OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Asbury, Francis

See also Francis Asbury on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
As'bury, Francis, the first bishop of the Methodist Episcopal church ordained in America. He was born in Staffordshire, England, August 20, 1745. At the age of fourteen he was apprenticed to a mechanic, but two years later was led to begin work as a local preacher. Later he joined the itinerant ministry, and after three years of service was sent as a missionary to America, being appointed in the following year general assistant by John Wesley. Here he brought new life into the work, and at the outbreak of the Revolution, when many other ministers returned to England, he kept on in his labors. At the end of the war, it was decided to found an independent M. E. church for America, and he was ordained in 1784 as bishop by his colleagues who had already been ordained by Wesley in England. For more than thirty years he worked earnestly and successfully, and the wonderful progress of Methodism in America was largely due to his efforts and ability. In many respects he was much like his teacher and chief, John Wesley. He helped to lay the foundation of the first Methodist college in America in 1785. He died in Virginia in 1816.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tanera, Karl

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Tanera on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
TANERA, tȧ-nā'rȧ, Karl (1849-1904). A German military writer and novelist, born at Landshut, Bavaria. He entered the Bavarian army in 1866, took part in the campaign of 1870-71, and was severely wounded during the siege of Paris. Having frequented the Kriegsakademie in Berlin, in 1877-80, he was detailed to the department of military history in the great general staff, in 1882, but retired as captain in 1887 to devote himself exclusively to his literary work. To the collective work Der Krieg von 1870-71, dargestellt von Mitkämpfern (1888-91) he contributed vols, i., iii., v., and vii.; and next published Deutschlands Kriege von Fehrbellin bis Königgrätz (1891-94). His novels, military sketches, essays and reminiscences of his extensive travels in the East and North Africa include: Durch ein Jahrhundert, Drei Kriegsgeschichtliche Romane (1892); Schwere Kämpfe (1897); Aus zwei Lagern, Kriegsroman (1899); Die Eurasierin (1900); Ernste und heitere Erinnerungen eines Ordonnanzoffiziers (1887, 8th ed., 1902); Offiziersleben in Krieg und Frieden (1889); Heiteres und Ernstes aus Altbayern (1895); Aus drei Weltteilen, Reiseskizzen (1898); Deutschlands Kämpfe in Ostasien (1901); and Eine Weltreise (1902).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Targum

Edition of 1905. See also Targum on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
TARGUM (Aram, targūm, translation, explanation, from targēm, to interpret). The general term for the Aramaic versions of the Old Testament, sometimes less correctly referred to as the Chaldee Paraphrase. The origin of the Targum is to be looked for in the Persian period of the Jews, when Hebrew ceased to be the popular language and gave way to the Aramaic. The first indication of the practice of explanation is to be found in Neh. viii. 8, where it is said that Ezra read the Law to the people while his assistants “caused them to understand the reading.” The custom grew and gradually there arose a class of Meturgemans (mod. dragoman, interpreter) and finally the system was regulated by the Rabbis. At first and indeed for many centuries the Targum from its very nature was not
committed to writing, for the same reason that the oral law itself was never intended to become a definitely formulated written code. In the course of time, however, both yielded to circumstances and it was thought preferable to write them down rather than have them forgotten. Yet only a small portion of the immense mass of oral Targums that was produced survived. All that is now extant are three distinct Targums on the Pentateuch, one on the Prophets, and Targums on the Hagiographa, viz. on Psalms, Job, Proverbs, the five Megilloth (Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Esther, Ecclesiastes), on Chronicles, and on the apocryphal pieces of Esther.
The Targums are of little help for purposes of text criticism. Their main claim upon scholars rests upon the fact that in them there are to be found hints at the internal and external life of the people at the time when they were composed. The text is in a very corrupt condition, as might indeed be expected, since no proper care was taken to secure the purity of the text when the Aramaic began to decline as the spoken tongue of the Jews. A translation of the Targums on the Pentateuch into English was made by Etheridge (London, 1862-65) . The Editio Princeps of Onkelos (q.v.) is that of Bologna (1482), of the Targum on the Former Prophets that of Leira (1494), and on the Latter Prophets that of Venice (1517-18). Targums on the Hagiographa appeared in the Rabbinic Bibles, but the Targum on Chronicles was not published until 1680. Recent editions of the Targum are: Pentateuch (Targum Onkelos) by A. Berliner (Berlin, 1884); Prophets (Prophets Chaldaice) by Lagarde (Leipzig, 1872); Hagiographa (Chaldaice) by the same (Leipzig, 1873).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Talisman

