# The Evolution of France under the Third Republic

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTERPAGE
The 4th of September, and the National Defence. — The Assembly of Bordeaux. — The Communist Insurrection : Paris recaptured by the French. — First Symptoms of Recuperation. — Decentralization: Party Spirit.
M. Thiers, Head of the State, and Prime Minister. — The Message of November 12, 1872. — The First Presidential Crisis. — Fusion, and the White Flag. — How the Monarchists helped to make the Republic . — Violent Debates . — The Discipline of the Republicans, and the Legislative Elections.
The Constitution of 1875 : Unforeseen Stability. — The Beginnings of the Parliament. — Preludes of a Coup d'Mltat. — Appeal to the Country, and the Electoral Campaign. — A Futile Attempt. — Return to Normal Life. — The Exposition of 1878. —The Marshal resigns.
Composure and Abstention. — A Triple Alternative. — The Conference of London. — M. de Bismarck's Ideas. — Inter- vention of Europe. — At the Congress of Berlin: the First Partition of Turkey. — Disinterestedness appreciated. — The Difficulties of Republican Diplomacy. — Formation of the Triple Alliance.
A Forced Conquest. — Measures well taken and badly ap- preciated.— The Treaty of Bardo. — Lies and Calumnies. — France in Egypt. — The Condominium. — Arabi and the Na- tionalists. — Tergiversations of France: the English bom- bard Alexandria and occupy Cairo. — The "Great Minister." ​
Governmental Anarchy. — The " Long Ministry." —Legis- lative Work is resumed. — Angry Quarrels between the Extremist Parties. — The Revision of 1884. — Energy of Jules Ferry. — His Asiatic Policy . — March 30, 1885.
Three Colonial Empires. — A National Tradition. — Ob- stacles and Labors. — France beyond the Sea in 1872, and in 1894. — West Africa. — Madagascar. ^ French Asia. — Prob- lems of Indo-China. — Administrative Errors. — The Slug- gishness of French Commerce. — The Educational Question.
The Majority melts away. — The Elections of 1885 : a Reac- tionary Half-victory. — Mistakes and Blundering. — A Brave List of Appropriations. — Minister Rouvier. — General Bou- langer's First Exploits. — Unexpected Scandals. — Election of M. Carnot. — The Committee of the Rue Sfeze. — Exposi- tion of 1889. —The Supreme Court. — The Elections : the End of Boulangism.
The Workingmen's Congress in Berliii. — The Empress Frederick in Paris. — Cronstadt. — A "Novel Situation." — The General Tariff of the Custom-houses. — The Monarchists' "Last Card." — False Calculation. — Financial Ways. — The Elections of 1893. — Minister Casimir-Perier. — The Rus- sian Fleet at Toulon. — National Mourning.
Church and State. — Religious Policy. — The Congress of Mechlin, and the Encyclical Quanta Cnra. — The Designs of Leo Xin. — The Toast of Algiers. — Constitution of the Re- publican Right. — Political Evolution, and Social Evolution. — The Encyclical Rerum Novarum. — Resistance: Declara- tion of the Cardinals. — Immovability of the Sovereign Pon- tiff. —The Results. — The " Great Problem."
Primary Instruction. — The Results of Secularization. — The Teacher. — Insufficiency of Moral Instruction. — Ger- manic Pedagogy. — Schools : Primary, High, and Profes- sional. — Secondary Instruction : the Imperial and the ​ Monastic Stamp. — Overdriving. — The Education of Character.— Schools for Girls. — University Revival. — Students and Pro- fessors. — The Rights of the State.
A New Spectacle. — Patriotism throughout the Ages. — Its Modern Formula. — Contradictory Problems. — A Work of Perseverance and of Confidence. — The Eifect on the Nation. — Officers and Soldiers. — Diverging Tendencies. — A Social- istic Lesson in Things. — Ideal and Patriotism.
The Survival of Ideas. — Foreign Judgments on France. — The Worship of Form. — Unhealthy Scientific and Literary Stagnation. — Influence of Democracy on Letters and Lan- guage. — The Awakening : Taine and Renan. — Retaliation on Immorality. — The French Family and the French Woman. — Decrease of Population. — The Law of Succession, and Malthusianism.
Errors of Valuation. — An Unprecedented Experience. — Universal and Simultaneous Progress. — Political Action: Congress and Elections. — Strikes. — Anarchists. — Intellec- tual Mediums. — Obstacles: Petty Proprietorship. — Alle- manists, Broussists, Guesdists, Blanquists. — Syndicates. — A Second Night of August i.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1937, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 86 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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