OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fichte, Immanuel Hermann

Edition of 1905. See also Immanuel Hermann Fichte on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FICHTE, fīK'te, Immanuel Hermann (1797-1879). A German philosopher, son of Johann Gottlieb Fichte. He early devoted himself to philosophical studies, being attracted by the later views of his father, which he considered essentially theistic. He also attended the lectures of Hegel, but felt averse to what he deemed to be his pantheistic tendencies. Occupied at first as a teacher, Fichte was appointed professor of philosophy in Bonn in 1836, and from 1842 to 1863 held a chair in the University of Tübingen. His chief works are: Beiträge zur Charakteristik der neuern Philosophie (1829; 2d ed. 1841); System der Ethik (1850-53); Anthropologie (1856). The great aim of his speculations was to find a philosophic basis for the personality of God, and for his theory on this subject he proposed the term concrete theism. The regeneration of Christianity, according to him, would consist in its becoming the vital and organizing power in the State, instead of being occupied solely, as heretofore, with the salvation of individuals.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fichet, Guillaume

Edition of 1905. See also Guillaume Fichet on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FICHET', fḗ'shắ', Guillaume. A French scholar of the fifteenth century. In 1467 he was elected rector of the University of Paris, and he installed in the Sorbonne the first printing-press ever set up in France, with the aid of three printers who came from Mainz to assist him in this work. The first book printed was Lettres de Gasparino (1470). Some of Fichet's own books followed, such as Ficheti Guilielmi Artium et Theologiæ Doctoris, Rhetoricorum Libri III. (1470). Consult Phillipe, Guillaume Fichet, sa vie et ses œuvres. Introduction de l'imprimerie à Paris (Annecy, 1892).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fichel, Eugène

Edition of 1905. See also Eugène Fichel on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FICHEL, fḗ′shĕl′, Eugène (1826-95). A French painter, born in Paris. He was a pupil of Paul Delaroche. His first work of importance was exhibited in 1850, “Harvey Demonstrating the Circulation of the Blood to Charles I.” Fichel has the miniature style of Meissonier, great care in finish, archæological exactness, and a kind of delicate humor. Among his numerous
works are: “A Morning Call” (1855); “The Arrival at the Inn” (1863), in the Luxembourg; “The Foundation of the French Academy” (1872); “The End of Dinner” (1872); and “The Council of War” (1890).
# The Mystery of the Yellow Room/Chapter 25

CHAPTER XXV
Rouletabille Goes on a Journey
THAT same evening Rouletabille and I left the Glandier. We were very glad to get away and there was nothing more to keep us there. I declared my intention to give up the whole matter. It had been too much for me. Rouletabille, with a friendly tap on my shoulder, confessed that he had nothing more to learn at the Glandier; he had learned there all it had to tell him. We reached Paris about eight o'clock, dined, and then, tired out, we separated, agreeing to meet the next morning at my rooms.
Rouletabille arrived next day at the hour agreed on. He was dressed in a suit of English tweed, with an ulster on his arm, and a valise in his hand. Evidently he had prepared himself for a journey.
"How long shall you be away?" I asked.
"A month or two," he said. "It all depends."
I asked him no more questions.
"Do you know," he asked, "what the word was that Mademoiselle Stangerson tried to say before she fainted?"
"No—nobody heard it."
"I heard it!" replied Rouletabille. "She said 'Speak!'"
"Do you think Darzac will speak?"
"Never."
​I was about to make some further observations, but he wrung my hand warmly and wished me good-bye. I had only time to ask him one question before he left.
"Are you not afraid that other attempts may be made while you're away?"
"No! Not now that Darzac is in prison," he answered.
With this strange remark he left. I was not to see him again until the day of Darzac's trial at the court when he appeared to explain the inexplicable.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Albania

See also Albania on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Albania (ăl-bā' ni-ä) is the southwestern part of European Turkey. It is about 290 miles long from north to south, and from 40 to 50 miles in width. The country is mountainous, and is noted for its underground rivers and beautiful lakes. The Albanians are mountaineers and many of them brigands.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Aladdin

