OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Coast-Survey

See also Office of Coast Survey on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Coast-Survey, of the United States, is an undertaking of great importance. With a long and dangerous seacoast; with thousands of vessels yearly entering and leaving our ports; and with a great coasting trade, it is the duty of the nation to provide every means which science and skill can offer for pointing out the dangers of the coast. The coast-survey was founded for these objects. It furnishes accurate maps of the whole coast, including Alaska; it points out the site of, or suitable places for, lighthouses and beacons; it traces the ocean-currents along the shores; it studies the tides; it finds out the courses of the winds, the changes which take place at the entrance to harbors, the character of the bottom of the sea off the coast, etc. The first suggestion in the way of organizing a coast-survey was made in Jefferson's message to Congress in 1807; but work was not commenced until 1817. The large scope of the work, its accuracy, the quickness and cheapness with which results have been reached—taking much less time and costing much less than the British survey—have been largely due to its long-time superintendent, the late Prof. A. D. Bache. Besides the valuable scientific knowledge gained, many discoveries of great value to commerce have been made. Thus the entrance to Delaware Bay was found to be eight miles in error. Six dangerous shoals were found in one year near Nantucket, right in the track of trans-Atlantic ships and of the heavy coast-trade between the eastern and the southern states. A new channel, with two more feet of water than any other, was discovered in New York harbor. The reports on the tides and the Gulf Stream were also of the greatest value to commerce.
# The New York Times/1900/12/15/Mark Twain at the Aldine Club

December 15, 1900
The reception and dinner which the Aldine Association gave to Mark Twain on Dec. 4 was the most notable event of the kind that has ever taken place at that club. Although one of the stormiest nights of the season, the rooms of the club were thronged at an early hour, and the large dining room became so inadequate that some forty persons had to be seated in an adjoining apartment, whence they emerged with their chairs when the speaking began.
The occasion was also notable for the men who were present. Among these were Bishop Potter, Joseph Jefferson. F. Hopkinson Smith, James W. Alexander, John Fox, Jr., Winston Churchill, Brander Matthews, Richard Watson Gilder, John Kendrick Bangs, Albert Shaw, Robert Bridges, Clarence C. Buel, George Haven Putnam, Charles Scribner, George P. Brett, Arthur H. Scribner, Frank H. Scott, Edward Bok, William W. Ellsworth, Frank N. Doubleday, Col. G. B. M. Harvey, Major James B. Pond, Robert W. Smith, Winfield S. Moody, Fletcher H. Bangs, Ernest D. North, Charles F. Chichester, Laurence Hutton, Hamilton W. Mabie, Henry Loomis Nelson, F. A.. Deneke [sic], Augustus Thomas, Capt. Joshua Slocum, David A. Munro, and Francis W. Halsey. The speeches were made by Bishop Potter, Joseph Jefferson, Mark Twain, James W. Alexander, George Haven Putnam, Capt. Slocum, John Kendrick Bangs, John Fox, Jr., and Augustus Thomas.
The dinner was remarkable for the decorations of the rooms. These had been arranged by Alexander W. Drake. Mr. Clemens and Mr. Mabie, the toastmaster, were framed in by a pilothouse, from the corners of which were suspended colored lights and the cornice of which bore the name of Alonzo Child, the name of one of the steamboats which Mr. Clemens used to pilot on the Mississippi River. The walls were festooned with hanging moss, and here and there were suspended oranges, gourds, and other Southern growths, while catfish were sailing about in aquariums.
Mr. Clemens found in these decorations the principal themes for his speech, which was reminiscent and constantly delightful. When the dinner was first arranged, an understanding was entered into with Mr. Clemens that the speeches should not be reported. He felt that the public tributes already paid to him fully supplied the public needs. The committee, while differing from him, respected his wishes, and The New York Times Saturday Review must do the same.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New York Times/1900/6/3/Mr. Winston Churchill's Capture

