OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chinese Life in the Tibetan Foothills/Book 3/Torture

​IV.Torture, K‘ao ta hsing (拷打刑).
The following are a few of the methods used to extort confession, etc.:
Kuei t‘ai ho (櫃抬盒), to kneel in the carrying box. This instrument of torture takes its name from the box frame in which presents are carried from one place to another with one pole between two men. The prisoner is made to kneel in this box, sometimes on ashes, sometimes on broken glass or iron chains. A heavy weight is then placed upon the legs, pressing the knees down into the ashes. The hands are passed through the holes on either side and wedged in ​tightly. A string is then attached to one finger of each hand and pulled tightly outward. The back is covered with incense, which is lighted. This burning incense is often fanned till sometimes the fat drops on the ground. I have known the ribs and backbone to be exposed as the result of this burning. Sometimes long cuts in the flesh are made in the shape of a Chinese waistcoat, these are filled with incense and set fire to; this is called ch‘uan ling chia (穿領架). The prisoner may stay for hours in this position while the magistrate does other business. When he has promised to confess, he is let down, but if his confessions are not enough he may be put in a second time. Many die as the result of this cruel treatment.
"The monkey moving the log." A high bench is placed in court. The criminal is stretched on it and his thumbs and toes tied to the bench; he is then swung underneath the bench, suspended by his thumbs and toes and a heavy weight is attached to the body. A candle is lit, the flame of which just touches the buttocks—t o la (坐蠟), or sitting on the candle.
Tso lan pan têng (坐懶板凳), to sit on the lazy stool. The criminal is made to sit on a stool with his back against a pillar. The legs are tied tightly at the knees and ankles and weights are attached; the hands are tied behind the back and to the pillar; a strong string or oftener a chain is tied round the head tightened with wedges—the hua ku ku mao (花箍箍帽), the flowery hat.
Tsan chih (拶指). Needles are stuck in, five under each nail, beginning with the second finger, then the forefinger and finally the other fingers. Both hands are done and this sometimes when the poor creature is kneeling in the t‘ai ho as described above.
P‘ao lo (炮烙) is to brand with hot irons or to place red-hot coins direct on the body.
Tien chih la (點指蠟), to roll the fingers in oil paper and set them on fire. This is what is called burning finger-candles.
​To wear iron clothing—garments made of tin are made hot and put on the body.
Pao t‘ung chu (抱銅柱), to hug the brass pillar. This is a very ancient custom and iron has now taken the place of the brass. The iron pillar is heated red-hot and the individual made to sit on it, or the poker heated and the back singed.
# Chinese Life in the Tibetan Foothills/Book 3/Illegal punishments

​II. Fei hsing (匪刑), or k‘o hsing (酷刑), illegal punishments.
Ta chia kuan (打加官), putting on the mask, that is, to suffocate the criminal by putting several layers of paper soaked in lime water over the face. This is done by yamen runners at the wink of the official owing to the case being one of danger to himself and to the district.
Chêng cha pao (蒸鮓包). The unfortunate is put into a cage or pit, and covered up with quick-lime, water is then poured in and the man is roasted or boiled alive. In some cases fire crackers are wound round the body and set alight.
To light the candle; the criminal is chained to a heavy frame, his body is then wound with cotton wool, which is soaked with oil and lighted at the crown of the head.
# Chinese Life in the Tibetan Foothills/Book 3/Presenting petitions or indictments

