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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ward, James (painter)

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​WARD, JAMES (1769–1859), English animal painter and engraver, was born in Thames Street, London, on the 23rd of October 1769. At the age of twelve he was bound apprentice with J. Raphael Smith, but he received little attention and learnt nothing from this engraver. He was afterwards instructed for over seven years by his elder brother, William Ward, and he engraved many admirable plates, among which his “Mrs Billington,” after Reynolds, occupies a very high place. He presented a complete set of his engravings, in their various states, numbering three hundred impressions, to the British Museum. While still a youth he made the acquaintance of George Morland, who afterwards married his sister; and the example of this artist's works induced him to attempt painting. His early productions were rustic subjects in the manner of Morland, which were frequently sold as the work of the more celebrated painter. His “Bull-Bait,” an animated composition, introducing many figures, attracted much attention in the Royal Academy of 1797. A commission from Sir John Sinclair, president of the new agricultural society, to paint an Alderney cow, led to much similar work, and turned Ward's attention to animal-painting, a department in which he achieved his highest artistic successes. His “Landscape with Cattle,” acquired for the National Gallery at a cost of £1500, was painted in 1820–1822 at the suggestion of West, in emulation of the “Bull of Paul Potter” at the Hague. His “Boa Serpent Seizing a Horse” was executed in 1822, and his admirable “Grey Horse,” shown in the Old Masters' Exhibition of 1879, dates from 1828. Ward also produced portraits, and many landscapes like the “Gordale Scar” and the “Harlech Castle” in the National Gallery. Sometimes he turned aside into the less fruitful paths of allegory, as in his unsuccessful “Pool of Bethesda” (1818), and “Triumph of the Duke of Wellington” (1818). He was a frequent contributor to the Royal Academy and the British Institution, and in 1841 he collected one hundred and forty examples of his art, and exhibited them in his house in Newman Street. He was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1807, and a full member in 1811, and died at Cheshunt on the 23rd of November 1859.
Ward compiled an autobiography, of which an abstract was published in the Art Journal in 1849.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ward, Edward Matthew

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​WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879), English historical and genre painter, was born at Pimlico, London, in 1816. Among his early boyish efforts in art was a series of clever illustrations to the Rejected Addresses of his uncles Horace and James Smith, which was followed soon afterwards by designs to some of the papers of Washington Irving. In 1830 he gained the silver palette of the Society of Arts; and in 1835, aided by Wilkie and Chantrey, he entered the schools of the Royal Academy, having in the previous year contributed to its exhibition his portrait of Mr O. Smith, the comedian, in his character of Don Quixote. In 1836 he went to Rome, where in 1838 he gained a silver medal from the Academy of St Luke for his “Cimabue and Giotto,” which in the following year was exhibited at the Royal Academy. The young artist now turned his thoughts to fresco-painting, which he studied under Cornelius at Munich. In 1843 he forwarded his “Boadicea Animating the Britons previous to the Last Battle against the Romans” to the competition for the decoration of the Houses of Parliament — a work upon which he was afterwards engaged, having in 1853 been directed by the fine art commissioners to execute eight subjects in the corridor of the House of Commons. The success of his “Dr Johnson in Lord Chesterfield's Ante-Room” — now in the National Gallery, along with the “Disgrace of Lord Clarendon” (the smaller picture) (1846), the “South Sea Bubble” (1847), and “James II. Receiving the News of the Landing of the Prince of Orange” (1850) — secured his election as an associate of the Royal Academy in 1847, and in 1855 he gained full academic honours. Among the more important of his other works may be named “Charlotte Corday Led to Execution” (1852), the “Last Sleep of Argyll” (1854), the “Emperor of the French Receiving the Order of the Garter” (1859), painted for the queen, the “Ante-Chamber at Whitehall during the Dying Moments of Charles II.” (1861), “Dr Johnson's First Interview with John Wilkes” (1865), and the “Royal Family of France in the Temple,” painted in 1851, and usually considered the artist's masterpiece. He died at Windsor, on the 15th of January 1879. In 1848 he had married Henrietta Ward (b. 1832), who, herself an admirable artist, was a granddaughter of James Ward, R.A. (1760-1859), the distinguished animal painter. Their son, Leslie Ward (b. 1851), became well known as “Spy” of Vanity Fair (from 1873 to 1909), and later of the World, with his character portraits of contemporary celebrities.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ward, John Quincy Adams

