OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Canonesses Regular of the Holy Sepulchre

From volume 7 of the work.
Concerning the foundation there is only a tradition connecting it with St. James the Apostle and representing St. Helena as invested with the habit by St. Macanus, Bishop of Jerusalem. The earliest date on record is 1276, the year in which the Saragossa convent was established. The foundation of a house at Charleville in 1622, by Claudia Mouy, widow of the Marquis de Chaligny, was the signal for a great revival in the west, and constitutions, drawn up by a Jesuit Father and approved by Urban VIII, in 1631, bound the canonesses to the recitation of the Divine office, rigorous fasts, the use of the discipline, and a strict interpretation of the rule of poverty; twelve was the number of professed religious assigned as necessary for the canonical election of a prioress. Susan Hawley, foundress of the English canonesses (born at New Brentford, Middlesex, 1622; died at Liège, 1706), having been professed at Tongres, in 1642, went with four others to Liège to establish a community there, and in 1652, there being a sufficient number of professed, was elected prioress, in which capacity she ruled with rare prudence until her resignation in 1697. The school, opened under Mary Christina Dennett, who was prioress from 1770 to 1781, proved so successful that on the outbreak of the Revolution the canonesses had great difficulty in securing permission to leave the city. After three months at Maastricht, they went to England (August, 1794), where they were sheltered by Lord Stourton in Holme Hall (Yorks), moved thence to Dean House (Wilts), and finally took possession of New Hall, near Chelmsford (Essex), rich in historic interest, the property of several sovereigns, and a royal residence under Henry VIII. Here they opened a free school for the poor children of the neighbourhood, and they still conduct a boarding school for young ladies. Communities of canonesses still exist in Bavaria, Belgium, France, and Spain. The habit is black, and the choir sisters wear a white linen surplice, without sleeves, on the left side of which is embroidered a double red cross. A black veil is worn by the professed, and a white one by novices and lay sisters.
HEIMBUCHER, Orden und Kongregationen (Paderborn, 1908); STEELE, Convents of Great Britain (St. Louis, 1902); HÉLYOT, Dict. des ordres relig. (Paris, 1859); GILLOW, Bibl. Dict. Eng. Cath., s. v. Hawley, Susan.
F. M. RUDGE.
# The Mahabharata/Book 10: Sauptika Parva/Section XIV

Section XIV.
Vaishampayana said, "At the very outset the mighty-armed hero of Dasharha's race understood from signs the intention of Drona's son. Addressing Arjuna, he said, ‘O Arjuna, O son of Pandu, the time is come for the use of that celestial weapon which is in thy memory, knowledge of which was imparted to thee by Drona. For protecting thyself as also thy brothers, O Bharata, shoot in this battle that weapon which is capable of neutralising all weapons.' Thus addressed by Keshava, Arjuna, that slayer of hostile heroes, quickly alighted from the car, taking with him his bow with shaft fixed on the string. Softly wishing good unto the preceptor's son and then unto himself, and unto all his brothers, that scorcher of foes then bowed unto all the gods and all his superiors and let off his weapon, thinking of the welfare of all the worlds and uttering the words, ‘Let Ashvatthama's weapon be neutralised by this weapon!' That weapon, quickly let off by the wielder of gandiva, blazed up with fierce flames like the all-destroying fire that appears at the end of the yuga. Similarly, the weapon that had been shot by Drona's son of fierce energy blazed up with terrible flames within a huge sphere of fire. Numerous peals of thunder were heard; thousands of meteors fell; and all living creatures became inspired with great dread. The entire welkin seemed to be filled with noise and assumed a terrible aspect with those flames of fire. The whole earth with her mountains and waters and trees, trembled. Then the two great rishis, Narada, who is the soul of every creature, and the grandsire of all the Bharata princes (Vyasa), beholding those two weapons scorching the three worlds, showed themselves there. The two rishis sought to pacify the two heroes Ashvatthama and Dhananjaya. Conversant with all duties and desirous of the welfare of all creatures, the two sages, possessed of great energy, stood in the midst of those two blazing weapons. Incapable of being overwhelmed by any force, those two illustrious rishis, placing themselves between the two weapons, stood like two blazing fires. Incapable of being checked by any creature endued with life, and adored by gods and dana​vas, they two acted in this way, neutralising the energy of the two weapons and doing good to all the world.
The two rishis said, "Those great car-warriors who have fallen in this battle were acquainted with diverse kinds of weapons. They, however, never shot such a weapon upon human beings. What act of rashness is this, ye heroes, that ye have done?"
# The New International Encyclopædia/Anti-Semitism

