OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Redditch

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​REDDITCH, a town in the eastern parliamentary division of Worcestershire, England, situated on an eminence near the Warwickshire border, 15½ m. S. of Birmingham by the Midland railway. Pop. of urban district (1901) 13,493. It is the centre of a district producing needles and fish-hooks. There are also motor-engineering works. The town possesses a literary and scientific institute (1850). In the modern church of St Stephen (1854) are preserved tiles from the former Cistercian abbey of Bordesley, founded in 1138, of which the site may be traced at Bordesley Park, 2 m. N.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Redgrave, Richard

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REDGRAVE, RICHARD (1804–1888), English artist, was born at Pimlico on the 30th of April 1804, and worked at first as a designer. He became a student in the Royal Academy Schools in 1826, and was elected an Associate in 1840 and an Academician in 1851 (retired, 1882). His "Gulliver on the Farmer's Table" (1837) made his reputation as a painter. He began in 1847 in connexion with Government Art Schools which lasted for a long term of years, and among other posts he held those of inspector-general of art in the Science and Art Department, and art director of South Kensington Museum. He was greatly instrumental in the establishment of this institution, and he claimed the credit of having secured the Sheepshanks and Ellison gifts for the nation. He was also surveyor of the royal pictures. He was also offered, but declined, a knighthood in 1869. Redgrave was an assiduous painter of landscape and genre; his best pictures being "Country Cousins" (1848) and "The Return of Olivia" (1848), both in the national collection, "The Sempstress" (1844), "Well Spring in the Forest" (1865). He died on the 14th of December 1888.
See the Memoir by F. M. Redgrave, 1891.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Redonda

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​REDONDA, an island in the British West Indies. It is a dependency of Antigua, and lies 25 m. S.W. of it, in 25° 6' N. and 61° 35' W. Pop. (1901) 120. It is a rocky mountain, rising abruptly from the sea to a height of 1000 ft., and has an area of ½ sq. m. It is valuable for its phosphate of alumina (discovered in 1865), of which 7000 tons are exported every year to the United States.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Redlands

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​REDLANDS, a city of San Bernardino county, in southern California, U.S.A., 67 m. (by rail) E. of Los Angeles. Pop. (1900) 4797; (1910) 10,449. It is served by the Southern Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé railways and by interurban electric lines. The city lies at an altitude of 1350–1600 ft. at the eastern end of the San Bernardino Valley, surrounded on three sides by mountains. To the east Grayback (11,725 ft.) and San Bernardino (11,600 ft.), to the south-east San Jacinto (10,805 ft.), and to the north-west Cajon Pass (4119 ft.) and San Antonio, of Old Baldy (10,142 ft.), are conspicuous landmarks. The city is a well-known tourist and health resort, with beautiful drives. Canyon Crest Park (Smiley Heights) contains about 300 acres, and Prospect Park 50 acres. The city has the A. K. Smiley Public Library, the gift of A. K. Smiley, and is the seat of the University of Redlands (Baptist; co-educational), incorporated in 1907 and opened in 1909. Redlands is one of the most famous orange-growing and shipping centres of California; it also ships other citrus fruits, olive oil, barley, wheat and stone. Olive oil and jam, marmalade and preserved fruits are manufactured. There are electric power plants in the mountains (three in Mill Creek Canyon and two in Santa Ana Canyon). A settlement called Lugonia was established within the limits of the present city in 1874, but Redlands dates from 1887, when it was settled by people from New England, and was chartered as a city.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Redon

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​REDON, a town of western France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of, Ille-et-Vilaine, 45 m. S.S.W. of Rennes by rail. Pop. (1906) 5170. Redon is situated on the right bank of the Vilaine, above the confluence of the Oust and on the canal from Nantes to Brest. The Church of St Sauveur, formerly belonging to an abbey, has a Romanesque central tower, square in form but with rounded angles. A fine tower of the 14th century with a stone spire stands isolated from the church, from which it was separated owing to the destruction of part of the nave by fire in 1782. The choir, with ambulatory and radiating chapels, forms one of the most remarkable examples of 13th-century architecture in Brittany. The abbey has been converted into an ecclesiastical college. Some 16th-century timbered houses have interesting carvings. The industries include the manufacture of emery and polish, agricultural implements and boat-building, tanning, brewing and flour-milling. The port is accessible at high tides for vessels of 600 to 700 tons. Redon grew up round a monastery founded in the first half of the 9th century. In the 14th century Jean de Tréal, one of the abbots, surrounded the town with walls, of which a remnant is still to be seen.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Redondela

