OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Oken, Lorenz

See also Lorenz Oken on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ OKEN, ō̇k′en, Lorenz (1779-1859). A German naturalist and philosopher, born at Bohlsbac. His real name was Ockenfuss. He studied medicine and the natural sciences at Würzburg and Göttingen. In 1807 he became a professor of medicine at Jena, and in 1812 received the chair of natural sciences, but in 1819 he was compelled to resign his position because a scientific journal called Isis, which he had conducted since 1816, gave offense to the Government. In 1828 he obtained a professorship in the newly founded University of Munich, and in 1832 accepted a chair at Zurich, where he remained until his death. Oken sought to unify all the natural sciences, and invented an entirely new and very complicated terminology for the purpose. His system was in some respects fantastic, and is now almost obsolete. Some of his speculations were, however, fortunate. As early as 1805 he foreshadowed the theories of the cellular structure of organisms and of the protoplasmic basis of life, and his vertebral theory of the structure of the skull, although false, was an important contribution to comparative morphology. His most important works are: Die Zeugung (1805); Ueber die Bedeutung der Schädelknochen (1806); Lehrbuch der Naturphilosophie (1808-11), translated into English by Tulk and called Elements of Physio-philosophy (1847); Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte (1813-27).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ohlau

See also Oława on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ OHLAU, ō′lou. A town of Silesia, Prussia, 10 miles southeast of Breslau, on the Ohlau, a tributary of the Oder (Map: Prussia, G 3). The town has a gymnasium. The surrounding country is a tobacco district, so the town has large tobacco and cigar factories, and in addition manufactures of white lead, machinery, lime, wagons, bone-dust, and slices. There are also saw-mills and brick-kilns, and the town has steamboat communication with Breslau. Ohlau was formerly a residence of the dukes of Brieg and of the Sobieskis, and in 1742 became part of Prussia. Population, in 1900, 9235.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ohligs

See also Solingen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ OHLIGS, ō′lĭKs (formerly Merscheid). A town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, near the Rhine, 10 miles southeast of Düsseldorf (Map: Prussia, B 3). There are manufactures of steel goods, umbrella frames, cloth, silk, and bricks. Population, in 1900, 20,682.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ohio University

See also Ohio University on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ OHIO UNIVERSITY. A coeducational State institution at Athens, Ohio, organized in 1804, two townships of land having been set aside for the founding of a university by the terms of the purchase made from the United States Government by the Ohio Company of Associates in 1787. Besides the collegiate department, the university has schools of music and commerce, a preparatory department, and a normal college. The bachelor's degree in arts, philosophy, science, and pedagogy is given in course and the master's degree after one year's graduate work. Tuition is free. The registration in 1903 was 551, and the faculty numbered 39. The library contains 17,500 volumes. The university receives about $7000 a year from its land endowment and about ​$70,000 by direct tax. The income for 1902 was $85,000, and the value of the college property was estimated at $400,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ohnet, Georges

See also Georges Ohnet on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ OHNET, ō̇′nā̇′, Georges (1848—). A popular French novelist and dramatist. Ohnet left law for journalism, attempted the stage with Regina Sarpi (1875), and began his novelistic series, “Les batailles de la vie,” in 1881. Of these the most successful were: Le maître de forges (1882); La comtesse Sarah (1883); Lise Fleuron (1884); Le docteur Rameau (1888). Most of Ohnet's novels have been translated and several of them dramatized. Story and character are conventional; the tone is monotonously optimistic. But Ohnet manages commonplace material with a melodramatic skill that has won a remarkable commercial success.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Oidium

