OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Hohenheim, Francisca, Countess von

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HOHENHEIM, FRANCISCA, COUNTESS VON,
Born in 1748, at Adelmansfelden, daughter of the lord of Bernard in. She married, when quite a child, the old and disagreeable lord of Laubrum. She became afterwards acquainted with Charles Eugene, Duke of Wurtemberg, who fell violently in love with her, and persuaded her to elope with him. She was subsequently divorced from her first husband, and married to the Duke in Morganatic marriage. She became a blessing to the duchy of Wurtemberg, by the happy influence she exercised over her otherwise harsh and cruel husband. She was the foundress of numerous charitable institutions. After the death of her husband, she withdrew to Kirchheim, where she died, in 1811.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Hopkins, Louisa Payson

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HOPKINS, LOUISA PAYSON,
Daughter of the Rev. Dr. Payson, distinguished for his learning and piety, and wife of the Rev. Mr. Hopkins, professor in Williams College, Massachusetts, has written a number of works for the young, which are greatly valued for their excellent mode of illustrating the Bible and its doctrines. Among her books published previously to her marriage, was "The Pastor's Daughter," which gave its author a high reputation for talents as well as religions zeal. Her latest work is, "The Guiding Star; or the Bible God's Message," a sequel to "Henry Langdon, or, What was I made for?" published in 1846. These two books contain, well arranged and; ​clearly set forth, such evidences of the truth of God's revealed Word, as must make the Bible History interesting to the youngest child who can read it, and furnish to the mother a manual for the edification of her own mind, as well as a guide to aid in instructing her family. Mrs. Hopkins should hold a high rank among Christian writers.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Hilda, St.

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HILDA, ST.,
Princess of Scotland, was learned in Scripture, and composed many religious works. She strenuously opposed the tonsure of the priests, probably supposing it a heathenish custom. She built the convent of St. Fare, of which she became abbess, and died there in 685.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Hildegardis

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HILDEGARDIS,
A famous abbess of the order of St. Benedict, at Spanheim, in Germany, whose prophecies are supposed to relate to the reformation, and the destruction of the Roman see; they had great influence at the time of the reformation. She lived in 1146. The books in which these prophecies are contained, appear to have been written by a zealous, godly, and understanding woman, shocked at the crimes which she saw prevailing around her. She also wrote a poem on medicine, and a book of Latin poems. Her good works and her piety were long remembered.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Hodson, Margaret

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HODSON, MARGARET,
By birth Miss Holford, is very favourably known as a poetess. Her chief work, entitled "Margaret of Anjou," is a poem in ten cantos, in which the story of this unfortunate Queen is eloquently and graphically told. She has also written "Wallace, or the Flight of Falkirk," and some miscellaneous verses. Her poetical writings display a strong, romantic, vigorous genius, lofty and daring in its flight, and essentially firm and healthy in its constitution. Like Miss Baillie, she finds that simplicity is the truest strength; and she never exhibits the slightest leaning towards the rhapsodical or sentimental. Her stories are skilfully conducted, and like a thread of gold is the Vivid interest which runs through them from the first to the last.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Hofland, Barbara

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HOFLAND, BARBARA,
Was born in 1770, at Sheffield, where her father, Mr. Robert Wreaks, was an extensive manufacturer. In 1796, Miss Wreaks married Mr. T. Bradshaw Hoole, a young man connected with a large mercantile house in Sheffield; but he died in two years after their marriage, leaving her with an infant son only four mouths old; and soon after, she lost the greater part of her property. Mrs. Hoole, in 1805, published a volume of poems, with the proceeds of which she established herself in a small school, at Harrogate, where she continued to write, but principally in prose. In 1808, Mrs. Hoole married Mr. Thomas C. Hofland, a landscape-painter, and went with him to London. She still pursued her writing with, great zeal, and in 1812 published five works.
In 1833 she lost her son by Mr. Hoole; and her husband died in 1843. She had continued to write till this time, but her health now failed, and she expired the following year, 1844, aged seventy-four. Her principal works are, "The Clergyman's Widow," "The Daughter-in-Law," "Emily," "The Son of a Genius," "Beatrice," "Says she to her Neighbour, What?" "Captives in India," "The Unloved One," "Daniel Dennison," &c. &c. All her productions are moral and instructive; she was earnest in her purpose of doing good. And she has done much service to the cause of improvement, though her works are not of that high order of genius which keeps its place in the heart of humanity, because its productions mirror life and not manners.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Spandril

