OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996/2003-03-20/Chapter 9

Chapter 9
State Institutions Supporting Constitutional Democracy
Establishment and governing principles
181.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Public Protector
Functions of Public Protector
182.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Tenure
183.
South African Human Rights Commission
Functions of South African Human Rights Commission
184.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(3)
(4)
Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities
Functions of Commission
185.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Composition of Commission
186.
(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
Commission for Gender Equality
Functions of Commission for Gender Equality
187.
(1)
(2)
(3)
Auditor-General
Functions of Auditor-General
188.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(3)
(4)
Tenure
189.
Electoral Commission
Functions of Electoral Commission
190.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
Composition of Electoral Commission
191.
Independent Authority to Regulate Broadcasting
Broadcasting Authority
192.
General Provisions
Appointments
193.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(5)
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(6)
Removal from office
194.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(3)
(a)
(b)
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996/2003-03-20/Chapter 3

Chapter 3
Co-operative Government
Government of the Republic
40.
(1)
(2)
Principles of co-operative government and intergovernmental relations
41.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(3)
(4)
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996/2003-03-20/Chapter 8

Chapter 8
Courts and Administration of Justice
Judicial authority
165.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Judicial system
166.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Constitutional Court
167.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(4)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(5)
(6)
(a)
(b)
(7)
Supreme Court of Appeal
168.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(c)
High Courts
169.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
Magistrates’ Courts and other courts
170.
Court procedures
171.
Powers of courts in constitutional matters
172.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Inherent power
173.
to develop the common law, taking into account the interests of justice.
Appointment of judicial officers
174.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Acting judges
175.
(1)
(2)
Terms of office and remuneration
176.
(1)
(2)
(3)
Removal
177.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(2)
(3)
Judicial Service Commission
178.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Prosecuting authority
179.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(2)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(4)
(5)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(6)
(7)
Other matters concerning administration of justice
180.
(a)
(b)
(c)
# Dandridge v. Jefferson Parish School Board --

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
404 U.S. 1219
Lena Vern DANDRIDGE et al., v. JEFFERSON PARISH SCHOOL BOARD et al.No. --.
Mr. Justice MARSHALL, Circuit Justice.
On August 10, 1971, the Federal District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana, 332 F.Supp. 590, ordered the Jefferson Parish School Board to implement, beginning on August 31, 1971, the plan for desegregation of the public schools of said parish which had been submitted to the court eight days earlier. Having been denied stays of that order by the District Court and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, the Board seeks a stay here.
Hearing was had in the District Court on the feasibility of beginning the desegregation process without delay. The evidence there adduced demonstrated that the parish would undoubtedly experience those difficulties normally incident to the transition from a dual to a unitary school system. Recognizing the existence of these difficulties, the District Court nonetheless correctly applied the law as developed by this Court in concluding:
'The fact that a temporary, albeit difficult, burden may be placed on the School Board in the initial administration of the plan or the fact that some schools may not begin the school year in a routinely smooth fashion does not justify in these circumstances the continuation of a less than unitary school system and the resulting denial of an equal educational opportunity to a certain segment of the Parish school children.'
The devastating, often irreparable, injury to those children who experience segregation and isolation was noted 17 years ago in Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483, 74 S.Ct. 686, 98 L.Ed. 873 (1954). This Court has repeatedly made it clear beyond any possible doubt that, absent some extraordinary circumstances, delay in achieving desegregation will not be tolerated. See, e.g., Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, 396 U.S. 19, 90 S.Ct. 29, 24 L.Ed.2d 19 (1969); Carter v. West Feliciana Parish School Board, 396 U.S. 226, 90 S.Ct. 467, 24 L.Ed.2d 382 (1969); Keyes v. School District No. 1, 396 U.S. 1215, 90 S.Ct. 12, 24 L.Ed.2d 37 (1969) (Brennan, J., vacating stay).

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dandridge v. Williams

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.

