OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stubbs, Charles William

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​STUBBS, CHARLES WILLIAM (1843–1912), English divine, was born at Liverpool Sept. 3 1843, and educated at the Royal Institution school, Liverpool, and Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. His father and grandfather were Yorkshire agriculturists, and throughout his life he took a strong interest in the welfare of the agricultural labourer, publishing three volumes on the subject, Village Politics (1878), Christ and Democracy (1883) and The Land and the Labourers (1890). He was a strong Liberal with somewhat socialistic views, and was preferred by Mr. Gladstone to the living of Stokenham and Chivelstone in Devon in 1884. In 1887 he was transferred to Liverpool, becoming rector of Wavertree. In 1893 he became dean of Ely, remaining there till 1905, when Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman nominated him to the bishopric of Truro. He was Hulsean lecturer at Cambridge in 1904, and published his lectures under the title The Christ in English Poetry (1905). His other works include A Creed for Christian Socialists (1896); Charles Kingsley and the Christian Social Movement (1898) and a Handbook to Ely Cathedral (1898). He died at Truro May 4 1912.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sturdee, Sir Frederick Charles Doveton

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​STURDEE, SIR FREDERICK CHARLES DOVETON, 1st Bart. (1859–), British Admiral, was born at Charlton, Kent, June 9 1859, the son of a naval officer, and entered the navy in 1871. He was promoted lieutenant (1880), commander (1893), captain (1899), rear-admiral (1908), vice-admiral (1913), admiral (1917) and admiral of the fleet (1921). He saw service in Egypt (1882) and in Samoa (1898–9) when he was in command of the Anglo-American force. He was assistant-director of Naval Intelligence to the Admiralty (1900–2) and chief of staff, Mediterranean Fleet (1905–7) and Channel Fleet (1907). In 1910 he became rear-admiral of the first Battle Squadron, and commanded the 2nd Cruiser Squadron (1912–3). During the World War he was commander-in-chief, on the “Invincible,” of the squadron which won the battle of the Falkland Is., Dec. 8 1914, and he took part in the battle of Jutland. He was created K.C.B. (1913), and K.C.M.G. (1916); and a baronetcy was conferred on him in 1916, with the title “of the Falkland Is.” In 1918 he became commander-in-chief of the Nore.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Strachey, John St. Loe

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​STRACHEY, JOHN ST. LOE (1860–), English journalist, was born at Sutton Court, Som., Feb. 9 1860, the second son of Sir Edward Strachey, 3rd Bart., and Mary Isabella, daughter of John Addington Symonds. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, graduating with a first-class in modern history, and was subsequently called to the bar; but he adopted journalism as his profession from the age of twenty-four. In 1886 he became assistant editor of the Spectator, and after the death of R. H. Hutton (1897) and the retirement of Meredith Townsend (1898) he became proprietor of the paper, which under his editorship not only maintained but increased the high reputation it had gained (see 19.562) for sober political criticism and well-informed appreciation of art and literature, so that he exercised great influence upon English opinion. St. Loe Strachey also edited (1896–7) the Cornhill Magazine. He was specially interested in problems of rural housing, pauperism and local government generally. Amongst his publications are: The Manufacture of Paupers (1907); Problems and Perils of Socialism (1908); The Practical Wisdom of the Bible (1908) ; A New Way of Life (1909).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Strauss, Richard

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STRAUSS, RICHARD (1864–), German composer (see 25.1003). His opera, Ariadne auf Naxos (1912), was produced at His Majesty's theatre by Thomas Beecham in May 1913 and the same year Der Rosenkavalier, first produced at Dresden in 1910, was performed at Covent Garden with great success, eight performances being given; in point of fact, this proved to be Strauss's most popular opera. His other recent works include Festliches Praeludium, for orchestra (1913), and Josephs Legende (1914). In addition to the works enumerated mention should be made of Eine Alpensinfonie, (1915, op. 64); and the three-act opera, Die Frau ohne Schatten, libretto by Hugo von Hofmannsthal (1916, op. 65). In the winter of 1920-1 Strauss visited S. America, where he officiated at Buenos Aires as opera conductor, subsequently returning to Vienna.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Streuvels, Stijn

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STREUVELS, STIJN, the pen-name of Frank Lateur (1871-), Flemish author, who was born at Heule, West Flanders, Oct. 4 1871. He was a nephew of Guido Gezelle (1830-1899), a celebrated Flemish poet, and until 1905 worked as a baker at Avelghem, a village near Courtrai in West Flanders. Writing in the West Flemish dialect, he was accepted in Belgium and Holland as the most distinguished Low Dutch author of his day. He produced many short stories, including Openlucht (1905) and De Vlaschaard (1908), a collection of which,
translated into English by A. Teixeira de Mattos. appeared in 1915 under the title of The Path of Life. In 1912 appeared Het glorierijke Licht (“The Glorious Light”).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Strachan-Davidson, James Leigh

