# The Origin of Continents and Oceans/Index

INDEX
* Abrolhos Bank, 58, 145 Abyssinia, 59, 64, 168
* Ægean Sea, 171
* Africa, 1–2, 5, 18, 74, 82, 205
* Airy, Sir G., 23–4, 37, 121
* Akdar Mountains, 64
* Alaska-Siberia bridge, 74, 77–8
* Albert-Edward, Lake, 167
* Aleutian Islands, 96, 180, 205
* Algonkian folding, 55–6
* Alkaline rocks in Brazil and Africa, 45–6
* Alnöite, 45–6
* Alpine erosion, 161
* — peaks, level of, 130
* — ‘radiolarite,’ 20
* Alps, 4
* —, compression, 12
* Altaides, Transatlantic, 53
* Alteration of latitude in Germany, 109
* — — — of observatories, 118
* Altitudes, frequency, 28–31
* Amazon, River, 49
* Ami, H. M., 80
* Ampferer, O., 14, 157
* Andaman Islands, 187
* Andean folding, 3, 65, 72
* Andersson, G., 104
* Andes, 3, 164
* Andrée, K., 14, 21, 40, 54, 61, 88, 158
* Angenheister, G., 34–5
* Angola, 46
* Ankober, 168
* Annam, 64
* Anno Bom, 59
* Annual rings, 90
* Antarctica, 18, 65, 70, 74, 76–7, 84, 86–8, 179, 188
* Antarctic Andes, 70
* Antilles, 4, 180–1, 188, 192
* Appalachian Mountains, 53
* Arabia, 64
* Arakan, 187
* Aravali Mountains, 62
* Arber, E. A. N., 101, 149
* Archæan, 58
* Arching pressure, 16
* Ardennes, 54
* Argentine, 43, 46, 89
* Arid zones, 105–6
* Arldt, T., 18, 73, 77–81, 85, 88, 94, 106, 151, 155
* Armorican folding, 52, 56
* Ash tree, 92
* Asturian Eddy, 53
* Atacama Deep, 144
* Atlantic lavas, 140, 188; Ocean, 1, 140
* Atlas Mountains, 51
* Augite-andesite, 36
* Australia-East Antarctic bridge, 74
* — faunas, 85–9; coal, 101; pole, 99, 205
* Australian Cordilleras, 65
* Auvergne, 105
* Axis, displacement of earth’s, 93, 122–7
* Azores, 52
* Baden, coal, 105 Baikal, Lake, 63, 65
* Bali, 88
* Baltoro glacier, 161
* Banda Islands, 68
* Barus, C., 134
* Basalt, 36, 57, 63, 65, 133
* —, sheets of Deccan, 63
* Bass Straits, 70, 171
* Becke, F., 188
* Beech tree, 92
* Belgium, coal, 80
* Belle Isle, Straits of, 55, 57, 60
* Berbera, 168
* Bergeat, 139
* Bering Straits, 19, 77, 78
* Bertrand, C. E., 12, 53, 80
* Biafra, Bay of, 83
* Biological Arguments, 73–89
* Biscay, Bay of, 53
* Blocks, thickness of, 36–40
* Börgen, 115
* Borrass, 159
* Böse, E., 15, 185
* Boulder clay, 91
* Brandberg granite, 46
* Brazil, 1, 45–50, 83
* Brazilian Complex, 45
* Brenner, coal, 105
* Bresslau, E., 86
* Bridging-continents, 17–21, 26–7, 73–89
* Brittany, 53
* Brouwer, H. A., 45–7, 68, 155–6
* Buenos Aires, Sierras of, 43
* Bunsen, R., 36
* Burckhardt, 74, 87–8
* Burma, 64
* Burmeister, F., 116
* Buru, 68
* Buschmann, J. O., 105
* Bushveld Igneous Complex, 46
* Cable soundings, 39 Cabo Frio, 46
* Calamites, 92, 102
* Caledonian folding, 54, 56
* California, 184–6
* Calluna vulgaris, 81
* Cambrian, 58, 74–5
* Cameroons, 42, 48, 59
* Canadian folds, 54
* Canary Islands, 52, 175, 193
* Cape Mountains, 43
* Cape Cross, 46
* — Farewell, 117
* — Horn, 66
* — King William, 69
* — San Roque, 1, 42
* — Verde Islands, 52, 193
* Carboniferous, 2, 6–7, 52, 57–8, 74–80, 96–7, 99–110, 124–7, 205
* — coal, 101–5
* — equator, 101–5
