OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Calgary

See also Calgary on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Calgary (kăl′gȧ-rī), situated at the confluence of Bow and Elbow Rivers, is the largest and most important city in the Canadian middle west. It is only 70 miles east of the Rocky Mountains. Its situation seems to guarantee for it a continuance of its phenomenal growth. Years ago the Canadian Pacific Railway authorities regarded it as a fixed commercial center.
As a ranching center Alberta is unsurpassed in the whole world. For a considerable time southern Alberta was little else than an immense ranch. The west continued to grow, the railways extended farther and farther in all directions. Wheat-growing was tried with astonishing success and all was changed. A grain of wheat planted in the autumn and ripening in the summer brought about the change. Winter wheat has made Alberta famous. This fact is one of the guarantees of the growth and prosperity of Calgary, the population of which is now about 44,000. Another is the irrigation system which the Canadian Pacific Railway constructed on a scale larger than anything heretofore attempted on this continent. In this case irrigation is another word for intensive agriculture and a growing population. Forty thousands of acres of grazing lands are proving through irrigation to be valuable winter-wheat lands.
The Canadian Pacific gives good service to Calgary. The Canadian Northern is fast approaching it from two directions. A road to Hudson Bay is more than a mere possibility. The Grand Trunk Pacific will reach Calgary before the end of 1909. The Great Northern (Mr. Hill's road) is to come to Calgary, and will bring the southwest part of Alberta in touch with it. This road will bring cheaper coal. In a word, more railroads are projected into Calgary than to any point west of Winnipeg.
Extensive coal-beds surround Calgary on all sides. The Canadian Northern Railway is using this coal, and it contributes to make Calgary a successful manufacturing center. West of Winnipeg, Calgary is the leading place for wholesale houses. Its custom receipts grew from $176,134,000 in 1904 to $604,358,000 in 1907. The freight receipts of the city (C. P. Ry.) in 1903 amounted to 94,000 tons and in 1907 to 291,000 tons. Its educational facilities are a credit to its spirit of foresight and enterprise. Its normal school (a handsome well-equipped structure) furnishes adequate professional training for the district surrounding it. It also has prosperous churches and a good hospital. It bids fair to be a considerable city in the near future. Calgary is the headquarters of the British Columbia Land and Irrigation Departments of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
# The New Student's Reference Work/California, Lower

See also Baja California on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Califor′nia, Lower or Old, is a peninsula and territory of Mexico, and is separated from the remainder of Mexico by the Gulf of California. Its area is 58,328 square miles, a little more than a third of the state of California. Its capital is La Paz. The surface of the country is mostly mountainous, the climate is dry, and little farming is done except in some of the valleys. Whale-fishing on the west coast and pearl fishing on the gulf are carried on to some extent; but mining enterprises have met with little success. Salt and orchil, a violet dye, are also obtained. The vintage of parts of the country is highly esteemed. Lower California was probably discovered by Cortés in 1536. In 1866 part of it was granted to the Lower California Company with considerable privileges. Cortés named it California, i. e., Hot Furnace, on account of its heat. Population, 52,244.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Calyptra

See also Calyptra on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Calyp′tra (in plants), a loose hood which rests upon the apex of the spore-case of mosses. See Musci.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cabot, Sebastian

See also Sebastian Cabot (explorer) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cab′ot, Sebastian, son of John Cabot, was probably born between 1474 and 1477, either at Bristol or at Venice. He accompanied his father on his voyage to Nova Scotia, and in 1498 he sailed with two ships in search of a northwestern passage to India. He left a few men on the bleak shores of Newfoundland and sailed southward along the American coast as far as Florida. Later he entered the service of Spain, and in 1526 commanded an expedition which examined the coast of Brazil and the River Plata, and there attempted to plant colonies. In 1547 he again went to England and became inspector of the navy. He was the prime mover of the expedition of merchant adventurers which opened to England an important trade with Russia. He was famous as the maker of maps, and he was probably the first who made sure that America was wholly a new and unknown continent. He died at London in 1557.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Calhoun, John Caldwell

