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# The History of Freedom and Other Essays

org. 1907
THE HISTORY OF FREEDOM AND OTHER ESSAYS
MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA • MADRAS MELBOURNE
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO DALLAS • SAN FRANCISCO
THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. TORONTO
THE
HISTORY OF FREEDOM
AND OTHER ESSAYS
BY
JOHN EMERICH EDWARD DALBERG-ACTON
FIRST BARON ACTON
D. C. L., LL. D., ETC. ETC.
REGIUS PROFESSOR OF MODERN HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
EDITED WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
JOHN NEVILLE FIGGIS, Litt.D.
SOMETIME LECTURER IN ST. CATHARINE'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE
AND
REGINALD VERE LAURENCE, M.A.
FELLOW AND LECTURER OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE
MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED
ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON
1922
COPYRIGHT
First Edition 1907 Reprinted 1909, 1919, 1922
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
PREFATORY NOTE
The Editors desire to thank the members of the Acton family for their help and advice during the preparation of this volume and of the volume of Historical Essays and Studies. They have had the advantage of access to many of Acton's letters, especially those to Döllinger and Lady Blennerhasset. They have thus been provided with valuable material for the Introduction. At the same time they wish to take the entire responsibility for the opinions expressed therein. They are again indebted to Professor Henry Jackson for valuable suggestions.
This volume consists of articles reprinted from the following journals: The Quarterly Review, The English Historical Review, The Nineteenth Century, The Rambler, The Home and Foreign Review, The North British Review, The Bridgworth Journal. The Editors have to thank Mr. John Murray, Messrs. Longmans, Kegan Paul, Williams and Norgate, and the proprietors of The Bridgnorth Journal for their kind permission to republish these articles, and also the Delegacy of the Clarendon Press for allowing the reprint of the Introduction to Mr. Burd's edition of Il Principe. They desire to point out that in Lord Acton and his Circle the article on "The Protestant Theory of Persecution" is attributed to Simpson: this is an error.
J. N. F.
R. V. L.
August 24, 1907.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The History of Freedom and Other Essays/Chronicle

CHRONICLE
| | French school near Paris. |
| 1843-1848. | Student at Oscott. |
| | " " Edinburgh. |
| 1848-1854. | " " Munich University, living with Döllinger. |
| 1855. | Visits America in company with Lord Ellesmere. |
| 1858-1862. | Becomes editor of The Rambler. |
| 1859-1865. | M. P. for Carlow. |
| 1862- 1864. | Founds, edits, and concludes The Home and Foreign Review. |
| 1864 | Pius IX. issued Quanta Cura, with appended Sylla!us Erroru,. |
| 1865-1866. | M. P. for Bridgnorth |
| 1865. | Marries Countess Marie Arco-Valley. |
| 1867-1868. | Writes for The Chronicle. |
| 1869. | Created Baron Acton. |
| 1869-1871. | Writes for North British Review. |
| 1869-1870. | Vatican Council. Acton at Rome. Writes "Letters of Quirinus" in Allgemeine Zeitung. |
| 1872. | Honorary degree at Munich. |
| 1874. | Letters to The Times on "The Vatican Decrees." |
| 1888. | Honorary degree at Cambridge. |
| 1889. | " " Oxford. |
| 1890. | Honorary Fellow of All Souls'. |
| 1892-1895. | Lord-in-Waiting. |
| 1895-1902. | Regius Professor of Modern History at Cambridge Honorary Fellow of Trinity College. |
| 19th June 1902. | Died at Tegernsee. |
# The Lady's Magazine

* related portals: Periodicals.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, Wikidata item.
Monthly British women's magazine published from 1770 to 1832. It merged with the Lady's Monthly Museum in 1832 as the Lady's Magazine and Museum of the Belles Lettres, Fine Arts, Music, Drama, Fashions, etc., which ceased publication in 1847. Not to be confused with the Ladies' Magazine published in Boston, Massachusetts.
* First Series (1770–1819)
* Second Series (1820–1829)
** Volume 2
* Improved Series (1830–1832)
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# The Lady's Realm

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British women's magazine published from 1896 until 1914