* Cauliflorescence, 102
* Cayeux, L., 20
* Cedar Berge, 44
* Celebes, 69
* Cestodæ, 87
* Ceylon, 4, 86
* Chalk, 20
* Chemnitz, coal, 105
* Chestnut, 92
* Chihli, coal, 104
* China, coal, 104
* Clairaut, 202
* Clarke, 148
* Climate, evidences of, 90–111
* Cloos, H., 99, 136
* Coal, 91, 101–6
* Coast, types of, 188
* Coats Land, 70
* Coefficient of expansion of rocks, 12
* — of viscosity, 128
* Colberg, L., 8, 94–5
* Coleman, A. P., 47
* Compensation, 36, 161
* —, depth of, 36
* Compression, amount of, 12, 157
* Congo Channel, 178
* Continental blocks, 1–4, 15, 32, 36–7, 143, 146–8, 170–7, 195–6
* — margin, 173–89
* Contour statistics, 28
* Contraction theory, 11
* Copeland, 115
* Corals, 91, 106
* Cordilleras, Australian, 65
* —, Graham Land, 70
* Cretaceous, 2–3, 18, 45, 51, 66, 74–80, 92, 109–10
* Critical pressure of water, 138
* Cross, Whitman, 38
* Currents in Sima, 141–5
* Czuchov, borehole, 134
* Dacqué, E., 20, 55, 94, 96, 113 Damaraland, 46
* Dana, J. D., 11
* Danmarkshafen, 115
* Darling Range, 65
* Darwin, G. H., 9
* Davis, W. M., 94
* Dawson, Sir W., 80
* Day, A. L., 134
* Deccan, basalt sheets of, 63
* Deep-sea basins, origin of, 150
* — sand, 61
* — sediments, 140
* Depth of compensation, 36
* — of oceans, 139–41
* Devonian, 43, 52, 54, 57–8, 74–8, 87, 107–10, 124–5
* Diabase, 134
* Diamonds, 46, 62
* Didelphyidæ, 87
* Diener, C., 19, 74, 78, 82, 88
* Dingo, 88
* Displacement, amount of, 114
* Displacing forces, 190–205
* Doelter, C., 134, 136
* Dolerite, 46
* Drakensberg, 47
* Drake Straits, 71, 76
* Dredged samples, 35
* Drowned river-valleys (?), 177–8
* Drude, O., 84
* Drygalski, E., 61
* Dutton, 23
* Dwyka, see Permo-Carboniferous glaciation
* Ear-seals, 78 Earth, cause of heat of, 13
* —, figure of, 202
* —, magnetism of, 32
* —, section through, 148
* Ear-seals, temperatures in the, 13, 134—6
* Earth-worms, 78—9, 81, 86—7, 91
* Earthquake waves, velocity of, 33—5, 128
* East Africa, rift-valleys, 64, 166—172
* East Antarctica, 74, 188
* Easton, W., 68—9
* Ecca Beds, 4
* Echelon, folds in, 165—6, 100
* Echidna, 87
* Eckhardt, 94, 151
* Elm, 92
* England, coal, 80
* Engler, 83
* Eocene, map of world in, 6—7, and see Tertiary
* Eötvös, 194
* Epilophic sediments, 140
* Epochs, age of geological, 112—3
* Epstein, P. S., 196—7
* Equilibrium in crust, 22, and see Isostasy
* Erongo granite, 46
* Erosion, 161
* Euler, 122, 128
* Europe-North America bridge, 18, 74—82
* Evans, Sir J., 8, 94
* —, J. W., vii—xii, 50
* Expansion of rocks, coefficient of, 12
* — theory of mountains, 157—8
* Falkland Islands, Permo-carboniferous glaciation, 96, 101 Faroe Islands, 57
* Faye, 23
* Fernando Po, 59
* Ferns, tree-, 92, 101—2; climbing, 102
* Festoons of islands, 3—4, 143, 155, 178—84, 192
* Fiji Islands, 142—3
* Fiords, formation of, 177
* Fir trees, 92
* Fisher, O., 23
* Flattening at poles, 123—4
* Flat-worms, 86
* Florida, 4, 192
* Flows of sima, 141—5
* Fluidity, 129—34
* Folded Mountains, absence of in deep sea, 40