## Concurring Opinion

    Harlan

## Dissenting Opinion

    Douglas
United States Supreme Court
397 U.S. 471
Dandridge v. Williams
Argued: Dec. 9, 1969. --- Decided: April 6, 1970
See 398 U.S. 914, 90 S.Ct. 1684.
George W. Liebmann, Baltimore, Md., for appellants.
Joseph A. Matera, Baltimore, Md., for appellees.
Mr. Justice STEWART delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dandridge v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
356 U.S. 259
Dandridge v. United States
Bernard Dunau and Anastasia Thannhauser Dunau, for petitioner.
Solicitor General Rankin, Beatrice Rosenberg and Mr. Kirby W. Patterson, for the United States.
On writ of certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dandridge v. Jefferson Parish School Board --/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
404 U.S. 1219
Lena Vern DANDRIDGE et al., v. JEFFERSON PARISH SCHOOL BOARD et al.No. --.
There are no unusual circumstances in this case. The schools involved have been mired in litigation for seven years. Whatever progress toward desegregation has been made apparently, and unfortunately, derives only from judicial action initiated by those persons situated as perpetual plaintiffs below. The rights of children to equal educational opportunities are not to be denied, even for a brief time, simply because a school board situates itself so as to make desegregation difficult.
The stay is accordingly denied.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dandridge v. United States/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
356 U.S. 259
Dandridge v. United States
Upon consideration of the entire record and the confession of error by the Solicitor General, the judgment of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit is reversed and the case is remanded to the District Court with directions to permit the defendant to change his plea.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dandridge v. Williams/Concurrence Harlan

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinion Harlan
* Dissenting Opinion Douglas
* Wikipedia article
United States Supreme Court
397 U.S. 471
Dandridge v. Williams
Argued: Dec. 9, 1969. --- Decided: April 6, 1970
Mr. Justice HARLAN, concurring.
I join the Court's opinion, with one reservation which I deem called for by certain implications that might be drawn from the opinion.
As I stated in dissent in Shapiro v. Thompson, 394 U.S. 618, 658-663, 89 S.Ct. 1322, 1344-1347, 22 L.Ed.2d 600 (1969), I find no solid basis for the doctrine there expounded that certain statutory classifications will be held to deny equal protection unless justified by a 'compelling' governmental interest, while others will pass muster if they meet traditional equal protection standards. See also my dissenting opinion in Katzenbach v. Morgan, 384 U.S. 641, 660-661, 86 S.Ct. 1731, 1732-1733, 16 L.Ed.2d 828 (1966). Except with respect to racial classifications, to which unique historical considerations apply, see Shapiro, 394 U.S. at 659, 89 S.Ct. at 1344, I believe the constitutional provisions assuring equal protection of the laws impose a standard of rationality of classification, long applied in the decisions of this Court, that does not depend upon the nature of the classification or interest involved.
It is on this basis, and not because this case involves only interests in 'the area of economics and social welfare,' at 485, that I join the Court's constitutional holding.
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS, dissenting.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Maine (province)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MAINE (mān), an old province of France, having Normandy on the N., Brittany on the W., and Anjou on the S., corresponding to the modern department of Sarthe and Mayenne; its chief town was Le Mans.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Mamaroneck

* related portals: New York.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MAMARONECK, town in Westchester co., N. Y., on Long Island Sound, 20 miles from New York City. Takes in Larchmont, and many New York business men have homes there. Has clothing and rubber goods factories, but chiefly noted as resort for bathing and yachting. Pop. (1910, including Larchmont) 7,657; (1920) 6,571.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Mammalia

* related portals: Mammals.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, taxonomy, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MAMMALIA (-mā′lyä), in zoölogy, mammals, the highest class of the vertebrate sub-kingdom. The individuals are characterized by the possession of mammæ (teats), enabling them to suckle their young. The class is sometimes popularly but erroneously called quadrupeds (four-footed animals). They have red, warm blood, in this respect agreeing with birds, but differing from reptiles, amphibians and fishes. The mouth is concealed by lips and armed with bony and enameled teeth; each ramus of the mandible is composed of a simple piece of bone. The covering is of hair. Normally, there are four limbs, which in some aquatic members of the class are modified into fins. The toes are generally five. Most of the bones are solid or have cavities filled with marrow, the air cells which aid in imparting lightness to the bones of birds being, as a rule, absent. The bones of the cranium and of the face are immovably fixed to each other. The cranium is larger than in other vertebrates, the lower jaw consists of only two pieces. The vertebral column may be divided into five regions, the cervical, the dorsal, the lumbar, the sacral, and the caudal vertebræ. The heart has two auricles and two ventricles. The respiration is by lungs.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Maisonneuve

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MAISONNEUVE, a city, near Montreal, Canada, of which it is a suburb. Its manufacturing plants employ nearly half the population, and turn out cotton goods, shoes, sugar, and foundry products. Has a fine city hall, libraries and schools. Its industrial output ranks as sixth in Canada. Pop. about 40,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Maitland

