OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Marchpane

See also Marzipan on Wikipedia; wiktionary:μάζα; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MARCHPANE, or Marzipan, a sweetmeat made of sweet almonds and sugar pounded and worked into a paste, and moulded into various shapes, or used in the icing of cakes, &c. The best marchpane comes from Germany, that from Königsberg being celebrated. The origin of the word has been much discussed. It is common in various forms in most European languages, Romanic or Teutonic; Italian has marzapane, French massepain, and German marzipan, which has in English to some extent superseded the true English form “marchpane.” Italian seems to have been the source from which the word passed into other languages. In Johann Burchard’s Diarium curiae romanae (1483–1492) the Latin form appears as martiapanis (Du Cange, Glossarium s.v.), and Minsheu explains the word as Martius panis, bread of Mars, from the “towers, castles and such like” that appeared on elaborate works of the confectioner’s art made of this sweetmeat. Another derivation is that from Gr. μάζα, barley cake, and Lat. panis. A connexion has been sought with the name of a Venetian coin, matapanus (Du Cange, s.v.), on which was a figure of Christ enthroned, struck by Enrico Dandolo, doge of Venice (1192–1205). From the coin the word was applied to a small box, and hence apparently to the sweetmeat contained in it.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/March (month)

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​MARCH, the third month of the modern calendar, containing thirty-one days. It was the Romans’ first month until the adoption of the Julian calendar, 46 B.C., and it continued to be the beginning of the legal year in England until the 18th century. In France it was reckoned the first month of the year until 1564, when, by an edict of Charles IX., January was decreed to be thenceforth the first month. Scotland followed the example of France in 1599; but in England the change did not take place before 1752. The Romans called the month Martius, a name supposed to have been conferred on it by Romulus in honour of his putative father, Mars, the god of war; but Ovid declares the month to have existed before the time of Romulus, though in a different position in the calendar. The Anglo-Saxons called March Hlyd-monath, “loud or stormy month,” or Lencten-monath, “lengthening month,” in allusion to the fact that the days then rapidly become longer. There is an old saying, common to both England and Scotland—which has its equivalent among the Basques and many European peoples—representing March as borrowing three days from April; the last three days of March being called the “borrowing” or the “borrowed days.” As late as the end of the 18th century the first three days of March were known in Devonshire as “Blind Days,” and were deemed so unlucky that no farmer would sow seed then.
The chief festival days of March are the 1st, St David; the 12th, St Gregory; the 17th, St Patrick; and the 25th, Lady Day, one of the quarter days in England.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/March (town)

See also March, Cambridgeshire on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MARCH, a market town in the Wisbech parliamentary division of Cambridgeshire, England, 30 m. N. by W. of Cambridge. Pop. of urban district (1901), 7565. It lies in the midst of the flat fen country, on the old course of the river Nene. It is an important junction on the Great Eastern railway and the starting-point of a line worked by that company jointly with the Great Northern to Lincoln and Doncaster. The church of St Wendreda, in Early English and later styles, is remarkable for a magnificent Perpendicular timber roof, beautifully carved. There are agricultural implement and engineering works, and corn mills.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Marchmont, Earls of

