OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gustavus IV. Adolphus

Edition of 1905. See also Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GUSTAVUS IV. ADOLPHUS (1778-1837). King of Sweden from 1792 to 1809. He was the son of Gustavus III. and was born November 1, 1778. He succeeded his father on the latter's death, March 29, 1792. By his father's will he was to be vested with the actual sovereignty at the age of eighteen. His uncle, the Duke of Sudermania, acted as regent during his minority. Gustavus had all the belief in absolutism and the wrongheadedness which wrought his father's downfall, without the latter's ability. Gustavus rashly entered the coalition against Napoleon, and hatred of the Corsican became the guiding influence of his life. The result of his policy was the occupation of Swedish Pomerania by French troops under Marshal Brune, who took Stralsund and Rügen from the Swedes in 1807, and thus deprived them of the last of their German possessions. The King opened all his ports to English vessels, and thereby involved himself in a war with Russia, which was then the ally of France. The scene of these hostilities was Finland, which was invaded and conquered by Russia in 1808, the Swedes being assisted by an English auxiliary force of 10,000 men, who, however, speedily returned to England when they found that Gustavus intended to send them to Finland. This unfortunate war with Russia, which had been excited entirely through the folly of the King, gave rise to so much discontent in Sweden that a conspiracy was set on foot by several officers and nobles, the object of which was to dethrone the unpopular monarch. He was seized in the palace at Stockholm, March 13, 1809, and made a prisoner, and the powers of government were assumed by the Duke of Sudermania. On May 10th the King was formally deposed by the Diet, and the Duke of Sudermania was chosen King of Sweden as Charles XIII. After wandering for a time from place to place, Gustavus finally settled at Saint Gall, Switzerland, where he died, February 7, 1837, in poverty, having refused to accept a pension from Sweden. Consult: Mémorial du colonel Gustafsson (pseudonym) (Leipzig, 1829); Kleinschmidt, Die Irrfahrten Gustavus IV. Adolf von Schweden (Leipzig, 1888).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gustavus Vasa

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ GUSTAVUS VASA. vä′sȧ. See Gustavus I. Vasa.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Guthrie

Edition of 1905. See also Guthrie, Oklahoma on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ GUTH′RIE. A city, the capital of Oklahoma, and the county-seat of Logan County, 32 miles north of Oklahoma City, on Cottonwood Creek, and on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé, the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, and the Oklahoma Eastern railroads (Map: Oklahoma, F 3). It was founded in 1889, when the Territory was opened for settlement, and became the capital city in 1890. Later occurred a spirited contest between Guthrie and Oklahoma City (q.v.), the rival cities both developing rapidly. Guthrie has an extensive trade in wholesale merchandise, and among its industrial establishments are cottonseed oil, planing and flouring mills, a foundry and machine-shop, and broom-works. The principal buildings include the Territorial Capitol, Scottish Rite Temple, Carnegie Library (costing $25,000), the city hall, and the Federal prison. Congress has appropriated $50,000 for a Federal building here. The government is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council which confirms the mayor's appointments of members of the fire department, including the chief, and of the police force, excepting the chief, who is chosen by the people. The city owns and operates its water-works. Population, in 1890, 5,333; in 1900, 10,006.
# The Librarian's Copyright Companion/Table of Cases

Table of Cases
# The Library

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "The Library."
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* The Library, a poem by Lydia Huntley Sigourney.
* The Library, a poem by John Greenleaf Whittier;
* The Library, an essay by Ida Faye Wright;
* The library: a magazine of bibliography and library literature.
* The Library, an essay by Andrew Lang
# The Librarian's Copyright Companion/Conclusion