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​WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830–1910), American sculptor, was born in Urbana, Ohio, on the 29th of June 1830. His education was received in the village schools. He studied under Henry K. Brown, of New York, in 1850–1857, and by 1861, when he opened a studio in New York, he had executed busts of Joshua R. Giddings, Alexander H. Stephens, and Hannibal Hamlin, prepared the first sketch for the “Indian Hunter,” and made studies among the Indians themselves for the work. In 1863 he became a member of the National Academy of Design (New York), and he was its president in 1872–1873. Among his best-known statues are the “Indian Hunter,” finished in 1864 (Central Park, New York); Washington, heroic size (on the steps of the U.S. Sub-Treasury, Wall Street, New York); Henry Ward Beecher (Brooklyn); an equestrian statue of General George H. Thomas (Washington); Israel Putnam (Hartford); and the seated statue of Horace Greeley, the founder of the New York Tribune, in front of the office of that newspaper. In 1896 he was elected president of the newly organized National Sculpture Society (New York). Unlike his fellow-countryman, W. W. Story, he acquired his training, his inspiration and his themes from his own country. He died in New York on the 1st of May 1910.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ward, Lester Frank

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​WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– ), American geologist and sociologist, was born in Joliet, Illinois, on the 18th of June 1841. He graduated at Columbian (now George Washington) University in 1869 and from the law school of the same university in 1871, his education having been delayed by his service in the Union army during the Civil War. In 1865–1872 he was employed in the United States Treasury Department, and became assistant geologist in 1881 and geologist in 1888 to the U.S. Geological Survey. In 1884–1886 he was professor of botany in Columbian University. He wrote much on paleobotany, including A Sketch of Paleobotany (1885), The Geographical Distribution of Fossil Plants (1888) and The Status of the Mesozoic Floras of the United States (1905). He is better known, however, for his work in sociology, in which, modifying Herbert Spencer and refuting the Spencerian individualism, he paralleled social with psychological and physical phenomena. His more important works are: Dynamic Sociology (1883, 2nd ed. 1897), Psychic Factors of Civilization (1897), Outlines of Sociology (1898), Sociology and Economics (1899), Pure Sociology (1903), and, with J. Q. Dealy, Text-Book of Sociology (1905).
See an appreciation by L. Gumplowicz, in Die Zeit (Vienna, 20th Aug. 1904); reprinted in English in vol. x. of The American Journal of Sociology.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ward

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​WARD, that which guards or watches and that which is guarded or watched. The word is a doublet of "guard," which was adapted from the French comparatively late into English. Both are to be referred to the Teutonic root war-, to protect, defend, cf. "wary," "warn," "beware," O. Eng. weard, Ger. warten, &c., and the English "guardian," "garrison," &c. The principal applications of the term are, in architecture, to the inner courts of a fortified place; at Windsor Castle they are called the upper and lower wards (see Bailey, Castle); to a ridge of metal inside a lock blocking the passage of any key which has not a corresponding slot into which the ridge fits, the slot in the key being also called "ward" (see Locks). Another branch of meaning is to be found in the use of the word for a division into which a borough is divided for the purpose of election of councillors, or a parish for election of guardians. It was also the term used as equivalent to "hundred" in Northumberland and Cumberland. To this branch belongs the use for the various large or small separate rooms in a hospital, asylum, &c., where patients are received and treated. The most general meaning of the word is for a minor or person who is under a guardianship (see Infant, Marriage and Roman Law).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ward, Artemus