​Presenting petitions or indictments.
There are official, appointed copyists who prepare and stamp nearly all documents going to the official.
The hung ping (紅稟), red petition, is a statement of public business, used in government circles only and costing only the price of the paper, since the government employees may write their own statements.
The pat ping (白稟), petition on white paper, is used by headmen or heads of bureaus in notifying business to the official.
The hung pai ping, red and white petition; if the official keeps the red and returns the white it means approval, the reverse means that trouble may be looked for.
A petition has to pass through the hands of eighteen persons before reaching the magistrate, and as many more afterwards before it reaches the archives.
There are men who live by stirring up strife and lawsuits; they are called sung kun (訟棍), pettifoggers, ch‘ien kou chiang (牽狗匠), dogleaders, and other names.
The yüan kao (原告), plaintiff, formerly paid some 3,200 cash official fees and the pei kao (被告) an indefinite amount to the runners.
Eyewitnesses, kan cheng (干證), are named in the indictment, but only after getting their consent.
An indictment or petition must be written on special, lined paper, ta kê shih (大格式), holding some 120 characters; it costs from 100 to 300 cash according to the official. A smaller sheet may be used by the poor. The magistrate keeps a copy, fu chuang (付狀), for reference, if necessary, after he has left the district.
​A suit may often be stopped, lan liu (攔留), by payment of money even after the indictment has been written. In family quarrels this is common, even in life and death cases, as a mother-in-law beating to death her daughter-in-law.
Sometimes one goes straight to the magistrate and calls for redress of a grievance; he must come out or send a deputy; but the usual result is an order to present an indictment.
A first petition being rejected the litigant may try again, altering what the magistrate has objected to, adding necessary witnesses, etc.
Before going to a higher court there are eight ways in which a litigant may appeal to an official against his decision. Sending up documents to a higher court costs a great deal of money, both to the official and to the yamen bureaus.
Tzŭ kao (自稿) is a plea written by the petitioner himself; the language is generally forcible and the copyist adds these two characters.
Tzŭ ch'o (自戳) means stamped by himself. Sometimes a hand or a foot, but usually only the thumb, is put in the ink. The magistrate dreads such cases, for the petitioner will only be satisfied with a decision in his favor, and an appeal to a higher court is probable.
Sometimes litigants are requested to put thumbmarks to a document declaring each side will accept the magistrate's decision and end the case.
When a magistrate is about to leave, cases are sometimes withdrawn, ch'ou an (抽案), for fear he should unduly hasten a decision or should leave them undecided to a successor who may shelve them.
# Chinese Life in the Tibetan Foothills/Book 3/Yamen Runners

​Yamen Runners.
In Ch‘ung ch‘ing chou districts there are some 3,000, with 300 ling pan (領班), or superiors: there they control the literati. In Kuan hsien the case is reversed, because that district has produced two or three Han-lin scholars, thus raising the status of the literati. Ch‘ung ch‘ing has only produced chin shih (進士). The result is that the yamen runners' oppression is intolerable in one place while it may be mitigated in another.
Warrants may be given to a ling pan to call up an accused person, huan p‘iao (喚票), or to apprehend him, chü p‘iao (拘票), or for an immediate arrest, ch‘u ch‘ien (出籤), or to summon a man in public service to answer a charge of corruption, ch‘ien ch‘uan (籤傳), or to assemble gentry and public men for consultation, ch‘uan tan (傳單).
​A tax-gatherer, liang pan (糧班), or his sons, may enter the literary examinations, but not the other yamen underlings.
The hu pan (戶班), or local runner, knows every person in his district and is used in making arrests.
The p‘u pan (捕班) are the chief jailor's runners, for catching robbers, and the tsao pan (皁班), or hou pan (吼班), are the "black band" with tall hats, who run shouting before the magistrate's chair, when he goes out on public business.
There are various other bands, messengers, door-keepers, etc., etc.
There is an apprenticeship to this work and often the apprentice suffers for his master's mistakes. If he is beaten, the ling pan gives him 400 cash; if he is condemned to the cage he gets 100 per day and 300 cash on release; if he suffers capital punishment, the ling pan supports his widow. Many become yamen runners to escape the result of crime, thus eluding the law a little longer. An official can put runners to death and thinks very lightly of doing it.
In some districts there are women thus employed.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Bernardino Campi

