OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Mistral, Frédéric

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MISTRAL, FRÉDÉRIC (mēs-träl′), a Provençal poet; born a peasant's son, near Maillaune, Bouches-du-Rhône, France, Sept. 8, 1830. He studied law at Avignon, but abandoned it for poetry. In 1859 he published the epic “Mirèio” written in his native Provençal dialect. This charming representation of life in southern France made his name famous and gained for him the poet's prize of the French Academy and the cross of the Legion of Honor. It also led to the formation of the society called Lou Felibrige, to create a modern Provençal literature. In 1867 Mistral published a second epic, “Calendou”; in 1876 a volume of poems, “Lis Iselo d'Or” (Golden Islands); and a novel, “Netro.” Died 1914.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Mitau

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MITAU (mē′tou), the capital of Courland, on the right bank of the Aa, 27 miles S. W. of Riga; has a castle, begun by Biron in 1738, and important manufactures, and a trade in grain and timber; founded in 1271 by the grandmaster of the Teutonic Knights. From 1798 to 1807 it offered an asylum to Louis XVIII. Pop. about 40,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Mitchel, John

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MITCHEL, JOHN, an Irish patriot; born the son of a Presbyterian minister, in Dungiven, County Derry, Ireland, Nov. 3, 1815. Soon after the formation of the Young Ireland party, and the starting of the “Nation,” in 1842, Mitchel began to contribute, and became assistant editor. In 1848 Mitchel started the “United Irishman.” For his violent articles he was tried on a charge of treason-felony and sentenced to 14 years' transportation. He was sent to Van Dieman's Land, whence he made his escape to the United States in 1853. Books were: “Life of Hugh O'Neill, Prince of Ulster” (1845); “History of Ireland from the Treaty of Limerick” (1868). In 1874 he returned unmolested to Ireland, and was elected to Parliament for Tipperary, but declared ineligible. Again elected, he died in Cork, Ireland, March 20, 1875.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Parker, Theodore

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
PARKER, THEODORE, an American theologian; born in Lexington, Mass., in 1810. He entered Harvard College in 1830, continuing, however, for a time to work on his father's farm; afterward teaching school at Boston. In 1834 he entered the Theological School. He was chosen, in 1837, minister of a Unitarian congregation at West Roxbury. He had there leisure for study, and read extensively, enjoying the society of Dr. Channing. His views of Christianity had diverged considerably from the standard of his sect, and great excitement was occasioned by his sermon “On the Transient and Permanent in
Christianity,” preached in 1841. Wearied with the bitterness and opposition of his adversaries, he visited Europe in 1843. The prejudice against him led to his quitting West Roxbury, and settling at Boston in 1846, as minister of the Twenty-eighth Congregational Society. In the following year he became joint-editor with Emerson and Cabot of the “Massachusetts Quarterly Review.” He distinguished himself as the fearless opponent of the Fugitive Slave Law and sheltered slaves in his own house. He was very active as a public lecturer on various political and social topics, and was the correspondent of many eminent men. Early in 1859 he was compelled to relinquish his duties and seek health in France and Italy. His earliest published work was the “Discourse of Matters Pertaining to Religion” (1847). It has been widely read in Europe as well as in America, and is one of the most important contributions to religious philosophy. Among his other works are: “Critical and Miscellaneous Writings”; “Theism, Atheism, and the Popular Theology”; “Discourses of Politics”; “Experiences as a Minister,” etc. He died in Florence in 1860.
THEODORE PARKER
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Patrician

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
PATRICIAN, a Roman senator; a person of noble birth; a nobleman; a wealthy noble. Also one who is familiar with the writings of the early fathers of the Church; one versed in patristic learning. The Roman patricians consisted of about 300 gentes, houses, or clans, who, descending from the first Roman senators, constituted the aristocracy of the city and territory. At first the patricians monopolized all high offices in the state, but after political contests with the plebeians, lasting for centuries, Licinius (365 B. C.) carried his rogation, by which plebeians were admitted to the consulate and to the custody of the Sibylline books.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pearl