Conclusion
That's it. When we were writing this book, we knew it would not provide "yes" or "no" answers to every copyright question you have. American copyright law is much too gray for that. As you have seen, the answer to any question dealing with copyright depends on its facts, and subtle factual differences may lead to different answers. We hope The Librarian's Copyright Companion, Second Edition gave you a framework that will help you analyze copyright issues in your institution.
There's a lot of information out there, some better than others. Stanford, the University of Texas at Austin, and Columbia University have good websites on copyright law, with very helpful information. Library organizations like the American Library Association and Association of Research Libraries also offer useful information. Even organizations that represent copyright owners, such as the Copyright Clearance Center and Association of American Publishers, can help you analyze copyright issues. Just remember to take their information with a grain of salt or plenty of aspirin.
The bottom line is that you are not alone in thinking that copyright can be confusing and that there are no easy answers to many questions you may confront. Neither are you alone in trying to answer those questions.
If you're a Marx Brothers fan, you may have noticed that we mentioned every Marx Brothers movie in the text—but we couldn't find a place for Love Happy except here.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Propolis

Edition of 1905. See also Propolis on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PRO'POLIS (Lat., from Gk. πρόπολις, bee glue, suburbs, from πρό, pro, before + πόλις, polis, city). A substance commonly known as ‘bee glue,’ which is obtained by the domestic honeybee from the buds and crevices of trees, and is carried by the workers to the hive in the basket-like cavities on the tibial joints of the hind legs. It is resinous in its chemical composition, and differs with the tree from which it is collected. It is used at once to stop up crevices in the hives, and to varnish the whole interior surface as well as to glue movable portions fast; also in strengthening the attachments of combs, and if the latter are designed exclusively for honey the
edges of the completed cells receive a thin coating. The flight-hole is often made smaller by filling a part of it with masses of propolis, sometimes mixed with old wax. Bees of the Carniolan race gather the smallest quantities of propolis and those of the Tunisian race the greatest amount; on this account the former are better suited to the production of white-comb honey.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Promotion

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​PROMOTION. See Rank and Command.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Propaganda

Edition of 1905. See also Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PROPAGANDA (Lat. de propaganda fide, concerning the propagation of the faith). The name of the most important of the Roman congregations or committees of cardinals for the administration, under the Pope, of the Roman Catholic Church. Those parts of the world which are designated from this point of view as ‘missionary countries’ come under its immediate jurisdiction, even when possessing an organized hierarchy. They include: In Europe, the, British Isles, Norway, Denmark, Holland, Switzerland, Greece, the Balkan Peninsula, and parts of Germany; all of North America except Mexico; all of Asia but the Patriarchate of Goa and the Philippines; all of Africa except Algeria and certain dioceses subject to European metropolitans; Australia and Oceania. The churches of the Oriental Rite also come under the Propaganda. For further details, see Missions, Christian.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Propagation of the Faith, Societies for the

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
PROPAGATION OF THE FAITH, Societies for the. See Missions, Christian.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pronaos

Edition of 1905. See also Portico on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​PRONA′OS (Lat., from Gk. πρόναος, porch before a temple, from πρό, pro, before + νάος, naos, temple). The vestibule in front of the naos or cella of a temple. It is commonly a portico formed by prolonging the side walls of the cella.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pronoun