From volume 3 of the work.
An Italian painter of the Lombard School, b. at Cremona, 1522; d. at Reggio, about 1590. His father, Pietro Campi, was his first teacher and instructed the boy in his own art, the goldsmith's; but whenBernardino saw Titian's drawings, and prints, and designs for tapestries, the youth at once abandoned plastic art to study painting. Giulio Campi was his teacher at Cremona; later at Mantua, he was Ippolito Corta's pupil. He commenced painting when nineteen years old, and soon excelled his masters. Deeplyimpressed by the works of Correggio, Titian, Raphael, and Romano, he endeavoured-as did his teacher Giulio-to unite all their merits into a "style" and extablish a standard of excellence. Finally, however, Bernardino acquired a vigorous style of his own, painted excellent portraits, and decorated many of the Lombardy churches. When he added a Cæsar to the eleven Cæsars of Titian it was difficult to distinguish his picture from those of the great Venetian. His masterpiece is at Cremona in the cupola of S. Sigismondo. Here are depicted the multitude of saints and the blessed, with their symbols. This prodigious composition, exhibiting great invention, variety, and harmony, he finished in seven months; and so successfully did he manage the drawing and perspective that the figures seem to be natural size, whereas they are ten feet high. In 1580 or 1584 he published at Cremona a quarto, "Parere sopra la pittura", a book full of valuable information for the artist. Bernardino had many pupils, and his influence on Italian art in the sixteenth century was the most healthful and invigorating. He was buried in San Prospero, at Reggio, a church he was engaged in decorating with frescoes when he died. Noteworthy among his works are the "Descent from the Cross" in the Brera gallery at Milan, "Mater Delorosa" in the Louvre at Paris, and the frescoes in the cupola of S. Sigismondo at Cremona.
Crowe and Cavalcaselle, History of Painting in North Italy, II; Burckhardt, Art Guide to Painting in Italy (London, 1883); Jameson, Sacred and Legendary Art (London, 1850); Blanc, Histoire des peintres de toutes les écoles: Ecole Lombarde (Paris, 1877).
LEIGH HUNT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Bernard of Pavia

From volume 2 of the work.
A noted canonist, provost of the cathedral chapter of Pavia, and, in 1190, promoted to the Bishopric of Faenza, became Bishop of Pavia in 1198; d. 18 September, 1213. About 1190 he compiled a work entitled "Breviarium Extravagantium" to complete and bring down to his own day Gratian's "Decretum". Bernard quotes authorities in an abbreviated form; hence the title. With the exception of a small fragment of a letter of St. Gregory the Great, he took nothing from Gratian. Later decrees and a few fragments of Roman and German civil law are found in the work. The "Breviarium" soon found favor in the University of Bologna, and from the time of Tancred (d. about 1235) was termed "Compilatio Prima" the first collection of canon law after Gratian's while other collections are styled "Compilatio Secunda", "Tertia" etc.
The "Breviarium" is divided into five books, the books into 152 titles, the titles into 912 chapters, the chronological order being observed as far as possible. The first book treats of persons who exercise ecclesiastical jurisdiction, the second of civil judicial processes, the third of matters pertaining to clerics and regulars, the fourth of matrimony, the fifth of ecclesiastical crimes and criminal procedure. While no rubrics are prefixed to the books of Bernard, his titles and chapters have their own peculiar inscriptions. The "Breviarium" was published in a work entitled "Antiquae Collectiones Decretalium, cum Ant. Augustini, Episcopi Ilerdensis, notis" (Lerida, 1576, Paris, 1609); also in the work: "Ant. Augustini Opera" (Lucca, 1765-; 4 vols.) Joseph Anthony de Riegger, a professor in the University of Prague (d. 1795) published an incomplete edition of the "Breviarium" (Freiburg, 1778) in which he attempted to harmonize Bernard's work with the Decretals of Gregory IX.
Bernard wrote a "Summa Decretalium", a compendium of his "Breviarium", which for a long time constituted the chief text-book of the schools and was edited by Laspeyres (Ratisbon, 1860). Bernard's first work was entitled: "Summa de Matrimonio", which was followed by another: "Summa de Electione". Both are short treatises (see Laspeyres, op. cit., 287-323). His last work, begun in Faenza and finished after he became Bishop of Pavia. bears the title, "Casus Decretalium", part of which Laspeyres edited. Bernard also wrote a glossary on his "Breviarium", a life of St. Lanfranc, Bishop of Ticino, and commentaries on Ecclesiasticus and the Canticle of Canticles.
LAURIN, Introductio in Corpus Juris Can. (Freiburg, 1888), 97 sqq.:HURTER, Nomenclator, IV, 191, 192; AEMILIUS FREIBERG in Quinque Compilationes Antiquae (Leipzig, 1882), pp. VI sqq.
ANDREW B. MEEHAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Bernardino Maffei

From volume 9 of the work.
Poet, orator, and antiquarian, b. at Bergamo, 27 Jan., 1514; d. at Rome, 1 Aug., 1549. He studied jurisprudence at Padua, and during the frequent absence of Dandino acted as secretary to Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, and later to Paul III. On 12 March, 1547, he was made Bishop of Massa Maritima, then Archbishop of Chieti, and on 8 April 1549, raised to the purple. He was on intimate terms with St. Ignatius Loyola and was highly esteemed by Julius III. His commentary on the "Letters of Cicero" is one of the best. He also wrote: "De inscriptionibus et imaginibus veterum numismatum".
PFULF in Kirchenlex., s. v.; ClACONIUS, Vitae et Res gestae P. P., Ill, 737; Rom. Quartalschrflt (1907), 50; HUNTER, Nomenclator; PASTOR, Papstgeschichte, V, passim.
FRANCIS MERSHMAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Bernardino Telesio

