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# The Natural History of Ireland

* Volume 1 (1849) (transcription project)
* Volume 2 (1850) IA
* Volume 3 (1851) IA
* Volume 4 (1856) IA
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Natural History of Ireland/Volume 1

THE
NATURAL HISTORY
OF
IRELAND.
VOL. I.
BIRDS,
COMPRISING THE ORDERS
RAPTORES & INSESSORES.
BY
Wm. THOMPSON, Esq.,
President of the Natural History and Philosophical Society of Belfast, Corresponding Member of the Nat. Hist. Society of Boston, U.S.; of the Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, &c., &c.
LONDON: REEVE, BENHAM, AND REEVE, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND.
1849
REEVE, BENHAM, AND REEVE, PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS, KINO WILLIAM STREET, STRAND.
* Preface
* The Belted Kingfisher
* The Gold-vented Thrush
* The Golden Eagle
* The Golden Oriole
* The Greenland Falcon
* The Honey Buzzard
* The Kite
* The Red-footed Falcon
* The Rough-legged Buzzard
* The Scops-eared Owl
* The Sea Eagle
* The Spotted Eagle
* The Two-banded Crossbill
* White’s Thrush
# The Old Road to Paradise/The Old Road to Paradise

THE OLD ROAD TO PARADISE
# The Old Road to Paradise/The Gray Magician

THE SINGING WOOD
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dyne

See also Dyne on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Dyne (dīn), the unit of force employed in the metric system. It is defined as that force which, acting upon a mass of one gram, will produce unit-acceleration. If we denote the acceleration of gravity by g, then the weight of one gram is equal to g dynes. And, in general, we may say that the weight, W, of any body whose mass is m grams is mg dynes, or
w=mg dynes.
A definition of the dyne which is exactly equivalent to that given above is the following: That force which, acting for one second, will produce unit-change of velocity in a mass of one gram. A megadyne is a force of one million dynes, and is about two per cent. greater than the weight of a kilogram.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dædalus

See also Daedalus on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Dædalus (dād' a-lus), in Greek fable, an Athenian who personified the beginning of the arts of sculpture and architecture. He killed his nephew and pupil, who envied his growing skill, and had to flee to Crete, where he carved the well-known cow for Queen Pasiphaë and designed the famous labyrinth for King Minos in which to confine the minotaur. He was imprisoned but escaped, forming wings for himself and his son Icarus, with which to fly across the sea. He flew safely across the Ægean, but Icarus flew too near the sun, the heat of which melted the wax that fastened his wings to him, so that he fell and was drowned in that part of the sea which the ancients afterward called Icarian. At Cumæ, in Italy, Dædalus dedicated his wings to Apollo. Many early works of art were ascribed to him. Discoveries in Crete have made it probable that Dasdalus was a real person.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Döllinger, Johann Joseph Ignaz

See also Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Döllinger (dẽl′ ĭng-ẽr), Johann Joseph Ignaz, a German theologian, was born at Bamberg in 1799. At 24 his reputation as a writer led to his appointment as professor of church-history at the school of Aschaffenburg. Three years later he was appointed professor at the University of Munich. He became prominent in church-matters, and wrote several historical works, in all of which he upheld the authority of the pope. He was very prominent in the struggle which took place in the Roman Catholic church about the adoption, as a church doctrine, of the infallibility of the pope, belonging himself to that party of the Catholics, called the Old Catholics, who were opposed to it. Döllinger wrote a large number of works, many of them of great value. He died at Munich in 1890. Among his works are Paganism and Judaism, The Church and the Churches, The Religion of Mohammed and The Reformation.
# The New Student's Reference Work/E

See also E on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
E, the fifth letter, is a vowel. It represents seven sounds, the principal ones being the long sound in eve and the short sound in best. Variations of long e are heard in event and eight, of the short e in excuse and horses, the absence of accent on these e's affecting their quality. Other e sounds occur in ever, where, whereby. E at the end of words usually is silent, but indicates that the preceding vowel is long, as in came. Final e after c and g, as in lace and rage, shows that c is s and g is j. E occurs in English words far more frequently than any other letter. Its ā sound comes from the Latin.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Eads, James Buchanan

