# The Bird Book/Owls

HORNED OWL. Family Strigidae
366. LONG-EARED OWL. Asio rvilsonianus.
Range. North America, breeding from the southern parts of British America, southward. ;
This species is 15 inches in length; it can easily be separated from any other
species by its long ear tufts, brownish face,
and barred underparts. Their food consists almost entirely of small rodents, which they catch at night. Most of their nests are found
"Lone- eared Owl
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in trees, thay generally using old Crow's Oi Hawk's nests. They also, in some localities, nest in hollow trees, or in crevices among rocks. They lay from four to seven pure white eggs; size 1.55x1.35. 227
LONG-EARED OWL ON NEST
367. SHORT-EARED OWL. Asio fiammeus.
Range. Whole of North America, breeding from the middle portions of the United States northward, and wintering in the United States.
BIRDS OF PREY
Short-cared Owl
White
This species is of the size of. the last, but is paler, has very short ear tufts, and is streaked beneath. Its habits are the same except that it frequently hunts, over the marshes and meadows, on dark days and towards dusk.
Their four to seven pure white eggs are laid upon the ground in marshy places, sometimes upon a lining of sticks and weeds, and are generally under a bush, or close to an old log. Size of eggs 1.55 x 1.25.
368. BARRED OWL. Strix varia varia. . ,/* :r *
Range. Eastern North America, from the British Provinces, southward; west to the Rockies.
This species is the most common of the large owls, and can be distinguished by its mottled and barred gray and white plumage, and lack of ear tufts; length 20 inches. It is the bird commonly meant by the term "hoot owl", and being strictly
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nocturnal, is rarely seen flying in the day time, unless disturbed from its roosting place in the deep woods. Its food consists chiefly of rats, mice and frogs, and sometimes, but not often, poultry. It nests in the heart of large woods, generally in hollows of large trees, and less often in deserted Crow's nests. They lay from two to four pure white eggs, averaging considerably smaller than those of the Great Horned Owl; size 1.95x1.65.
368a. FLORIDA BARRED OWL. Strix varia alleni.
Range. Florida and the Gulf States; north to South Carolina. 229
Barred Owl
BARRED OWL
Chas. W. Long
BIRDS OF PREY
368b. TEXAS BARRED OWL. Strix varia albogilva.
Range. Southern Texas.
A very similar but slightly paler variety than the Barred Owl, and with the toes bare, as in alien i. Eggs indistinguishable.
369. SPOTTED OWL. dentalis.
Stria,' occidentalis occi
Range. Western United States, from southern Oregon and Colorado, southward.
Similar to the Barred Owl, but spotted, instead of barred, on the back of head and neck, and much more extensively barred on the under parts. The nesting habits do not appear to differ in any respect from those of the eastern Barred Owl, and their eggs, which are from two to four in number, can not be distinguished from those of the latter species; size 2.05 x 1.80.
Great Gray Owl
369a. NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL. Strix occidentalis caurina.
Range. Northwestern United States and British Columbia. Similar to the preceding, but darker, both above and below; nesting the same, in hollow trees or in old Hawk's or Crow's nests. Eggs not distinguishable.
370. GREAT GRAY OWL.
Scotiaptex nebulosa.
Range. Northern North America; wintering regularly south to the northern border of the United States and casually farther.
This is the largest of American Owls, being about 26 inches in length; it does not weigh nearly as much, however, as the Great Horned or Snowy Owls, its plumage being very light and fluffy, and dark gray in color, mottled with white. The facial disc is very large, and the eyes are small and yellow, while those of the Barred Owl are large and blue black. They nest in heavily wooded districts, building their nests of sticks, chiefly in pine trees. The two to four white eggs are laid during May and June; size 2.15 x 1.70.
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THE BIRD BOOK
[370a.J LAPP OWL.
Scotiaptex nebulosa lapponica.
A paler form of the Great Gray Owl, inhabit ing the Arctic regions of the Old World; accidental on the coast of Alaska. Their nesting habits and eggs do not differ from those of the American bird.
371.
RICHARDSON'S OWL. erea richardsoni.
Cryptoglaux fun
Richardson's Owl
Saw-whet Owl
White
Range. Northern North America, breeding north of the United States ; winters south to our border and casually farther.