See also Uncinula necator on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ OIDIUM, ō̇-id′i-ŭm (Neo-Lat., from Gk. ὠόν, ōon, egg). The conidial form of certain Erysipheæ, an important family of minute fungi growing on animal and vegetable substances. The species of Oidium consist of tiny tubular white or bright colored threads, forming flocks, simple or irregularly branched, assuming in their upper part the form of strings of beads, which finally break up into elliptic spores. Oidium albicans is found on the epithelium in the mouth and throat in the disease called aphthæ, or thrush. It is more common in children and aged persons than in those who are in the prime of life. Another species, Oidium Tuckeri, which has attracted great attention in Europe, is regarded by many as producing a destructive grape disease. It is the conidial form of Uncinula necator, or Uncinula spiralis. It makes its appearance at first in the form of a mycelium of creeping, branching filaments, which send out upright or decumbent jointed stems. Each bead-like joint of the stems develops into a sort of spore, numbers of which are finally discharged in little clouds. The grape disease was first observed in Kent, England, in the spring of 1845. The disease rapidly spread over other English vineries; was observed about the same time in the vineries of Paris, and soon in the vineyards of almost all parts of France, Italy, Greece, Tyrol, and Hungary, finally, and in a slighter degree, affecting the vineyards of the Rhine. Its ravages extended to Algeria, Syria, Asia Minor, and many other countries, among which is particularly to be noted the island of Madeira, where it proved almost completely destructive to the grapes and nearly put an end to the production of the celebrated Madeira wine. It is probable that the complete isolation of the Madeira vineyards made the progress of the disease more rapid, and its result more complete than elsewhere, by reason of the prevalence of the conditions favorable for it. This disease is more fully described under Grape as powdery mildew, for which remedies are there suggested.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ohm's Law

See also the disclaimer.
​ OHM'S LAW. See Electricity, section on Laws of Steady Electric Currents.
# The Light Canoe

from the Token and Atlantic Souvenir (1838).
Beside Missouri's swelling waves  An Indian maiden knelt, And gazed across the shadowed stream,  And through the forest's belt; And while the leaves about her fell,  And birds all nestward flew, "Oh, that I might but see," she cried,  "My lover's light canoe!"
The lurid air, the brassy sky,  Await the throbbing gale; And o'er the pathway of the sun  The loosened vapors sail; And, spreading east and west, they smirch  Each speck of heavenly blue; But still the lonely watcher sighs,  "Where is his light canoe?"
A black duck lighted on a wave,  And pecked its oily breast; "I see," the Indian maiden said,  "My lover's eagle crest!" But soon the bird its cradle spurned,  And cloudward swiftly flew; "Ah no! 't is not my lover's crest,  'T is not his light canoe."
A fish leaped from the river's brim;  "I see his paddle dart!" It sank into the waves again,  And like it sank her heart. "Ah, woe is me! the storm comes down,  I hear its rushing sugh, Great Spirit! bring, oh bring him back,  Safe in his light canoe!"
She heeded not the arrowy rain,  The swelling flood, the blast; She gazed across the smoking tide,  Until the storm had past: The purple clouds coiled o'er the west,  The red sun shimmered through; It flushed the wave, but did not show  The Indian's light canoe.
Ah, Indian maiden! watch no more  Beside Missouri's stream; In vain thou strain'st thine eyes to see  Thy lover's paddle gleam! The white men's guns have laid him low!  Long, long did they pursue; And now the intrepid warrior lies  Stiff in his light canoe!
# The Light That Failed

* related portals: Modern fiction.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, Wikidata item.
THE LIGHT THAT FAILED
THE
LIGHT THAT FAILED
BY
RUDYARD KIPLING
London
MACMILLAN AND CO.
AND NEW YORK
1891
All rights reserved
DEDICATION
If I were hanged on the highest hill, Mother o' mine, O mother o' mine! I know whose love would follow me still, Mother o' mine, O mother o' mine!
If I were drowned in the deepest sea, Mother o' mine, O mother o' mine! I know whose tears would come down to me, Mother o' mine, O mother o' mine!
If I were damned of body and soul, I know whose prayers would make me whole, Mother o' mine, O mother o' mine!
PREFACE
This is the story of The Light that Failed as it was originally conceived by the Writer.
Rudyard Kipling
* Chapter I
* Chapter II
* Chapter III
* Chapter IV
* Chapter V
* Chapter VI
* Chapter VII
* Chapter VIII
* Chapter IX
* Chapter X
* Chapter XI
* Chapter XII
* Chapter XIII
* Chapter XIV
* Chapter XV
* Advertisement
* Catalogue
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1936, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 87 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cleopatra

