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# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Deed

See also Deed on Wikipedia; Deed on Wikipedia, Deed in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​DEED is a contract in writing, sealed and delivered by the party bound to the party benefited, Contracts or obligations under seal are called in English law specialties, and down to a recent date they took precedence in pay ment over simple contracts, whether written or not. Writing, sealing, and- delivery are all essential to a deed. The signature of the party charged is not material, and the deed is not void for want of a date. Delivery, it is held, may be complete without the actual handing over of the deed ; it is sufficient if the act of sealing were accompanied by words or acts signifying that the deed was intended to be presently binding ; and delivery to a third person for the use of the party benefited will be sufficient. On the other hand, the deed may be handed over to a third person as an escrow (ecrit), in which case it will not take effect as a deed until certain conditions are performed. Such con ditional delivery may be inferred from the circumstances attending the transaction, although the conditions be not expressed in words. A deed indented, or indenture (so ealled because written in counterparts on the same sheet of parchment, separated by cutting a wavy line between them), is between two or more parties who contract mutually. The actual indentation is not now necessary to an indenture. A deed-poll (without indentation) is a deed in which one party binds himself without reference to any corresponding obligations undertaken by another party. See CONTRACT.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Declaration

See also Declaration (law) on Wikipedia; Declaration on Wikipedia, Declaration in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​DECLARATION in an action at law was the first step in pleading the formal statement of the matter in respect of which the defendant sued. It was divided into counts, in each of which a specific cause of action was alleged, but the language used was cautious and general, and the same matter might be the subject of several counts. By the simpler form of pleading established by the Judicature Act, 1873, the declaration is replaced by a statement of claim setting forth the simple facts on which the plaintiff replies. Statutory declaration. By 5 and 6 Will. IV. c. 62 (which was an Act to make provisions for the abolition of unnecessary oaths, and to repeal a previous Act of the same session on the same subject) various cases are specified in which a declaration shall be substituted for an affidavit on oath. There is a general clause empowering any justice of the peace, notary public, or other officer now by law authorized to administer an oath, to take and receive the declaration of any person voluntarily making the same before him in the form in the schedule to the Act annexed ; and if any declaration so made shall be false or untrue in any material particular, the person wilfully making such false declaration shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanour.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Defender of the Faith

See also Defender of the Faith on Wikipedia; Defender of the Faith on Wikipedia, Defender of the Faith in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​DEFENDER OF THE FAITH (Fidei Mefensor), a peculiar title belonging to the sovereign of England, in the same way that Catholicus belongs to the king of Spain, and Christ ianissinms to the king of France. Although certain charters have been appealed to in proof of an earlier use of the title, it appears to have been first conferred by Leo. X. on Henry VIII. in 1521 for writing against Luther. It was afterwards confirmed by Clement VII. When Henry suppressed the religious houses at the time of the Reformation, the Pope not only deprived him of this desig nation, but also deposed him ; in the thirty-fifth year of his reign, however, the title of " Defender of the Faith " was confirmed by Parliament, and has continued to be used by all his successors on the English throne.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Decree

See also Decree on Wikipedia; Decree on Wikipedia, Decree in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​DECREE, DECREET, the judgment of a court of justice, and, in English law, more particularly the judgment of a court of equity. A decree nisi is the conditional order for a dissolution of marriage made by the court for divorce and matrimonial causes, which will be made absolute after six months, in the absence of sufficient cause shown to the contrary.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Decurio

See also Decurio on Wikipedia; Decurio on Wikipedia, Decurio in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​DECURIO, an officer in the Roman cavalry, commanding a decuria, which was a body consisting of ten men. There were certain provincial magistrates called decuriones municipales, who had the same position and powers in free and corporate towns as the senate had in Rome. As the name implies, they consisted at first of ten, but in later times the number was often as many as a hundred; their duty was to watch over the interests of their fellow-citizens, and to increase the revenues of the commonwealth. Their court was called curia decurionum, and minor senatits; and their decrees, called decreta decurionum, were marked with D. D. at the top. They generally styled themselves civitatum patres curiales, and honorati inunicipiorum senatores. They were elected with the same ceremonies as the Roman senators, and they required to be at least twenty-five years of age, and to be possessed of a certain fixed income. The election took place on the kalends of March.
# Executive Order 6006

more info.
See the Notes section for a list of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order.
Signed by President Herbert Hoover Monday, January 23, 1933
External Information about this EO
Under and pursuant to the provisions of the act of Congress approved June 25, 1910 (36 Stat. 847-848), entitled ‘‘An Act To authorize the President of the United States to make withdrawals of public lands in certain cases,’’ as amended by act of Congress approved August 24, 1912 (37 Stat. 497), it is hereby ordered that the land hereinafter listed be, and the same is hereby, withdrawn from settlement, location, sale, or entry and reserved for public use as a source of water for domestic purposes in the community of Unalaska:
    United States Survey No. 1946.