Edition of 1905. See also Antisemitism on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AN'TI-SEM'ITISM (anti + Semites, i.e., Jews). A movement based on race hatred of the Jew, due to social and economic causes, in Germany, Austria and France, and partly also to political causes in Russia. The movement has crystallized in some countries into an anti-Semitic political party. A political party organized in Berlin in 1870 sought to place Jews under political disabilities. The leaders of the party were Stöcker, court preacher of Prussia and a so-called Christian Socialist; Professor Treitsehke, of the University of Berlin, an historian and deputy in the Reichstag; and Dr. Dühring, author of treatises on history and philosophy. Throughout 1879 and 1880 these men, through the press, in speeches, and in various ways, deplored the presence in Germany of an active, wealthy, and powerful people, incapable of assimilation, who are opposed to Christian civilization in all its phases. The matter was brought to a vote in the Reichstag in 1880; but that body declared itself in favor of economic and religious liberty by a decisive vote. The Anti-Semitic Party became a strong one in the Reichstag, however, in the early nineties. In France the Anti-Semitic propaganda was begun by Edward Drumont, editor of La Libre Parole, about 1882, and was carried on until the movement reached a climax in the affaire Dreyfus. See Dreyfus.
Since its organization in Germany the Anti-Semitic Party has been organized in Russia, Austria, Greece, and Holland. As the Jews in Russia are to a great extent kept out of the ordinary trades, many of them have resorted to the business of money lending, and by means of mortgages placed to secure loans they have obtained control of small landed properties. This fact, coupled with religious prejudice, caused the Anti-Semitic movement in Russia, about twenty years ago, to assume a most violent form. Laws preventing them from entering professions and from living in places other than towns and hamlets were vigorously enforced. In some cities, where a majority of the people were Jews, they were expelled without warning. The fierce persecution to which the Jews have been subjected in Russia and Rumania has caused an emigration on a vast scale to the United States.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Antiphanes

Edition of 1905. See also Antiphanes (comic poet) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ANTIPH′ANES (Gk. Ἀντιφάνης). A Greek comic poet of the fourth century B.C. He was one of the chief representatives of the Middle Comedy. Many fragments of his works—which numbered, according to some estimates, 365, and to others 260—are preserved. He is praised by Athenæus for his polished diction. Consult Meineke, Poetarum Comicorum Græcorum Fragmenta, Volume III. (Berlin, 1839–57).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Anthony, Susan Brownell

Edition of 1905. See also Susan B. Anthony on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ANTHONY, Susan Brownell (1820—). An American reformer. She was born in Adams, Mass., the daughter of a Quaker. She taught school from the age of fifteen to thirty; was active in the total abstinence and anti-slavery movements, and since the Civil War has devoted herself entirely to the woman suffrage movement. She founded (1868) and for three years published The Revolution, a woman's rights paper. She was arrested, tried, and fined for voting at the election of 1872. She is an eloquent speaker, has lectured extensively in England and throughout the United States, has taken part in many State campaigns, and appeared before many Congressional committees. She has contributed to leading magazines and (with Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Mrs. Matilda Joslyn Gage) published an extensive History of Woman Suffrage (3 volumes, New York, 1881-87). For her life, consult Harper, Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony (2 volumes, Indianapolis,1898).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Antislavery Society, The American

