OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Cyzicus

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CYZICUS, a peninsula of Asia Minor, 70 miles S. W. of Constantinople. It was once an island, and the site of an ancient town of the same name.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Cyst

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CYST (a bladder), a word sometimes used in the original sense as applied to hollow organs with thin walls, as the urinary bladder and gall-bladder; but commonly reserved for the designation of pathological structures or new formations within the body having the bladder form. Cysts may arise in two different ways: (1) either by the accumulation of products within cavities normally present, or (2) by the independent formation of a cavity. Of the first, wens, collections of secretion in a sebaceous gland of the skin, are the commonest example; instances of the second are cystic tumors of the ovary, and the sacs developed in connection with certain parasites. They are either simple or compound, unilocular or multilocular; they are sometimes small; in other cases they grow to an enormous size, and are very complex.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Cystoidea

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CYSTOIDEA, an order of extinct echinoderms. They are spherodial animals. They have a mouth above; the arms are rudimentary. Von Buch first elucidated their structure and affinities at Berlin in 1845, and gave them the name of cystidese in place of sphseronites; their original appellation. Now cystidese has become cystoidea. They range from Upper Cambrian to the Silurian, being especially prominent in the Bala Limestone.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Cytisus

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CYTISUS, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order Legumisosæ, sub-order Papilionaceæ. The members of the genus are shrubs or small trees, sometimes spiny, with leaves composed of three leaflets, and with yellow, purple, or white flowers. They belong to Europe, Asia, and North Africa, and are very ornamental plants. The best known species is the common laburnum (C. Lahuryium; see Laburnum). Another species is the Alpine laburnum (C. alpinus). The common broom (C. Scoparius) also belongs to this genus.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Cystitis

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CYSTITIS, inflammation of the bladder.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Cytheridæ

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CYTHERIDÆ, a family of entomostracous crustaceans, of which cythere is the type.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Cytheron

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CYTHERON, a shepherd of Bœotia, changed by Jupiter into a mountain near Thebes.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Cythere

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CYTHERE, a genus of entomostraca, order Ostracoda, family cytheridæ. The eye is single, the inferior antennæ setigerous, but without a tuft or pencil of tiny filaments; three pairs of feet inclosed within the shell. No heart present.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Cytherea

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CYTHEREA (from Cytherea, a name for Venus, so called because she is said to have sprung from the foam of the sea near Cythera, now Cerigo, an island on the S. E. of the Morea), a genus of conchiferous mollusks belonging to the family veneridæ. The shell is like that of the genus Venus. The cythereas are in all seas; 176 recent species are known, and 200 fossils, the latter ranging from the Oölite till now.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Czar

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CZAR, a king; formerly the title of the Emperor of Russia. It was first assumed by Ivan IV., in 1547.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Franz, Robert

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
FRANZ, ROBERT, a German musician; born in Halle, Prussia, June 28, 1815. He was famous for his songs, which were of a peculiar lyric beauty. His first published composition appeared in 1843. The latter years of his life were spent in editing the works of Bach, Handel, etc. He died in Halle, Oct. 24, 1892.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Frederic, Harold

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
FREDERIC, HAROLD, an American journalist and novelist; born in Utica, N. Y., Aug. 19, 1856. He was for many years London correspondent of the New York “Times.” Among his stories are: “The Lawton Girl”; “The Valley”; “The
Copperhead,” a tale of the Civil War; “The Damnation of Theron Ware”; and “March Hares.” He died in Hornby, England, Oct. 19, 1898.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Frederick

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
FREDERICK, a city and county-seat of Frederick co., Md., on Carroll's creek, and on the Pennsylvania, the Baltimore and Ohio and the Frederick railroads, 62 miles W. by N. of Baltimore. Here are high schools, a convent, the State institution for the deaf and dumb, street railroads, electric lights. National and State banks, and several daily and weekly newspapers. The city has manufactories of coaches, leather, shoes, knit goods, shirt waists, palmetto, fiber brushes, tobacco, flour, etc. During the Civil War it was twice occupied by the Confederates. The second time, in 1864, by General Early, who forced the citizens to pay a ransom of $200,000. In 1862 Federal troops under General McClellan occupied the place. Pop. (1910) 10,411; (1920) 11,066.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Frostbite

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
FROSTBITE, the freezing of any portion of the body by exposure to a high degree of cold. The parts of the body most exposed to the serious consequence of frostbite are those farthest from the
seat of circulation, and the most exposed to a great degree of cold. These are, the toes and feet, fingers, ears, nose, and the cheeks below the eye. The effect of intense cold is, in the first place, to deaden the sensibility of the part most exposed, which it does by contracting the vessels and driving the blood from the surface; when the part, losing its healthy vitality, is unable to resist the specific influence of the surrounding cold, and quickly falls a prey to the potency of the frost, and, in a short time, a partial gives way to an absolute death, or mortification of the member or organ. The treatment of frostbite consists in coaxing back by degrees the vitality of the part; this is most prudently effected by friction, at first with snow, then with water at ordinary temperature, no warmth being applied for some time.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Fuller, Melville Weston

