OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vol IV:11

| Saxifrage — Schliemann | Schmalkald — Schuyler | Schuylkill — Sculpture | Scutari — Sedge |
| Saxifrage Saxons Saxony Saxophone Saxton, Joseph Sayce, Archibald Henry Scale Scale-Insects Scallop Scalp Scanderbeg Scandinavia Scarabæus Scarlet Tanager Scheffer, Ary Scheldt Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schenck, Robert Cumming Schenectady Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich Schlegel, August Wilhelm Schelegel, Friedrich von Schleiermacher, Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schley, Winfield Scott Schliemann, Heinrich | Schmalkald, League of Schnitzer, Eduard Schofield, John McAllister Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe School-Garden, The School Organization and Management School Sanitation School-Ships School-Song, The Schools, Elementary Schools, Rural Schools, Secondary Schools, Summer “School System at Gary, Ind.” Schools for Defectives Schools of Commerce Schooner Schopenhauer, Arthur Schreiner, Olive Schubert, Franz Peter Schumann, Robert Schumann-Heink, Ernestine Schurman, Jacob Gould Schurz, Carl Schuyler, Philip John | Schuylkill Schwatka, Frederick Science Scilly Islands Sciopticon Scioto Scipio, Publius Cornelius (Africanus Major) Scipio, Publius Cornelius (Africanus Minor) Sclerenchyma Scollard, Rt. Rev. D. J. Scone Scorpion Scotland Scottish Literature Scott, Captain Robert F. Scott, Duncan Campbell Scott, Sir Walter Scott, Winfield Scranton Pa. Screamer Screw Screw-Propeller Scribe Scudder, Horace Elisha Sculpture | Scutari Scylla and Charybdis Scythians Sea Sea-Anemone Sea-Cucumber Sea-Hare Sea-Lion Sea-Urchin Seal Sealed Orders Sealing-Wax Seasons Seath, John Seattle, Wash. Seaweeds Sebastian, St. Sebastopol Secord, Laura Secretary-Bird Secretion Sedalia, Mo. Sedan Seddon, Richard John Sedge |
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vol IV:14

| Sinai — Skye | Skylark — Smith, John | Smith, Joseph — Soap | Soapstone — Somerset |
| Sinai Singapore Single Tax Sioux Sioux City, Ia. Sioux Falls, So. Dak. Siphon Siphonogamy Sirens Sirius Sirocco Sisyphus Sitka Sitting Bull Sixtus Sixtus IV Sixtus V Skager-Rack Skate Skating Skeleton Skimmer Skin Skull Skunk Skye | Skylark Sladen, Douglas Slate Slater, Samuel Slavery Slavs Slidell, John Slime-Moulds Sloane, William Milligan Slocum, Henry W. Sloe Slot-Machine Sloth Sloyd Slug Smell Smelt Smiles, Samuel Smith, Adam Smith College Smith, Edmund Kirby Smith, Francis Hopkinson Smith, Goldwin Smith, Henry Boynton Smith, John | Smith, Joseph, Jr. Smith, Samuel Francis Smith, Sydney Smith, William Smith, William Robertson Smith, William Sidney Smithfield Smithsonian Institution Smoke Smollett, Tobias George Smuggling Smut Smyrna Snail Snake River Snakes Snipe Snow Snowberry Snowbird Snow-Bound Snowbunting Snowdrop Snowshoes Soap | Soapstone Sobieski, John Socialism Social Settlements Society Islands Sociology Socrates Soda Sodium Sodom and Gomorrah Sofia Soils Sokoto Solar Microscope Solar System Solemn League and Covenant, The Soldier's Homes in the U. S. Solferino Solomon Solomon's Seal Solon Solway Firth Solyman I Somaliland Somerset, Lady Henry (Isabel) |
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ararat

See also Mount Ararat on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ar'arat, a noted mountain of western Asia. It is on the boundary between Persia, Asiatic Turkey and the Russian possessions. It is called by the Persians Koh-i-nooh, or mountain of Noah. The highest peak is 17,000 feet above the level of the sea, or 14,200 above the level of the plain beneath, and is always capped with snow. It is a volcano, and its last eruption took place in 1840. Here, according to the Bible, the ark of Noah rested after the flood.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Araucania

