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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Waco

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​WACO, a city and the county-seat of McLennan county, Texas, nearly in the centre of the state, on both sides of the Brazos river, about 100 m. S. by W. of Dallas. Pop. (1890) 14,445; (1900) 20,686, of whom 5826 were negroes; (1910 census) 26,425. Waco is served by the Missouri, Kansas & Texas, and by other railways. Waco is the seat of Baylor University (co-educational) and of the Texas Christian University (Christian; co-educational). Baylor University was founded at Independence, Texas, by the Texas Union Baptist Association, in 1845, and was consolidated in 1886 with Waco University (Baptist, 1861, founded by Dr Rufus C. Burleson, a former president of Baylor University). It was named in honour of Robert E. B. Baylor (1793–1874), a representative in Congress from Alabama in 1830–1831, and one of its founders. In 1908–1909 it had 40 instructors and 1296 students (664 women), of whom 647 were in the college. The Texas Christian University was founded in 1873 at Thorp's Springs as a private school, chartered as Add Ran College, transferred to the Christian Churches of Texas in 1889, and removed to Waco in 1895. Its present name was adopted in 1902, the name Add Ran College being retained for the college of arts and sciences. In 1908–1909 the university had 26 instructors and 379 students (279 in the college of arts and sciences). Waco is situated in a fertile farming region. In 1905 the factory products were valued at $2,979,800. The city was named after the Waco (or Hueco) Indians (Caddoan stock), who had a large village here until 1830, when they were nearly exterminated by the Cherokees; in 1855 they removed to a reservation, and after 1859 became incorporated with the Wichita. The first white settlement was made in 1849. Waco was incorporated as a town in 1856; in 1909 the administration was entrusted to a mayor and four commissioners.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wad

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​WAD, a black, earthy mineral consisting mainly of hydrated manganese dioxide; of importance as an ore. Being an amorphous substance, it varies considerably in chemical composition, and contains different impurities often in large amounts. A variety containing much cobalt oxide is called “asbolite,” while “lampadite” is a cupriferous variety. It is very soft, readily soiling the fingers, and may be considered as an earthy form of psilomelane (q.v.). It results from the decomposition of other manganese minerals, and is often deposited in marshes (“bog manganese”) or by springs. The name wad is of uncertain origin, and has been applied also to graphite. (L. J. S.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wace, Henry

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​WACE, HENRY (1836), English divine, was born in London on the 10th of December 1836, and educated at Marlborough, Rugby, King's College, London, and Brasenose College, Oxford. He was ordained in the Church of England in 1861, and held various curacies in London, being chaplain at Lincoln's Inn in 1872 and preacher in 1880. From 1875 to 1896 he was prominently connected with King's College, London, where he was professor of ecclesiastical history, and subsequently (1883) principal. Both as preacher and writer Dr Wace, who took his D.D. degree in 1883, became conspicuous in the theological world. He was Boyle lecturer in 1874 and 1875, and Bampton lecturer in 1879; and besides publishing several volumes of sermons, he was co-editor of the Dictionary of Christian Biography (1877–1887), and editor of The Speaker's Commentary on the Apocrypha. He took a leading part as the champion of historic orthodoxy in the controversies with contemporary Rationalism in all its forms, and firmly upheld the importance of denominational education and of the religious test at King's College; and when the test was abolished in 1902 he resigned his seat on the council. In 1881 he was given a prebendal stall at St Paul's, and in 1889 was appointed a chaplain-in-ordinary to Queen Victoria. When he resigned the principal ship of King's College in 1896 he was made rector of St Michael's, Cornhill; and in 1903 he became dean of Canterbury, in succession to Dr Farrar.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wadding, Luke

