# Illustrations of Indian Botany, Vol. 1/Rhizophoreae

LIX.—RHIZOPHOREAE.
This is a small, hut widely diffused order, growing on salt swamps and marshes on the sea coasts of nearly all tropical countries, constituting the mangrove tribe, so noted for the unwhole- some climate which often prevails where it is very abundant, apparently, through the dense mass of vegetation which it produces intercepting the sun's rays, and maintaining a constant exhalation of noxious vapour from about their roots. Like the Banyan ( Ficus indica J and the Caldera, ( Pandanus odoratissimvs J most of the species send down roots from the stem and branches, by means of which they rapidly spread themielves to a great extent. Another very remarkable peculiarity of this family is the unique manner in which its seed germinates; here germination takes place not as in other plants after the shedding of the seed, but before it has left the seed vessel. After the seed has attained maturity its rhdicle and club-shaped tigillus gradually elongates until it either enters the soft muddy soil in which the tree grows, or if more elevated it drops and fixing itself in the muddy bottom immediately strikes root at the one end while the leaves begin to develope themselves at the other. The species are all trees or shrubs with opposite coriaceous simple entire leaves, sometimes, in Carallia, dentate, usually tapering towards the petiol and furnished with interpetiolar convolute caducous stipules. The flowers are bi sexual, regtdar, axillary, congregated in few or many-flowered cymes. Dr. Arnott in an excellent memoir on the order published in the Annals of Natural History, vol. 1st, has given a detailed character of the Linnaean genus Rhizophora, but which he thinks ought rather to be considered a group or sub-order, of Rhizophoreae, as containing several distinct genera. The group may be called Rhizophoroe, he defines it as follows.
" Calyx 4- 14 cleft, persisting: aestivation valvate. Petals sessile, 4- 14, inserted into the calyx and alternate with its lobes. Stamens 8 or more, inserted with the petals : filaments dis- tinct, anthers 2-celled, dehiscing within. Disk fleshy between the ovary and calyx, occasionally forming a short toothed ring between the stamens and ovary. Ovary more or less cohering, 2-4-celled, cells 2-ovuled, ovules pendulous from the apex of a central axis. Style simple. Stigma 2-4, dentate or simple. Fruit coriaceous, 1 -celled, I -seeded, after germination has commenced perforated at the apex, by the extension of the radicle and tigillus of the embryo into a long club. Albumen none. Cotyledons flat, radicle superior."
This character does not include Carallia, the seed of which do not germinate in the pere- carp, but with that exception, the character applies to it also.
Affinities. This order differs from all others in the remarkable property of its seed germinating before they have left the tree. The structure and dehiscence of the anther in Rhizophora is also very peculiar. In place of as usual consisting of two parallel cells opening either by pores at the apex or by slits, it seems to consist of a solid central axis, the surface of which contains numerous fovioli containing the pollen and covered by a membrane, when mature
​this membrane bursts interiorly or towards the centre of the flower and sheds the pollen, after which the membranous valve withers and almost disappears, leaving the fleshy body of the anther in its place apparently as large or even larger than when the flower first expanded. I first had an opportunity of observing the anther of R. muc.ronata about 10 years ago, and endeavoured to represent it before and after dehiscence. The attempt was not very successful but such as it was I have recently published it tab. 238 of my Icones. Since then (in 1835 ?) Mr. Griffith published a paper on the Rhyzophoreae in the transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta, accompanied with delineations of the anther of this genus, accompanied by some ingenious remarks on its formation. This structure, which is confined to the species of this genus, he very properly considers of itself a sufficient reason for separating them as a genus from the rest of the order even supposing there was no other, which however is not the case, hence this cannot but be considered a good genus. Passing over these peculiarities, which do not extend to all the species of the order, its nearest allies seem to be, Memecyleae, Lethrarieae and Mijrtaceae, and though the relationship does not appear to be very close, we yet find the same plant in one or two instances referred to different orders, thus we find, according to Arnott, that, Petalosoma of D.C. doubtfully referred by him to Mijrtaceae, is not distinct from Carallia: and Olisbia D.C. placed without a doubt in Rhyzophoreae, referred by Lindley and Arnott under the name Guildmgia to Memecyleae.
