OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Beaver, James Addams

Edition of 1905. See also James A. Beaver on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BEAVER, James Addams (1837—). An American soldier and politician, born at Millerstown, Pa. He graduated at Jefferson College (Canonsburg, Pa.), in 1856, and practiced law from 1859 to 1861. From 1861 to 1864 he served in the Federal Army, and in the latter year was mustered out with the rank of brevet brigadier-general. He was major-general of the Pennsylvania National Guard until 1887, and from 1887 to 1891 was Governor of the State. He was a delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1880, and in 1898 was appointed a member of the President's commission for the investigation of the War Department.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Beautiful Snow

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ BEAU′TIFUL SNOW. A well-known poem by John W. Watson, published in 1858 in Harper's Weekly.
# Commencement of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Second Amendment Act, 2001

* related portals: Constitutional documents of South Africa.
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This presidential proclamation, number R. 32 of 2002 published on 26 April 2002 in Government Gazette No. 23364, set the date that sections 1–3, 5–6 and 8–10 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Second Amendment Act, 2001, came into force. (Sections 4 and 7 were brought into force in 2003 by another proclamation.)
​No. R. 32, 2002
Commencement of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Second Amendment Act, 2001 (Act No. 61 of 2001)
Under section 11 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Second Amendment Act, 2001 (Act No. 61 of 2001), I hereby fix 26 April 2002 as the date on which sections 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 of the said Act shall come into operation.
Given under my Hand at Pretoria this Twenty-third day of April Two thousand and two.
T. M. Mbeki
President
By Order of the President-in-Cabinet:
M. G. Buthelezi
Minister of the Cabinet
This work is in the public domain because it was created and first published in South Africa and it is an official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or an official translation of such a text.
According to the Copyright Act, 1978, § 12 (8) (a), "No copyright shall subsist in official texts of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or in official translations of such texts."
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Commencement of the Constitution Amendment Act, 1993

* related portals: Constitutional documents of South Africa.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This presidential proclamation, number 55 of 1993, published on 1 July 1993 in Government Gazette No. 14933, brought the Constitution Amendment Act, 1993 into force on that same date.
In terms of section 12 of the Constitution Amendment Act, 1993 (Act No 82 of 1993), I hereby determine 1 July 1993 as the date on which the said Act shall come into operation.
Given under my Hand and the Seal of the Republic of South Africa at Cape Town on this 23rd day of June, One Thousand Nine Hundred and Ninety-Three.
F. W. de Klerk, State President.
By Order of the State President-in-Cabinet: R. P. Meyer, Minister of the Cabinet.
This work is in the public domain because it was created and first published in South Africa and it is an official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or an official translation of such a text.
According to the Copyright Act, 1978, § 12 (8) (a), "No copyright shall subsist in official texts of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or in official translations of such texts."
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Commencement of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996

* related portals: Constitutional documents of South Africa.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This presidential proclamation, number R. 6 of 1997 published on 24 January 1997 in Government Gazette No. 17737, set the date that the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 came into force. Note, however, that in terms of section 243 (5) of the Constitution, sections 213–216, 218, and 226–230 only came into force on 1 January 1998.
​No. R. 6, 1997
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996
(Act No. 108 of 1996)
Under section 243 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act No. 108 of 1996) (hereafter referred to as the Constitution), I hereby set—
(a)
(b)
Given under my Hand and the Seal of the Republic of South Africa at Pretoria this Twenty-second day of January, One thousand Nine hundred and Ninety-seven.
N. R. Mandela
President
By Order of the President-in-Cabinet:
M. V. Moosa
Minister of the Cabinet
This work is in the public domain because it was created and first published in South Africa and it is an official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or an official translation of such a text.
According to the Copyright Act, 1978, § 12 (8) (a), "No copyright shall subsist in official texts of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or in official translations of such texts."
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Commencement of the Constitution Twelfth Amendment Act of 2005