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
PEARL, a peculiar product of certain marine and freshwater mollusks or shellfish. Most of the molluscous animals which are aquatic and reside in shells are provided with a fluid secretion with which they line their shells, and give to the otherwise harsh granular material of the shell a smooth surface, which prevents any unpleasant friction. The material in its hardened condition is called nacre by zoölogists, and by dealers mother-of-pearl. Detached and generally spherical or rounded portions of the nacre are often found on opening the shells, due to the intrusion of a grain of sand or other substance, which, by irritating the tender body of the animal, obliges it in self-defense to cover the cause of offense which it has no power to remove; and as the secretion goes on regularly to supply the growth and wear of the shell the included body constantly gets its share, and thereby continues to increase in size till it becomes a pearl. The true pearl of price is only found in the pearl oyster. The most famous pearls are those from the East; the coast of Ceylon or Taprobane, as it was called by the Greeks. They are, however, obtained now of nearly the same quality in Panama in South America, St. Margarita in the West Indies, the Coromandel coast, the shores of the Sooloo Islands, the Bahrien Islands, and the islands of Karak and Corgo in the Persian Gulf. The pearls of the Bahrien fishery are said to be even finer than those of Ceylon.
The single pearl which Cleopatra is said to have dissolved and swallowed was valued at $400,000, and one of the same value was cut into two pieces for earrings for the statue of Venus in the Pantheon at Rome. False pearls are manufactured extensively. The finest and costliest imitations could only be distinguished from the real by an expert. Roman pearls differ from other artificial pearls by having the coating of pearly matter on the outside, to which it is attached by an adhesive substance. The art of making these was derived from the Chinese.
The Chinese have long been in the habit of introducing grains of sand and little knots of wire into the shell of the pearl oyster, in order that the animal,
to relieve itself from the irritation so caused, may coat the foreign substance with pearl.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Patrick, St.

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
PATRICK, ST., or PATRICIUS, the apostle or patron saint of Ireland; said to have been born near the site of Kilpatrick, Scotland. His zeal prompted him to cross the channel for the conversion of the pagan Irish, probably between 440-460. His endeavors were crowned with great success, and he established there a number of schools and monasteries. Nennius states that his missions continued 40 years and various miracles are attributed to him, particularly the expulsion of all venomous creatures from Ireland. The order of St. Patrick, the third in rank of British orders, was instituted in 1783.
BADGE OF THE ORDER OF ST. PATRICK
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Parker, Herschel Clifford

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
PARKER, HERSCHEL CLIFFORD, American mountain climber. He was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1867, and graduated from the Columbia School of Mines in 1890. Some years later he explored the Canadian Alps, prospecting, surveying, and studying mineralogy and general physics. He began to teach physics in Columbia University in 1903, and at intervals explored the mountains of Alaska, ascending to the summit of Mt. McKinley, after a previous attempt
in which Frederick A. Cook accompanied him. He has written articles for scientific journals and published “A Systematic Treatise on Electrical Measurements.”
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Patrick, Mary Mills

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
PATRICK, MARY MILLS, educator and author. She was born at Canterbury, N. H., in 1850, and graduated from Iowa State University in 1890, immediately becoming head of the American College for Girls in Constantinople. After two years in that city she resided in different parts of Europe and took a philosophical degree at Berne. Henceforth she devoted her time to philosophical studies and wrote several books, among them: “American Translation of a Text-Book of Physiology”; “Sappho and the Island of Lesbos.”
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pea Ridge

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
PEA RIDGE, a post village in Benton co., Ark.; about 8 miles E. of Bentonville. Here, on March 6, 7, and 8, 1862, occurred one of the most desperate battles of the Civil War. Gen. Samuel R. Curtis, in command of about 11,000 Union troops, with 49 pieces of artillery, was attacked by a superior force of Confederates (said to number 20,000) under
Gen. Earl Van Dorn, and a series of obstinate and sanguinary conflicts ensued; which, lasting through three days, finally ended with the withdrawal of Van Dorn. The total Union loss was 1,351; that of the Confederates, though never officially reported, is supposed to have been more severe.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Peace Treaty