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​REDONDELA, a town of north-western Spain, in the province of Pontevedra; 7 m. N.E. of Vigo, in a bend of the Vigo estuary, and at the junction of the Tuy-Vigo and Vigo-Pontevedra railways. Pop. (1900) 10,843. The river is only accessible for small coasting vessels; it is the headquarters of a prosperous fishing industry. In the neighbourhood are ruins of several medieval castles, and the fine hall of the Marquess Vega de Armijo.
# Irwin v. San Francisco Savings Union

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* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
136 U.S. 578
Irwin v. San Francisco Savings Union
[Statement of Case from pages 578-580 intentionally omitted]
Asst. Atty. Gen. Maury, for plaintiff in error.
George A. Nourse, for defendant in error.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Irwin v. San Francisco Savings Union/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
136 U.S. 578
Irwin v. San Francisco Savings Union
It is conceded by counsel for plaintiff in error that this case is governed by Wright v. Roseberry, 121 U.S. 488, 7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 985, and the judgment is therefore, upon the authority of that case, affirmed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Irwin v. Wright

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* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
258 U.S. 219
Irwin v. Wright
Argued: Jan. 24, 1922. --- Decided: March 20, 1922
Messrs. Patrick H. Loughran, of Washington, D. C., Ernest W. Lewis, of Phoenix, Ariz. (M. J. Dougherty and G. A. Rodgers, both of Mesa. Ariz., and F. H. Swenson, of Phoenix, Ariz., on the brief), for appellant.
Messrs. James M. Sheridan, of Washington, D. C., and George D. Christy, R. E. L. Shepherd, and Jos. E. Noble, all of Phoenix, Ariz., for appellees.
Mr. Chief Justice TAFT delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Irwin v. Gavit

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* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Irwin v. Gavit, 268 U.S. 161 (1925), was a case before the U.S. Supreme Court regarding the taxability, under United States tax law, of a divided interest in a bequest. It is notable (and thus appears frequently in law school casebooks) for the following holding:
   * A bequest of income from property held in trust is taxable, even where the bequest of the entire corpus of the trust would be excluded as a gift.
Warning: template has been deprecated.
United States Supreme Court
268 U.S. 161
Irwin v. Gavit
Argued: April 15, 1925. --- Decided: April 27, 1925
The Attorney General and Mr. Solicitor General Beck, of Washington, D. C., for petitioner.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 161-163 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Neile F. Towner, of Albany, N. Y., for respondent.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 163-165 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice HOLMES delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Irwin v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
57 U.S. 513
Irwin v. United States

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dunsany, Edward John Moreton Drax Plunkett, 18th Baron

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​Dunsany, Edward John Moreton Drax Plunkett, 18th Baron (1878–), Irish author, was born in London July 24 1878 and educated at Eton and Sandhurst. He entered the army, holding a commission in the 1st batt. Coldstream Guards, and served in the South African War. He was transferred to the Reserve Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers and was wounded in the World War, April 25 1916. He unsuccessfully contested W. Wilts. in the Conservative interest in 1906.
Amongst his prose works may be mentioned The Gods of Pegana (1905); Time and the Gods (1906); The Sword of Welleran (1908); A Dreamer’s Tales (1910); Tales of War (1918); Unhappy Far-off Things (1919); Tales of Three Hemispheres (1920). His plays include The Glittering Gate (1909); King Argimenes (191); The Gods of the Mountain (1911); The Golden Doom (1912) ; A Night at an Inn (1916) and If (1921).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Durban

