OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Feijóo y Montenegro, Benito Gerónimo

Edition of 1920. See also Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FEIJÓO (fā-zhō) Y MONTENEGRO, Benito Gerónimo, Spanish monk and scholar: b. Santa María de Melias, 8 Oct. 1676; d. Oviedo, 26 Sept. 1764. In 1688 he entered the Benedictine order, and his devotion to study brought him to the forefront among the learned of his native land. He was appalled by the superstition and ignorance of his countrymen and exposed them in the Teatro crítico from
1726 to 1739 and in the Cartas eruditas from 1742 to 1760. His revelations excited considerable opposition in certain quarters but it was futile and the genuine services of Feijóo to the cause of education and enlightenment were generally recognized and he has been long regarded as the pioneer of educational reform in Spain. See Cartas of Feijóo.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fay, Edwin Whitefield

Edition of 1920. See also Edwin Whitfield Fay on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FAY, Edwin Whitefield, American educator: b. Minden, La., 1 Jan. 1865. He was graduated at the Southwestern Presbyterian University in 1883, received the degree of D.Ph. at Johns Hopkins in 1890, and studied at Leipzig in 1891-92. In 1890-91 he was instructor in Sanskrit and classics at the University of Michigan, in 1892-93 he was acting associate professor of Latin at the University of Texas, in 1893-99 professor of Latin at Washington and Lee, and since 1899 professor of Latin at the University of Texas.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Feijo, Diogo Antonio

Edition of 1920. See also Diego Antonio Feijó on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FEIJO, or FEIJOO, Diogo Antonio, dē-o'go än-to'ṅē-ō fā zho', Brazilian statesman: b. São Paulo, Brazil, 1784; d. 1843. As a priest he did pastoral work for many years, and in 1822 was elected to the Cortes at Lisbon, Portugal. When Brazilian independence was won he returned to America; in 1826 was chosen by the Liberal party as their deputy and representative, and introduced measures for municipal reform and the abolition of clerical celibacy. He served as Minister of Justice 1831-32; was regent 1835-37, but in 1837 he retired from politics, before the storm of Conservative opposition which his liberal policy had called up and was later sent into exile.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Busch, Moritz

Edition of 1920. See also Julius Hermann Moritz Busch on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BUSCH, Moritz, German publicist: b. Dresden, 13 Feb. 1821; d. 1895. He was educated at Leipzig and in 1847 began his literary work by translating a number of the novels of Dickens and Thackeray. As a member of the Radical party he was disappointed by the failure of the revolutionary movement of 1848 and came to the United States in 1851, but returned to Germany in 1852. He also traveled in the Orient in behalf of the Austrian Lloyds. In 1856 he became editor of the Grenzboten, and in this paper defended the policy of Bismarck. In April 1870 he was appointed to a position in the Foreign Office and accompanied Bismarck to France at the time of the Franco-Prussian War as reporter for the press. In 1873 he gave up his official position to become the editor of the Hannoverschen Kuriers, but continued to be a confidant of Bismarck and strongly advocated the Chancellor's policy in his articles for the press. After his visit to the United States he wrote ‘Wanderungen zwischen Hudson und Mississippi’ (1853), and ‘Die Mormonen’ (1857). Other works of his are ‘American Humorists’ (translations of selections from Mark Twain, Bret Harte, etc.);
‘The History of the International’; ‘The Humor of the German People’; ‘Count Bismarck and His People During the War with France’; ‘Our Chancellor’ (a life of Bismarck), and ‘Bismarck; Some Secret Pages of His History’ (translated into English 1898).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Brühl, Heinrich, Count von