See also James Buchanan Eads on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Eads (ēdz), James Buchanan. Men with genius for mechanics, as for art, usually give indication of it very early in life. This famous engineer, who built the Eads bridge across the Mississippi at St. Louis, constructed models of saw-mills, fire-engines and steamboats before he was ten years old. He was born at Lawrenceburg, Indiana, in 1820. This was before the day of railroads. The commerce of the country was carried on over the waterways, and the Ohio swarmed with every kind of boat that was in use. Perhaps this is the reason the man came to be identified with rivers; the deepening of their channels, the bridging of them, the construction of boats, the protection of their banks from erosion.
When he was 13 the family moved to St. Louis, where river life was on a larger, more dramatic scale. One of the first things he did to attract attention was the raising of wrecked boats, for which work he invented improved hoisting-machinery. When the Civil War broke out, he was called to Washington and given a commission to build iron-clad gunboats to patrol the Mississippi. His feat of building and equipping eight such boats in 100 days gave him world-wide fame. From 1867 to 1874 he was engaged in bridging the Mississippi. The Eads bridge is still considered the finest example of metal-arch construction in existence. His next undertaking was the improvement of the South Pass of the Mississippi delta by the use of jetties. Congress approved of his plans to introduce the jetties all the way up to the mouth of the Ohio, but the cost was enormous and the work was never completed. Mr. Eads also proposed to build a ship-railway and then a ship-canal across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico. Had he lived, this route might have been adopted rather than Panama. He died at Nassau, Bahama Island, March 8, 1887. He received the Albert medal from Queen Victoria and many other decorations and honors from governments and universities. His ashes were scattered on the flood-waters of the Mississippi, according to his will, from the Eads bridge, his only monument.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Eames, Emma

See also Emma Eames on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Eames, Emma (Mrs. Julian Story), American soprano singer, also famed for her beauty, was born at Shanghai, China, Aug. 13, 1867, and is the daughter of an American lawyer then employed in the international courts at Shanghai. Her early years were spent at Bath, Me., her musical studies being directed by her mother, and under instruction in Boston. In 1886 she proceeded to Paris, where she was a pupil of Mme. Marchesi, and appeared in 1888 at the Opéra Comique, and in the following year made her debut in grand opera in Gounod’s Romeo et Juliette. She sang with Mme. Patti and with the brothers De Reszke, and met with great success. In England she appeared at the Covent Garden theatre, London, in her impersonation of Marguerite. In the United States she added to her high reputation as a prima-donna, and won fresh laurels under Herr Grau, in her famous operatic parts, including Wagnerian rôles. Her repertoire is extensive, and not only English but in French, German and Italian. In 1891 she married a son of W. W. Story, the well-known American poet and sculptor. In 1908 they divorced, and she now resides in Paris, Prance.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Early, Jubal Anderson

See also Jubal A. Early on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Early (ẽr′ lĭ), Jubal Anderson, a Confederate general, was born in Virginia in 1816. He graduated at West Point and served in the Florida and Mexican Wars, and was practicing law when the Civil War broke out. He entered the Confederate service as a colonel, and was in the battles of Bull Run, Fredericksburg and Gettysburg. He was defeated by Sheridan in several battles and also by Custer at Waynesboro, after which he was relieved of his command. He died at Lynchburg, Va., March 2, 1894.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Düsseldorf

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Düsseldorf (düs′ sel-dôrf), the chief town in the district of the same name in Rhenish Prussia, is situated on the right bank of the Rhine, at the mouth of the Düssel. The streets are large and regular and planted with trees, while the large number of squares and tasteful parks greatly helps the appearance of the city. Of late years the trade and industries of Düsseldorf have largely increased, the iron and cotton-industries being important, as are also manufactures of pianos, paper, soap and beer. The city is specially noted as a center of art. The Düsseldorf Academy, under the management of well-known artists, was celebrated during the first half of the 19th century. The art-hall contains a gallery of modern etchings. The famous picture-gallery, founded in 1590, was in part removed to Munich in 1805. Several of the churches are old and full of interest, and the city has one of the finest public gardens in Germany. Population, 357,702.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Eagle