This is a dark grayish and white bird, 10 inches in length, and without ear tufts. Breeds commonly in the extensively wooded districts of British America, chiefly in the northern parts. Their three or four white eggs are usually at the bottom of a cavity in a tree, but occasionally the birds build a rude nest of sticks and twigs, lined with leaves and placed in trees at a moderate height from the ground. Size of eggs, 1.25 x 1.05.
372. SAW-WHET OWL; ACADIAN OWL. Cryptoglaux acadica acadica.
Range. North America, breeding in the northern parts of the United States and in British America, and south in the Rockies to Mexico; winters south to the middle portions of the United States.
This small species (length 8 inches) is marked very similarly to the preceding, but the plumage is brown instead of gray. They normally nest in hollow trees. generally in deserted Woodpecker holes, in extensively wooded sections, and usually in mountainous country, especially in the United States. They have also been known to nest in bird boxes near faa?m houses and in old Crow's nests. During April or May, they lay from three to six white eggs. Size 1.20x1.00. They are quiet and chiefly nocturnal birds, not often seen, and may be found nesting in any of the northern states.
372a. NORTHWESTERN SAW-WHET OWL. Cryptoglaux acadica scoticea. Range. A dark variety found on the coast of British Columbia.
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BIRDS OF PREY
373. SCREECH OWL. Otus asio asio.
Range. North America, east of the plains and from the southern British Provinces to Florida.
This well known species, which is often called "Little Horned Owl" because of its ear tufts f j is found either in the I type form of some of 1|V its varieties in all parts of the United States. They have two color phases, the plumage being either Whitp
a yellowish brown or
gray, and black and white; these color phases are not dependent upon sex or locality, as often young or both phases are found in the same riest; the gray phase is the most abundant. They nest anywhere in hollow trees, being found very frequently in decayed stubs of apple trees. They also often nest in barns or other old buildings which are not frequented too freely. Their food consists chiefly of mice and meadow moles, with occasionally small birds. During April or May they lay their white eggs, the full complement of which is from five to eight. Size 1.35 x 1.20. The nesting habits of all the sub-species, as far as we can learn, are exactly like those of the eastern Screech Owl; the eggs cannot be distinguished, and in most cases, even the birds cannot be distinguished.
Screech Owl
373a. FLORIDA SCREECH OWL. Otus asio ftoridanus.
Range. South Atlantic and Gulf coasts.
Slightly smaller and darker than asin. The eggs average slightly smaller. Size 1.30x1.15.
373b. TEXAS SCREECH OWL. Otus asio mccalli.
Range. Texas, and southward into Mexico. Very similar to floridanus.
373c. CALIFORNIA SCREECH OWL. Otus asio bendirei. Range. Coast of California and Oregon. Size of, but darker than asio.
373d. KENNICOTT'S SCREECH OWL. Otus asio kennicotti.
Range. Pacific coast from Oregon to Alaska. This is the darkest of the Screech Owls and averages a trifle larger than the eastern form.
373e. ROCKY MOUNTAIN SCREECH OWL. Otus asio maxwellia.
Range. Foothills of the Rockies, from Colorado to Montana. This is the palest form of the Screech Owl, Of the same size as the last.
373f. MEXICAN SCREECH OWL. Otus asio cineraceus. Range. Western Mexico and southwestern border of the United States. A gray form with little or no buff, and more numerously barred below.
373g. AIKEN'S SCREECH OWL. Otus asio aikeni.
Range. El Paso County, Colorado. A gray form, with the dark markings coarser and more numerous than in any other.
373h. MACFARLANE'S SCREECH OWL.
Otus asio macfarlanei.
Range. Northern border of the United States from Washington to Montana.
373.1. SPOTTED SCREECH OWL. Otus trichopsis.
Range. Mountains of southern Arizona, south into Mexico.
A grayish species, similar to asio, but paler and more finely barred beneath, and with whitish spots on the feathers of the foreback. The nesting habits and eggs are probably the same as those of the Screech Owl.
373.2. XANTUS'S SCREECH OWL. Otus xantusi.
Range. Southern Lower California.