Geographical Distribution. I mentioned above that plants of this order occupy a wide range, inhabiting salt, marshes, especially near the mouths of great rivers, in tropical countries. The following rather long extract from Dr. Arnott's paper gives a more precise account of their distribution which is my reason for introducing it here.
"Martius in his observations on India plants in the f Algemeine Zeilung' for January 1834, and ' Ann. des Sc. Nat.' n. s. i. p. 250, mentions that there are eleven species of Rhizophoreae in East India according to Wallich's list : there are however only eight noticed by Dr. Wallich, but this number may be made up of the three species of Carallia described in DeCandolle's Prodromus, of Rhizophora conjvgata, gymnorrhiza and cylindrica of Linnaeus ; R. caryo- phylloides, Jack ; R. candel and candelaria of DeCandolle, with R. parviflora and decandra of Roxburgh, mentioned in Wallich's list. While one of these has been unnecessarily spilt down, others, very distinct, appear to be confused under the same names, and Blume's are alto- gether omitted. 1 have now enumerated fifteen species of Rhizophoreae verae from which we must deduct one from America and another from New Holland not found in East India. Of the remaining thirteen, one from Cochin China is scarcely known ; a second extends throughout the Indian ocean, from the Mauritius to the Moluccas or perhaps Timor, and as far north as Arabia Felix and Bengal; a third is found in Malabar, Timor, and New Holland; three appear to be confined to the Eastern Islands; two to Malabar ; one is common to Malabar and the mouth of the Ganges ; two found at the mouth of the Ganges occur probably also further east and in Penang, and the remaining two seem to have been observed (unless different species are alluded to by different authors) in Ceylon, Malabar, Bengal, Java, and Amboyna. To these thirteen have to be added, Roxburgh's two species of Carallia with serrated, and the four spe- cies or varieties I have mentioned with entire leaves : so that although Loureiro's Rhiz. hexa- gona were reduced, the number is about double of that given by Martius. This order is thus concentrated in India or its Islands ; the only known exceptions consist in the two or perhaps three species of Rhizophora and one Carallia that occur further west, and one Ceriops and one Bruguieria that are found in New Holland ; but of these, two are also natives of India."
Properties and Uses. On this head no very precise information exists, the bark of several species is astringent and has been used as a febrifuge. In the Antilles the fruit of Rizoph: mangle is said to be sweet and edible and the juice is fermented to form a light wine. When growing within low water mark the lower branches and stems are sometimes covered with oysters which are esteemed, by those who have an opportunity of procuring them, a great deli- cacy. The wood of R. mucronata is said by Roxburgh to be of a dark redish colour, hard and durable while that of Bruguieria Rheedei is described as being of a yellowish colour, hard and durable, but is chiefly employed for burning and for posts with which the natives construct their houses. ​ Remarks on Genera and Species. The most perfect account by far, yet published of this order is that by Dr. Arnott in the " 4nnal.i of Natural History" vol. 1. page 359-374 in- clusive. To this paper I must refer those desirous of becoming intimately acquainted with it, but will here embody some portion of the information it contains. Of Rhizophoreae verae he has 4 genera, one of these (Ceriops) new; and defines 15 species, one imperfectly known, which are thus distributed — Rkizophora 3, Ceriops 2, Kandelia 1, and Bruguieria 8 — and one scarcely known, of these 9 are certainly Indian species. As I have reason to believe the Journal in which these are published is but little known in India, I shall introduce here the original generic and specific characters of the author with his synonyms, excluding however the remarks on each, which would occupy more space than can be devoted to the subject in these pages, adding to each Mr. Griffith's synonyms derived from his paper in the Calcutta Medical transactions.
RHIZOPHORA, Lam. Kunth. Blume, W. and A.
Calyx 4-fidus ; laciniae t,ubo 2-3-plo longiores. Petala 4 lanceolata acuminata apice nuda. Stamina 8-11, quo- rum 4 petalis opposita: filamenta brevissima; antherse magnae, sub-sessiles, basi affixas conniventus, oblongo- lineares, acuminafae, breviter cuspidate. Ovarium serai- adhaarens, biloculare, 4-ovulatum, parte libera ovata carnosa solida, sensim in stylum conicum brevem acumi- nata. Fructus sub-ovatus, basi calycis laciniis recurvis coronatus, tubo longior.
