OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sacramento

See also Sacramento River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Sacramento, the largest river of California, rises in the northeastern part of the state, and flows southwest through the Sierra Nevada to Shasta, south to Sacramento and thence southwest into Suisun Bay, through which its waters pass into San Pablo Bay and to the Pacific. It is about 500 miles long, and is navigable for small boats to Red Bluff, nearly 250 miles. Its chief branch is the San Joaquin.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sabine River, Tex.

See also Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Sabine (sȧ-bēn′) River, Tex., rises in Hunt County, in the northeast, and for part of its course forms the boundary between Louisiana and Texas. It enters Sabine Lake and thence, through Sabine Pass, the Gulf of Mexico. Its length is 500 miles; but it is only slightly navigable. Works have been carried out which have made the pass at the mouth of the river a fairly safe passage for small vessels. (See Port Arthur Ship-Canal). The possession of this river was one of the historic boundary-questions between Spain and the United States.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sable

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​ Sa′ble. See Marten.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sacs and Foxes

See also Sauk people and Meskwaki on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Sacs and Foxes, Indian tribes which settled near Green Bay, Wis. They lived and usually acted together. Both belong to the Algonquin family. Among the Sacs the children of each family at birth are marked white or black in turn, thus dividing the tribe into two bands, the white or Kiscoquah and the black or Oshkosh. The Foxes also were in two branches, the Outagamies (foxes) and the Musquakink (men of red clay). Both tribes were daring and warlike, fighting courageously the much more numerous Iroquois and Sioux. The French had no greater enemies and the English no greater friends than the Foxes, who attacked Detroit in 1812, and were cut to pieces at Presque Isle on Lake St. Clair, to which they had retreated. The Sacs on the whole favored the English, serving under Pontiac, supporting the British in the Revolutionary War and fighting under their renowned chief, Blackhawk, in 1832 to recover their hunting grounds from the United States. In 1857 a party of 317 Sacs and Foxes bought lands at Tama, Ia., which they have worked, becoming industrious and self-supporting. The two tribes now number about 1,000, separate bands living in Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas and Oklahoma.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sadi

See also Saadi Shirazi on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Sadi (sä′dē), the assumed name of Sheikh Muslih Ad-din, one of the most celebrated of Persian poets, who was born at Shiraz about 1184. Little is known of his life. His father's name was Abdallah, and he was a descendant of Ali, Mohammed's son-in-law. He studied science and theology at Bagdad. He traveled for many years in parts of Asia, Africa and Europe. The catalogue of his works contains 22 different kinds of writing in prose and poetry, in Arabic and Persian. The greater part are odes and dirges. The finest of his works is Gulistan or The Flower-Garden — a kind of moral work in prose and verse, made up of eight chapters on such subjects as kings, old age and education, with stories, puns and maxims. Two others of his works are Bustan or The Tree-garden and Pand-Namah or The Book of Instructions. See Robinson's Persian Poetry for English Readers and Sir Edwin Arnold's With Sadi in the Garden.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sacramento, Cal.

See also Sacramento, California on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Sacramento, Cal. (săk-rȧ-mĕn'tṓ), capital of California, is on the east bank of Sacramento River at the mouth of the American, 90 miles by rail northeast of San Francisco. The main public buildings are the capitol, which cost about $2,000,000; the courthouse, hospital, postoffice, a Roman Catholic cathedral, Crocker Art-Gallery, and the Masonic and Odd Fellows' Halls. There are flour and planing mills, carriage, box and broom factories, foundries, potteries, spice-mills and a cannery. Here also are the shops of the Southern ​Pacific Railroad, covering 25 acres. Sacramento was settled in 1839 by a Swiss, who built a fort in 1841. It was not till 1848, after the discovery of gold, that the city, at first a town of tents, was laid out. It became the capital in 1854. Population 44,696.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sadowa