See also Spandril on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SPANDRIL, or Spandrel (formerly splaundrel, a word of unknown origin), in architecture, the space between any arch or curved brace and the level label, beams, &c, over the same. The spandrils over doorways in Perpendicular work are generally richly decorated. At Magdalen College, Oxford, is one which is perforated, and has a most beautiful effect. The spandril of doors is sometimes ornamented in the Decorated period) but seldom forms part of the composition of the doorway itself, being generally over the label.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Spalding

See also Spalding, Lincolnshire on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SPALDING, a market town in the Holland or Spalding parliamentary division of Lincolnshire, England, on the river Welland, and on the Great Northern and Great Eastern railways, 93 m. N. from London. Pop. of urban district (1901), 9385. The town is the centre of a rich agricultural district. The parish church of St Mary and St Nicholas was built in 1284 and is of peculiar construction, having four aisles to the nave. It is mainly Decorated in style. The adjoining lady chapel (St Mary and St Thomas à Becket) was built in 1315; in 1588 it was appropriated for the grammar school endowed in 1568 by John Blanke and again in 1588 by John Gamlyn. A new grammar school was erected in 1881. There are several modern churches and chapels, a corn exchange, a Christian association and literary institute, and the Johnson hospital (1881, endowed). The existing high bridge over the Welland, constructed in 1838, took the place of a wooden erection dating from the end of the 17th century; this last was built on the site of a Roman bridge of two arches, the foundations of the centre pier of which were disclosed when the wooden bridge was constructed. Trade is principally agricultural, and there is considerable water-traffic on the Welland.
Although there are no traces of settlement at Spalding (Spaltnige) before late Saxon times there was probably a village here before Thorold the sheriff founded his cell of Crowland Abbey in 1051. In Domesday Book the manor is said to belong to Ivo de Taillebois, who possessed a market there worth 40s., six fisheries and rent from salt-pans. The manor was afterwards granted to Angers, and later belonged to Spalding Priory, which retained it until at the suppression it passed to the Crown. Stephen made Spalding Priory free of toll, while John gave the monks forest rights. The town was governed by the prior’s manorial court, and never became a parliamentary or municipal borough. The prior obtained the grant of the Friday market in 1242, and in the reign of Edward I. claimed from of old fairs on the feast of St Nicholas and fifteen days following, and on the vigil and octave of St Cross. In more modern times Spalding was well known for the club known as the “Gentleman’s Society,” founded in 1710 by Maurice Johnson, which met once a week at a coffee-house in the town for the discussion of literary and antiquarian subjects, and numbered among its members Newton, Bentley, Addison, Pope and Gay.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Span

See also Span on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SPAN (from O. Eng. spannan, to bind, connect together; the word is of general occurrence in Teutonic languages, the ultimate origin being the root spa-, to extend, stretch out, cf. Gr. σπᾶν, to draw out, Lat. spatium, space), a distance stretched, the space between terminal points. The word was formerly used as a measure of length= 10.368 in., taken from the stretch of the fully opened hand from thumb to little finger. The term is used in architecture for the width or opening of an arch or arched opening, and also the width of a roof between the wall plates. A “span roof” is a roof having two sides inclining to a centre or ridge, in contradistinction to a “shed roof” (see Shed).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Spalding, William