Edition of 1920. See also Heinrich von Brühl on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BRÜHL, brėl, Heinrich (Count von), Saxon politician: b. Weissenfels, Prussia, 13 Aug. 1700; d. Dresden, 28 Oct. 1763. As a page he gained the favor of Frederick Augustus I of Poland, and on the death of the King in 1733, the crown of Poland with the other regalia being, through the good fortune of Brühl, entrusted to him, he carried them immediately to the new Elector, Augustus III, and showed the greatest activity in promoting his election. He had cunning and skill sufficient to govern his master and get rid of his rivals and succeeded in keeping everybody at a distance from the King. No servant entered his service without the consent of Brühl, and even when he went to the chapel all approach to him was prevented. Brühl kept 200 domestics; his guards were better paid than those of the King himself, and his table more sumptuous. Frederick II says of him, “Brühl had more garments, watches, laces, boots, shoes and slippers, than any man of the age. Cæsar would have counted him among those curled and perfumed heads which he did not fear”; but Augustus III was no Cæsar. When this idle prince loitered about smoking, and asked, without looking at his favorite, “Brühl, have I any money?” “Yes, sire,” was the continual answer; and to satisfy the King's demands he exhausted the state, plunged the country into debts and greatly reduced the army. At the beginning of the Seven Year's War it comprised but 17,000 men, and these were compelled to surrender at Pirna from want of the necessary supplies. Brühl fled with the King, the pictures and the china, to Poland; but the archives of the state were left to the victor. He was no less avaricious of titles and money than of power. An examination after his death showed that he owed his immense fortune to the prodigality of the King rather than to unlawful means of accumulation. His own profusion was often beneficial to the arts and sciences.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Buel, Clarence Clough

Edition of 1920. See also Clarence Clough Buel on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BUEL, Clarence Clough, American editor and author: b. Laona, Chautauqua County, N. Y., 29 July 1850. He was connected with the New York Tribune from 1875 to 1881, when he joined the staff of the Century Magazine, and, in 1883, in conjunction with Robert Underwood Johnson, began the editing of the celebrated ‘Century War Articles,’ which were afterward expanded into the notable ‘Battles and Leaders of the Civil War’ (1887). Associate editor of the Century Magazine 1909-13; advisory editor until May 1914.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Buch, Leopold von

Edition of 1920. See also Christian Leopold von Buch on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BUCH, booH, Leopold von, German geologist: b. Stolpe, Prussia, 26 April 1774; d. Berlin, 4 March 1853. He studied under the celebrated Werner in the mining school of Freiberg in Saxony, where Alexander von Humboldt was his fellow-student, and early began to distinguish himself by his geological writings. His first works were ‘Descriptions of the Mineralogy of Landeck,’ and ‘The Geognosy of Silesia.’ Up to 1798 he had adopted the Neptunian theory of Werner, with some modifications; but now saw cause to abandon it, and to recognize the volcanic origin of the basalts. He saw Vesuvius for the first time in 1799; but afterward, in 1805, had an opportunity, along with Humboldt and Gay Lussac, of witnessing its actual eruption. In 1802 he examined the extinct volcanoes of Auvergne in the south of France. The results of all these geological travels were given to the world in a work entitled ‘Observations During Travels in Germany and Italy’ (1802-09). Indefatigable as an observer, Von Buch turned his steps from the south of France in 1806, and proceeding to Scandinavia spent two years in examining its physical constitution. This furnished the materials for his well-known work entitled ‘Travels in Norway and Lapland.’ In 1815 he visited the Canary Islands. These volcanic isles furnished the starting point from which Von Buch commenced a regular course of study on the production and activity of volcanoes. This is attested by his standard work on the subject entitled ‘Physical Description of the Canary Isles’ (1825). On his return from
the Canaries he visited the basaltic group of the Hebrides and the coasts of Scotland and Ireland. His geological excursions, even in countries which he had repeatedly visited before, continued without interruption at a very advanced age, till within a few months of his death. Alexander von Humboldt, who had known him intimately for a period of more than 60 years, called him the greatest geologist of our period. He was unmarried and lived aloof from the world, entirely devoted to scientific pursuits. Besides the works already mentioned he was the author of many important tracts on paleontology, as, ‘On the Ammonites’ (1832); ‘On the Terebratulæ’ (1834); ‘On the Ceratites’ (1841); and ‘On the Cystidæ’ (1845). Another of his works not to be omitterd is his ‘Geological Map of Germany.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Burger, Ludwig

Edition of 1920. See also Ludwig Burger on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BURGER, Ludwig, German historical painter and illustrator: b. Cracow, 19 Sept. 1825; d. Berlin, 22 Oct. 1884. He studied at the Berlin Art Academy, at the same time working at book-illustrating; he was also a pupil of Couture in Paris. Among his best drawings are the illustrations for the works of La Fontaine and a collection of 20 plates known as ‘Die Kanone.’ After 1869 he devoted himself to decorative painting, his most important work in this line being the walls and ceilings in the Berlin City Hall (1870) and the colossal figures symbolizing the warlike virtues at the School of Cadets at Lichterfelde (1878).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Busenbaum, Hermann