From "London to Ladysmith via Pretoria", published on June 3, 1900, Wednesday, Page 27, "Current Literature"
I turned and ran between the rails of the track, and the only thought I achieved was this: "Boer marksmanship." Two bullets passed, both within a foot on either side. I flung myself against the banks of the cutting. But they gave no cover. Another glance at the figures: one was now kneeling to aim. Again I darted forward. Movement seemed the only chance. Again two soft kisses sucked in the air, but nothing struck me. This could no endure. I must get out of the cutting - that damnable corridor. I scrambled up the bank. The earth sprang up beside me, and something touched my hand, but outside the cutting was a tiny depression. I crouched in this, struggling to get my wind. On the other side of the railway a horseman galloped up shouting to me and waving his hand. He was scarcely forty yards off. With a rifle I could have killed him easily. I knew nothing of white flags and the bullets had made me savage. I reached down for my Mauser pistol.
"This one, at least," I said, and, indeed, it was a certainty; but, alas! I had left the weapon in the cab of the engine, in order to be free to work at the wreckage. What then? There was a wire fence between me and the horseman. Should I continue to fly? The idea of another shot at such a short range decided me. Death stood before me, grim, sullen Death, without his light-hearted companion, Chance. So I held up my hand, and, like Mr. Jorrock's foxes, cried: 'Capivy.' Then I was herded with the other prisoners in a miserable group, and about the same time I noticed that my hand was bleeding, and it began to pour with rain. Two days before I had written to an officer in high command at home, whose friendship I have the honor to enjoy: 'There has been a great deal too much surrendering in this war, and I hope people who do so will not be encouraged.' Fate had intervened; yet, though her tone was full of irony, she seemed to say, as I think Ruskin once said, 'It matters very little whether your judgments of people are true or untrue, and very much whether they are kind or unkind,' and, repeating that, I will make an end."
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1965, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 58 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New York Times/1900/8/18/Mark Twain's Debut

August 18, 1900, Page BR3
Mark Twain's Debut.
From "The Man Who Corrupted Hadleyberg." By Mark Twain.
In my view, a person who published things in a mere newspaper could not properly claim recognition as a literary person; he must rise away above that; he must appear in a magazine. He would then be a literary person; also he would be famous—right away. These two ambitions were strong upon me. This was in 1866. I prepared my contribution, and then looked around for the best magazine to go up to glory in. I selected the most important one in New York. The contribution was accepted. I signed it "Mark Twain," for that name had some currency on the Pacific Coast, and it was my idea to spread it all over the world, now, at this one jump. The article appeared in the December number, and I sat up a month waiting for the January number, for what would contain the year's list of contributors, and my name would be in it, and I should be famous, and could give the banquet I was meditating.
I did not give the banquet. I had not written the "Mark Twain" distinctly; it was a fresh name to Eastern printers, and they put it "Mike Swain" or "Mac Swain," I do not remember which. At any rate, I was not celebrated, and I did not give the banquet. I was a literary person, but that was all—a buried one; buried alive.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New York Times/1900/8/18/Book Review: Italians of To-day

NYT, August 18, 1900, Page BR3, reviewing Italians of To-day OCLC:1506558 by René Bazin.
René Bazin, in his book on the "Italians of To-day," published by Henry Holt & Co., makes the somewhat astonishing statement, on the authority of Count Joseph Grabinski, that "the real and most dangerous agents of rural Socialism are the primary teachers." This would certainly tend to show that the Italian Government has more respect for free speech than Russia and Germany. Such a statement could hardly be made of primary teachers in either of these countries, and, perhaps scarcely here, when we call to mind the case of President Andrews of Brown. Bazin's book is a most timely one, and throws much light on the source of discontent in the peninsula.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New York Times/1900/12/01/Unprecedented Gold Supply

UNPRECEDENTED GOLD SUPPLY
Stock in the United States Treasury, $474,108,366—Probably $1,100,000,000 in the Country.
WASHINGTON, Nov. 30.—The largest stock of gold coin and bullion ever held in the United States is now accumulated in the Treasury and its branches. The total has been rising steadily during the whole of the present year, and is now $474,108,366, or about $76,000,000 greater than at the close of 1899.
This gold is not all the direct property of the United States, but is held against outstanding gold certificates. The amount of these less the amount in the Treasury and its branches, was $230,755,809 Wednesday. All the remaining gold, amounting to about $243,000,000, belongs to the Treasury, including the reserve fund of $150,000,000.
The influx of gold into the Treasury comes partly from the new gold from the Klondike and the other mines, but its retention is due to the pressure for currency, which leads to the acceptance of gold certificates and other paper money in preference to coin. The Treasury recently has been shipping small notes in large quantities to New Orleans and other points upon deposits of gold in the New York Sub-Treasury by the New York reserve agents of the Southern banks.
The fact that $474,108,366 is thus accumulated in a sense under a single authority enables an estimate to be made of some of the other visible gold resources of the country. The National banks reported gold holdings on Sept. 5 of about $312,000,000, of which amount $115,018,140 was in the gold certificates issued by the Treasury, makes a total in these two classes of establishments alone of about $670,000,000. This is more than the entire estimated stock of gold in the United States at the close of 1895.
The gold supply of the country on the last day of 1896 was estimated at $692,947,212. The estimated amount Nov. 1, 1900, was $1,080,027,407, and it is probable that the report for Dec. 1 will show at least $1,100,000,000. The Treasury officials are confident that the round sum of $475,000,000 in Treasury gold holdings will soon be attained, and that even $500,000,000 is not beyond reasonable expectation.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sanjo Sanéyoshi