Edition of 1905. See also Pronoun on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ PRONOUN (Lat. pronomen, word standing in place of a noun, from pro, for, before + nomen, name, word, noun). In grammar (q.v.), a word which stands for or instead of a noun (q.v.). While the noun is at first concrete, the pronoun is abstract, and thus represents psychologically a much higher concept than the noun. That it is of later development than the noun seems clear from its composite or suppletive inflection, being made up of a number of stems, still seen, for instance, in I, me, we, us. It had originally no connection with the noun, from which it differed in inflection and in usage. At a later period, however, the nominal and pronominal systems of inflection (q.v.) influenced each other, so that the pronoun shows a number of terminations which properly belong only to the noun, and vice versa. A careful distinction must be observed between pronouns with gender and those without gender. To the former class originally belonged only the pronouns of the first and second persons and the reflexive pronoun of the third person (represented, for instance, by German ich, du, sich). All other pronouns had gender, which was probably natural, not grammatical in character. (See Gender.) These pronouns are demonstrative (as Sanskrit sa, Greek ὁ, Latin ille, ‘that,’ later ‘the’), from which the modern pronouns of the third person are derived (compare English he, she, it with Anglo-Saxon hē, hēo, hit); relative (as Sanskrit ya, Greek ὅς, Latin quis, English who), which are more intimately connected with the interrogatives than the demonstratives; and the interrogatives (as Sanskrit ka, Greek τίς, Latin quis, English who). Of these classes the demonstrative, which is local in force, is probably the oldest. The relative, which introduces the relatively late sentence-form of hypotaxis or subordinate clauses as contrasted with the more primitive parataxis or coördination, seems to be the youngest. Between the two, yet nearer to the demonstrative in point of age, stands the interrogative, which introduces a question. Consult: Zimmern, Vergleichende Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen (Berlin, 1898); Brugmann, Vergleichende Grammatik der indogermanischen Spachen, vol. ii. (Strassburg, 1892).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Promoter

Edition of 1905. See also Corporate promoter on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​PROMOTER (ML. promoter, from Lat. promovere, to promote, push forward, from pro, before, for + movere, to move, Skt. mīv, to push). One who urges or assists in the organization of corporations or joint-stock companies. A promoter commonly makes the plans for the business operations to be carried on, estimates the possible profits, solicits subscriptions to the stock of the proposed corporation, and, in short, does all he can to bring about its organization. A promoter is held to stand in a fiduciary relation to the prospective company. Accordingly, he is held to a very strict accountability as to his motives and as to any profits he may endeavor to make out of the proposed organization. Unless he discloses to the subscribers for stock the amount of profits he intends to make by effecting the organization, or by selling the company any lands or things of value, he must account to them for what he receives. If a promoter makes fraudulent misrepresentations as to the prospects of the intended corporation, any subscriber deceived thereby may cancel his subscription, and may recover any damages he may sustain from the promoter. If a person urges others to form a company and buy something he has to sell, and does not himself become identified with the organization, he is not a promoter in the above sense, and may obtain the best price he can induce the company to pay for his property. A corporation, when organized, is not liable for any ‘contracts’ entered into on its behalf by the promoter prior to its organization. It cannot ratify them, but may ‘adopt’ them, but this amounts to making a new contract. A promoter may sometimes be held personally liable on such contracts. See Thompson, On Liability of Directors and Other Officers and Agents of Corporations (Saint Louis, 1880); and consult the authorities referred to under Agent; Contract; Corporation.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Endecott, John

Edition of 1905. See also John Endecott on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
EN'DECOTT, John (c.1588-1665). A Colonial Governor of Massachusetts, born in Dorchester, England. He was one of the six ‘joint adventurers’ of Dorchester who, in March, 1628, obtained a patent of the Massachusetts Bay Territory, and in the same year led the company of about one hundred which, early in September, settled in Naumkeag (later Salem). He acted for a time as Governor, but in June, 1630, was superseded by Winthrop. Endecott then became a member of Governor Winthrop's Council of Assistants. In August, 1636, Endecott led an expedition against the Pequots on Block Island, but accomplished little. He was Deputy Governor of the Colony in 1642-43; served as Governor in 1664; became Sergeant-Major-General of Massachusetts in 1645, and from 1649 until his death, with the exception of 1650 and 1654, when he was Deputy Governor, was Governor of the Colony. In 1658 he was elected President of the United Colonies of New England. During his term as Governor he served the interests of the Colony with great ability and energy. Consult: C. M. Endicott, Memoir of John Endecott (Salem, 1847), privately printed, but reproduced in part in vol. i. of The New England Historical and Genealogical Register (Boston, 1847), and a “Memorial of Governor John Endecott,” by Salisbury, in Antiquarian Papers (Worcester, 1879).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Endemann, Wilhelm