* Folds, 12, 107, 157—66
* — in echelon, 165—6, 180
* Forces, displacing, 190—205
* Foredeep, 162
* Fosse de Cap Breton, 178
* Fram, 173
* Frech, F., 75, 102, 104
* Frequency of different levels, 28—31
* Friedlaender, J., 33, 135
* Fritz, 75
* Fundamental Complex (South-west Africa), 45
* Fusion of granite, 136
* Gagel C., 52, 69, 175 Galle, 117
* Gangamopteris, 99
* Garden-snails, 81
* Gauss, 30
* Gauszberg, 70
* Geer, G. de, 22, 112—13
* Geiger, L., 128
* Gentil, L., 51
* Geographical homologies, 9
* Geological arguments, 42—72
* Geophysical arguments, 28—41
* Geoplanidæ, 86
* Geosynclinals, 154, 164
* Geothermal gradient, 33, 134—7
* Germany, alteration of latitude of, 109
* Gerth, H., 99, 107
* Gilbert, G. K., 38
* Ginkgo, 92
* Glacial Period, 18, 55, 109—13
* Glaciers, movement of, 132
* Glossopteris flora, 82, 85, 98—101
* Gneiss, 45, 48, 55, 62, 65
* Godavari coalfield, 65
* Golfier, 94
* Gondwana, see Karroo.
* — bridge, 18
* — strata, 44, 65
* Gothan, S., 149
* Goyaz Province, 45
* Graham Land, 4, 70
* Granite, 45–6, 59; fusion of, 136
* Grape-vine, 92
* Gravity, 23
* — anomalies, 159
* —, disturbance on continental margin, 173
* —, — over Tonga Deep, 145
* —, in mountains, 158–60
* —, on islands, 175
* —, on oceans, 23–4, 32
* Greenland, 57, 205; displacement of, 114–7
* —, flora of, 82
* —, north-western, 57–8; north-eastern, 57
* Greenwich Observatory, 118
* Gregory, J. W., 177
* Grinnell Land, 58
* Griqualand, 47
* Grisebach, 84
* Groll, 29, 139
* Guelder rose, 92
* Guiana, 49
* Guinea Coast, 83
* Günther, S., 118
* Gutenberg, B., 128–9
* Gypsum, 105
* Hall, A., 118–19 Hall, J., 163–4
* Halle, J., 101
* Handlirsch, A., 75, 106
* Hansen, 94
* Haug, E., 61, 75, 164, 175
* Hawaian Islands, 84–5, 179
* Hawthorn, 92
* Hayden, H. H., 37
* Hayford, F. J., 24, 36–7
* Heather, 81
* Hebrides, 55, 57
* Hecker, O., 23, 145, 171
* Hedley, 85, 143
* Heil, 124
* Heim, Albert, 11–12, 15, 24, 112, 157, 160
* Helium, 113
* Helmert, F. R., 23–4, 36, 173–4, 202–3
* Herder, 93
* Hergesell, H., 16
* Heyde, H., 71
* Himalayas, 63
* —, attraction of, 23
* Hindu Kush, 64
* Hippopotamus, 62
* Historical remarks, 5–10
* Hohes Venn, 54
* Homologies, geographical, 9
* Hough, 128
* Hudson River, 177
* Hunan, coal, 104
* Hypsometric curve, 29
* — —, at different times, 152–3
* Icebergs, tabular, 31 Iceland, 57, 60, 81
* Ice-sheet, depression due to, 22–3, 121
* —, moraines, 55, 91
* —, thickness of, 22, 121
* Igneous rocks in Brazil and S. Africa, 45
* Ihering, H., 75
* Imbricated sheet folding, 12
* India, 2, 18, 62, 65, 86
* India-Madagascar bridge, 74
* Indian Ocean, 140–2, 203
* Insects, wings of fossil, 106
* Intrusion theory of mountains, 158
* Ireland, 2, 53, 57, 60, 81
* Irmscher, 79
* Irwin River, 65
* Island festoons, 3–4, 143, 155, 178–84, 192
* Islands, 31, 175
* —, rows of, in Pacific, 151–2
* Isobase maps, 22
* Isostasy, 23–6, 120–1, 130, 160–2
* Itatiaya, 46
* Ivy, 92
* Jacobitti, E., 95 Japan, 81, 88, 181
* Java, 68
* Jaworski, E., 51, 83
