OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Riel, Louis

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
RIEL, LOUIS, a Canadian insurgent, son of the half-breed leader of the Metis Indians who rebelled against Canadian rule; born in St. Boniface, Oct. 23, 1844. He was secretary of the Metis national organization, and later the president of their provisional government at Fort Garry in the Northwestern Territory. He
led the Metis' Red River rebellion in 1869, which was subdued by a Canadian force under General Wolseley. He fled from the territory to escape arrest, and returned after peace terms had been arranged. He was elected to the Dominion Parliament in 1873, but was not allowed to take his seat. Again he incited rebellion, but it assumed only small proportions and was subdued by the Canadian Government. His attempt to create resistance in 1885 was more successful, but the rebellion was overthrown by General Middleton's forces. Riel was captured, tried for treason, and was sentenced to death. It was generally believed by French Canadians that Riel was insane. He was executed, Nov. 16, 1885, at Regina in the Northwestern Territory.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Robin Goodfellow

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ROBIN GOODFELLOW, the same as Puck.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ridpath, John Clark

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
RIDPATH, JOHN CLARK, an American educator; born in Putnam co., Ind., April 26, 1840; was graduated at Indiana Asbury University in 1863; and later held a professorship in Baker University, Kansas. In 1869 he became Professor of English Literature at Asbury University, Indiana, and was elected its vice-president in 1879. Through his influence the endowment of nearly $2,000,000 was bestowed on the university by Mr. DePauw, whose name it now bears. In 1874-1875 he published a “History of the United States” which he supplemented with another in 1877. In 1876 he issued a “School History,” and in 1879 an “English Grammar.” Desiring to devote his whole time to literature, he resigned his university offices. In 1881, he published the “Life of Garfield,” a “Life of J. G. Blaine” in 1848, a “Cyclopædia of History” in 1880-1884, a “History of Texas” in 1884, “Great Races of Mankind” in 1894, “Life and Times of Gladstone” (1898), and “A History of the United States” (8 vols. 1900). He died in New York City, Aug. 1, 1900.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Robin, American

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ROBIN, AMERICAN, or MIGRATING THRUSH, the Turdus migratorius; specific character dark-ash color; beneath, brownish-red; head and tail black; the two exterior feathers of the latter white at the inner tip. The robin is found in summer throughout North America from Alaska to Mexico. They retire from higher latitudes only as their food begins to fail, or till driven S. by inundating snows. During the winter months they are numerous in the Southern States. Even as far N. as Boston robins are sometimes seen in the depth of winter. Toward the close of January the robin is still in South Carolina, and about the second week of March begins to appear in the Middle States. By the 10th of March they may also be heard in New England. The eggs, about five, are of a bluish-green, and without spots. They raise several broods in a season.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Rienzi, Nicola Gabrini

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
RIENZI (re-ain′dza), NICOLA GABRINI, a Roman patriot; born about 1310. He was of obscure birth; but having received an excellent education, which he improved by a strong will and vigorous understanding, he was sent by his fellow citizens to Clement VI., at Avignon, in
order to prevail on that pontiff to return to Rome. His eloquence pleased the Pope, though it did not persuade him; and Rienzi on his return formed the design of making himself master of Rome, with the title of tribune. Having gained a considerable number of partisans, he entered the capitol, harangued the people, and elevated the standard of liberty. He designed to unite the whole of Italy into one great republic, with Rome for its
capital. For some time he was successful, his government was popular, and even Petrarch wrote in his favor, comparing him to Brutus. But at length a conspiracy was formed against him; and having lost the popular favor by his arrogance and tyranny, he was compelled to seek safety in flight, but was taken and cruelly put to death in 1354.
NICOLA GABRINI RIENZI
# The New Student's Reference Work/Monongahela

See also Monongahela River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Monongahela (mō-nǒn′gȧ-hē′lȧ), a river, one of the sources of the Ohio, rises in West Virginia, flowing north into Pennsylvania where it unites with the Allegheny at Pittsburg and forms the Ohio. It is 250 miles long, and is navigable for about 80 miles for large boats. Cheat River and the Youghiogheny are its chief branches. Here, on the banks of the river, near Pittsburg, was fought, July 9, 1755, a battle between the French and the Indians and the British and colonial troops under Braddock. The latter were beaten.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mont Blanc

See also the disclaimer.
​ Mont Blanc (mônt blŏn). See Alps.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de