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON, an American jurist; born in Augusta, Me., Feb. 11, 1833; was graduated at Bowdoin College in 1853; admitted to the bar in 1855; settled in Chicago, Ill., in 1856; and practiced there till 1888. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Conventions of 1864, 1872, 1876, and 1880; and was appointed chief-justice of the United States Supreme Court April 30, 1888. In 1904-1905 Great Britain appointed him a commissioner to arbitrate at the Hague Court the case of the French flag at Muscat. He died in 1910.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Frederick I.

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
FREDERICK I., surnamed Barbarossa, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Frederick, Duke of Suabia; born in 1121, and was chosen to succeed his uncle Conrad III. in 1152. He had accompanied Conrad to Palestine five years previously, and his great qualities had already appeared. He was crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle a few days after his election. His great ambition was to secure the independence of the empire, and, above all, to be master of Italy. His first expedition to Italy was made in 1154, when, after subduing several towns in Lombardy, he went to Rome, and, after some delays, had himself crowned emperor by Adrian IV. He marched a second time into Italy in 1158, took Brescia and Milan, and at the celebrated diet at Roncaglia assumed the sovereigrnty of the towns and received the homage of the lords. On his return to Germany he triumphed over Bohemia, and made Poland tributary to the empire. After the death of Pope Adrian, Frederick had three anti-popes in succession elected in opposition to Alexander III., who excommunicated him and his Pope, Victor. The same year, 1160, he besieged and took Crema, after a most courageous defense. In 1162 he conquered Milan, and had many of the public buildings destroyed, as well as parts of the fortifications, after which the other towns of Lombardy submitted to him. Fresh revolts, excited by the tyrannical measures of his officers, recalled him to Italy in 1164; but he retired without engaging the army of the League. Again, there, in 1166, he traversed the Romagna, levied contributions on the towns,
besieged Ancona, and had himself crowned a second time at Rome by the anti-pope Pascal. A fresh league being formed against him, he put its members under the ban of the empire and returned to Germany. In 1174 he besieged unsuccessfully the newly founded town of Alessandria, and in the following year was totally defeated by the Milanese at Como. Soon after he made peace with the Pope and the towns of Lombardy. In 1188 he assumed the cross, set out in the following year on the third crusade, was opposed on the march by the Greek emperor and the sultan, arrived in Asia, and was drowned while crossing a river. Frederick was great, not only as a soldier, but as a ruler. His memory is still cherished among the peasants of Germany, who dream of the return of Fritz Redbeard, as the Welsh did of King Arthur. He died in June, 1190.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Frederick II.

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
FREDERICK II., Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Henry VI. and Constance, of Sicily; born in Jesi, Dec. 26, 1194, elected king of the Romans in 1196, again after his father's death, and a third time on the excommunication of Otho IV., in 1211. He was already King of Sicily, and Duke of Suabia, under the joint regency of his mother and Pope Innocent II. He made a league with Philip Augustus, King of France, and after the defeat of Otho by the latter at the battle of Bouvines, was crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1215. Five years still elapsed before he received the imperial crown at Rome; on which occasion he had to renew a vow previously extorted from him to take the cross. In 1225 he married Yolande, daughter of John of Brienne, King of Jerusalem, and two years later, after several delays, he embarked for the Holy Land. Illness compelled him in a few days to land again, and for this he was excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX., the first of 10 thunders of the Vatican against him. He set out again in 1228, and the Pope exciting opposition to him, and invading his hereditary states, he at once concluded a truce with Kameel, the Sultan of Egypt, by which he became master of Jerusalem. He entered the city, crowned himself (no priest daring to do it), and returned to Europe. He recovered his states, made peace with the Pope, and suppressed the revolt of his son Henry, who was then imprisoned for life. In 1235 Frederick began the war with the cities of Lombardy, having for his ally Eccelino, tyrant of Verona. After his victory of Cortenuova, most of the cities submitted to him, and he approached Rome, but did not attack it. He took Ravenna, Faenza, and
Benevento; and, in 1241, his fleet, commanded by his natural son, Enzio, whom he made King of Sardinia, defeated that of the Genoese. Frederick promoted the election of Innocent IV., who had been his friend, and made a treaty with him; but he soon found Innocent a most determined enemy. Rival emperors were set up, the war in Italy continued, Parma was lost in 1248, Enzio was defeated and made prisoner in the following year. Frederick was the most accomplished sovereign of the Middle Ages; but his strong sympathies with his Italian motherland, and his endeavors to establish an all-supreme empire in Italy, caused not only his own misfortunes, but the miseries which he brought on the German empire. He died in Fiorentino, Dec. 13, 1250.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Freiligrath, Ferdinand