* Joly, J., 13
* Jordan Valley, 64
* Juan Fernandez, 84
* Jurassic, 2, 18, 46, 51, 66, 74–80, 92, 109–10
* Kampar, River, 102 Kamtschatka, 180
* “Kanadische Kaledoniden,” 54
* Kaoko Formation, 46
* “Karbon-äquator,” 104
* “Karbon-ring,” 104
* Karpinsky, A., 75
* Karroo Beds, 44, 46–7, 82, 85, 99–100
* Katzer, 75
* Kayser, E., 11–12, 15, 94, 139, 150
* Keidel, H., 43–4, 49–50
* —, J., = Keidel, H., 43
* Kelvin, Lord, 13, 122
* Kerner, F., 97
* Kimberlite pipes, 46
* Kiwu, Lake, 167
* Klebelsberg, R., 63, 80
* Kober, L., 11
* Koch, J. P., 114–17
* —, Lauge-, 58
* Kohlschütter, E., 170
* Koken, E., 75, 97
* Königsberger, J., 113
* Königsberg observatory, 118
* Köppen, W., 19, 100–1, 109, 121, 124, 194
* Korana Mountains, 62
* Kossinna, E., 28, 139
* Kostinsky, 119
* Koszmat, F., 14, 21, 23, 53, 75, 94, 125, 157–60, 163
* Kreichgauer, D., 8, 10, 94–5, 102–4, 124, 190
* Krümmel, O., 28–9, 35–6, 39, 140
* Kühn, F., 71–2
* Kuriles, 180
* Labrador, 55, 60 Lambert, W. D., 119, 197–8
* Land-bridges, 17–22, 73–89
* Laplace, 122–3, 202
* Lapparent, A. de, 75
* Lateral (horizontal) displacements, 58, 166
* Laterite, 91
* Latitude variations, 109–10, 118–19; and see Euler
* Lauge-Koch, 58
* Lawson, A. C., 186
* Layers in the earth, 129
* Lemoine, P., 48, 62
* Lemuria, 18, 85
* —, compression of, 2–3, 64, 191
* Lepidodendra, 92, 102
* Level of Alpine peaks, 130
* Levels, frequency of different, 28–31
* Liapunow, 9
* Lignier, O., 149
* Lime-tree, 92
* Limit of trees, 90, 100
* Linstowia, 87
* Lipari, 139
* Lissner, H., 159
* Löffelholz von Colberg, 8, 94–5
* Lombok, 88
* Longitude, difference Europe-North America, 117–18
* — — Greenland-Europe, 114–7
* Loukaschewitsch, 130
* Lower Nubian Sandstone, 108
* Lozinski, W., 155
* Lüderitzland, 46
* Lugeon, M., 12
* Lyell, C., 16, 21
* Macassar, Straits of, 88 Madagascar, 18, 62–4, 86, 142, 188
* Madeira, 52
* Magma reservoirs, 153
* Magnetism, 32–3
* Magnolia, 92
* Malacca, 64
* Malmesbury System, 45
* Manatus, 83–4
* Manchuria, coal, 104
* Maorian mountains chains, 66
* Maple, 92
* Marginal chains, movements, 184–6
* Marshall Islands, 179
* Marsupials, 86
* Mass-defect, 160
* Massowa, 168
* Matsap Beds, 47
* Matthew, W. D., 75
* Matto Grosso Province, 46
* Maxwell, J. C., 132–3
* Meissner, O., 188
* Melting-point of rocks, 134–7
* Melville Island, plant remains, 104
* Mendoza Province, 43
* Meridional rifts, 172, 193
* Mesosauridæ, 82, 107
* Meyer, O. E., 167
* Michael, 134
* Michaelson, W., 78–9, 86
* Mid-Atlantic, submarine bank, 61
* Milaggo, 139
* Milankovitch, 112
* Milan observatory, 118
* Minas Geraes Province, 45
* — Series, 45
* Miocene, see Tertiary
* Mohn, 24
* Molengraaff, G. A. F., 67–9
* Mönch tunnel, 134
* Mongolia, 63
* Monotremata, 86
* Moraines, terminal, 55
* Moscow, coal, 105
* Mountain-building, 3, 12, 157–8, 197, 199
* Mountain peaks, common level in Alps, 130
* Mozambique Channel, 62
* Mylius-Erichsen, L., 114–5
* Nanshan, River, coal, 104 Naples observatory, 118
* Nappes, see Sheet folding.