Edition of 1905. See also Talisman on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TALISMAN (Sp., Port. talisman, from Ar. tilsam, tulsam, tilism, pl. tilsamān, talisman, from Gk. τέλεσμα, telesma, consecrated object, talisman, religious rite, completion, from τελεῖν, telein, to end, to make perfect, from τέλος, telos, end). In its strict sense, a species of charm, consisting of a figure engraved on metal or stone when two planets are in conjunction, or when a star is at its culminating point, and supposed to exert some protective influence over the wearer of it by keeping away diseases or bringing luck. While the proper distinctive character of the talisman thus resides in its astrological character, in common usage the terms talisman and amulet (q.v.) are synonymous, referring to any object used as a charm against evil spirits or evil influences. Consult Elworthy, The Evil Eye (London, 1895).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Talisman, The

Edition of 1905. See also The Talisman (Scott novel) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TALISMAN, The. A novel by Sir Walter Scott, published, with The Betrothed, in June, 1825. The action takes place in Palestine, during the Crusades. The title of the story is derived from an amulet or charmed stone with which Saladin cures King Richard Cœur de Lion in his illness and which he afterwards presents to the hero, Sir Kenneth, finally discovered to be the Prince Royal of Scotland, on his marriage with Edith, the sister of Richard.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tallahassee

Edition of 1905. See also Tallahassee, Florida on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TAL′LAHAS′SEE. The capital of Florida, and the county seat of Leon County. 105 miles west of Jacksonville; on the Seaboard Air Line, the Carrabelle, Tallahassee and Georgia, and the ​Georgia, Florida and Alabama railroads (Map: Florida, D 1). It is finely situated on an eminence, in the vicinity of several picturesque lakes, and has wide, beautifully shaded streets. The Florida State College, occupying a site overlooking the city, the Florida State Normal and Industrial College for Colored Students, and the Leon County Academy are the leading educational institutions. The State Library has 9500 volumes; and there are also in the city the Supreme Court Library, with more than 7000 volumes, and the David S. Walker Library (formerly the University Library), with 6000 volumes. Other prominent features are the State Capitol, the court-house, the post-office, and Bloxham Park. The vicinity is especially adapted to the production of cotton, tobacco, and sugarcane, and also has important dairying and stock-raising interests. Cottonseed oil and cigars constitute the principal manufactures. The government, under the revised charter of 1869, is vested in a mayor, chosen annually, and a unicameral council. Tallahassee was laid out in 1824 on a site selected two years earlier as the seat of the Territorial Government, and was incorporated as a city in 1827. Population, in 1890, 2934; in 1900, 2981.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Talisay

Edition of 1905. See also Talisay, Cebu on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TALISAY, tä′lē̇-sī′. A town of Cebú, Philippines, situated 6 miles southwest from Cebú (Map: Philippine Islands, H 9) . Population, in 1887, 16,055; now 19,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Talladega