Pedunculi 2-S-fidi vet dichotimi ; calyx bractea cupu- lata sufftdtus. Flores magni : a labastra ovoidea Icevia.
§ 1. Stamina 8. Petala concava, coriacea, stamen unicum antepositum foventia, versus marlines indupli- catos villosa. Pedunculi ex axillis foliorum hornoti- norum orti, petiolis sub-longiores, 2-3-fidi dichotomi: flores plus minusvi pedicellati.
1. R. Mangle, (Linn.); foliis obovato-oblongis, ob- tusis. — as, pedunculis 2-3floris; floribus sublonge pe- dicellatis, calycis laciniis triangulari-cblongis. — R. Man- gle, Linn. Sp. p. 634 (ex parte); D.C. Prod. 3 p. 32 ; Velloz. Fl. Flum. v. t. 1. — /3 ? pedunculis dichotomis. — It. racemosa, Meyer prim. Essq. p. 185 D.C. I. c. — Hab. in America, et? Africas oris occidentalibus.
2. R. mucronata, Lam. ; foliis ovalibus longe cuspi- datis, calycis lacyniis triangulari ovatis.^-R. mucronata, Lam. Enc. Meth. 6 p. 16 > ; ill. tab. 396 fig. 2. D.C. I. c. ; Decaisne in Ann. Sc. Nat. n. s, 4 p. 75.— R. Mangle, Linn. ? (ex parte). Roxb. Fl. hid. 2 p. 459. Blum, en PL Jav. 1 p. 91 (excl. syri). — R. candilaria, Wall. cat. n. 487*. Wight, et Arn. Prod. Fl. Penins. I. 0. I p. 3l0, (non D.C.) Wight, cat. n. 1041. R. maerorhiza, Griffith.
Hab. in insulis Mauritio, Madagascar, Ceylano, et Java, in Arabia Felice prope Yemen (Bove n. 230) Ma- lab ad aria, ostia Gangis, ac verosimiliter in aliis multis Indies orientalis maritimis,
§2. Stamina nunc 8, saepius 11-12. Petala plana, sub-meinbranacea, glaberrima. Pedunculi petiolo mul- to breviores, ex axillis foliorum annotinorum orti, crassi, apice sub-biflori : flores sessiles.
3. R. conjugata, (Linn.) ; foliis oblongis snb-acumi- natis longe cuspidatis. Linn. Sp. p. 634; Fl. Ceyl.n. 181. D.C. I. c. p. 33 ; Wight, cat. n. 2449. Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 36 (inPI . Indicaomissa).— R.Candela<ia,_D.C. I.e. Griffith, I. c. — R. apiculata, Bium. en PI. Jav. 1 p. 91.— Rheed. II. Mai vi. tab. 34. Rump Amb. iii. t. 71 et 72.
Hab. in insulis Ceylano et Java, in Malabarica prope Cochin, &c. Rheede, Quilon ; Wight.
2 CERIOPS, Arn.
Calyx 5-fidus; kciniae tubo 2 3-plo longiores. Petala 5, ovalia, emurginata, aprce setigera, plana, ante anthesin stamina duo amplectentia. Stamina 10, erecta; fila- menta petalis sub-dimidio brevioia: anthers cordato- watae, obtusas, filamentis multo breviores, dorso paullo
supra basin affixes. Ovarium semiadhaerens, tri-(in una specie, forsan in omnibus) loculare, 6-ovulatum, parte libera ovata carnosa solida apice in stylum stamina super- antem desinente. Stigma siinpliciusculum. Fructus sub-ovatus, prope basin laciniis calycinis patenti-recurvis coronatus, tubo longior.
Pedunculi petiolum sub-cequantes, cymum densiflorum sub capitatum ferentes. Calyx bractea cupulata sufftdtus, Flores parvi, vix pisi magnitudine : alabastra sub-ovoidea. Valde a Rhizophora differt hocce genus habitu, inflores- centia, floribus pentameris, petalis, staminibus, stig- mate, et (an semper ?) ovario.
1. C. Candolliana, (Arn.) ; foliis obovalibus vel obo- vatis obtusissimis petalis margine glabris apice trisetis, setis clavatis. Wight, Cat. n. 2450. — Rhizophora Timo- riensis, D.C. ? Prod. 3 p. 32; Decaisne ? Herb. Timor. p. 124. — Bruguieria Arnottiana, Wight, inLitt.