From volume 14 of the work.
Italian humanist and philosopher born of a noble family at Cosenza, near Naples, 1508; died there, 1588. He studied successively at Milan, Rome, and Padua. In Southern Italy the revolt against Aristoteleanism had already begun. At Padua Telesio first came to be recognized as a leader of the anti-Aristoteleans. After residing several years in Rome, where he enjoyed the patronage of Paul IV, Telesio returned to Naples, and later founded an academy at Cosenza. His principal work is entitled "De rerum natura juxta propria principia", the first part of which was published in Rome, 1565, and the second in Naples, 1587. He was a radical opponent both of the method and of the content of Aristotelean philosophy. He considered that the scholastic followers of Aristotle relied too much on reason and too little on the senses. The "reasoners", he believed, were over-confident of their power to reach the secrets of nature by syllogistic methods. With conscious humility, therefore, he determined to trust to his senses alone, and, beginning "in the dust", he strove to reach the highest pinnacle of natural truth. This exclusion of reason from the task and the consequent exaltation of sense above every other faculty of the mind resulted naturally in the sensistic doctrine that all knowledge is feeling (sensus) or sensation, and in the materialistic doctrine that the soul itself is material. In the content of his philosophy he opposed the Aristotelean doctrine of matter and form, substituting for it the doctrine that everything is composed of matter and force, the two principal forces being heat and cold. Heat is centralized in the sun, and cold in the earth. As the Platonist Patrizzi pointed out, there is an inherent contradiction in Telesio's system. For, if we are to rely on the senses and not on reason, since the senses do not reveal the existence of matter except as modified by forces, the central doctrinal principle is in contradiction with the most important methodological tenet. This point was brought out in the discussions between the advocates of Aristotle and the followers of Telesio in the sixteenth century. Among the most ardent disciples of Telesio were Campanella and Giordano Bruno.
FIORENTINO, Bernardino Telesio, Studi storici, etc. (2 vols., Florence, 1872); HÖFFDING, Hist. of Mod. Phil., tr. MEYER, I (London, 1900), 92 sqq.; WINDELBAND, Hist. of Phil., tr. TUFTS (New York, 1901), 356 sqq.
WILLIAM TURNER.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Bernard of Luxemburg

From volume 2 of the work.
Dominican theologian, controversialist, and Inquisitor of the Archdioceses of Cologne, Mainz, and Trier; born at Strassen near Cologne; died at Cologne, 5 October, 1535. He studied at the latter place where he entered the Order of Preachers, received the baccalaureate at Louvain, 1499, and was appointed Master of Students at Cologne, 1505, 1506. In 1507 he became Regent of Studies at Louvain; fellow of the college of Doctors at Cologne, in 1516; and served twice as Prior of Cologne. As the author of the "Catalogus haereticorum", he has been described as somewhat lacking in critical judgment; but he was otherwise a safe and indefatigable defender of the Faith against the heretics of his time. His important works are: "Catalogus haereticorum omnium", etc. (Erfurt, 1522; Cologne, 1523; Paris 1524); "Concilium generale malignantium", etc. (1528); "De ordinibus militaribus", etc. (Cologne, 1527).
QUÉTIF-ECHARD, Script. Ord. Praed (Paris, 1721), II, 93; PAULUS in Der Katholik (Mainz, 1897), XVI, 166-171; MANDONNET in Dict. de theol. cath. (Paris, 1903), 788; HURTER, Nomenclator (Innsbruck, 1906), II, 1251.
J. R. Volz.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Bernardino Baldi

