OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thunberg, Karl Peter

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​THUNBERG, KARL PETER (1743–1828), Swedish naturalist, was born at Jönköping on the 11th of November 1743, and became a pupil of Linnaeus at the university of Upsala. After graduating in medicine there in 1770 he obtained an appointment as surgeon in the Dutch East India Company, and sailed to the Cape of Good Hope in 1772. He spent three years there, and then went to Japan, where he remained till 1778, engaged in making collections of plants. On his return in 1779 he visited England, and made the acquaintance of Sir Joseph Banks. In 1781 he was appointed demonstrator of botany at Upsala, and he succeeded the younger Linnaeus as professor of botany in 1784. He published his Flora japonica in 1784, and in 1788 he began to publish his travels. He completed his Prodomus plantarum in 1800, his Icones plantarum japonicarum in 1805, and his Flora capensis in 1813. He published numerous memoirs in the transactions of many Swedish and other scientific societies, of sixty-six of which he was an honorary member. He died near Upsala on the 8th of August 1828. A genus of tropical plants (Thunbergia), of the natural order Acanthaceae, which are cultivated as evergreen climbers, is named after him.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thurii

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​THURII, or Thurium, a city of Magna Graecia on the Gulf of Tarentum, near the site of the older Sybaris (q.v.). It owed its origin to an attempt made in 452 B.C. by Sybarite exiles and their descendants to repeople their old home. The new settlement was crushed by Crotona, but the Athenians lent aid to the fugitives and in 443 Pericles sent out to Thurii a mixed body of colonists from various parts of Greece, among whom were Herodotus and the orator Lysias. The pretensions of the Sybarite colonists led to dissensions and ultimately to their expulsion; peace was made with Crotona, and also, after a period of war, with Tarentum, and Thurii rose rapidly in power and drew settlers from all parts of Greece, especially from Peloponnesus, so that the tie to Athens was not always acknowledged. The oracle of Delphi determined. that the city had no founder but Apollo, and in the Athenian War in Sicily Thurii was at first neutral, though it finally helped the Athenians. Thurii had a democratic constitution and good laws, and, though we hear little of its history till in 390 it received a severe defeat from the rising power of the Lucanians, many beautiful coins testify to the wealth and splendour of its days of prosperity. In the 4th century it continued to decline, and at length called in the help of the Romans against the Lucanians, and then in 2S2 against Tarentum. Thenceforward its position was dependent, and in the Second Punic War, after several vicissitudes, it was depopulated and plundered by Hannibal (204). In 194 a Roman colony was founded, with Latin rights, known for a time as Copiae, but afterwards by the old name of Thurii. It continued to be a place of some importance, the situation being favourable and the region fertile, and does not seem to have been wholly abandoned till the middle ages. The site of the original Greek city is not accurately known, though that of the Roman town, which probably though not certainly occupied the same site, is fixed by insignificant ruins as being 4 m. to the east of Terranova di Sibari, and as occupying an area some 4 m. in circuit. The tombs found in 1879–1880 (see Sybaris) lie a little to the. east of the site.
See F. Lenormant, La Grande-Grèce i. 317 (Paris, 1881).  (T. As.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thun, Lake of

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​THUN (Fr. Thoune), a picturesque little town in the Swiss canton of Bern, built on the banks of the Aar, just as it issues from the Lake of Thun, and by rail 19 m. S.E. of Bern, or 171 m. N.W. of Interlaken. It is the capital of the Bernese Oberland, the snowy peaks of which are well seen from it. It has 6030 inhabitants, mostly German-speaking and Protestants. The 18th-century parish church and the 15th-century castle rise in a striking fashion above the town, in the chief street of which are arcades (locally called Lauben) as in Bern. There is a museum in the tower of the castle, while in and near the town (in the Heimberg . valley) are several potteries of local ware. From its local lords it passed by n 27 to the house of Zahringen, and on its extinction (1218) to the counts of Kyburg. The heiress of that family brought Thun (and Burgdorf) in 1273 to the cadet or Laufenburg line of the Habsburg family, her mother having (1264) granted the town a charter of liberties that confirmed an earlier grant of 1256. In 1375 the town was mortgaged to Bern, to which it was sold outright in 1384. From 1798 to 1802 Thun was the capital of the canton Oberland of the Helvetic Republic.  (W. A. B. C.)
# Hilton v. Sullivan