See also Michel de Montaigne on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Montaigne (mŏn-tān′), Michel Eyquem de, a famous French essayist, was born in 1533 in Perigord. His father had peculiar ideas of education, and put, them in practice in his son's case. He was nursed by a poor woman in a village, that he might learn simple habits of living and sympathy with the poor. That his boyhood might be made as happy as possible, he had him wakened every morning by the sound of music. As he must learn Latin, then the necessary foundation of all education, he had him taught it in the easiest way, by conversation, and until he was six he understood no other language. His father sent him to school at six, making various arrangements to carry out his plans of education. He studied law, and became a city counselor, holding the office for 13 years. His first literary work was a translation of a Spanish Natural History. On the death of his brothers he succeeded to the family estate, and here began his famous Essays, which were written simply because he felt the need of occupation. These essays, written apparently without any plan, inspired by the caprice of the moment, touching upon his daily life, habits, tastes and thoughts on all kinds of subjects, have held the attention of a large class of readers of all kinds and sorts for 300 years. The circle of admirers widens every year, and is almost equal to that composed of the followers of Shakespeare. He died in 1592. See Representative Men by Emerson and Montaigne by Collins.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Montagu, Mary Wortley

See also Lady Mary Wortley Montagu on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Montagu (mŏn′tȧ-gū), Mary Wortley, was born about 1689 in Nottinghamshire, England. When only eight years old her father introduced her to the famous Kit-Cat Club, of which she became a member. After her marriage her husband's public position brought her into court society in London, where she was celebrated for her wit and beauty, and numbered among her friends Addison, Pope and other literary men of the time. In 1716 her husband was English ambassador at Constantinople, and during her life there of two years she wrote the Letters that have made her famous, addressing them to her sister, to Pope and other friends. They are descriptions of eastern life and manners. She became convinced of the benefit of inoculation for smallpox while abroad, and introduced it into England, trying it first on her own son. She died on Aug. 21, 1762. See Life in the edition of her works by Wharnecliffe.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Monopoly

See also Monopoly on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Monop′oly, a term used to indicate the sole right to sell or trade in any article, given to a single person or to a group of persons. In early times this right was often granted by government, as in the time of Queen Elizabeth, salt and coal were articles whose sale was thus limited; and one of the greatest monopolies the world has ever known, the East India Company, received its charter at that time. These government monopolies were opposed by the English people, and finally ended. Monopolies, under their modern form of trusts, combines, syndicates or unions, are the same in principle, an effort to do away with competition and give to one set or class of persons the sole right of selling or trading in an article. These combinations are effected by the use of capital, which is employed to drive out of business all small dealers. The Standard Oil Company and the Reading coal “combine” are well-known instances of great American monopolies.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Monroe Doctrine

See also the disclaimer.
​Monroe Doctrine. See Monroe, James, and United States.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mont Pelée

See also Mount Pelée on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Mont Pelée, a volcanic mountain in the island of Martinique, overlooking the town of Saint Pierre, was the scene of a terrible and disastrous eruption during May, June, July and August, 1902. On May 8th over 20,000 people were destroyed in Saint Pierre by an eruption of steam and red-hot ashes. The town met the fate of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Boiling mud, steam and rocky bombs, rather than lava, characterized the eruption. The height of the mountain previous to the eruption was estimated at 4,300 feet. After the eruption it had been completely transformed. A sort of column was thrust up above the original summit, so that the height after the eruption was no less than 5,200 feet.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Monroe, James

See also James Monroe on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* JAMES MONROE
Monroe′, James, the fifth president of the United States, was born in Westmoreland County, Va., April 28, 1758. He entered William and Mary College, but soon left to join the army under Washington. He was in several battles, was wounded at Trenton, and became lieutenant-colonel and military commissioner. In 1782, after studying law with Jefferson, he became a member of the Virginia assembly and was sent the next year to Congress. Here his services were influential in bringing about the conventions at Annapolis and Philadelphia, where the Constitution of the United States was framed, which, however, he opposed in the Virginia convention, siding with Patrick Henry and other states' rights men. He was in the United States senate from 1790 to 1794, and became minister to France from 1794 to 1796, when he was recalled because of his too open expressions of sympathy with the Revolution. His former opposition to Washington and this treatment induced him to publish an attack on the government, which made him the favorite of the Democratic party. He was governor of Virginia for three years, and then was sent by Jefferson to France, where, with Robert Morris, he effected the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. His efforts for a cession of Florida by Spain were unsuccessful, and the treaty with England obtained by him failed to provide against the seizing of American sailors. In 1811 he again was governor of Virginia, and secretary of state under Madison until 1817. In 1816 he was elected president and re-elected in 1820. The most popular measures of his administration were the obtaining of Florida from Spain (1819), the settling of the slavery question by the Missouri Compromise, the recognition of the independence of the Spanish American republics and the announcement of what is known as the Monroe Doctrine. In a message to Congress approving the bill which recognized the South American republics Monroe declared that “the American continents are not to be considered as subjects for colonization by any European power.” This declaration, known as the Monroe Doctrine, has ever since held a place as well in the diplomacy as in the political creed of the nation. After his retirement to his home in Virginia he became involved in debt, but found a home with his son-in-law in New York, where he died, July 4, 1831. See Life, by Gilman, in the American Statesmen Series.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Monsoon