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​WADDING, LUKE (1588–1657), Irish Franciscan friar and historian, was born in Waterford in 1588 and went to study at Lisbon. He became a Franciscan in 1607, and in 1617 he was made president of the Irish College at Salamanca. The next year he went to Rome and stayed there till his death. He collected the funds for the establishment of the Irish College of St Isidore in Rome, for the education of Irish priests, opened 1625, and for fifteen years he was the rector. A voluminous writer, his chief work was the Annales Minorum in 8 folio vols. (1625–1654), re-edited in the 18th century and continued up to the year 1622; it is the classical work on Franciscan history. He published also a Bibliotheca of Franciscan writers, an edition of the works of Duns Scotus, and the first collection of the writings of St Francis of Assisi. (E. C. B.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Riccoboni, Marie Jeanne

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​RICCOBONI, MARIE JEANNE (1714–1792), whose maiden name was Laboras de Mézières, was born at Paris in 1714. She married in 1735 Antoine-François Riccoboni, a comedian and dramatist, from whom she soon separated. She herself was an actress, but did not succeed on the stage. Her works are Lettres de mistress Fanny Butler (1757); the remarkable Histoire du marquis de Cressy (1758); Milady Juliette Catesby (1759–1760), like her other books, in letter form; Ernestine (1798), which La Harpe thought her masterpiece; and three series of Lettres in the names of Adelaide de Dammartin (comtesse de Sancerre) (2 vols., 1766), Elizabeth Sophie de Vallière (2 vols., 1772), and Milord Rivers (2 vols., 1776). She obtained a small pension from the crown, but the Revolution deprived her of it, and she died on the 6th of December 1792 in great indigence. Besides the works named, she wrote a novel (1762) on the subject of Fielding’s Amelia, and supplied in 1765 a continuation (but not the conclusion sometimes erroneously ascribed to her) of Marivaux's unfinished Marianne.
All Madame Riccoboni’s work is clever, and there is real pathos in it. But it is among the most eminent examples of, the “sensibility” novel, of which no examples but Sterne’s have kept their place in England, and that not in virtue of their sensibility. A still nearer parallel may be found in the work of Mackenzie. Madame Riccoboni is an especial offender in the use of mechanical aids to impressiveness—italics, dashes, rows of points and the like. The principal edition of her complete works is that of Paris (6 vols., 1818). The chief novels appear in a Volume of Garnier’s Bibliothèque amusante (Paris, 1865).
See Julia Kavanagh, French Women of Letters (2 vols., 1862), where an account of her novels is given; J. Fleury, Marivaux et le marivaudage (Paris, 1881); J. M. Quérard, La France littéraire (vol. vii., 1835); and notices. by La Harpe, Grimm and Diderot prefixed to her Œuvres, (9 vols., Paris, 1826).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ricciarelli, Daniele

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​RICCIARELLI, DANIELE (1509–1566), Italian artist, generally called, from the place of his birth, Daniele de Volterra, studied painting under Sodoma and Peruzzi; Settling in Rome, he received abundant encouragement. His constant friend, Michelangelo, recommended him on all possible occasions, and he was commissioned to beautify with works of art a chapel in the church of the Trinita, to paint in the Farnese Palace, to execute certain decorations in the Palazzo de' Medici at Navona, and to begin the stucco work and the pictures in the Hall of the Kings. Towards the close of his life he turned his attention to statuary. His last work was a bronze horse intended for an equestrian statue of Henry II. of France. He died in 1566. The principal extant works of Ricciarelli are at Rome. These are a “ St John the Baptist” in the picture gallery of the Capitol, a “Saviour bearing the Cross.” in the Palazzo Rospigliosi, and a "Descent from the Cross, ” his masterpiece, in the church of Trinita de Monti. There is also an “Elijah” at Volterra.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rice, James