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
PEACE TREATY. The treaty of peace between the United States of America, British Empire, France, Italy, Japan, Belgium, and other allied countries with Germany, were signed at Versailles, on June 28, 1919. This treaty formally ended the World War. The combined provisions for cession of territory belonging to Germany, for reparation, for the payment by Germany of the costs of occupation of its territory by the forces of the Allied Powers, and provisions for the reduction of armament by Germany. Commissions were appointed to enforce the terms of the treaty which is known as the Treaty of Versailles. See Treaty of Versailles.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bridges, Robert

See also Robert Bridges on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Bridges, Robert, M. A. of Oxford, made poet Laureate of England on the death of Austin (q. v.), was born in 1844 on the Isle of Thanet, off the coast of England. He studied medicine and practiced with distinction until 1882 when he retired and devoted himself to literature, in which he had already won distinction. His works include various plays and poems. Among the plays are Nero, Ulysses, and The Christian Captives. His shorter poems include The Growth of Love, Prometheus, the Fire Giver, and Eros and Psyche. In the opinion of a distinguished English critic (Arthur Symons), Mr. Bridges “stands alone in our time as a writer of purely lyric poetry.”
# The New Student's Reference Work/Brotherhood of Andrew and Philip

See also Brotherhood of Andrew and Philip on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Brotherhood of Andrew and Philip, founded in 1888 by the Rev. Dr. Rufus W. Miller, of Philadelphia, present President of the General Council. The organization, which held its first federal convention in New York city in 1893, is composed of members of 23 Evangelical denominations, in this country, besides chapters in Australia and Japan. Its objects are indicated in the statement that "any man can ​belong to the Brotherhood who will promise to pray daily for the spread of the Kingdom of Christ among men and to make an earnest effort each week to bring at least one man within the hearing of the Gospel.” The number of chapters of the Brotherhood in the United States is, at present writing, 875, with a total membership of 25,000 in 44 states.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bridgeport

See also Bridgeport, Connecticut on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Bridge′port, a railroad and steamboat center and a manufacturing city of Connecticut, lies on Long Island Sound, about fifty-seven miles northeast of New York. It is a fine looking city, has many pleasant environs, and a magnificent esplanade looking out over the sound. It is noted for its manufactures of sewing machines and firearms, automobiles, type-writers, graphophones, silverware and corsets, and it has the largest cartridge factory in the world. Population, 102,054.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Broughton, Rhoda

See also Rhoda Broughton on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Broughton (bra̤'tŭn or brou'tŭn), Rhoda, an English novelist, was born in North Wales, November 29, 1840, and for forty years has actively been engaged in the production of fiction. In 1867 she made her successful début with her popular novel, Cometh Up as a Flower, which was followed by Not Wisely but Too Well and in 1870 by Red as a Rose is She. Her later stories include Nancy, Joan, Second Thoughts, Belinda, Dr. Cupid, Alas! Dear Faustina, The Game and the Candle, Foes in Law and Lavinia.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bridgeton, N. J.

See also Bridgeton, New Jersey on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Bridge′ton, N. J., a port of entry, and capital of Cumberland County, New Jersey, on the Cohansey Creek, thirty-eight miles south of Philadelphia. A railway connects it with Vineland, eleven miles northeast, and also with towns on the Delaware River and Bay. It is well equipped with schools, among the higher institutions being Ivy Hall Seminary, South Jersey Institute, West Jersey Academy, Seven Gables Seminary and a high school in connection with a good public school system. It has a number of woolen and rolling mills, nail works, glass and carriage factories, is also engaged in fruit and vegetable canning, and manufactures gas-pipe, oilcloth, etc. Population, 14,209.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bronze

See also Bronze on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bronze (brŏnz), an alloy of copper and tin. It is harder than copper but less malleable. It was long used by the ancients for weapons and utensils, and is now widely used for statues, machinery and cannon. It is also used for parts of telescopes. In making bronze, the metals are melted separately, and then poured together, stirred and turned into molds. The many varieties of bronze have different proportions of the metals, and lead, zinc and silver are sometimes added. Bell metal has seventy-eight parts of copper and twenty-two of tin. Cannon metal has much more copper. The temperature of the alloy when poured and the rapidity of cooling also have an effect on the quality of the bronze. Copper and aluminum also produce an alloy called bronze.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Brougham, Henry, Lord Brougham and Vaux

