OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Holland, Henry (d.1604)

​HOLLAND, HENRY (d. 1604), divine, educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1579–80, was instituted to the vicarage of Orwell, Cambridgeshire, on 21 Nov. 1580. In 1583 he commenced M.A., and on 13 Feb. 1593–4 was instituted to the vicarage of St. Bride, London, on the presentation of the dean and chapter of Westminster. This benefice was ​vacant by his death before 13 Feb. 1603–4. A son, Henry, entered Merchant Taylors' School in 1613 (Robinson, Merchant Taylors' School Reg. i. 76).
Holland was the author of the following works: 1. ‘A Treatise against Witchcraft; or A Dialogue, wherein the greatest doubts concerning that sinne are briefly answered. . . . Herevnto is also added a Short Discourse, containing the most certen meanes ordained of God, to discouer, expell, and to confound all the sathanicall inuentions of Witchcraft and Sorcerie,’ Cambridge, 1590, 4to; dedicated to Robert Devereux, earl of Essex. 2. ‘Spirituall Preseruatiues against the Pestilence: chiefly collected out of the 91 Psalme,’ London, 1593, 16mo; 1603, 4to; dedicated to the lord mayor, sheriffs, and aldermen, and Thomas Aldersey, citizen, of London. To the second edition is added ‘An Admonition concerning the use of Physick,’ which was reprinted with ‘Salomon's Pesthouse’ (1630), by I. D. 3. ‘Aphorisms of Christian Religion: or a verie compendious abridgement of M. I. Caluin's Institutions, set forth in short sentences methodically by M. I. Piscator: And now Englished according to the Authors third and last edition,’ London, 1596, 8vo, with dedication to Dr. Goodman, dean of Westminster. 4. ‘Christian exercise of Fasting, Private and Publick: whereunto is added certain Meditations on the 1st and 2d chapters of the Book of Job,’ London, 1596, 4to.
Holland edited (London, by Felix Kyngston, 1603, 4to) ‘Lectures upon the Epistles of Paul to the Colossians,’ by Robert Rollok of Edinburgh, and the works of Richard Greenham [q. v.] (1599; 5th ed. 1612).
[Ames's Typ. Antiq. (Herbert), pp. 1255, 1257, 1268, 1294, 1358, 1419; Baker's MS. 30, p. 247; Cooper's Athenæ Cantabr. iii. 8; Newcourt's Repertorium, i. 317; Strype's Annals, ii. 5, fol.; Wood's Ath. Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 386.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Holland, James

​HOLLAND, JAMES (1800–1870), water-colour painter, was born at Burslem, 17 Oct. 1800, where his father and other members of his family were employed at the pottery works of William Davenport. He was himself employed at an early age in painting ​flowers on pottery and porcelain, and came to London in 1819 to practise as a flower-painter, and to give lessons in drawing landscape, architecture, and marine subjects. He first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1824, and in 1830 he visited France and made studies of its architecture. In 1823 he exhibited a picture of ‘London from Blackheath.’ In 1835 he became an associate exhibitor of the (now Royal) Society of Painters in Water-colours, but he left the society in 1843, and joined the (now Royal) Society of British Artists, of which he remained a member till 1848. He rejoined the Water-colour Society in 1856, and was elected a full member two years afterwards. He was much employed in drawing for the illustrated annuals, and for this purpose he visited Venice, Milan, Geneva, and Paris in 1836, and Portugal in 1838. In 1839 he exhibited at the Royal Academy a fine painting of Lisbon. In 1845 he went to Rotterdam, in 1850 to Normandy and North Wales, in 1851 again to Geneva, and in 1857 again to Venice. In the South Kensington Museum are a series of sketches in Portugal dated 1847, from which it would appear that he visited that country a second time. In the course of his life he exhibited, in addition to his contributions to the Water-colour Society, thirty-two pictures at the Royal Academy, ninety-one at the British Institution, and one hundred and eight at the Society of British Artists. Though generally classed as a water-colour painter, he was equally skilful in oils. He was one of the finest colourists of the English school, and his pictures, especially those of Venice, though neglected in his lifetime, are now eagerly sought for and fetch large prices. He appears to have ceased to exhibit in 1857. He died 12 Dec. 1870. At Greenwich Hospital there is a picture by him of Greenwich, and at the South Kensington Museum are two small oil pictures and a few water-colours, but there is no fine example of his work in the national collections.
[Redgrave's Dict.; Bryan's Dict. (Graves); Graves's Dict.; Catalogues of South Kensington Museum.]
C. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Napier, Henry Edward