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​STRACHAN-DAVIDSON, JAMES LEIGH (1843–1916), British classical scholar, was born at Byfleet, Surrey, Oct. 22 1843, and educated at Leamington College and Balliol College, Oxford. He graduated first class in literae humaniores in 1866, and was elected to a fellowship of his college the same year. This he held until 1907 when, on the resignation of Edward Caird, he was elected to the mastership of the college. His whole life was devoted to university teaching and administration, as classical tutor, examiner, delegate of non-collegiate students, pro-vice-chancellor, etc., and to the study of Roman history. Amongst his published works were Cicero and the Fall of the Roman Republic (1894), Problems of the Roman Criminal Law (1912), as well as articles on the Roman Constitution in Smith’s Dictionary of Antiquities. He died at Oxford March 28 1916.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Straight, Sir Douglas

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​STRAIGHT, SIR DOUGLAS (1844–1914), English lawyer and Journalist, was born in London Oct. 22 1844 and was educated ​at Harrow. Up to 1865 he engaged in journalism, but was then called to the bar and soon worked up an extensive practice, especially at the Central Criminal Court, London. He sat in the House of Commons as Conservative member for Shrewsbury from 1870 to 1874, and from 1879 to 1892 he was a judge of the High Court of judicature at Allahabad. He was knighted on retirement, and four years later he returned to journalism as editor of the Pall Mall Gazette. He retired in 1909, and died in London June 4 1914.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Strindberg, August

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STRINDBERG, AUGUST (1849–1912), Swedish author (see 25.1038), died at Stockholm May 14 1912. His plays have been translated into English by E. and W. Oland (1912–3) and H. B. Samuel (1914).
See A. Henderson, European Dramatists: August Strindberg (1914); C. D. Marcus, Strindbergs Dramatik (1918); C. L. Schleich, Erinnerungen an Strindberg (1917).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stravinsky, Igor

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​STRAVINSKY, IGOR (1882-), Russian musical composer, was born at Oranienbaum, near St. Petersburg, June 18 (O.S. June 5) 1882. His father was an opera singer, who early discovered his son's remarkable musical gifts. At the same time, however, he wished the boy not to devote himself entirely to music but to study law, and with this end in view Igor Stravinsky entered the University of St. Petersburg. At the age of 22, however, a meeting with Rimsky-Korsakov decided him in the direction of a musical career, and the former declared himself ready to take Stravinsky as a pupil. His first work for orchestra was a symphony (1907), followed by a suite, Faune el Bergere, and two short works, also for orchestra, Feu d'artifice and Scherzo fanlaslique. A meeting with Serge Diaghiliev turned his attention to the possibilities of the ballet, and in rapid succession appeared L'Oiseau de feu (1910), Petrouchka (1911), and Le Sucre du Printemps (1913). His next important work was an opera, Le Rossignol (1914), founded on Hans Andersen's fairy story of The Nightingale, of which the second and third acts were later worked up into a symphonic poem, Le Chant du Rossignol (1917). The opera was produced at Covent Garden in 1920, and the same year appeared a revision by Stravinsky of Pergolesi's Pulcinella.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Seroux d'Agincourt, Jean Baptiste Louis George

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​SEROUX D'AGINCOURT, JEAN BAPTISTE LOUIS GEORGE (1730-1814), French archaeologist and historian, was born at Beauvais on the 5th of April 1730. He belonged to a good family, and in his youth served as an officer in a regiment of cavalry. Finding it necessary to quit the army in order to take charge of his younger brothers who had been left orphans, he was appointed a farmer-general by Louis XV. In 1777 he visited England, Germany and Holland; and in the following year he travelled through Italy, with the view of exploring thoroughly the remains of ancient art. He afterwards settled at Rome, and devoted himself to preparing the results of his researches for publication. He died on the 24th of September 1814, leaving the work, which was being issued in parts, unfinished; but it was carried on by M. Gence, and published complete under the title L'Histoire de l'art par les monuments, depuis sa décadence au quatrième siècle jusqu'à son renouvellement au seizième (6 vols. fol. with 325 plates, Paris, 1823). An English translation by Owen Jones was published in 1847. In the year of his death Seroux d'Agincourt published in Paris a Recueil de fragments de sculpture antique, en terre cuite (1 vol. 4to).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Serow