Edition of 1920. See also Hermann Busenbaum on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BUSENBAUM, Hermann, German Jesuit: b. Notteln 1600; d. Münster, 31 Jan. 1668. He taught moral philosophy at Cologne and was rector of the Jesuit College at Münster. He is best known through his casuistical work, ‘Medulla Theologiæ Moralis, Facili ac Perspicua Methodo Resolvens Casus Conscientiæ,’ in which he treats of the principles of the Jesuit morals in a detailed and systematic manner. This book passed through 45 editions between 1645 and 1670, and has been reprinted in modern times. After Damiens' attempt to assassinate Louis XV of France, the charge was made that it had taught the Jesuits' approval of murder and regicide, it was therefore publicly condemned by the order and burned by the Parliament of Toulouse.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Brunet, Jacques Charles

Edition of 1920. See also Jacques Charles Brunet on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BRUNET, broo-nā', Jacques Charles, French bibliographer: b. Paris, 2 Nov. 1780; d. same place, 14 Nov. 1867. He began his bibliographical career by the preparation of several auction catalogues, of which the most interesting is that of the Count d'Ourches (Paris 1811), and of a supplementary volume to Cailleau's and Duclos' ‘Dictionnaire bibliographique’ (Paris 1802). In 1810 was published the first edition of his ‘Manuel du libraire et de l'amateur des livres,’ in three volumes, which gained such universal applause that in 1814 a second, and, in 1820, a third, edition, of four volumes each, were demanded. This work showed him the worthy successor of the meritorious Debure. A sixth edition of his great work appeared between 1860 and 1865 in six volumes, the last containing a Table Méthodique, or classified catalogue, in which the works are arranged in classes according to their subjects.
# The Forth Bridge/Mr. Travers Falkiner

Mr. Travers Falkiner.
Mr. Travers H. Falkiner is a member of a well-known family long since settled in Ireland, of which his brother Richard Falkiner, of Mount Falcon, County Tipperary, is the head; he has been a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers since 1863. Like Sir Thomas Tailored, he was a pupil of the the late George Willoughby Hemans, and until the death of that well-known engineer, was closely associated with him in professional work, as assistant, representative, and finally as partner, together with Sir Thomas Tancred, in conjunction with whom he acted as consulting engineer to the New Zealand Government. In 1876 this connection was extended by Mr. Falkiner and Sir Thomas Tancred becoming contractors on a large scale, and together they executed many important works, including railways, harbours, piers, water works, sewage works, and arterial drainage. Previous to his taking up a part of the Forth Bridge contract, he had carried out for Sir John Fowler and Mr. Baker, the Limerick and Kerry Railway, the Tralee and Ferrit Railway and harbour, and the Didcot, Newbury, and Southampton Railway, works amounting to 1,500,000l. Amongst other undertakings completed by him in Ireland, are the Dungarvon and Lismore Railway; the Killorglin Railway and water works for Waterford, Wexford; and the Rathmines and Rathgon townships, Dublin. Although in important practice as a contractor, Mr. Falkiner has never abandoned his connection as a civil engineer, and has been associated in that capacity with several works of considerable importance.
# The Forth Bridge/Painting

Painting.
All plates, bars, angles, and other parts belonging to the superstructure, received as soon as they had passed through the shops or yards a thorough scraping with steel scrapers and steel wire brushes, and afterwards a coat of boiled linseed oil applied as hot as possible. As soon after erection upon the structure as could conveniently be done, and in many cases also before they were put up, they received a coat of red lead paint, and subsequently a second coat of red lead. The paint finally decided upon for the bridge is an oxide of iron paint, of which two coats are applied over the two coats of red lead already laid. The first is called a priming coat of dark chocolate brown ; the last is a finishing coat of a bright Indian or Persian red, which, however, darkens considerably in a short time. Four different kinds of paint are used, all, however, of the same composition, if of different makers.
At Fife: Craig and Rose's.
At Inchgarvie: Galley's Torbay.
At Queensferry : Carson's.
For central girders: Wolston's Torbay.
The above are for outside painting only, the inside of the tubular members receiving one coat of red and two coats of white lead paint. It is calculated that inside and out, the amount of surface to be painted is equal to 145 acres.
# The Forth Bridge/Monsieur L. Coiseau