See also Eagle on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Eagle, a large bird of prey, related to buzzards and vultures. There are forty or fifty species of eagles in all countries of the world, but only two kinds occur in North America. These are the golden eagle, common to Europe, Asia and America, and the baldheaded eagle, which is peculiar to North America. The golden eagle is a magnificent, mountain-loving bird; it is found in the United States from Mexico northward, but is far from common. It is more abundant in the Old World, but there the sea-eagle is a more common bird. The golden eagle is a large bird of brownish color, the feathers of the head and neck appearing golden in the sunlight. It attains a length of three and one half feet, and nine feet in spread of the wings. Its food is hares, ducks, lambs, small pigs and the young of other animals, which it carries away in its talons. It lays two or three whitish eggs with brown spots, usually on inaccessible cliffs. The baldheaded eagle belongs to the group of the sea-eagles and lives near water; it is found on rivers and lakes and especially along the sea-coast. It is slightly smaller than the golden eagle, having an expanse of wing of about eight feet. The feathers on the head and upper part of the neck are white, which gives it the name of baldheaded. It feeds largely on fish, sometimes catching them for itself, but, when opportunity offers robbing the fish-hawk or osprey. It frightens the osprey into dropping the fish which it has caught, and then catches it in its own claws before it reaches the earth. These birds usually nest in high trees, and lay two eggs of dull white color. Among other varieties are the harpy-eagle, the serpent-eating eagle, etc. Eagles are supposed to attain a great age. They have long stood as the emblems of war and power, and have been the standards of war in several countries. The famous war-eagle of the United States — Old Abe — was stuffed and preserved in the state-library at Madison, Wis.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kamehameha

See also House of Kamehameha on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Kamehameha (kä-me-hä′ me-hä), the name of five kings of the Hawaiian Islands, who ruled successively from 1811 to 1872, except during the regency of two queens of Kamehameha II in 1824–33. Kamehameha II was the first king who became undisputed sovereign of the entire group. He died in 1819, a few months before the first American missionaries sailed for his country. Kamehameha III, who reigned from 1824 to 1854, is called Kamehameha the Good, on account of his liberal disposition toward his people and his active interest in their welfare. In 1840 he adopted a written code of laws and in 1852 a written constitution. Under his liberal administration a large portion of the common people became owners of land in fee simple. Great progress was made in religion, education and commerce during the 30 years of his reign. He died on Dec. 15, 1854. See Hawaii.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kamimura

See also Hikonojo Kamimura on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Kam'imu'ra, the Japanese vice-admiral who was appointed to blockade the Russian port of Vladivostock while Togo blockaded Port Arthur, won for himself a reputation second only to that of Togo. During the early part of the war he once or twice allowed the Russian fleet within the harbor to evade him. He encouraged this fleet to attempt to unite with the Port Arthur ships; intercepted them on Aug. 14, 1904; and sank the cruiser Rurik during a long stern chase, driving the other vessels back to port. In the great battle of the Sea of Japan on May 27 and 28 Vice Admiral Kamimura directed the armored cruiser squadron which annihilated the Russian cruisers.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kanakas

See also Native Hawaiians on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Kana'kas are the people who were found inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands when Cook discovered them in 1778. They are reddish brown in color, with black and straight hair, sometimes a little wavy, thin beards, the face broad, with a rather flat sideview or profile, the nose somewhat flattened and the lips thick. They are of only moderate height, except the chiefs and their families, who are remarkably tall and large. When discovered, they were given to barbarous customs, as the killing of superfluous infants, human sacrifices and the eating of the heart and liver of the conquered foe. Yet they naturally are good-tempered, light-hearted, fond of amusement and devoted to riding and swimming, especially to riding the heavy surf-breakers, in which they are remarkably expert. But the coming of the whites seems to have introduced habits of drunkenness and to have brought diseases against which their constitutions cannot stand. Cook thought there were 400,000 when he saw the islands first. In 1823 there were but 142,000; in 1872 42,000, and at present there are still fewer. The natives are giving way to Japanese and Portuguese laborers on the sugar-plantations.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kandahar