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* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This presidential proclamation, number R. 8 of 2006 published on 27 February 2006 in Government Gazette No. 28568, set the date that the Constitution Twelfth Amendment Act of 2005 came into force.
​No. R. 8, 2006
Commencement of the Constitution Twelfth Amendment Act of 2005
Under section 5 (1) of the Constitution Twelfth Amendment Act of 2005, I hereby fix 1 March 2006 as the date on which the said Act, with the exclusion of section 1 in so far as it inserts section 103 (3) in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, shall come into operation.
Given under my Hand and the Seal of the Republic of South Africa at Pretoria this Twenty-third day of February Two thousand and six.
T. M. Mbeki
President
By Order of the President-in-Cabinet:
B. S. Mabandla
Minister of the Cabinet
This work is in the public domain because it was created and first published in South Africa and it is an official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or an official translation of such a text.
According to the Copyright Act, 1978, § 12 (8) (a), "No copyright shall subsist in official texts of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or in official translations of such texts."
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Commencement of the Constitution Seventeenth Amendment Act of 2012

* related portals: Constitutional documents of South Africa.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This presidential proclamation, number R. 35 of 2013 published on 22 August 2013 in Government Gazette No. 36774, set the date that the Constitution Seventeenth Amendment Act of 2012 came into force.
Proclamation
by the
President of the Republic of South Africa
No. R. 35, 2013
Commencement of the Constitution Seventeenth Amendment Act of 2012
Under section 11 of the Constitution Seventeenth Amendment Act of 2012, I hereby fix 23 August 2013 as the date on which the said Act shall come into operation.
Given under my Hand and the Seal of the Republic of South Africa at Cape Town this Twenty-first day of August Two thousand and thirteen.
J G Zuma
President
By Order of the President-in-Cabinet:
J T Radebe
Minister of the Cabinet
This work is in the public domain because it was created and first published in South Africa and it is an official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or an official translation of such a text.
According to the Copyright Act, 1978, § 12 (8) (a), "No copyright shall subsist in official texts of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or in official translations of such texts."
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Commencement of the Constitution Sixteenth Amendment Act of 2009

* related portals: Constitutional documents of South Africa.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This presidential proclamation, number R. 20 of 2009 published on 2 April 2009 in Government Gazette No. 32091, set the date that the Constitution Sixteenth Amendment Act of 2009 came into force.
​No. R. 20, 2009
Commencement of the Constitution Sixteenth Amendment Act of 2009
Under section 2 of the Constitution Sixteenth Amendment Act of 2009, I hereby fix 3 April 2009 as the date on which the said Act shall come into operation.
Given under my Hand and the Seal of the Republic of South Africa at Pretoria this Twenty-seventh day of March Two thousand and nine.
K. P. Motlanthe
President
By Order of the President-in-Cabinet:
M. E. Surty
Minister of the Cabinet
This work is in the public domain because it was created and first published in South Africa and it is an official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or an official translation of such a text.
According to the Copyright Act, 1978, § 12 (8) (a), "No copyright shall subsist in official texts of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or in official translations of such texts."
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Commencement of the Constitution Fourteenth Amendment Act of 2008

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* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This presidential proclamation, number R. 21 of 2009 published on 16 April 2009 in Government Gazette No. 32130, set the date that the Constitution Fourteenth Amendment Act of 2008 came into force.
​No. R. 21, 2009
Commencement of the Constitution Fourteenth Amendment Act of 2008
Under section 7 of the Constitution Fourteenth Amendment Act of 2008, I hereby fix 17 April 2009 as the date on which the said Act shall come into operation.
Given under my Hand and the Seal of the Republic of South Africa at Pretoria this Fourteenth day of April Two thousand and nine.
K. P. Motlanthe
President
By Order of the President-in-Cabinet:
M. E. Surty
Minister of the Cabinet
This work is in the public domain because it was created and first published in South Africa and it is an official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or an official translation of such a text.
According to the Copyright Act, 1978, § 12 (8) (a), "No copyright shall subsist in official texts of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or in official translations of such texts."
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Commencement of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Second Amendment Act, 2003