## Notes
### Revoked by

* Executive Order 7622, May 29, 1937

### See Related

* Public Land Order 1202, August 4, 1955 ( 20 FR 5779 )
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 601

more info.
Signed by President Theodore Roosevelt Tuesday, March 26, 1907
1907 CSR 119
Mrs. Theresa S. Aubright may be appointed to a clerical position in the classified civil service without examination.
The White House,
    March 26, 1907.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 6022

more info.
See the Notes section for a list of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order
Signed by President Herbert Hoover Friday, February 10, 1933
External Information about this EO
By virtue of the authority vested in me by section 204 of Part II of the act entitled "An Act Making appropriations for the Legislative Branch of the Government for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1933, and for other purposes," approved June 30, 1932, Ernest F. Moessner, scale repairer in the Mint of the United States at Denver, Colo., Treasury Department, who, during the current month, reaches the retirement age prescribed for automatic separation from the service, is hereby exempted from the provisions of that section until February 28, 1935.

## Notes

Shortcut: WS:USEO

### See Related

* None Available
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 6023

more info.
See the Notes section for a list of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order
Signed by President Herbert Hoover Saturday, February 11, 1933
External Information about this EO
By authority of the provisions of section 4 of the Air Commerce Act of 1926 (44 Stat. 568, 570), the air space over the District of Columbia is hereby designated as a prohibited area from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., on March 4, 1933, for public-safety purposes.
Between the time above specified, no aircraft shall be navigated through the air space over the District of Columbia except such aircraft as may be specifically permitted by the Secretary of Commerce, between such time and over such places as the Secretary of Commerce in his discretion may determine.

## Notes

Shortcut: WS:USEO

### See Related

* None Available
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 603

more info.
Signed by President Theodore Roosevelt Friday, March 29, 1907
1907 CSR 120
One clerk or examiner for duty as private secretary to the Commissioner of the General Land Office may be appointed without reference to civil-service rules.
The White House,
    March 29, 1907.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 604

more info.
Signed by President Theodore Roosevelt Saturday, March 30, 1907
1907 CSR 120
Mr. James Bronson Reynolds may be appointed a Chinese inspector in the Immigration Service of the Department of Commerce and Labor without examination under the civil-service rules.
The White House,
    March 30, 1907.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 605

more info.
Amends Executive Order 321-B, May 1, 1905
Signed by President Theodore Roosevelt Saturday, March 30, 1907
General Orders, No. 81, War Dept., April 9, 1907
The military reservation at Grande Island, in the Island of Luzon, Philippine Islands, made by Executive Order, dated May 1, 1905 (G. O., No. 73, War Department, Washington, May 19, 1905), is modified so as to add thereto, and include therein, all attached, adjacent and outlying rocks, shoals, and islands within one mile of the low-water line of Grande Island proper; subject, however, to such private rights therein as may exist.
The White House,
       March 30, 1907.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 6005-A

more info.
See the Notes section for a list of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order
Signed by President Herbert Hoover Saturday, January 21, 1933
External Information about this EO
Executive Order No. 3360, approved November 28, 1920, by which the specifications for an official flag indicative of the office of the Secretary of State were approved, is hereby revoked.

