OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crestadoro, Andrea

​CRESTADORO, ANDREA (1808–1879), bibliographer, was born in 1808 at Genoa and educated at the public school of that place. An industrious student as a boy, he proceeded to the university of Turin, where he graduated Ph.D., and soon after was appointed professor of natural philosophy. Here he published a ‘Saggio d' instituzioni sulla facoltà della parola’ and a small treatise on savings banks in advocacy of their extension to Italy. He also translated a portion of Bancroft's 'History of America.' Throughout his life he was fond of mechanical experiments, and in 1849 he came to England in order to push his inventions. In 1852, when resident in Salford, he patented 'certain improvements in impulsoria.' He took out other patents in 1852, 1862, 1868, and 1873. None of these came into practical use. One of them relates to aerial ​locomotion, and a model of his metallic balloon was shown at the Crystal Palace in June 1868, and a description of it was printed. The failure of his early patents led him to undertake bibliographical work, and he was engaged by Messrs. Sampson Low & Co. on the compilation of the 'British Catalogue' and the 'Index to Current Literature' (1859–1861). This led him often to the British Museum, and he undertook the solution of a difficult problem, 'The Art of making Catalogues,' an ingenious treatise in which in effect, though perhaps unconsciously, the methods so long applied to the calendaring of manuscripts are suggested for application to collections of printed books. During a residence at Paris he published in 1861, 'Du Pouvoir temporel et de la Souveraineté pontificale,' which, under a title suggested by the affairs of Italy, is a treatise on the methods of government, and is said to have suggested to Cavour and Menabrea the possibility of a modus vivendi between the Quirinal and the Vatican.
Crestadoro was engaged by the corporation of Manchester to compile a catalogue of the Reference Library, and in 1864 he was appointed chief librarian of the Manchester Free Libraries. The 'Index-Catalogues' which he originated have been generally adopted as models by the municipal libraries of the kingdom. He was present at the International Congress of Librarians in 1877, and joined in their discussions, and at the Social Science Congress in 1878, when he read a paper 'On the best and fairest mode of Raising the Public Revenue,' of which editions appeared in English and French. The king of Italy in 1878 sent him the order of the Corona d'Italia. He died at Manchester 7 April 1879, after a brief illness, and was buried at Ardwick cemetery. He left a widow, but no children. A work on the management of joint-stock companies was left in manuscript, and has never been published. Crestadoro exerted a marked and beneficial influence upon the progress of the free library movement, and his claims to distinction as a bibliographer are due not so much to his knowledge of books as to his faculty of organisation. In private life he was a pleasant and genial companion. A portrait of him appeared in 'Momus,' 20 March 1879.
W. E. A. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Creswick, Thomas

​CRESWICK, THOMAS (1811–1869), landscape-painter, born at Sheffield, Yorkshire, on 5 Feb. 1811, was educated at Hazelwood, near Birmingham, and rapidly developed great talents for drawing. He studied for some time under John Vincent Barber [see Barber, Joseph], and in 1828 removed to London, settling in Edmund Street, St. Pancras, with a view to pursuing his studies further. In that year, though but seventeen years of age, he was successful in gaining admittance for two pictures in the exhibition of the Royal Academy, and for thirty years or so remained a constant and welcome exhibitor, contributing also to the Suffolk Street Gallery and the British Institution. Creswick soon became known as a zealous and careful student of nature. Painting usually in the open air from the objects before him, he continually gained in facility of execution and power of expression, and will always remain a faithful translator of the countless and varied charms of English landscape scenery. In 1836 he removed to Bayswater, and continued to reside in that neighbourhood, in 1837 paying a visit to Ireland, to which are due a series of charming vignette illustrations. In 1842 he exhibited 'The Course of Greta through Brignal Woods,' and was elected an associate of the Royal Academy, in the same year gaining a premium at the British Institution. From this time his art continued to increase in power and vigour until 1847, when he exhibited at the Royal Academy two works, 'England' and 'The London Road a Hundred Years Ago,' which may be said to mark the crowning point of his career. As his powers were limited in their scope, he frequently varied his pictures by introducing figures and cattle, painted by his friends and brother-artists, Ansdell, Bottomley, Cooper, Elmore, Frith, Goodall, and others. He was elected an academician of the Royal Academy in 1851. He was largely employed and eminently successful as a designer of book illustrations, and was a charming if not very powerful etcher, being one of the first members of the Etching Club. As a student of nature, and especially as a painter and delineator of foliage, Creswick is favourably criticised by Ruskin in the chapter 'On the Truth of Vegetation' in 'Modern Painters.' His life was peaceful and uneventful; but his health rapidly declined, his later pictures showing many signs of failing powers. He died at his residence in Linden Grove, Bayswater, on 28 Dec. 1869, and was buried at Kensal Green cemetery. He married Miss Silvester, but left no children. Creswick had but a moderate estimate of his own powers as a painter, and consequently his works always found purchasers, and are treasured among many private collections in England. At the London International Exhibition of 1873, 109 of his paintings were collected together, and a catalogue was ​compiled and published by T. O. Barlow, R.A. His works also were a conspicuous ornament of the Manchester Exhibition in 1887. There is a landscape by him in the National Gallery, formerly in the Vernon Gallery, and two other landscapes are in the Sheepshanks Collection at the South Kensington Museum.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clipstone, John