* Nathorst, A. G., 82, 94
* Nautilus, 78
* Nellore, Ghats of, 62
* Neumayr, M., 75, 94, 167
* Neunkirchen, Devonian coal, 108
* Neu-Pommern = New Britain, 68–9, 143–4
* New Britain, 68–9, 143–4
* Newcomb, 128
* Newfoundland, 2, 53, 57, 60
* — Bank, 42, 53, 60
* New Guinea, 67–9, 77, 143
* — —, depth chart of, 67
* — Hebrides, 143
* — York State, 57
* — Zealand, 66, 70, 77, 86, 111, 143
* Nicobar Islands, 187
* Nife, 146, 148
* Niger River, 48
* — —, estuary of, 59
* Nippoldt, A., 32
* North America-South America bridge, 74, 77
* North America, coal, 80, 105–6
* Norway, 57
* Nova Scotia, 53
* Nyassa, Lake, 167
* Oak, 92 Oblateness of the earth, 123–4
* Observatories, alteration of latitude of, 118–9
* Obst, E., 168
* Ocean deeps, 144, 179, 181
* —, floor of, 4, 138
* —, — —, smoothness of, 38
* Oceans, depths of, 139–41
* —, origin of, 150–1
* Oldham, R. D., 94
* Old Red Sandstone, 57, 107
* Oligocene, see Tertiary
* Omori, F., 34
* Opossum, 87
* Orange River, 47
* Ordovician, 58
* Orleans Conglomerate, 47
* Ortmann, A. E., 75
* Osborn, H. F., 75
* Oscillations of poles, 122–8
* “Otago saddle,” 70
* Overfolding or sheet-folding, 12, 166
* Overthrusts, 12, 63, 166
* Pacific lavas, 140, 188; Ocean, 3, 9, 151–2 Palæocene, see Tertiary
* Palæoclimatic arguments, 90–111
* Palæontological arguments, 73–89
* Palms, 90, 92
* Panama bridge, 74, 77
* Pangæa, 192
* Panthalassa, 149
* Paraguay, 46
* Parana Province, 46
* — River, 49
* Paris observatory, 118
* Paruschowitz, borehole, 134
* Passarge, S., 51, 107
* Patagonia, 51, 70
* Pearl-mussel, 81
* Peat-bogs, 101
* Penck, A., 21, 40, 54, 97, 111–12, 130, 149
* —, W., 158, 188
* Pendulation theory, 95
* Perameles, 87
* Perch, 81
* Periods of time, 112–14
* Peripheral magma reservoirs, 153
* Perlewitz, P., 144
* Permanence doctrine, 20–7
* Permian, 45, 74–9, 82, 97, 99, 105–7, 109–10, 205
* Permo-Carboniferous, see Karroo.
* — glaciation, 43–4, 47, 72, 96–9, 101
* Peter the Great Mountains, 63
* Pfeffer, G., 18, 36
* Pheretima, 88
* Pickering, W. H., 9
* Pilandsberg, 46
* Pine, 92
* Pitch, 132
* Plane tree, 92
* Pleistocene, see Quaternary
* Pliocene, see Tertiary
* Poços de Caldas, 46
* Point Arena, 186
* Polar flattening, 123–4
* Poles, displacement of, 120, 122–3, 203–5
* —, drift from, 3, 67, 190–1
* —, — —, force of, 194–9
* —, oscillations of, 122–8
* —, position of, at different periods, 109
* Poplar, 92
* Potamochœrus, 62
* Potonié, H., 102, 149
* —, R., 101
* Pratt, 23–4, 37, 173
* Precession, effect of, 200–2
* Precordilleras, 3, 43
* Pressures on continental margin, 175–7
* Prince’s Island, 59
* Probability, principles of, 56
* Pulkowa observatory, 119
* Quaternary, Pleistocene and Recent, 2, 6–7, 74–80, 82, 88, 101, 109, 205 — glaciation, 55, 109–13
* Quitzow, 134
* Raclot, 32 Radiolarites, Alpine, 20
* Radium, 13–4, 141
* Raised beaches, former shore lines, 22
* Raleigh, Lord, see Strutt.