See also Araucanía Region on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ar'auca'nia, the name formerly applied to a part of Chile which is now nearly all included in the provinces of Arauco and Valdivia, lying between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. The Araucanians are very warlike, and are so tenacious of their liberty that they maintained their independence for several centuries. They have been much reduced as a nation, and now number only about 50,000. They are humane towards their enemies, and are said to be very hospitable. They are an agricultural people, and give much attention to stock-breeding. In 1861 a French adventurer, Antoine Tounens, was elected king of the Araucanians, but the Chilean government sent him back to France. The Araucanians finally recognized the rule of Chile in 1870.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Archangel

See also Archangelsk on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Archangel (ark-ān′ jĕl), a Russian city on the River Dvina, 750 miles northeast of St. Petersburg. It has a large trade in timber, tallow and tar; it is connected with the interior by river and canal. Population, 35,000. An English sailor, driven ashore by a storm, once took refuge in a monastery on the site of Archangel. As the result of his visit, an English factory was started there in 1584. For a long time Archangel was the only seaport of Russia, and became very prosperous. It still has a very large import and coast trade. The shortest day here is only three hours and twelve minutes in length, the longest is twenty-one hours and forty-eight minutes. Archangel also is a province of northern Russia; area, 326,063 square miles; population, 437,800.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Archesporium

See also Sporangium on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ar'chespo'rium. In plants a developing spore-vessel sets apart certain cells from all others to produce the spores. The first cells which can be distinguished in this way, and which give rise to all of the tissues which produce spores, are known collectively as the archesporium. The archesporium is a prominent feature in the history of the sporangia of all higher groups of plants.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Arbitration

See also Arbitration on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ar'bitra'tion, a mode of determining and settling, by reference to outside, independent parties, matters in dispute or disagreement, either in commercial or industrial affairs or in the larger questions of political and international controversy. This may be done by representatives willingly chosen by the respective parties to settle the points of disagreement, or by order of a court of law, when decisions have the conclusive effect of legal proceedings. Arbitration is now being largely adopted in private commercial dealings, especially between masters and workmen; while the resort to the expedient has for many years been employed in cases of international dispute, not involving national honor. (See Hague Peace Conference.) Arbitration has been successfully employed in settling railroad and labor strikes, wage controversies, lockouts and other industrial troubles. Arbitration in labor disputes took a long step forward in the appointment of the Commission on Industrial Relations by President Wilson under an Act of Congress.
The Commission is to inquire into the general conditions of labor, relations between employers and employees, the effect of industrial conditions on public welfare and the like.
As one social worker, who helped to secure the Commission, put it: "What we need is more light and less heat."
# The New Student's Reference Work/Arbutus

See also Arbutus on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Arbutus (ar' bu-tus or ar-bu' tus), trailing arbutus, mayflower or ground laurel, belongs to the heath family. It is one of the loveliest of our wealth of wild blossoms. The leaf often presents a time-worn and rusty appearance, but the waxy, pink blossoms are of rare delicate beauty and exquisite fragrance. After the spring rains the new leaves come and show glossy green, the later sprays the finest specimens of both flower and foliage. It is a shy blossom, does not take kindly to transplanting in cultivated garden, prefers the distant pine woods or sandy beach by pine-wood lake. Frequently in moss, too, the arbutus grows, but in moss of sand rather than loam. It is found from the Maine woods south to Florida, abounds in the northern pine forests of the Middle West and is a familiar and beloved flower of New England. It is a brave little blossom; its buds formed the preceding fall, are all ready to come forth while yet another snow storm may be expected. The plant trails on the ground, and the sun on the sandy soil forces the bloom. A few warm days in early spring are sufficient encouragement, and often after the rosy little faces have shown themselves a snowfall will whiten the ground around them. The poet, Whittier, tells of the joy the weary Pilgrims, after their hard winter, took in this early blossom—which abounds in the vicinity of Plymouth—
"Yet God be praised!" the Pilgrim said,
 Who saw the blossoms peer  Above the brown leaves, dry and dead."
The Indians say when there is most moisture the flowers are pinkest, and they do show pallid in a dry season. The stem is prostrate or trailing, some petals quite buried in the sand, no branch high above the ground—one must stoop low to pluck the posies. The flowers grow in clusters, many attached to the woody central stem; they may be gathered in graceful sprays, but by the Indian venders are cut off short and made up into compact little bunches. In gathering the arbutus greediness should be controlled, the plant not uprooted, else, as is the case near the eastern cities, the beautiful blossom will be pushed farther and farther back from town and village, and in the end become extinct.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Arch, Triumphal

