territory of the Santa Cruz and San Pedro Rivers, in southeastern Arizona and adjacent portion of Sonora, Mexico. In dialect and general custom they seem to have closely resembled the Pápago, by whom and by the closely cognate Pima most of them were finally absorbed. Their principle centre was Bac or Vaaki, later San Xavier Del Bac, on Santa Cruz River, nine miles south from the present Tucson, Arizona. Here they were visited in 1692 by the pioneer Jesuit explorer of the southwest, Father Eusebio Kino, who in 1699 began the church from which the mission took its name. Other Jesuit mission foundations in the same tribe were (Santa Maria de) Suamca, just inside the Sonora line, established also by Kino about the same time, and San Miguel de Guevavi, founded in 1732 near the present Nogales, Arizona, all three missions being upon the Santa Cruz River. There were also several visiting stations. The missions shared the misfortunes attending those of the Pima and Pápago, but continued to exist until a few years after the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767. Before the end of the century the tribe itself had disappeared, and in later years San Xavier appears as a Pápago settlement. According to tradition the tribe was destroyed about the year 1790 by the attacks of the wild Apache, by whom a part were carried off, while others were forced to incorporate with the Pápago and Pima (q.v.).
James Mooney.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ainsworth, Frederick Crayton

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​AINSWORTH, FREDERICK CRAYTON, an American soldier, born in Woodstock, Vt., in 1852. He studied medicine at the Medical College of New York and was appointed assistant surgeon in the army in 1874. He was promoted to various grades until in 1892 he became a colonel and Chief of the Record and Pension Office. He was appointed Brigadier-General in 1899 and Major-General and Military Secretary in 1904, and Major-General and Adjutant-General of the United States in 1907. He was retired at his own request in 1912. He was an efficient administrator of the Adjutant-General's office, and introduced many improved methods of carrying on the business of the War Department.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ainsworth, William Harrison

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​AINSWORTH, WILLIAM HARRISON, an English novelist; born in Manchester, Feb. 4, 1905. Educated in Manchester, he went to London, edited "Bentley's Magazine" in 1840, "Ainsworth's Magazine" (1842-1853), and the "New Monthly Magazine." He wrote 250 novels and enjoyed enormous popularity. His books are still read for their vivacious narratives and powerful descriptions. The most widely known among them is probably "Jack Sheppard" (1839). He died in Ryegate, Jan. 3, 1882.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Aintab

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​AINTAB, a town in Syria in the vilayet of Aleppo. Prior to the treaty of peace with Turkey in 1920, the town belonged to Turkey. It has military importance and is provided with strong fortifications. Before the war it had an important trade in leather and cotton. Pop. about 45,000, which is made up for the most part of Armenian and Greek Christians. In April and May, 1920, the city was attacked by Turkish forces and many of its inhabitants were killed and most of the others were driven from the city. The French force which was defending the town withdrew, leaving it defenseless. There were present at the time several American missionaries who, however, escaped from the city without injury.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Aguilar, Grace

* related authors: Grace Aguilar.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, quotes, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​AGUILAR, GRACE (ä-gē-lär′), an English novelist; born at Hackney, June 2, 1816; was the daughter of Jewish parents of Spanish origin. Her first books were in defense of the Jewish religion: “The Spirit of Judaism” (1842); “The Jewish Faith,” etc. She is best known by her domestic and sentimental novels, “Home Influence” (1847); “The Vale of Cedars” (1850), and “The Days of Bruce” (1852). She died in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Sept. 16, 1847.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 75.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ai

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​AI, a species of sloth, the bradypus tridactylus of Linnæus. As its name implies it has three toes, or rather nails, on each foot, in this respect differing from the unau (bradypus didactylus of Linnæus), which has but two. It is of the order edentata, or toothless mammals. It is the only known species of its class which has as many as nine cervical vertebræ, seven being the normal number. It is about the size of a cat. The tail is very short. The limbs also are short, but exceedingly muscular. It clings with extraordinary tenacity to the branches of trees. It inhabits America, from Brazil to Mexico.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ailanthus, or Ailantus

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​AILANTHUS, or AILANTUS, a genus of plants belonging to the order of simarubaceæ. The glandulosa, called tree of heaven or Chinese sumach, a native of Mongolia and Japan, has very large, unequally pinnate leaves and unpleasant-smelling flowers. In Japan it affords nourishment to a fine silkworm. The silk produced is coarser, but more durable than mulberry silk. It was first brought to the United States in 1784. During the first half-dozen years it outstrips almost any other deciduous tree in vigor of growth, and leading stems grow 12 to 15 feet in a single season. In four or five years, therefore, it forms a bulky head, but after that period it advances more slowly. In the United States it is planted purely for ornament; but in Europe its wood has been applied to cabinet work.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Akyab

