OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Malmö

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​MALMÖ, a seaport of Sweden, chief town of the district (län) of Malmöhus, on a small bay of the Sound, 384 m. S.S.W. of Stockholm by rail. Pop. (1800), 38,054; (1900), 60,857. It is connected with Copenhagen, 171/4 m. W. by N., by steam-ferry, the Sound being kept open in winter by an ice-breaker. It is also the first important station in Sweden on the Berlin-Stockholm route, which crosses the sea between Sassnitz in Rügen and Trelleborg, 20 m. S.E. of Malmö. The town, which stands upon a level plain, formerly had strong fortifications, of which only the citadel (Malmöhus) remains; in it the earl of Bothwell was imprisoned by Frederick II. of Denmark for some time after his departure from Scotland in 1567. The town-hall (1546, largely restored in 1864) contains a handsome chamber, the Knutssal, formerly used by the council of the gild of Canute. The hall fronts the central square (Stortorg) which is planted with trees and contains a colossal statue of Charles X. by Johan Helenus Börjeson (b. 1835) erected in 1896. The most notable church is that of St. Peter (Peterkyrka), dating in part from 1319. Malmö is second to Stockholm as an industrial centre. There are breweries and large works for the manufacture of machinery, among which may be mentioned the Kockum mechanical works, with yards for the construction of vessels of war, and others; of cotton and woollen goods, gloves, chocolate, sweetmeats and tobacco. A large export trade is carried on in butter and other agricultural produce, and matches. Coal is the chief import. The harborage includes an outer harbour of 22 ft. depth, and two inner basins admitting vessels of 21 ft. draught, with dry dock and patent slip. Malmö returns four members to the second chamber of the Riksdag (parliament).
Malmö (Malmhauge, Malmey, Malmöye, Malmoughe), sometimes called Ancona Scanorum or Ellenbogen, first appears in history about the middle of the 13th century. During the Hanseatic period it was the most important commercial town on the Sound, but in the 16th and 17th centuries greatly lost ground owing to the decay of its herring fisheries and the rise of its rival, Copenhagen. Its modern prosperity is largely due to the enterprise of Frans Snell, one of its merchants in the second half of the 18th century, who first constructed the harbour.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Malocello, Lanciloto

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​MALOCELLO, LANCILOTO (“Lanzarote, the ‘Lancelot Maloisiel’ of the French”), leader of the first of modern European oceanic enterprises. This was a Genoese expedition, which about 1270 seems to have sailed into the Atlantic, re-discovered the “Fortunate Islands” or Canaries, and made something of a conquest and settlement in one of the most northerly isles of this archipelago, still known (after the Italian captain) as Lanzarote. According to a Spanish authority of about 1345, the anonymous Franciscan’s Conosçimiento de todos los reinos, “Lancarote” was killed by the Canarian natives; but the castle built by him was standing in 1402–1404, when it was utilized for the storage of grain by the French conquerors under Gadifer de la Salle. To Malocello’s enterprise, moreover, it is probable that Petrarch (born 1304) alludes when he tells how, within the memory of his parents, an armed fleet of Genoese penetrated to the “Fortunatae”; this passage some would refer, without sufficient authority, to the expedition of 1291. Malocello’s name and nationality are certainly preserved by those early Portolani or scientific charts (such as the “Dulcert” of 1339 and the “Laurentian Portolano” of 1351), in which the African islands appear, for the first time in history, in clear and recognizable form. Thus Dulcert reads Insula de Lanzarotus and Marocelus, the Laurentian map I. de Lanzarote, against Lanzarote Island, which is well depicted on both designs, and marked with the cross of Genoa. The Conosçimiento (as noticed above) explicitly derives the island-name from the Genoese commander who perished here. Malocello’s enterprise not only marks the beginning of the oversea expansion of western Europe in exploration, conquest and colonization (after the age of Scandinavian world-roving had passed); it is also probably not unconnected with the great Genoese venture of 1291 (in search of a waterway to India, which soon follows), with which this attempt at Canarian discovery and dominion has been by some unjustifiably identified.
See the Conosçimiento, p. 100, as edited by Marcos Jimenez de la Espada in the Boletin de la sociedad geográfica de Madrid, (February 1877); Le Canarien in P. Margry, Conquête des . . . Canaries, p. 177; M. A. P. d’Avezac in vol. vi., part ii., of L’Univers, pp. 1–41 (Îles africaines de l’océan atlantique); C. R. Beazley, Dawn of Modern Geography, iii. 411–413, 449, 451.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Baldissera, Antonio