See also Aladdin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Aladdin (ă-lăd' in), a hero in one of the stories of the Arabian Nights' Entertainments. He possessed a wonderful lamp and an equally wonderful ring, on rubbing which two frightful genii appeared, who are, respectively, the slave of the ring and of the lamp, and who obey the bidding of any one who may have them in his keeping.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alamo, The

See also Battle of the Alamo on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Alamo (ä' lä-mo), The, a fort near San Antonio, Texas. Here 188 Texans bravely resisted 2,500 Mexicans from February 11 to March 5, 1836, and nearly all perished rather than surrender. When the fort was taken by the Mexicans, who lost 1,600 men, only five Texans were alive. These were ordered to be shot. Here were killed David Crockett and Col. James Bowie, from whom the bowie knife was named. Because of this heroic defense Alamo is called the "Thermopylæ of America." "Remember the Alamo!" became the cry of the Texans in their struggle for independence.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alaric

See also Alaric I on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Al'aric, whose name means "all ruler," was a chief and king of the Visigoths. We first find him in 394 A. D., as a commander in the army of the conquered Goths, under the Roman Emperor Theodosius. When Theodosius died, the Goths rebelled, attacked Athens and plundered it of its treasures. A Roman army was now sent against him, under General Stilicho, which drove him to a stronghold in Elis and besieged him there. Managing to escape with his army, the new emperor, Arcadius, decided to make him prefect or governor of the Roman province of Illyricum. This kept Alaric quiet for five years. But about 400 A. D. he set out to invade the empire of the west. It took him two years to reach Milan, where the Emperor Honorius was. He drove him to a fortress and besieged it, but was defeated here, and afterward at Verona, by Stilicho. Still it was thought safest to give Alaric his old place as prefect of Illyricum and a large amount of gold. When the emperor foolishly killed Stilicho, his best general, Alaric marched at once on Rome and laid siege to it. When the people attempted to buy him off, his price was so exorbitant that they said they could not pay it. Alaric's well-known reply was, "The closer hay is pressed, the easier it is mown." He was at last bought off with a great treasure of gold and silver. Honorius, however, broke the treaty, and a second time Alaric attacked Rome. This time the people opened the gates and asked him to name a new emperor. When Honorius became emperor again, he sent, treacherously, a savage chief to attack the camp of the Goths. Alaric marched again on Rome and pillaged it for six days, and then overran all Italy with his troops. He died in 410.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Albani, Madame

See also Emma Albani on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Albani, Madame (Marie Louise C E. Lajeunesse), a famous soprano and prima donna, was born at Chambly, near Montreal, Canada, November 1, 1850. After an education at Montreal, Paris and Milan she made her début at Messina, in 1870, in Bellini's opera of La Sonnambula. In 1878 she married Ernest Gye, the English impresario. In 1897 she was awarded the Beethoven gold medal by the London Philharmonic Society.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alabaster

See also Alabaster on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Alabaster (ăl' a-băs-tĕr). See Gypsum.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alameda

See also Alameda, California on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Alameda (ä-lä-mā' da), California, an important city of Alameda County, opposite San Francisco, on the shore of the Bay of San Francisco, and contiguous to the city of Oakland. It is reached from the interior by the Southern and the Central Pacific R. R.; while by ferry from the moles and wharfs of the town it is connected with San Francisco. The town makes a delightful suburb of the latter city, surrounded by shady oaks, and with clean streets, good schools and churches and the quiet and freedom of suburban life. Population 23,383.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alabama Claim, The

See also Alabama Claims on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Alabama Claim, The. The Alabama was a cruiser which was built in a British port for the use of the Confederacy in destroying the commerce of the northern states during the Civil War. Against the protests of Mr. Charles Francis Adams, the American minister to Great Britain, the Alabama was permitted to sail from the latter country in 1862. For three years she did much harm to the shipping of the United States, but she was at last defeated and sunk off the northern shore of France (June 19, 1864) by the Kearsarge, under the command of Captain Winslow. The United States presented its claims for damages to Great Britain. In 1871 it was decided by a treaty between the two countries to submit all claims for damages done by the Alabama and other vessels to a tribunal of five persons, who were to be named by the President of the United States, the Queen of England, the King of Italy, the President of the Swiss Confederation and the Emperor of Brazil. In 1872 this court awarded $15,500,000 to the United States. Because the tribunal met in Geneva, Switzerland, its verdict is often called the Geneva Award.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alabama River