See also Monsoon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Monsoon′, a term meaning a set time or season, formerly used to indicate the winds prevailing in the Indian Ocean, blowing from the southwest from April to October and from the northeast from October to April. The word is used now of all winds that are regular, returning with the seasons. The prevailing winds of North America are ​largely of this class, and there are monsoons in Australia and on the coasts of Brazil, Peru and North Africa. See Winds.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Communion-Bench

From volume 4 of the work.
An adaptation of the sanctuary guard or altar rail. Standing in front of this barrier, in a space called the chancel, or pectoral, the faithful were wont in early times to receive Holy Communion, the men taking the Consecrated Bread into their hands and the women receiving it on a white cloth, called the domenical, while deacons administered the Precious Blood which each took through a reed of gold or silver. About the twelfth century when the custom arose of receiving under one kind only, the priests placed the small Hosts on the tongues of the communicants at the chancel-rail. Later on, about the fifteenth century the practice was introduced of receiving Holy Communion kneeling, and so the altar-rail gradually came to assume a form better suited to its modern use, and like what it is at present (Bourassé, Dict. D'Arch. Paris, 1851). When large crowd approach the altar on special occasions so that the ordinary accommodation for receiving is not adequate, a row of prie-Dieu or benches provided with Communion cloths or cards, with a lighted candle at the end of each row, may be arranged around the chancel. (Cong. of Rites, Decr. 3086, Nov. ed.)
Patrick Morrisroe.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Commodus

From volume 4 of the work.
(Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus).
Roman Emperor, born 161; died at Rome, 31 December, 192. He was the son of Marcus Aurelius and Anna Faustina, and was the first among the Roman emperors to enjoy the distinction of being born in the purple.
His reign, 180-193, was the turning-point in the greatness of Rome. Some historians have attempted to exonerate Commodus from the charge of innate depravity and to attribute the failure of his career to weakness of character and vicious associates. It is, however, undeniable that a condition, which resulted in the slow but inevitable destruction of the Roman power, was brought about by the lack of capacity and evil life of Commodus, coupled with the overcentralization in Roman administration by which, since the time of Augustus, the most absolute power in the State and religious affairs had been gradually vested in the person of the emperor.
Every stage in the career of Commodus was marked by greed and suspicion, producing, as might be expected in those times, wholesale confiscation and numerous murders. One result of his cruel policy was to divert attention for a time from the Christians and to lead to a partial cessation of persecution. No edicts were issued against the Christians who, though persecuted by the proconsuls in some provinces, enjoyed a period of respite and comparative immunity from pursuit. There were many Christians at the court of Commodus and in the person of Marcia, the concubine or morganatic wife of the emperor, they had a powerful advocate through whose kind offices on one occasion many Christian prisoners were released from the mines in Sardinia. Commodus was murdered by strangling, one of the conspirators being Marcia. There is no evidence that the Christians were in any way connected with his death.
The works of Dio Cassius, Herodian, Aurelius Victor, and Eutropius, and the Scriptores Historiæ Augustæ are the principal pagan sources. Tertullian, Hippolytus, and Eusebius are the principal Christian sources. The Roman histories of Gibbon, Merivale, Duruy, and Schiller should also be consulted.
Patrick J. Healy.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nebraska, University of

See also University of Nebraska–Lincoln on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Nebraska, University of, located at Lincoln, the capital of the state, is a part of its public-school system. It was founded by act of legislature in 1869, and is supported, chiefly by a state tax, together with income from land sales and leases under Act of Congress of 1862, the annual revenue being about $270,000. It comprises the following colleges and schools: graduate school, colleges of literature, science and arts, industrial college, college of law, school of fine arts, affiliated school of music. The faculty numbers 173 with 2,914 students in attendance, exclusive of the summer and preparatory schools. E. Benjamin Andrews, LL.D., is chancellor.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nebuchadrezzar

See also Nebuchadrezzar II on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nebuchadrezzar (neb′ u-kad-rĕz′ zar), the most illustrious of Babylonian kings, was the son of Nabopolassar, the general of the Babylonian garrison at the time the Assyrian empire fell to pieces after the death of Assur-bani-pal. The Babylonians then threw off the hated yoke of Assyria, and Nabopolassar was proclaimed king of Babylonia in 625 B. C. Nebuchadrezzar succeeded him in 604, reigning 43 years, and was one of the greatest sovereigns who ever ruled over an ancient empire. He recovered the long-lost provinces, rebuilt palaces and temples as well as the city of Babylon, and captured and destroyed Jerusalem, taking the Jews into captivity. (The Assyrians had previously taken the 10 northern tribes into captivity.) It is an astonishing fact that not a single mound has been opened by explorers in Babylonia, which did not contain bricks, cylinders and tablets inscribed with his name.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nebulæ