## Volumes

* Volume 6 (1899)
# The Lady's Realm/Volume 6

Layout 2
THE LADY’S REALM
AN ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY MAGAZINE
Vol. VI May to October 1899
LONDON HUTCHINSON AND CO. 34, PATERNOSTER ROW
PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON, AND VINEY, LD., LONDON AND AYLESBURY.
INDEX.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# The Lady's Walk (Longman's Magazine, 1883)

* information about this edition.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Extracted from Longman's Magazine, 1882 Dec, pp. 229–252 & 1883 Jan, pp. 341–364. Revised and published in book form around 1897. A story of the Seen and Unseen, Mrs. Oliphant's well-regarded stories of the supernatural and the religious or the spiritual.
The Lady's Walk.
A STORY OF THE SEEN AND UNSEEN.
By Mrs. Oliphant
* Part I. December 1882
* Part II. January 1883
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The Mahabharata/Book 1: Adi Parva/Section XXXIX

Section XXXIX. ( Astika Parva continued. )
Sauti said, "O best of dwijas, on hearing these words of Elapatra, all the serpents, in great delight, exclaimed, 'well said, well said!' And from that time Vasuki set about carefully bringing up that maiden, his sister, Jaratkaru. And he took great delight in rearing her.
"And a long time did not elapse from this, when the deities and the Asuras, assembling all together, churned the abode of Varuna. And Vasuki, the foremost of all gifted with strength, became the churning-cord. And directly the work was over, the king of the snakes presented himself before the Grand-father. And the gods, accompanied by Vasuki, addressed the Grand-father, saying, 'O lord, Vasuki is suffering great affliction from fear of (his mother's) curse. It behoveth thee to draw out the dart, begotten of the curse of his mother, that hath pierced the heart of Vasuki desirous of the weal of his race. The king of the snakes is ever our friend and benefactor. O thou lord of the gods, be gracious to him and allay his mind's fever.'
"And Brahma replied, 'O ye immortals, I have thought in my mind what ye have said. Let the king of the snakes himself do that which hath been communicated to him before by Elapatra. The time also hath arrived. Those only shall be destroyed that are wicked, not those that are virtuous. Jaratkaru hath been born, and that Brahmana is engaged in hard ascetic penances. Let Vasuki, at the proper time, bestow on him his sister. Ye gods, what hath been spoken by the snake Elapatra for the weal of the snakes is true and not otherwise.'
Sauti continued, "And the king of the snakes, Vasuki, afflicted with the curse of his mother, on hearing these words of the Grand-father, and intending his sister for bestowal on the Rishi Jaratkaru, commanding all the serpents, even large numbers of them that were ever attentive to their duties, set them to watch the Rishi Jaratkaru, saying, 'when the lord ​Jaratkaru will ask for a wife, come immediately and inform me of it. The weal of our race depends upon it,'"
And so ends the thirty-ninth Section in the Astika of the Adi Parva.
# The Mahabharata/Book 1: Adi Parva/Section XXVII