## Notes

Shortcut: WS:USEO

### Revokes

* Executive Order 3360, November 28, 1920
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 6022-A

more info.
See the Notes section for a list of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order
Signed by President Herbert Hoover Friday, February 10, 1933
External Information about this EO
Harry A. McBride, who has been serving as an Assistant to the Secretary of State without a competitive classified status since January 1, 1932, is hereby classified.
Mr. McBride entered the service of the Department of State as a clerk in the American Consulate at Dresden October 1, 1908, and served in a similar capacity at Bilbao 1909, Barcelona 1910, and Zürich 1911. In 1912 he was appointed, after examination, a consular assistant in the career Consular Service and in 1917 was promoted to the grade of consul. He served as an alternate American representative, Nitrate Executive, 1918, and as Acting General Receiver of Customs and Financial Adviser of Liberia and member of the Liberian International Debt Commission, 1918-19. He resumed his duties in the Consular Service as Consul at Warsaw in 1919 and served on special detail in the Department of State, 1920-1922. In 1923 he was appointed Vice Consul at Málaga where he remained until 1930, when he returned to the United States and accepted appointment as an assistant to an Assistant Secretary in the Department of State, in which capacity he served until appointed to his present position.

## Notes

Shortcut: WS:USEO

### See Related

* None Available
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fulk Nerra

See also Fulk III, Count of Anjou on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​FULK NERRA (c. 970–1040), count of Anjou, eldest son of Count Geoffrey I., “Grisegonelle” (Grey Tunic) and Adela of Vermandois, was born about 970 and succeeded his father in the countship of Anjou on the 21st of July 987. He was successful in repelling the attacks of the count of Rennes and laying the foundations of the conquest of Touraine (see Anjou). In this connexion he built a great number of strong castles, which has led in modern times to his being called “the great builder.” He also founded several religious houses, among them the abbeys of Beaulieu, near Loches (c. 1007), of Saint-Nicholas at Angers (1020) and of Ronceray at Angers (1028), and, in order to expiate his crimes of violence, made three pilgrimages to the Holy Land (in 1002–1003, c. 1008 and in 1039). On his return from the third of these journeys he died at Metz in Lorraine on the 21st of June 1040. By his first marriage, with Elizabeth, daughter of Bouchard le Vénérable, count of Vendôme, he had a daughter, Adela, who married Boon of Nevers and transmitted to her children the countship of Vendôme. Elizabeth having died in 1000, Fulk married Hildegarde of Lorraine, by whom he had a son, Geoffrey Martel (q.v.), and a daughter Ermengarde, who married Geoffrey, count of Gâtinais, and was the mother of Geoffrey “le Barbu” (the Bearded) and of Fulk “le Réchin” (see Anjou).
See Louis Halphen, Le Comté d’Anjou au XI $^e$ siècle (Paris, 1906). The biography of Fulk Nerra by Alexandre de Salies, Histoire de Foulques Nerra (Angers, 1874) is confused and uncritical. A very summary biography is given by Célestin Port, Dictionnaire historique, géographique et biographique de Maine-et-Loire (3 vols., Paris-Angers, 1874–1878), vol. ii. pp. 189-192, and there is also a sketch in Kate Norgate, England under the Angevin Kings (2 vols., London, 1887), vol. i. ch. iii. (L. H.*)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fulke, William

See also William Fulke on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​FULKE, WILLIAM (1538–1589), Puritan divine, was born in London and educated at Cambridge. After studying law for six years, he became a fellow at St John’s College, Cambridge, in 1564. He took a leading part in the “vestiarian” controversy, and persuaded the college to discard the surplice. In consequence he was expelled from St. John’s for a time, but in 1567 he became Hebrew lecturer and preacher there. After standing unsuccessfully for the headship of the college in 1569, he became chaplain to the earl of Leicester, and received from him the livings of Warley, in Essex, and Dennington in Suffolk. In 1578 he was elected master of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. As a Puritan controversialist he was remarkably active; in 1580 the bishop of Ely appointed him to defend puritanism against the Roman Catholics, Thomas Watson, ex-bishop of Lincoln (1513–1584), and John Feckenham, formerly abbot of Westminster, and in 1581 he was one of the disputants with the Jesuit, Edmund Campion, while in 1582 he was among the clergy selected by the privy council to argue against any papist. His numerous polemical writings include A Defense of the sincere true Translations of the holie Scriptures into the English tong (London, 1583), and confutations of Thomas Stapleton (1535–1598), Cardinal Allen and other Roman Catholic controversialists.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fuller, Andrew