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## Concurring Opinions

    Reed
    Rutledge
United States Supreme Court
334 U.S. 323
Hilton v. Sullivan
Argued: April 21, 1948. --- Decided: June 1, 1948
Mr. Charles Fahy, of Washington, D.C., for petitioner.
[Argument of Counsel from page 324 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Paul A. Sweeney, of Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

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Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Hilton v. Sullivan/Concurrence Reed

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinions Reed Rutledge
United States Supreme Court
334 U.S. 323
Hilton v. Sullivan
Argued: April 21, 1948. --- Decided: June 1, 1948
Mr. Justice REED, concurring.
I agree with the conclusion reached by the Court in this case. My disagreement with the opinion is limited to that portion of subdivision Second which indicates that the rights of a veteran as to discharge after restoration to employment by the United States differ from the corresponding rights of a veteran restored to employment by a private employer.
The rights to retention of employment of both veterans are governed by the same subsection 8(c). 54 Stat. 890. Section 8(c) specifies the same conditions for retention of employment for all employees whether they are reemployed by the United States or by private employers.
Nothing has come to my attention that indicates to me a congressional purpose to grant to one more rights as to continuity of employment than to the other. The legislation as to both depended upon the same constitutional authority-the War Power. I can see no reason to attribute to Congress an intention to guarantee public employment to a returning veteran regardless of the needs of the public service or to discriminate between equally deserving veterans. Compare Fishgold v. Sullivan Drydock & Repair Corp., 328 U.S. 275, 66 S.Ct. 1105, 90 L.Ed. 1230, 167 A.L.R. 110.
Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER and Mr. Justice JACKSON join in this opinion.

## Notes

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Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Hilton v. Merritt

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United States Supreme Court
110 U.S. 97
Hilton v. Merritt
Argued: January 14, 1884. ---
H. E. Tremaine, for plaintiffs in error.
Sol. Gen. Phillips, for defendant in error.
WOODS, J.

## Notes

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# Irish Minstrelsy/Volume 2/Part 3/The Expected of Ireland

THE EXPECTED OF IRELAND.
BY HENRY GRATTAN CURRAN.
I turn to the hills, with the dawn as I waken, And sickens my soul o'er its promise deferred; The wave with no hearts exultation is shaken. No cannon's deep voice o'er Ben-Edar is heard. Oh speed to sustain us! oh leave not the crown Of green Erin the brow of her tyrant to press! On her names of renown, Her invaders look down. And the Gael's aching heart sinks with shame and distress.
The hope of your coming o'er Erin has brightened, In wakefulness present—in vision displayed— Until in your promise her shackles seem lightened, And rent from her bosom the shroud that arrayed.
Oh gleam but your swords on the goats to advance! Bid our Charles in the front his position to take, And at liberty's glance, A wide host from their trance, Over bright Sliev-na-mon and Knock-Greny will wake.
Oh fly to our shores, and should weapons be wanted, Our hands in the blood of the despot we'll dye; They'll come from Kildare, and from Dingle undaunted. For Conaught with Ulster in Glory will vie: Every spot of the land burning spirits will send. And oh, when regenerate they leap from the chain, What shield may defend Those who taught them to bend. When with Una her Donald's united again.
The clan of O'Neill with the sword redly gleaming, Will come with Mac Carthy the prince of the Gael— And O'Sullivan's banner from Bear-haven streaming— Mac Mahon our strong one, that never could fail— On Mac Morogh of Leinster the scourge shall be laid; Blarney's lord his disgrace with Mac Awliffe will share— When her ranks are arrayed. With the pole and the blade, Then shall Sabia rejoice and her tyrants despair.
The magical pillar where Garret lies sleeping, Shall thrill to the war-cry—his spirit shall come; The day spring whose radiance illumines our weeping. Will glare like a sun stroke on them to consume; In their darkness of soul they shall turn from the ray That arises, their dream of despondence to break, When the pageant display. And the banquet decay, Oh swift be the bolt Erin's vengeance to wreak!
# Irish Minstrelsy/Volume 2/Part 3/The Fair Hills of Ireland