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
FREILIGRATH, FERDINAND (frī'lig-rät), a German poet; born in Detmold, Germany, June 17, 1810. His first volume of “Poems” (1838), won a royal pension, which he renounced as discrediting his liberalism, publishing a “Confession of Faith” in verse (1844). Banished as a sower of sedition, he took refuge in London till the Revolution of 1848. Returning, he was tried for high treason for his poem “The Dead to the Living,” but acquitted; then threatened with prosecution for “Political and Social Poems”; he returned to London and lived there till 1868. Many of his songs are widely popular. He was an admirable translator, notably from Scott, Shakespeare, and Longfellow. He died in Cannstatt, Germany, March 18, 1876.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Frost, Robert

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
FROST, ROBERT, an American educator and writer, born in San Francisco in 1875. He studied at Dartmouth College in 1892 and at Harvard, from 1897 to 1899. From 1900 to 1905 he was engaged in farming in Derry, N. H., and from 1905 to 1911 was a teacher of English at the Pinkerton Academy in that town. He lived in Europe in 1912 and 1915. His first book of poems was “A Boy's Will” (1913). He first attained wide notice at the publication of the book of poems entitled “North of Boston” (1914). This placed him in the first rank of the younger American poets. “Mountain Interval” followed in 1916.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Fuller, Sarah Margaret

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
FULLER, SARAH MARGARET. See Ossoli, Marchioness d'.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Czarina

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CZARINA, formerly the wife of an Emperor of Russia.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Czenstochau

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CZENSTOCHAU, or CZENSTOCHOWA (chens′to-gou), a town of Poland, 148 miles S. W. of Warsaw by rail. A Catholic monastery, founded here about 1382, is visited yearly by 50,000 to 60,000 pilgrims, as possessing the famous “Black Virgin,” a murky painting of Byzantine origin, but ascribed by legend to St. Luke himself. In 1655 Czenstochau was the only place in Poland which offered resistance to Charles Gustavus of Sweden, when 70 monks and 150 soldiers for 38 days held out against 10,000 men. The inhabitants, about 18,000, carry on a considerable trade in sacred pictures and rosaries.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Czechs

Edition of 1921; disclaimer. See also Czech language on Wikipedia.
​CZECHS (chegs), the extreme W. branch of the great Slavonic family of races. The Czechs have their headquarters in Bohemia, where they arrived in the 5th century. The origin of the name is unknown. They speak a Slavonic dialect of great antiquity and of high scientific cultivation. The Czech language is distinguished as highly inflectional, with great facility for forming derivatives, frequentatives, inceptives, and diminutives of all kinds. Like the Greek it has a dual number, and its manifold declensions, tenses, and participial formations, with their subtle shades of distinction, give the language a complex grammatical structure. The alphabet consists of 42 letters, expressing a great variety of sounds. In musical value the Czech comes next to Italian. See Czecho-Slovakia.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Czernowitz

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CZERNOWITZ, the capital of the former Austrian province of Bukowina; stands 720 feet above sea-level, near the right bank of the Pruth, 165 miles S. E. of Lemberg. Among its buildings are the palace of a Greek archbishop (1875); his cathedral (1864), on the model of St. Isaac's at St. Petersburg; the Armenian church (1875); the synagogue (1877); and the “Austria Monument” (1875). The university here was founded in 1875. The manufactures and trade previous to the World War, during which the town and its vicinity saw much severe fighting, were steadily developing. Pop. about 90,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Czarevna

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CZAREVNA, the title of the wife of the former czarowitz.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Czernin von Chudenitz, Count Ottokar

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CZERNIN VON CHUDENITZ, COUNT OTTOKAR, Austrian statesman, was Austro-Hungarian ambassador to Rumania in 1914, when the World War broke out, and for some time after. The entry of Italy into the war on the side of the Allies having discredited Burian, the Foreign Minister, who had carried on the negotiations with Italy, he was forced to resign, Dec. 23, 1916, whereupon Count Czernin was appointed to his place. Czernin represented Austria-Hungary in the negotiations with Bolshevist Russia, preceding the Brest-Litovsk Treaty. He resigned on April 15, 1918, being involved in the scandal resulting from a letter written by the Emperor himself to his brother-in-law, Prince Sixtus of Bourbon, through whom it was proposed to effect a peace with the Allies at Germany's cost.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Czerny, George

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CZERNY (cher′nē), GEORGE, Hospodar of Servia; born in the neighborhood of Belgrade about 1770. His true name was George Petrovitch, but he was called Czerny or Kara George, i. e., Black George. In 1801 he organized an insurrection of his countrymen against the Turks, took Belgrade, and forced the Porte to recognize him as Hospodar of Servia. In 1813, however, he had to retire before a superior force, and took refuge in Austria. Returning to his country in 1817, he was taken and put to death in July.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Czarowitz