​NAPIER, HENRY EDWARD (1789–1853), historian, born on 5 March 1789, was son of Colonel George Napier [q. v.], younger brother of Sir Charles James Napier [q. v.], conqueror of Scinde, of Sir George Thomas Napier [q. v.], governor of the Cape of Good Hope, and of Sir William Francis Patrick Napier [q. v.], historian and general. He entered the Royal Naval Academy on 5 May 1803, and, embarking on 20 Sept. 1806 on board the Spencer, 74 guns, was present in the expedition against Copenhagen in 1807, and assisted at the destruction of Fleckeröe Castle on the coast of Norway. From 1808 till 1811 he served in the East Indies, and on 4 May 1810 received his commission as lieutenant. On 7 June 1814 he was promoted to the command of the Goree, 18 guns, and, soon after removing to the Rifleman, 18 guns, was for a considerable time entrusted with the charge of the trade in the Bay of Fundy. In August 1815 he went on half-pay, having previously declined a piece of plate which had been voted to him for his care in the conduct of convoys between the port of St. John's, New Brunswick, and Castine. On 31 Dec. 1830 he was gazetted to the rank of captain, and was put on half-pay.
His chief claim to notice is that he was the author of ‘Florentine History from the earliest Authentic Records to the Accession of Ferdinand the Third, Grandduke of Tuscany,’ six vols., 1846–7, a work showing much independence of judgment and vivacity of style, but marred by prolixity. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on 18 May 1820, and died at 62 Cadogan Place, London, on 13 Oct. 1853.
He married on 17 Nov. 1823 Caroline Bennet, a natural daughter of Charles Lennox, third duke of Richmond; she died at Florence on 5 Sept. 1836, leaving three children.
[O'Byrne's Naval Biographical Dict. 1849, p. 804; Gent. Mag. 1854, pt. ii. p. 90.]
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Napier, Robert (1611-1686)

​NAPIER, ROBERT (1611–1686), royalist, born in 1611, was second son of Sir Nathaniel Napier of More Crichel, Dorset, grandson of Sir Robert Napier (d. 1615) [q. v.], and was younger brother of Sir Gerard Napier [q. v.] On 21 Nov. 1628 he matriculated at Queen's College, Oxford, but did not graduate, and in 1637 he was called to the bar from the Middle Temple, being then seated at Puncknowle, Dorset (Foster, Alumni Oxon. 1500–1714, iii. 1052). He was subsequently appointed receiver-general and auditor of the duchy of Cornwall. During the civil war he busied himself in collecting money to maintain the king's forces. He lived in Exeter while it was held as a royalist garrison, and afterwards at Truro. On the surrender of Truro to the parliament in March 1646, Sir Thomas Fairfax, in a letter to Speaker Lenthall, recommended Napier to the favourable consideration of the house, ‘as well in respect of the treaty as that he is a gentleman of whom I hear a very good report’ (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1645–7, p. 381). On 30 June 1646, having in the meantime taken the national covenant and negative oath, he begged to be allowed to compound, and was, on 12 Feb. 1649, fined only 505l. 11s. (Cal. of Committee for Compounding, p. 1372; cf. Cal. of Committee for Advance of Money, p. 1377). After the Restoration the king, in February 1663, granted him a renewal of the office of receiver-general (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1663–4, p. 62).
Napier died at Puncknowle in the winter of 1686, his will (P. C. C. 170, Lloyd) being proved on 4 Dec. He married, first, by license dated 12 July 1637, Anne, daughter of Allan Corrance of Wykin, Suffolk ( ​Chester, London Marriage Licenses, ed. Foster, col. 958); secondly, Catherine, sister of Lord Hawley; and thirdly, by license dated 18 March 1668, Mary, daughter of Sir Thomas Evelyn, bart., of Long Ditton, Surrey, and widow of Edmond Ironside of Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, who survived him. By his first wife he left a son and a daughter, Anne, who married John Fry of Yarty, Devonshire, son of the regicide John Fry (1609–1657) [q. v.]
His son, Sir Robert Napier (1642?–1700), born about 1642, matriculated at Oxford from Trinity College on 1 April 1656, but did not graduate, and became a member of the Middle Temple in 1660. He is wrongly stated to have been master of the hanaper office. On 27 Jan. 1681, being then high sheriff for Dorset, he was knighted (Luttrell, Brief Historical Relation, i. 64), and on 25 Feb. 1682 became a baronet. He was M.P. for Weymouth and Melcombe Regis in 1689–90, and for Dorchester in 1690 till unseated on 6 Oct. 1690. He was, however, re-elected in 1698. Napier died on 31 Oct. 1700. By license dated 25 Oct. 1667 he married Sophia Evelyn of Long Ditton.
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Napier, James