See also John C. Calhoun on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Calhoun (kăl-ho͞on′), John Caldwell an American statesman, was born in Abbeville County, South Carolina, in 1782. He graduated at Yale College with high honors, studied law and after serving in the state legislature was sent to Congress. He took an active part in urging the war with England in 1812 and many other measures. After six years in the house of representatives, he became secretary of war in the cabinet of President Monroe, and in 1824 was elected vice-president of the United States, and four years later was again elected to the same office. He became about this time an advocate of free-trade, and believed in the doctrine of state sovereignty or state rights. He was the author of the South Carolina Exposition, ​which declared that any state can make null and void unconstitutional laws of congress. Calhoun resigned before the close of his term, and was elected to the United States senate. He was secretary of state for a short time under President Tyler, and negotiated the so-called Tyler treaty for the annexation of Texas. He returned to the senate, where he remained until his death at Washington, March 31, 1850. Calhoun was one of the foremost of American debaters. He, Webster and Clay were called The Great Trio. His debate with Webster in 1833 on the nature of federal government was one of the most noted for eloquence and ability in the annals of any country.
# The New York Times/1918/11/11/Could Not Enter Upton

Layout 2
COULD NOT ENTER UPTON.
Visitors Had Been Warned Before Leaving of Influenza Rule.
Special to The New York Times.
CAMP UPTON, N.Y., Nov. 10.—One thousand persons who tried to enter Camp Upton today in spite of repeated warnings that quarantine restrictions were still in force were compelled to spend the afternoon in an open field or at the railroad station. They were warned at the ticket offices in New York, and again by military police passing through trains between New York and Jamaica. No persons without a special pass were permitted to enter camp, and the crowd arriving on the 1 o'clock train was kept in the open for fear of the reintroduction of influenza here.
Saying that the victory of democracy is due to two small armies, the Americans at Château-Thierry and the British at Mons, Major Charles Gordon, "Ralph Connor," chaplain of the Gordon Highlanders, spoke here this afternoon. He was cheered heartily for the statement that the Kaiser's abdication was the downfall of the greatest tyranny the world has ever known. Major Gordon stated his confidence that the leaders who are dictating the armistice know that Germany can understand only what is thrust upon them by the bayonet. He said his appearance was in recognition of the opening here tomorrow of a camp effort in behalf of the welfare drive, the first of its kind in Upton since the First Liberty Loan.
Other speeches were made by Mrs. August Belmont, recently returned from France with the red Cross, and the McAllister sisters, who have been in this country only a few days since their return from France. As members of the Salvation Army they served American shock troops in the front line trenches.
# The Passenger Pigeon

PASSENGER PIGEON (Columba Migratoria)
Upper bird, male ; lower, female
The
Passenger Pigeon
BY
W. B. MERSHON
NEW YORK
THE OUTING PUBLISHING COMPANY
1907
Copyright, 1907, by W B MERSHON
THE OUTING PRESS DEPOSIT, N. Y.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1943, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 80 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Party (Dunbar)

* "The Party", published in Lyrics of Lowly Life (1896)
* "The Party", published in The Complete Poems of Paul Laurence Dunbar (1913)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Passage

From German, Auf der Überfahrt.
       Many a year is in its grave
       Since I crossed this restless wave:
       And the evening, fair as ever,
       Shines on ruin, rock, and river.
       Then in this same boat beside.
       Sat two comrades old and tried, —
       One with all a father's truth,
       One with all the fire of youth.
       One on earth in silence wrought,
       And his grave in silence sought;
       But the younger, brighter form
       Passed in battle and in storm.
       So, whene'er I turn mine eye
       Back upon the days gone by,
       Saddening thoughts of friends come o'er me,
       Friends that closed their course before me.
       But what binds us, friend to friend,
       But that soul with soul can blend?
       Soul-like were those hours of yore;
       Let us walk in soul once more.
       Take, O boatman, thrice thy fee,
       Take, I give it willingly;
       For, invisible to thee,
       Spirits twain have crossed with me.
       Auf der Überfahrt
       Über diesen Strom, vor Jahren,
       Bin ich einmal schon gefahren.
       Hier die Burg im Abendschimmer,
       Drüben rauscht das Wehr, wie immer.
       Und von diesem Kahn umschlossen
       Waren mit mir zween Genossen:
       Ach! ein Freund, ein vatergleicher,
       Und ein junger, hoffnungsreicher.
       Jener wirkte still hienieden,
       Und so ist er auch geschieden,
       Dieser, brausend vor uns allen,
       Ist in Kampf und Sturm gefallen.
       So, wenn ich vergangner Tage,
       Glücklicher, zu denken wage,
       Muß ich stets Genossen missen,
       Teure, die der Tod entrissen.
       Doch was alle Freundschaft bindet,
       Ist, wenn Geist zu Geist sich findet;
       Geistig waren jene Stunden,
       Geistern bin ich noch verbunden. -
       Nimm nur, Fährmann, nimm die Miete,
       Die ich gerne dreifach biete!
       Zween, die mit mir überfuhren,
       Waren geistige Naturen.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nice