See also Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* LORD BROUGHAM
Brougham (brōō'am or brōōm), Henry, Lord Brougham and Vaux, was born at Edinburgh in 1778. He was called to the English bar and soon after entered Parliament, taking sides with the Liberals. He spoke against slavery and was active in all measures of reform. He became immensely popular with the people and wielded a great influence, being recognized by the Liberals as their leader in debate. He received a peerage and became lord chancellor in the so-called Reform Ministry. As an advocate, also, though he never had a large practice, he attained some fame, his greatest speech being that in behalf of Queen Caroline against George IV. He was interested in science and literature, and his writings cover a wide range of subjects. The founding of London University was largely due to him. As an orator he was inferior only to Canning among the men of his time. He was peculiar in many ways, and while for many years the popular idol was not liked by those who worked with him. He built a chateau at Cannes, in the south of France, and died there in 1868. It was once said of him as he was passing along in a carriage: “There go Solon, Lycurgus, Demosthenes, Archimedes, Sir Isaac Newton, Lord Chesterfield and a great many more in one post-chaise.”
# The New Student's Reference Work/Brotherhood of St. Andrew, The

See also Brotherhood of St. Andrew on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Brotherhood of St. Andrew, The, is an organization with objects in view similar to those of the Brotherhood of Andrew and Philip, though its operations are confined to men of the Protestant Episcopal Church. The Brotherhood was organized June 12, 1896, and has 1,200 active chapters, with a membership of about 14,000 men. It also includes a junior department to train young men and older boys for Christian work. The latter has 400 chapters in the United States, with a membership numbering about 5,000. A similar general organization has been formed in the Scottish Episcopal Church, while chapters of the Brotherhood have also been formed in the Episcopal Church in Australia and in the Canadian Dominion.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Brown, Charles Brockden

See also Charles Brockden Brown on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Brown, Charles Brockden, an early American novelist, much prized in his day, was born at Philadelphia in 1771, and died there in 1810. His two best-known stories are Wieland or the Transformation and Arthur Mervyn. The former is an alluring though improbable tale, of a ventriloquist, who, by personating a supernatural being, leads the hero to kill his wife and children; the latter gives a vivid description of Philadelphia, when, in 1783, the city was scourged by yellow fever. His other stories, Ormond, Edgar Huntley, Jane Talbot and Philip Stanley are now but little read. Early in the century he brought out semi-annually for a time The American Register, a useful work of literary and historic reference.
# The Natural History of Chocolate/Part II/Chapter II/Section I

SECT. I.
Chocolate is very Temperate.
Nothing is so great an Argument that Wheat, Rice, Millet, and Manioc, are salutary and temperate, as their being used by whole Nations together. If any of these Substances had any predominant evil Quality, it would soon appear to the Prejudice of the Health of Numbers; the People who subsist upon it, would soon leave it off as a very dangerous and hurtful Aliment.
One may reason much after the same manner with respect to Chocolate. The Natives of New-Spain, and of a great part of the Torrid Zone of America, have always used it as a Delicacy; and at this day all the European Colonies which are establish'd in those Countries, make a Consumption of vast Quantities of it: These People use it at all Times, and in all Seasons, as constant daily Food, without regard to Age, Sex, Temperament, or Condition, without Complaint of having received the least Prejudice from it; they find on the contrary that it quenches Thirst, is very refreshing and feeding; that it procures easy quiet Sleep, and produces several other good Effects, to say nothing of those we are going to treat of in the following Sections. I could produce several Instances in favour of this excellent Nourishment, but I shall content myself with two only, equally certain and decisive in the Proof of its Goodness. The first is an Experiment of Chocolate's being taken for the only Nourishment, made by a Surgeon's Wife of Martinico: She had lost by a very deplorable Accident her lower Jaw, which reduced her to such a Condition, that she did not know how to subsist; she was not capable of taking any thing solid, and not rich enough to live upon Jellies and nourishing Broths. In this Strait she determined to take three Dishes of Chocolate, prepared after the manner of the Country, one in the Morning, one at Noon, and one at Night. (There, Chocolate is nothing else but Cocao Kernels dissolved in hot Water, with Sugar, and season'd with a Bit of Cinnamon.) This new way of Life succeeded so well, that she has lived a long while since, more lively and robust than before this Accident.
I had the second Relation from a Gentleman of Martinico, and one of my Friends, not capable of a Falsity. He assured me, that in his Neighbourhood, an Infant of four Months old unfortunately lost his Nurse, and its Parents not being able to put it to another, resolved through Necessity to feed it with Chocolate; the Success was very happy, for the Infant came on to a Miracle, and was neither less healthy nor less vigorous than those who are brought up by the best Nurses.
The Inferences that may be drawn from these two Histories are evident, and demonstratively prove that Chocolate has neither any intemperate nor hurtful Quality; I shall therefore say no more upon them, leaving every one to make his own proper Reflections.
# The Natural History of Chocolate