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​Durban, Natal, S. Africa (see 8.696). Pop. (1911) 34,880 whites and 53,118 natives, Asiatic and coloured. In 1918 the whites numbered 41,865 (with suburbs 48,413), natives (estimated) 26,000 Asiatics; and other coloured persons, 23,750; total 91,615. Durban’s importance and prosperity depends upon its port (Port Natal), but since 1910 it has become a manufacturing place of some note. It is the most compact of the larger S. African towns, the borough covering only 12 square miles.
Chief among modern buildings are the new Town Hall (opened 1910) and the Law Courts. The latter face the Victoria Embankment, a fine thoroughfare along Bay Beach, i.e. the Bay of Natal. At the Point, overlooking the eastern entrance to the harbour, an equestrian statue of Dick King, commemorative of his great ride to seek help for the infant settlement, was erected in 1915. From Ocean Beach a semi-circular pier, over 900 ft. long, encloses a bathing place free from sharks. Ocean Beach, with its esplanade and park and fine hotels, forms the chief attraction during the Durban winter season (May to Sept.) when the mean maximum temperature is 76° F. For horse-racing fixtures Durban ranks only second to Johannesburg among the cities of South Africa.
Vessels are constantly engaged in dredging the bar at the entrance to the harbour; the lowest depth of water at the entrance is 36 ft., the minimum depth at the quayside varies from 22 to 30 ft. The harbour is equipped with every facility for the rapid loading and unloading of ships. At Congella, at the N.E. end of the harbour, some 220 ac. of land had been reclaimed and 3,460 ft. of wharfage provided by 1920. Here timber and bulky goods are handled. Congella is also the centre for manufactures; it has cold-storage accommodation and does a large export trade. It was, however, the development of coaling facilities, made practicable by the nearness of the Natal coalfields, that placed Durban in 1913–4 above Cape Town as premier port of the Union. The coal bunkered at Durban, 1,196,000 tons in 1913, rose greatly during the war, but fell to 608,000 tons in 1918–9. In the same year, however, the export of coal rose to 704,000 tons compared with 261,000 in 1917–8. The rival to Durban for coal exports in South Africa is not Cape Town but Delagoa Bay, which exports the coal from the Transvaal mines. In 1918, in which year there was a great falling off in the number of ships visiting the port, the total tonnage of cargo landed, shipped and transhipped at Durban was 2,373,000—it had been 2,801,000 in 1916. In 1919 shipping increased, the total net tonnage entering the port being 2,959,000, of which 2,562,000 tons were British.
In 1910 a wireless station was opened at Durban; the first in South Africa. It has a normal range of 300 m. by day and 1,000 m. by night. In 1918—year ending July 31—the rateable valuation of Durban was £12,378,000, the revenue £1,095,000 and indebtedness £3,135,000. In that year the net profit on municipal trading was £110,000; in 1920 the municipal valuation was £13,546,000.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Duveneck, Frank

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​Duveneck, Frank (1848–1919), American painter (see 8.737), died in Cincinnati Jan. 3 1919. He was awarded a special gold medal at the San Francisco Exposition in 1915, and the same year he presented to the Cincinnati museum a large collection of his own works.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Eastman, George

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EASTMAN, GEORGE (1854-), American inventor and philanthropist, was born at Waterville, N.Y., July 12 1854. He was educated at Rochester and early became interested in photography. In 1880 he began to manufacture dry plates and four years later produced the first practicable roll film. In 1888 he invented the “kodak.” In 1900 he gave $250,000 to the Rochester Mechanics' Institute. He has given laboratories to the university of Rochester and has donated $500,000 toward that university's endowment. To its school of music he has given $3,500,000 and to its medical school $4,000,000 (1920). In 1920 it became known that he had given at various times large sums to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, amounting to $11,000,000.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dresden

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DRESDEN, Saxony (see 8.574). — The pop. of Dresden, according to the census of 1919, was 529,326; in 1910, without some suburbs
since incorporated, it was 548,308. Dresden was perhaps harder hit by the World War than most other towns in Germany. The whole structure of its economic life had been dependent upon visitors, especially foreigners, and the outbreak of the war brought this to a sudden stop. In addition, the shortage of food, serious everywhere, was more especially felt in Saxony and her capital, which were dependent mainly upon industry. Lastly, the revolution swept away the life of the Court, which meant a great deal for Dresden. With the revolution came the development of extreme political tendencies among the working classes of Dresden, which led to constant disturbances, strikes, etc., although the violent and sanguinary encounters associated with the insurrectionary movement in western Saxony, were less widespread in Dresden. But the assassination of Neuring, the majority Socialist Minister of War, on April 12 1919, and the sanguinary street fighting of Jan. 9 and 10 of the same year, are sufficient proof that the capital of Saxony was not immune from scenes of violence. After 1914 the expansion of the city came to a complete standstill, and in 1921 Dresden, like other towns, was suffering severely from lack of housing accommodation. After the revolution there was a majority of extremists in the Municipal Council, and the financial position of the city had become very precarious.
The collections and museums will doubtless maintain the reputation of Dresden as a centre of art. The Royal Opera, which enjoyed a world-wide reputation before the World War, has not been able as a State Opera to maintain its high artistic level. Industry came to a complete standstill during the war — the manufacture of cigarettes, for instance, which was very flourishing, had to be cut down owing to lack of raw material — but by 1921, some recovery had taken place and Dresden showed signs of returning prosperity as a resort for visitors. (C. K.*)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Duncan, Sara Jeannette