See also Alabama River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Alaba'ma River, a river of the state of Alabama, is formed by the junction of the rivers Coosa and Tallapoosa. It unites with the Tombigbee to form the Mobile at a point forty-five miles above the Gulf of Mobile. It has a depth of six feet for sixty miles above its mouth.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Eisenach

Edition of 1905. See also Eisenach on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
EISENACH, ī'ze-nȧG. A town of the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar, and former residence of the Principality of Eisenach, situated at the northwestern end of the Thuringian Forest and at the confluence of the Nesse with the Hörsel, 45 miles west of Weimar (Map: Germany, D 3). The town is well laid out, and has a number of squares, one of which, the Lutherplatz, contains the house where Luther lived while studying at Eisenach, and another, Karlsplatz, is adorned with a bronze statue of Luther. The most noteworthy ecclesiastical edifices are the Church of Saint Nicholas, dating from the twelfth century, with an octagonal tower: the Church of Saint George, a large Gothic edifice with a bronze statue of Sebastian Bach, a native of Eisenach. Other interesting buildings are the palace, erected in 1742; the town hall;
the Klemda, an old castellated building dating from the thirteenth century, and now occupied by a club; the theatre; and the house where Sebastian Bach was born. Not far from the town, on a lofty eminence, is situated the Castle of Wartburg, the residence of the mediæval landgraves of Thuringia, dating probably from the eleventh century, but mainly built in the succeeding centuries, and recently restored. It consists of two main parts, the Vorburg and the Hofburg, the former containing the Ritterhaus and stables, and the latter the apartments of the landgraves. Among the rooms in the Vorburg, the most interesting is that occupied by Luther while he worked on his famous translation of the Bible. The Hofburg contains many halls of great splendor, including the Sängersaal, where, according to local tradition, the contests of the Minnesingers were held under the patronage of the Landgrave Hermann I. (1190-1217), as described in the old poem, Kriec von Wartburg. The castle is now occasionally occupied by the Grand Duke of Weimar.
Among the educational institutions of Eisenach, the most prominent is the gymnasium, formerly a Latin school, which counted among its pupils Luther and Sebastian Bach. Eisenach has some well-developed manufacturing industries, and produces paint, chemicals, woolen goods, leather, pottery, shoes, tobacco, and cigars. It owns its water-supply, has an electric street railway, and is lighted by gas and electricity. The neighborhood of Eisenach is of remarkable picturesqueness, ornamented with splendid gardens and magnificent residences. The town was founded in 1070, near the older town of Isenach, or Isenacum. It prospered under the protection of the landgraves of Thuringia, the owners of the Wartburg, and was, from 1596 to 1741, the residence of the princes of Eisenach. Population, in 1890, 21,399; in 1900, 31,442. Consult: Storch, Beschreibung der Stadt Eisenach (Eisenach, 1831); Schwerdt and Jäger, Eisenach und die Wartburg (ib., 1871); Warnatz, Die Wartburg und Eisenach in Sage und Geschichte (Vienna, 1881); Scheller, Eisenach und Umgebung, edited by Kühner (Eisenach, 1898).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Eiselen, Ernst Wilhelm Bernhard

Edition of 1905. See also Ernst Eiselen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
EISELEN, ī'ze-len, Ernst Wilhelm Bernhard (1793-1846). A German promoter of athletic exercise, born in Berlin. He established the terms still used in German fencing. In 1818 he opened a public gymnasium in Berlin, which was followed in 1832 by one especially designed for the gynmastic training of girls. He was one of the foremost promoters of those athletic exercises which have directly and indirectly contributed to the physical improvement of the Germans, becoming bases of military training, and conducing to the splendid successes achieved by the German arms during the nineteenth century. It is interesting to note that it was largely from these transplanted gymnasia, or Turnvereine, that some of the best German volunteers of the Civil War in the United States were recruited. The literary productions of Eiselen include: Deutsche Turnkunst, in association with Jahn (1816); Hantelübungen, (3d ed. 1883); Abbildungen von Turnübungen (5th ed. 1889); Das deutsche Hiebfechten (new ed. 1882); Abriss des deutschen Stossfechtens (new ed. 1889).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Electra