See also Triumphal Arch on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Arch, Triumphal, was a memorial raised by the Romans to celebrate a victory or in honor of a victorious general. When a general came back from battle, the gate by which he entered Rome was wont to be adorned with the spoils of war. This custom grew into that of raising a special arch of bronze or stone, patterned after a city gate. The most remarkable of these arches still remaining are the arch of Augustus at Rimini, the arch of Trajan at Beneventum and the arches of Constantine and Titus at Rome. The arch of Titus was built by the Roman people after his death, in honor of his conquest of Judæa, and is remarkable for its bas-reliefs. The finest modern arch is the Arc de Triomphe, built by Napoleon I at Paris. It has three arches, and is 160 feet high and 150 feet long.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Archegonium

See also Archegonium on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ar'chego'nium. The female organ of certain groups of plants, namely, the Bryophytes (mosses, etc.), the Pteridophytes (ferns, etc.), and the gymnosperms (pines, etc.). In general it is a flask-shaped structure. In the bulbous part of the flask the solitary egg is developed; while through the open and often elongated neck the sperms pass for fertilization. So characteristic is this organ that the three groups which possess it are often classed together under the name Archegoniates.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Arbor Day

See also Arbor Day on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Arbor Day, a day set apart for the planting of trees, generally observed throughout the United States. It has been established also in Great Britain, France, northern and southern Africa and in Japan. Observance of the day may be said to have started April 10, 1872, the state of Nebraska having the honor of the first Arbor Day, and to the Hon. J. Sterling Morton of Nebraska, belongs the credit of suggesting and establishing a tree-planting day. Kansas began tree planting in 1875, Minnesota in 1876, and gradually the other states followed suit.
Now an important feature of Arbor Day is its connection with the public schools. This connection probably began in 1882, when the school children of Cincinnati, Ohio, planted trees in a public park in memory of authors and statesmen. Soon after this, in most of the schools of West Virginia a special day was appointed for tree-planting. While the festival may be considered a national one, it is observed by the several states and territories at widely different times; in the south it may be observed in December, in the north in May. Some states have a fixed date, in others it is appointed by the governor. In addition to the planting of the trees, appropriate exercises mark the day. The various states issue Arbor Day circulars giving suggestions for the celebration. The value of the interest of the school children in Arbor Day is recognized by the United States Forest Service, which sends out circulars treating of its history and observance. It is desired that every child shall learn of the use and value of the tree in the life of the nation.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Arcadia

See also Arcadia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Arca'dia, a mountainous country of ancient Greece, lies in the northwestern part of the Peloponnesus. In the northeast is the great waterfall of the Styx, which the Greeks thought the main river of the infernal regions. Arcadia seems never to have had immigration from other countries, but was always peopled by the same race, noted for their great simplicity of life. Cut off from commerce divided by the mountains into small districts that had very little to do with one another, the rustic ways of the Arcadian seemed awkward and stupid to other Greeks. Their history is made up of wars against the Spartans. They became a part of the Achæan league, and later of the Roman province of Achaia. Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia greatly praises the Arcadians.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Duc de

