OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/de la Rue, Thomas

​DE LA RUE, THOMAS (1793–1866), printer, was born on 24 March 1793 in Guernsey, in which island he was educated, and apprenticed at an early age to a printer and publisher named Chevalier. In 1815 he was in business in connection with a brother-in-law, named Champion. This firm published ‘La Liturgie,’ illustrated by engravings on steel, from paintings by R. Westall, R.A., and they also issued a newspaper. Not long after this De la Rue was in London, and appears to have been engaged in the manufacture of straw hats. These, however, went out of fashion, and his inventive faculties led him to introduce bonnets of embossed paper. These for a time were a great success, and they led De la Rue into the card and ornamental paper trade, and thus established the well-known house of De la Rue & Sons. De la Rue introduced the extensive use of sulphate of barytes as a pigment, being a substitute for white lead, and the beautifully white enamel which is now generally used upon the superior kinds of cards is a barytes white. He introduced several new printing inks, and invented the embossing of bookbinders' cloths and paperhangings. Among many other novelties, he patented sundry improvements in playing-cards and the fixing of iridescent films on paper. He commanded the talents of the best artists of the day, and he was lavish in the expenditure of money to secure the highest excellency in every branch of art manufacture which he brought into his works.
He was a man of considerable taste, and had collected many articles of virtu. His collection of Wedgwood ware was regarded as an exceedingly good one. It was sold after his death at Christie's. In the Great Exhibition of 1851 De la Rue acted as deputy-chairman to Class XVII. (paper, printing, and bookbinding) and joint reporter. In 1855 the firm, of which he was the senior partner, received from the French the grand gold medal of honour, and De la Rue was created chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He died in 1866.
R. H-t.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Zuccarelli, Francesco

​ZUCCARELLI or ZUCCHERELLI, FRANCESCO (1702–1788), landscape-painter, was born at Pitigliano in Tuscany in 1702. He studied first under Paolo Anesi at Florence, and then under Giovanni and Pietro Nelli at Rome. He began as an historical painter, but afterwards confined himself to decorative landscape with figures in a pretty but insipid style, which became popular throughout Europe. On the recommendation of Joseph Smith (1682–1770) [q. v.], the British consul at Venice, he visited England. After staying five years in London, during which he was employed as scene-painter at the Opera House and painted some views on the Thames and some subjects from Shakespeare, he returned to Venice. He came to England again in 1752. He belonged to the Incorporated Society of British Artists, and was one of the foundation members of the Royal Academy. He was patronised by the royal family and the nobility. Frederick, prince of Wales, bought a great many of his works, which now fill a room at Windsor Castle. Many of his pictures were engraved by Vivares, Byrne, Woollett, Bartolozzi, and others. Five of his pictures are in the Glasgow Gallery, one in that of Edinburgh, and there is a tempera drawing by him in the South Kensington Museum. Other works by him are to be found in the Louvre, the Hermitage at St. Petersburg, the Brera at Milan, and other public galleries throughout Europe. He was a friend of Canaletti, who sometimes painted the buildings in his landscapes. He discovered the genius of Richard Wilson [q. v.] for landscape-painting, and persuaded him to leave portrait-painting for that branch of art. He returned to Italy in 1773, and was ruined by the suppression of a monastery in which he had invested his savings. He died at Florence in 1788. In the early part of his life he made some etchings after the designs of Andrea del Sarto and others.
C. M.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Abihud

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Abihud father (i.e., "possessor") of renown. (1.) One of the sons of Bela, the son of Benjamin (1 Chr. 8:3); called also Ahihud (ver. 7).
(2.) A descendant of Zerubbabel and father of Eliakim (Matt. 1:13, "Abiud"); called also Juda (Luke 3:26), and Obadiah (1 Chr. 3:21).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Abijah