Edition of 1905. See also Wilhelm Endemann on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ENDEMANN, ĕn'de-mȧn, Wilhelm (1825-99). A German jurist, born at Marburg, Hesse, and educated at Heidelberg. He was professor of law at Jena from 1862 to 1867, and assumed the same chair at Bonn in 1875. From 1871 to 1873 he was a member of the Reichstag. He became one of the greatest authorities on the commercial law of Germany. His works on jurisprudence include: Der Entwurf eines deutschen Handelsgesetzbuchs (1858); Das deutsche Handelsrecht (4th ed. 1887); Die Entwicklung des Beweisverfahrens im deutschen Civilprozess (1895).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Encyclopédie

Edition of 1905. See also Encyclopédie on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ENCYCLOPÉDIE, äN'sḗ'klṓ'pắ'dḗ', ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (Fr., Encyclopædia, or classified dictionary of sciences, arts, and trades). A celebrated French work, published by Diderot and D'Alembert at Paris in 1751-72, which in philosophy, religion, and politics voiced the prevailing tendencies of the time. It appeared in twenty-eight volumes, to which five supplementary volumes (Amsterdam, 1776-77) and an index in two volumes (Paris, 1780) were added. The undertaking was due to the success of Chambers's Cyclopædia in England, but the French work surpassed all its predecessors in completeness and philosophical spirit. Among the collaborators were many of the great writers of the day — Rousseau, Grimm, Montesquieu, and Voltaire, in addition to the principal editors. The work aroused violent opposition and encountered many obstacles, its publication being repeatedly suspended by the Government, but was carried to completion largely through the secret aid of Madame de Pompadour. It gave rise to the term ‘Encyclopédistes,’ by which those who accepted it's philosophy were called. See Encyclopædia.
# The New International Encyclopædia/End

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
END. See Teleology.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Engel, Carl

Edition of 1905. See also Carl Engel (musicologist) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ENGEL, ĕng'el, Carl (1818-82). A German English writer on music. He was born near Hanover, studied the pianoforte under Hummel, and in 1850 settled in London, where he attained success as a teacher of music and writer on musical subjects. He owned a large collection of rare musical instruments, many of which were given after his death to the South Kensington Museum, with which he had been connected for many years. His books treat of the music of different nations at
different periods. Among them may be mentioned: The Music of the Most Ancient Nations (1864); An Introduction to the Study of National Music (1866); and Researches into the Early History of the Violin Family (1883).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Engel, Ernst

Edition of 1905. See also Ernst Engel on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ENGEL, Ernst (1821-96). German statistician born in Dresden. He studied mining engineering at Freiberg and Paris. After acting as member of the Saxon commission for the investigation of industrial and labor conditions, he became in 1850 director of the Royal Saxon Statistical Bureau in Dresden. His work here was mainly in improving the methods of statistics and popularizing the results. In 1858 he resigned to assume charge of the Saxon Mortgage Insurance Company, but returned in 1860 to the public service as director of the Prussian Statistical Bureau. In this office he remained until 1882, when failing health caused him to retire. He was known in professional circles as one of the most capable and energetic of modern statisticians, and his contributions to the methods of administrative statistics were considerable. His investigations into the household expenses of the laboring classes were particularly valuable. Consult Bulletin de l'Institut International de Statistique, vol. x. (Rome, 1897). Engel's chief works are reprints of contributions to the Zeitschrift des statistischen Bureaus, and include Die Methoden der Volkszählung (1861), Land und Leute des preussischen Staates (1863), and Das Zeitalter des Dampfes (2d ed. 1881).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ende, Hermann