Monsieur L. Coiseau.
It would be, of course, too much to say that the foundations for the piers of the Forth Bridge could not have been so successfully carried out by English workmen and the firm of contractors who executed the remainder of the work; but it is certain that it was a wise decision to entrust this part of the undertaking to some one who had achieved a high reputation in the specially difficult work of sinking large foundations to a considerable depth, by means of compressed air. On the Continent works of this kind had been carried out on a much larger scale, and under greater difficulties than in this country, and no firm in the world has earned so high a reputation in this field as MM. Hersent and Couvreux. At the time—about 1880—when these contractors were carrying out the Antwerp Harbour works, at a cost of more than a million and a half sterling, their engineer-in-chief, M. L. Coiseau, had the responsibility of the foundations, a work similar in many respects to those of the Forth Bridge. Before this M. Coiseau had been engaged on heavy contracts upon the Suez Canal and the regulation of the Danube at Vienna. For a time he was a partner of Sir Thomas Tancred, and so became familiar with English methods of carrying out work, while at the same time he grew to be favourably and widely known by English engineers. It was during this period that he constructed a railway in Asia Minor. At the present time M. Coiseau is engaged in completing a large contract for the improvement in the port of Bilbao, on extensive railway undertakings in South America, and on other important works. There is no occasion for us to enlarge here on the manner in which he carried out the sub-contract for the sinking of the Forth Bridge caissons, as the details have been given on a previous page, but we may add that many important appliances used for pneumatic foundations have been designed by M. Coiseau.
# The English and Scottish Popular Ballads/Part 7

The English and Scottish Popular Ballads
Edited by Francis James Child
Part VII
Boston Houghton, Mifflin and Company New York: 11 East Seventeenth Street The Riverside Press, Cambridge London: Henry Stevens & Son, 39 Great Russell Street, W. C.
One Thousand Copies Printed.
No. 233
Copyright, 1890, by F. J. Child.
The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. Electrotyped and printed by H. O. Houghton and Company.
I would acknowledge with particular gratitude the liberality of the Hon. Mrs Maxwell-Scott in allowing the examination and use of the rich store of ballads accumulated at Abbotsford by her immortal ancestor; and also that of Lord Rosebery in sending to Edinburgh for inspection the collection of rare Scottish broadsides formed by the late David Laing, and permitting me to print several articles.
The Rev. S. Baring-Gould has done me the great favor of furnishing me with copies of traditional ballads and songs taken down by him in the West of England.
I am much indebted to the Rev. W. Forbes-Leith for his good offices, and to Mr Macmath, as I have been all along, for help of every description.
F. J. Child.
October, 1890.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Blum, Robert

Edition of 1920. See also Robert Blum on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BLUM, Robert, German patriot: b. Cologne, 10 Nov. 1807; d. Vienna, 9 Nov. 1848. He served for a short time in the army, and became subsequently connected with the Leipzig Theatre, of which he acted for some time as secretary and treasurer. He founded the Schillerverein at Leipzig in 1840 and within the next few years was established as a bookseller and publisher there. About the year 1840 he began to come prominently forward as the champion of the Liberal cause and acquired much renown as a popular orator. On the outbreak of the commotions of 1848 he manifested great enthusiasm and became soon the rallying-point of democracy in Saxony and the leading member of opposition in the National Assembly at Frankfort, to which he was sent that year as member for Leipzig. The events of October at Vienna inspired him with fresh energy and he proceeded thither at the head of a deputation to express the sympathy of the German democrats in the Frankfort Assembly with the Viennese. He took an active part in the conflict of the citizens with the imperialists; but on the surrender of the
capital to Windischgrätz, was arrested with several of his companions on 4 November. Brought before a military tribunal, he pleaded in vain his privileges as a deputy from the German Diet and was condemned to be hanged, a sentence which was changed to death by the bullet. Consult Blum, Hans, ‘Robert Blum’ (Leipzig 1878).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Blum, Robert Frederick