THE FAIR HÍLLS OF IRELAND.
BY JOHN D'ALTON.
Erin's the land of hospitable cheer, The day I left her was a day of woe; There golden plenty crowns the labourer's year, And shadowy glens with balmy honey flow. Fair are her wood-land paths and murmuring rills. Sweet is the stream that from each rock distils, Bright are the dew-drops glistening on her hills, Land of my heart! O Uileacan Dubh O!
Mark her throng'd exiles lingering on their decks. Their eyes still kindling with the hero's glow; The glossy ringlets curling down their necks, Have wrung reluctant praises from the foe.
Land of Gadelians! Region of delight! Years shall not hold me from thy genial sight; Though rich and great the country of my flight, I sigh for Erin, Uileacan Dubh O!
Sweetly her new-mown meadows scent the gales, Large are the corn-ricks her full bawns can show; Happy the herds that through her dewy vales. And clover pastures linger blithe and slow. Sorrel and cresses each fond stream delay, Cuckoos their notes of love speak all the day. While thrushes pour forth from each quivering spray. Their warbling songs, O Uileacan Dubh O!
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wildenbruch, Ernst von

See also Ernst von Wildenbruch on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WILDENBRUCH, ERNST VON (1845–1909), German poet and dramatist, was born on the 3rd of February 1845 at Beyrout in Syria, the son of the Prussian consul-general. Having passed his early years at Athens and Constantinople, where his father was attached to the Prussian legation, he came in 1857 to Germany, received his early schooling at the Pädagogium at Halle and the Französische Gymnasium in Berlin, and, after passing through the Cadet school, became, in 1863, an officer in the Prussian army. He abandoned the military career two years later, but was recalled to the colours in 1866 for the war with Austria. He next studied law at the university of Berlin, and again served in the army during the Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71. In 1876 Wildenbruch was attached to the foreign office, which he finally quitted in 1900 with the title of counsellor of legation. He achieved his first literary successes with the epics Vionville (1874) and Sedan (1875). After publishing a volume of poems, Lieder und Balladen (Berl., 1877; 7th ed., 1900), he produced, in 1882, the tragedy, Die Karolinger. Among his chief dramas may be mentioned the tragedy Harold (1882); Die Quitzows (1888); Der Generalfeldoberst (1889); Die Haubenlerche (1891); Heinrich und Heinrichs Geschlecht (1895); Die Tochter des Erasmus (1900); and König Laurin (1902). Wildenbruch was twice (in 1884 and 1896) awarded the Schiller prize, and was, in 1892, created a doctor of philosophy honoris causa by the university of Jena. He also wrote several volumes of short stories (Novellen, 1883; New Novellen, 1885; Tiefe Wasser, 1897, &c.). He died on the 15th of January 1909.
Cf. B. Litzmann, Das deutsche Drama in den Bewegungen der Gegenwart (1894; 4th ed., 1897); H. Bulthaupt, Dramaturgie des Schauspiels, vol. iv. (1901).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wilbye, John

See also John Wilbye on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WILBYE, JOHN, English 16th-century madrigal composer, was born probably at Bury St Edmunds, but the details of his life are obscure. A set of madrigals by him appeared in 1598 and a second in 1608, the two sets containing sixty-four pieces; and from a few contributions known to have been made by him to other contemporary sets, we can infer that he was alive in 1614. He is the most famous of all the English madrigalists; his pieces have long been favourites and are included in modern collections.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wildbad

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​WILDBAD, a watering-place of Germany, in the kingdom of Württemberg, picturesquely situated 1475 ft. above the sea, in the romantic pine-clad gorge of the Enz in the Black Forest, 28 m. W. of Stuttgart and 14 E. of Baden-Baden by rail. Pop. (1905) 3734. It contains an Evangelical, a Roman Catholic and an English church, and has some small manufactures (cigars, paper and toys). Its thermal alkaline springs have a temperature of 90°–100° Fahr. and are used for bathing in cases of paralysis, rheumatism, gout, neuralgia and similar ailments. The fact that the springs rise within the baths, and are thus used at the fountain-head, is considered to contribute materially to their curative value. The water is used internally for affections of the stomach and digestive organs, and of the kidneys, bladder, &c. Wildbad possesses all the usual arrangements for the comfort and amusement of the visitors (over 15,000 annually), including large and well-appointed hotels, a Kurhaus, a Trink-Halle and promenades. The neighbourhood is picturesque, the most attractive spot being the Wildsee, of which legends are told.
See W. T. v. Renz, Die Kur zu Wildbad (with Guide, Wildbad, 1888), and Weizsäcker, Wildbad (2nd ed., 1905).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wild, Jonathan