Edition of 1905. See also Hermann Ende on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ENDE, ĕn'de, Hermann (1830—). A German architect. He was born at Landsberg, attended the Academy of Architecture at Berlin, and afterwards made a tour of Europe. He has exercised a considerable influence upon the recent development of architecture in Berlin. The numerous buildings constructed by him (partly in association with Wilhelm Böckmann) include the Red Palace, the buildings in the Zoölogical Garden, Royal York Lodge, Ethnological Museum, and the Bank of Commerce and Industry. The Japanese Government intrusted him in 1866 with contracts for the designs of several new public buildings at Tokio and elsewhere. He was made a member of the Berlin Academy of Arts, and honorary member of those of Vienna and Saint Petersburg.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Endeavor, The

Edition of 1905. See also HMS Endeavor on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ENDEAVOR, The. The famous ship in which Lieutenant (afterwards Captain) Cook made his voyage of exploration and discovery, 1768-71, in the Southern Pacific. It was fitted out by the Royal Society of England, for the express purpose of observing the transit of Venus. See Cook, Capt. James.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Engel, Franz

Edition of 1905. See also Franz Engel (naturalist) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ENGEL, Franz (1834—). A German traveler, born at Röbel, Mecklenburg-Schwerin. From 1857 to 1863 he made a tour through South America, accounts of which he published in the interesting and valuable volumes entitled Studien unter den Tropen Amerikas (2d ed. 1879), and Aus dem Pflanzerstaate Zulia (1881).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ohm

See also Ohm on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ OHM (named after Georg S. Ohm). The practical unit of electrical resistance. It is defined as being the electrical resistance offered to the passage of an unvarying electric current by a column of mercury, 106.3 cm. long, of uniform cross-section, having a mass of 14.4521 grams, the mercury being at the temperature of 0° C. (This would require a cross-section of 1.00003 square millimeters.) The ohm is substantially equal to 10$^9$ C.G.S. electro-magnetic units of resistance. See Electrical Units; Resistance, Electrical.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ohio Wesleyan University

See also Ohio Wesleyan University on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ OHIO WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY. A coeducational institution of higher learning under the control of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Delaware, Ohio, opened in 1844. The Ohio Wesleyan Female College, founded in 1853, was united with the university, and in 1896 an existing medical school at Cleveland was annexed under the name of the Cleveland College of Physicians and Surgeons. The university embraces a college of liberal arts, an academic department, and schools of music, oratory, business, fine arts, and medicine. In 1849 the trustees authorized the sale of scholarships to secure an endowment, and during the next five years 3740 scholarships were sold, calling for more than 25,000 years of tuition. In 1902 the faculty numbered 111 and the student body 1385. The endowment was $954,121, and the value of the grounds, fifteen buildings, and equipment, $742,503. The library contained 42,000 volumes.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ohm, Georg Simon

See also Georg Ohm on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ OHM, ōm, Georg Simon (1787-1854). A German physicist and discoverer of the famous law in electricity bearing his name. He was born and educated at Erlangen, and, after giving instruction in mathematics and physics in a number of schools, he was called in 1817 to a chair in the gymnasium at Cologne. He made a study of the laws of galvanic currents, and while investigating the relative conductivity of metals finally discovered the relation known as ‘Ohm's law,’ which underlies all electrical theory and measurement. The experimental proof of this law was first published in a paper in Schweiggers Journal für Chemie und Physik, vol. xlvi. (1820), under the title of “Bestimmung des Gesetzes nach welchem Metalle die Contaktelectricität leiten,” etc. An exposition of the theory is contained in The Galvanic Chain, Mathematically Worked Out (1854). He resigned his professorship at Cologne in 1826, was director of the Nuremberg Polytechnic School 1833-49, and was then called to the chair of physics at Munich. The name ohm was given to the unit of electrical resistance by the Paris Congress of Physicists (1881). Previously (1846) the British Association had called the unit of resistance the ohmad. See Scientific Works of Georg Simon Ohm, by Eugene Lommel, a biographical sketch in Smithsonian Report, 1891, Washington; also, Mann, Georg Simon Ohm (Leipzig, 1892).