Edition of 1905. See also Sanjō Sanetomi on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SANJO SANÉYOSHI, sän′jō′ sȧ-nā′yṓ-shḗ (1836-91). A Japanese statesman, born at Kioto of the Fujiwara princely family. He was originally anti-foreign, and in 1863 he was sent by the Mikado to Yedo to demand reform and more vigorous government. The Shogun's party in Kioto triumphing, Sanjo and six other nobles fled to Choshiu. After three years' exile, having become converted to liberal views, he returned to Kioto, was made vice-administrator and junior Prime Minister, and in 1870 Premier, an office which he held until 1886, when he was made Chancellor.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Santa Cruz de la Sierra

Edition of 1905. See also Santa Cruz de la Sierra on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SANTA CRUZ DE LA SIERRA, dắ lȧ sḗ-ĕr′rȧ. Capital of the Department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia, situated 170 miles northeast of Sucre (Map: Bolivia, E 7). It has a cathedral under construction and a national college with faculties of law, medicine, and theology. There are flour and sugar mills, and a considerable trade with the Indians of the plains. Population, 11,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Santa Cruz de La Palma

Edition of 1905. See also Santa Cruz de La Palma on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SANTA CRUZ DE LA PALMA, dắ lȧ päl′mȧ. The capital of Palma, one of the Canary Islands, situated on a bay of the eastern coast of the island (Map: Spain, F 5). It is a thriving commercial town with a good harbor, having shipyards, and ship-building being the chief industry. It exports fruit, wine, cochineal, and tobacco. Population, in 1900, 7383.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Santa Cruz de Napo

Edition of 1905. See also Santa Cruz, Marinduque on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SANTA CRUZ DE NAPO, dắ nä′pṓ. A town of Marinduque, Philippines, situated at the head of a bay on the northeast coast of the island (Map: Philippine Islands, G 6). It has a well-protected harbor with safe anchorage for large steamers, and provided with a stone breakwater 1000 yards long. Population, estimated, in 1899, 15,797.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Santa Cruz de Tenerife

Edition of 1905. See also Santa Cruz de Tenerife on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SANTA CRUZ DE TENERIFE, tắ′nắ-rē′fắ (Eng. Teneriffe, tĕn′e-rĭf′). The capital of the Canary Islands, situated at the head of a bay near the northeastern end of the island of Teneriffe (Map: Spain, F 5). It is defended on the seaward side by several forts and is well built, with straight streets and modern houses. The principal square, the Plaza de la Constitución, contains a large monument with a statue by Canova. The principal buildings are the house of the Captain-General, the civil government building, and the hospitals; the town has a high school, a school of navigation, a preparatory academy, a public library, and a museum of natural history. An aqueduct five miles long supplies water from the mountains. The harbor is protected by a breakwater and has good facilities for coaling. Santa Cruz is the second seaport in the Canary Islands. It exports sugar, cochineal, almonds, wine, cattle, and agricultural products. Its population in 1887 was 18,830; in 1900, 35,055.
Santa Cruz was founded by the Spaniards in 1494. It was attacked by an English fleet under Blake in 1657, and by Nelson in 1797; it was in the latter engagement that Nelson lost his arm. The city became capital of the islands in 1822.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Santa Fe

Edition of 1905. See also Santa Fe, New Mexico on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SANTA FE. The capital of New Mexico, and the county-seat of Santa Fe County, on Santa Fe River and on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe and the Denver and Rio Grande railroads (Map: New Mexico, F 2). The city as originally laid out by the Spaniards has been much changed since the American occupation. The old Spanish buildings which still remain are constructed mostly of adobe. The main business structures centre about the Plaza, upon one side of which is the palace, an edifice where the various Governors of the Territory from the early Spanish times to the present have resided. In the historical museum connected with the palace are early Spanish paintings and interesting remains of the Indian and Spanish periods. Other places of interest are the partially reconstructed Cathedral of San Francisco, the Church of San Miguel, and old Fort Marcy. Santa Fe also has the Capitol, a penitentiary, a Federal building, a hospital, and the Territorial Orphan Asylum. The educational institutions comprise Saint Michael's College, schools for the deaf and dumb, the Loretto Convent, and the Government and Saint Catherine's Indian schools. The most important industries are stock-raising and mining. There are also deposits of kaolin and clay in the vicinity. The government is vested in a mayor, chosen annually, and a unicameral council. Population, in 1890, 6185; in 1900, 5603.
A party of Spaniards visited the site of Santa Fe in 1542 and found there a large Indian pueblo with a population estimated at 15,000. About 1605, the pueblo being then deserted, the Spanish made a settlement here under the name ‘La Ciudad Real de la Santa Fé de San Francisco,’ enslaved the Indians in the neighborhood, and opened up extensive gold and silver mines. In 1690 the Indians captured the place and expelled the Spaniards, who, however, regained possession ​in 1692. On August 18, 1846, it was occupied, without opposition, by United States troops under General S. W. Kearny. In 1851 it was chartered as a city and became the capital of the newly organized Territory of New Mexico. A trade with Missouri, opened in 1804 and facilitated in 1825 by the improvement of the ‘Santa Fe Trail,’ became very important subsequent to 1840. Consult: Bancroft, History of Arizona and New Mexico (San Francisco, 1884), and a chapter by Hodge in Powell's Historic Towns of the Western States (New York, 1901).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Santa Fé (capital)

