OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Cilicia

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Cilicia: a maritime province in the south-east of Asia Minor. Tarsus, the birth-place of Paul, was one of its chief towns, and the seat of a celebrated school of philosophy. Its luxurious climate attracted to it many Greek residents after its incorporation with the Macedonian empire. It was formed into a Roman province, B.C. 67. The Jews of Cilicia had a synagogue at Jerusalem (Acts 6:9). Paul visited it soon after his conversion (Galatians 1:21; Acts 9:30), and again, on his second missionary journey (Acts 15:41), "he went through Syria and Cilicia, confirming the churches." It was famous for its goat's-hair cloth, called cilicium. Paul learned in his youth the trade of making tents of this cloth.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Cinnamon

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Cinnamon
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Loosa

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​LOOSA 勞薩, d. 1641, Oct.–Nov., of the Manchu Bordered Red Banner, belonged to the division of the Gûwalgiya clan that was settled in Anculakû 安褚拉庫 at the sources of the Sungari river just north of the Long White Mountains. In 1598 Nurhaci [q. v.] sent an expedition to demand the allegiance of the Warka tribe, of which Anculakû was a part, and took Loosa and others into his service. After sharing in many of Nurhaci's campaigns Loosa was in 1629 put in charge of a company of picked troops (gabsihiyan, "stalwarts") who were to act as scouts in advance of the main army. In this position he served throughout the intensive campaigns between 1631 and 1641 against the Chahar Mongols, the Chinese, and the Koreans, receiving in 1634 the honorary title šongkoro baturu, "eagle-like conquering hero". In 1636, and again in 1638, he was accused of misconduct, but his brilliant military record shielded him from punishment. He died in the ninth moon of 1641 during a fierce battle with the Ming commander Hung Ch'êng-ch'ou [q. v.]. Loose was granted posthumously the hereditary rank of viscount of the third class and in 1655 the name Chung-i 忠毅. His son Cengni 程尼, who was elevated to the rank of earl of the first class, died in 1652 while fighting under Nikan (d. 1652, q.v.) against the Ming loyalists in Hunan.
[1/232/3b; 3/332/12a; 11/4/8b; 34/171/24b.]
George A. Kennedy
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Lu (潞), Prince of

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​LU (潞), Prince of. See under Chu Yu-sung.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Lo-k'o-tê-hun

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​LO-k'o-tê-hun. See Lekedehun.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Lu (魯), Prince of

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​LU (魯), Prince of. See under Chu I-hai.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Sacrifice

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Sacrifice The offering up of sacrifices is to be regarded as a divine institution. It did not originate with man. God himself appointed it as the mode in which acceptable worship was to be offered to him by guilty man. The language and the idea of sacrifice pervade the whole Bible.
Sacrifices were offered in the ante-diluvian age. The Lord clothed Adam and Eve with the skins of animals, which in all probability had been offered in sacrifice (Gen. 3:21). Abel offered a sacrifice "of the firstlings of his flock" (4:4; Heb. 11:4). A distinction also was made between clean and unclean animals, which there is every reason to believe had reference to the offering up of sacrifices (Gen. 7:2, 8), because animals were not given to man as food till after the Flood.
The same practice is continued down through the patriarchal age (Gen. 8:20; 12:7; 13:4, 18; 15:9-11; 22:1-18, etc.). In the Mosaic period of Old Testament history definite laws were prescribed by God regarding the different kinds of sacrifices that were to be offered and the manner in which the offering was to be made. The offering of stated sacrifices became indeed a prominent and distinctive feature of the whole period (Ex. 12:3-27; Lev. 23:5-8; Num. 9:2-14). (See [543]ALTAR.)
We learn from the Epistle to the Hebrews that sacrifices had in themselves no value or efficacy. They were only the "shadow of good things to come," and pointed the worshippers forward to the coming of the great High Priest, who, in the fullness of the time, "was offered once for all to bear the sin of many." Sacrifices belonged to a temporary economy, to a system of types and emblems which served their purposes and have now passed away. The "one sacrifice for sins" hath "perfected for ever them that are sanctified."
Sacrifices were of two kinds: 1. Unbloody, such as (1) first-fruits and tithes; (2) meat and drink-offerings; and (3) incense. 2. Bloody, such as (1) burnt-offerings; (2) peace-offerings; and (3) sin and trespass offerings. (See [544]OFFERINGS.)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Sala