John Clipston in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​CLIPSTONE, JOHN (fl. 1378), divine, was a native of Nottingham, and a member of the Carmelite convent of St. Nicholas in that city. He was also professor of sacred literature at Cambridge University. He wrote a variety of theological and devotional works, the style of which is much praised by Leland.
[Tanner's Bibl. Brit.-Hib.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clissold, Stephen

​CLISSOLD, STEPHEN (1790?–1863), writer on trade, born about 1790, studied at Clare College, Cambridge. He proceeded B.A. 1819, M.A. 1822, was rector of Wrentham, Suffolk, from 1830 to 1853, and honorary canon of Norwich Cathedral. He died at Wrentham on 12 May 1863. Clissold wrote: 1. 'Letters of Cincinnatus,' 1815. 2. 'Considerations on the Trade, Manufacture, and Commerce of the British Empire,' 1820. 3. 'National Piety the Source of National Prosperity,' two sermons, 1828. 4. 'Official Account of the Parochial Charities &c. belonging to the Blything Union,' Halesworth, 1838.
[Gent. Mag. June 1863, pp. 801-2, July 1863, p. 108; Catalogue of Cambridge Graduates.]
F. W-t.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clitherow, Margaret

​CLITHEROW, MARGARET (d. 1586), the 'martyr of York,' was the daughter of Thomas Middleton, citizen of York and wax-chandler, who served the office of sheriff in 1564-5. On 1 July 1571 she was married to John Clitherow, butcher. He was a well-to-do man, and was afterwards chosen a chamberlain of the city, thus becoming entitled, ex officio, to the appellation of gentleman. Although John Clitherow was not a Roman catholic, his brother William was a priest, and it is probable that 'Thomas Clitherow of York, draper,' who was in the castle for his religion in 1600, was another brother. In 1574 Margaret Clitherow embraced the catholic faith, and on account of her zeal and constancy in it she was separated from her husband and children and cast into prison, sometimes for the space of two years together, and sometimes for an even longer period. On 10 March 1585-6 she was arraigned at York before Judges Clinch and Rhodes, with whom several members of the council sat on the bench as assessors. The indictment charged her with having harboured and maintained Jesuit and seminary priests and with having heard mass. As she refused to plead she was sent back to prison that night, where she was visited by a puritan preacher named Wigginton. The next day she was again brought into court and was urged to plead, but as she persisted in her refusal she was threatened with the 'peine forte et dure.' Wigginton in vain interceded for her, telling the judge that he might condemn her to it by the queen's law, but not by the law of God. Clinch then pronounced the terrible sentence upon her, which was carried into execution on New Year's day (25 March 1586) in the Tolbooth, six or seven yards distant from the prison. 'She was in dying a quarter of an hour.'
Her sons, Henry and William, went abroad to study for the priesthood, the one to Rome and the other to Rheims. Anne, her daughter, became a nun in St. Ursula's convent at Louvain.
John Mush, a secular priest and her spiritual director, wrote her life, which was edited by William Nicholson of Thelwall Hall, Cheshire, from a contemporary manuscript in the possession of Peter Middleton of Stockeld Park, Yorkshire (London, 1849, 12mo, with portrait). More recently it has been edited by Father John Morris for his ' Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers ' (3rd series, 1877), pp. 331-440. Other manu- script copies of the life are preserved at St. Mary's Convent, York, and at Oscott.
[Life, by Mush; Challoner's Missionary Priests (1803), i. 101; Foley's Records, vi. 183; Gillow's Bibl. Dict. i. 517; Notes and Queries, 6th series, v. 23; Twyford and Griffiths's Records of York Castle, p. 200; Twyford's York and York Castle, pp. 210, 282; Life by Lætitia Selwyn Oliver, 1886; Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Rep. 90 a.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clive, Edward (1704-1771)