See also Cardinal Richelieu on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Richelieu (rḗsh′lyẽ), Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Duc de, was born at Paris, Sept. 5, 1585, and was educated for the military profession at the Collège de Navarre. In 1607 he was consecrated bishop of Luçon, and for some time devoted himself to the duties of his diocese; but, when a rupture occurred between King Louis XIII and the queen-mother some years later, Richelieu was very active in securing a reconciliation between them, thereby laying the foundation of the great influence he afterwards exercised. In 1622 Richelieu was made cardinal, and in 1624 became minister of state, a position which, in spite of all opposition, he held until the end of his life. At one time the king had determined on dismissing him, but in an interview Richelieu so worked upon the weakness and fear of the monarch, that his supremacy was fully established from that day. Several important results attended Richelieu's administration of French affairs. The most important was the establishment of the absolute authority of the king, which during the feudal period was much abridged by the power of the nobility. By vigorous and often cruel and unscrupulous measures Richelieu broke down all the great nobles who opposed him, some of whom he brought to the scaffold, and sentenced others to lifelong imprisonment. When he died, there was scarcely any check upon the exercise of the king's prerogative. Another of his great enterprises was the overthrow of the Huguenot party as a political power, which he completely effected by the siege and capture of Rochelle in 1628. At the same time he secured for the Huguenots a measure of toleration, and, on the whole, he used his success in this conflict with great moderation. In his foreign policy, the chief object of which was to humble the power of Austria, he was equally successful. With this great end in view he allied himself with the German Protestants and even with the great champion of the Protestant cause, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. He died at Paris, while at the height of his power and authority, Dec. 4, 1642. See Le Cardinal Richelieu by Dussieux.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Richard II

See also Richard II of England on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Richard II of England, second son of the Black Prince and Joanna of Kent, was born at Bordeaux, April 13, 1366, and succeeded to the throne on the death of his grandfather, Edward III, June 28, 1377. His reign is an interesting epoch of English history, as the newly-established house of commons was eager to claim a share of political power and the laboring classes were seeking to be freed from the bondage under which they had so long suffered. During the first years of Richard's reign — he being only n when he came to the throne — the government was intrusted to a council of 12. Although John of Gaunt, the king's uncle, was nominally excluded from this council, he was generally regarded as the real head of the government and was held responsible for the heavy taxation and other abuses of which the nation complained. In the midst of the conflicts of contending factions and after several impeachments and executions Richard in 1380 declared himself of age and took the government into his own hands. For several years the country enjoyed peace and a fair degree of prosperity until the king became involved in quarrels with the earls of Warwick, Arundel and others. Warwick was banished and Arundel beheaded, but Richard, after having triumphed over his enemies, began to quarrel with his friends. A misunderstanding having arisen between the duke of Norfolk and Henry, duke of Lancaster, Richard sent the former into banishment for life and the latter for ten years. But on Richard's return from an expedition into Ireland in 1399, he found that Lancaster had landed in England and raised a large army during his absence, with which he was marching to London; moreover, the army which Richard had taken into Ireland no sooner landed in England than it almost entirely deserted him and passed over to the invader. Richard met Lancaster at Flint Castle, where he formally resigned his crown and was carried captive to London and placed in the Tower. A month later Lancaster was proclaimed king as Henry IV, and Richard was condemned to imprisonment for life In the following: February Richard's body, or what was supposed to be his body, was brought from Pontefract Castle and shown to the public. According to some accounts, he was murdered in the castle in February, 1400; according to others, he escaped to Scotland and died there a lunatic.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Rock Island, Ill.

See also Rock Island, Illinois on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Rock Island, Ill., a city on the Mississippi, opposite Davenport, Ia. — the two towns being connected by a wrought-iron bridge which cost over $1,000,000 — is 180 miles from Chicago. The island in the Mississippi, from which the town is named, belongs to the United States government and is retained as an arsenal for the manufacture of soldiers' equipments, including small arms. Its area is about 1,000 acres; it is beautifully wooded and, with its winding drives, serves as a park for the citizens of Davenport, Moline and Rock Island. The channel south of the island has been dammed so as to furnish immense water-power for the arsenal's use, as also for private plants and public utilities. The city has saw-mills, besides foundries, machine-shops and factories which produce wagons buggies, plows and stoves. Population 24,335.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Rhodes, Cecil John