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​RICE, JAMES (1843–1882), English novelist, was born at Northampton on the 26th of September 1843. Educated at Queens' College, Cambridge, where he graduated in law in 1867, he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1871. In the meantime (1868) he had bought Once a Week, which proved a losing venture for him, but which brought him into touch with Walter Besant, a contributor [see Besant’s preface to the Library Edition (1887) of Ready-money Mortiboy]. There ensued a close friendship and a literary partnership between the two men which lasted ten years until Rice's death, and resulted in a large number of successful novels. The first of them, published anonymously, Rice being responsible for the central figure and the leading situation, was Ready-money Mortiboy (1872), dramatized by them later and unsuccessfully produced at the Court Theatre in 1874. In rapid succession followed My Little Girl (1873); With Harp and Crown (1874); This Son of Vulcan (1876); The Golden Butterfly (1876), the most popular of their joint productions; The Monks of Thelema, (1878); By Celia’s Arbour (1878); The Seamy Side (1880); The Chaplain of the Fleet (1881); Sir Richard Whittington (1881), and a large number of short stories, some of them reprinted in The Case of Mr Lucraft, &c. (1876), ’Twas in Trafalgar’s Bay, &c. (1879), and The Ten Years' Tenant, &c. (1881). .
James Rice died at Redhill on the 26th of April 1882.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rich, Barnabe

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​RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540–1617), English author and soldier, was a distant relative of Lord Chancellor Rich. He fought in the, Low Countries, rising to the rank of captain, and afterwards served in Ireland. He shared in the colonization of Ulster and spent the latter part of his life near Dublin. In the intervals of his campaigns he produced many pamphlets on political questions and romances. In 1606 he was in receipt of a pension of half a crown a day, and in 1616 he was presented with a gift of £100 as being the oldest captain in the service. He died on the 10th of November 1617. His best-known work is Riche his Farewell to Militarie Profession containing verie pleasaunt discourses fit for a peaceable tyme (1581). Of the eight stories contained in it, five, he says, “are forged only for delight, neither credible to be believed, nor hurtful to be perused.” The three others are translations from the Italian. He claims as his own invention the story of Apolonius and Silla, the second in the collection, from which Shakespeare took the plot of Twelfth Night. It is, however, founded on the tale of Nicuola and Lattantio as told by Matteo Bandello. The eighth, Phylotus and Emilia, a complicated story arising from the likeness and disguise of a brother and sister, is identical in plot with the anonymous play, Philotus, printed in Edinburgh in 1603. Both play and story were edited for the Bannatyne Club in 1835. In the conclusion to his collection Rich tells a story of a devil named Balthaser, who possesses a king of Scots, prudently changed after the accession of James I. to the “Grand Turk.” The Strange and Wonderful Adventures of Don Simonides (1581), with its sequel (1584), is Written in imitation of Lyly. Among his other romances should be mentioned The Adventures of Brusanus, prince of Hungaria (1592). His authenticated works number twenty-four, and include works on Ireland, the troubles of which were, according to him, due to the religion of the people and to the lack of consistency and firmness on the part of the English government. Such are: Allarme to England (1578); A New Description of Ireland (1610); The Irish Hubbub, or the English Hue and Crie (1617), in which he also inveighs against the use of tobacco.
See “Introduction” to the Shakespeare Society's reprint of Riche his Farewell (1846); P. Cunningham's “Introduction” to Rich's Honesty of this Age (reprinted for the Percy Society, 1844); and the life by S. Lee in the Dictionary of Biography.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rich, Claudius James