See also Kandahar on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Kandahar (kȧn-dȧ-hȧr), the largest city in Afghanistan, is situated about 200 miles west of Kabul. Kandahar is a place of extensive commerce, and among its residents are a number of Hindu and Persian merchants. The city is surrounded by a wall four miles in circumference, 25 feet in height and from 10 to 15 thick; and two miles north is a precipitous rock, crowned by a fortress impregnable to attack, save by the heaviest artillery. The town is supposed to have been founded by Alexander the Great, although the name is Persian. During the wars of 1879–81 the British entered Kandahar unopposed, and held the city for several months after they had evacuated the rest of Afghanistan. Population 30,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kamchatka

See also Kamchatka on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Kamchatka (kȧm-chȧt′ kȧ), also spelled Kamschatka, a peninsula of eastern Siberia, stretching into the Pacific, between Bering Sea on the east and the Sea of Okhotsk on the west. It covers an area of nearly 150,000 square miles, although the population is under 10,000. Fishing and hunting constitute the chief occupations of the inhabitants, and furs are the most valuable production of the peninsula. Kamchatka was annexed to Russia at the close of the 17th century; and in 1855 was incorporated with the maritime province of Siberia. See Kennan’s Tent-Life in Siberia.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kane, Elisha Kent

See also Elisha Kane on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Kane (kán), Elisha Kent, an Arctic explorer of renown, was born at Philadelphia on Feb. 3, 1820. He graduated in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1842, and entered the United States navy as a surgeon in the following year. He commenced his remarkable career as an Arctic explorer in 1850 accompanying the Grinnell expedition in search of Franklin. In 1853 he was made commander of a second expedition for the same purpose. The object of this expedition was never attained; and, after undergoing the greatest hardships and privation during two winters, it was finally resolved to abandon the ship and return home. Kane reached Philadelphia in October, 1855, and soon after published a narrative of the expedition. He died at Havana, Cuba, Feb. 16, 1857. See Life by W. Elder.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kangaroo

See also Kangaroo on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
.Kangaroo (kan' ga-rö'), a pouched animal of Australia, with very large hind limbs and short front ones. The giant kangaroo was found near the coast by Captain Cook in 1770, on his voyage to Australia, but it is now driven into the interior. Large males attain a height, when erect, of seven feet. The hind legs and tail are enormous. Kangaroos often sit erect on the tail and hind legs. They ordinarily jump nine or ten feet, but, when hard pressed in pursuit, will make 15 or 20 feet at one leap. On open ground they are more than a match for the fleetest dogs. They live on the open plains feeding on the herbage, are entirely herbivorous and owing to their close cropping do much damage. Because of this and the value of their flesh and hides they are persistently hunted. As a rule they prefer open spaces, but some kinds live among shrubs and one species is a tree-climber. There are several varieties of kangaroos, all living in Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea. They have a pouch in which the young are reared and into which they retire for shelter and food, until they reach, in the larger species, a weight of ten pounds. Often they may be seen with their heads thrust out from mother's pouch.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kamloops

See also Kamloops, British Columbia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ka'mloops, a town in British Columbia, situated at the confluence of the Thompson Rivers. It is the center of supply for a large mining and grazing district. Population 2,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kanem

See also Kanem-Bornu Empire on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Kanem (ka′nĕm) is a small Moslem state lying north of Lake Chad, with an area of about 170,000 square miles and a population of 2,000,000. Its capital is Abeshr, the southern terminus of the caravan route from Benghazi on the coast of Tripoli. It accepted the protectorate of France during the summer of 1903.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kamerun