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​AKYAB, a town of Burma, the chief seaport of Aracan, is situated on the eastern side of the island of Akyab, at the mouth of the Kuladan river, 190 miles S. E. of Calcutta. In 1826 it was chosen for the chief station of the province, and now is a great rice port. It is well built, with broad and regular streets. Savage Island, with a lighthouse, shelters the harbor. Pop. about 40,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ahriman

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​AHRIMAN, a Persian deity, the demon or principle of evil, the principle of good being Oromasdes, or Ormuzd.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Aid-de-Camp, Aide-de-Camp

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​AID-DE-CAMP, AIDE-DE-CAMP, or sometimes simply AID or AIDE, an officer who receives the orders of a general and communicates them.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Aiken

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​AIKEN, town and county-seat of Aiken co., S. C, on the Southern railway; 17 miles E. of Augusta, Ga. It is a noted winter health resort, especially for consumptives; contains Aiken Institute, the Schofield Normal School, and the Immanuel Training and High School; and has banks, newspapers, manufactories, and large cotton trade. Pop. (1910) 3,911; (1920) 4,103.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sexton

From volume 13 of the work.
(Old English Sexestein, sextein, through the French sacristain from Lat. sacrista).
One who guards the church edifice, its treasures, vestments, etc., and as an inferior minister attends to burials, bell-ringings and similar offices about a church. In ancient times, the duties of the modern sexton, who is generally a layman, were part of the functions of the clerical order of ostiariatus. The clerics called ostiarii had the keys of the church committed to them and were responsible for the guardianship of the sacred edifice, the holy vessels, books, and vestments. They opened the church and summoned the faithful to the Divine Mysteries. Others of them were specially deputed to guard the bodies and shrines of the martyrs. According to the Council of Trent (Sees. XXIII, cap. xvii, De Ref.), the sexton or sacristan should be a cleric, but it allowed him to be a married man, pro=1Fvided he received the tonsure and wore the clerical dress. By custom, however, these conditions have ceased to be effective, and at present the office is usu=1Fally held by a layman. In many cathedral churches, e.g. in Austria and Germany, the title of sacristan or custos is still held by a priest, who is generally one of the dignitaries of the cathedral chapter, and has supervision of the fabric of the cathedral and of the buildings that serve for the residences of canons and parochial vicars. This official has special charge of the cure of souls and sees also to the solemnizing of the great church festivals. He generally has an assistant, whose particular duty it is to watch over the performance of the Divine service in choir. According to a decision of the Roman Rota, the sacristan of a cathedral church should always be in priest's orders. In Rome the office of sacristan in the Apostolic palace is always committed to a member of the Order of Hermits of St. Augustine, by a Decree of Pope Alexander VI. The sacristan of the conclave for the election of a new pope has all the privileges of the conclavists.
Ferraris, Bibl. canonica, VII (Rome, 1891), s. v., Sacrista.
WILLIAM H.W. FANNING
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sexagesima

From volume 13 of the work.
(Lat. sexagesima, sixtieth) is the eighth Sunday before Easter and the second before Lent. The Ordo Romanus, Alcuin, and others count the Sexagesima from this day to Wednesday after Easter. The name was already known to the Fourth Council of Orleans in 541. For the Greeks and Slavs it is Dominica Carnisprivii, because on it they began, at least to some extent, to abstain from meat. The Synaxarium calls it Dominica secundi et muneribus non corrupti adventus Domini. To the Latins it is also known as "Exsurge" from the beginning of the Introit. The statio was at Saint Paul's outside the walls of Rome, and hence the oratio calls upon the doctor of the Gentiles. The Epistle is from Paul, II Cor., xi and xii describing his suffering and labours for the Church. The Gospel (Luke, viii) relates the falling of the seed on nood and on bad ground, while the Lessons of the first Nocturn continue the history of man's iniquity, and speak of Noah and of the Deluge. (See SEPTUAGESIMA.)
BUTLER. The Movable Feasts of the Catholic Chureh (New York, s. d.), tr. IV, ii.
FRANCIS MERSHMAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Severin Binius