​CLIVE, Sir EDWARD (1704–1771), judge, eldest son of Edward Clive of Wormbridge, Herefordshire, by his wife Sarah, daughter of Mr. Key, a Bristol merchant, was born in 1704, and after being admitted a member of Lincoln's Inn on 27 March 1719 was called to the bar in 1725. In 1741 he was returned to parliament as one of the members for the borough of St. Michael's, Cornwall. There is no record of any speech of his while in the house. In Easter term 1745 he was made a serjeant-at-law and appointed a baron of the exchequer in the room of Sir Laurence Carter. On the death of Sir Thomas Burnet in January 1753 Clive was transferred to the common pleas, and on 9 Feb. received the honour of knighthood. After sitting in this court for seventeen years he retired from the bench in February 1770 with a pension of 1,200l. a year, and was succeeded by Sir William Blackstone. Clive is chiefly remarkable for having concurred with Mr. Justice Bathurst in the case of Buxton v. Mingay, where these two judges determined, in spite of the opinion of Lord-chief-justice Willes to the contrary, that a surgeon was 'an inferior tradesman,' within the meaning of 4 & 5 W. & M. c. 23, s. 10 (Wilson, ii. 70). He married, first, Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Symons of Mynde Park, Herefordshire; and secondly, Judith, the youngest daughter of his cousin, the Rev. Benjamin Clive, who survived him many years, and died at Wormbridge on 20 Aug. 1796. Clive died at Bath on 16 April 1771. As he had no children by either marriage, he left the Wormbridge estate to the great-grandson of his eldest uncle, Robert Clive. The present owner of Wormbridge is Percy Bolton Clive, the grandson of Mrs. Caroline Clive [q. v.], the authoress of 'Paul Ferroll.' Clive was the nephew of George Clive, the cursitor baron of the exchequer. His portrait was introduced by Hogarth in his engraving of 'The Bench' (1758 and 1764).
[Foss's Judges of England (1864), viii. 261-2; Gent. Mag. xv. 221, xxiii. 53, 100, xli. 239, lxvi. pt. ii. 709; Collins's Peerage (1812), v. 545; the table prefixed to vol. i. of George Wilson's Reports (1799); Campbell's Lives of the Chief Justices (1849), ii. 276 n.; Blackstone's Reports (1781), ii. 681; Parliamentary Papers (1878), vol. lxii. pt. ii.]
G. F. R. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clive, Edward (1754-1839)

​CLIVE, EDWARD, Earl of Powis (1754–1839), governor of Madras, was the eldest son of the first Lord Clive, governor of Bengal [q. v.] Succeeding to the Irish barony of Clive on his father's death in 1774, he was returned to parliament, although still under age, as member for Ludlow, and sat for that borough in the House of Commons until his elevation to a British peerage as Baron Clive of Walcot in 1794. In 1798 he was appointed governor of Madras, which office he held until 1803. During the first year of his government the south of India was the scene of the important military operations which, resulting in the capture of Seringapatam and the death of Tippoo Sultan, were followed by General Wellesley's campaign against the freebooter, Dhundaji Wah, and three years later by the second Mahratta war and the campaign in the Deccan, of which the most memorable incident was the battle of Assaye. In all these operations Clive rendered active co-operation by placing the resources of the Madras presidency at the disposal of the generals commanding, and in the year following his retirement from office he received the thanks of both houses of parliament for his services. In the same year, 1804, he was raised to an earldom, with the title of Earl of Powis. It devolved upon Olive, when governor of Madras, to carry into effect, under the orders of Lord Wellesley, the measures by which the nawab of the Carnatic was deprived of sovereign power and his territories became a British province. In 1805 Clive was nominated lord-lieutenant of Ireland, but owing to Mr. Pitt's death the appointment did not take effect. He does not appear to have subsequently filled any prominent official position. He was remarkable for his physical vigour, which he retained to an advanced age, digging in his garden in his shirt-sleeves at six o'clock in the morning when in his eightieth year. He married in 1784 Lady Henrietta Antonia Herbert, daughter of Henry Arthur, earl of Powis (the last earl of the Herbert family), with whose death that earldom lapsed until it was revived in the person of Clive. He left two sons and two daughters, and died on 16 May 1839, having been apparently well the day before his death.
[Ann. Reg. 1839; Collins's Peerage of Scotland, vol. v.; Mill's History of British India, vol. vi.; Marshman's History of India, vol. ii.]
A. J. A.
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Isdigerdes I., king of Persia