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BALDISSERA, ANTONIO (1838-1917), Italian general, was born at Padua 1838, and died at Florence, on Jan. 9 1917. His birthplace in 1858 being still under Austrian rule, young Baldissera entered the Austrian army, in which he served with distinction in an infantry regiment; he was captain in the 7th Jägers at Custozza (1866). But when Venetia became Italian, he opted for Italian nationality, retaining his rank in the Italian army. In 1879 he was promoted colonel of the 7th Bersaglieri and major-general in 1887, when he went to Eritrea under Gen. Asinari di San Marzano, remaining in the colony as governor after the latter's return. Both as a soldier and an administrator he showed high qualities. He occupied Asmara, Keren and other territories, defeated the armies of Ras Alula, and had planned still further extensions of Italian dominion, profiting by the anarchy of Abyssinia. He organized the admirable native troops (Ascari), developed agriculture and built roads. But owing to a disagreement with the home Government over his Abyssinian policy he asked for and obtained his recall after two years of successful activity. In 1892 he was promoted lieutenant-general. When war with Abyssinia broke out in 1895 the then governor of the colony, Gen. Baratieri, did not enjoy the confidence of the Government, which decided to send out Baldissera once more. Although the appointment was kept secret, Baratieri got wind of it, and this probably decided him to attack the enemy with an inferior force and insufficient supplies, hoping to win glory for himself before his successor's arrival. The result was the disaster of Adowa (March 1 1896); when Baldissera arrived he found a defeated and demoralized army, and the victorious enemy advancing in force. With lightning speed he reorganized the remains of Baratieri's army and the reenforcements just landed, freed the beleaguered garrisons of Cassale and Adigrat, drove back King Menelek's army and reoccupied a large part of the lost territory. But peace was concluded before he had completely retrieved the defeat of Adowa, and he was forced to limit his activities to the internal reorganization of Eritrea. But even this task he could not carry out as thoroughly as he wished owing to the opposition of the home Government, which was tired of African affairs. In 1897 Baldissera returned to Italy and resumed his duties in the home army, successively commanding the VII. and VIII. Army Corps. In 1906 he was made a senator. In 1908 he had to retire from the army under the age limit.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bancroft, Sir Squire

BANCROFT, SIR SQUIRE (1841-), English actor and manager (see 3.309), made his last regular appearance on the stage as Count Orloff in a revival of Diplomacy at the Garrick theatre in 1893. The company were summoned to play before Queen Victoria at Balmoral Castle in Oct. of that year. He subsequently only appeared occasionally at special performances, the latest and most notable of which was at His Majesty's theatre, London, in Dec. 1918 when he played Triplet in Masks and Faces.
His wife, Lady Bancroft (1839-1921), died at Folkestone, May 22 1921. She had first appeared on the stage under her maiden name of Marie Effie Wilton at Manchester as Fleance in Macbeth and as Prince Arthur in King John as early as 1847. She made her debut in London in 1856 with Charles Dillon at the Lyceum theatre as Henri in Belphegor. Her brilliant career as an actress, from the time when in 1865 she went into management at the Prince of Wales's theatre, and married Mr. (afterwards Sir Squire) Bancroft in 1868, came to a close in 1885, when she and her husband retired from the stage; but Lady Bancroft reappeared with him in the Diplomacy revival of 1893, and twice subsequently made a single appearance at a special matinee, the last occasion being the benefit performance for Miss Nellie Farren in March 1898.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ballin, Albert