Edition of 1905. See also Santa Fe, Argentina on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SANTA FÉ. The capital of the Province of Santa Fé, Argentina, situated on an arm of the Paraná River at its continence with the Salado, 95 miles north of Rosario (Map: Argentina, E 10). It is a well-built city, with a modern aspect, and has several lines of street railroads. Its chief institutions are a large Jesuit college, a normal school, and a seminary. Railroads connect it with all the important cities of the Republic, and a short road runs to its port, Colastiné. The chief industry is ship-building, and the principal exports are lumber, wood, and cattle. Population, in 1895, 15,099; of the commune, 24,755.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Santa Fé (province)

Edition of 1905. See also Santa Fe Province on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SANTA FÉ, fā. A province of Argentina, situated in the eastern portion of the Republic and bordered by the Paraná River on the east (Map: Argentina, E 10). Area, 50,916 square miles. The surface is mostly level, well wooded in the northern part, and especially well adapted for agriculture and stock-raising. The chief rivers are the Paraná and its tributary the Salado. The climate is not unhealthful, and the rainfall is sufficient. The agricultural lands are found chiefly along the Paraná, where large plantations are situated. Wheat, corn, flax, and lucerne are the chief agricultural products. There are a number of large industrial establishments, such as flour and saw mills, tanneries, sugar mills, foundries, and brick yards. The railway mileage of the province is the largest in the Republic. Population, in 1900, 536,236. The chief commercial town is Rosario, on the Paraná, and the capital is Santa Fé (q.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Santa Fé de Bogotá

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ SANTA FÉ DE BOGOTÁ, dắ bō′gṓtä′. The capital of Colombia. See Bogotá.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Santa Cruz Islands

Edition of 1905. See also Santa Cruz Islands on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SANTA CRUZ ISLANDS. A group of seven large and a number of small islands in Melanesia, in latitude 11° S., longitude 166° E., north of the New Hebrides and southeast of the Solomon Islands (Map: Australasia, J 4). Aggregate area, 356 square miles. The large islands are mountainous and volcanic, the smaller mostly of coral formation. The climate is hot, moist, and unhealthful. The vegetation resembles that of New Guinea, and includes the mangrove, cocoanut, sago-palm, and breadfruit tree. The inhabitants (about 7000) are mostly Melanesians, though in some of the islands Polynesians predominate. They are still uncivilized and hostile to Europeans. The islands are now under the administration of the British High Commissioner for the Western Pacific. They were discovered by Mendaña in 1595.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cabul

See also the disclaimer.
​Cabul. See Kabul.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Caledonia

See also Caledonia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Caledonia. See Scotland.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Calico

See also Calico (textile) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cal′ico, a white cotton cloth, received its name from Calicut, a seaport on the west coast of India, whence it was first imported to Europe. The word calico has come to be used to include colored cotton cloths, which are not sufficiently fine to be classed with muslins. Calico-printing or the art of printing colored patterns upon cloth is a process not limited to cotton cloths. It is applied also to woolen, worsted, silk and linen fabrics. This process was known in Egypt in the first century; and in India perhaps at an earlier date. Although calico-printing was not practiced in Europe until the 17th century, the chief center of the industry now is Lancaster, England. The older form of calico-printing was by means of wooden blocks pressed upon the cloth by hand. At present engraved cylinders of copper are used, upon which the cloth is made by machinery to revolve rapidly. It is possible to print in several colors from the same cylinder and at the same time. The manufacture of cotton-goods is a rising industry in the south of the United States, where 1,000,000 bales of cotton are now annually woven into cloth.
# The New Student's Reference Work/California, Gulf of

See also Gulf of California on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Califor′nia, Gulf of, a gulf of the Pacific Ocean between the peninsula of Lower California and Mexico. It is about 700 miles long and from 40 to 100 miles wide. The Colorado River and several other streams empty into it from the east. Many small bays indent its coasts, while several islands stud its surface. On its shores are the ports of Loreto, La Paz and Guaymas. The northern harbor is full of shoals, hidden rocks and dangerous currents, but the southern part is safer. The west coast abounds in pearl oysters, but the fishing is now little pursued, though formerly it was important.