See also Sadová on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Sadowa (sä-dṓ′vä), a Bohemian village 58 miles northeast of Prague, where an important victory was gained by 240,000 Prussians under King William I over 220,000 Austrians under General Benedik, July 3, 1866. The battle lasted from 8 A. M to 4 P. M., and resulted in the rout of the Austrians, who lost 21,000 men and 22,000 prisoners. The Prussian loss was 9,000 men. This battle, which is often called Königgratz from a town eight miles distant, decided the Austro-German or Seven Weeks' War of 1866.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sodom and Gomorrah

See also Sodom and Gomorrah on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Sod′om and Gomor′rah, two cities mentioned in the Bible and thought to be on the southern shore of the Dead Sea. The Scripture account represents them as being destroyed by a shower of fire for the great wickedness of these cities, and the popular belief has assumed that the waters of the Dead Sea cover their sites.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sofia

See also Sofia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Sofia (sô′ fḗ-yȧ), the capital of Bulgaria since 1878, stands in a valley of the Balkans. It has been improved since 1891, the old Turkish city with its tumbledown houses and crooked streets being replaced by new French houses, wide boulevards, fine public buildings and electric lights. Railroads connect it with Vienna, Constantinople and Belgrade. It is the seat of the National University, which supports three faculties of 49 professors and lecturers and has about 800 students. The city also has a free library. Its trade is mainly in corn, hides and wheat. Its hot mineral springs have been celebrated for centuries. Sofia was known as Serdica by the Romans, and was the seat of a famous council in 343. It belonged to the Bulgarians from the 9th century until 1382, when it was captured by the Turks. In 1878 it was occupied by Russia. Population 102,769.
# The New Student's Reference Work/South-Sea Scheme

See also South Sea Company on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​South-Sea Scheme, called the South Sea Bubble, was a plan orginated by Harley, Earl of Oxford, to provide for the extinction of the public debt. A company was formed to which was given the monopoly of the trade of the South Seas and of certain import duties. It agreed to pay the government six per cent. yearly on its debt of $50,000,000. The stock rose until it was quoted at 1,000, when some of the principal directors sold out. The bursting of the bubble followed, many large stockholders fled, and the excitement was so great that Parliament was summoned to decide on the best means of helping in the public distress. Though nothing fraudulent was proved against the directors, their property was confiscated for the benefit of the sufferers, and $35,000,000 due the government was remitted, but this only availed to mitigate very slightly the ruin wrought.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sodium

See also Sodium on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Sodium (sō′ dĭ-ŭm) is a metal very much like potassium, of a bluish-white color, and burning with a yellow flame. The compounds of sodium are the only form in which it is found in nature, as borax, soda-felspar and, especially, chloride of sodium, which is common salt.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sokoto

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Sokoto (sō′ kṓ-tṓ) is a Sudanese province of Northern Nigeria in Central Africa. It lies between Bornu on the east, Gandu on the west, Benue River on the south and the Sahara on the north, and has an area of 200,000 square miles and a population of possibly 12,000,000. The Fulahs are the ruling race, the Hausas and other Negro tribes the subject population. The sultan in 1885 put his kingdom under British protection, granted the Niger Company a monopoly of trade, and afterward received a resident. The country is fertile and well-watered, and has extensive deposits of excellent iron. The people are intelligent, industrious and peaceful, good farmers, great traders and manufacturers of ironwork, muslin and shoes. Sokoto the capital is a city of 80,000, and is well-built in the Moorish style.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Solar Microscope

See also Solar Microscope on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
So′lar Mi′croscope, a modified form of magic-lantern, not much used now that gas-lanterns and electric lanterns have become so easily available. The only essential difference between the solar microscope and the ordinary magic-lantern is that in the former a beam of sunlight, reflected from a heliostat or porti-lumiere, is employed instead of oil, gas or the electric arc for illuminating the slide.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Soils