* information about this edition.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
THE Natural HISTORY OF CHOCOLATE:
BEING
A Distinct and Particular Account of the COCOA-TREE, its Growth and Culture, and the Preparation, Excellent Properties, and Medicinal Vertues of its Fruit.
Wherein the Errors of those who have wrote upon this Subject are discover'd; the Best Way of Making CHOCOLATE is explain'd; and several Uncommon MEDICINES drawn from it, are communicated.
Translated from the last EDITION of the French, By R. BROOKES, M. D.
The SECOND EDITION.
LONDON:
Printed for J. ROBERTS, near the Oxford-Arms in Warwick-Lane. M DCC.XXX.
(Preface)
THE TABLE.
The First PART.
    Chap. I. The Description of the Cocao-Tree.
    Chap. II. Of the Choice and Disposition of the Place to plant a Nursery.
    Chap. III. Of the Method of Planting a Nursery, and of its Cultivation, till the Fruit comes to Maturity.
    Chap. IV. Of the gathering the Cocao-Nuts, and of the Manner of making the Kernels sweat; and also of drying them that they may be transported into Europe.
The Second PART.
    Of the Properties of Chocolate.
    Chap. I. Of the old Prejudices against Chocolate.
    Chap. II. Of the real Properties of Chocolate.
    Sect. I. Chocolate is very Temperate.
    Sect. II. Chocolate is very nourishing, and of easy Digestion.
    Sect. III. Chocolate speedily repairs the dissipated Spirits and decayed Strength.
    Sect. IV. Chocolate is very proper to preserve Health, and to prolong the Life of old Men.
The Third PART.
    Of the Uses of Chocolate.
    Chap. I. Of Chocolate in Confections.
    Chap. II. Of Chocolate properly so called.
    Sect. I. Of the Origin of Chocolate, and the different Methods of preparing it.
    The Method of preparing Chocolate used in the French Islands of America.
    Sect. II. Of the Uses that may be made of Chocolate, with relation to Medicine.
    Chap. III. Of the Oil or Butter of Chocolate.
    Remarks upon some Places of this Treatise.
    Medicines in whose Composition Oil, or Butter of Chocolate, is made use of.
    (The wonderful Plaister for the curing of all Kinds of Ulcers.)
    (An excellent Pomatum for the Cure of Tettars, Ringworms, Pimples, and other Deformities of the Skin.)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Natural History of Chocolate/Part II/Chapter II

CHAP. II.
Of the real Properties of Chocolate.
Without talking in the Dialect of the Peripateticks, about the Qualities of Heat and Coldness, now-a-days so much decry'd, it will not be difficult to prove that Chocolate is a Substance, 1. Very temperate. 2. Very nourishing, and of easy Digestion. 3. Very proper to repair the exhausted Spirits and decayed Strength. 4. Lastly, Very suitable to preserve the Health, and prolong the Lives of old Men. These four Articles shall be sufficiently demonstrated in the four following Sections.