Section XXVII. ( Astika Parva continued. )
Sauti said, "And then the Nagas wetted with the shower became exceedingly glad. And borne by that bird of fair feathers, they soon arrived at the island. And that island had been appointed by the creator of the universe as the abode of the makaras. They had seen in that island on a former occasion the fierce Asura of the name of Lavana. And arrived there with Gadura, they saw there a beautiful forest, washed by the waters of the sea and resounding with (the music of) winged choirs. And there were clusters of trees all around with various fruits and flowers. And there were also fair mansions all around; and many tanks abounding with lotuses. And it was also adorned with many fair lakes of pure water. And it was refreshed with pure incense-breathing breezes. And it was adorned with many a tree that grows only on the hills of Malaya (sandal wood) which seemed by its tallness to reach the very heavens, and which shaken by the breeze dropped showers of flowers. And there were also various other trees whose flowers were scattered all around by the breeze. And it seemed as if these bathed the Nagas arrived there with showers of rain represented by their dropping flowers. And that forest was charming and dear to the Gandharvas and always gave them pleasure. And it was full of bees mad with the honey they sucked. And the sight of its appearance was exceedingly delightful. And in consequence of many things there capable of charming everybody, that forest was fair, delightful, and holy. And echoing with the notes of various birds, it delighted greatly the sons of Kadru.
"And then the snakes having arrived at that forest began to enjoy themselves. And they commanded the lord of birds, Gadura, of great energy, saying, 'convey us to some other fair island with pure water. Thou ranger of the skies, thou must have seen many fair regions in thy course (through the air.)' And Gadura, after reflecting for a few moments, asked ​his mother Vinata, 'why, mother, am I to do the bidding of the snakes?' And Vinata thus questioned by him thus spake unto that ranger of the skies, her son, invested with every, and great strength.
"Vinata said, 'O thou best of birds, I have become, from misfortune, the slave of her who hath the same husband with me. The snakes by an act of deception caused me to lose my bet and have made so.' And when his mother had told him the reason, that ranger of the skies, dejected with grief, addressed the snakes, saying, 'Tell me, ye snakes, by bringing what thing, or gaining a knowledge of what thing, or doing what act of prowess, we may be freed from this state of bondage to ye.'"
Sauti continued, "And the snakes hearing him said, 'Bring then amrita by force. Then, O bird, shalt thou be freed from bondage.'"
And so ends the twenty-seventh Section in the Astika of the Adi Parva.
# The Mahabharata/Book 1: Adi Parva/Section XXVI

Section XXVI. ( Astika Parva continued. )
Sauti continued, "And then the illustrious one having the best of horses for his bearer, thus adored by Kadru, covered the entire firmament with masses of blue clouds. And he commanded the clouds, saying, 'pour ye your vivifying and blessed drops.' And those clouds luminous with lighting, and incessantly roaring against each other in the welkin, poured abundant water. And the sky looked as if the end of the Yuga had come, in consequence of those wonderful and terribly-roaring clouds that were incessantly begetting vast quantities of water. And in consequence of myriads of waves caused in the falling torrents, the deep roar of the clouds, the flashes of lightning, the violence of the wind, and the general agitation, the sky looked as if dancing in madness. And then the sky became dark, the rays of the sun and the moon totally disappearing in consequence of the incessant downpour by those clouds.
"And upon Indra's causing that downpour, the Nagas became exceedingly delighted. And the Earth was filled with water all around. And the cool clear water reached even the nether regions. And there were countless watery waves all over the Earth. And the snakes with their mother reached (in safety) the island called Ramaniaka."
And so ends the twenty-sixth Section in the Astika of the Adi Parva.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Newlands, John

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​Newlands, John, C.I.E., (1909); Controller, Central Telegraphs, London; b. Innerleithen, Peeblesshire, 1857; s. of late John Newlands, Galashiels, Selkirkshire; m. Cecilia Catherine Wicks, 1881; educ: at Jedburgh and Edincurgh; joined service in the Postal Telegraph Department, Edinburgh, 1870; Controller, Telegraph Department, 1898; transferred to London as Traffic Manager, Secretary’s Office, 1901; on deputation in India to re-organise the Traffic Department of the Indian Telegraphs, 1907-09; Controller, Central Telegraph Office, London, since 1910. Recreation: Golf. Address: 50, Coolhurst Road, Crouch End, N.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Nawabganj, Nawab of; Nawab Fateh Ali Khan Kizilbash

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​Nawabganj, Nawab of; Nawab Fateh Ali Khan Kizilbash, C.I.E.; b. 1862; succeeded his uncle, 1896; claims descent from an ​Afghan family said to have come from Turkistan with Nadir Shah; hereditary title of Nawab recognised by the British, 1892, succession to title is subject to the approval of the Government of India; placed himself and his clan at the disposal of the Government during the Chitral Expedition and induced many border tribes to adopt an attitude of neutrality; in recognition of this service he was granted 3,000 acres of land in Chenab Canal Colony for settlement of his followers; Member, Punjab Legislative Council; President, Punjab Muslim League; Life President, Punjab Anjuman-i-Islamia; Patron, Punjab Muslim Club; represented the Punjab at the Famine Conference; met His Majesty the Amir of Afghanistan during his Indian tour, 1907; his estate comprises 51 villages in the district of Bahraich, yielding an annual revenue of Rs. 41,365; has a son and heir, Niser Ali Khan, b. 1901. Address: ‘Nawab Palace’, Lahore, Punjab, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Naya Gopal Sarkar