A grayish species with the back and underparts finely vermiculated with reddish brown, and with streaks of darker. It is not likely that the habits or eggs of this species will be found to differ from those of the Screech Owl.
374. FLAMMULATED SCREECH OWL. Otus flammeolus flammeolus.
Range. Mountain ranges of Mexico, north to Colorado and west to California.
This species is smaller than a trio, has shorter ear tufts, the plumage is much streaked and edged with rusty, and the toes are unfeathered to their base. They nest in hollow trees, generally using deserted Woodpecker holes. Their three or four eggs are white. Size 1.15 x .95. This species is uncommon in all parts of its range.
374a. DWARF SCREECH OWL. Otus flammeolus idahaensis.
Range. Local in Idaho, eastern Washington and California.
This rare variety is smaller than the preceding and is considerably paler, eggs have not been described, but should be a trifle smaller than the last.
Its
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BIRDS OF PREY
37!>- GREAT HORNED OWL,
Bubo virginianus virginianus. Range. North America, east of the Plains and north to Labrador.
White
Great Horned Owl
This species and its varieties are the only large Owls having conspicuous ear tufts. They are about 22 inches in length, and have a mottled brown, black and white plumage, barred below. This is also one of the "Hoot Owls," but is not nearly as abundant as the Barred Owl. It is one of the strongest of the family, and captures rabbits, grouse and poultry, and is very often found to have been feeding upon, or to have been in the immediate vicinity of a skunk. They nest very early, January, February and March. Deserted Hawk's or Crow's nests are very frequently used by this bird, if they are located in dense woods. They also sometimes nest in hollow cavities in large trees. They lay from two to four pure white eggs. Size 2.25 x 1.85.
WESTERN HORNED OWL. Bubo virginianus pallescens. Range. Western North America, except the Pacific coast.
A smaller and lighter colored form of the preceding, having the same habits and the eggs being indistinguishable from those of the eastern bird.
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ARCTIC HORNED OWL. Bubo virginianus subarcticus.
Range. Interior of Arctic America from Hudson Bay to Alaska; south winter to the northwestern tier of states.
A very pale colored Horned Owl with little or no buff or brownish in the plumage, some specimens (very rare) being pure white with only a few black bars on the back. Their nesting habits are the same and the eggs do not vary appreciably from those of the eastern Horned Owl.
375C. DUSKY HORNED OWL. Bubo virginianus saturatus.
Range. Pacific coast from California to Alaska.
This is the darkest of the Horned Owls, the extreme case being nearly black on the back and very dark below. Nesting the same as the Great Horned Owl.
375d. PACIFIC HORNED OWL. Bubo virginianus pacificus.
Range. California, southward and east to Arizona.
Smaller and darker than the eastern form but not as dark as the last, the same as those of the others.
Eggs
375e. DWARF HORNED OWL.
Bubo virginianus elachistus.
Range. Lower California.
This is a similar but darker form of the Horned Owl and is very much smaller than virginianus. The nesting habits will be the same, but the eggs may average smaller.
BIRDS OF PREY
V
White
Snowy Owl
376. SNOWY OWL. Nyctea nyctea.
Range. Arctic regions, breeding within the Arctic Circle and wintering to the northern border of the United States and casually farther.
This very beautiful species varies in plumage from pure white, unmarked, to specimens heavily and broadly barred with blackish brown. It is, next to the Great Gray Owl, the largest species found in America, being 2 feet in length. Like the Great Horned Owls, they are very strong, fearless, and rapacious birds, feeding upon hares, squirrels and smaller mammals, as well as Grouse, Ptarmigan, etc. They nest upon the ground, on banks or mossy hummocks on the dry portions of marshes, laying from two to eight eggs, white in color and with a, smoother shell than those of the Great Horned Owl. Size 2.25 x 1.75. Data. Point Barrow, Alaska, June 16, 1898. Three eggs laid in a hollow in the moss.
[377-] EUROPEAN HAWK OWL. Surnia ulula ulula.
Range. Northern portion of the Old World; accidental in Alaska. Similar to the American species, but lighter and more brownish.
THE BIRD BOOK
377a. HAWK OWL. Surnia ulula caparoch.