Edition of 1905. See also Talladega, Alabama on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TAL′LADE′GA. The county-seat of Talladega County, Ala., 60 miles east of Birmingham; on the Southern and the Louisville and Nashville railroads (Map: Alabama, C 2). It is the seat of State schools for the deaf, dumb, and blind; of Talladega College (Congregational), an institution for colored students; and of a Presbyterian Orphans' Home. Talladega has considerable industrial importance. There are cotton mills, a cottonseed-oil mill, an iron furnace, and manufactories of hosiery and fertilizers. Under the charter of 1901 the government is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council. The water-works and the gas plant are owned and operated by the municipality. On the site of Talladega, General Jackson, at the head of 2000 men, defeated a force of 1000 Creek Indians on November 9, 1813, the Indians losing about 300, and the Americans, 15 killed and 86 wounded. Population, in 1890, 2063; in 1900, 5056.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tallemant des Réaux, Gédéon

Edition of 1905. See also Gédéon Tallemant des Réaux on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TALLEMANT DES RÉAUX, tȧl′mäN′ dā̇ rā̇′ō̇′, Gédéon (1619-92). A French writer, born at La Rochelle, and connected through his mother with the famous Rambouillet family. He took his degrees in law, but refused to fulfill his father's wish that he should go into the magistracy. He employed his leisure in literary work, wrote verses in the taste of the time, and began a tragedy of Œdipe. But he is chiefly remembered by his Historiettes, a series of biographical, anecdotal, and character sketches of contemporary personages. Light, witty, somewhat cynical, and usually less restrained than modern taste demands, they are an invaluable document of the period, and particularly of the Hotel de Rambouillet. They have been collected by Monmerqué, Levavasseur (1840), and Techener (1860). Tallement also began the Mémoires de la Régence d'Anne d'Austriche, intended to throw light upon the administration of Cardinal Mazarin. These, however, have not come down to us.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Taney, Roger Brooke

Edition of 1905. See also Roger B. Taney on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
TANEY, ta̤'nĭ, Roger Brooke (1777-1864). An eminent American jurist, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. He was born in Calvert County, Md.; graduated at Dickinson College, Pa.; studied law at Annapolis; and in 1799 was admitted to the bar. In 1823 he removed to Baltimore, where he succeeded William Pinkney and Luther Martin as head of the Maryland bar. In 1827 he was elected Attorney-General of the State, and, having become a Democrat and a sup- porter of Andrew Jackson, was appointed Attorney-General of the United States in 1831. In this capacity he became one of Jackson's most trusted counselors, encouraged him to remove the United States Bank deposits, and upon the refusal of William J. Duane, then Secretary of the Treasury, to obey Jackson's orders to this effect, was appointed in Duane's stead, though his appointment was never confirmed by the Senate. Taney promptly removed the deposits and thus further won the confidence of his chief. In 1836 he succeeded John Marshall as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. In this capacity he sustained in the main the high reputation of his distinguished predecessor for legal learning and acumen, though as a result of the passions engendered by the approaching civil strife some of his opinions were severely criticised. He wrote the opinion of the court in many important cases, the most notable being that of Dred Scott. (See Dred Scott Case.) During the Civil War Chief Justice Taney gave opinion
in the noted case of Ex-parte Merryman in answer to an application for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of a citizen of Baltimore who had been arrested by a United States officer on a charge of treason, denying in strong and vigorous language the right of the President to suspend the writ of habeas corpus and affirming that that power was vested in Congress alone. A memoir of Taney's life, in part an autobiography, was published in 1872 by Samuel Tyler.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vol IV/Title Page

THE NEW
STUDENT'S REFERENCE WORK
FOR
TEACHERS, STUDENTS AND FAMILIES
EDITED BY CHANDLER B. BEACH, A.M.
ASSOCIATE EDITOR FRANK MORTON McMURRY, Ph.D.
VOLUME I
CHICAGO F. E. COMPTON AND COMPANY 1914
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vol IV:13