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​RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787–1821), English traveller and scholar, was born near Dijon on the 28th of March 1787. His youth was spent at Bristol. He early developed a gift for languages, becoming familiar not only with Latin and Greek but also with Hebrew, Syriac, Persian, Turkish and other Eastern tongues. In 1804 Rich went to Constantinople, where, and at Smyrna, he stayed some time, perfecting himself in Turkish. Proceeding, to Alexandria as assistant to the British consul-general there, he devoted himself to Arabic and its various dialects, and made, himself master of Eastern manners and usages. On leaving Egypt he travelled by land to the Persian Gulf, disguised as a Mameluke, visiting Damascus, and entering the great mosque undetected. At Bombay, which he reached in September 1807, he was the guest of Sir James Mackintosh, whose eldest daughter he married in January 1808, proceeding soon after to Bagdad as resident. There he began his investigations into the geography, history and antiquities of the district. He explored the remains of Babylon, and projected a geographical and statistical account of the pashalic of Bagdad. The results of his work at Babylon appeared first in the Vienna serial Mines de l’orient, and in 1815 in England, under the title Narrative of a Journey to the Site of Babylon in 1811. In 1813–14 Rich spent some time in Europe, and on his return to Bagdad devoted himself to the study of the geography of Asia Minor, and collected much information in Syrian and Chaldaean convents concerning the Yezidis. During this period he made a second excursion to Babylon, and in 1820 undertook an extensive tour to Kurdistan—from Bagdad north to Sulimania, eastward to Sinna, then west to Nineveh, and thence down the Tigris to Bagdad. The narrative of this journey, which contained the first accurate knowledge (from scientific observation) regarding the topography and geography of the region, was published by his widow under the title, Narrative of a Residence in Koordistan and on the site of Ancient Nineveh, &c. (London, 1836). In 1821 Rich went to Basora, whence he made an excursion to Shiraz, visiting the ruins of Persepolis and the other remains in the neighbourhood. At Shiraz he died of cholera on the 5th of October 1821. His fine collections of manuscripts and coins was purchased by the British Museum.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rice Paper

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​RICE PAPER. The substance which has received this name in Europe, through the mistaken notion that it is made from rice, consists of the pith of a small tree, Aralia papyrifera, which grows in the swampy forests of Formosa. The cylindrical core of pith is rolled on a hard flat surface against a knife, by which it is cut into thin sheets of a line ivory-like texture. Dyed in various colours, rice paper is extensively used for the preparation of artificial flowers, while the white sheets are employed by native artists for water-colour drawings.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rice, Edmund Ignatius

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​RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762–1844), Irish philanthropist, founder of the “Irish Christian Brothers,” was born at Westcourt, near Callen, Kilkenny, on the 1st of June 1762. He entered the business of his uncle, an export provision merchant in Waterford, in 1779 and succeeded him in 1790. In 1796 he established an organization for visiting and relieving the poor, and in 1802 began to educate the poor children of Waterford, renting a school and supporting two teachers. In 1803 he gave up his business and, joined by a number of friends, began to systematize his plans. Others, like-minded, opened schools at Dungarvan and Carrick-on-Suir. The little society numbered nine in 1808, and meeting at Waterford took religious vows from their bishop, assumed a “habit” and adopted an additional Christian name, by which, as by the collective title “Christian Brothers,” they were thenceforth known. Schools were established in Cork (1811), Dublin (1812), and Thurles and Limerick (1817). In 1820 Pope Pius VII. issued a brief sanctioning the 'order of “Religious Brothers of the Christian Schools (Ireland),” the members of which were to be bound by vows of obedience, chastity, poverty and perseverance, and to give themselves to the free instruction, religious and literary, of male children, especially the poor. The heads of houses were to elect a superior general, and Rice held this office from 1822 to 1838, during which time the institution extended to several English towns (especially in Lancashire), and the course of instruction grew out of the primary stage. Rice died on the 29th of August 1844. The Irish Christian Brothers have some hundred houses in Ireland with 300 attached schools and over 30,000 pupils. There are also industrial schools and orphanages, and the institute has branches in Australia, India, Gibraltar and Newfoundland.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schall, Johann Adam von

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​SCHALL, JOHANN ADAM VON (1591–1666), Jesuit missionary in China, born of noble parents in Cologne. At the age of twenty he joined the Society of Jesus, and in 1628 went out to China. Apart from successful missionary work, he became the trusted counsellor of the emperor, was created a mandarin, and held an important post in connexion with the mathematical school. His position enabled him to procure from the emperor permission for the Jesuits to build churches and to preach throughout the country. Proselytes to the number of 100,000 are said to have been obtained within fourteen years. The emperor, however, died in 1661, and Schall’s circumstances at once changed. He was imprisoned and condemned to death. The sentence was not carried out, but he died after his release owing to the privations he had endured. A collection of his MS. remains was deposited in the Vatican Library.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scharf, Sir George