* related portals: Constitutional documents of South Africa.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This presidential proclamation, number R. 53 of 2003 published on 11 July 2003 in Government Gazette No. 25206, set the date that the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Second Amendment Act, 2003, came into force.
​No. R. 53, 2003
Commencement of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Second Amendment Act, 2003 (Act No. 3 of 2003)
Under section 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Second Amendment Act, 2003 (Act No. 3 of 2003), I hereby fix 11 July 2003 as the date on which the said Act shall come into operation.
Given under my Hand and the Seal of the Republic of South Africa at Pretoria this eighth day of July Two thousand and three.
T. M. Mbeki
President
By Order of the President-in-Cabinet:
P. M. Maduna
Minister of the Cabinet
This work is in the public domain because it was created and first published in South Africa and it is an official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or an official translation of such a text.
According to the Copyright Act, 1978, § 12 (8) (a), "No copyright shall subsist in official texts of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or in official translations of such texts."
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Commencement of the Constitution Fifteenth Amendment Act of 2008

* related portals: Constitutional documents of South Africa.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This presidential proclamation, number R. 22 of 2009 published on 16 April 2009 in Government Gazette No. 32130, set the date that the Constitution Fifteenth Amendment Act of 2008 came into force.
​No. R. 22, 2009
Commencement of the Constitution Fifteenth Amendment Act of 2008
Under section 6 of the Constitution Fifteenth Amendment Act of 2008, I hereby fix 17 April 2009 as the date on which the said Act shall come into operation.
Given under my Hand and the Seal of the Republic of South Africa at Pretoria this Fourteenth day of April Two thousand and nine.
K. P. Motlanthe
President
By Order of the President-in-Cabinet:
M. E. Surty
Minister of the Cabinet
This work is in the public domain because it was created and first published in South Africa and it is an official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or an official translation of such a text.
According to the Copyright Act, 1978, § 12 (8) (a), "No copyright shall subsist in official texts of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or in official translations of such texts."
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Commencement of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Amendment Act, 2003

* related portals: Constitutional documents of South Africa.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This presidential proclamation, number R. 22 of 2003 published on 20 March 2003 in Government Gazette No. 24698, set the date that the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Amendment Act, 2003, came into force.
​No. R. 22, 2003
Commencement of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Amendment Act, 2003
Under section 10 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Amendment Act, 2003 (Act No. 2 of 2003), I hereby fix 20 March 2003 as the date on which the Amendment Act shall come into operation.
Given under my Hand and the Seal of the Republic of South Africa at Pretoria on this Nineteenth day of March Two Thousand and Three.
T. M. Mbeki
President
By Order of the President-in-Cabinet:
P. M. Maduna
Minister of the Cabinet
This work is in the public domain because it was created and first published in South Africa and it is an official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or an official translation of such a text.
According to the Copyright Act, 1978, § 12 (8) (a), "No copyright shall subsist in official texts of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or in official translations of such texts."
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bamberger, Ludwig

Edition of 1905. See also Ludwig Bamberger on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BAMBERGER, Ludwig (1823-99). A German parliamentarian and writer on political and economic subjects. He was born at Mainz, of Jewish parentage, and studied law at Giessen, Heidelberg, and Göttingen. Implicated in the Revolution of 1849 as editor of the Mainzer Zeitung, he was condemned to death, but was amnestied in 1866. As a member of the National Liberal Party in the Reichstag (1871-80) he defended the gold standard against the bimetallists, opposed the economic policy of Prince Bismarck (after 1879), and advocated free trade, becoming the founder and president of the Verein zur Förderung der Handelsfreiheit. Compelled by his antagonism to Prince Bismarck's theories to resign from the National Liberal Party, he ​formed the group known as the “Secessionists,” which afterwards became merged in the German Liberal Party, and as a member of which he opposed the Colonial policy of the Government. The following are some of his important publications: Erlebnisse aus der pfälzischen Erhebung (1849); Monsieur de Bismarck (1868; English translation, 1869); Die fünf Milliarden (1873); Deutschland und der Sozialismus (1878); Deutschtum und Judentum (1880); Die Stichworte der Silberleute besprochen (4th ed., 1893); Erinnerungen (published by Nathan, 1899).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Baltis