| Shaw, G. — Sherman, J. | Sherman, R. — Shrew | Shrike — Sieyés | Sigel — Simpson |
| Shaw, George Bernard Shaw, Henry W. Shaw, Leslie Mortimer Shawl Shawnee, Okla. Shawnees Shays Rebellion Shearwater Sheep Sheepshead Sheffield Shelbyville, Ind. Sheldrake Shell Shell (projectile) Shelley, Percy Bysshe Shenandoah, Pa. Shenandoah Sherbrooke, Can. Shere Ali Sheridan, Philip Henry Sheridan, Richard Brinsley Butler Sherman, Tex. Sherman, James Schoolcraft Sherman, John | Sherman, Roger Sherman, William Tecumseh Sherry Sherwood Forest Shetland Shibboleth Shields, South Shillaber, Benjamin Penhallow Shiloh Shiloh, Battle of Shintoism Ship Shipbuilding Shiras, George Shiraz Shishak Shoemaking Shorthand Short Ballot Shoshone Falls Shoshones Shot Shotgun Showers of Fishes Shreveport, La. Shrew | Shrike Shrimp Siam, Gulf of Siam, Kingdom of Siamese Twins Siberia Siberia Railroad Sibyl Sicilian Vespers Sicily Sickles, Daniel Edgar Siddons, Sarah (Kemble) Sidney, Sir Philip Sidon Siemens, Ernst Werner von Siemens, Sir William Siena Sienkiewicz, Henryk Sierra Leone Sierra Madre Sierra Morena Sierra Nevada (Spain) Sierra Nevada (California) Sieve-Vessels Sieyés, Emanuel Joseph | Sigel, Franz Sigismund Signaling Signal-Service, United States Sigourney, Lydia Huntley Sigsbee, Charles Dwight Sigurd Sikhs Silas Marner Silesia Silica Silicle Silique Silk Silkworm “Story of Silk” Silliman, Benjamin Siloam Sivas Silver Simcoe, John Graves Simms, William Gilmore Simonides Simoom Simple Harmonic Motion Simpson, James Young |
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vol IV:1

| Pliny — Poggendorff | Poincare — Pollination | Pollinium — Ponce | Poncho — Port Arthur |
| Pliny the Older Pliny the Younger Plover Plow Plucker tube Plum Plumbing Plumule Plutarch Pluto Plymouth Company, The Plymouth Plymouth, Mass. Plymouth, Pa. Plymouth Sound Pneumatics Pneumatic Tires Pneumatic Tool Pneumatic Tube Po Pocahontas Pod Poe, Edgar Allan Poetry Poggendorff, Johann Christian | Poincare, Raymond Pointer Poison-Ivy Poisonous Plants Poisons Poisson, Simeon Denis Poitiers Poland Polar Bear Polar Circle Polar Exploration Polar Lights Polarity Polarization of Light Polder Polecat Poles Polestar Pole-Vaulting Police Political Economy Polk, James Knox Polk, Leonidas Pollen Pollination | Pollinium Poll-Tax Political Parties Polo Polo, Marco Polybius Polycarp Polycrates Polyembryony Polynesia Polyp Polypetalous Flowers Polyphemus Polytechnic Schools Pombal, Sebastian Joseph de Caralho e Mello Pome Pomegranate Pomerania Pomona Pompadour, Jean Antionette Poisson Pompeii Pompey the Great Pompey's Pillar Ponce Ponce de Leon, Juan | Poncho Pondoland Pontiac Pontifex Pontine Marshes Pontoon Pontus Poona Poor-Laws Poore, Benjamin Perley Pope Pope, Alexander Pope, John Poplar Poplin Popocatepetl Poppy Porcelain Porcupine Porosity Porphyry Porpoise Port Arthur Port Arthur, Can. Port Arthur Ship-Canal, Tex. |
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vol IV:12