See also Lord Polwarth on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MARCHMONT, EARLS OF. The 1st earl of Marchmont was Sir Patrick Hume or Home (1641–1724), son of Sir Patrick Hume, bart. (d. 1648), of Polwarth, Berwickshire, and a descendant of another Sir Patrick Hume, a supporter of the Reformation in Scotland. A member of the same family was Alexander Hume (c. 1560–1609), the Scottish poet, whose Hymns and Sacred Songs were published in 1599 (new ed. 1832). Polwarth, as Patrick Hume was usually called, became a member of the Scottish parliament in 1665. Here he was active in opposing the harsh policy of the earl of Lauderdale towards the Covenanters, and for his contumacy he was imprisoned. After his release he went to London, where he associated himself with the duke of Monmouth. Suspected of complicity in the Rye House plot, he remained for a time in hiding and then crossed over to the Netherlands, where he took part in the deliberations of Monmouth, the earl of Argyll and other exiles about the projected invasion of Great Britain. Although he appeared to distrust Argyll, Polwarth sailed to Scotland with him in 1685, and after the failure of the rising he escaped to Utrecht, where he lived in great poverty until 1688. He accompanied William of Orange to England, and in 1689 he was again a member of the Scottish parliament. In 1690 he was made a peer as Lord Polwarth; in 1696 he became lord high chancellor of Scotland, and in 1697 was created earl of Marchmont. When Anne became queen in 1702 he was deprived of the chancellorship. He died on the 2nd of August 1724. His son Alexander, the 2nd earl (1676–1740), took the name of Campbell instead of Hume after his marriage in 1697 with Margaret, daughter and heiress of Sir George Campbell of Cessnock, Ayrshire. He was a lord of session from 1704 to 1714; ambassador to Denmark from 1715 to 1721, and lord clerk register from 1716 to 1733. His son Hugh Hume, 3rd earl (1708–1794), who entered parliament in 1734 at the same time as his twin brother Alexander (d. 1756), afterwards lord clerk register of Scotland, was keeper of the great seal of Scotland, one of Bolingbroke’s most intimate friends and one of Pope’s executors. His two sons having predeceased their father, the earldom became dormant, Marchmont House, Berwickshire, and the estates passing to Sir Hugh Purves, bart., a descendant of the 2nd earl, who took the name of Hume-Campbell. The 3rd earl had, however, three daughters, one of whom, Diana (d. 1827), married Walter Scott of Harden, Berwickshire; and in 1835 her son Hugh Hepburne-Scott (1758–1841) successfully claimed the Scottish barony of Polwarth. In 1867 his grandson, Walter Hugh (b. 1838), became 6th Lord Polwarth.
See The Marchmont Papers, ed. Sir G. H. Rose (1831).
# Farrar v. Churchill Churchill

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United States Supreme Court
135 U.S. 609
Farrar v. Churchill Churchill
W. L. Nugent, for Farrar, administrator.
Alex P. Humphries and G. M. Davie, for Churchill, trustee.
FULLER, C. J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Farrar v. United States

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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Farrar v. United States (28 U.S. 459), ( 7 L.Ed. 741 ), ( 3 Pet. 459 )
* Farrar v. United States (30 U.S. 373), ( 8 L.Ed. 159 ), ( 5 Pet. 373 )
# Farrar v. United States (28 U.S. 459)

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United States Supreme Court
28 U.S. 459
Farrar v. United States
MR BENTON moved the court for leave to reinstate this case, which had been dismissed on a former day of the term for want of an appearance of the plaintiffs in error.
At the first term, when the writ of error was filed, the clerk of the court had entered the appearance of the attorney general of the United States, according to the usual practice in such cases.
The attorney general now said, he should not object to the reinstatement if the court thought it proper under the circumstances; but he had intended to take an objection at the time when the suit was dismissed, if any person had then appeared. It was, that the citation for the writ of error was returnable to a day out of term, to wit: on the first Monday of January 1828, instead of the second Monday of that year.
Mr. Chief Justice MARSHALL delivered the opinion of the court as follows:

## Notes

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# Farnsworth v. Montana

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United States Supreme Court
129 U.S. 104
Farnsworth v. Montana
This is a writ of error to the supreme court of the territory of Montana, in a criminal case, brought by George W. Farnsworth, who was proceeded against by an information in the probate court in and for Gallatin county, in that territory, for the crime of misdemeanor, in having, in violation of a statute, as a commercial traveler, offered for sale in that territory merchandise to be delivered at a future time, without first having obtained a license. He was arrested, and pleaded not guilty, and was tried by the court; no jury having been asked for or demanded. The court found him guilty, and its judgment was that he pay a fine of $50, and costs of the prosecution, $17.70, and stand committed until such fine and costs should be paid. He took an appeal to the district court for the county of Gallatin, and the case was tried by that court, a jury being expressly waived, and it found him guilty, and sentenced him to pay a fine of $50 and all costs of prosecution. He then took an appeal to the supreme court of the territory. That court affirmed the judgment of the district court, in January, 1885. 5 Mont. 303, 324, 5 Pac. Rep. 869, 878. To review that judgment the defendant has brought the case to this court by a writ of error.
James Lowndes, for plaintiff in error.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 105-109 intentionally omitted]
BLATCHFORD, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Kuchán