See also Cleopatra VII on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Cleopatra (klē′ṓ-pā′trắ), daughter of the Egyptian king Ptolemy Auletes, was born in 69 B. C. Her father wished her to reign jointly with her brother, who was also, according to the Egyptian custom, to be her husband; but the boy's guardian drove her from the throne. She was just about to return from Syria, backed by an army, when Cæsar reached Egypt in pursuit of Pompey. Her charms won the great soldier to her cause, who placed her again on her throne, this time with a still younger brother as colleague and husband, of whom she quickly rid herself by poison. Soon after she followed her conquering lover to Rome ​where she was covered with honors. After the battle of Philippi, Mark Antony summoned her to appear before him at Tarsus. The Egyptian queen sailed up the River Cydnus to meet him, in a sumptuous galley, arrayed as Venus rising from the sea. Then under 30 years of age, in the perfection of her Grecian beauty, she fascinated the heart of Antony, who henceforth became her lover and slave. Leaving her to marry Octavia, sister of Octavianus (afterward Emperor Augustus), he hurried back to the arms of Cleopatra, who met him in Syria and proceeded with him on the march to the Euphrates. After this, Antony's time was spent mostly with her at Alexandria, where he loaded her with gifts and honors. It was Cleopatra's counsel that Antony followed in risking the naval battle of Actium; and when she fled with her 60 ships, he forgot everything else, and “flung away half the world to follow her.” When Augustus appeared before Alexandria, the fickle queen at once treated with him for her safety; while Antony, on being told that she had killed herself, fell on his sword. But finding the report was false, he had himself carried into her presence and died in her arms. Cleopatra, now Augustus' prisoner, finding that she could not win him, as she had won Caesar and Antony, from disappointed pride took poison or killed herself by suffering an asp to bite her bosom (30 B. C.). Two women only, Helen of Troy and Mary Stuart, vie with Cleopatra in the fascination which her story exerts over men's minds.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Clingman, Thomas Lanier

See also Thomas Lanier Clingman on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Clingman, Thomas Lanier, United States senator and Confederate officer, was born in North Carolina in 1812, and died at Raleigh, N. C., Nov. 4, 1897. After graduating, he studied law, and was a member of Congress from 1843 to 1858, taking a prominent part in the debates of the house. Originally a Whig, he deserted his old associates and became a Democrat, and in 1858 was elected to the senate. In 1861, when the Civil War broke out, he withdrew from the senate and entered the Confederate army, where be became brigadier-general, surrendering in April, 1865, with General J. E. Johnston. After the war General Clingman for many years devoted himself to mining and to scientific pursuits.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cliff-Dwellers

See also the disclaimer.
​ Cliff-Dwellers. See Pueblos.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Clinostat

See also Clinostat on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Clinostat, an apparatus for rotating plants in various planes to counteract the effect of a one-sided stimulus, such as light or gravity (see Irritability). It consists of a strong clock-work, with suitable regulating mechanism and devices for holding the pots in which the plants are grown.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Clinton, Iowa

See also Clinton, Iowa on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Clinton, Iowa, a rapidly growing city, capital of Clinton County, Iowa, is situated on the Mississippi River between Davenport and Dubuque, and 140 miles by rail west of Chicago. It has communications with all points by a number of railroads, by steamboat-navigation on the river, and a fine bridge across the Mississippi connects it with Illinois and the east. It possesses many thriving industries, embracing foundries, machine and car-shops, paper-mills, sash, door and blind-factories, furniture-factories, wagon-factory, wire-cloth factory and glucose-factory. Population, 25,577.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Clementi, Muzio

See also Muzio Clementi on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Clementi (klắ-mĕn′tḗ), Muzio (1752-1832), an Italian composer and pianist. The work by which he is best known is his Gradus ad Parnassum, a series of 100 piano-studies. Though his contemporary, Mozart, spoke of him with a sneer, he was highly esteemed by Beethoven for the virile and artistic traits developed in his sonatas.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cleopatra's Needle

See also the disclaimer.
​ Cleopatra's Needle. See Obelisk.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cleveland, Stephen Grover