Edition of 1921; disclaimer. See also Tsesarevich on Wikipedia.
​CZAROWITZ, CZAREVITCH, or CZAREWITCH, the title of the oldest son of the former Emperor of Russia.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Czenmak, John Nepumuk

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CZENMAK, JOHN NEPUMUK, a German physiologist and physician; bom in Prague, June 17, 1828; Professor of Physiology at Jena. He was the inventor and introducer of the laryngoscope and rhinoscope, and of a new method for the therapeutical and surgical treatment of diseases of the epiglottis and throat. His work on the laryngoscope has been translated and published in several languages. He died Sept. 16, 1873.
# Chappell Chemical Fertilizer Company v. Sulphur Mines Company of Virginia

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Chappell Chemical Fertilizer Company v. Sulphur Mines Company of Virginia."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Chappell Chemical Fertilizer Company v. Sulphur Mines Company of Virginia (172 U.S. 465)
* Chappell Chemical Fertilizer Company v. Sulphur Mines Company of Virginia (172 U.S. 474)
# Chappell Chemical Fertilizer Company v. Sulphur Mines Company of Virginia (172 U.S. 465)

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
172 U.S. 465
Chappell Chemical Fertilizer Company v. Sulphur Mines Company of Virginia
Thomas C. Chappell, for plaintiff in error.
James M. Ambler and Randolph Barton, for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice McKENNA delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Chappell Chemical Fertilizer Company v. Sulphur Mines Company of Virginia (172 U.S. 474)/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
172 U.S. 474
Chappell Chemical Fertilizer Company v. Sulphur Mines Company of Virginia (172 U.S. 474)
This is an action at law brought by plaintiff in error against defendant in error and another for causes growing out of the matters sued on in No. 92 (19 Sup. Ct. 268). Here, as in No. 92, there was a series of motions, which we do not think it is necessary to notice.
The case, on the appeal of plaintiff in error, reached and was passed on by the court of appeals of the state, and to its judgment (36 Atl. 712), affirming that of the lower court, this writ of error is directed.
The judgment must be affirmed.
Claims under the constitution of the United States were set up in several of the motions and denied by the court. One claim was that the constitution of Maryland abridged the right of trial by jury in the courts of Baltimore city, without making a similar provision for the counties of the state, and that this denies to litigants of the city the equal protection of the laws. This is not tenable. Missouri v. Lewis, 101 U.S. 22; Hayes v. Missouri, 120 U.S. 68, 7 Sup. Ct. 350.
The other claim was that the state courts lost jurisdiction by reason of the pendency of a petition filed under section 641, Rev. St., to remove the case to the United States circuit court. The petition for removal is not in the record, and we only know that it was filed by reason of the recital in other motions and its notice in the opinion of the court of appeals, and the grounds of it do not appear in any part of the record.
In all other matters the judgment of the court of appeals depends on questions of state practice and state laws.
Judgment affirmed.

## Notes

* ↑ The constitution of Maryland (article 4, § 39, as amended) confers on the supreme bench of Baltimore city the power to provide, 'by its rules, for requiring causes in any of the courts of Baltimore city to be tried before the court without a jury, unless the litigants or some one of them shall, within such reasonable time or times as may be prescribed, elect to have their causes tried before a jury.'
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Chappell v. Bradshaw

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
128 U.S. 132
Chappell v. Bradshaw
W. A. Hammond and B. Howard Haman, for the motion.
W. A. Fisher and Thos. C. Chappell, in pro. per. contra.
FULLER, C. J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Chappell Chemical Fertilizer Company v. Sulphur Mines Company of Virginia (172 U.S. 474)

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
172 U.S. 474
Chappell Chemical Fertilizer Company v. Sulphur Mines Company of Virginia (172 U.S. 474)
Thomas C. Chappell, for plaintiff in error.
James M. Ambler and Randolph Barton, for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice McKENNA delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Kent Island

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​KENT ISLAND, an island some 15 miles long in Chesapeake Bay, Md., 7 miles E. of Annapolis. It was here the first settlement in Maryland was made by William Claiborne in 1631.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Kentish Rag

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​KENTISH RAG, a calcareous rock belonging to the Lower Cretaceous series. In the S. E. of England it is 60 or 80 feet thick. It is of marine origin. It was in a quarry of Kentish rag at Maidstone that the great Iguanodon mantelli was discovered.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Kentucky (river)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​KENTUCKY, a river of Kentucky, formed by two forks which rise in the Cumberland Mountains, and, after a winding N. W. course of about 250 miles, enters the Ohio, 12 miles above Madison, Ind. The river runs through part of its course between perpendicular limestone walls. It is navigable by steamboat beyond Frankfort.