Hab. in oris Malabaricus prope Quilon; Wight, 1836. In insula Timor (fide DeCand. et Decaisn). " Careening bay" in Nova Hollandia; Cunningham (in Herb. Hook.)
2. C. Roxburghiana, (Arn.) foliis obovalibus obovatise obtusissimis petalis inferne glabris versus apieem setosa- ciliatis, setis (sub 7) validis. — Rhizophora decandra, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 36; in. cast. Merc. Ind. Mus. tab. 1140 (in. Flor. Ind. omissa), Wall. Cat. n. 4875 ; Herb. Ham. n. 1109. — Brugniera decandra, Griffith, I. c.
Hab. Ad ostia Gangis ; Goodlad ; Hamilton. Penang, Martaban, Tavov &c. (fide Wallich).
3 KANDELIA, W. and A.
Calyx 5-fidus ; laciniae tubo 3-4-plo longiores, lineares, patentes. Petala 5, membranacea, glabra, basi linearia sub-canaliculata, ultra medium bifida, laciniis in fila plurima capillaria longa inajqualiter fissis. Stamina petalorum numero 6-8-pla: filamenta subulato-capil- laria, calycis lacinias fere aequantia : antheiae oblongae, parvas, obtusse, dorso paullo supra basin affixae. Ovarium, adhaerens, 1-loculare, 6-ovulatum. Stylus filiformis, stamina sub-superans. Stigma 3-dentatum. Fructus oblongus, basi laciniis calycinis patentibus coronaius, tubo multo longior.
Arbor parva. Folia anguste elliptico- oblong a, oblusa. Pedunculi petiolo longiores, 2-3-chotomi, A-9-fiori. Flores majusculi, nunc rarius G-meri : alabastra prismatica. Calyx bractea cupulata suffultus. Embryonis germin- antis tigellus clavato-subulatus, acutissimus.
1. K. Rheedie, W. and A., I. c; Wight, Cat. n. 1042 Griffith Rhizophora Candel. Linn. sp. p. 634 D.C. I. c Wall. Cat. n. 4876. Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 36 (in Fl. In- dica omissa) ; Herb. Ham. n. 11 10.
Hab. ad oras Malabaricus praesertim australiores. Rheede, Klein, Wight. Ad ostia Gangis, Hamilton.
4. BRUGUIERIA, L'Her, Lam., Blume, W. and A.
Calyx 8-14-fidus: laciniae tubum turbinatum sub- aequantes. Petala oblonga, bifida, basi circa stamina ​duoanteposita arete conduplicata vel convoluta. Sta- mina petalorum numero dupla, biserialia, e petalis tan- dem elastice dissilientia : filamenta petalis sub-dimidio breviora, inaequalia interioribus brevioribus: anrherse lineares vel oblongae, acutae, basi affixae. Ovarium ad- haerens, 2-3-4-loculare, loculis 2 ovulatis. Stylus fili- formis, stamiuum longitudine : stigma 2 3-4 dentaturn. Fructus turbinatus, tubum calycis haud superans ac ejus laeiniis apice eoronatus.
Peduneuli 1-3 vel pluriftori. Calyx basinudus: alabastra fusiformia vel ovoidea.
1. B. gijmnorrhiza, (Blume) " foliis ovalibus acutis, petalorum laeiniis apice nudis, fructibus" (seu tigellis) " cylindraceo-acutiusculis costatis" Blume en PI. Jav. 1 p. 92 (nun Lam., nisi quod ad fructum a Gaertnero mutuatum). — Rhizophora gymorrhiza, Linn. sp. p. 634 (ex parte). Gcertn.fr. t. 45. — Mangium celsum, Eumpk. Amb. 3 p. 102 t. 68.
Hab in Java atque Moluccis.
2. B. cylindrical (Blume), " foliis oblongis acumina- tis, petalorum laeiniis apice nudis, fructibus" (seu tigel- lis) " cylindraeeis obtusis laevibus." Blume I. c p. 91 (excl. syn. Rheede.) — Rhizophora eylindrica, Linn. sp. p. 635 (ex parte). — Mangium digitatum, Rumph. Amb. iii. tab. 70.
Hab. in Moluccis et Java &c.