See also Cameroon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ka′merun′, a German colony in western Africa, north of French Congo, which was acquired in 1884. It has an area of 191,130 square miles, with a population estimated at 3,500,000, chiefly Bantu and Sudanese negroes, the whites numbering less than 1,000. The colony extends northeastward to Lake Chad, and has a coast line on the Bight of Biafra of 200 miles. Gold and iron have been found. The exports are rubber, ivory, horns, cocoa and oil fruits. Its name is derived from the river, which enters the Bay of Biafra by an estuary over 20 miles wide, and for a considerable distance is nearly a mile wide. The swamps along its banks make the climate trying for Europeans, but the country is very fertile. Northwest of the river's mouth lie the Kamerun Mountains, a volcanic group which in one peak, Mongoma Lobáh, the Mount of the Gods, reaches the height of 13,746 feet.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Byron, George Noel Gordon, Lord

See also George Byron, 6th Baron Byron on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Byron, George Noel Gordon, Lord, a great English poet, was born at London in 1788. His father died when he was three years old, and he was brought up by his mother, a woman of weak mind. He attended Cambridge University in 1805. Two years after, he published his first volume of poems, which at once brought him into notice. In 1808 a criticism of his poems appeared in the Edinburgh Review. He replied to it in a satire called English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, which at once showed his power as a writer. During this time he was living at Cambridge and in London, and spending his time immorally and in frivolous high-class society. Becoming tired of this mode of living, and thinking that his genius was not appreciated, he left England and traveled in Spain and Greece. During his travels he wrote the first part of his greatest work, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. While in Greece he performed the famous feat of swimming across the Hellespont, in imitation of the Greek story of Hero and Leander. On his return to England he was received with great favor. His Giaour, Corsair and Lara were written soon after. He married, but was afterward separated from his wife, and, owing to public disfavor, he left England never to return. He stayed in Geneva for a time, where he wrote his Prisoner of Chillon. Later on he lived in Venice, where he finished Childe Harold, and began Don Juan, one of his notable works. In 1822 he sent money to the Greeks, who were fighting for independence from the Turks; and soon after went to Missolonghi to join the Greek forces, but died there of a fever, in 1824. He is now considered one of the greatest of English poets. His power of description has rarely been equaled. See Life of Byron by Thomas Moore.
See the works of this author.
# The New Student's Reference Work/C

See also C on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​C (se), the third letter of the alphabet, represents two consonants: s and k. The s sound is called soft c, the k sound hard c. C before e, i or y is a hissing s, as in cede. When e or i is followed by another vowel in the same syllable, c is sh, as in oceanic. In a few words c is z, as in sacrifice. C before a, o, u or a consonant represents the k sound, as in call, cold, culminate, climax. C after a syllable not followed by e or i also equals k, as in arc. So, too, in sceptic and scirrous. It is silent in corpuscle, czar, indict, muscle, victuals. Its sound comes from the Latin. The Romans used C as a numeral (100) as well as a letter.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cabinet

See also Cabinet (government) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cab′inet, a committee of ministers, so called from the cabinet or room in which the ruler assembles his council. In the United States the cabinet is made up of the heads of departments; namely: the secretaries of state, of the treasury, of war, of the navy, of the interior, of agriculture; the attorney-general; and the postmaster-general. By the constitution the president has the power to require the opinion in writing of the heads of departments, on any subject relating to their special duties. Washington started the practice of consulting all the heads of departments on important measures, and later presidents have usually called them together in joint meeting for consultation, so that now they are expected to be present as a matter of course. The president presides at these meetings, and he is responsible for all the measures of the government. There is in this country no premier or chief member of the cabinet, though the position of secretary of state is generally regarded as the leading one. The president usually selects for his cabinet those who agree with his views. The word cabinet was first used as a political term in England. The modern British cabinet is made up of a variable number of ministers, usually about eighteen, among whom are always the first lord of the treasury (who is prime-minister), the lord chancellor, the chancellor of the exchequer, the president of the council and the five secretaries of state. The members have seats in Parliament.