See also Quchan and Quchan County on Wikipedia; Kuchān in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
KUCHÁN (a contracted form of Kabushán), a walled town and also a district of Persia, province Khórásán, enclosed north and south by the Hazar-Mazjíd and Ala-Dagli mountains. The town lies at the north foot of the Shah Jahan Kuh (11,000 feet), 3300 feet above the sea, in 37° 10′ N. lat., 58° 25′ E. long., about 80 miles north-west of Meshhed on the route to Shirván. It is an important place, seat of a district governor, and surrounded by extensive gardens and vineyards yielding excellent fruits and grapes from which a superior wine is made. Population 20,000.
The district forms the western section of the longitudinal valley stretching between the above-mentioned ranges from Meshhed to Shirván and communicating by the Allaho-Akbar Pass (4200 feet) northwards with the Dara-Gez country on the frontier of the new Russian Trans-Caspian Territory. It is very fertile, largely cultivated, and well watered by the upper Atrek river, which has its furthest source in an intermittent torrent just south of the pass. The whole valley is thickly dotted over with villages, while the slopes of the hills afford good pasture to the numerous flocks and herds of the warlike Zafaranlu Kurds, who guarded the frontier against the Akhal Tekke Turkomans until these marauders were reduced by the Russians in the spring of 1881. Of this region little was known until the explorations of Baker, Gill, O’Donovan, and Stewart (1874–81).
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Kuku Khoto

See also Hohhot on Wikipedia; Kuku Khoto in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
Early notices of Kuku Khoto will be found in Gerbillon (1688–1698), in Du Halde (vol. ii., English edition), and in Astley’s Collection (vol. iv.). Recent travellers who have visited it are Elias (Journ. Roy. Geog. Soc., 1873) and Peftsoff.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Kuldja

See also Yining, Yining County, and Ili Prefecture on Wikipedia; Kulja in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
KULDJA, the name of two towns in the valley of the Ili in Central Asia, situated about 25 miles apart.
I. Old Kuldja, the present capital of the Kuldja territory, restored to China by Russia in 1881, otherwise known as Tartar Kulja, Nin Yuan, or Kuren, lies about 1/4 mile to the north of the river, in 43° 58′ N. lat. and 81° 25′ E. long. The walled town is nearly square, each side being about a mile in length; and the walls are not only 30 feet high but broad enough on the top to serve as a carriage drive. Two broad streets cut the enclosed area into four nearly equal sections. Since 1870 a Russian suburb has been laid out on a wide scale. The houses of Kuldja are almost all clay-built and flat-roofed, and except in the special Chinese quarter in the eastern end of the town it is only a few public buildings that show the influence of Chinese architecture. Of these the most noteworthy are the Tarantchi and Dungan mosques, both with turned up roofs, and the latter with a pagoda-looking minaret. The population is mainly Mohammedan, and there are only two Buddhist pagodas. A small Chinese Roman Catholic church has maintained its existence through all the vicissitudes of modern times. Paper and vermicelli are manufactured with rude appliances in the town. The outskirts are richly cultivated with wheat, barley, lucerne, and poppies. Schuyler estimated the population, which includes Tarantchis, Dungans, Sarts, Chinese, Calmucks, and Russians, at 10,000 in 1873; it has since increased.
II. New Kuldja, Manchu Kuldja, or Ila, which lies lower down the valley on the same side of the stream, has been a pile of ruins whitened with bleaching bones since the terrible massacre of all its inhabitants by the insurgent Dungans in 1868. It was previously the seat of the Chinese Government for the province, with a large penal establishment and strong garrison; its population was about 70,000.
See Schuyler, Turkistan, London, 1876; Dilke in Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc., 1874; Ujfalvy in Tour du Monde, 1879; E. D. Morgan in Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc., 1881; and Ili, vol. xii. p. 702.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Kulmbach