See also William Spalding (writer) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SPALDING, WILLIAM (1809–1859), British author, was born in Aberdeen on the 22nd of May 1809. He was educated at the grammar school there and at Marischal College, and he went in 1830 to Edinburgh, where he was called to the bar in 1833. In that year he published a Letter on Shakespeare’s Authorship of the two Noble Kinsmen (reprinted for the New Shakspere Society in 1876), which attracted the notice of Jeffrey, who invited Spalding to contribute to the Edinburgh Review. He also spent some time in Italy, and in 1841 published Italy and the Italian Islands from the Earliest Ages to the Present Time. He occupied the chair of rhetoric in Edinburgh University from 1840 to 1845, when he was appointed professor of logic in the university of St Andrews, a post which he held till his death.
Besides contributions to the Edinburgh Review, Blackwood’s Magazine and the eighth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, he was the author of a concise History of English Literature (1853).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Spandau

See also Spandau on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SPANDAU, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Brandenburg, at the confluence of the Havel and Spree, 8 m. N.W. of Berlin, of which it is practically a suburb, on the main lines of railway to Hanover and Hamburg respectively. Pop. (1885), 31,463; (1895), 55,813; (1905), 70,295 (including a garrison of about 5000). The town has of recent years made marked progress, its trade being enhanced by an excellent railway service with Berlin and improved navigation on the Havel. The fortifications, which were strengthened after the war, 1870-71, for the protection of the arsenal, have been razed on the northern and eastern sides, and of its former defences none remain except the citadel and a line of works along a ridge of hills to the south of the town. The Julius tower in the citadel, wdiich is surrounded by water, contains the Imperial war treasure (Reichskriegsschatz),—a sum of £6,000,000 in gold, kept in readiness for any warlike emergency, and reserved from the indemnity paid by France after the war of 1870–71. Spandau contains four Protestant churches, a Roman Catholic church, a gymnasium and a school of musketry. Besides numerous barracks, there are various military establishments appropriate to an important garrison town; and its chief industries are connected with the preparation of munitions of war. The government factories for the manufacture of small arms, artillery, gunpowder, &c, cover upwards of 200 acres, and employ about 6000 workmen. The other industries are not very important; they comprise miscellaneous manufactures, fishing, boat-building, and some shipping on the Havel.
Spandau is one of the oldest places in the Altmark, and received civic rights in 1232. It afterwards became a favourite residence of the Hohenzollern electors of Brandenburg, and was fortified in 1577–1583. In 1635 it surrendered to the Swedes, and in 1806 to the French, A short investment in 1813 restored it to Prussia.
See Zech and Günther, Geschichtliche Beschreibung der Stadt und Festung Spandau (Spandau, 1847), and Kuntzemüller, Urkundliche Geschichte der Stadt und Festung Spandau (Spandau, 1881).
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Discant

From volume 1 of the work.
'And sprightly voice sweet descant sing.'
And the violin, because it took the upper part in the quartet, was called the 'diskant- Violin.'
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Dital Harp

From volume 1 of the work.
​DITAL HARP, or chromatic harp-lute, one of the numerous attempts made about the beginning of this century to improve or replace the guitar. Edward Light appears to have invented this form of stringed instrument about the year 1798. The harp-lute had originally twelve catgut strings—
[ A. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Dittersdorf, Karl Ditters von

From volume 1 of the work.
[ C. F. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Direct

From volume 1 of the work.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Direct Motion

From volume 1 of the work.
​DIRECT MOTION is the progression of parts or voices in a similar direction, as—
[ C. H. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Discord

From volume 1 of the work.
​DISCORD is a combination of notes which produces a certain restless craving in the mind for some further combination upon which it can rest with satisfaction.
[ C. H. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Dissonance

From volume 1 of the work.
[ C. H. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ditson, Oliver, and Co.