Edition of 1905. See also Electra on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ELEC'TRA (Lat., from Gk. Ἠλέκτρα). In Greek legend: (1) The daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, and the sister of Orestes and Iphigenia. While Agamemnon was absent at the siege of Troy, his cousin Ægisthus corrupted Clytemnestra, and, on the great leader's return, shamefully assisted her in murdering him. Electra, alarmed for the safety of Orestes, and desiring to have in him an avenger, contrived to send him to his uncle Strophius, King of Phocis. There he met Pyladis, and formed with him the friendship so famed in story — an attachment further cemented by the marriage of his friend to his sister. There is a tradition that Ægisthus sought to humble her by forcing her to marry a peasant, but the fellow, mindful of the gods, duly restored her to Orestes. By Pylades she was mother of Strophius and Medon. Her experiences are recounted by Æschylus in the Choëphoi, by Sophocles in Electra, by Euripides in the three dramas Electra, Orestes, and Iphigenia Among the Tauri, by Racine in Electra, and by Goethe in Iphigenie auf Tauris. (2) Wife of Atlas, by Zeus, mother of Dardanus, and one of the Oceanides. (3) One of the Pleiades, daughter of Atlas and Pleione. See Agamemnon; Orestes; Iphigenia; and Ægisthus.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hoffman, Walter James

Edition of 1905. See also Walter James Hoffman on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HOFFMAN, Walter James (1846-99). An American ethnologist. He was born at Weidasville, Pa., studied medicine at Jefferson College, Philadelphia, and practiced it in Reading, Pa., till
1870, when he went to the Franco-Prussian War as a surgeon with the German Army. On his return he took a similar position with the United States troops, and thus obtained opportunities for natural history researches in Arizona, Nevada, and Dakota. In 1877 Hoffman was attached to the Geological Survey, and two years afterwards became assistant in the Bureau of Ethnology at its formation.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hoffmann, August Heinrich

Edition of 1905. See also August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HOFFMANN, hṓf'mȧn, August Heinrich, called Hoffmann von Fallersleben, fṓn fäl'ẽrs-lắ'ben (1798-1874). A German poet, philologist, and literary historian, born at Fallersleben. He was educated at Göttingen and Bonn, and from 1823 to 1838 was librarian at the University of Breslau, where he was also professor from 1830 till his dismissal (1842) for his Unpolitische Lieder (1841-42). He was restored to his rights as a Prussian citizen in 1848, having passed the intervening years in Mecklenburg. He married in 1849 and afterwards lived at Bingerbrück, Neuwied, and Weimar, where he was an editor of the Weimarisches Jahrbuch. From 1860 till his death he was librarian of the Duke of Ratibor. Popular at first as a liberal political poet, he is cherished still for the ease, simplicity, and grace of songs of common life, for many of which he also composed melodies, Hoffmann was a diligent editor of early German classics (Reincke Vos, Monumenta Elnonensia, Theophilus), made valuable contributions to philology now of antiquarian interest only, and to literary history. In 1868-70 Hoffmann published Mein Leben, an autobiography in six volumes. Hoffmann's Works are still uncollected, but the Poems (incomplete) have been often reëdited. His Briefe an Ferdinand Wolf were published in 1874. There is a Life by Wagner (Vienna and Dresden, 1869). Consult also Kreyenberg, in Preussische Jahrbücher (Berlin, 1891).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Amadeus