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​SEROW, or Sarau, the Himalayan name of a goat-like antelope of the size of a donkey, nearly allied to the goral (q.v.) of the same region, but considerably larger, and with small face-glands. The Himalayan animal is a local race of the Sumatran Nemorhaedus sumatrensis; and the name serow is now extended to embrace all the species belonging to the same genus, the range of which extends from the Himalaya to Burma, the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra in one direction, and to Tibet, China, Japan and Formosa in another. Serows inhabit scrub-clad mountains, at no great elevation. (R. L.*)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Serpentine (geometry)

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SERPENTINE, in geometry, a cubic curve described by Sir Isaac Newton, and given by the cartesian equation y(a$^2$ + x$^2$) = abx. The origin is a point of inflection, the axis of x is an asymptote, and the curve lies between the parallel lines 2y = ±b.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Serpentarius

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SERPENTARIUS, or Ophiuchus, in astronomy, a constellation of the northern hemisphere, anciently named Aesculapius, and mentioned by Eudoxus (4th century B.C.) and Aratus (3rd century B.C.). According to the Greek fables it variously represents: Carnabon (or Charnabon), king of the Getae, killing one of the dragons of Triptolemus, or Heracles killing the serpent at the river Sangarius (or Sagaris), or the physician Asclepius (Aesculapius), to denote his skill in curing snake bites. Ptolemy catalogued 29 stars, Tycho Brahe 15, and Hevelius 40. “New” stars were observed in 1604 and 1848.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Serpukhov

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​SERPUKHOV, a town of Russia, in the government of Moscow, 62 m. by rail S. of the city of Moscow. The population in 1884 was 22,420, and 24,456 in 1897. Built on high cliffs on both banks of the river 'Nara, 3 m. above its confluence with the Oka, Serpukhov is an important manufacturing and commercial town. Its manufactories produce cotton and woollen stuffs, paper, leather, chemicals and candles. Petty trades are much developed in the neighbourhood-textile fabrics, furniture, and earthenware and porcelain. The manufactured goods of Serpukhov are sent mostly by rail-~to the fairs of Nizhniy-Novgorod and the Ukraine, while large amounts of grain, hemp and timber, brought from the east down the Oka, are discharged at Serpukhov and sent on to Moscow and St Petersburg. The cathedral (1380), was rebuilt in the 18th century; the old fortress has almost entirely disappeared.
Serpukhov is one of the oldest towns of the principality of Moscow; in 1328 it was a nearly independent principality under the protectorate of Moscow. Its fortress protected Moscow on the south and was often attacked by the Tatars; the Mongol prince Toktamish plundered it in 1382, and the Lithuanians in 1410. In 1556 the town was strongly fortified, so that fifteen years later it was able to resist the Mongols. Its commercial importance dates from the 18th century.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Serpa Pinto, Alexandre Alberto de la Rocha

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SERPA PINTO, ALEXANDRE ALBERTO DE LA ROCHA (1846-1900), Portuguese explorer in Africa, was born at the castle of Polchras, on the Douro, on the 10th of April 1846. Entering the army in 1864, he served in Mozambique, and in 1869 took part in an expedition against tribes in revolt on the lower Zambezi. In 1877 he and Captains Capello and Ivens of the Portuguese navy were sent on an expedition to south central Africa. The explorers left Benguella in November 1877 for the interior, but Serpa Pinto soon parted from his colleagues, who went north, while Serpa Pinto continued east. He crossed the Kwando in June 1878, and in August reached Lialui, the Barotse capital on the Zambezi, where he received help from the Rev. F. Coillard which enabled him to continue his journey down the river to the Victoria Falls, whence he turned south, arriving at Pretoria on the 12th of February 1879. He was the fourth explorer to traverse Africa from west to east, and was the first to lay down with approximate accuracy the route between Bihe and Lialui. Among other rewards the Royal Geographical Society of London awarded him (1881) the Founder's medal. The account of his travels appeared in English under the title How I crossed Africa (2 vols., London, 1881). In 1884 he attempted, with less success, the exploration of the regions between Mozambique and Lake Nyasa. Appointed governor of
Mozambique in 1889, he organized an expedition with the object of securing for Portugal the Shire highlands and neighbouring regions, but the vigorous action of the British agents (John Buchanan and H. H. Johnston) frustrated this design (see Africa, § 5). Shortly afterwards Serpa Pinto returned to Lisbon and was promoted to the rank of colonel. He died on the 28th of December 1900.
# 2 Kings (Bible)