§ 2. Petala apice setigera.
Calycis laciniae 9-14, lineari-acuminaiae, apicem versus triquetral, fructiferae sub-ereetae. Antherae lineares. Ovarium 3 (nunc 4-) loculare. Peduneuli uniflori, cer- nui, folio breviores. Flores magui.
3. B. Rlieedei, (Blume ?) foliis ovali-oblongis utrin- que acuminatis, calyce 10-l4-(saepius 1 2-) fido laeiniis detnum erectis vel sub-incurvis, petails ima basi villo- sulis alioqnin glaberrimis laeiniis acutis apice bisetis cum seta i,uinta in fissura. Blume ? I. c. p. 92. — B. gym- Torrhiza, Lam. (quoad flores) ill. 1. 397. /'. a. b. c. et forsan d-f. Herb. Ham. n. 1111. Wight et Am. I.e. p. 311 (ex parte); Wight, Cal.n. 1043 (ex parte). — Rhizo- phora gvmnorrhiza, Linn. sp. p 634. (ex parte) Roxb. Fl. Ind. n.p. 460; in cat. Merc. I. O. Mus. tab. 1248. Wall. Cat. n. 4874. Lour. ? Coch (ed Willd.)p. 364.— Rheed. H. Mai. vi. t. 3 1 et 32. Rumph. Amb. t. 69. (fide Blume; itaque hue trahenda R. Palun, D.C. I. c.)
Hab. in Malabaria Rheede, Wight. Ad ostia Gangis. Goodlab, Hamilton. In Moluccis as Java (fide Blumei) Cochin-china, Loureiro. In Penang, &c. Wallich.
Tigellus sub-cylindricus, laevis, utrinque acuminatus, in liac, et forsan in aliis hujus sub-sectionis speciebus.
4. B. Australis, (Cunn.): foliis ovali-oblongis utrin- que acurninatis, calyce 9-10-fido, petalis basi lanatis secus margines pilosis laeiniis linearibus obtusiusculis versus apicem sub-4-setis cum nona longiuscula in fissura.
Hab. ad " Moreton bay" Novae Hollandiae, A. Cun- ningham, (in Herb. Hook.)
5. B. eriopetala, (W. & A.) ; foliis ovali-oblongis utrinque aeuminatis, calyce sub 10-fido, petalis a basi ad apieem versus margines dense argenteo-hirsutis laeiniis obtusiusculis prope apicem unisetis cum seta tertia longiuscula in fissura. Wight. Cat. n. 2451. — B. gym- norrhiza, W. et A. I. c. (ex parte) ; M ight. Cat. n. 1043 (ex parte). — Griffith 1. c.
Hab. ad Quilon, Wight.
Calycis laciniae 8, oblongo-lineares, planiusculas, fructiferae patentes. Petala and margines parce villo- sula, laeiniis apice 3-4 setis cum seta unica in fissura. Antherae lineari-oblongae. Ovarium 2-3-loculare. Pe-
duneuli pluri nori. Tigellus germinans sub-cylindricus 7
laeviusculus.
6. B. caryophylloides, (Blume) foliis ovalibus utrin- que acutis, peduneulis petiolo brevioribus 3-(uunc dichotome 5 ) floris, calycis laeiniis acutis, ov-irio bi lo- culare, tigello subclavato acutiuscnlo. Blume, I. c. p. 93. — Rhizophora caryophylloides, Burm. Ind. p. 109. Jack, in Mai. misci. p. 34 ; in Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. p. SO ; Wad. Cat. n. 4^7^-— Rumph. Amb. iii. tab. 78. B. eylin- drica, Griffith, I. c.
Hab. in Singapore et Pulo-Penang, Jack. Circa Bataviam, Blume. In Moluccis Rumph.
7. B. malabarica, (Am.); foliis elliptico-oblongis utrinque acuminalis, peduneulis petiolum aequantibus apice trifloris, floribus arete sessilibus calycis laeiniis obtusiusculis, ovario biloculari; tigello eylindrieo de- mum supra medium paullo attenuato obtuso. Wight. Cat. n. 2452. — Rhizophora eylindrica. Linn. sp. p. 635. (ex parte) Rheed. Mai. vi. t. 33.
Hab. ad oras Malabaria?, Rheede, Wight.