Isdigerdes (1) I. (Jezdedscherd, Yazdejirdus, Yezdegerdes; Ἰσδιγέρδης and Ἰσδεγέρδης by the Greeks; in Armenian Yazgerd; on his coins, יזדכרתי, i.e. Izdikerti), king of Persia, surnamed Al Aitham (the Wicked), known in history as Isdigerd I., though an obscure and uncertain predecessor of the same name makes Mordtmann reckon him as Isdigerd II. Rawlinson thinks the best evidence favours 399 for the commencement of his reign, and 419 or 420 for his death. He was son of Sapor III., succeeding his brother Vararanes IV., and succeeded by his son Vararanes V. He reigned at Ctesiphon. With the Romans he appears to have lived in peace; Agathias (Hist. iv. 26, p. 264, ed. Bonn, 1828) and Theophanes (Chron. i. 125, 128, p. 69, ed. Bonn, 1839) relate how the emperor Arcadius on his death-bed directed his son Theodosius to be put under Isdigerdes's tutelage. (Petavius, Rat. Temp. pt. i. l. vi. c. 19, p. 249 Lugd. 1710; Greg. Abul-Pharajius, Hist. Comp. Dyn. i. p. 91, Oxf. 1663.) For a time he was almost a Christian, and as
Socrates (H. E. vii. 8) says, gave every facility for the propagation of the gospel, yet probably closed his days in persecuting the church. Under the example and influence of Maruthas, bp. of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, who had been sent on an embassy from the Romans early in his reign, he was very favourably disposed towards Christianity and the church in Persia had peace with full liberty of worship and church-building. He overcame and exposed the impostures of the magi, with the assistance of Maruthas and other Christians, and miracles are said to have been wrought before him for the confirmation of the gospel. A second visit of Maruthas seems to have deepened the impression (Socr. ib.), but the indiscreet and impetuous zeal of one of Maruthas's companions, Abdas bp. of Susa, lost this royal convert to the faith. Abdas burned one of the temples of fire (Theod. H. E. v. 39). This offence Isdigerd was prepared to overlook, if Abdas would rebuild the burned pyreion; failing this, the king threatened to burn down and destroy all Christian churches in Persia. Abdas, esteeming it morally wrong to rebuild the temple, refused to comply, and the churches were burned. Abdas was among the first of the martyrs, and a persecution commenced in or towards the end of Isdigerd's reign, which his son and successor Vararanes or Bararanes carried on with most revolting cruelty and which was only ended by the presence of the Roman legions. From the odium of this persecution the memory of Isdigerd is specially shielded by Socrates (H. E. vii. 18–21), who throws it on his son; but Theodoret (v. 39) probably gives the truer account, though Isdigerd had probably neither the time nor inclination to carry out his edicts with severity. His character is described as noble and generous, tarnished only by this one dark spot in the last year of his reign or in a brief period in the middle of it. For the best modern literature of this reign see Isdigerdes (2).
[G.T.S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/J