* Ramann, E., 102
* Reade, T. M., 164
* Recent, see Quaternary
* Reconstructed maps of the world, 6–7
* Recumbent folds, see Sheet folding
* “Red Beds,” 107
* Red Sea, 64, 167–8, 171
* Regressions, 124–7
* Reibisch, P., 94–5, 124
* Reptiles (Europe-North America), 79
* Reyer, E., 14
* Rhine Valley, 193
* Richthofen, F., 183
* Rift valleys, 166–72
* Rio de Janeiro, 46
* Rio Grande do Sul, 46
* Robeson Channel, 58
* Rome observatory, 118
* Rücker, A. W., 32
* Rudzki, M. P., 9, 13–14, 22, 113, 121–2, 175, 186
* Ruhr district, coal, 80
* Russisi, River, 167
* Rustenberg district, 46
* Sabine, 115 Sago-palms, 92
* St. Gotthard tunnel, 134
* St. Lawrence River, 60, 177
* St. Thomas, 59
* Sal, 36
* Salt, 91, 105
* Salter, J. W., 80
* Sands, deep-sea, 61
* Sandstones as evidence of climate, 91
* San Francisco, earthquake fault, 186
* San Juan Province, 43
* Santa Catharina Province, 46
* — — System, 46–7
* Saõ Paulo Province, 46
* Sapper, K., 69
* Scandinavia, elevation of, 22–3, 121
* Schardt, H., 12
* Scharff, R. F., 82
* Schiaparelli, G. V., 123
* Schiötz, 173
* Schmidt, A., 33
* Schott, G., 61, 144, 178
* Schuchert, C., 75
* Schwarz, E. H. L., 9, 200
* Schwarzschild, 9
* Schweydar, W., 24, 37, 128–9, 131, 137, 198–203, 205
* Scoresby Sound, 42, 57
* Scotland, 57, 82
* Scottish Highlands, 54
* Sea-cow, 83
* Sealing-wax, 129, 131, 133, 141, 165
* Seals, 78
* Section through a sial block, 153
* — — the earth, 148
* Sediments, oceanic, 139–40
* —, shallow water origin of, 20–1
* —, thickness of, 148
* See, 9
* Seismic waves, velocity of, 33–5, 128
* Semper, M., 82, 94, 105, 124
* Sequoia, 92
* Serra de Tingua, 46
* — do Gericino, 45–6
* — do Mar, 45
* — Geral, 47
* Seychelles, 59, 141
* Shallow water connections, 19
* — — origin of sedimentary rocks, 20–1
* Shansi, coal, 104
* Shantung, coal, 104
* Sheet folding, 12
* Shelf-bridges, 19
* Shelves, 2, 177
* Shire, River, 167
* Shore-lines, former, 22
* Shrinkage, 11
* Sial, 36–41, 59, 133, 136–7, 141, 146–56, 160–1, 165
* — block, section through, 153
* Sialsphere, 146–56
* Siboga Bank, 68
* Sierras of Buenos Aires, 43
* Sigillaria, 102
* Silurian, 52, 54, 58, 74–8
* Sima, 36–41, 131–7, 153–4, 160–1, 165
* Simplon tunnel, 134
* Simroth, H., 87–8, 94–5
* Sino-Australian continent, 83
* Skottsberg, C., 84
* Sliding of marginal chains, 184
* Sloe trees, 92
* Smith Sound, 58
* Smoothness of ocean floor, 38–41
* Snails, 81
* Snow line in Tasmania and New Zealand, 111
* Society Islands, 179
* Soft solids, 132
* Sokolow, N. A., 119
* Solidity, 129–34
* Solomon Islands, 143
* Somaliland peninsula, 59, 64
* Sörgel, W., 26, 30, 88
* Soundings for cable, 39
* South America, tectonic map, 50
* South Antillean curve, 71
* South Atlantic, congruency of coasts, 1
* South Georgia, 72
* South Orkneys, 72
* South Polar Expedition (Drygalski), 61
* South Sandwich Islands, 71
* Spain, 52, 81
* Sparganophilus, 79
* Specific gravity of sial and sima, 37–9
* Spitaler, 128
* Spitsbergen, 42, 57, 92, 104
* Steinmann, G., 112, 149
* Streams in sima, 141–5
* Stremme, H., 102
* Strike-lines in Brazil and Africa, 48–9
* Stromer, 82–4
* Strutt (Lord Raleigh), 13, 113
* Stübel, 153
* Submarine bank, 61
* — effusions of lava, 139
* — folded mountains, 39–41
* Submerged valleys, supposed, 177–8
* Submergence to deep sea floor, 16, 25
* Sudan, 48
* Suess, E., 11, 36, 49, 51–4, 62, 66, 146, 155
* Sula Besi, 69
* Sulaiman Mountains, 64
* Sumatra, 64, 69, 187
* Sunda Islands, 67–8, 89, 93
* Surfaces of discontinuity, 129
* Svakopmund, 46
* Swamp-cypress, 92
* Swaziland System, 45
* Szechwan, coal, 104
* Tabular icebergs, 31 Tallow, 133
* Tams, E., 33–5, 186
* Tanganyika, Lake, 167–9
* Tapering by continents southwards, 172
* Tapir, 93
* Tasmania, 89
* —, Pleistocene snow-line, 111
* Taylor, F. B., 9, 94, 190
* Taxodium, 92
* Tear-fault, see lateral displacement.