See also Nebula on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nebulæ (nĕb′ ū́-lḗ), are celestial bodies resembling, in appearance, small patches of white cloud. Hence the name, which is merely the Latin word for small cloud. Many thousands of these nebulæ have been measured and catalogued, but with the exception of two or three all are invisible to the naked eye. Until 1864 — five years after the invention of the spectroscope by Kirchhoff and Bunsen — nebulæ were considered to be very distant star-clusters, or clusters made up of stars so small as not to be resolvable by any existing telescope. But Sir William Huggins then examined a number of nebulæ with the spectroscope and found that they are not stars, but bodies composed of luminous gas, giving a spectrum of six or seven bright lines. Two of these lines are fairly bright and are due, as has been proved by Keeler at Lick Observatory, to a substance not yet discovered on the earth. The brightest of all nebulæ is the one in the girdle of Andromeda; the one in the sword-handle of Orion can also be seen at times by the naked eye. Planetary nebulæ are those which show a more or less well-defined disc. It is not impossible that nebulæ are merely stars in their early stages of development, later to pass through the phases of planetary nebulæ and nebulous stars. See Schemer’s Astronomical Spectroscopy, translated by Frost.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nazareth

See also Nazareth on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Naz′areth, the Galilean home of Jesus, is a small and flourishing town in Palestine. It is built partly on rocky ridges in a hilly country. It is not mentioned in the Old Testament, and in the early part of the Christian era was almost forgotten, the first pilgrimage to it taking place in the 6th century. The town contains a Latin convent, built on the supposed scene of the annunciation, while the Greeks have also built a commemorative chapel. There also are a Latin chapel, supposedly built over the workshop of Joseph, and a temple of the Table of Christ, containing the table from which the twelve apostles ate the last supper. The Virgin's well is just outside the town limits. The place has long been famed for the beauty of its women. The population is estimated at from 8,000 to 10,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nebraska City, Neb.

See also Nebraska City, Nebraska on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Nebraska City, Neb., the capital of Otoe County, lies on the west bank of the Missouri, 74 miles below Omaha. It is the seat of Nebraska College, the state institute for the blind, and the Academy of the Annunciation; it possesses a grain elevator and several manufactories, chief among them being flour and lumber mills, a cannery, a starch factory, distillery, foundries, machineshops and cereal mills. It has a public library, government and county buildings and well-organized public and parochial schools. Population 5,488.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nebo, Mount

See also Mount Nebo (Jordan) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Ne′bo, Mount, the highest point of the range of mountains east of Jordan, in Moab. It was from its summit that Moses had his “Pisgah view” of Palestine. An ancient rude altar, probably as old as the time of the Amorites, was discovered here by Captain Conder in 1881.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nebular Hypothesis

See also Solar nebula on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Neb′ular Hypoth′esis is a theory advanced by three different men, Swedenborg (1688–1772), Kant (1724–1804) and Laplace (1749–1827), to account for the observed facts of planetary motion. The more important phenomena to be accounted for are these: (1) The orbits of all the planets are nearly circular and lie all nearly in one plane. (2) The direction of revolution about the sun is the same for all planets. (3) Except in the case of Uranus and Neptune, the direction of rotation of the planet on its axis is the same as its direction of revolution. (4) The larger planets rotate (not revolve) more rapidly. (5) The plane of rotation is not very different from the plane of the orbit. (6) The satellites generally have a direction of revolution which coincides with that of the planet’s rotation. To explain this rather orderly state of affairs it was supposed that the matter now constituting this solar system was at some earlier date in its existence distributed in the form of an immense nebula; and that, as this nebula condensed and therefore increased its rate of rotation (while preserving a constant moment of momentum), the centrifugal force became so great that some of the outer portions of the nebula were set free. That is, the centrifugal force reached a point where it balanced the attraction of the rest of the nebula. The portions thus set free, whether as a ring or as a “hump,” condensed still farther and formed the earlier planets. As the concentration of the original nebula proceeded, the rate of rotation kept on increasing and again “threw off” or set free other planets. So also with the planets themselves; as they became more and more compact, their rate of rotation increased sufficiently for them to set free their satellites.
In a general way this hypothesis satisfactorily explains the six facts enumerated above. With later modifications it explains even many of the anomalies of the solar system. See Laplace. For recent criticism of this hypothesis see article by Moulton in Astrophystcal Journal, Vol. II. (1900).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Neckar

See also Neckar on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Neck′ar, a river in Germany, flowing through Württemberg and Baden; it is one of the largest tributaries of the Rhine, rises on the eastern slope of the Black Forest, and pursues a winding course for 250 miles until it enters the Rhine at Mannheim. It is navigable for about half its lower length. Tübingen, Heidelberg, Heilbronn and Cannstatt are on its banks.