See also Cecil Rhodes on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Rhodes, Cecil John, English and South African statesman, railway projector and mining operator, was born at Bishop Stortford, England, where his father was rector of the parish, July 5, 1853. Aftef graduating at Oxford, he went to the Cape of Good Hope in 1871 for his health, and settled at Kimberley, engaged in diamond-mining and began to dream of a united British South Africa and of a railway project that would connect the Cape with the Zambezi and ultimately through Egyptian Sudan with Cairo. Cape politics for a time attracted him, and he entered the local legislature and became prime minister, but resigned in consequence of the Jameson raid. In 1893, in alliance with the Dutch Afrikander party at the Cape, he took the field against the warlike Matabele and subdued them; after which he obtained mining rights over what is now Rhodesia, which he did much to develop. By this time, while working out his schemes of British expansion in the country, he had formed the great De Beers mine consolidation, where he amassed great wealth. When war in the Transvaal broke out, he went to Kimberley, and remained there during the investment of the great diamond-mining town by the Boers, raising and equipping at his own expense a town-guard of 400 men at a cost of $75,000. He died on March 28, 1902.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Richmond, Va.

See also Richmond, Virginia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Richmond, Va., capital of Virginia and county-seat of Henrico County, is situated on the left bank of James River, about 150 miles from its mouth and 115 from Washington. The James supplies immense water-power; and the city contains nearly 1,000 manufacturing establishments, with a capital amounting to many million dollars. The chief of these are tobacco-factories, rolling-mills, iron-foundries, wagon and carriage works, lumber-mills and a railroad-car factory. In 1861 Richmond was selected as the capital of the southern Confederacy, and throughout the war was the objective point for all the aggressive movements of the eastern army of the Union, until the seizure of its lines of supply by General Grant compelled evacuation by General Lee on the night of April 2, 1865. A portion of the city was burned by the retreating Confederates; but the city has more than recovered her former beauty and prosperity. Her capitol was built after a model procured by Jefferson when in France, which was patterned after an ancient Roman temple. In its rotunda is a marble statue of Washington, taken from life. The city has an admirable public-school system and institutions of learning among them Virginia Mechanics' Institute, Richmond Female Seminary (P. E.), Hartshorn Memorial College (Baptist) for colored girls, St. Peter's Academy and Visitation Academy (R. C.), the Medical College of Virginia and University College of Medicine. Richmond has five public libraries, numerous beautiful churches, charitable institutions and hospitals. Population 127,628.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Rio Grande

See also Rio Grande on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Rio Gran′de, a large river of North America, rises in San Juan Mountains in Colorado and flows southeastward, forming the boundary between Texas and Mexico, its length being about 1,800 miles. For the most part it is a shallow stream, but steamboats can ascend it for nearly 500 miles. Its chief tributary is the Rio Pecos.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Richard III

See also Richard III of England on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Richard III of England, was the youngest son of Richard, Duke of York, and the great-grandson of Edmund, Duke of York, the fifth son of Edward III. He was born at Fotheringay, Oct. 2, 1452. On the defeat and death of their father in 1460, he and his brother George, afterwards duke of Clarence, were sent by their mother to Utrecht, where they remained until the crown was won from Henry VI by Edward IV, their older brother. In 1471 Richard led the van of his brother's army at Barnet, and took an active part m the decisive victory at Tewkesbury. It is claimed that after the battle he and Clarence murdered Prince Edward, son of Henry VI, and in some quarters it is believed * that .he was concerned in the murder of Henry himself in the Tower. Edward IV died on April 9, 1483, leaving Richard guardian of his son, Edward V, only 13 years of age; but, instead of faithfully fulfilling this trust, Richard placed the boy and his younger brother in the Tower and had himself proclaimed king. Not content with thus depriving young Edward of his crown, Richard caused him and his brother to be murdered while they were in the Tower, hoping thereby to make his own power the more secure. But Richard's numerous crimes made him so unpopular, that when Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, arrived in England with an invading force in 1485, he soon raised such an army that at the battle of Bosworth Richard lost both his crown and his life (August 22), and was succeeded by his antagonist as Henry VII.