Edition of 1905. See also American Anti-Slavery Society on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AN'TISLAV'ERY SOCI'ETY, The American. An association organized in Philadelphia, December, 1833, by delegates from the few State or city societies in the United States. The first Antislavery Society was formally organized at Boston in January, 1832, William Lloyd ​Garrison being the leader of the movement. The American Antislavery Society took the boldest ground in favor of the immediate abolition of slavery, and its work was for many years looked upon as fanatical, or at least hopelessly impracticable, its members were denounced, its meetings broken up, and rewards offered in the South for its leaders alive or dead. Divergence of opinion on the question of political action caused a split in the society in 1840. The non-voters under Garrison, although but a small portion of the Abolitionists, gained control of the old society. The others formed the American and Foreign Antislavery Society, but the movement had outgrown a society formation and found a better and more conservative expression in the Liberty Party (q.v.) and its successors. Among the prominent Abolitionists were William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, Samuel J. May, Lucretia Mott, Lydia Maria Child, Arthur Tappan, James G. Birney, John G. Whittier, William Goodell, Gerrit Smith, and William Jay. The parent society continued to exist until after the adoption of the fifteenth amendment, in 1870, remaining small in numbers but largely influential in its propagandist work. For a partial bibliogiaphy of the movement see the biographical sketches of the leaders here mentioned. See Abolitionists; Slavery.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Anthony, John Gould

Edition of 1905. See also John Gould Anthony on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ANTHONY, John Gould (1804-77). An American conchologist. He was born at Providence, R. I., and for many years was in commerce, but his studies in mitural history resulted in his being invited by Professor Louis Agassiz, in 1863, to the directorship of the conchological department of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard University. In 1865 he accompanied Professor Agassiz on the Thayer ​expedition to Brazil. He was an acknowledged authority in his field of research, and published A New Trilobite: Ceratocephala Ceralepta (1838), Descriptions of Three New Species of Shells (1839), Descriptions of New Species of American Fluviate Gasteropods (1861), Descriptions of New American Fresh-Water Shells (1866), and other works.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Anti-Federalists

Edition of 1905. See also Anti-Federalism, Anti-Administration Party and First Party System on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AN'TI-FED'ERALISTS. The name given to a certain political faction and party in the United States as a means of conveniently distinguishing those in opposition to the so-called Federalist party. As a matter of theory and analysis, the Federalists believed in a national system of government, while the Anti-Federalists believed in a decentralized and strictly federal system of government. The Federalists had the advantages of possessing a positive programme, and of gaining the first two points in the conflict when the national constitution was adopted and when they committed the national government to the exercise of such extensive powers as the creation of a national bank. The Anti-Federalists were thus merely a party of political opposition to the party in power. When, however, the Federalists, in the Alien and Sedition Acts (q.v.), seemed to encroach both upon the liberty of the individual and upon the jurisdiction of the States, the opposition of the Anti-Federalists became acute and their fundamental propositions were stated in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (q.v.). This crisis resulted in the triumph of the Anti-Federalists under the leadership of Jefferson in the election of 1800; but soon thereafter the leaders of the party began to abandon its original creed of the strict interpretation of the Constitution and the narrow limitation of the powers of the national government. The first step in this direction was the purchase of Louisiana; and when finally the Federalist party was driven entirely out of existence, its characteristic principles remained effective as the chief principals of the Anti-Federalist party. The party ​soon received the name Republican party, then Democratic-Republican Party, and finally Democratic party. See Democratic Party; Federalists; Republican Party; Party Names; United States.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Anti-Masons

Edition of 1905. See also Anti-Masonic Party on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AN'TI-MA'SONS. The name of a political party in New York and other States, organized in 1827-28, chiefly as the result of excitement over the fate of William Morgan, of Batavia, N. Y., who was said to be about to publish, or betray, the secrets of the Masonic order, of which he was a member. He disappeared suddenly in 1826, and his fate has never been satisfactorily determined. The opponents of Freemasonry declared that he had been murdered and his body sunk in the river or lake at Niagara. Legal inquiries followed, but proved nothing. At or about that time the governor of the State was a Mason of the most advanced degrees, and probably a majority of all public officers were members of the order. Widespread excitement pervaded western New York, and the Anti-Masonic party was formed, casting 33,000 votes in 1828, about 70,000 in 1829, and 120,000 in 1830, though many in the latter year were anti-Jackson men, without reference to Masonry. The party attempted to organize on national lines in 1830, and especially in connection with its National Convention of 1831; and in 1832 it supported William Wirt for President, but carried only one State, Vermont. The party was also able, through the disorganization of the Democrats, to control temporarily Pennsylvania, and it was strong in Ohio and Massachusetts; but after 1835 it disappeared as rapidly as it had arisen. Many who were conspicuous later in the two chief parties, such as Thurlow Weed (q.v.) and Seward (q.v.), were members of this party for a brief time; but upon the coalescence and harmonizing of each of the dominant parties, the life of a third national party became an impossibility, especially upon the
​subsidence of the excitement out of which it had arisen. Consult: Hammond, Political History of New York State (Cooperstown, 1846); Hopkins, Political Parties (New York, 1900).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Anthony, William Arnold