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KULMBACH, or Culmbach, a town in the administrative district of Upper Franconia, Bavaria, is picturesquely situated on the White Main, and on the Bamberg-Hof line of the Bavarian State Railway, about 11 miles north-west from Baireuth, in 50° 6′ N. lat., 11° 28′ E. long. The town has several linen manufactories and a large cotton spinnery, but is chiefly famed for its many extensive breweries, the latest returns showing an annual production of 4,115,637 gallons of beer, of which 3,719,478 gallons were exported. On an eminence near the town stands the former fortress of Plassenburg, which during the 15th and 16th centuries was the residence of the margraves of Brandenburg-Kulmbach. It was dismantled in 1807, and is now used as a prison. The population in November 1881 was officially estimated at 6000.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Kuen-lun

See also Kunlun Mountains on Wikipedia; Kuen-lun in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
KUEN-LUN, or Kouen-lun, the name given to the mountains between western Tibet and the plains of eastern Turkestan; it is derived from the Chinese geographers, and is probably a corruption of some Turkish or Tibetan word; it appears to be unknown locally. The name having been adopted, chiefly on the initiative of Humboldt, before any correct geographical knowledge had been obtained of the region to which it was applied, it has been used with inconvenient want of precision, and this has encouraged erroneous conceptions. Little precise information is yet available on the subject, but there is no reason to doubt that, within the limits to which actual exploration has gone, the mountains designated as Kuen-lun form the northern border of the high lands of Tibet, descending to the central Asian plain, just as those commonly spoken of under the name of Himalaya constitute the broad mountainous slope which descends to the lower levels of India.
Some facts of interest relating to the geological structure of these mountains may be gathered from the fragmentary reports of Dr Stoliczka, the accomplished geologist who so prematurely died from the results of exposure in these inhospitable regions. The summit of the Karakorum Pass is of Triassic age, and cretaceous beds are found in some of the ranges on the north of the Kuen-lun main range, associated with Paleozoic deposits supposed to be Carboniferous and Silurian. For the greater portion of the year the climate is very rigorous. The extremes of temperature are great, and the rainfall little.
The population is small. The fixed settlements are confined to the outer valleys; few villages or hamlets are found above 6000 feet of altitude, and hardly any over 8000 feet. The upper valleys are occupied by a nomadic population, wholly pastoral in their habits.
The tract may be regarded as appertaining politically to the sovereigns for the time being of the principalities lying in the plain below it. But from the nature of the case any recognized authority hardly extends beyond the permanently inhabited region.
(r. s.)
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Kullu