See also Soil on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Soils, the different forms of earth on the surface of the rocks, formed by the breaking down or weathering of rocks. The soils will vary with the minerals in the rocks, the principal ones being quartz, felspar, clays, mica and limestone. When the soil is made from the rocks in their original position, they are called sedimentary; but if formed from rocks above them and carried to them, they are known as transported soils. When the soil is carried by glaciers, it forms drift soils; when carried by running water, it is known as alluvial soil. They are also known as clays, loams etc. Plants also make soil by their decay. So do animals, especially earthworms (q. v.). A mixed soil or loam is usually better than a clay or a sandy soil. The plants grown in the soil take from it from 200 to 600 pounds per acre yearly of the minerals found in it, and the passage of water through it also carries away other quantities, so that, where crops are removed, the soil would gradually lose its power of supporting plant life, were it not enriched. This is done naturally by the gradual decomposition of the minerals composing the soil, and also by the artificial process of applying manures and other fertilizers. Another mode of overcoming the difficulty to some extent is by changing the crops grown, as different kinds of crops take up the ingredients of the soil in different proportions. Agricultural scientists are constantly studying soils. See Agriculture, Fertilizers, Manure and Nitrogen-Gathering Crops. Consult the Department of Agriculture Experiment-Station’s Bulletin 106; the Soil-Bureau's Publications; the Weather Bureau’s Bulletins 3, 4 and 5; Fream: Soils; King: The Soil; Roberts: Fertility of Land; and Shaler: Origin of Soils (in U. S. Geological Survey’s 12th Annual Report, 1890–1, Vol. One, pp. 213–45).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Solar System

See also Solar System on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Solar Sys′tem, a term used in astronomy to include the sun, planets, satellites of planets, asteroids and any “captured” bodies, as possibly periodic comets. See Asteroid, Astronomy, Moon, Planet and Sun.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sophocles

See also Sophocles on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Sophocles (sŏf′ô-klēz), an Athenian poet, was born in 496 B. C. At 16 he was chosen to lead the chorus of youths who celebrated the naval victory of Salamis. At 28, in a dramatic contest, he was awarded the prize which had been given to Æschylus for many years. Only seven of his many dramas are preserved, but these place him at the head of the Greek dramatists. The probable order in which they appeared is Ajax; Antigone; Electra, Œdipus the King; ​Trachinian Women; Philoctetes; and Œdipus at Coloneus. Antigone, one of the earliest dramas, produced in 440, gained the prize and so pleased the Athenians that he was made commander with Pericles in the Samian War. There are only fragments and titles of the other plays. He is said to have been beautiful in person, a fine musician and athlete and a ready wit. His death has been attributed to losing his breath in prolonging his voice in a public reading of Antigone; or to excess of joy at a dramatic victory; but without sufficient authority. He died in 405 B. C. Consult Sophocles in Green's "Classical Writers," by Campbell and Lectures by Schlegel. See Æschylus, Drama and Euripides.
See the works of this author.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Nebraska City

See also Nebraska City, Nebraska on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEBRASKA CITY. A city and the county-seat of Otoe County, Neb., 56 miles south of Omaha; on the Missouri River, here spanned by a fine steel railroad bridge, and on the Burlington and Missouri River (Burlington Route) and the Missouri Pacific railroads (Map: Nebraska, J 3). It has a United States Government building, the State Institute for the Blind, and a public library. The city is the centre of a noted fruit belt, also of a rich corn region. The principal industrial plants include large stock yards, grain elevators, cereal and flour mills, lumber and planing mills, foundries, press drill works, a starch factory, packing and provision house, plow works, breweries, brick works, a distillery, a cannery, and a cold storage plant. Laid out and settled in 1855 on the site of old Fort Kearney, Nebraska City was incorporated as a city of the second class in 1871. Twenty years later it received a charter of the first class, under the provisions of which it is governed by a mayor, chosen every two years, and a unicameral council, one-half of the members being elected by wards and the other half at large. Population, in 1890, 11,941; in 1900, 7380.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Negro Melodies