2 Kings is a book of the Christian and Hebrew Bibles. It is universally accepted across all Jewish and Christian biblical canons. In Eastern Orthodox bibles it is named 4 Kingdoms. In older bibles based on the Vulgate, it was named 4 Kings, and the name "2 Kings" referred to what is now 2 Samuel.
English-language translations of M'lakhim 2 include:
* "IIII. Kyngis" in the Wycliffe version (first printing, c. 1384)
* "4 Kings" in the Wycliffe version (revised by Purvey et al., c. 1394)
* "IIII. Regum" in the Coverdale version (1535)
* "2 Kings" in the Geneva version (1560)
* "4 Kings" in the Bishops' version (1568)
* "2 Kings" in the Douay–Rheims version (first printing, 1582–1610)
* "2 Kings" in the King James version (first printing, 1611)
* "2 Kings" in the Douay–Rheims version (illustrated version, 1633–1635)
* "2 Kings" in the Douay–Rheims version (Challoner's revision, 1749–1952)
* "2 Kings" in the King James version (Oxford text, 1769)
* "2 Kings" in the Thomson version (1808)
* "2 Kings" in the Webster's version (1833)
* "2 Kings" in the Leeser version (1853)
* "2 Kings" in the English Revised version (1885)
* "2 Kings" in the Young's Literal Translation version (1898)
* "2 Kings" in the American Standard version (1901)
* "II. Kings" in the King James version (tercentenary printing, 1911)
* "2 Kings" in the Emphasised Bible version (1916)
* "II Kings" in the Jewish Publication Society version (third impression, 1919)
* "2 Kings" in the Basic English version (1941–1949)
* "2 Kings" in the World English version (in progress since 1997)
* "2 Kings" in the Wikisource edition (in progress since 2006)
* "2 Kings" in the Literal Standard Version (2020)
# 2 Maccabees

2 Maccabees is a book of the Septuagint, the Greek Jewish Scriptures. It is accepted as canonical by Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox Christians, but rejected by Protestants and Jews. The author is unknown, but claims that the work is an abridgment of a 5-volume work by Jason of Cyrene. It was probably written around ~150 BCE–70 BCE.
English-language translations of Makkabaion 2 include:
* "2 Machabeis" in the Wycliffe version of the Bible (1380s)
* "2 Machabees" in the Douay-Rheims version (1610)
* "2 Maccabees" in the Authorized Version (1611)
* "2 Maccabees" in the King James version (1769)
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Sáng
### Sáng.
#### 隻$^1$

    A pair; two; alike.

#### 鬆$^1$

    Disheveled hair; confusion; to relax; loose.

#### 送$^{3-}$

    To present to; to accompany a guest a short way on his return.

#### 喪$^{3-}$

    To lose; fail; die; be forgotten; to mourn for the dead.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Sát
### Sát.
#### 虱$^4$

    Fast running insects; as lice.

#### 塞$^4$

    To fill or stop up; obstruct; hinder; sincere.

#### 薩$^4$

    The gods of the heathen; idols; to assist; help; know.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Sᵘng
### Sᵘng.
#### 酸$^1$

    Sour; debility; loitering.

#### 霜$^1$

    Hoar frost; frigid; cold; grave; stern.

#### 孀$^1$

    Widow; solitary.

#### 喪$^1$

    To mourn for the dead; mourning; to lose; to die.

#### 桑$^1$

    The mulberry tree.

#### 耍$^2$

    To play; sport; amuse; to trifle with; seduce.

#### 算$^{3-}$

    To reckon; to calculate; count; the abaccus.

#### 蒜$^{3-}$

    Garlic; a kind of small onions.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Sáp
### Sáp.
#### 颯$^4$

    Wind; a sudden gust; fading; declining.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Sⁿe
### Sⁿe.
#### 生$^1$

    To be born; to live; to beget; produce; life.

#### 鉎$^1$

    Soft iron; cast iron; iron ore.

#### 省$^2$

    To examine into; to watch; watchful; to diminish; a province or state.

#### 姓$^{3-}$

    Surname; family name.

#### 性$^{3-}$

    A man's nature, disposition, constitution, ability, temper, &c.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Só
### Só.
#### 唆$^1$

    To chatter; to whisper; sow discord; to misrepresent.

#### 梭$^1$

    A weaver's shuttle; name of a wood.

#### 疎$^1$

    Coarse; open; remiss; lax; careless.

#### 疏$^1$

    Open; wide apart; coarse; to explain.