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ BALTIS, bäl′tē̇z. See Baltistan.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Balzac, Jean Louis Guez de

Edition of 1905. See also Jean Louis Guez de Balzac on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BALZAC, Jean Louis Guez de (1597-1654). A noted French essayist, and stylist. He was born at Angoulême of wealthy parents, and having received a good education was taken by Cardinal de la Valette to Rome, and wrote thence letters to persons prominent at court that made him recognized on his return as master of composition and style in a generation that regarded such abilities excessively. His letters, collected in 1624, are empty, bombastic, and affected, but they entitle Balzac to rank as a reformer of prose, as his contemporary, Malherbe (q.v.), is of verse. He underwent bitter accusations of plagiarism in 1G25, and withdrew to Angoulême, where he produced his uninspired and laborious lucubration, Le Prince (1631); Discours (1644): Le Barbon (1648); Aristippe. He was elected to the Academy in 1634. Balzac's Works were collected in 2 vols. (Paris, 1665, 1854). The Letters are well edited by Larroque (Paris, 1874).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Baltimore Bird

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ BALTIMORE BIRD. See Oriole.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Baltzer, Johann Baptista

Edition of 1905. See also Johann Baptista Baltzer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BALTZER, bälts′ẽr, Johann Baptista (1803-71). A German theologian. He was born at Andernach; studied at Bonn, and after his ordination to the priesthood in 1829, was made professor of theology at Breslau in the following year. He was at first an enthusiastic follower of Georg Hermes in his attempt to reconcile the newer German philosophy with the Roman Catholic teaching, but definitely broke with his school in 1839, and associated himself with the speculations of Anton Günther. After the Papal condemnation of the latter's teachings, Baltzer submitted indeed, but his independent spirit led him into further difficulties, and he was suspended in 1862. As in natural sequence he was a strenuous opponent of the definition of Papal infallibility, and was a promoter of the Old-Catholic movement in Silesia. For his life, consult: Friedberg (Leipzig, 1873), and Melzer (Bonn, 1877), both favoring Baltzer's attitude, and Franz (Berlin, 1873), representing the other side.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Baltzer, Wilhelm Eduard

Edition of 1905. See also Eduard Baltzer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BALTZER, Wilhelm Eduard (1814-87). A German theologian and leader of the movement known as the Freie Gemeinden, or free religious communities which have sprung up since the middle of the Nineteenth Century in opposition to dogmatic and traditional theology. He was born at Hohenleine, studied at Leipzig and Halle, and entered the Lutheran ministry, but on account of the liberal views which, following Delitzsch, he had adopted, was not looked upon with favor. Consequently, in 1847, he founded a ‘free church’ of his own, and presided over a convention of similar organizations at Nordhausen in the same year. Until 1881 he continued to be a representative leader among them, but lived in retirement at Grotzingen for the last few years of his life, partly occupied in the promotion of vegetarianism, for which he founded an association and an annual ​publication. His writings were mainly devoted to the propagation of his views; among them are Alte und neue Weltanschauung (1850-59), and Gott, Welt und Mensch (1869).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bamberger, Friedrich