See also Grover Cleveland on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* GROVER CLEVELAND
Cleveland, Stephen Grover, was born at Caldwell, New Jersey, March 18, 1837. He began to practice law at Buffalo in 1859. He was assistant district-attorney for three years, and in 1870 was chosen sheriff and, later, mayor of Buffalo. In 1882 he was elected governor of New York by 190,000 majority. After an exciting canvass he was elected president of the United States in 1884, receiving 219 electoral votes. The most important act of his administration was his message to congress in 1887 in which he announced a tariff policy on which the election of 1888 turned, when Mr. Cleveland was defeated by General Harrison, receiving 168 electoral votes to Harrison's 233. During his term as president he married Miss Frances Folsom of Buffalo, who brought social success and popularity to his administration. In 1892 he was nominated a third time for the presidency, and was elected, defeating General Harrison. His second administration added to his fame as a wise and able executive. Retiring to private life at Princeton, N. J., he there interested himself in delivering addresses at Princeton University, a collection of which he published in 1904. His death occurred June 24, 1908 at his New Jersey home.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Clinton, De Witt

See also De Witt Clinton on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Clin′ton, De Witt, was born at Little Britain, N. Y., March 2, 1769. He was a son of Gen. James Clinton and a nephew of Gov. George Clinton. He graduated at Columbia College, and after studying law he entered politics as a Republican member of the lower house of the New York legislature in 1797, where he soon became the leader of his party in the state. He was chosen United States senator in 1802, and was at this time regarded as “the most rising man in the Union.” But he left the senate to become mayor of New York city, an office of considerable power in those days, which he held for 11 years. On the question of war with England, he competed for the presidency with Madison, receiving 89 votes. He was elected governor of New York four times. His greatest service to the state was in urging the construction of the Erie Canal, and pushing the measure assiduously till he saw that great enterprise completed and the canal open for traffic. Clinton was dignified in manner, of fine personal appearance, deeply in earnest in all he undertook, energetic, capable and popular. His life-work is identified with the early growth of the state. He died at Albany, N. Y., Feb. 11, 1828.
# The Natural History of Ireland/Volume 1/The Belted Kingfisher

BELTED KINGFISHER.
Alcedo alcyon, Linn.
Two individuals of this species have been met with about the same period.
They were thus noticed in a communication which I made to the Annals of Natural History, for December, 1845. "I have the pleasure to record the occurrence of this North American bird in Ireland; a specimen (as I learn by letter from T. W. Warren, Esq., of Dublin, dated Nov. 21, 1845,) having been shot by Frederick A. Smith, Esq., at Annsbrook, county of Meath, on the 26th of October last. It has fortunately been preserved, and on being shown to Mr. R. Ball, was identified as A. Alcyon : this gentle- man considers that the full strong plumage of the specimen denotes a truly wild bird, and not an individual that had escaped from confinement. According to the descriptions of Wilson and Richardson, it is a female, and not, at all events, in younger plumage, than that of the second year. Mr. Warren adds, that when at the shop of Mr. Glennon, the well-known bird- preserver, on the day before the date of his letter, the gamekeeper of Mr. Latouche of Luggela, county of Wicklow, called to mention that he had, within the last few days, seen a very large kingfisher, at a stream connecting the lake of Luggela with Lough Dan. He saw the bird very well, as it admitted of his approach within twenty yards : his description agreeing with the A. Alcyon, the specimen was shown to him, and he at once identified his bird as being of the same species. On his return to the country, he again met with and shot the bird, which proved to be A. Alcyon. It is now in the collection of Mr. Warren; the other was purchased for the museum of Trinity College, Dublin. This kingfisher, said to be the only species inhabiting North America, is migratory there, and like other birds which have visited Ireland and Great Britain from that continent, has appeared about the period of migration. As an American bird, it is fully treated of by Wilson,Footnote 1 Audubon,Footnote 2 and Richardson Footnote 3. The last author states, that in summer 'it frequents all the large rivers in the fur countries up to the 67th degree of latitude/ It retires to winter in the Southern States, and the West India islands (Wilson and Richardson). Audubon remarks, that 'it is extremely hardy, and those individuals winch migrate northward to breed, seldom return towards our Southern States, where they spend the winter, until absolutely forced to do so by the great severity of the weather/ vol. v.p. 548. Tins is, I believe, the first notice of the species being met with on the eastern side of the Atlantic."
* Footnote 1 Sir W. Jardine's edit., vol. i. p. 348.
* Footnote 2 Orn. Biog. vols. i. and v.
* Footnote 3 Fauna Bor. Amer. p. 339.
# The Natural History of Ireland/Volume 1/The Gold-vented Thrush