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​FULLER, ANDREW (1754–1815), English Baptist divine, was born on the 6th of February 1754, at Wicken in Cambridgeshire. In his boyhood and youth he worked on his father’s farm. In his seventeenth year he became a member of the Baptist church at Soham, and his gifts as an exhorter met with so much approval that, in the spring of 1775, he was called and ordained as pastor of that congregation. In 1782 he removed to Kettering in Northamptonshire, where he became friendly with some of the most eminent ministers of the denomination. Before leaving Soham he had written the substance of a treatise in which he had sought to counteract the prevailing Baptist hyper-Calvinism which, “admitting nothing spiritually good to be the duty of the unregenerate, and nothing to be addressed to them in a way of exhortation excepting what related to external obedience,” had long perplexed his own mind. This work he published, under the title The Gospel worthy of all Acceptation, soon after his settlement in Kettering; and although it immediately involved him in a somewhat bitter controversy which lasted for nearly twenty years, it was ultimately successful in considerably modifying the views prevalent among English dissenters. In 1793 he published a treatise, The Calvinistic and Socinian systems examined and compared as to their moral tendency, in which he rebutted the accusation of antinomianism levelled by the Socinians against those who over-emphasized the doctrines of free grace. This work, along with another against Deism, entitled The Gospel its own Witness, is regarded as the production on which his reputation as a theologian mainly rests. Fuller also published an admirable Memoir of the Rev. Samuel Pearce, of Birmingham, and a volume of Expository Lectures in Genesis, besides a considerable number of smaller pieces, chiefly sermons and pamphlets, which were issued in a collected form after his death. He was a man of forceful character, more prominent on the practical side of religion than on the devotional, and accordingly not pre-eminently successful in his local ministry. His great work was done in connexion with the Baptist Missionary Society, formed at Kettering in 1792, of which he was secretary until his death on the 7th of May 1815. Both Princeton and Yale, U.S.A., conferred on him the degree of D. D., but he never used it.
Several editions of his collected works have appeared, and a Memoir, principally compiled from his own papers, was published about a year after his decease by Dr Ryland, his most intimate friend and coadjutor in the affairs of the Baptist mission. There is also a biography by the Rev. J. W. Morris (1816); and his son prefixed a memoir to an edition of his chief works in Bohn’s Standard Library (1852).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fuller, George

See also George Fuller (painter) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​FULLER, GEORGE (1822–1884), American figure and portrait painter, was born at Deerfield, Massachusetts, in 1822. At the age of twenty he entered the studio of the sculptor H. K. Brown, at Albany, New York, where he drew from the cast and modelled heads. Having attained some proficiency he went about the country painting portraits, settling at length in Boston, where he studied the works of the earlier Americans, Stuart, Copley and Allston. After three years in that city, and twelve in New York, where in 1857 he was elected a member of the National Academy of Design, he went to Europe for a brief visit and for study. During all this time his work had received little recognition and practically no financial encouragement, and on his return he settled on the family farm at Deerfield, where he continued to work in his own way with no thought of the outside world. In 1876, however, he was forced by pressing needs to dispose of his work, and he sent some pictures to a dealer in Boston, where he met with immediate success, financial and artistic, and for the remaining eight years of his life he never lacked patrons. He died in Boston on the 21st of March 1884. He was a poetic painter, and a dreamer of delicate fancies and quaint, intangible phases of nature, his canvases being usually enveloped in a brown mist that renders the outlines vague. Among his noteworthy canvases are: “The Turkey Pasture,” “Romany Girl,” “And she was a Witch,” “Nydia,” “Winifred Dysart” and “The Quadroon.”
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fuller, Melville Weston

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​FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833–1910), American jurist, chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, was born at Augusta, Maine, on the 11th of February 1833. After graduating at Bowdoin College in 1853 he spent a year at the Harvard Law School, and in 1855 began the practice of law at Augusta, where he was an associate-editor of a Democratic paper, The Age, and served in the city council and as city attorney. In 1856 he removed to Chicago, Illinois, where he continued to practise until 1888, rising to a high position at the bar of the Northwest. For some years he was active in Democratic politics, being a member of the Illinois Constitutional Convention in 1862 and of the State House of Representatives from 1863 to 1865. He was a delegate to various National conventions of his party, and in that of 1876 placed Thomas A. Hendricks in nomination for the presidency. In 1888, by President Cleveland’s appointment, he succeeded Morrison R. Waite as chief-justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1899 he was appointed by President McKinley a member of the arbitration commission at Paris to settle the Venezuela-British Guiana boundary dispute.