Range. Northern North America, breeding from the central portions of British America northward; probably also breeds in the Rocky Mountains in the northern tier of states and casually farther.
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1
| . This handsome mottled and barred, gray and
Am i TTawk Owl black Owl mi ht readily be mistaken for a
Hawk, because of his Hawk-like appearance
and long rounded tail. They are very active birds, especially in the day time, for they are more diurnal than nocturnal; their food is mostly of small rodents, and also small birds. They nest either in the tops of large fir trees, in hollows of stumps, or, in some cases, upon the ground. When in trees their nests are made of twigs, leaves and weeds, and sometimes lined with moss and feathers; they lay from three to eight white eggs, size 1.50 x 1.20. Data. Labrador, May 3, 1899. Five eggs. Nest in the top of a dead tree, 15 feet from the ground.
378. BURROWING OWL. Speotyto cunicularia hypogcea.
Range. Western North America from the Mississippi Valley west to California; north to the southern parts of British America and south to Central America.
These peculiar birds are wholly different in plumage, form and habits from any other American Owls. They can readily be recognized by their long, slender and scantily feathered legs. Their plumage is brownish, spotted with white above, and white, barred with brown below; length 10 inches. They nest, generally in large communities in burrows in the ground, usually deserted Prairie Dog holes. While generally but a single pair occupy one burrow, as many as twenty have been found nesting together. Sometimes the burrows are unlined, and again may have a carpet of grasses and feathers. Their white eggs generally number from six to ten; size 1.25 x 1.00. Data. Sterling, Kans., May 7, 1899. Nest of bits of dry dung at the end of a deserted Prairie Dog burrow.
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BIRDS OF PREY
37 8a. FLORIDA BURROWING OWL. Speotyto cunicularia floridana.
Range. Local in the interior of Florida.
Like the last, but slightly smaller and paler, and with the tarsus less feathered. Their habits or eggs do not differ from the preceding.
379- PYGMY OWL. Glaucidium gnoma gnoma.
Range. Rocky Mountain region and westward; from British Columbia southward. These interesting little Owls, which are but seven inches in length, feed in the day time upon insects, mice and, occasionally, small birds. They frequent extensively wooded districts, chiefly in the mountain ranges. They nest in tall trees, generally in deserted Woodpeckers' holes, laying three or four white eggs during May; size about 1.00 x .90.
Burrowing Owl
379a. CALIFORNIA PYGMY OWL. Glaucidium gnoma calif ornicum.
Range. Pacific coast from British Columbia, south through California. This sub-species is darker and more brownish than the last. It is not an uncommon bird in California. They nest in the tallest trees along the ranges, often being found 75 or more feet from the ground. The eggs do not differ from those of the Pygmy Owl, ranging in size from 1.00 x .85 to 1.20 x .95.
379-1. HOSKIN'S PYGMY OWL. Glaucidium hoskinsi.
Range. Southern Lower California.
This species is smaller and more gray than the preceding. It is not probable that its manners of nesting or eggs differ in any respect from those of the others of this genus.
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THE BIRD BOOK
380. FERRUGINOUS PYGMY OWL. Glaucidium phalcenoides.
Range. Mexico and Central America; north to the Mexican border of the United States.
This species is of the same size as the last, but is much tinged with rufous on the upper parts, and the tail is of a bright chestnut brown color, crossed by about eight bars of black. They nest in hollow cavities in trees, from ten to forty feet from the ground, laying three or four glossy white eggs; size 1.10 x .90.
381. ELF, OWL. Micropallas whitneyi.
Range. Mexico, north to the bordering states. This odd little bird is the smallest member of the family found in America, attaining a length of only six inches. In plumage it may be described as similar to a very small, earless Screech Owl, only with the pattern of the markings a great deal finer. They are said to be quite abundant in the table lands of central Mexico and in southern Arizona, where they build their nests in deserted Woodpeckers' holes, perhaps most frequently in the giant cactus. It is said to be more nocturnal than the Pygmy Owls and to feed almost exclusively upon insects. They lay from three to five eggs having a slight gloss. Size 1.02 x .90. Data. Southern Arizona, May 22, 1902. Nest in a deserted Woodpecker hole. Two eggs.
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