See also Jonathan Wild on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682–1725), English criminal, was born about 1682 at Wolverhampton, where his father was a wig-maker. After being apprenticed to a local buckle-maker, he went to London to learn his trade, and, getting into debt, was imprisoned for several years. The acquaintance of many criminals which he made in prison he turned to account after his release by setting up as a receiver of stolen goods. Wild shrewdly realized that it was safer, and in most cases more profitable, to dispose of such property by returning it to its legitimate owners than to sell it, with the attendant risks, in the open market, and he thus built up an immense business, posing as a recover er of stolen goods, the thieves receiving a commission on the price paid for recovery. A special act of parliament was passed by which receivers of stolen property were made accessories to the theft, but Wild’s professed “lost property office” had little difficulty in evading the new law, and became so prosperous that two branch offices were opened. From profiting by robberies in which he had no share. Wild naturally came to arrange robberies himself, and he devised and controlled a huge organization, which plundered London and its approaches wholesale. Such thieves as refused to work with him received short shrift. The notorious Jack Sheppard, wearied of Wild’s exactions, at last refused to deal with him, whereupon Wild secured his arrest, and himself arrested Sheppard’s confederate, “Blueskin.” In return for Wild’s services in tracking down such thieves as he did not himself control, the authorities for some time tolerated the offences of his numerous agents, each a specialist in a particular kind of robbery, and so themselves strengthened his position. If an arrest were made, Wild had a plentiful supply of false evidence at hand to establish his agents' alibi, and he did not hesitate to obtain the conviction, by similar means, of such thieves as refused to recognize his authority. Such stolen property as could not be returned to the owners with profit was taken aferoad in a sloop purchased for this work. At last either the authorities became more strict or Wild less cautious. He was arrested, tried at the Old Bailey, and after being acquitted on a charge of steaUng lace, found guilty of taking a reward for restoring it to the owner without informing the police. He was hanged at Tyburn on the 24th of May 1725.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wilbrandt, Adolf

See also Adolf Wilbrandt on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WILBRANDT, ADOLF (1837- ), German novelist and dramatist, was born at Rostock on the 24th of August 1837, the son of a professor at that university. Having received his early education at the gymnasium of his native town, he entered the university and engaged in the study of law. This, however, he soon abandoned in favour of philology and history, and continued these studies in Berlin and Munich. After taking the degree of doctor of philosophy, he joined the staff of the Süddeutsche Zeitung in Munich. He travelled abroad for a time and in 1871 settled in Vienna, where, two years later, he married the actress, Auguste Baudius. In 1881 Wilbrandt was appointed ​director of the Hofburg theatre in succession to Franz Dingelstedt, an office he held until 1887. In this year he returned to his native town of Rostock, and remained actively engaged in literary production. Wilbrandt is distinguished both as a dramatist and novelist. His merits were acknowledged by the award of the Grillparzer prize on two occasions—in 1875 for the tragedy Gracchus der Volkstribun, and in 1890 for his dramatic poem Der Meister von Palmyra, while in 1878 he received the Schiller prize for his dramatic productions.
Among his plays may be mentioned the tragedies, Arria und Messalina, (1874), Nero (1876); Kriemhild (1877); the comedies Unerreichbar (1870), Die Maler (1872), Jugendliebe (1873) and Der Kampf ums Dasein (1874); and the drama Die Tochter des Herrn Fabricius (1883). Among his novels the following deserve notice:—Meister Amor (1880); Hermann Ifinger (1892); Der Dornenweg (1894); Die Osterinsel (1895); Die Rothenburger (1895); and Hildegard Mahlmann (1897). He also published translations of Sophocles and Euripides (1866), Gedichte (1874, 1889 and 1907), and a volume of Erinnerungen (1905).
See V. Klemperer, Adolf Wilbrandt. Eine Studie über seine Werke (1907), and A. Stern, Studien zur Literatur der Gegenwart (3rd ed., 1905).
# How to Become President of the United States (film)

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Kids.gov
How to Become President of the United States
The Requirements
PHOTO COURTESY OF THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
3 basic requirements
U.S. CONSTITUTION: ARTICLE 2 SECTION 1 PHOTO COURTESY OF NATIONAL ARCHIVES
A Presidential candidate must be
A natural born citizen
At least 35 years old
A U.S. resident for at least 14 years
Step 1: Primaries and Caucuses
Step 2: National Conventions and General Election
PHOTOS COURTESY OF LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
... And I approve this message.
Step 3: The Electoral College
Electors
Maryland
| | 2 | Senators |
| + | 8 | Members of the House of Representatives |
| = | 10 | Electors |
538 ELECTORS
1 Elector = 1 Electoral Vote
270 VOTES
I do solemnly swear...
kids.usa.gov/president How Do I Become President of the U.S. Poster
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# How to Become President of the United States (poster)