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Salamis

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Sachar

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Sachar
(2.) A son of Obed-edom the Gittite, and a temple porter (1 Chr. 26:4).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Sadoc

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Sackbut

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Saffron

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Saint

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Saint
The "saints" spoken of in Jude 1:14 are probably not the disciples of Christ, but the "innumerable company of angels" (Heb. 12:22; Ps. 68:17), with reference to Deut. 33:2.
This word is also used of the holy dead (Matt. 27:52; Rev. 18:24). It was not used as a distinctive title of the apostles and evangelists and of a "spiritual nobility" till the fourth century. In that sense it is not a scriptural title.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Sadducees

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Sadducees The origin of this Jewish sect cannot definitely be traced. It was probably the outcome of the influence of Grecian customs and philosophy during the period of Greek domination. The first time they are met with is in connection with John the Baptist's ministry. They came out to him when on the banks of the Jordan, and he said to them, "O generation of vipers, who hath warned you to flee from the wrath to come?" (Matt. 3:7.) The next time they are spoken of they are represented as coming to our Lord tempting him. He calls them "hypocrites" and "a wicked and adulterous generation" (Matt. 16:1-4; 22:23). The only reference to them in the Gospels of Mark (12:18-27) and Luke (20:27-38) is their attempting to ridicule the doctrine of the resurrection, which they denied, as they also denied the existence of angels. They are never mentioned in John’s Gospel.
There were many Sadducees among the "elders" of the Sanhedrin. They seem, indeed, to have been as numerous as the Pharisees (Acts 23:6). They showed their hatred of Jesus in taking part in his condemnation (Matt. 16:21; 26:1-3, 59; Mark 8:31; 15:1; Luke 9:22; 22:66). They endeavoured to prohibit the apostles from preaching the resurrection of Christ (Acts 2:24, 31, 32; 4:1, 2; 5:17, 24-28). They were the deists or sceptics of that age. They do not appear as a separate sect after the destruction of Jerusalem.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Sackcloth

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Sackcloth
# Dream days

ITS WALLS WERE AS OF JASPER
DREAM DAYS
COMPANION VOLUME TO THIS BOOK
THE GOLDEN AGE
BY
KENNETH GRAHAME
PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED BY MAXFIELD PARISH
DREAM DAYS
CONTENTS
| | PAGE |
| THE TWENTY-FIRST OF OCTOBER | 3 |
| DIES IRÆ | 25 |
| MUTABILE SEMPER | 47 |
| THE MAGIC RING | 71 |
| ITS WALLS WERE AS OF JASPER | 97 |
| A SAGA OF THE SEAS | 123 |
| THE RELUCTANT DRAGON | 149 |
| A DEPARTURE | 207 |
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Li Yung-fang

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​LI Yung-fang 李永芳, d. 1634, Chinese general who served under the Manchus, was a native of T'ieh-ling, Liaotung. In 1613, when the Manchu expansion began to cause friction with the Ming Court, he was a major at Fu-shun. He attempted a parley with the Manchu leader concerning Chinese support to the Yehe, a tribe with which Nurhaci [q. v.] was at war. Nevertheless when the latter in 1618 disclosed his seven grounds for irritation at Chinese policy and declared open war against the Ming emperor, the city of Fu-shun became the first object of his attack. Li surrendered without a struggle and, together with the entire population, was carried off to the Manchu stronghold of Hsing-ching, east of Mukden. There he was given a position of authority over the conquered Chinese and was provided with a Manchu wife, the daughter of Nurhaci's seventh son. Li rendered effective service to the Manchus in the campaigns of 1619 and 1621, for which he was made a brigade-general. For refusing all entreaties of Wang Hua-chên [q. v.] to reaffirm his allegiance to China, the Manchus granted him advance pardon equivalent to the commutation of three death sentences. Since he was the first Chinese of importance to join the Manchus, his value to the latter was great. He helped materially, for example, in conducting the peace negotiations with the Koreans in 1627 (see under Amin). He died seven years later, soon after receiving the hereditary rank of viscount of the third class.
Li Yung-fang had nine sons, the most prominent of whom were Bayan (see under Li Shih-yao), inheritor of the rank of viscount, and Li Shuai-t'ai [q. v.] who on his own merit received the hereditary rank of a first class baron. After 1642 Li Yung-fang's descendants belonged to the Chinese Plain Blue Banner.
[1/237/2b; 2/78/10a; 4/5/5b; 明季北略 Ming-chi pei-lüeh 1/1b; Hauer, K'ai-kuo fang-lüeh 66f.]
George A. Kennedy
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Liang Kuo-chih