| Sedgwick — Selous | Selwyn — Sequoia | Serapis — Sexual | Seychelles — Shaw, A. |
| Sedgwick, Catherine Maria Sedgwick, John Seebeck, Thomas Johann Seed-Dispersal Seed-Plants Seeds Seeley, John Robert Seidl, Anton H. Seine Seismology Seismograph Seismometer Sejanus Selaginella Selenium Seleucia Selecidæ Self-Activity Self-Pollination Selim I Seljuks Selkirk, Alexander Selkirk Mountains Selma, Ala. Selous, Frederick Courteney | Selwyn, Alfred Richard Cecil Semaphore Sembrich, Marcella Semele Seminoles Semiramis Semites Semmes, Raphael Sempach, Battle of Seneca Seneca Falls, N. Y. Seneca Lake Senecas Sénégal Sénégal (river) Senegambia-Niger Senn, Nicholas Sennacherib Sensitive Plants Seoul Sepal Separator, Cream Sepoy September Sequoia | Serapis Serf Serpentine Serpents Serpent-Worship Serum Servia Sesostris Seton, Ernest Thompson Setter Seven Sleepers Seven Wise Men Seven Wonders of the World Seven Years' War Severn Severus, Alexander Severus, L. Septimius Sevier, John Sévigné, Madame de Seville Sévres Seward, William Henry Sewerage Sewing-Machine Sextant Sexual Spore | Seychelles Archipelago Seymour, Horatio Sforza, Francesco Shad Shaddock Shadow Shafter, William Rufus Shag Shagreen Shah Shah-Jehan Shahjahanpur Shakers Shakespeare, William Shale Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate Shamokin, Pa. Shamrock Shanghai Shanly, Charles Dawson Shannon Shans Shark Sharon, Pa. Shaw, Albert |
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vol IV:15

| Somerville — Southbridge | South Carolina — Specie | Specific — Spiders | Spike — Spraying |
| Somerville, Mary (Fairfax) Somerville, Mass. Sonnet, The Sons of Liberty Sontag, Henrietta Sophocles Sorbonne Soredia Sorel, Can. Sorghum Sorus Sothern, Edward Askew Soulanges Canal, Can. Soult, Nicholas Jean de Dieu Sound Sound, The Sounding Sousa, John Philip South African Republic South America South Australia Southampton South Bend, Ind. South Bethlehem, Pa. Southbridge, Mass. | South Carolina South Carolina, University of South Dakota South Dakota, University of Southern Nigeria South McAlester, Okla. South Mountain, Battle of South Omaha, Neb. South-Sea Scheme Southern Cross Southey, Robert Spadix Spain Spalding, John Lancaster Spandau Spanish Africa Spanish-American War Sparks, Jared Sparrow Sparrow-Hawk Sparta Spartacus Spartanburg, S. C. Spathe Specie Payments in the U. S., Suspension and Resumption of | Specific Gravity Specific Heat Spectacles Spectrograph Spectroscope Spectroscopy Spectrum Spectrum Analysis Speculum Metal Speke, John Hanning Spelling Spencer, Herbert Spencer, Mass. Spenser, Edmund Sperm Spermaceti Spermary Spermatophytes Spermatozoid Sperm-Whale Sphagnum Sphinx, The Spice Islands Spices Spiders | Spike Spikelet Spikenard Spine Spinner, Francis Elias Spinning Spinola, Ambrosio Spinoza, Benedict Spirea Spirogyra Spitzbergen Spofford, Ainsworth Rand Spofford, Harriet Elizabeth (Prescott) Spokane, Wash. Sponges Spontaneous Combustion Spontaneous Generation of Life Spoonbill Sporangium Spore Sporogonium Sporophore Sporophyte Spottsylvania Court House Spraying-Mixtures |
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vol IV:16