From volume 2 of the work.
Historian and critic, b. in 1573 in the village of Randerath, Western Germany; d. 14 February, 1641. He made his studies at the gymnasium of St. Lawrence, in cologne, and later taught in the same school for several years. After his ordination to the priesthood he obtained the degree of doctor of divinity from the University of Cologne, where he taught general ecclesiastical history and ecclesiastical discipline, eventually becoming (1627-30) Rector Magnificus of the university. Binius was successively canon in two chapter-churches of Cologne and finally in the cathedral. In 1631 he was made counsellor and vicar-general of the archdiocese, a promotion due to his learning and one which was amply justified by his ability in managing the affairs of the archdiocese. Besides his many ordinary occupations he was active in the ecclesiastical ministry; he was also very charitable towards the poor, especially to needy students.
The reputation of Binius is owing chiefly to his edition of the Councils of the Church. The previous collections by Jacques Merlin, Peter Crabbe, and Lorenzo Surius appeared incomplete to him, lacking as they did explanatory notes. With the help of other scholars he prepared a new edition of the councils in four volumes (Cologne, 1606) under the title "Concilia generalia et provincialia". It gives only the Latin text, and contains the acts of the councils, the decretal letters, and the lives of the popes. Binius added copious explanatory notes drawn largely from the "Ecclesiastical Annals" of Baronius. A second edition, considerably enlarged and containing also the Greek text, appeared at Cologne in 1618. In 1639 a third edition in nine volumes appeared at Paris, in preparation for which extensive use was made of the collection of councils published at Rome from 1608 to 1612. Binius also prepared an edition of the ecclesiastical histories of Eusebius, Socrates, Theodoret, Sozomen, and Evagrius.
KESSEL, IN Kirchenlez (Freiburg,1887), II; HURTER, Nomenclator (Innsbruck, 1892), I; HEFELE, Conciliengesch (Freiburg, 1873), I; HARTZHEIM, Bibl. Colon. (Freiburg, 1747), 295.
FRANCIS J. SCHAEFER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Seven Robbers

From volume 13 of the work.
(Septem Latrones), martyrs on the Island of Corcyra (Corfu) in the second century. Their names are Saturninus, Insischolus, Faustianus, Januarius, Marsalius, Euphrasius, and Mammius. The greek menologoies inform us that Sts. Jason and Sosipater, who had been instructed in the Christian religion by the Apostles or by Christ Himself, came to the Island of Corcyra to preach the Gospel of Christ. After making numerous conversions they were cast into a dungeon where the above-named seven robbers were imprisoned. They succeeded in converting the robbers who were then taken outside the city and martyred by being cast into caldrons that were filled with seething oil and pitch. Some Greek menologies mantion them on 27, others on 29, April. In the Roman martyrology they are commemorated on 20 April.
MICHAEL OTT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Severus Sanctus Endelechus

From volume 13 of the work.
Christian rhetorician and poet of the fourth century. It is possible that his true name was Endelechius and that he adopted the other names after his conversion to Christianity. In the MSS. of the "Metamorphoses" of Apuleius, the subscription of the corrector and revisor, Sallustius, declares him the pupil at Rome in 395 of the rhetorician Endelechius in the forum of Mars (which is the forum of Augustus): "in foro Martis controversiam declamans oratori Endelechio". This rhetorician is certainly identical with the poet. He was probably of Gallic origin. He was a friend of St. Paulinus of Nola, who dedicated to him his panegyric of Theodosius and even owed to him the idea of this work. We are in possession of Endelechius's "De morte boum", an idyl in thirty-three Asclopedian strophes, in which the shepherd Bucolus explains to his companion AEgon that he is sad because his flock are dying of contagion. Tityrus enters leading his flock which remains healthy amid the epidemic. He explains that this miracle is due to the Sign of the Cross made on the forehead of the animals, whereupon AEgon and Bucolus decide to become Christians. This little poem is chiefly interesting because it shows the resistance of paganism in the country and the means by which Christian preaching sought to overcome it. It was discovered in an unknown MS. and published by P. Pithou in 1586. Riese reprinted it in the "Anthologia Latina" (2nd ed., Leipzig, 1906, n. 893).
TEUFFEL, Gesch. der römischen Literatur (Leipzig, 1890), =15448, I; BARDENHEWER, Patrologie, 1573-5; EBERT, Gesch. der Literatur des Mittelalters, I, 314; MANITIUS, Gesch. der christlich-lateinischen Lit. (Stuttgart, 1891), 258.
PAUL LEJAY