8 B. parvifiora, (Arn.); foliis elliptico-oblongis seu lalo lanceolatis, peduneulis semel bisve trichotomis rnultifloris, ovario 3 loeulari, tigello sub-cylindrico, Roxb. Griffith, I. c. — Rhizophora parvifiora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. p. 461. R. eylindrica, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 36. Wall. Cat. n. WJ7.
Hab. Ad osiia Gaugis.
§. Vix nota.
9. B.sexangula, (Spr.); foliis ovato-lanceolatis, pe- duneulis uniflbris, calyce 10 iido magno laeiniis acutis patentibus: petalis ciliatis, tigello pristnatico aequaliter hexair"no obtuso — Rhizophora sexangula, Lour. Coch. {ed Willd.) p. 363.
Hab. in Cochin china. Loureiro.
The following is a Clavis Analytica of the better known species. Fructus semiadhaeiens.
Petala 4 1. Rhizophora, L.
Petala 5.
Stamina 10 II. Ceriops, Arn.
Stamina indefinita III. Kandelia, W. & A.
Fructus omnino adhaerens IV. Bruguiera, L. Her.
I. Petala margine villosa.
Folia obtusa R. Mangle, L.
Folia apiculata R. mucronata, Lam.
Petala glabenima R. conjugata, L.
II. Petala apice triseta C. Candolliana, Arn,
Petala versus apicem se-> „ „ 7 ,
... v > C. Roxb'M-'j-hu, Arn.
tosa-eihata $ s
III. (Unica species) K. Rlieedei, W. & A.
IV. Petala apice nuda.
Tigelli costati B . gijmnorrhiza, Bl.
Tigelli lseves B. eylindrica, Bl.
Petala apice setigera.
Calycis laciniae 9-14, fructiferae erectiusculae. Petala (salvabasi) glaber-> R ^ rf . B ,
rnna '
Petala basi lanata secus j R AustraMs Cunn .
margines pilosa ) '
Petala secus margines se- j B . , w & A
riceo-hirsutissima ) 1
Calycis lacinias 8, fructiferae patentes.
Peduneuli sub-3 flori ; ovarium 2 loculare. Folia utrinque acuta ; pe- "1
dunculi peiiolo brevi- > B. caryophylloides, BL
ores j
Folia utrinque acuminata;
peduneuli pet. aequan- > B. malabarica, Arn.
tes.. J
Peduneuli muliiflori ; ova- ) D .„ . _ o , , > B. parvifiora, Am.
num 3-loculare y r J '
CARALLIA.
    1. C. Ceylanica, (Am.) ; foliis cuneato-obovatis obtusissimis subretusis latitudine subdimidio-longioribus. Arn. l. c. ; Wight Cat. n. 2446— C. obcordata, Wight in litt.
    2. C. corymbosa, (Wight); foliis oblongo-obovalibus obtusis vel obsolete ac obtuse acuminatis latitudine 2 — 2£ plo longioribus.— Wight Cat. n. 2447 .—Rheed. H. Mai. v. t. 13 (inflorescentia ac floribus pessime delineatis.)
    3. C. Sinensis, (Am.); foliis cuneato-obovatis breviter ac obtuse acuminatis latitudine subduplo longioribus. Arn. l. c. (cum. syn.)
    4. C. integerrirna, (D.C.) ; foliis ovalibus subacuminatis latitudine duplo longioribus.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 89.
    1. Kandelia Rheedei, (W. & A.) Flowering branch—natural size.
    2. A dissected flower to show the relative position of parts.
    3. Stamens.
    4. Stigma.
    5-6. Ovary cut transversely and vertically, 3 celled, with two pendulous ovules in each.
    7. A fruit at the commencement of germination.
    8. A fruit after germination has considerably advanced nearly a toot in length—natural size.
    9-10. Sections of the fruit and tigellus —natural size, with the exceptions mentioned, all more or less magnified.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 90.
    1. Flowering branch of Carallia Ceylanicus —natural size.
    2. A dissected flower.
    3. Stamens.
    4. A petal detached.
    5-6. Ovary cut transversely and vertically —all more or less magnified.
RHIZOPHOREÆ. . KANDELIA RHEEDEI. (W.&A.)
RHIZOPHOREÆ. CARALLIA CEYLANICA. (BARN.)