[ F. H. J. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Dis

From volume 1 of the work.
​DIS. The German term for D♯, and also, according to a curious former Viennese custom, for E♭. The Eroica Symphony was announced at Clement's concert April 7, 1805 (its first performance), and at Meier's concert, 1808, as 'in Dis.' Des is the term for D♭.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Dissoluto Punito, Il

From volume 1 of the work.
​DISSOLUTO PUNITO, IL, OSSIA IL DON GIOVANNI. The full title of Mozart's opera, so well known by the latter half of its name. [See Don Giovanni.]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lover, Samuel

[ A. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lowe, Edward

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lucio Silla

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Love's Triumph

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lucas, Charles

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lucca (Academy)

From volume 2 of the work.
[ C. M. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lucchesina, Maria

From volume 2 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lucia di Lammermoor

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lowe, Thomas

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lucca, Pauline

From volume 2 of the work.
[ B. T. ]
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Valdivia

See also Valdivia on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VALDIVIA, a southern province of Chile, bounded N. by Cautin, E. by Argentina, S. by Llanquihue and W. by the Pacific. Area, 8649 sq. m. Pop. (1895) 60,687; (1902, estimated) 76,000. The province is roughly mountainous in the E., is heavily forested and is traversed by numerous rivers. There is a chain of lakes across its eastern side near the Andes, the largest of which are Villarica, Rinihue and Ranco. The rivers are the Tolten on the northern boundary, the Valdivia, or Calle-Calle, with its large tributaries in the central part of the province, and the Bueno on the southern frontier. The Valdivia (about 100 m. long) has its sources in the Andes and flows W. to the Pacific. Its largest tributary on the N. is the Rio Cruces. The Valdivia is the outlet for Lake Rinihue and is navigable for a long distance. Valdivia is one of the most recently settled provinces and has a large immigrant element, chiefly German. Its most important industry is that of clearing away the heavy forests and marketing the timber. Stock-raising is an important industry, and wheat is grown on the cleared lands. Lumber, cattle, leather, flour and beer are exported. The capital is Valdivia, a flourishing city on the Valdivia river, 12 m. above its port, Corral, near the mouth of the river. Pop. (1895) 8062; (1902, estimated) 9704. It is a. roughly built pioneer town, in which wood is the principal building material. The mean annual temperature is 59.9° and its annual rainfall is 115 in. A government railway runs to Osorno on the S., and in 1909 was being connected with the central line running S. through Bio-Bio and Cautin. The port of Corral, at the mouth of the Valdivia river, in lat. 39° 49′ S., long. 73° 19′ W., is situated on the S. side of a broad, lagoon-like sheet of water, forming one of the best natural harbours on the coast. It is a port of call for several lines of steamers, including those of the Pacific Mail running between Liverpool and Valparaiso.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Valencia de Alcántara

See also Valencia de Alcántara on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VALENCIA DE ALCÁNTARA, a town of western Spain, in the province of Cáceres; on the Madrid-Cáceres-Lisbon railway, near the right bank of the Sever, a small stream which here divides Spain from Portugal. Pop. (1900) 9417. Valencia de Alcántara is the most important custom-house for direct traffic between the Peninsular kingdoms except Badajoz, and has a flourishing trade in farm produce of all kinds, and in phosphates from the neighbouring mines. The town is occupied by a garrison, and retains its old-fashioned loopholed walls and dismantled citadel. A Roman aqueduct still brings water to the main street, and there are other Roman remains in the district; the courtyards and windows of many houses are Moorish in style. The interesting church of Roqueamador dates from the 14th century, the church of Encarnacion, the town hall and a fine convent, from the 16th. From the 16th century to the 18th Valencia was a celebrated border fortress; it was captured by the Portuguese in 1664 and 1698.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Valenciennes