Edition of 1905. See also Fritz Bamberger (painter) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BAMBERGER, bäm'bĕrK-ẽr, Friedrich (1814-73). A German painter. He was born at Würzburg, and studied at the Berlin Academy and under Primavesi, at Cassel, and Rottmann, at Munich. In 1845 he made a tour through Normandy and England, as a result of which he produced the fine painting entitled “The Battlefield of Hastings,” with its magnificent view of the sea. Among his best works, most of which are studies of Spanish landscapes, are the views of Gibraltar (at Munich), Algeciras, and Granada.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Baltimore, Barons of

Edition of 1905. See also Baron Baltimore on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BALTIMORE, Barons of, or Lords Baltimore. The title of the Calvert family in the Irish peerage. Sir George Calvert, first Lord (c.1580-1632). A British statesman. He was born at Kipling, Yorkshire, and graduated at Oxford in 1597. He then became secretary to Sir Robert Cecil and won the esteem of James I., who knighted him in 1617 and made him Secretary of State in 1619. He became a Catholic in 1624 and resigned his office, but continued in favor with the King, and in 1625 was raised to the Irish peerage as Baron of Baltimore. He early became interested in the colonization of the New World and in 1621 dispatched a ship to Newfoundland to establish a settlement. In 1623 he obtained a charter to found a colony there under the name of the Province of Avalon (q.v.). He crossed the ocean himself in 1627, and again in 1629, taking his family with him, but encountered many difficulties from the hostility of the French and the severity of the climate, and soon applied for a grant of land in a more genial region. Although the King had tried to dissuade him from his project, he finally obtained (in 1632) a grant of the territory which was called ‘Maryland’ by Charles I. in honor of the Queen. Before the charter was issued, Sir George died, and the grant devolved upon his son Cecil, who thus became the real founder of Maryland, although he never visited the colony. He sent settlers, however, under his younger brother, Leonard (see Calvert, Leonard), who was the first Governor of Maryland (1634-47). The successive Barons of Baltimore, or Lords Baltimore, were: George (first), Cecil (second), Charles (third), Benedict (fourth), Charles (fifth), and Frederick (sixth). The house became extinct with the last, who died without leaving legitimate issue. All of them, including Leonard, were prominently identified with the history of Maryland.
Consult: Browne, George Calvert and Cecilius Calvert, Barons of Baltimore (New York, 1890); Wilhelm, Life of George Calvert, one of the Maryland Historical Society's monographs; and Kennedy, Discourse on the Life and Character of George Calvert, Lord Baltimore (Baltimore, 1845).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Baltistan

Edition of 1905. See also Baltistan on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BALTISTAN, bäl′tē̇-stän′ (Pers. stan, district, region; of the Baltis), or Little Tibet. A province of Kashmir, a feudatory State of British India, situated in the Mustagh Chain on the Upper Indus (Map: India, C 1). Its area is about 13,000 square miles, and it is exceedingly mountainous, containing within its bounds some of the highest peaks of the Mustagh Chain. The capital, Iskardo, is situated at an elevation of nearly 8000 feet, and can be approached only by a pass over 18,000 feet above the sea. Baltistan was originally an independent principality, until conquered in 1835 and finally incorporated with Kashmir. The inhabitants of Baltistan, estimated at about 60,000, are of Mongolian origin and profess Mohammedanism. They speak a Tibetan dialect, and are otherwise akin to the peoples of that stock. They are doubtless a somewhat mixed race physically, an Aryan (Hindu) element having been added to the original Mongolian, with some strain of Dravidian blood. The Baltis are an interesting mountain people. Of recent literature may be mentioned Bellew, Kashmir and Kashgar (London, 1875); Biddulph, Tribes of the Hindu-Kush (London, 1881).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Postulate

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ POSTULATE. See Axiom.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Post-nuptial Contract

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ POST-NUPTIAL CONTRACT. In its broadest sense, any contract made between husband and wife. As to their privileges and restrictions in this respect, see Contract; Husband and Wife.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Post-mortem Examination

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION. See Autopsy.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Post-tertiary Period

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ POST-TERTIARY PERIOD. The same as Pleistocene period (q.v.).