THE GOLD-VENTED THRUSH.
Turdus aurigaster, Vieillot.
chrysorhaus, Temm.
Hamatornis, „ Swains.
Has once been killed in Ireland.
By the kindness of Dr. Burkitt of Waterford, who possesses a collection of native birds, (or species killed in Ireland,) I exhibited an individual of this African thrush to the Natural History section of the British Association, held at Cork in 1843. It was purchased by that gentleman from a country -lad who brought it into Waterford in January, 1838, with a number of blackbirds (Turdus merula) and snipes, and who believed it to be a hen blackbird : he shot it at Mount Beresford, three miles and a half from Waterford. There can therefore be no doubt of the specimen having been killed in this country. It is the only individual known to have occurred in Europe. Le Vaillant described the species in his Birds of Africa, vol. iii. p. 46. pi. 107 (Paris 1802), under the name of Le Cudor, stating that it was dis- covered on the banks of the Groot-vis, a river of the Caffre country : little more is yet known respecting it. A. figure, taken from the specimen here noticed, has appeared in the 2nd edition of Yarrells British Birds, and in the Supplementary part to the 1st edition of the same work.
Mr. R. Ball of Dublin informed me in October, 1845, that three birds of a very nearly allied species, brought from Palestine — and called Palestine Nightingales — had been obtained for the aviary of the Zoological Garden, Phoenix Park. They were more of a slate-colour than the species under consideration.
# The Natural History of Ireland/Volume 1/The Greenland Falcon

THE GREENLAND FALCON.
* Falco candicans, Gmel. Linn.
* Groenlandicus, Turt. Linn. Hancock, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 2, 249.
Is of extremely rare occurrence.
In a letter from John Vandeleur Stewart, Esq., of Rockhill, Letterkenny, dated Feb. 3, 1837, I was favoured with a minute description of a bird in his collection, believed to be an Iceland Falcon, which had been killed when on wing above a rabbit- warren, close to Dunfanaghy, county of Donegal. At a meeting of the British Association held at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in 1838, Mr. John Hancock, of that town, read a paper (admirably illustrated by specimens in various states of plumage) with a view to prove that the Iceland and Greenland Falcons are distinct species. This was subsequently published in the " Annals of Natural History," as above quoted. On referring to the description of Mr. Stewart's bird, I felt certain, that according to the views of Mr. Hancock, it must be F. Groenlandicus, and having submitted the description to him, I had the satisfaction of receiving his testimony to that effect. The specimen is an adult male. Subsequently (in 1842?), Mr. Stewart obtained what he considered to be a young bird of this species, which was shot at Drumboe Castle, in the above named county.
Mr. Hancock kindly replied as follows, on the 1st of March, 1846, to some queries respecting these species : —
"I have had specimens of the Greenland Falcon from both Davis' Straits and Iceland; those from the latter locality were killed in the winter season, therefore I conclude it is only a winter visitant of that country, while those from Davis' Straits were all taken in the summer. I was informed by a captain of a whale-vessel of this port, that he once found the nest of Falco Groenlandicus with young, at Cape Imilie, Baffin's Bay. The Iceland bird appears to be very common in Iceland, from which country I have had a number of specimens, both young and old, and I have an egg from the same place. I have a specimen of F. Islandicus' in its first plumage, which was killed in Yorkshire, March,1847. There was another young bird shot on the North Tyne in January, 1845, which I saw in the flesh : it is now in the possession of Mr. C. Adamson of this place. I only know of one instance of the capture of F. Groenlandicus in this country ; it was a mature bird, and was in the collection of Mr. Ellis of York, up to the time of his collection being sold : it was obtained in Yorkshire, and, to the best of my recollection, was shot about the year 1836. I have no authentic account of either species being taken in Scotland".
# The Natural History of Chocolate/Part III/Uses

PART III.
Of the Uses of Chocolate.
The common Uses of Chocolate may be reduced to three: It is put in Confections; it is used in Chocolate, properly so call'd; and there is an Oil drawn from it, to which they give the Name of Butter. I shall treat of them distinctly, in the three following Chapters.