​NAPIER, JAMES (1810–1884), dyer and antiquary, was born at Partick, Glasgow, in June 1810, and started life as a ‘draw-boy’ to a weaver. Subsequently he became an apprentice dyer, and, being interested in chemistry, he with David Livingstone [q. v.] and James Young [q. v.], celebrated for his discoveries regarding paraffin, attended the classes in Glasgow of Professor Thomas Graham, who was later master of the mint. Subsequently Napier went to England, and lived several years in London and Swansea. About 1849–50 he returned to Glasgow, where he became closely associated with Anderson's college and the technical school founded by James Young; he died at Bothwell on 1 Dec. 1884.
Napier wrote:
* ‘A Manual of Electro-Metallurgy,’ 1851, 8vo (5th edit. 1876).
* ‘A Manual of the Art of Dyeing,’ Glasgow, 1853, 12mo (3rd edit. 1875, 8vo).
* ‘The Ancient Workers and Artificers in Metal,’ 1856, 12mo.
* ‘Stonehaven and its Historical Associations,’ 2nd edit. 1870, 16mo.
* ‘Notes and Reminiscences relating to Partick,’ Glasgow, 1873, 8vo.
* ‘Manufacturing Arts in Ancient Times,’ Edinburgh, 1874, 8vo.
* ‘Folklore; or Superstitious Beliefs in the West of Scotland within this Century,’ Paisley, 1879, 8vo.
By this last work Napier will be best remembered. It is an admirable example of folklore of a district, honestly collected, and narrated without ostentation. It is invaluable to any student of Scottish folklore. He also contributed various papers to the Glasgow Archæological Society, one paper on ‘Ballad Folklore’ to the ‘Folklore Record,’ vol. ii., and numerous others to the Glasgow Philosophical Society's ‘Proceedings’ (cf. The Royal Society's Cat. of Scientific Papers). He also published additions to Byrne's ‘Practical Metal-worker's Assistant,’ 1864, 8vo, and illustrated MacArthur's ‘Antiquities of Arran,’ 1861, 8vo.
[Brit. Mus. Cat.; Allibone's Dict. of Engl. Lit.; Athenæum, 1884, ii. 810; other newspaper notices, and personal knowledge.]
W. G. B-k.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Greenhow, Edward Headlam

​GREENHOW, EDWARD HEADLAM (1814–1888), physician, born in North Shields in 1814, was grandson of E. M. Greenhow, M.D., of North Shields, and was nephew of T. M. Greenhow, M.D., F.R.C.S. (1791-1881), surgeon for many years to the Newcastle Infirmary, a notable operator and sanitary reformer (see British Medical Journal, 1881, ii. 799). He studied medicine at Edinburgh and Montpelier, and practised for eighteen years in partnership with his father in North Shields and Tynemouth. In 1852 he graduated M.D. at Aberdeen, and in 1853 settled in London. From 1854 he frequently reported on epidemics and questions of public health to the board of health and the privy council, and he served on several royal commissions. In 1855 he was appointed lecturer on public health at St. Thomas's Hospital; joining the medical school of the Middlesex Hospital as assistant physician and joint lecturer on medical jurisprudence in 1861, he became full physician to the hospital in 1870, lecturer on medicine in 1871, and consulting physician in 1870. In 1875 he delivered the Croonian lectures at the Royal College of Physicians on Addison's disease. The Clinical Society was founded in 1867 mainly by his exertions; he was its treasurer from the commencement to 1879, when he became president. He was a zealous and successful teacher and investigator, and an excellent and thorough-going man of business. He was twice married, first in 1842 to the widow of W. Barnard, esq. (she died in 1857, leaving one son, the Rev. Edward Greenhow); and secondly to Eliza, daughter of Joseph Hume, M.P. (she died in 1878, leaving two daughters). Greenhow retired in 1881 to Reigate, Surrey, and died suddenly at Charing Cross Station on 22 Nov. 1888 on his return from a meeting of the pension commutation board, to which he was medical officer.
Greenhow wrote:
* ‘On Diphtheria,’ 1860.
* ‘On Addison's Disease,’ 1866.
* ‘On Chronic Bronchitis,’ 1869.
* ‘Croonian Lectures on Addison's Disease,’ 1875.
* ‘On Bronchitis and the Morbid Conditions connected with it,’ 1878.
He also prepared the following parliamentary reports: ‘The different Proportions of Deaths from certain Diseases in different Districts in England and Wales,’ 1858, an especially valuable memoir ‘On the Prevalence and Causes of Diarrhœa in certain Towns;’ ‘Districts with Excessive Mortality from Lung Diseases;’ ‘Excessive Mortality of Young Children among Manufacturing Populations,’ appendix to ‘Report of Medical Officer of Privy Council,’ 1859-61. Many papers by Greenhow appeared in the medical journals.
[Lancet, 1888, ii. 1104-6.]
G. T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Greenway, Oswald