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Abijah father (i.e., "possessor or worshipper") of Jehovah. (1.) 1 Chr. 7:8. (2.) 1 Chr. 2:24.
(3.) The second son of Samuel (1 Sam. 8:2; 1 Chr. 6:28). His conduct, along with that of his brother, as a judge in Beer-sheba, to which office his father had appointed him, led to popular discontent, and ultimately provoked the people to demand a royal form of government.
(4.) A descendant of Eleazar, the son of Aaron, a chief of one of the twenty-four orders into which the priesthood was divided by David (1 Chr. 24:10). The order of Abijah was one of those which did not return from the Captivity (Ezra 2:36-39; Neh. 7:39-42; 12:1).
(5.) The son of Rehoboam, whom he succeeded on the throne of Judah (1 Chr. 3:10). He is also called Abijam (1 Kings 14:31; 15:1-8). He began his three years' reign (2 Chr. 12:16; 13:1, 2) with a strenuous but unsuccessful effort to bring back the ten tribes to their allegiance. His address to "Jeroboam and all Israel," before encountering them in battle, is worthy of being specially noticed (2 Chr. 13:5-12). It was a very bloody battle, no fewer than 500,000 of the army of Israel having perished on the field. He is described as having walked "in all the sins of his father" (1 Kings 15:3; 2 Chr. 11:20-22). It is said in 1 Kings 15:2 that "his mother's name was Maachah, the daughter of Abishalom;" but in 2 Chr. 13:2 we read, "his mother's name was Michaiah, the daughter of Uriel of Gibeah." The explanation is that Maachah is just a variation of the name Michaiah, and that Abishalom is probably the same as Absalom, the son of David. It is probable that "Uriel of Gibeah" married Tamar, the daughter of Absalom (2 Sam. 14:27), and by her had Maachah. The word "daughter" in 1 Kings 15:2 will thus, as it frequently elsewhere does, mean grand-daughter.
(6.) A son of Jeroboam, the first king of Israel. On account of his severe illness when a youth, his father sent his wife to consult the prophet Ahijah regarding his recovery. The prophet, though blind with old age, knew the wife of Jeroboam as soon as she approached, and under a divine impulse he announced to her that inasmuch as in Abijah alone of all the house of Jeroboam there was found "some good thing toward the Lord," he only would come to his grave in peace. As his mother crossed the threshold of the door on her return, the youth died, and "all Israel mourned for him" (1 Kings 14:1-18).
(7.) The daughter of Zechariah (2 Chr. 29:1; comp. Isa. 8:2), and afterwards the wife of Ahaz. She is also called Abi (2 Kings 18:2).
(8.) One of the sons of Becher, the son of Benjamin (1 Chr. 7:8). "Abiah," A.V.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Abimael

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Abimael father of Mael, one of the sons or descendants of Joktan, in Northern Arabia Gen. 10:28; 1 Chr. 1:22).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Abijam

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Abijam father of the sea; i.e., "seaman" the name always used in Kings of the king of Judah, the son of Rehoboam, elsewhere called Abijah (1 Kings 15:1, 7, 8). (See ABIJAH)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Abinadab

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Abinadab father of nobleness; i.e., "noble." (1.) A Levite of Kirjath-jearim, in whose house the ark of the covenant was deposited after having been brought back from the land of the Philistines (1 Sam. 7:1). It remained there twenty years, till it was at length removed by David (1 Sam. 7:1, 2; 1 Chr. 13:7).
(2.) The second of the eight sons of Jesse (1 Sam. 16:8). He was with Saul in the campaign against the Philistines in which Goliath was slain (1 Sam. 17:13).
(3.) One of Saul's sons, who perished with his father in the battle of Gilboa (1 Sam. 31:2; 1 Chr. 10:2).
(4.) One of Solomon's officers, who "provided victuals for the king and his household." He presided, for this purpose, over the district of Dor (1 Kings 4:11).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Abilene

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Abilene A plain, a district lying on the east slope of the Anti-Lebanon range; so called from its chief town, Abila (Luke 3:1), which stood in the Suk Wady Barada, between Heliopolis (Baalbec) and Damascus, 38 miles from the former and 18 from the latter. Lysanias was governor or tetrarch of this province.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Abinoam

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Abinoam father of kindness, the father of Barak (Judg. 4:6; 5:1).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Abiram

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Abiram father of height; i.e; "proud." (1) One of the sons of Eliab, who joined Korah in the conspiracy against Moses and Aaron. He and all the conspirators, with their families and posessions (except the children of Korah), were swallowed up by an earthquake (Num. 16:1-27; 26:9; Ps. 106:17).
(2) The eldest son of Hiel the Bethelite, who perished prematurely in consequence of his father's undertaking to rebuild Jericho (1 Kings 16:34), according to the words of (Joshua 6:26). See JERICHO
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Abihu

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Abihu, father of Him; i.e., "worshipper of God", the second of the sons of Aaron Ex 6:23 Le 3:2 26:60 1Ch 6:3 Along with his three brothers he was consecrated to the priest's office Ex 28:1 With his father and elder brother he accompanied the seventy elders part of the way up the mount with Moses Ex 24:1,9 On one occasion he and Nadab his brother offered incense in their censers filled with "strange" (i.e., common) fire, i.e., not with fire taken from the great brazen altar Le 6:9 etc., and for this offence they were struck dead, and were taken out and buried without the camp Le 10:1-11 comp. Nu 3:4 26:61 1Ch 24:2 It is probable that when they committed this offence they were intoxicated, for immediately after is given the law prohibiting the use of wine or strong drink to the priests.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Citizenship