#### 蔬$^1$

    Edible herbs; a species of grain; coarse; poor food.

#### 所$^2$

    A place; a thing; a cause or means; that which; what. ​

#### 嫂$^2$

    A brother's wife; another person's wife.

#### 瑣$^2$

    Minute; small; petty; troublesome; delicate; continuous.

#### 鎖$^2$

    A lock; to lock; to fetter; rings; a chain.

#### 䟽$^{3-}$

    To explain; a statement or explanation sent up to the emperor.

#### 䌇$^4$

    A string or cord; to bind; to extort from; extortion.

#### 雪$^4$

    Snow.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Sù
### Sù.
#### 祀$^{-1}$

    To sacrifice to the gods or departed spirits; a sacrifice.

#### 祠$^{-1}$

    To offer sacrifice to ancestors; a hall dedicated to them.

#### 詞$^{-1}$

    To speak; speech; phrase; to request; announce to; accuse.

#### 嗣$^{-1}$

    To succeed; keep up the succession; inherit; offspring; hereafter.

#### 辭$^{-1}$

    Words; speech; to refuse; to decline; to take leave.

#### 思$^1$

    To think; consider; desire; commiserate; thoughts.

#### 偲$^1$

    To reprove or admonish with frankness; great talent.

#### 斯$^1$

    This; that; these; forthwith; low; mean.

#### 厮$^1$

    Servants; foragers; to fight and kill in the confusion of battle.

#### 嘶$^1$

    The neighing of a horse; to belch.

#### 私$^1$

    Peculiar; private; sai chiu; individual; selfish; clandestine.

#### 師$^1$

    A master; teacher; a commander; a patron; soldiers.

#### 史$^2$

    A historian; history.

#### 士$^{-3}$

    A scholar; a gentleman; an officer; a literary title.

#### 仕$^{-3}$

    To serve; to fill a public station; act as magistrate.

#### 食$^{-3}$

    Food; to feed; nourish.

#### 嶼$^{-3}$

    An island; a hill on a level plain.

#### 耜$^{-3}$

    A harrow; to level the ground.

#### 似$^{-3}$

    Like; similar to; as; as if; to continue in succession.

#### 姒$^{-3}$

    A name by which brothers' wives designate each other.

#### 俟$^{-3}$

    To wait; stay; until; great.

#### 事$^{-3}$

    To serve.

#### 事$^3$

    Affair; employment; business.

#### 賜$^{3-}$

    To confer; bestow on inferiors; give; distribute.

#### 泗$^{3-}$

    Name of a river; secretion from the nose.

#### 駟$^{3-}$

    Four horses attached to one vehicle. ​

#### 肆$^{3-}$

    Excess; error; profligate; lawless; great; to act without regard to reason or law.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Sⁿi
### Sⁿi.
#### 扇$^{3-}$

    A wing; a door; a fan; to fan; to agitate.

#### 煽$^{3-}$

    To fan a flame; to inflame, seduce or delude.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Sⁿia
### Sⁿia.
#### 城$^{-1}$

    The wall of a town; a city.

#### 聲$^1$

    Sound; noise; voice; speech.

#### 𣛮$^3$

    A box or covered tray for containing food.

#### 聖$^{3-}$

    Intuitive perception of all truth; wise; sacred; holy.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Sⁿie
### Sⁿie.
#### 常$^{-1}$

    Constant; usual; common; frequently; the five virtues.

#### 嘗$^{-1}$

    To taste; assay.

#### 償$^{-1}$

    To pay for; recompence; to revenge; to reply to.

#### 傷$^1$

    To wound; injure; grieve; grieved; injured.

#### 廂$^1$

    Side apartments; bed-rooms; rooms for females.

#### 箱$^1$

    A box; chest; bamboo basket; a store-room.

#### 賞$^2$

    To confer; bestow as a largess; to reward; a reward.

#### 想$^{-3}$

    To think; consider; muse; expect; desire; a thought.

#### 像$^{3-}$

    A likeness; image.

#### 鞘$^{3-}$

    A scabbard; image.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chu I-tsun

​453 Chu I-tsun 朱彝尊 (T. 竹垞). A.D. 1629-1709. A devoted student of archæology, who travelled far and wide to compare inscriptions on tombs and buildings with the records of them as given in books. He was also a clever essayist and a poet. In 1679 he was brought to the notice of the Emperor, and employed in historical and other work. He was the author of the 日下舊門 an archæological and historical description of Peking and its neighbourhood, of which an Imperial edition was published in 1774. Also, of the 經義考, a critical commentary on the Classics.