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​WARD, ARTEMUS, the pen-name of Charles Farrar Browne (1834-1867), American humorous writer, was born in Waterford, Maine. He began life as a compositor and became an occasional contributor to the daily and weekly journals. In 1858 he published in the Cleveland Plain Dealer the first of the “Artemus Ward” series, which attained great popularity both in America and England. His separate publications were: Artemus Ward: his Book (New York, 1862); Artemus Ward: his Travels (New York, 1865); Artemus Ward among the Fenians (1865); Betsey Jane Ward: hur Book of Goaks (New York, 1866), generally attributed to him; Artemus Ward in London, and other Papers (New York, 1867). Artemus Ward's Lecture at the Egyptian Hall . . . and other Relics of the Humourist (London, 1869), edited by T. W. Robertson and J. C. Hotten, was published posthumously (New York, 1869). His wit largely relied on the drollery of strange spelling. In 1860 he became editor of Vanity Fair, a humorous New York weekly, which proved a failure. About the same time he began to appear as a lecturer, and his eccentric humour attracted large audiences. In 1866, he visited England, where he became exceedingly popular both as a lecturer and as a contributor to Punch. In the spring of the following year his health gave way, and he died of consumption at Southampton on the 6th of March 1867.
His Complete Works, with memoir by E. P. Kingston, were published in London in the same year, and Sandwiches at New York in 1870.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ward, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps

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​WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911), American author and philanthropist, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on the 31st of August 1844. She was the granddaughter of the Rev. Moses Stuart, and the daughter of the Rev. Austin Phelps (1820-1890) who became a professor in the Andover Theological Seminary in 1848, and Elizabeth Stuart Phelps (1815-1852), who wrote Sunnyside (1851), a popular book in its day, and other works. In 1848 she removed with her parents to Andover, where she attended private schools. When she was in her teens she wrote short stories for the Youth's Companion, The Atlantic Monthly and Harper's Magazine. She wrote many juveniles, especially Sunday-School books, such as the Tiny and the Gypsy series. In 1868 appeared in The Atlantic Monthly her short story, The Tenth of January, a narrative of the falling and burning of a cotton-mill at Lawrence, Mass., in 1860. In the same year appeared The Gates Ajar (1868), her first novel, a realistic study of life after death, which was widely read and was translated into several European languages. Her Beyond the Gates (1883), The Gates Between (1887) and Within the Gates (1901) are in the same vein. She was actively interested in charitable work, in the advancement of women and in temperance reform. In 1888 she married Herbert Dickinson Ward (b. 1861), son of the Rev. William Hayes Ward.
Among Mrs Ward's books, in addition to those already mentioned, are: Men, Women and Ghosts (1869); The Trotty Book (1869), juvenile; Hedged in (1870); The Silent Partner (1871); Trotty's Wedding Tour and Story Book (1873), juvenile; What to Wear (1873), essays; Poetic Studies (1875), poems; The Story of Avis (1877), Sealed Orders, and Other Stories (1879); Friends: a Duet (1881); Doctor Zay (1882); Songs of the Silent World, and Other Poems (1884); Old Maids, and Burglars in Paradise (1885); The Madonna of the Tubs (1886), a short story, Jack the Fisherman (1887), a Gloucester tragedy; The Struggle for Immortality (1889), essays; Fourteen to One, and Other Stories (1891); Austin Phelps: a Memoir (1891); Donald Marcy (1893); A Singular Life (1894), one of her best-known novels; The Supply at Saint Agatha's (1896); Chapters from a Life (1896); The Story of Jesus Christ: an Interpretation (1897); The Successors of Mary the First (1901); Avery (1902), first issued serially in Harper's Magazine as His Wife; Trixy (1904); The Man in the Case (1906); Walled In (1907); and Though Life Do Us Part (1908). In collaboration with her husband, she wrote two novels founded on Biblical scenes and characters, The Master of the Magicians (1890), and Come Forth (1890). Among Mr Ward's books are The New Senior at Andover (1890); The Republic without a President, and Other Short Stories (1891); The Captain of the Kittiwink
(1892); A Dash to the Pole (1893); The White Crown, and Other Stories (1894); The Burglar who moved Paradise (1897): and The Light of the World (1901).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ward, James (psychologist)