Edition of 1905. See also William Arnold Anthony on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ANTHONY, William Arnold (1835—). An American physicist. He was born at Coventry, R. I., graduated at the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, and was professor of physics and chemistry in Antioch College (Ohio) from 1867 to 1869. From 1869 to 1872 he was professor of physics at the Iowa Agricultural College, and from 1872 to 1887 professor of physics at Cornell University. In 1887 he became a consulting electrician. He has contributed a chapter to E. A. Thompson's Roentqen Rays and Phenomena of the Anode and Cathode (New York, 1896), and (with C. F. Brackett) has written a Manual of Physics.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bess, Good Queen

Edition of 1905. See also Elizabeth I of England on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BESS, Good Queen. The rather indulgent name applied to Queen Elizabeth of England.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bessieres, Jean Baptiste

Edition of 1905. See also Jean-Baptiste Bessières on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BESSIERES, ba'syar', Jean Baptiste (1768-1813). Duke of Istria and Marshal of the French Empire. He was born at Preissac, in the Department of Lot, and after serving for a short time in the 'Constitutional Guard' of Louis XVI., entered the Army of the Pyrenees as a private soldier in November, 1792. In less than two years he had attained the rank of captain, and, passing into the Army of Italy, he distinguished himself greatly in the battles of Roveredo and Rivoli. He was made chief of a brigade in 1798, and in that year accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt, and gained distinction at the siege of Saint Jean d'Acre, and at the battle of Abukir. Afterwards he took a prominent part in the greatest battles of Napoleon—Marengo. Austerlitz, Jena, Friedlaud, Eylau, Eckmühl, Aspern, and Wagram—and within five years (from 1800 to 1805), he was made successively general of brigade, general of division, and marshal of France. For his gallant behavior in Spain he was in 1809 created Duke of Istria. In the Russian campaign he commanded the cavalry of the Guard, and during the disastrous retreat from Moscow the services he rendered were of the utmost importance. In 1813 he received the command of the whole of the French cavalry. On the morning of the battle of Lützen, while leading on foot the tirailleurs to reconnoiter the field from the defile of Eippach, he fell mortally wounded. The news of his death was kept concealed from the army throughout the day. Bonaparte lost in Bessières one of his ablest officers and his most faithful friend. Bessières was a kind commander and an honest man. He died poor.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Beskow, Bernhard von

Edition of 1905. See also Bernhard von Beskow on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BESKOW, bēs′kōv, Bernhard von (1796-1868). A Swedish poet and dramatist, born in Stockholm. He was appointed private secretary of the Crown Prince Oscar in 1825, and subsequently held several offices at Court. His more important works include the poems Karl XII. (1819) and Sveriges anor, and the tragedies Erik den Fjortonde (1827-28) and Torkel Knutsson (1830). He was a friend of Tegnér.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bessey, Charles Edwin

Edition of 1905. See also Charles Edwin Bessey on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BESSEY, bēs'sī, Charles Edwin (1845 — ). An American botanist, born at Milton, Ohio. He graduated in 1809 at the Michigan Agricultural College, studied at Harvard under Prof. Asa Gray, in 1872, and 1875-76, and was professor of botany at the Iowa Agricultural College from 1870 to 1884. In 1884 he was appointed professor of botany at the University of Nebraska. He is the botanical editor of Science, and has published The Geography of Iowa (1876), and two excellent text-books, Botany for High Schools and Colleges (1880) and The Essentials of Botany (1884).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bessarion, Johannes