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​LIANG Kuo-chih 梁國治 (T. 階平, H. 瑤峯, 豐山), Nov. 18, 1723–1787, Jan. 31, official and calligrapher, was a native of K'uai-chi, Chekiang. After taking his chü-jên degree in 1741 he passed a special examination which gave him the post of secretary of the Grand Secretariat. In the metropolitan and Palace examinations of 1748 he attained the highest rank, or chuang-yüan 狀元. After serving as compiler of the first class in the Hanlin Academy, he was appointed (1754) tutor in the Imperial Academy. Two years later he officiated as chief-examiner of the Kwangtung provincial examination. In 1757 he became intendant of the Hui-chou Ch'ao-chou Chia-ying circuit, Kwangtung. While visiting the capital for the celebration of the Dowager Empress' seventieth birthday late in 1761 (see under Hung-li) he was, by special decree, made acting senior vice-president of the Censorate. He then held posts in Kiangsi, Anhwei, Shansi, Hunan and Kiangsu and in 1769 was made governor of Hupeh. At that time the campaign against Burma was in progress (see under Fu-hêng). Hence, in addition to the hardships of drought and flood of several years' standing, the province of Hupeh had also to meet the requirements of military movements. Liang Kuo-chih provided relief by temporarily drawing funds from the treasury. Two years later (1771) he was transferred to the governorship of the neighboring province of Hunan. Here he met the same problem of supplying the needs of westward marching troops, this time for the campaign against the Chin-ch'uan aborigines (see under A-kuei). Late in 1773 he was summoned to the capital to serve in the Council of State, and continued to serve in that office until he died fourteen years later. In the meantime he served concurrently as senior vice-president of the Board of Revenue (1774–77), as president of the same Board (1777–85), as an Associate Grand Secretary (1783–85), and as the Emperor's personal secretary in the Imperial Study (after 1774). Twice (in 1780 and 1784) he accompanied Emperor Kao-tsung on tours of South China. On February 14, 1785 he participated in the Banquet for Elderly Men (千叟宴) which was given that year to about one thousand men of distinction who had passed the age of sixty. In the summer of the same year he was promoted to be concurrently a Grand Secretary. He was cannonized as Wên-ting 文定.
The collected literary works of Liang Kuo-chih, entitled 敬思堂集 Ching-ssŭ t'ang chi, in 12 chüan, were printed by his sons. Liang had a twin brother, Liang Kuo-t'ai 梁國泰, who died young. In deference to this loss he is reported never, after his brother's death, to have celebrated his own birthday. As a calligrapher he mastered the essentials of T'ang styles. A chronological biography, entitled 梁文定公年譜 Liang Wên-ting kung nien-p'u, was compiled by his sons, and was edited by Chang Hsüeh-ch'êng [q. v.], but it is not known to be extant.
[1/326/4b; 3/29/27a; 4/28/13a; 26/2/12a; 29/5/5a.]
Tu Lien-chê
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Li Ê