Edition of 1905. See also E. T. A. Hoffmann on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HOFFMANN, Ernst Theodor Amadeus (originally Wilhelm) (1776-1822). An eccentric German romantic novelist of cosmopolitan reputation and influence, born at Königsberg. His foremost characteristic is his wayward yet keen fancy, suggesting at once Hawthorne and Poe. He dealt by preference with the grotesque, startling, and marvelous, until toward the close of his life morbidity verged on madness. After a joyless childhood, he prepared for the law, let his wit run away with his prudence in some witty caricatures, and finding his career thus blocked. suffered from penury and dissipation. He eked out a living by scene and portrait painting and musical composition and criticism in Posen, Warsaw, Bamberg, Leipzig, Dresden, and Berlin, where in 1816 he became councilor of the Court of Appeals. For short intervals he was manager and musical director also. His first book was a collection of musical criticisms with illustrations, Phantasiestücke in Callots Manier (1814). In 1816 appeared Die Elixire des Teufels, which, with Lebensansichten des Katers Murr (1820-22), is the most famous of his works. Other noteworthy volumes are Die Serapionsbrüder (1819-21) and
Nachtstücke (1817). All are alike characterized by a lyric swing and an erratic imagination that is mentally disquieting and yet blended with shrewd satire, wit, and even wisdom. He died of disease induced by dissipation, his mind at times clear, and clinging tenaciously to a life that ebbed inch by inch away. Hoffmann's Works are in fifteen volumes (1879-83). Of the more popular, there are many editions. The Elixire des Teufels has been translated into English (1824), also Der goldene Topf (The Golden Pot), one of the Phantasiestücke, by Carlyle in his German Romance (Edinburgh, 1827), with a biographical sketch. Other translations are by Gillies (London, 1826); Bealby, (New York, 1885); and Ewing (London, 1886). Consult: Hitzig, Hoffmanns Leben und Nachlass (Stuttgart, 1839), and Erinnerungen, by Funck (Leipzig, 1836).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Holleben, Theodor von

Edition of 1905. See also Theodor von Holleben on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HOLLEBEN, hṓl'lắben, Theodor von (1838—). A German diplomat. He was born in Stettin, and in 1872 left the Hussars for the diplomatic service. He was Minister to Argentina (1875-85). Envoy to Japan (1885-91), to Washington (1891-93), to Stuttgart (1893-97); and then again to Washington, where he received the rank of Ambassador. After the failure of the German effort to induce President Roosevelt to act as arbitrator in the Venezuelan dispute, von Holleben resigned because of failing health.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Holywell

Edition of 1905. See also Holywell on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HOLYWELL, hō'lĭ-wĕl. A municipal and Parlimentary borough and market-town in Flintshire, North Wales, 4½ miles northwest of Flint (Map: England, C 3). It has limestone quarries, coal and lead mines, and numerous establishments for smelting, manufacturing shot, zinc, etc. There are also manufactures of cottons, flannels, and galloons, paper, and Roman cement. Holywell owes its origin to the renowned well of Saint Winifred, which is said to be the most copious spring in Britain. Its waters were believed to be efficacious in curing diseases, and are still resorted to by Roman Catholic pilgrims. The well is covered by a fine Perpendicular chapel attributed to Margaret, mother of Henry VII. In the vicinity are remains of the old Saxon Abbey of Basingwerk, and in the town is Saint Buenos College for Roman Catholic priests. Population, in 1891, 2894; in 1901, 2652.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Holz, Arno

Edition of 1905. See also Arno Holz on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HOLZ, hṓlts, Arno (1863—). A German poet and critic, born at Rastenburg. Before he was nineteen he was engaged in journalism, and in 1882 published a volume of poems, Klinginsherz, which won the Augsburg Schiller Prize. In a second volume, Deutsche Weisen (1884), written with Jerschke, and in the Buch der Zeit (1885 and 1892), his extremely modern tendency appears, and the attention to details and the attempt at photographic realism is carried even further in Neue Gleise (1892), in which he collaborated with Johannes Schlaf. His realistic theory is further illustrated in the plays Socialaristokraten (1896) and Die Blechschmiede (1902), the latter a satiric dialogue, and is defended by Holz in Die Kunst (1891 et seq.), and Revolution der Lyrik (1899).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hoffory, (John Peter) Julius

Edition of 1905. See also Julius Hoffory on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HOFFORY, hṓ'fṓ-rḗ, (John Peter) Julius (1855-97). A Danish-German philologist, phonetician, and Germanic scholar, born at Aarhus. He was educated at Copenhagen and Berlin. In 1886 he was made professor of Norse philology and phonetics at the University of Berlin. He wrote: Eddastudien (1889); “Phonetische Streitfragen,” in the Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung, vol. xxiii.; and Professor Sievers und die Principien der Sprachphysiologie (1884), both attacks on Sievers. He edited and translated into German some of Holberg's comedies under the title of Dänische Schaubühne (1885-87), and translated other Danish writings in Nordische Bibliothek (1889-91). He did much toward the introduction of Ibsen in Germany.