​GREENWAY, OSWALD (1565–1635), jesuit. [See Tesimond.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Greenwell, Leonard

1904 Errata appended.
​GREENWELL, Sir LEONARD (1781–1844), major-general, born in 1781, was third son of Joshua Greenwell of Kibblesworth, of the family of Greenwell of Greenwell Ford, county Durham. He entered the army by purchase as ensign in the 45th foot in 1802, became lieutenant in 1803, and captain 1804. In 1806 he embarked with his regiment in the secret expedition under General Cranford, which ultimately was sent to La Plata as a reinforcement, and took part in the operations against Buenos Ayres. He landed with the regiment in Portugal on 1 Aug. 1808, and, save on two occasions when absent on account of wounds, was present with it throughout the Peninsular campaigns from Roliça to Toulouse. He was in temporary command of the regiment during Massena's retreat from Torres Vedras, at the battle of Fuentes d'Onoro, and at the final siege and fall of Badajoz; he became regimental major after Busaco, and received a brevet lieutenant-colonelcy after the battle of Salamanca; he conducted the light troops of Picton's division at Orthez, and succeeded to the command of his regiment on the fall of Colonel Forbes at Toulouse. In the course of these campaigns he was repeatedly wounded, was shot through the body, through the neck, and through the right arm, a bullet lodged in his left arm, and another in his right leg. In 1819 Greenwell took his regiment out to Ceylon, and commanded it there for six years, but was compelled to return home through ill-health before it embarked for Burma. In 1831 he was appointed commandant at Chatham, a post he vacated on promotion to major-general 10 Jan. 1837.
Greenwell was a K.C.B. and K.C.H. He had purchased all his regimental steps but one. He died in Harley Street, Cavendish Square, London, on 11 Nov. 1844, aged 63.
H. M. C.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.141 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 83 | i | 49-50 | Greenwell, Sir Leonard: for Cranford read Crauford |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Greenwich, Duke of

​GREENWICH, Duke of. [See Campbell, John, second Duke of Argyll, 1678–1743.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Greenwood, James

​GREENWOOD, JAMES (d. 1737), grammarian, was for some time usher to Benjamin Morland at Hackney, but soon after 1711 opened a boarding-school at Woodford in Essex. At midsummer 1721, when Morland became high-master, he was appointed surmaster of St. Paul's School, London, a post which he held until his death on 12 Sept. 1737 (Gent. Mag. 1737, p. 574). He left a widow, Susannah. He was the author of: 1. ‘An Essay towards a practical English Grammar. Describing the Genius and Nature of the English Tongue,’ &c., 12mo, London, 1711 ; 2nd edit. 1722; 3rd edit. 1729; 5th edit. 1753. It received the praises of Professor Andrew Ross of Glasgow, Dr. George Hickes, John Chamberlayne, and Isaac Watts, who in his ‘Art of Reading and Writing English’ considered that Greenwood had shown in his book ‘the deep Knowledge, without the haughty Airs of a Critick.’ At Watts's suggestion Greenwood afterwards published an abridgment under the title of ‘The Royal English Grammar,’ which he dedicated to the Princess of Wales; the fourth edition of this appeared in 1750, an eighth in 1770. The appearance of two other English grammars by John Brightland and Michael Mattaire at about the same time called forth an anonymous attack on all three books, entitled ‘Bellum Grammatical; or the Grammatical Battel Royal. In Reflections on the ​three English Grammars publish'd in about a year last past,’ 8vo, London, 1712. Greenwood also wrote ‘The London Vocabulary, English and Latin: put into a new Method proper to acquaint theLearner with Things, as well as Pure Latin Words. Adorn'd with Twenty Six Pictures,’ &c., 3rd edition, 12mo, London 1713 (many editions, both English and American). It is, however, nothing more than an abridgment of Jan Amos Komensky's ‘Orbis Pictura.’ Greenwood's last work was ‘The Virgin Muse. Being a Collection of Poems from our most celebrated English Poets … To which are added some Copies of Verses never before printed; with notes,’ &c., 12mo, London, 1717; 2nd edition, 1722. It does not appear that Greenwood himself was a contributor.
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Greenwell, Dora