Edition of 1905. See also Basilios Bessarion on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BESSA'RION, Johannes, or BASIL'IUS (1395-1472). A Greek scholar. He was born at Trebizond, on the Black Sea, 1395. He is remembered as one of the earliest of those scholars who, in the Fifteenth Century, transplanted Greek literature and philosophy into the West, and rescued the mind of Christendom from the trammels of scholasticism. Bessarion imbibed his love of Plato's writings from his tutor, Gemistus Pletho. He became a Basilian monk; in 1437 Archbishop of Nicæa, and in 1438 accompanied the Greek Emperor, John VII. Palæologus, to Italy, and effected, at the Council of Florence in 1439, a union between the Greek and Roman Churches, which, however, was of short duration. Soon afterwards he joined the Roman Church, but always retained a glowing love of his native land. He was made cardinal by Pope Eugenius IV. in 1439. Ten years after Nicholas V. created him Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina, and in the same year Bishop of Frascati. He was Papal legate at Bologna (1451-55). After the fall of Constantinople (1453), Bessarion visited Germany, and at the diets of Nuremberg, Worms, and Vienna endeavored to promote a crusade against the Turks. In 1463 he was made titular Patriarch of Constantinople by Pius II. In philosophy he professed to be a follower of Plato, but without depreciation of Aristotle. His writings consisted of Latin translations of Greek authors, etc. He died at Ravenna, November 19, 1472. Consult: Inventaire des manuscrits grecs et latins donnés a Saint-Marc de Venise par le cardinal Bessarion en 1468 (Venice, 1894); and for his life, Henri Vast (Paris, 1878). His works are in Migne, Pat. Gr., CLXI.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm

Edition of 1905. See also Friedrich Bessel on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BESSEL, Friedrich Wilhelm (1784–1846). An eminent German astronomer. He was born at Minden. Though destined by his father for a commercial life, he exhibited at a very early age an unconquerable fondness for astronomy. Though he yielded to his father's wishes and entered a mercantile house in Bremen, he worked continually at astronomy, and it was not long before it became evident that no career but that
of an astronomer would suit him. His undivided attention once turned to science, he achieved speedy success. In 1810 he was director of the observatory at Königsberg and professor of astronomy. In 1818 he published his Fundamenta Astronomiæ, a work which marks an epoch in the progress of astronomy, and in 1830 his Tabulæ Regiomontanæ. His important contributions are too numerous to mention here. The most startling was perhaps his determination of the parallax of 61 Cygni. By this remarkable achievement, which was the first measurement of a star's distance from the solar system, Bessel inaugurated a new era in sidereal science. It is not too much to say that Bessel was the father of modern observational astronomy, and there is scarcely a department of this science that was not improved or perfected by him; and in mathematical astronomy his work was almost equally important. Among other achievements, he was one of the first (1823) scientifically to consider the personal equation of observers.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bessels, Emil

Edition of 1905. See also Emil Bessels on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BESSELS, bĕs′sels, Emil (1847–88). A German scientist. He was born at Heidelberg, and studied at the universities of Jena and Heidelberg. In 1869 he made his first Polar journey, in the course of which he demonstrated the existence of the Gulf Stream to the east of Spitzbergen. In 1871 he accompanied the expedition under C. F. Hall (q.v.), as ship's physician and chief of the scientific department. His collections were lost in the wreck of the Polaris. He published: Scientific Results of the United States Arctic Expedition (1876) and Die amerikanische Nordpolexpedition (1878).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bessemer (Alabama)

Edition of 1905. See also Bessemer, Alabama on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BES′SEMER. A city in Jefferson County, Ala., 11 miles southwest of Birmingham, on the Louisville and Nashville, the Southern, and other railroads (Map: Alabama, C 2). Iron and coal mines are in the vicinity, and the city is noted for the number and variety of its works devoted to the production of iron and steel in various forms. The manufacture of fire-brick is another important industry. Bessemer is governed by a mayor, holding office for two years, and a city council, elected on a general ticket. Population, in 1890, 4544; in 1900, 6358.