Edition of 1920. See also Robert Frederick Blum on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BLUM, Robert Frederick, American artist: b. Cincinnati, Ohio, 9 July 1857; d. 1903. He became a lithographer's apprentice and attended night classes at a school of design in Cincinnati. He also studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. In 1879 he removed to New York and became one of the illustrators of Scribner's Magazine. After 1880 he made many annual trips to Europe. He visited Japan in 1890 and spent three years in that country. Many fine pastels are the fruit of this period. He became a National Academician in 1892. His best known work in oil is ‘The Venetian Beadstringers’ (1889), now in the Cincinnati Museum. In 1913 an exhibition of his works was held in New York and included the ‘Ameya,’ now in the Metropolitan Museum. Blum excelled as a pastellist and watercolorist. Consult The Studio (Winter Number 1900-01) and The International Studio (Vol. XXI, 1903).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Blumenthal, Oskar

Edition of 1920. See also Oscar Blumenthal on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BLUMENTHAL, bloo'mĕn-täl, Oskar, German dramatist and critic: b. Berlin, 13 March 1852. He founded the Lessing Theatre, Berlin, in 1888, of which he was manager in 1888-97. Here contemporary farce and comedy held the boards. Blumenthal at first tried to elevate the tone of the comedy stage but commercialism forced him to abandon his ideal for the production of hackneyed farces on current events. Sprightliness of dialogue is the most distinguishing character of his plays; the most successful of them are ‘The Big Bell’; ‘A Drop of Poison’; ‘The Black Veil.’ He has published several volumes of critical and miscellaneous essays.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Blässer, Gustav

Edition of 1920. See also Gustav Bläser on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BLÄSSER, blĕ'zė, Gustav, German sculptor: b. Düsseldorf, 9 May 1813; d. Cannstatt, 20 April 1874. He was associated 11 years with Rauch and for that time shared in all his work. In 1845 he went to Rome, but returned to Berlin when appointed to design one of the groups for the “Schlossbrücke.” His group, ‘Minerva Leading a Young Warrior to Battle,’ is thought to be the best of the series. Among his other works are a statue of Saint Matthew in the church at Helsingfors; the ‘Prophet Daniel’; Barussia in the new museum at Berlin; the statues of Jeremiah, Daniel and Charlemagne for the church at Potsdam; the equestrian statue of Frederick William III at Cologne; ‘Hospitality’; and many busts, including one of Lincoln and one of Washington.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Blumhardt, Christian Gottlieb

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
BLUMHARDT, Christian Gottlieb, German writer on theological subjects: b. Stuttgart, 29 April 1779; d. 19 Dec. 1838. He became secretary of the Christian (Protestant) Society at Basel in 1803, and was instrumental in founding the Bible Society the following year, and later on, the Maison des Missions (1815), of which he was the general head until his death. Most of his published works consist of sermons, many of them of a controversial nature. Two of these, ‘Lazarus der kranke, sterbende, Auferweckte’ (a series), and ‘Versuch einer allgemeinen Missionsgeschichte der Kirche Christi’ (5 vols., 1827-37).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Blume, Clemens

Edition of 1920. See also Clemens Blume on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BLUME, Clemens, German hymnologist: b. Billerbeck, Westphalia, 31 Jan. 1862. He was educated at the Jesuit Gymnasium, Feldkirch, Austria, Jesuit scholasticates in Holland and England and the universities of Prague and Bonn. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1878, was gymnasium professor at Feldkirch in 1887-90 and ordained priest in 1893. He has devoted himself to hymnological research, visiting most of the libraries of Europe since 1906. With Guido M. Dreves, he was coeditor of ‘Analecta Hymnica medii ævi’ (1896-1905), and editor of ‘Analecta Hymnica medii ævi’ (to consist of 57 volumes, of which 53 have appeared, Leipzig 1886-1917). He is author of ‘Das Apostolische Glaubensbekenntnis’ (1893); ‘Repertorium Repertorii oder kritischer Wegweiser durch Ul. Chevalier's Repertorium Hymnologicum’ (1901); ‘Wolstan von Winchester und Vital von Saint Evroult’ (1903); ‘Cursus S. Benedicti Nursini und die liturgische Hymnen des 6.-9. Jahrhunderts’ (1908); ‘Ein Jahrtausend lateinischer Hymnendichtung’; ‘Eine Blutenlese aus den Analecta Hymnica’ (1909); ‘Ursprung des Ambrosianischen Lobgesanges’ (1912). He collaborated in Buchberger's ‘Kirchliches Handlexikon’ and contributed to ‘Stimmen aus Maria-Laach,’ Die Kirchenmusik and the ‘Catholic Encyclopedia.’