HOW TO BECOME ☆PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES☆
U.S. CONSTITUTION'S REQUIREMENTS FOR A PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE
* NATURAL BORN CITIZEN
* MINIMUM AGE 35 YEARS
* U.S. RESIDENT 14 YEARS
STEP 1PRIMARIES AND CAUCUSES
THERE ARE MANY PEOPLE WHO WANT TO BE PRESIDENT, EACH WITH THEIR OWN IDEAS ABOUT HOW GOVERNMENT SHOULD WORK
PEOPLE WITH SIMILAR IDEAS BELONG TO THE SAME POLITICAL PARTY, THIS IS WHERE PRIMARIES AND CAUCUSES COME IN
CANDIDATES FROM EACH POLITICAL PARTY CAMPAIGN THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY TO WIN THE FAVOR OF THEIR PARTY MEMBERS
IN A CAUCUS
PARTY MEMBERS SELECT THE BEST CANDIDATE THROUGH A SERIES OF DISCUSSIONS AND VOTES
IN A PRIMARY
PARTY MEMBERS VOTE FOR THE BEST CANDIDATE THAT WILL REPRESENT THEM IN THE GENERAL ELECTION
STEP 2NATIONAL CONVENTIONS
EACH PARTY HOLDS A NATIONAL CONVENTION TO SELECT A FINAL PRESIDENTIAL NOMINEE
AT EACH CONVENTION, THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE CHOOSES A RUNNING MATE (VICE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE)
THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES CAMPAIGN THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY TO WIN THE SUPPORT OF THE GENERAL POPULATION
STEP 3GENERAL ELECTION
PEOPLE IN EVERY STATE ACROSS THE COUNTRY VOTE FOR ONE PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT
WHEN PEOPLE CAST THEIR VOTE, THEY ARE ACTUALLY VOTING FOR A GROUP OF PEOPLE KNOWN AS ELECTORS
STEP 4ELECTORAL COLLEGE
IN THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE SYSTEM, EACH STATE GETS A CERTAIN NUMBER OF ELECTORS BASED ON ITS REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS
EACH ELECTOR CASTS ONE VOTE FOLLOWING THE GENERAL ELECTION, AND THE CANDIDATE WHO GETS MORE THAN HALF (270) WINS
THE NEWLY ELECTED PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT ARE INAUGURATED IN JANUARY
DESIGNED BY:
Ifrah Syed
SOURCES:
http://answers.usa.gov
http://www.kids.gov/president/
http://bensguide.gpo.gov/3-5/election/president.html
DEFINITIONS
Caucus: A meeting of the local members of a political party to select delegates to the national party convention. A caucus is a substitute for a primary election.
Delegate: A person authorized to represent others as an elected representative to a political party conference.
Elector: A member of the electoral college.
Electoral College: The voters of each state, and the District of Columbia, vote for electors to be the authorized constitutional members in a presidential election.
Natural Born Citizen: Someone born with U.S. citizenship includes any child born *in* the United States, the children of United States citizens born abroad, and those born abroad of one citizen parent.
Primary: An election where voters select candidates for an upcoming general election. Winning candidates will have delegates sent to the national party convention as their party's U.S. presidential nominee.
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# How to Get Strong and How to Stay So (1899)/Appendix 1

APPENDIX I.
Showing the average state of the development of two hundred men upon entering the gymnasium.
| Age | | 18.3 years. |
| Height | 5 ft. 8 in. | 67.974 in. |
| Weight | 135 lbs. | 134.981 lbs. |
| Chest (inflated) | 35 in. | 35.067 in. |
| Chest (contracted) | 32¼ in. | 32.39 in. |
| Forearm | 10 in. | 10.03 in. |
| Upper arm (flexed) | 11 in. | 10.960 in. |
| Shoulders (width) | 15½ in. | 15.602 in. |
| Hips | 31½ in. | 31.475 in. |
| Thigh | 19½ in. | 19.612 in. |
| Calf | 12⅓ in. | 12.729 in. |