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BALLIN, ALBERT (1857-1918), German merchant and one of the most eminent representatives of German commercial interests, was born Aug. 15 1857 at Hamburg. After having completed his mercantile training he organized the 'tween-deck (emigrant) traffic of the Carr Line. He next undertook the management of the passenger traffic of the Hamburg-Amerika Line and became in 1886 director and soon afterwards director-general of that enterprise, the expansion of which was essentially his work. The share capital of the Hamburg-Amerika Line was increased tenfold during his management. The network of its service was extended over the whole world, largely by the acquisition of a number of other lines. Ballin succeeded, by means of agreements with other German shipping companies, in developing German shipping on a grand scale; he was likewise the author of the German-American shipping agreement of 1902. He was regarded as enjoying the special confidence of the Emperor William II., who employed his services as an expert in all matters of shipping and commerce. Ballin died suddenly — heart-broken, it is said, by the military, political and commercial collapse of Germany — at Hamburg on Nov. 9 1918. (C. K.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Balloon

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​BALLOON: see aeronautics.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Banbury, Sir Frederick George

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​BANBURY, SIR FREDERICK GEORGE, 1st Bart. (1850-), British politician, was born in London Dec. 2 1850. He was educated at Winchester, and afterwards adopted a City career. He entered the Stock Exchange, and subsequently figured in various capacities as a director of companies. He successfully contested Peckham as a Conservative in 1892, and established his reputation in the House of Commons as a constant critic on business matters and also as an expert in parliamentary procedure. In 1902 he was created a baronet. He lost his seat in the general election of 1906, but was elected a few months later as one of the members for the City of London (reëlected 1918). In 1916 he was created a privy councillor, and in 1917 became chairman of the Great Northern railway.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bancroft, Hubert Howe

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​BANCROFT, HUBERT HOWE (1832-1918), American historian (see 3.309), died at Walnut Creek, Cal., March 2 1918. He published in 1909-10 The Book of Wealth and in 1912 Retrospection, Personal and Political, the latter giving an account of his labours.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bandelier, Adolph Francis Alphonse

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​BANDELIER, ADOLPH FRANCIS ALPHONSE (1840-1914), American archaeologist (see 3.311), died at Madrid March 19 1914. His last published works were The Islands of Titicaca and Koati (1910) and The Ruins of Tiahuanaco in Bolivia (1912).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Balakirev, Mili Alexeivich

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​BALAKIREV, MILI ALEXEIVICH (1836–1910), Russian musical composer (see 3.234), died at St. Petersburg in May 1910.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Roma

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​ROMA, a town of Waldegrave county, Queensland, Australia, 318 m. by rail W.N.W. of Brisbane. It is the centre of a rich pastoral and wheat-growing district, in which oranges and vines are largely grown and much wine is produced. The town was incorporated in 1867. Flour-milling is its chief industry. Pop. (1901) of town, 2371; of the district, 7110.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rollock, Robert

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​ROLLOCK, ROBERT (c. 1555-1599), the first principal of the university of Edinburgh, son of David Rollock of Powis, near Stirling, was born about 1555. He received his early education at the school of Stirling from Thomas Buchanan, a nephew of George Buchanan, and, after graduating at St Andrews, became a regent there in 1580. In 1583 he was ​appointed by the Edinburgh town council sole regent of the “town's college” (“Academia Jacobi Sexti,” afterwards the university of Edinburgh), and three years later he received from the same source the title of “principal, or first master,” and was engaged in lecturing on philosophy. When the staff of the young college was increased by the appointment of additional regents, he assumed with consent of the presbytery the office of professor of theology. From 1587 he also preached regularly in the East Kirk every Sunday at 7 a.m., and in 1596 he accepted one of the eight ministerial charges of the city. He took a prominent part in the somewhat troubled church politics of the day, and distinguished himself by gentleness and tact, as well as ability. He was appointed on several occasions to committees of presbytery and assembly on pressing ecclesiastical business. He was elected moderator of the General Assembly held at Dundee in May 1597. In 1598 he was translated to the parish church of the Upper Tolbooth, Edinburgh, and immediately thereafter to that of the Grey Friars (then known as the Magdalen Church). He died at Edinburgh on the 8th of February 1599.
Rollock wrote Commentaries on the Epistles to the Ephesians (1590) and Thessalonians (1598) and Hebrews (1605), the book of Daniel (1591), the Gospel of St John (1599) and some of the Psalms (1598); an analysis of the Epistle to the Romans (1594), and Galatians (1602); also Questions and Answers on the Covenant of God (1596), and a Treatise on Effectual Calling (1597). Soon after his death eleven Sermons (Certaine Sermons upon Several Places of the Epistles of Paul, 1599) were published from notes taken by his students. His Select Works were edited by W. Gunn for the Wodrow Society (1844-1849).
A Life by George Robertson and Henry Charteris was reprinted by the Bannatyne Club in 1826. See also the introduction to the Select Works, and Sir Alexander Grant's History of the University of Edinburgh.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rollinat, Maurice