| Springbok — Stanhope, H. | Stanhope, P. — Steam Hammer | Steamship — Sternburg | Sterne — Stockton F. |
| Springbok Springfield, Ills. Springfield, Mass. Springfield, Mo. Springfield, O. Springs Spurgeon, Charles Haddon Spy Squid Squier, Ephraim George Squirrel Stabat Mater Staduim Stäel, Madame de Stag Stamens Stamford, Conn. Stamp-Act Stamp-Mill Stamps Standard Oil Company Standards Standish, Miles Stanford, Leland Stanhope, Lady Hester Lucy | Stanhope, Philip Henry Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, Henry Morton Stanton, Edwin McMasters Stanton, Elizabeth Cady Star-Chamber Star of Bethlehem Starch Starfish Stark, John Starling Stars Star-Spangled Banner, The Staten Island States General, The States' Rights State University of Iowa Statics Staunton, Va. Stead, William Thomas Steal Away Steam Steamboat Steam-Engine Steam Hammer | Steamship Steam-Shovel and Dredge Steam-Turbine Steam-Whistle Stedman, Edmund Clarence Steel Steel-Building-Construction Steele, Richard Steelton, Pa. Stein, Heinrich Friedrich Karl, Baron von Stele Stelvio, Pass of Stem Stephen Stephen (of England) Stephens, Alexander H. Stephens, James Stephenson, George Stephenson, Robert Stereopticon Stereoscope Stereotyping Sterilizing Processes Sterling, Ill. Sternburg, Hermann von Speck | Sterne, Laurence Stettin Steuben, Frederic William Augustus Steubenville, O. Stevens, Alfred Stevens Point, Wis. Stevens, Thaddeus Stevenson, Adlai E. Stevenson, Robert Louis Balfour Stevinns, Simon Stewart, Balfour Stewart, William Morris Stickleback Stigma Stilicho, Flavius Stillwater, Minn. Stipule Stirling Stirling, James Hutchinson Stockholm Stockport Stock-Raising Stocks Stockton, Cal. Stockton, Francis Richard |
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vol IV/verso

Copyright, 1893, by C. B. Beach
Copyright, 1901, by C. B. Beach
Copyright, 1909, by C. B. Beach Copyright, 1911, by C. B. Beach Copyright, 1912, by C. B. Beach
Copyright, 1912, by F. E. Compton and Company Copyright, 1913, by F. E. Compton and Company Copyright, 1914, by F. E. Compton and Company
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vol IV:10

| Salvation — Sand-Dollar | Sand, George — Santos | São — Sarnia | Sarsaparilla — Saxhorn |
| Salvation Army Salvini, Tommaso Samarcand Samaria Samoa Samos Samothrace Sampson, William T. Samson Samuel Samurai San Angelo, Tex. San Antonio, Tex. San Bernardino, Cal. San Diego, Cal. San Domingo San Francisco, Cal. San Jacinto, Battle of San José, Cal. San Jose San Luis Potosi San Marino San Salvador Sand Sand-Dollar | Sand, George Sandalwood Sandblast Sanderling Sandpiper Sandstone Sandusky, O. Sandwich Islands Sandy Hook Sangir Islands Sanhedrim Sanitary Commission, The Sansculotte Santa Ana, Cal. Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de Santa Barbara, Cal. Santa Claus Santa Cruz, Cal. Santa Fé, N. M. Santa Rosa, Cal. Santiago Santiago de Cuba Santo Domingo, The Republic of Santo Domingo Santos-Dumont, Alberto | São Francisco São San Paulo Sap, Ascent of Sapphire Sappho Saprophytes Sap-Sucker Sapwood Saracen Architecture Saracens Saragossa Saratoff Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Saratoga, Battle of Sardanapalus Sardine Sardinia Sardis Sardonyx Sardou, Victorien Sargassum Sargent, John Singer Sargon Sarmatians Sarnia, Can. | Sarsaparilla Sarto, Andrea del Saskatchewan (province) Saskatchewan (river) Sassafras Satellite Satinwood Satolli, Francesco Satsuma Ware Saturn (mythology) Saturn (planet) Saturnalia, The Satyrs Saul Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. Sault Ste. Marie, Can. Savannah, Ga. Savannah River Sawfish Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Saxe, John Godfrey Saxe, Maurice Saxe-Meiningen Saxe-Weimar Saxhorn |