From volume 2 of the work.
An Italian poet and savant, b. at Urbino, 5 June, 1553; d. at the same place, 10 October, 1617. After being initiated into higher mathematics by his fellow-townsman Commandino, he went to Padua (1573) and Rome (1576), where he managed to acquire a wide erudition, scientific, classical, and Oriental; Chaldaic, Arabic, and Persian were among the languages he learned. Having subsequently taken orders, he was made Abbot of Guastalla (Manua) by Prince Ferrante Gonzaga. In spite of many wanderings, entailing long-protracted absences, he retained the abbacy until 1609, when his native city claimed him for the rest of his life. Cardinal Cinzio Aldobrandini, the nephew of Clement VIII, and Francesco Maria della Rovere, Duke of Urbino, were proud of his friendship. The latter entrusted him with an embassy to Venice in 1612.
Baldi's poetic laurels were mainly earned by "La Nautica", a didactic poem closely following the "Georgics" in finely polished blank verse (1576). To this were added nineteen "Egloghe miste" (1583) "L'invenzione del bossolo de navigare", miscellaneous short poems (1590), and the "Epigrammi" (1614). An attempt at introducing fourteen and eighteen syllable lines in "Lauro" (1600) and "Il Diluvio Universale" (1604), met with utter failure. In addition to his Latin poems and several polyglot compilations, we have: "Cento Apologhi" (1583), some dialogues, a well-known "Descrizione del palazzo ducale d'Urbino" (1587), the biographies of Federico, second Duke, and Guidobaldo I, of Urbino, a curious biographical work on Italian and foreign mathematicians (Urbino, 1707), two Latin treatises on Vitruvius, numerous letters and translations from the Targum Onkelos, the Arabic Psalms, Aratus, Musaeus, Hero of Alexandria, Aristotle, etc. The unconstrained elegance of his diction gives him a foremost rank as a prose-writer. A standard edition of his best writings is that of Ugolini and Polidori (Florence, 1859).
P. Ireneo Affo, Vita di Bernardino Baldi (Parma, 1783); Zaccagnini, La Vita e le opere edite ed inedite di Bernardino Baldi (Parma, 1903). As to the sources of La Nautica, see Zaccagnini, Giornale storico della letteratura Italiana (1902), XL, 366-396; as to the Egloghe, Ruberto, Propugnatore, XX.
EDOARDO SAN GIOVANNI
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Bernardine a Piconio

From volume 12 of the work.
(HENRI BERNARDINE DE PICQUIGNY)
Born at Picquigny, Picardy, 1633; died in Paris, 8 December, 1709; was educated at Picquigny, and joined the Capuchins in 1649. As professor of theology he shed great lustre upon his order; his best-known work is his "Triplex expositio epistolarum sancti Pauli" (Paris, 1703 [French], 1706 [English, tr. Prichard], London, 1888), which has ever been popular among Scriptural scholars. Piconio also wrote "Triplex expositio in sacrosancta D. N. Jesu Christi Evangelia" (Paris, 1726), and a book of moral instructions, A complete edition of his works, "Opera omnia Bernardini a Piconio", was published at Paris (1870-2).
HURTER, Nomenclator literarius, II, 788.
WILLIAM C. NEVILS.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Edmund Sykes

From volume 14 of the work.
Edmund Sykes, born at Leeds; martyred at York Tyburn 23 March, 1586-7; was a student at the College at Reims where he was ordained 21 Feb., 1581, and sent to the English Mission on 5 June following. He laboured in his native Yorkshire with such zeal and sacrifice, that his strength failed. Arthur Webster, an apostate, took advantage of his illness to betray him, and he was committed to the York Kidcot by the Council of the North. In his weakness he consented to be present at the heretical service but he refused to repeat the act and remained a prisoner. After confinement for about six months, he was again brought before the Council and sentenced to banishment. On 23 Aug., 1585, he was transferred to the Castle of Kingston-upon-Hull, and within a week shipped beyond the seas. He made his way to Rome, where he was entertained at the English College for nine days from 15 April, 1586, his purpose being to atone for his lapse by the pilgrimage, and he also entertained some thoughts of entering religion. There he understood that it was God's will that he should return to the English mission, and reaching Reims on 10 June, he left again for England on 16. After about six months he was betrayed by his brother, to whose house in Wath he had resorted, and was sent a close prisoner to York Castle by the Council. He was arraigned at the Lent Assizes, condemned as a traitor on the score of his priesthood, and on 23 March, 1586-7 was drawn on the hurdle from the castle yard to York Tyburn, where he suffered the death penalty.
Douay Diaries, Collectanea F, in FOLEY, Records S. J., III; Diary of English College, Rome in FOLEY, Records S. J., VI; MORRIS, Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers, III.
J. L. Whitfield.