* Jacobus, bp. of Nisibis
* Jacobus Sarugensis, bp. of Batnae
* Jacobus Baradaeus, bp. of Edessa
* Joannes Talaia, bp. of Nola
* Joannes, bishop of Antioch
* Joannes Silentiarius, bp. of Colonia
* Joannes Cappadox, bp. of Constantinople
* Joannes Scholasticus, bp. of Constantinople
* Joannes, the Faster, bp. of Constantinople
* Joannes, bishop of Ephesus
* Joannes II, bishop of Jerusalem
* Joannes III., bishop of Jerusalem
* Joannes I., bishop of Rome
* Joannes II. Mercurius, bishop of Rome
* Joannes III, bishop of Rome
* Joannes Presbyter
* Joannes (504), abbat of Mt. Sinai
* Joannes (507) Saba, orthodox monk of Dilaita
* Joannes (509), monk
* Joannes (520), monk and author
* Joannes Philoponus, a distinguished philosopher
* Joannes Scythopolita, a scholasticus in Palestine
* Jordanis, historian of the Goths
* Josephus, catholicos of Armenia
* Joshua (1) Stylites, a Syrian monk
* Jovianus Flavius, Christian emperor
* Jovinianus, heretic
* Juliana, mother of the virgin Demetrias
* Julianus Eclanensis, bp. of Eclana
* Julianus, bishop of Cos
* Julianus, bishop of Halicarnassus
* Julianus, missionary priest to the Nubians
* Julianus, Flavius Claudius, emperor
* Julianus Sabas, an anchorite
* Julius (5), bishop of Rome
* Julius, bishop of Puteoli
* Junilius, quaestor of the sacred palace
* Justina, empress
* Justinianus I., emperor
* Justinus Martyr, philosopher
* Justinus
* Justinus I
* Justinus II
* Juvenalis, bishop of Jerusalem
* Juvencus, C. Vettius Aquilinus
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Ischyras, Egyptian bp

Ischyras (2) (Ischyrion, Soz.), Egyptian pseudo-presbyter and finally bishop; a slanderer of Athanasius. His story, which begins under the predecessor of Athanasius, is made out from scattered passages in the Apol. c. Arian., and a slight outline is given by Socrates (i. 27). He belonged to a hamlet in the Mareotis too small for a church of its own (§ 85, ed. Migne) and there had a conventicle attended by seven persons at most (77, 83). He did not bear a good moral character (63) and was once charged with insulting the emperor's statues (vol. i. 185 B, n.). The Alexandrian synod of 324 disallowed his orders and pronounced him a layman (74, 75), disproving his pretensions to have been ordained by bp. Meletius, in whose breviarium his name did not appear (11, 28, 46, 71). He had given out that he was a presbyter of the pseudo-bishop COLLUTHUS (2), but no one out of his own family believed him, as he never had a church, and no one in the neighbourhood looked on him as a clergyman (74, 75). He never attended ecclesiastical assemblies as a presbyter (28). In spite of the synod, he continued to act as a presbyter, and was doing this in the cottage of Ision when Athanasius, being on a visitation in the Mareotis, sent his presbyter Macarius to bid him desist. When Macarius reached the house, Ischyras was reported ill in his cell or in a corner behind the door (28, 63, 83), certainly not officiating at the Eucharist (41). This occurrence may be assigned to c. 329, between the latest date (June 8, 328) possible for the consecration of Athanasius and Nov. 330, when the troubles broke out. Ischyras on his recovery went over to the Meletians, in conjunction with whom he framed his accusation against Macarius (63), and through Macarius against Athanasius. In the spring of 331 (see vol. i. p. 184, and Hefele, ii. 13) the three Meletians accused Macarius at Nicomedia of having broken a chalice, overturned a holy table, and burnt service books on the occasion of his visit. As his friends became ashamed of him (63), Ischyras confessed the fabrication to the archbishop and implored forgiveness (16, 28, 63, 74). This would be in mid-Lent 332. In the summer of 335 Ischyras, having meanwhile been gained over by the Eusebians, revived the accusation before the council of Tyre (13), and accompanied the synodal commission to the Mareotis to investigate its truth (17). For his reward his Eusebian patrons procured (85) an imperial order for the erection of a church for him at a place called Pax Secontaruri, and the document recognized him as a "presbyter." They afterwards obtained for him the episcopal title (16, 41), and he figures as bp. of Mareotis among the bishops assembled at Sardica in 343 (Socr. ii. 20; Soz. iii. 12, here "Ischyrion"). He afterwards withdrew to Philippopolis. (Hilar. Frag. iii. in Patr. Lat. x. 677 A; Mansi, iii. 139), at which synod his name is corruptly written Quirius. No other instance of a bp. of Mareotis occurs. Le Quien, Or. Chr. ii. 530.
[T.W.D.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Isodorus (Basilides)

Isidorus (24). [Basilides.]