​GREENWELL, DORA (1821–1882), poet and essayist, was born on 6 Dec. 1821 at Greenwell Ford in the county of Durham. Her father, an active country gentleman, became embarrassed, and when Dora was six-and-twenty their home was sold. Poverty, want of a settled home for many years, and very poor health served to deepen her religious views. For eighteen years she lived with her mother in Durham, and, after her mother's death, chiefly in London. An accident in 1881 seemed seriously to impair her delicate constitution, and she died on 29 March 1882.
Miss Greenwell began her career as an authoress by the publication of a volume of poems in 1848, the year that she left Greenwell Ford. It was well received, and was followed by another volume in 1850, ‘Stories that might be True, with other poems.’ A third volume appeared in 1861, and of this an enlarged edition was published in 1867. Her next volume of poems was called ‘Carmina Crucis’ 1869). These were her deepest and most characteristic effusions, ‘road-side songs, with both joy and sorrow in them.’ She afterwards ​published ‘Songs of Salvation’ (1873), ‘The Soul's Legend’ (1873), and ‘Camera Obscura’ (1876), all in verse. Her principal prose works, ‘The Patience of Hope’ (1860), ‘A Present Heaven’ (1855, reissued in 1867 as ‘The Covenant of Life and Peace’), and ‘Two Friends’ (2nd edit. 1867,with a sequel, ‘Colloquia Crucis,’ 1871), are full of deep and beautiful religious thought. A volume of ‘Essays’ appeared in 1866, consisting chiefly of pieces that had appeared in periodicals, and included ‘Our Single Women,’ originally an article in the ‘North British Review,’ February 1862, in which she earnestly pleaded for the extension of educated women's work, with a due regard to their appropriate sphere. Another of her books was a ‘Life of Lacordaire’ (1867), with whose character and views she was in many respects in close sympathy. She also wrote a memoir of the quaker John Woolman (1871), and ‘Liber Humanitatis: Essays on Spiritual and Social Life’ (1875).
To the American edition (1862) of the ‘Patience of Hope’ a preface was prefixed by Whittier, who classed the writer with Thomas à Kempis, Augustine, Fénelon, John Woolman, and Tauler. Whittier says of Miss Greenwell's work: ‘It assumes the life and power of the gospel as a matter of actual experience; it bears unmistakable evidence of a realisation on the part of the author of the truth that Christianity is not simply historical and traditional, but present and permanent, with its roots in the infinite past and its branches in the infinite future, the eternal spring and growth of divine love.’
W. G. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Muss, Charles

​MUSS, CHARLES (1779–1824), enamel and glass-painter, born in 1779, was son of Boniface Muss (or Musso), an Italian artist, who exhibited a drawing at the Society of Artists' exhibition in 1790, and is stated to have practised at Newcastle-on-Tyne. Muss was principally employed on glass-painting, and as such became one of the principal artists in Collins's glass-works near Temple Bar. He obtained some eminence in this art, and executed among others a copy of Rubens's 'Descent from the Cross' on glass for St. Bride's Church, Fleet Street. He devoted much time to the art of painting in enamel, and after some vicissitudes of fortune brought it to great perfection. He copied in this manner a number of important works by the old masters, some in an unusually large size, such as the 'Holy Family,' after Parmegiano. He was appointed enamel-painter to the king, and received many commissions from him. He had, however, barely secured success and a recognised position in his arts when his career was cut short by his death, which happened about August 1824. He had been an occasional exhibitor of enamels at the Royal Academy from 1800 to 1823. Muss ​was a personal friend of John Martin [q. v.] the painter, who undertook to direct the completion as far as possible of Muss's unfinished works on glass and in enamel. Muss had also prepared for publication a set of thirty-three original outline illustrations to Gay's 'Fables,' and a few copies were worked off for inspection before his death, which stopped their publication. He left a widow, and on 29 and 30 Nov. 1824 his collections of prints, drawings, &c., and completed works were sold by auction for her benefit.
[Gent. Mag. 1824, pt. ii. p. 186; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Graves's Dict. of Artists, 1760–1880.]
L. C.