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MAITLAND, Australia, a town in New South Wales, on the Hunter river, 119 miles N. of Sydney and 15 miles N. W. of Newcastle. Some of the purest coal in the world is found in this region, veins running over thirty feet in thickness, but these fields have not yet been much exploited. Pop. about 12,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Maintenon, Françoise d'Aubigné, Marchioness de

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MAINTENON (mangt-nông), FRANÇOISE D'AUBIGNÉ, MARCHIONESS DE, the second wife of Louis XIV.; born in the prison of Niort, France, Nov. 27, 1635, where her parents were held. On their release they removed to Martinique. After her father's death she was brought up by her aunt, Madame Villette, in the Protestant faith, from which, owing to the interference of her mother, a strict Catholic, she was afterward converted. Subsequently, being left in very reduced circumstances, she married the celebrated poet and novelist Scarron. On his death she became governess of the children of Madame de Montespan. This connection brought her under the notice of the monarch, and in 1679 he changed her name to Maintenon, giving her an estate with that title. She supplanted Montespan and La Chaise, his confessor, having advised the king to sanction his wishes by a secret but formal marriage, it was solemnized in 1685. After her elevation, she lived in a sort of retirement from the world. Louis visited her several times a day, and transacted business with his ministers in her apartments, while she read or otherwise employed herself. Having founded the school of St. Cyr, for the education of poor girls of good family, she retired to it after the death of the king, and there passed the remainder of her life. She died, generally respected, April 15, 1719. Her “Memoirs” and “Correspondence” have been published.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Mainz

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MAINZ (mīnts) (French, Mayence), a fortified town of Germany, in the republic of Hesse, finely situated on the left bank of the Rhine, opposite the mouth of the Main, 20 miles W. S. W. of Frankfort. The Rhine is here crossed by a bridge connecting Mainz with the small town of Castel, which is within the system of fortifications; there is also a railway bridge. The older part of the town has been mostly modernized since the destruction caused by a powder magazine explosion in 1857, and an extensive new quarter has been added since the recent widening of the fortified circuit. Among the more interesting buildings are the cathedral, a vast building of red sandstone, finished in the 14th century, adorned with several finely painted windows, frescoes, and a great number of ancient and curious monuments; the former electoral palace, now containing the City Library (over 230,000 vols.), picture gallery, museum, etc.; the old collegiate church of St. Stephen, a fine specimen of Gothic architecture; the grand-ducal castle; the courts of justice; the government buildings; the town hall, a new Renaissance structure; the theater, central railway station, Gutenberg's house and other buildings associated with the invention of printing, etc., There is a fine statue of Gutenberg by Thorwaldsen. The handsome quay, about 330 feet in breadth, along the Rhine, affords a pleasant promenade; and there are several docks. The manufactures embrace leather, furniture, hardware, carriages, tobacco, beer, chemicals, musical instruments, etc. The trade, particularly transit, is extensive. Mainz was for long the first ecclesiastical city of the German empire, of which its archbishop-elector ranked as the premier prince. Its history during the 16th century is of considerable interest in connection with the progress of the Reformation. Pop. about 120,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Mammary Gland

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MAMMARY GLAND. See Breast, Female.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Mammoth

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MAMMOTH, a gigantic prehistoric mammal. The first mammoth discovered was found imbedded in ice in 1799 on the shores of the Lena, by a Tungoosian fisherman named Schumachoff.
W. Boyd Dawkins, treating of the range of the mammoth in time and space, comes to the conclusion that it existed in Great Britain before, during, and after the Glacial period. Its remains are found in France in “enormous abundance”; there it was contemporary with the Cavemen of the Pleistocene, as is proved by a spirited engraving of it on a piece of mammoth ivory found in the Cave of La Madeleine, Dordogne; it has been found in nearly every county in England; and, broadly speaking, its range extended “over the whole land of the Northern Hemisphere.”
MAMMOTH
# Constitution of the Republic of Portugal