See also African-American music on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEGRO MELODIES. The music of the American negroes is essentially vocal. Their few musical instruments are of importance only for furnishing accompaniments to songs or for accenting the rhythm of the dance. During the last twenty years negro music has been steadily losing its distinctive features, owing to the tendency among the younger generation to discard everything which harks back to the days of slavery. The old plaintive melodies have been replaced largely by more modern comic and erotic songs which are cast in a nondescript Afric-European mode.
Negro songs may be divided into two general groups: those which show evidences of foreign origin, but which have been added to and changed until they are undeniably negro in character; and those which are the spontaneous expression of the negro's own feelings. The first group may be subdivided into (a) those derived from European songs and dances, and (b) those adapted from Baptist and Methodist hymns. The original negro songs, whose most typical element is a weird recitative, have undoubtedly an affinity with the musical forms used in Africa, but they have been greatly expanded both rhythmically and melodically. Though it is possible to make some such analysis of negro melodies, the most important feature, their interpretation, cannot be adequately described. Impromptu chords, notes, and accents are introduced, the whole blending into unusual forms with strikingly original melodies and motives. Strange to say, the time structure is excellent, and the tempo is universally exact. The tunes have as a rule a range of few notes, and, as in Africa, the major key predominates. In some songs both the major and minor keys are used. The weird effect produced by many of their cadences is not as a rule due to the use of the minor key so much as to the employment of the pentatonic scale, and the major scale with the flat seventh. A distinctive character of negro melodies is the ‘rhythmical snap’ which became such an overworked feature in ‘ragtime.’ See Folk-Music; Ragtime. Consult: Ritter, Music in America (New ed., New York, 1900); Edwards, Bahama Songs and Stories (New York, 1895); Marsh, The Story of the Jubilee Singers and Their Songs (Boston, 1880); and Trotter, Music, and Some Highly Musical People (ib., 1878).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Nebo, Mount

See also Mount Nebo on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEBO, Mount. The mountain from which, according to the Book of Deuteronomy (xxxii. 49; xxxiv. 1), Moses viewed the land of Canaan before his death. It has been identified with the mountain Neba—a ridge 2643 feet above the Mediterranean, situated five miles southwest of Heshbon. The name Nebo also occurs as that of a town in Moab (Num. xxxii. 3, and on the Moabite Stone), and a town in Judah (Ezra ii. 29). It is identical in form with the name of a well-known Babylonian god Nabu (see Nebo), whose worship appears to have spread far to the west. The tradition associating the death of Moses with Mount Nebo may have had as a starting-point the existence of a sanctuary on the top of the mount, or, at all events, the sacred character of the mountain.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Nebraska, University of

See also University of Nebraska–Lincoln on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEBRASKA, University of. A co-educational State university at Lincoln, Neb., founded in 1869. It comprises the Graduate School; the College of Literature, Science, and Arts; the Industrial College; the College of Law; the College of Medicine; the School of Fine Arts; and the Affiliated School of Music. There is also a summer session. The regents have intrusted to its charge the United States agricultural experiment station, the State Museum, the Botanical and Geological Surveys, and the superintendency of farmers' institutes. Students are admitted on examination or on certificates from accredited schools. Military drill is compulsory for first and second year male students in the college, and physical training for all first and second year woman students. The students in 1903 numbered 2500, and the faculty consisted of 180 professors and instructors. The library contains 51,000 volumes, supplemented by eleven departmental libraries, including the departments of pure and applied sciences, law, and classical philology. The campus occupies twelve acres in the heart of Lincoln, and with the buildings is valued at $1,000,000. The endowment lands of the university were in all 136,080 acres, of which about 11,000 acres remain unsold. The principal accruing from former sales is paid into the permanent endowment funds. The income of the university for all purposes amounted in 1903 to $402,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Nebraska (river)

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​ NEBRASKA. A river of Nebraska. See Platte.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Negro Exodus