* Tectonic map of South America, 50
* — — of West Africa, 48
* Temperature in interior of earth, 12–4, 134–6
* Termier, P., 54
* Terminal moraines, 55, 110
* Terrestrial Magnetism, 32–3
* Tertiary, including Palæocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene, 2–3, 13, 18, 51–2, 60, 62–3, 66, 70–2, 74–82, 92–4, 109–10, 113, 205
* Thar Desert, 62
* Thickness of continental blocks, 36–8
* Thompson, Sir W., see Kelvin, Lord.
* Thrusts, see Overthrusts.
* Tibet, 63
* Tidal friction, 200
* Tides in the earth, 128
* Tienshan System, 63
* Tierra del Fuego, 4, 71, 84, 89
* Tierra del Fuego-West Antarctica bridge, 74
* Tillite, 47
* Tilmann, N., 54
* Time, lapse of geological, 112–14
* Times of transit of earthquake waves, 33–5
* Timor, 68
* Togoland, 96
* Toit, A. L. du, 47
* Tonga Deep, 145
* — ridge, 143
* Trabert, 28–9
* Transatlantic Altaides, 53
* — longitude determinations, 114–18
* Transgressions of the sea, 124–7, 203
* Transit of earthquake waves, times of, 33–5
* Transvaal, 46
* Tree-ferns, 92, 101
* Trees, limit of, 90, 100
* Trend lines in Brazil and Africa, 48–9
* Trias, 62, 74–9, 82, 109–10
* Triaxial ellipsoid, 202
* Trigonia, 78
* Triulzi, 171
* Tundra-flora, 90, 100
* Ubisch, L., 20, 78, 80 Uhlig, V., 75, 167
* United States, coal, 80, 105–6
* Upper Carboniferous, map of, 6–7
* Upper Silesia, coal, 80, 105
* Uruguay, 46
* Valdivia Expedition, 61 Validity of theory, probability of, 56
* Vellakonda Mountains, 62
* Victoria Land, 70
* — Nyanza, Lake, 168
* Viscosity, coefficient of, 128–9
* — of the earth, 120–37
* Vogt, J. H. L., 134
* Volcanoes, 59, 153–6
* Vulcanicity of festoons, 155–6
* Vulcano, 139
* Vuuren, L. van, 68
* Waagen, L., 98, 125 Wagner, H., 28–9
* Walcott, C. D., 80
* Wallace, A. R., 85, 87–8
* Walnut, 92
* Walther, J., 94, 151
* Wanner, B., 69
* Warming, 82
* Washington observatory, 118
* Water-lilies, 92
* Wax, 133
* West Antarctica, 70, 179, 188
* Westward drift of continents, 191–3, 199–202
* Wetter, 68
* Wettstein, H., 8, 200
* Whitman Cross, 38
* Wiechert, 129
* Wilckens, O., 66, 70, 77
* Wilde, H., 32–3
* Willis, B., 21, 26, 75, 176
* Windhausen, A., 51
* Wittich, E., 185
* Wolft, H., 13
* Woodworth, J. B., 47
* Yap Deep, 144 Yew tree, 92
* Yokoyama, M., 94
* Zawadowski Island, 72 Zones of Earth’s interior, 129, 148
* Zschokke, 86
* Zwarte Berge, 43
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