See also Nice on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nice (nēs), a French seaport and the largest town of the Alpes-Maritimes department of France, lies on the coast 140 miles from Marseilles. Owing to its southern sea-exposure and shelter by the hills on the north, it has long been a famous winter resort for invalids. The city is divided into three parts — the New Town, the Old Town and the Port. The chief public buildings are the cathedral, church of Nôtre Dame, natural history museum, art gallery, library, observatory and casino. Its main export is olive-oil. The town was founded by a colony from Massalia (Marseilles) and became subject to Rome in the 5th century B. C. It once was in the hands of the Saracens, and after being an independent city acknowledged the counts of Provence and the house of Savoy in 1388. In 1543 it was pillaged by the Turks, and in 1860 was finally ceded to France by Sardinia. In 1887 it was visited by a destructive earthquake. Population 142,940. See Nash’s Guide to Nice.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nickel

See also Nickel on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nick′el, a malleable, ductile and tenacious grayish-white metal, was discovered by Cronsted in 1751, but was long before that time used in alloys by the Chinese. Yet previous to 1879 it, being difficult of fusing, was only used as an alloy in German silver. In that year Fleitmann discovered that mixed with ⅛ of one per cent. of magnesium it could be easily rolled and drawn. The metal does not readily alter by exposure, but it easily dissolves in nitric acid. It is now used as an alloy with copper and zinc in German silver and is largely used for plating articles of iron and steel. In some alloys it is used for coins. It is also extensively used in steel for armor plates, cannon etc. The ore, in different forms, is found in Canada, Norway, Germany, Hungary, France and the United States.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nicotine

See also Nicotine on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nic′otine. See Poisons.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nicholas, St.

See also Saint Nicholas on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nicholas, St., the patron saint of Russia, whose life is wrapped in obscurity. He is supposed to have lived about 300 A. D. He was bishop of Mira in Lycia, and was imprisoned under Diocletian and released under Constantine. In Catholic countries St. Nicholas is especially the patron of the young and particularly of scholars. In England his feast was publicly celebrated in ancient times. Santa Claus is a corruption of the name, introduced into England from America; the old Dutch settlers of New York kept a Santa Claus holiday. St. Nicholas also was the patron of merchants, sailors and travelers; and, as he was prayed to for protection against robbers, the term “clerks of St. Nicholas” came, oddly enough, to be a cant name for robbers.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nicholas II

See also Nicholas II of Russia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nich′olas II of Russia, born at St. Petersburg, May 18, 1868, succeeded to the throne on Nov. 1, 1894. He married Princess Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt on Nov. 26, 1894. His reign has been marked by the construction of a railroad through Siberia to the Pacific coast, by adroit diplomacy with China and by a strong and conservative attitude toward Turkey, as also toward the European powers. In August, 1905, an elective state council (the Duma) was created, giving representation to the provinces and great cities of the Empire and so modifying the previous absolutism of rule in Russia and giving the nation a constitution. In 1898 he initiated the peace-conference held at The Hague in 1899. The data for intelligent judgment of him as a ruler are not yet present. See Russia.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nicias

See also Nicias on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nicias (nish′ i-as), an Athenian statesman and general of the Peloponnesian war, was the son of the wealthy Niceratus. After the death of Pericles, he was the political opponent of Cleon and later of Alcibiades. In 427 B. C. he defeated the Spartans and Corinthians, and ravaged Minoa, Melos and Locris. In 424 he ravaged Cythera and part of Laconia. In 415 he was appointed one of the commanders against Sicily, and in the autumn laid siege to Syracuse. At first successful, later his fleet was destroyed, his army began a retreat, and he was captured and put to death in 413 B. C. See Plutarch’s Life of Nikias (edited by H. A. Holden).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nicholas I (of Russia)

See also Nicholas I of Russia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nich'olas I of Russia, third son of Paul I, was born at St. Petersburg, July 7, 1796; was carefully educated; and later devoted his time to military studies and political economy. He traveled over Europe, marrying the oldest daughter of Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia. Upon the resignation of his older brother he ascended the throne in December, 1825. In 1828 war with Persia began, and at its close occurred a war with Turkey. This was followed by the rising of Poland, which he subdued, reducing the kingdom to a mere province. His rule now became despotic and fierce. He remained inactive until the Hungarian rebellion in 1848–9, when he was called in to aid Austria. This strengthened him with the European powers, and he began to think of absorbing Turkey. The opposition of the western powers led to the Crimean War, during which he died on March 2, 1855.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nicaragua