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​Naya Gopal Sarkar, B.A., Rai Bahadur (1894), Extra Assistant Commissioner, Chanda; b. 1854; educ: Hindu School, Presidency College, and General Assembly’s Institute, Calcutta; joined service in the Foreign Branch, Government of India, 1883; accompanied the Durand Mission to Kabul, 1893; appointed Extra Assistant Commissioner and posted to the C.P. 1900. Address: Chanda, C.P., India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Nethersole, Michael

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​Nethersole, Michael, C.I.E. (1914), Inspector-General of Irrigation, Government of India. Address: Delhi, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Neelanaksha Basu,

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​Neelanaksha Basu, Hon’ble Rai Bahadur, elected Member, Legislative Council, Bengal.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Nepal, Prime Minister and Marshal of; H.M. Maharaja Sir Chandra Sham Shere Jung Bahadur Rana

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​Nepal, Prime Minister and Marshal of; H.M. Maharaja Sir Chandra Sham Shere Jung Bahadur Rana, G.C.S.I. (1905), G.C.B. (1908), D.C.L. (Oxford); s. of General Dhir Shum Shere Jung Bahadur Rana. Commander-in-chief, Nepal Army; b. 1863; the first among the members of the Rana family to pass University Examinations; joined Army, 1883; Senior Commanding General, 1887; Commander-in-chief, 1901; Honorary Major-General in the British Army and Honorary Colonel of the 4th Ghurka Rifles, 1906; proceeded to England, 1908; enjoys almost all the powers, and is addressed as ‘His Excellency’ and has the title of Maharaja; received the title of ‘Thong-Lin-Pimma-Kokang-Wang-syan’ from the Emperor of China, 1902; area of the State, 54,000 square miles; population, about 4 millions; revenue, 2 crores; strength of the Army is 45,000 men including 2,500 artillery; entitled to a salute of 21 guns. Address: Khatmandu, Nepal, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Newbold, Balington Bennett

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​Newbold, Balington Bennett, B.A., I C.S., District and Sessions Judge, Bengal; educ: Bedford School and Pembroke College, Cambridge; joined service, 18SS; transferred to Assam, 1894; re-transferred to Bengal as Officiating Secretary to Government, 1912; acting Judge, Calcutta High Court, 1913. Address: Calcutta. India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Naylor, James Richard

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​Naylor, James Richard, C.S.I. (1890); s. of James R. Naylor; b. 1812; entered I.C.S. in Bombay, 1863; Legal Remembrancer to Government of Bombay, 1874; Member, Bombay Legislative Council, 1884; Officiated as Member of Council, Bombay, 1887-88; retired, 1893; is now a J.P. for Somerset. Address: Hallatrow Court, Bristol.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Nawanagar, Maharaja of; H.H. Maharaja Kumar Singh Ranjitsinghji

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​Nawanagar, Maharaja of; H.H. Maharaja Kumar Singh Ranjitsinghji; s. of Jivansinghji, but adopted by his uncle Jam Shri Sir Vibhaji Ranmulji, Jam Sahib of Nawanagar, b. 1872; educ: Rajkot Rajkumar College, and Trinity College, Cambridge; belongs to the same family as the Rao of Cutch: a well-known cricketeer and champion batsman; has a squadron of Imperial Service Lancers numbering 145, and a sub-ordinate force of 211 men, of whom 26 are mounted, and a Police force of 876; area of the State, 3,701 square miles; population, 400,000; revenue, Rs. 25 lakhs; entitled to a salute of 11 guns. Address: Nawanagar, Kathiawar, Bombay Presidency, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Nazir Husain Khan, Hakim

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​Nazir Husain Khan, Hakim, Khan Bahadur (1898); b. 1840; claims to be a direct descendant of Hakim Mirza Ali Khan, Physician to the first King of Oudh; Provincial Durbarri; has been Superintendent, King’s Yunani Dispensary, Lucknow; a Municipal Commissioner; Manager, King’s Poor House, Lucknow; Honorary Magistrate; Official Visitor of the Central Jail, and Member of the District Board, Lucknow; obtained a certificate of his service in connection with Plague work; owns the estates of Deopur and Jalalpur by inheritance; has built a flour mill. Address: Raja-ka-Bazar, Lucknow, U.P., India.
# The Love Charm