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​WARD, JAMES (1843– ), English psychologist and metaphysician, was born at Hull on the 27th of January 1843. He was educated at the Liverpool Institute, at Berlin and Göttingen, and at Trinity College, Cambridge; he also worked in the physiological laboratory at Leipzig. He studied originally for the Congregational ministry, and for a year was minister of Emmanuel Church, Cambridge. Subsequently he devoted himself to psychological research, became fellow of his college in 1875 and university professor of mental philosophy in 1897. He was Gifford lecturer at Aberdeen in 1895–1897, and at St Andrews in 1908–1910. His work shows the influence of Leibnitz and Lotze, as well as of the biological theory of evolution. His psychology marks the definite break with the sensationalism of the English school; experience is interpreted as a continuum into which distinctions are gradually introduced by the action of selective attention; the implication of the subject in experience is emphasized; and the operation in development of subjective as well as natural, selection is maintained. In his metaphysical work the analysis of scientific concepts leads to a criticism of naturalism and of dualism, and to a view of reality as a unity which implies both subjective and objective factors. This view is further worked out, through criticism of pluralism and as a theistic interpretation of the world, in his St Andrews Gifford Lectures (the Realm of Ends).
Beside the article “Psychology” in the Ency. Brit. (9th, 10th and 11th ed.) he has published Naturalism and Agnosticism (1899, 3rd ed. 1907), besides numerous articles in the Journal of Physiology, Mind, and the British Journal of Psychology.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Woodbury

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​WOODBURY, a city and the county-seat of Gloucester county, New Jersey, U.S.A., in the western part of the state, 9 m. S. of Philadelphia. Pop (1900) 4087, including 246 foreign-born and 517 negroes, (1910) 4642. It is served by the West Jersey & Seashore Railroad. Among its public institutions is the Deptford Institute Free Library. There are various manufactures. Woodbury is said to have been settled about 1684; it became the county-seat in 1787. It was chartered as a borough in 1854 and as a city in 1870.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Woodbury, Charles Herbert

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​WOODBURY, CHARLES HERBERT (1864-), American marine painter, was born at Lynn, Massachusetts, on the 14th of July 1S64. He graduated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, in 1886, was a pupil of the Académie Julien, Paris. He was president of the Boston Water Color Club, and became associate of the National Academy of Design, New York. His wife, Marcia Oakes Woodbury, born in 1865 at South Berwick, also became known as a painter.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Woodbury, Levi

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​WOODBURY, LEVI (1789-1851), American political leader, was born at Francestown, New Hampshire, on the 22nd of December 1789. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1809, was admitted to the bar in 1812, and was a judge of the superior court from 1816 to 1823. In 1823-1824 he was governor of the state, in 1825 was a member and speaker of the state House of Representatives, and in 1825-1831 and again in 1841-1845 was a member of the U.S. Senate. He was secretary of the navy in 1831-1834, secretary of the treasury in 1834-1841, and associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1846 until his death, at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on the 4th of September 1851. From about 1825 to 1845 Woodbury was the undisputed leader of the Jacksonian Democracy in New England.
See his Writings Political, Judicial and Literary (3 vols., Boston, 1852), edited by Nahum Capen; and an article in the New England Magazine, new series, xxxvii. p. 658 (February 1908).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Woodfall, Henry Sampson