See also Nicaragua on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nicaragua (nē′ kȧ-rä′ gwȧ), a Central American republic, stretches across the isthmus from the Caribbean to the Pacific and lies between Honduras on the north and Costa Rica on the south. It has an area of about 49,200 square miles. The Central American Cordillera extends through the country from northwest to southeast, not far from the Pacific coast. From these the surface sinks rapidly westward, and the country is studded with large lakes, the largest being Nicaragua (115 miles long and 45 broad) and Managua (35 miles long and 20 wide). This tableland is also marked by isolated peaks and volcanic cones. On the west lie Managua the capital (population 35,000); Leon, Granada, Chinandega, Rivas and the harbors of the Gulf of Fonseca, Salinas Bay and Corinto; and on the east the harbor of Greytown on San Juan River. The principal rivers are the Coco (350 miles), San Juan, Bluefields and Rio Grande. Minerals are found, but only of late have they begun to be worked. In 1898 the shipment of gold-dust amounted to 16,242 ounces. The rich soil yields corn, sugar, cocoa, rice, tobacco and indigo. The natural products are mahogany, rosewood, logwood, fustic, sandalwood, india-rubber, dye woods, medicinal plants and gums. The chief exports (besides gold) embrace coffee, rubber, bananas, timber, cattle and hides.
Nicaragua was a precolumbian center of civilization. Columbus sailed along the coast in 1502, and in 1524 Granada was founded by Spaniards, who had entered two years before. From 1560 to 1821 the state was a dependency of Guatemala, but in that year became independent and so remained for sixteen years. Then until 1865 it had a troublesome and warlike time, but since then it has made great strides toward peace and prosperity. In 1894 a new constitution was proclaimed, which was amended in December, 1896. By this the legislative power is vested in a congress of one house. Population, including uncivilized Indians, 500,000. Consult Bancroft’s History of Pacific States. See America, Central.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nicaragua Canal

See also Nicaragua Canal on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nicaragua Canal. The plan to cut a ship-canal through Central America by way of San Juan River and Lake Nicaragua was taken up in earnest in 1884 and a treaty made between the United States and Nicaragua. The Nicaragua Canal Company was formed and the canal was begun at Greytown in 1889. But, after expending $4,000,000, the company found the burden greater than they had anticipated, and sought an appropriation from Congress of $100,000,000, with provision for government supervision. Failing in this, the work ceased, and finally the concession from the government of Nicaragua lapsed. In 1897 the United States government took up the question of the construction of a canal, and a commission was appointed to survey and report the most practicable route and estimate the cost of construction. In 1899 a new commission was authorized to make further inquiry and report, considering both the Nicaragua and the Panama route. The Nicaragua route was recommended, and the cost of the canal was estimated at $118,000,000 to $135,000,000. In 1903, however, the Panama (q. v.) route was adopted, the United States purchasing the properties of the Panama Canal Company for $40,000,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nicholas I (pope)

See also Pope Nicholas on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nich'olas I was born of noble Roman parentage, and elected pope in 858. He was zealous in upholding the power of the papal court. He died in 867. Pope Nicholas V (1397–1455) was one of the great scholars of his century, and deserves eternal gratitude for founding the Vatican library.
# The Odes and Carmen Saeculare/Preface to Second Edition

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.
AM very sensible of the favour which has carried this translation from a first edition into a second. The interval between the two has been too short to admit of my altering my judgment in any large number of instances; but I have been glad to employ the present opportunity in amending, as I hope, an occasional word or expression, and, in one or two cases, recasting a stanza. The notices which my book has received, and the opinions communicated by the kindness of friends, have been gratifying to me, both in themselves, and as showing the interest which is being felt in the subject of Horatian translation. It is not surprising that there should be considerable differences of opinion about the manner in which Horace is to be rendered, and also about the metre appropriate to particular Odes; but ​I need not say that it is through such discussion that questions like these advance towards settlement. It would indeed be a satisfaction to me to think that the question of translating Horace had been brought a step nearer to its solution by the experiment which I again venture to submit to the public.
# The Odes and Carmen Saeculare/Preface to Third Edition

PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION.
HE changes which I have made in this impression of my translation are somewhat more numerous than those which I was able to introduce into the last, as might be expected from the longer interval between the times of publication; but the work may still be spoken of as substantially unaltered.
# The Odyssey

The Odyssey is an ancient Greek epic cycle poem, traditionally attributed to Homer.
English-language translations of Ὀδύσσεια include:
* Odyssey (1725–26), translation by Alexander Pope
* The Odyssey of Homer (1791), blank verse translation by William Cowper
* The Odyssey of Homer (1853), literal translation by Theodore Alois Buckley
* The Odyssey (1900), prose translation by Samuel Butler