See also Kullu District on Wikipedia; Kulu in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
KULLU, a valley and subdivision of Kángrá district, Punjab, India, situated between 31° 20′ and 32° 26′ N. lat., and 76° 58′ and 77° 50′ E. long. It is bounded on the N. by the central Himálayan range, on the S. by the Sutlej river, on the S.W. by the Dháoladar or Outer Himálaya, Bias river, and the states of Suket and Mandi, and on the W. by Bára Bangahal hills. The Sainj, which joins the Bias at Lárgi, divides the tract into two portions, Kullu Proper and Sioráj. Kullu Proper, north of the Sainj, together with Inner Seoráj, forms a great basin or depression in the midst of the Himálayan systems, having the narrow gorge of the Bias at Sárgi as the only outlet for its waters. North and east the Bára Bangahál and Mid-Himálayan ranges rise to a mean elevation of 18,000 feet, while southward the Jalori and Dháoladhar ridges attain a height of 11,000 feet. The greater portion of Kullu must thus ever remain an utter wilderness. The higher villages stand 9000 feet above the sea; and even the cultivated tracts have probably an average elevation of 5000 feet. The houses consist of four-storied châlets in little groups, huddled closely together on the ledges or slopes of the valleys, picturesquely built with projecting eaves and carved wooden verandahs. The Bias, which, with its tributaries, drains the entire basin, rises at the crest of the Rohtang Pass, 13,326 feet above the sea, and has an average fall of 125 feet per mile. Its course presents a succession of magnificent scenery, including cataracts, gorges, precipitous cliffs, and mountains clad with forests of deodar, towering above the tiers of pine on the lower rocky ledges. Great mineral wealth exists, but the difficulty of transport and labour will probably always prevent its proper development. Hot springs occur at three localities, much resorted to as places of pilgrimage.
The census of 1872 disclosed a population of 90,313, spread over an area of 1926 square miles—Hindus numbering 90,206; Mohammedans, 100; and Christians, 7. The character of the hillmen resembles that of most other mountaineers in its mixture of simplicity, independence, and superstition. Tibetan polyandry still prevails in Seoráj, but has almost died out elsewhere. The temples are dedicated rather to local deities than to the greater gods of the Hindu pantheon. Out of a total of 799,834 acres, only 32,884 are returned as actually under cultivation. The staple spring crops include wheat, barley, poppy, tobacco, and oil-seeds; the autumn crops are maize, rice, pulses, and millets. Tea cultivation has recently been introduced into the valley. Rice, wheat, opium, tobacco, tea, and honey are exported. Manufactures are almost unknown. The climate is not healthy. Intermittent fevers and bowel complaints are endemic, while epidemics of virulent contagious fever and cholera break out from time to time. Goitre and cretinism also occur. The average annual rainfall ranges from 45 to 50 inches. The mean temperature in August is 78° Fahr., in November 55°.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Kulm

See also Chełm, Battle of Kulm, and Chlumec on Wikipedia; Kulm in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
KULM (in Polish, Chelmo), chief town of a circle in the government district of Marienwerder, Prussia, is situated on the high banks of the Vistula, about 24 miles north-west of Thorn. It is regularly built, and contains an old-fashioned town-house, a gymnasium, a high school, and a cadets’ institution founded in 1775 by Frederick II. It carries on trade in grain and has some shipping. The population in 1875 was 9628.
Kulm gives name to the oldest bishopric in Prussia, although the bishop resides at Pelplin. It was taken about 1220 by Duke Conrad of Masovia. Frederick II. pledged it in 1226 to the Teutonic Order, from whom it passed by the second peace of Thorn in 1466 to Poland; and it was annexed to Prussia in 1772. It joined the Hanseatic League, and used to carry on very extensive manufactures of cloth. The battle of Kulm, won August 30, 1813, over the French by the Prussians and Russians, took place at the village of Kulm in Bohemia, about 3 miles north-east of Teplitz.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Declarator

See also Declarator on Wikipedia; Declarator on Wikipedia, Declarator in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​DECLARATOR, in Scotch law, is a form of action by which some right of property, or of servitude, or of status, or some inferior right or interest, is sought to be judicially declared (see Bell's Dictionary and Digest of the Law of Scotland.)
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Defamation

See also Defamation on Wikipedia; Defamation on Wikipedia, Defamation in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​DEFAMATION, saying or writing something of another, calculated to injure his reputation or expose him to public hatred, contempt, and ridicule. See Libel and Slander.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Decretals

See also Decretal on Wikipedia; Decretals on Wikipedia, Decretals in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
DECRETALS, in canon law, are the answers sent by the Pope to applications made to him as head of the church, chiefly by bishops, but also by synods, and even private individuals, for guidance in cases involving points of doctrine or discipline. In the early days of the church these replies came to be circulated throughout the various dioceses, and furnished precedents to be observed in analogous circumstances. From the 4th century onwards they formed the most prolific source of canon law. Decretals (decreta constituta decretalia, epistolæ decretales, or shortly decretalia, or decretales) ought, properly speaking, to be distinguished, on the one hand from constitutions (constitutiones pontificæ), or general laws enacted by the Pope sua sponte without reference to any particular case, and on the other hand from rescripts (rescripta), which apply only to special circumstances or individuals, and constitute no general precedent. But this nomenclature is not strictly observed.
For futher information see art. Canon Law, in which will also be found an account of the Pseudo-Isidorian or False Decretals.