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Citizenship
The right of citizenship under the Roman government was granted by the emperor to individuals, and sometimes to provinces, as a favour or as a recompense for services rendered to the state, or for a sum of money (Acts 22:28). This "freedom" secured privileges equal to those enjoyed by natives of Rome. Among the most notable of these was the provision that a man could not be bound or imprisoned without a formal trial (Acts 22:25, 26), or scourged (16:37). All Roman citizens had the right of appeal to Caesar (25:11).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Churl

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Cistern

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Cistern
Empty cisterns were sometimes used as prisons (Jer. 38:6; Lam. 3:53; Ps. 40:2; 69:15). The "pit" into which Joseph was cast (Gen. 37:24) was a beer or dry well. There are numerous remains of ancient cisterns in all parts of Palestine.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Cinnereth

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Circuit

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* Song
* Ecc
* Isa
* Jer
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* Ezek
* Dan
* Hos
* Joel
* Am
* Ob
* Jnh
* Mic
* Nah
* Habk
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* Zech
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* 1Cor
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Circuit
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Circumcision

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Circumcision
As a rite of the church it ceased when the New Testament times began (Gal. 6:15; Col. 3:11). Some Jewish Christians sought to impose it, however, on the Gentile converts; but this the apostles resolutely resisted (Acts 15:1; Gal. 6:12). Our Lord was circumcised, for it "became him to fulfil all righteousness," as of the seed of Abraham, according to the flesh; and Paul "took and circumcised" Timothy (Acts 16:3), to avoid giving offence to the Jews. It would render Timothy's labours more acceptable to the Jews. But Paul would by no means consent to the demand that Titus should be circumcised (Gal. 2:3-5). The great point for which he contended was the free admission of uncircumcised Gentiles into the church. He contended successfully in behalf of Titus, even in Jerusalem.
In the Old Testament a spiritual idea is attached to circumcision. It was the symbol of purity (Isa. 52:1). We read of uncircumcised lips (Ex. 6:12, 30), ears (Jer. 6:10), hearts (Lev. 26:41). The fruit of a tree that is unclean is spoken of as uncircumcised (Lev. 19:23).
It was a sign and seal of the covenant of grace as well as of the national covenant between God and the Hebrews. (1.) It sealed the promises made to Abraham, which related to the commonwealth of Israel, national promises. (2.) But the promises made to Abraham included the promise of redemption (Gal. 3:14), a promise which has come upon us. The covenant with Abraham was a dispensation or a specific form of the covenant of grace, and circumcision was a sign and seal of that covenant. It had a spiritual meaning. It signified purification of the heart, inward circumcision effected by the Spirit (Deut. 10:16; 30:6; Ezek. 44:7; Acts 7:51; Rom. 2:28; Col. 2:11). Circumcision as a symbol shadowing forth sanctification by the Holy Spirit has now given way to the symbol of baptism (q.v.). But the truth embodied in both ordinances is ever the same, the removal of sin, the sanctifying effects of grace in the heart.
Under the Jewish dispensation, church and state were identical. No one could be a member of the one without also being a member of the other. Circumcision was a sign and seal of membership in both. Every circumcised person bore thereby evidence that he was one of the chosen people, a member of the church of God as it then existed, and consequently also a member of the Jewish commonwealth.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/City

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* Job
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* Ecc
* Isa
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City
A fenced city was a city surrounded by fortifications and high walls, with watch-towers upon them (2 Chr. 11:11; Deut. 3:5). There was also within the city generally a tower to which the citizens might flee when danger threatened them (Judg. 9:46-52).
A city with suburbs was a city surrounded with open pasture-grounds, such as the forty-eight cities which were given to the Levites (Num. 35:2-7). There were six cities of refuge, three on each side of Jordan, namely, Kadesh, Shechem, Hebron, on the west of Jordan; and on the east, Bezer, Ramoth-gilead, and Golan. The cities on each side of the river were nearly opposite each other. The regulations concerning these cities are given in Num. 35:9-34; Deut. 19:1-13; Ex. 21:12-14.
When David reduced the fortress of the Jebusites which stood on Mount Zion, he built on the site of it a palace and a city, which he called by his own name (1 Chr. 11:5), the city of David. Bethlehem is also so called as being David's native town (Luke 2:4).
Jerusalem is called the Holy City, the holiness of the temple being regarded as extending in some measure over the whole city (Neh. 11:1).
Pithom and Raamses, built by the Israelites as "treasure cities," were not places where royal treasures were kept, but were fortified towns where merchants might store their goods and transact their business in safety, or cities in which munitions of war were stored. (See [118]PITHOM.)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Chushan-rishathaim

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Chushan-rishathaim