The Love Charm By Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.)
From The New Monthly Magazine, 1835 Volume 45
Compiled by Peter J. Bolton
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The Love Letters of Abelard and Heloise

Written c. 1130-1140. Translated c. 1736. Edited by Israel Gollancz and Honnor Morten (1861-1913) 1901. This edition 1904.
THE LOVE
LETTERS
OF
ABELARD
AND
HELOISE
· MDCCCIV · PUBLISHED · BY · J·M·DENT · · AND · CO : ALDINE · HOUSE · LONDON · W·C
First Edition, July 1901 Second Edition, June 1904
CONTENTS
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# The Love Letter

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "The Love Letter."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* A Love Letter, a poem by Paul Laurence Dunbar
* The Love-Letter, alternative title to the poem Belinda by Letitia Elizabeth Landon
* The Love Letter, a poem by Letitia Elizabeth Landon 'Pray thee, maiden, heed him not'
# The Love-Potion

Sluggish drops of sullen balm; Blood-red wine from fruits of bane, Subtly mixed with polar snows Melted in a harlot’s palm; Attar from the firstling rose On the grave of lovers slain:
Featly find and featly bring These, to make the magistral Fraught with clear, unholy fire, That shall end the languishing Of a queen, and rouse desire In a heart funereal.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1961, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 62 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# The Man with the Hoe, and Other Poems (Markham, Pyle, 1900)/To Louise Michel

To Louise Michel
I cannot take your road, Louise Michel, Priestess of Pity and of Vengeance—no: Down that amorphous gulf I cannot go— That gulf of Anarchy whose pit is Hell. Yet, sister, though my first word is farewell, Remember that I know your hidden woe; Have felt the grief that rends you blow on blow; Have knelt beside you in the murky cell.
You never followed hate (let this atone) Nor knew the wrongs of others from your own: Wild was the road, but Love has always led, So I am silent where I cannot praise; And here now at the parting of the ways, I lay a still hand lightly on your head.
# The Man with the Hoe, and Other Poems (Markham, Pyle, 1900)/Two at a Fireside

Two at a Fireside
I built a chimney for a comrade old, I did the service not for hope or hire— And then I traveled on in winter's cold, Yet all the day I glowed before the fire.
# The Man with the Hoe, and Other Poems (Markham, Pyle, 1900)/These Songs Will Perish

These Songs Will Perish
These songs will perish like the shapes of air— The singer and the songs die out forever; But star-eyed Truth (greater than song or singer) Sweeps hurrying on: far off she sees a gleam Upon a peak. She cried to man of old To build the enduring, glad Fraternal State— Cries yet through all the ruins of the world— Through Karnak, through the stones of Babylon— Cries for a moment through these fading songs.
On wingèd feet, a form of fadeless youth, She goes to meet the coming centuries, ​And hurrying, snatches up some human reed, Blows through it once her terror-bearing note, And breaks and throws away. It is enough If we can be a bugle at her lips, To scatter her contagion on mankind.
# The Man with the Hoe, and Other Poems (Markham, Pyle, 1900)/Two Taverns

Two Taverns
I remember how I lay On a bank a summer day, Peering into weed and flower: Watched a poppy all one hour; Watched it till the air grew chill In the darkness of the hill; Till I saw a wild bee dart Out of the cold to the poppy's heart; Saw the petals gently spin, And shut the little lodger in. Then I took the quiet road To my own secure abode. All night long his tavern hung; Now it rested, now it swung; I asleep in steadfast tower, He asleep in stirring flower; In our hearts the same delight In the hushes of the night; O'er us both the same dear care As we slumbered unaware.
# The Man with the Hoe, and Other Poems (Markham, Pyle, 1900)/To William Watson

To William Watson
After reading "The Purple East."
That hour you put the wreath of England by To shake her guilty heart with song sublime, The mighty Muse that watches from the sky Laid on your head the larger wreath of Time.