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​Duncan, Sara Jeannette, Mrs. Everard Cotes (1861–), British-Canadian author, was born at Brantford, Can., in 1861, the daughter of Charles Duncan, merchant, and married Everard Cotes, Anglo-Indian journalist, late managing-director of the Eastern News Agency, in 1890. She began her literary work as a journalist in connexion with the Washington Post and afterwards the Toronto Globe and Montreal Star, contributing to the latter letters from Japan and the East, afterwards republished as A Social Departure (1890). During her long residence with her husband in India she made a considerable reputation as a novelist of Anglo-Indian life, notably in His Honour and a Lady (1896); Set in Authority (1906); The Burnt Offering (1909) and The Pool in the Desert, a volume of short stories (1903). Her lighter work includes A Voyage of Consolation (1898); Those Delightful Americans (1902) and His Royal Happiness (1915), dramatized and produced in London March 1919. She also wrote The Imperialist (1904), a Canadian novel.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dupuis, Jean

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​Dupuis, Jean (1828–1912), French traveller, was born at Saint-Just-la-Pendue, near Raonne, France, Dec. 7 1828, and was educated at Tarare (dept. Rhone). In 1858 he went to Egypt as a trader, and from thence to China. His trading journeys took him into many previously unexplored parts of southern China, and in 1871–2 his efforts opened up the Song-koi or Red river to commerce. The foundations of the French possessions in Tongking were thereby laid and Dupuis did much to assist in the conquest of the country (see 27.6 seq.). His explorations are described in the following works: L’ouverture du fleuve Rouge au commerce (1879); Les origines de la question du Tong-kin (1896); Le Tong-kin et l’intervention française (1898) and Le Tong-kin de 1872 à 1886 (1910). Dupuis was in 1881 awarded the Delalande Guérineau prize by the Academy of Sciences in Paris. He died at Monaco Nov. 28 1912.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tomahawk

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​TOMAHAWK (a native American word, probably from the Algonquian verb otomahuk, to knock down), the war-hatchet of the North American Indians. The earliest tomahawks were of chipped stone, usually sharpened to a point at each end something like a pickaxe, and passed through a hole bored in a stout wooden cudgel. In the more primitive types the stone head was simply tied to the handle by animal sinews, or a withe was doubled over the head and fastened below to form a handgrip. Sometimes deer antlers were used instead of stones. After the arrival of the white man the heads were usually of iron. Where the stone head was sharpened only at one end the blunt end was sometimes cut out into a pipe-bowl, the handle, hollowed, serving as the stem. The weapon was at once symbolical of war and peace, and was ceremoniously buried at the termination of hostilities, to be as formally exhumed when the feuds revived. Hence the colloquialism “to bury the hatchet.”
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tollemache, Thomas

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​TOLLEMACHE (or Talmash), THOMAS (c. 1651-1694), British soldier, was the second son of Sir Lionel Tollemache, Bart. (d. 1668), of Helmingham, Suffolk, although an idle report of the time made his mother, Elizabeth Murray (d. 1698), afterwards countess of Dysart and duchess of Lauderdale, the mistress of Oliver Cromwell. In 1678 he became captain in the Guards, with which he served in Tangier, and in 1685 he was made lieutenant-colonel of a regiment of fusiliers, but almost at once he gave up his commission because he disliked the proceedings of James II., and became colonel of an Anglo-Dutch regiment, usually stationed in Holland. At the head of his men he landed in England with William of Orange in 1688 and was made governor of Portsmouth and colonel of the Coldstream Guards, while in 1689 he was chosen an English member of parliament. With the Coldstreams he served William III. at the battle of Wakourt, and then as a major-general in Ireland, where in 1691 he gained fame at the battle of Aughrim and at the sieges of Athlone, Galway and Limerick. He then went to the Nether- lands and added to his high reputation by his conduct at the battles of Steenkirk and Neerwinden. In 1694 Talmash, as he was generally called, proposed an expedition against Brest, the leadership of which was given to him. The fortifications, however, were too strong, and although he led on the English troops with great gallantry they were beaten oil with heavy loss. Talmash himself was wounded, and returning to Plymouth he died there on the 12th of June 1694. He was buried in Helming- ham church, where a long inscription summarizes his life.