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​LI Ê 厲鶚 (T. 太鴻, H. 樊榭), June 16, 1692–1752, Oct. 17, man of letters, was a native of Ch'ien-t'ang (Hangchow). He belonged to a poor family and his father died when Li Ê was young. His elder brother sold tobacco to make a living. For a period of five years, beginning in 1714, he taught the two brothers, Wang Hang 汪沆 (T. 師李, 西灝, 槐塘, b. 1704) and Wang P'u 汪浦, who also lived in Hangchow. In 1720 he became a chü-jên, and in 1731 was invited to participate in the compilation of the 西湖志 Hsi-hu chih, a history of the West Lake region, which was completed in 1734. Ch'êng Yüan-chang 程元章 (T. 冠文, H. 恆齋, chin-shih of 1721, d. 1767), then governor of Chekiang, recommended him as a competitor in the po-hsüeh hung-tz'ŭ examination of 1736, but owing to an error in the arrangement of his paper, he failed to pass. Again in 1748 he set out for the capital, hoping to be selected to serve as a magistrate. He stopped, however, at Tientsin in the home of Cha Wei-jên (see under Cha Li) and was so ​attracted by the literary gatherings in the latter's villa, Shui-hsi chuang 水西莊, that he proceeded no farther. Several months later he returned south. When Emperor Kao-tsung made his tour of South China in 1751, Li Ê and Wu Ch'êng 吳城 (T. 敦復, H. 鷗亭) submitted to him two pieces of dramatic verse, entitled 迎鑾新曲 Ying-luan hsin-ch'ü, which they jointly composed for the occasion.
Several times Li Ê enjoyed the hospitality of the Ma brothers (see under Ma Yüeh-kuan) of Yangchow, and at least the two following works were compiled primarily in the Ma family library: 宋詩紀事 Sung-shih chi-shih, in 100 chüan, anecdotes about poems of the Sung dynasty and their authors, of which Ma Yüeh-kuan is listed as co-compiler; and 遼史拾遺 Liao-shih shih-i, in 24 chüan, a supplement to the official history of the Liao dynasty (907–1211 A.D.). The former was first printed in 1746, the latter can be found in the Kuang-ya ts'ung-shu (see under Chang Chih-tung). Li Ê also wrote a biographical work on the court painters of the southern Sung period, entitled 南宋院畫錄 Nan-Sung yüan-hua lu, in 8 chüan, which is included in the Wu-lin chang-ku ts'ung-pien (see under Ting Ping). His collected literary works, entitled 樊榭山房集 Fan-hsieh shan-fang chi, consisting of prose, poetry, tz'ŭ (詞), and ch'ü (曲), making a total of 40 chüan, were printed in 1884 by Wang Tsêng-wei (see under Wang Hsien). The Imperial Catalogue gives notice to eight of his works of which all but one were copied into the Ssŭ-k'u Manuscript Library (for both see under Chi Yün). Li Ê was one of the prominent literary figures of his time, particularly in the field of poetry. His writing is characterized by originality, and by freedom from the standards set by Wang Shih-chên and Chu I-tsun [qq. v.] in the preceding generation.
[1/490/2a; 3/434/35a; 4/141/3a; 20/2/00 (portrait); 31/5/5a; Hang-chou-fu chih (1922) 145/28b; Lu Ch'ien-chih 陸謙祉, 厲樊榭年譜 Li Fan-hsieh nien-p'u (1936).]
Tu Lien-chê
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Neapolis

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Neapolis new city, a town in Tharce at which Paul first landed in Europe (Acts 16:11). It was the sea-port of the inland town of Philipi, which was distant about 10 miles. From this port Paul embarked on his last journey to Jerusalem (Acts 20:6). It is identified with the modern Turko-Grecian Kavalla.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Necromancer

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Necromancer: (Deuteronomy 15:11), i.e., "one who interrogates the dead," as the word literally means, with the view of discovering the secrets of futurity (comp. 1 Samuel 28:7). (See DIVINATION.)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Nebuchadrezzar

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Nebuchadrezzar = Nebuchadnezzar (Jer. 21:2, 7; 22:25; 24:1, etc.), a nearer approach to the correct spelling of the word.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Nedabiah

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Nedabiah, moved of Jehovah, one of the sons of Jeconiah (1 Chr. 3:18).