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​WOODFALL, HENRY SAMPSON (1739–1805), English printer and journalist, was born in London on the 21st of June 1739. His father, Henry Woodfall, was the printer of the newspaper the Public Advertiser, and the author of the ballad Darby and Joan, for which his son's employer, John Darby, and his wife, were the originals. H. S. Woodfall was apprenticed to his father, and at the age of nineteen took over the control of the Public Advertiser. In it appeared the famous letters of “Junius.” Woodfall sold his interest in the Public Advertiser in 1793. He died on the 12th of December 1805. His younger brother, William Woodfall (1746–1803), also a journalist, established in 1789 a daily paper called the Diary, in which, for the first time, reports of the parhamentary debates were published on the morning after they had taken place.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Woodford

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​WOODFORD, an urban district in the Walthamstow (S.W.) parliamentary division of Essex, England, 9 m. N.E. from Liverpool Street station, London, by a branch of the Great Eastern railway. Pop. (1901) 13,798. Its proximity to the southern outskirts of Epping Forest has brought it into favour both with residents and with holiday visitors from London. A converted mansion, Woodford Hall, forms a convalescent home. On high ground to the N. is the ecclesiastical parish (one of three) of Woodford Wells, where there is a mineral spring.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Woodchuck

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​WOODCHUCK, the vernacular name of the common North American representative of the marmots (see Marmot), scientifically known as Arctomys monax. The typical race of this species ranges from New York to Georgia and westward to the Dakotas, but it is represented by a second and darker race in Labrador, and by a third in Canada; while several other North American species have been named. The ordinary woodchuck measures about 18 in. in length, of which the tail forms a third. In colour it is usually brownish black above, with the nose, chin, cheeks and throat tending to whitish, and the under parts brownish chestnut; while the feet and tail are black and blackish. Like other marmots it is a burrower.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Woods, Sir Albert

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​WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816–1904), English herald, son of Sir William Woods, Garter king-of-arms from 1838 to his death in 1842, was born on the 16th of April 1816. In 1838 he became a member of the chapter of the Heralds' College, of which he was appointed registrar in 1866. In 1869 he was knighted and became Garter king-of-arms. In this capacity he was entrusted with many missions to convey the order to foreign sovereigns; he was also registrar from 1878 of the orders of the Star of India and of the Indian Empire; and from 1869 was king-of-arms of the order of St Michael and St George. He officiated at the coronations both of Queen Victoria and of King Edward VII., and his authority on questions of precedence was unique. His later distinctions were K.C.B. (1897), K.C.M.G. (1899) and G.C.V.O. (1903). He died on the 7th of January 1904.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nelson (British Columbia)

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​NELSON, a town of British Columbia, situated on the west arm of Kootenay lake. Pop. (1906) about 5000. It is the commercial, administrative and railroad centre of the east and west Kootenay districts. It is the northern terminus of a branch of the Great Northern railway and is also connected by rail and steamboat with the main line of the Canadian Pacific railway at Revelstoke and with the Crow’s Nest line of the same system at Kootenay landing. It has direct railway communication with Rossland, Grand Forks and Greenwood.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nelson (Keewatin)

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​NELSON, a river of Keewatin district, Canada, discharging the waters of Lake Winnipeg in a north-easterly direction into Hudson Bay. It drains an area of 360,000 sq. m. and, including its tributary the Saskatchewan, is 1450 m. long. It is navigable for small steamers for a distance of about 80 m., after which it is unnavigable except for canoes. It has a total fall between the lake and sea of 710 ft. Here its chief tributary is the Burntwood. Norway House at its source and York Factory at its mouth are important stations of the Hudson’s Bay Company.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nelsonville

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​NELSONVILLE, a city of Athens county, Ohio, U.S.A., on the Hocking river, 62 m. S.E. of Columbus. Pop.(1890) 4558, (1900) 5421, including 328 foreign-born and 204 negroes; (1910) 6082. Nelsonville is served by the Hocking Valley railway. The city is in one of the most productive coal sections of the state; there are large quantities of clay in the vicinity; and the principal industries are the mining and shipping of coal and the manufacture of fire-clay products. Nelsonville was settled in 1818 and was incorporated in 1838; it was named in honour of Elisha Nelson, who built the first house here.