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​ROLLINAT, MAURICE (1853-1903), French poet, was born at Chateauroux in 1853. His father represented Indre in the National Assembly of 1848, and was a friend of George Sand, whose influence is very marked in young Rollinat's first volume, Dans les brarldes (1877). The volume, however, attracted little attention, and it was with his second publication, very different in manner, that he made his reputation. In Les Névroses, with the sub-title Les flrnes, Les Luxures, Les Refuges, Les Spectres, Les Ténébres, he showed himself as a disciple of Charles Baudelaire. He constantly returns in these poems to the physical horrors of death, and is obsessed by unpleasant images. Less outre in sentiment are L'Abime (1886), La N ature, and a book of children's verse, Le Livre de la Nature (1893). He was musician as well as poet, and set many of his songs to music. He lost his reason in consequence of his wife's death from hydrophobia, and died on the 26th of October 1903.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Roman

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​ROMAN, capital of the department of Roman, Rumania, on the main line from Czernowitz in Bukovina to Galatz, and on the left bank of the river Moldova, 2¼ m. W. of its junction with the Sereth. Pop. (1900) 14,019, including 6099 Jews. The river is here spanned by a fine bridge of iron. Roman has been the seat of a bishop since 401. Its seminary dates from 1402. There are several ancient churches, including a cathedral, built. in 1541. Roman has a transit trade in the products of northern Moldavia. A large annual fair is held in August.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rollin, Charles

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​ROLLIN, CHARLES (1661–1741), French historian and educationist, was born at Paris on the 30th of January 1661. He was the son of a cutler, and at the age of twenty-two was made a master in the College du Plessis. In 1694 he was rector of the university of Paris, rendering great service among other things by reviving the study of Greek. He held that post for two years instead of one, and in 1699 was appointed principal of the College de Beauvais. Rollin held Jansenist ​principles, and even went so far as to defend the miracles supposed to be worked at the tomb of Francois de Paris, commonly known as Deacon Paris. Unfortunately his religious opinions deprived him of his appointments and disqualified him for the rector ship, to which in 1719 he had been re-elected. It is said that the same reason prevented his election to the French Academy, though he was a member of the Academy of Inscriptions. Shortly before his death (14th December 1741) he protested publicly against the acceptance of the bull Unigenltus.
Rollin's literary work dates chiefly from the later years of his life, when he had been forbidden to teach. His once famous Ancient History (Paris, 1730-38), and the less generally read Roman History, which followed it, were avowed compilations, uncritical and somewhat inaccurate. But they instructed and interested generation after generation almost to the present day. A more original and really important work was his Traité des étuzles (Paris, 1726-31). It contains a summary of what was even then a reformed and innovating system of education, including a more frequent and extensive use of the vulgar tongue, and discarded the medieval traditions that had 1ingered in F rance. See Sainte-Beuve, Causerres du lundi, vol. vi.
# A Boy Scouts' Patrol Song