See also Valenciennes on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VALENCIENNES, a town of northern France in the department of Nord on the Scheldt, at its confluence with the Rhonelle, 30 m. S.E. of Lille by rail. Pop. (1906), town, 25,977; commune, 31,759. The Scheldt here divides into two branches, one of which flows through the town, while the other, canalized and forming a port, skirts it on the west. Of the fortifications, dismantled in 1892, and replaced by boulevards, the Tour de la Dodenne (13th and 15th centuries) and the citadel (17th century) are the chief remains. Valenciennes is the centre of a rich coalfield, to which Anzin (q.v.), an industrial town a little over a mile to the north-west, has given its name. To this fact is due the existence of the important foundries, forges, rolling-mills, wire-works and machine shops which line the bank of the Scheldt. There is also an extensive beetroot cultivation, with attendant sugar-works and distilleries, and glass, starch, chemicals and soap are produced. Hosiery, trimmings and handkerchiefs are manufactured and cotton weaving and printing are carried on, though little of the famous lace is now made. Other industries are brewing and malting. There are a sub-prefecture, courts of first instance and of commerce, a chamber of commerce, a board of trade arbitration, and a branch of the Bank of France, a lycée, a school of music and a school of fine art (founded in 1782). The town hall is a fine building of the early 17th century, but its facade was rebuilt in 1867 and 1868. The museum contains galleries of painting and sculpture, with works by Antoine, Louis and François Watteau, Carpeaux, all of whom were natives of the town, and by Rubens and other Flemish artists. Opposite the museum there is a monument commemorating the defence of the town in 1793. The principal church is that of Notre-Dame du Cordon, a line modern building in the Gothic style surmounted by a tower 272 ft. in height. The church of St Géry preserves a few pillars dating from the 13th century. Near it stands the statue of Antoine Watteau, and there is also a statue of lean Froissart, born at Valenciennes.
Valenciennes is said to owe its name and foundation to one of the three Roman emperors named Valentinian. In the middle ages it was the seat of a count ship which in the 11th century was united to that of Hainaut. In the 16th century Valenciennes ​became the stronghold of Protestantism in Hainaut, but was conquered by the Spaniards, who committed all sorts of excesses. In 1656 the Spaniards under Condé made a successful defence against the French under Turenne; but in 1677 Louis XIV. took the town after an eight days' siege, and Vauban constructed the citadel. Valenciennes, which then became the capital of Hainaut, has since always belonged to France. In 1793, after forty-three days' bombardment, the garrison, reduced to 3000 men, surrendered to the allied forces numbering some 140,000 or 150,000 men, with 400 cannon. In 1815 it defended itself successfully.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Valdosta

See also Valdosta on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VALDOSTA, a city and the county-seat of Lowndes county, Georgia, U.S.A, , about 155 m. S.W. of Savannah. Pop. (1890) 2845; (1900) 5613 (2958 negroes); (1910) 7656. Valdosta is served by the Atlantic Coast Line, the Georgia Southern & Florida, and the Georgia & Florida railways. The city has a public library; the principal public buildings are the County Court House and the Federal building. Valdosta is in a rich farming and forest country; among its manufactures are cotton products, lumber, &c. The city owns and operates the water works. Valdosta was first settled in 1859, was incorporated as a town in 1860, and was chartered as a city in 1901.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Valencia (Ireland)

See also Valentia Island on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VALENCIA, or Valentia, an island off the south-western coast of Ireland, county Kerry, forming the southern horn of Dingle Bay. It is about 7 m. long and 3 broad at its widest part. The strait between the island and the mainland forms a fine natural harbour, land-locked with narrow entrances, and a depth of about 40 ft. at low tide, and thus capable of accommodating large vessels. At its north end is the Valencia Harbour station on a branch of the Great Southern & Western railway, with a ferry across the strait to Knightstown, the town on the island. The harbour is sometimes visited by warships, and is extensively used by fishing vessels, for which it is the headquarters of a district. At Knightstown are the buildings of the Anglo-American Telegraph Company, for it was from Valencia, after several unsuccessful attempts from 1857 onward, that the steamer “Great Eastern” first succeeded in laying the cable to Newfoundland in 1866. There are four cables across the Atlantic and one to Emden in Germany. On the island are Protestant and Roman Catholic churches, Constabulary barracks and a coastguard station. The meteorological reports received by the central office in London from Valencia are of high importance as giving the first indication from any station in the United Kingdom of weather influences from the Atlantic. Valencia formerly exported slate of fine quality. Its cliff scenery is magnificent, and its luxuriant semi-tropical vegetation remarkable. Its name is of Spanish origin; the Irish originally called it Dairbhre, or Darrery, the oak forest.