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​SCHARF, SIR GEORGE (1820–1895), British art critic, was born in London on the 16th of December 1820, the son of George Scharf, a Bavarian miniature painter who settled in England in 1816 and died in 1860. He studied in the schools of the Royal Academy. In 1840 he accompanied Sir Charles Fellows to Asia Minor, and in 1843 acted as draughtsman to a government expedition to the same country. After his return he devoted himself with great industry and success to the illustration of books relating to art and antiquity, of which the best known are Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome (1847); Milman's Horace, (1849); Kugler's Handbook of Italian Painting (1851); and Dr Smith's classical dictionaries. He also engaged largely in lecturing and teaching, and took part in the formation of the Greek, Roman and Pompeian courts at the Crystal Palace. He acted as art secretary to the great Manchester Art Treasures Exhibition of 1857, and in that year was appointed secretary and director to the newly founded National Portrait Gallery. The remainder of his life was given to the care of that institution. Scharf acquired an unrivalled knowledge of all matters relating to historic portraiture, and was the author of many learned essays on the subject. In 1885, in recognition of his services to the Portrait Gallery, he was made C.B., and on his resignation, early in 1895, K.C.B. and a trustee of the Gallery. He died on the 19th of April of the same year.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schedule

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SCHEDULE, originally a written strip or leaf of paper or parchment, a label or ticket, especially when attached to another document, as explaining or adding to its contents, hence any additional detailed statement such as cannot conveniently be embodied in the main statement. The word occurs first (14th century) as cedule, or sedule, representing the Fr. cedule (mod. cédule, cf. Ital. cedola, Ger. Zettel, &c.), which is derived from Late Lat. scedula or schedula, dim. of sceda, a written strip of parchment (late Gr. σχέδη), probably from scindere, to cleave, cf. scindala, a shingle. The original pronunciation in English was sedule, the modern pronunciation is shedule; American usage has gone back to the original Latin or Greek, and adopts skedule.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schandorph, Sophus Christian Frederick

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​SCHANDORPH [or Skamdrup], SOPHUS CHRISTIAN FREDERICK (1836–1901), Danish poet and novelist, was born at Ringsted in Zealand on the 8th of May 1836. In 1855 he entered the university of Copenhagen. In 1862 he published his first volume of poetry, written in the romantic style and giving little indication of th e ultimate direction that his talent was to take. Other books followed, but his gifts first found full expression in a volume of rustic tales entitled Fra Provinsen (1876), in which he described provincial character and life with much frankness of detail and a great deal of wit. In 1878 his novel, Uden Midtpunkt (“ Without a Centre ”), recast later in dramatic form, attracted great attention by its exposure of contemporary failings. Among the more famous of his later novels are: Thomas Friis' Historie (2 vols., 1881), Det gamle Apothek (“The Old Apothecary”) (1855) and Helga (1900); but his most characteristic work is to be found in his various volumes of short sketches. He published his own Recollections (Oplevelser) in 1889. He died after a long illness at Frederiksberg on New Year's Day 1901.
See an article by V. Möller in C. F. Bricka's Dansk Biografisk Lexikon (vol. xv., 1901).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schalcken, Godfried

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​SCHALCKEN, GODFRIED (1643–1706), Dutch genre and portrait painter, was born at Dort in 1643, and studied under Hoogstraten, and afterwards under Gerhard Douw, whose works his earlier genre-pictures very closely resemble. He visited England and painted several portraits, of which the half-length of William III., now in the Museum, Amsterdam, is a good example. In this work he shows an effect of candlelight, which he also introduced—frequently with fine effect—in many of his subject-pictures. These may be studied in the collections at Buckingham Palace, the Louvre, Vienna and Dresden. His Scriptural subjects are of very indifferent merit. He died at The Hague in 1706.