See also Exodusters on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEGRO EXODUS. The name applied to a movement of freedmen from the Southern to the Western and Northern States in 1879 and 1880. The movement began in the early spring of 1879, and before the close of 1880 fully 40,000 negroes had removed to Kansas alone, while a large number had settled in Missouri and Indiana also. Many arrived at their destination poorly clad, generally destitute, and without promise of employment, and for a time there was much want and suffering among them. Large sums of money, however, were contributed for their relief throughout the North, especially in Kansas, where, soon after the arrival of the first band of immigrants, an efficient Freedmen's Relief Association was organized. The only Southern States from which the blacks emigrated in any considerable numbers seem to have been Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. The chief reasons given by the negroes for the abandonment of their homes were that they were forced to pay excessive rents, that the system of land tenure in the South was unjust, that exorbitant prices were charged by ‘credit’ merchants, and that the freedmen were wholly denied political recognition and were kept down in every way by ‘bulldozing’ methods. Opponents of the movement asserted that the negroes had been misled by the representations of land speculators, by misguided philanthropists, and by politicians who, in view of the approaching Presidential election, wished to import numbers of Republican voters into various parts of the North, where the Republican majority was doubtful. The movement seems to have been considerably furthered by the ‘Nashville Colored Convention,’ which met in Nashville, Tenn., May 7, 1879, adopted a report setting forth the grievances of the blacks and the many disadvantages, social, economic, and political, under which they labored in the South, and recommending that the negroes should emigrate to those States where their rights were not denied them. For an account of the causes of the movement, consult an article by Runnion, “The Negro Exodus,” in the Atlantic Monthly, vol. xliv. (Boston, 1879); and for arguments justifying and condemning the movement, consult articles by R. T. Greener and Frederick Douglass, respectively, in the Journal of Social Science, vol. xi. (Boston, 1888).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Negro Monkey

See also Semnopithecus on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEGRO MONKEY. (1) A sooty black langur (Semnopithecus maurus), about 24 inches long, plus a still longer tail. The animal is well known in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. Its young are reddish in color and grow black with advancing age. (2) A marmoset (Midas ursulus) of Brazil, also called ‘negro tamarin,’ and often tamed. It is black with a reddish dorsal stripe.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Nebo

See also Nabu on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NE′BO (from Bab. nabū, to call, name, proclaim). A deity of the Babylonians and Assyrians, mentioned in Isaiah xlvi. 1. The name also occurs in the Old Testament as a geographical term. (See Nebo, Mount.) In cuneiform literature the form is Nabu or Nabium. After Babylon became the centre of the Babylonian Empire, Nebo took rank immediately after Marduk (see Merodach), the head of the pantheon. He appears originally to have been the local patron deity of Borsippa, opposite the ancient city of Babylon, and there are grounds for believing that Borsippa was older than Babylon. This may have been one reason for the prominence which Nebo retained beside the powerful Marduk. In time Borsippa became a suburb of Babylon and the union between the two was symbolized by erecting a shrine to Nebo in Marduk's temple at Babylon to which Nebo was carried in solemn procession on the New Year's Day, while the statue of Marduk was on the return trip carried part way back to E-zida (‘the true house’), Nebo's temple in Borsippa. To express further the relationship to Marduk, Nebo was regarded as the son of Marduk. Originally an agricultural deity, Nebo became in time the god of wisdom, and it is in this capacity that he was chiefly worshiped by the Assyrians. To Nebo and his consort Tashmitum Assyrian rulers ascribe the art of writing on stone and tablets, and all learning is eventually traced back to him. In this respect he supplanted an earlier god of wisdom, Ea, whose cult reaches back to a still higher antiquity than that of Nebo or Marduk. Consult Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston, 1898).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Viper

See also Viper on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Vi'per, the common name for several very poisonous snakes of the Old World. They have a triangular head and a robust body. The European viper, often called the asp, is widely distributed in Europe. It is about two feet long, of yellowish brown color, with black spots. In England, a similar form, commonly called the adder, is the only venomous reptile known to inhabit Great Britain. In Africa the most common variety is the horned viper with a horn-like scale over each eye. It lies partly hidden in the sandy wastes of northern Africa, awaiting its prey. It is possible that this is the asp used by Cleopatra in committing suicide. There are two vipers in India, one about 20 inches long and the other about four feet long.