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1913; collected in Rudyard Kipling's Verse (1919).
These are our regulations --
 There's just one law for the Scout
And the first and the last, and the present and the past,  And the future and the perfect is "Look out!" I, thou and he, look out!  We, ye and they, look out! Though you didn't or you wouldn't  Or you hadn't or you couldn't; You jolly well must look out!
Look out, when you start for the day  That your kit is packed to your mind; There is no use going away
 With half of it left behind. Look out that your laces are tight,  And your boots are easy and stout, Or you'll end with a blister at night. (Chorus) All Patrols look out!
Look out for the birds of the air,  Look out for the beasts of the field -- They'll tell you how and where  The other side's concealed. When the blackbird bolts from the copse,  Or the cattle are staring about, The wise commander stops  And (chorus) All Patrols look out!
Look out when your front is clear,  And you feel you are bound to win. Look out for your flank and your rear --  That's where surprises begin. For the rustle that isn't a rat,  For the splash that isn't a trout, For the boulder that may be a hat (Chorus) All Patrols look out!
For the innocent knee-high grass,  For the ditch that never tells, Look out! Look out ere you pass --  And look out for everything else! A sign mis-read as you run  May turn retreat to a rout -- For all things under the sun (Chorus) All Patrols look out!
Look out when your temper goes  At the end of a losing game; When your boots are too tight for your toes;  And you answer and argue and blame. It's the hardest part of the Law,  But it has to be learnt by the Scout -- For whining and shirking and "jaw" (Chorus) All Patrols look out!
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1936, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 87 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sergiyevo

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​SERGIYEVO, a town of Russia, in the government of Moscow, 44 m. by rail N.N.E. of Moscow. It has grown up round the monastery or lavra of Troitsko-Sergiyevskaya. It is situated in a beautiful country, the buildings extending partly over the hill occupied by the monastery and partly over the valley below. Including the suburbs it had, in 1884, 31,400 inhabitants, and 31,413 in 1900. Sergiyevo has long been renowned for its manufacture of holy pictures (painted and carved), spoons, and other articles carved in wood, especially toys, which are sold to pilgrims who resort to the place to the number of 100,000 annually.
The Troitsk or Trinity monastery is the most sacred spot in middle Russia, the Great Russians regarding it with more veneration than even the cathedrals and relics of the Kremlin at Moscow. It occupies a picturesque site on the top of a hill, protected on two sides by deep ravines and steep slopes. The walls, 25 to 50 ft. in height, are fortified by nine towers, one of which is a prison for both civil and ecclesiastical offenders. Thirteen churches, including the Troitskiy (Trinity) and Uspenskiy cathedrals, a bell-tower, a theological academy, various buildings for monks and pilgrims, and a hospital stand within the precincts, which are two-thirds of a mile in circuit. A small wooden church, erected by the monk Sergius, and afterwards burned (1391) by the Tatars, stood on the site now occupied by the cathedral of the Trinity, which was built in 1422, and contains the relics of Sergius, as well as ecclesiastic treasures of priceless value and a holy picture which has frequently been brought into requisition in Russian campaigns. The Uspensky cathedral was erected in 1585; close beside it are the graves of Tsar Boris Godunov (died in 1605) and his family. In the southern part of the monastery is the church of Sergius, beneath which are spacious rooms where 200,000 dinners are distributed gratis every year to the pilgrims. The bell-tower, 320 ft. high, has a bell weighing 64 tons. Several monasteries of less importance exist in the neighbourhood. In 1340 two brothers erected a church on the spot. The elder took monastic orders under the name of Sergius, and became famous among the peasants around. His monastery acquired great fame and became the wealthiest in middle Russia. Ivan the Terrible in 1561 made it the centre of the ecclesiastical province of Moscow. During the Polish invasion at the beginning of the 17th century it organized the national resistance. In 1608–1609 it withstood a sixteen months' siege by the Poles; at a later date the monks took a lively part in the organization of the army which crushed the outbreak of the peasants. In 1685 Peter the Great took refuge here from the revolted streltzi, or Muscovite military guards. The theological seminary, founded in 1744 and transformed in 1814 into an academy, reckoned Platon and Philarete among its pupils.