* Constitution of the Portuguese Republic (1976) (Wikisource translation)
* Constitution of the Portuguese Republic (1976) (unsourced)
* Constitution of the Republic of Portugal, 1976 (unknown provenance, post-1992)
* Constitution of the Portuguese Republic (1982)
* Constitution of the Portuguese Republic (1989)
* Constitution of the Portuguese Republic (1992)
* Constitution of the Portuguese Republic (1997)
* Constitution of the Portuguese Republic (2001)
* Constitution of the Portuguese Republic (2004)
* Constitution of the Portuguese Republic (2005) (Wikisource translation)
# Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 3) Act 2022

Layout 2
REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE
GOVERNMENT GAZETTE
ACTS SUPPLEMENT
Published by Authority
First published in the Government Gazette, Electronic Edition, on 3 January 2023 at 5 pm.
The following Act was passed by Parliament on 29 November 2022 and assented to by the President on 27 December 2022:—
REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE
No. 40 of 2022.
I assent.
HALIMAH YACOB, President. 27 December 2022.
An Act to amend the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore.
Be it enacted by the President with the advice and consent of the Parliament of Singapore, as follows:
​Short title
1. This Act is the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 3) Act 2022.
New Article 156
2. The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore is amended by inserting, immediately after Article 155, the following Article:
    “Institution of marriage
    156.—(1) The Legislature may, by law, define, regulate, protect, safeguard, support, foster and promote the institution of marriage.
    (2) Subject to any written law, the Government and any public authority may, in the exercise of their executive authority, protect, safeguard, support, foster and promote the institution of marriage.
    (3) Nothing in Part 4 invalidates a law enacted before, on or after the date of commencement of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 3) Act 2022 by reason that the law—
       (a) defines marriage as a union between a man and a woman; or
       (b) is based on such a definition of marriage.
    (4) Nothing in Part 4 invalidates an exercise of executive authority before, on or after the date of commencement of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 3) Act 2022 by reason that the exercise is based on a definition of marriage as a union between a man and a woman.”.
This work is Singaporean legislation (Act of Parliament or subsidiary legislation), which is copyrighted in Singapore for 70 years after publication pursuant to
* sections 114(1) and 136(1)(b) of the Copyright Act 2021, or
* section 197(3)(b) of the repealed Copyright Act (Cap. 63, 2006 Rev. Ed.) for legislation published before 21 November 2021.
However, as an edict of a government, it is in the public domain in the U.S.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Crossley v. California

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
168 U.S. 640
Crossley v. California
W. F. Fitzgerald and W. H. Anderson, for appellees.
Mr. Chief Justice FULLER delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Crossley v. City of New Orleans/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
108 U.S. 105
Crossley v. City of New Orleans
The record shows that the defendants in error sought to enjoin the collection of a judgment against their property to enforce an assessment under the drainage laws of Louisiana, (1) because under the operation of the laws authorizing the judgment nothing more remained to be paid thereon; and (2) because the judgment had, in terms, been released and discharged by certain acts of the general assembly of the state, passed in 1877 and 1878. If the case was decided below on the first of these grounds no federal question is involved.
It was settled long ago that, in cases coming to this court from the supreme court of Louisiana, the opinion of the court below, as set out in the record, may be referred to, if necessary, to determine whether the judgment is one we have authority to review. Armstrong v. Treasurer of Knox Co. 16 Pet. 285; Almonster v. Kenton, 9 How. 9; Grand Gulf R. R. & Bkg. Co. v. Marshall, 12 How. 167; Cousin v. Blanc, 19 How. 207; Murdock v. Memphis, 20 Wall. 633. From the statement of the case and the opinion found in this record, it is manifest the decision was placed entirely on the ground that the judgment was not collectible under the law as it stood before the acts of 1876 and 1877 were passed. Consequently the case was disposed of before the federal question presented by the pleadings was reached, and that question was not and need not have been decided.
Under these circumstances we have no jurisdiction, and the motion to dismiss is granted.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Crossman v. Burrill

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
179 U.S. 100
Crossman v. Burrill
Argued: March 14, 1900. --- Decided: November 5, 1900
Mr. Everett P. Wheeler for petitioners.
[Counsel information from pages 100-101 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Lawrence Kneeland for respondents.
[Counsel information from pages 101-102 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice Gray delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Crossing the Bar (Tennyson)

Tennyson regarded this as a summation of his poetical works, and requested that it should always be placed at the end of any collection of his poems.
* "Crossing the Bar" in Demeter and other poems (1889)
* "Crossing the Bar" in Poems That Every Child Should Know (1904)
* "Sunset and Evening Star" in The Army and Navy Hymnal (1920)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse