OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Holy Coat

Edition of 1905. See also Seamless robe of Jesus on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HOLY COAT. A relic preserved with the greatest reverence in the Cathedral of Treves (q.v.). It is alleged to be the seamless robe or upper garment of Jesus Christ (John xix. 23), and to have been discovered in the fourth century by the Empress Helena, in her memorable visit to Palestine (see Helena, Saint) and by her deposited at Treves. The earliest definite documentary evidence, supported, however, by still earlier incidental testimony, dates from the eleventh century. The holy coat of Treves was solemnly exhibited to the public gaze in 1196, and again in 1512, when Luther wrote against it and Leo X. appointed it to be exhibited every seven years. The Reformation and wars prevented the regular observance of this religious festival; but it was celebrated in 1810, and was attended by a concourse of no fewer than 227,000 persons, and in 1844 and 1891 by still greater crowds, while miraculous cures were confidently asserted to be performed by the precious relic. The exhibition of the holy coat in 1844 led to the secession of the “German Catholics” from the Catholic Church. The seamless coat of Jesus is also said to be preserved in the church at Argenteuil, near Versailles, but this claim is not considered well founded. The legend here is that it was given by Charlemagne to the monastery located there, his daughter Theodrada being abbess. Consult: Beissel, Geschichte des Heiligen Rockes (Treves, 1889); Clarke, Pilgrimage to the Holy Coat of Treves (London, 1892); Plater, The Holy Coat of Treves (ib., 1891).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hoffman

Edition of 1905. See also Henry Chettle on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HOFFMAN, or, The Revenge for a Father. A tragedy by Henry Chettle, performed in 1602; the only play written wholly by this author that has been preserved. It exists in a very corrupt quarto, printed in 1631 without the author's name.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Holst, Hermann Eduard von

Edition of 1905. See also Hermann Eduard von Holst on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HOLST, Hermann Eduard von (1841-1904). A German-American historian and educator, born at Fellin, in Livonia, of German parentage. He studied at Dorpat from 1860 to 1863, and at Heidelberg from 1863 to 1865, and became a tutor at Saint Petersburg in 1866; but was excluded from the Russian dominions in the following year for publishing a pamphlet of which the Russian Government disapproved, and emigrated to America. Settling in New York, he taught modern languages for a time in a small
private school, made a number of political speeches in the Presidential campaign of 1868, and was an assistant editor of Schem's Deutsch-Amerikanisches Konversations-Lexikon. He then returned to Germany, was professor of history in the University of Strassburg from 1872 to 1874, and in the University of Freiburg from 1874 to 1892, visited America in 1878-79 and in 1884, served for a number of years in the Baden Diet, for the last two sessions as vice-president, and in 1892 became head of the department of history in the newly founded University of Chicago. In 1900 ill health compelled his retirement, and he returned to his home in Freiburg. Von Holst's works are almost altogether on American topics. His Verfassung und Demokratie der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika (5 vols., 1873-91), English translation by Lalor and Mason, The Constitutional and Political History of the United States (8 vols., 1870-92), is his best-known work, and contains a remarkably able presentation of the Federalist and anti-slavery view of American political history. Among his other publications are: Das Staatsrecht der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika (1885), English translation, The Constitutional Law of the United States of America (1887); John C. Calhoun, in the “American Statesmen Series” (1882); John Brown (1888); and The French Revolution Tested by Mirabeau's Career (1894). Consult Hart, “Hermann von Holst,” in the Political Science Quarterly, vol. v. (New York, 1890).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lavender

See also Lavandula on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Lav′ender, a family of plants having the stamens and style surrounded by a two-lipped corolla, the upper lip two-lobed and the lower three-lipped. The common lavender grows wild on the mountains and hills of southern Europe, and is generally cultivated in gardens further north. It has a delightfully fragrant odor, and contains a great quantity of oil. The spikes and flowers are used in medicine as a tonic and nerve stimulant. The flowers are much used to scent wardrobes and in perfumery, and are blue-gray in color. The oil of the broad-leaved lavender is used by artists on porcelain and in making varnishes. It is made by distilling the flower with water; spirits of lavender by distilling them with spirits; and lavender water, the toilet preparation, by dissolving oil of lavender with other oils in spirits. Lavender gets its name from Latin lavare, to wash, because it was used in bathing.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent

See also Antoine Lavoisier on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Lavoisier (lȧ′vwä′zyā′), Antoine Laurent, the founder or modern chemistry, was born at Paris, Aug. 26, 1743. He devoted himself particularly to the study of chemistry, and was made an academician. To obtain means to carry on his researches, he became farmer-general (tax-gatherer) in 1769. While a director of the government powder-mills, in 1776, he discovered a way of improving the quality of the powder, and in 1791 was made a commissioner of the treasury. His most important contribution to science was the explanation of combustion and of the part that oxygen plays in the composition of substances. The popular hatred of farmers of taxes during the reign of terror was not tempered by his services to science and learning, and he died by the guillotine on May 8, 1794. His principal work is Traitè Elementaire de Chimie.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lawrence, Sir Henry Montgomery

See also Henry Montgomery Lawrence on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Lawrence, Sir Henry Montgomery, was born in Ceylon, June 28, 1806, and joined the Bengal artillery in 1823, taking part in many wars. In March, 1857, he was placed in charge at Lucknow, and when mutiny broke out he realized that it would spread over the whole of India, and consequently made great preparations. Thanks to his foresight the small garrison held out for four months, although Sir Henry was himself wounded by a shell on July 2, and died two days later. Lawrence was not only a soldier and statesman, but a philanthropist, having been the founder of the Lawrence Military Asylums at Punjab, Rajputana and Madras, to which he devoted his entire income.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lawrence, Amos

See also Amos Lawrence on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Lawrence, Amos, a distinguished philanthropist and brother of Abbott, was born in 1786 and died in 1852. Having acquired an immense fortune, he devoted over, $700,000 to charities and donations, benefiting among other institutions Kenyon and Williams Colleges and Bangor Theological Seminary. His son published his Life and Correspondence.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lawrence, James

See also James Lawrence on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Lawrence, James, an American naval officer, was born at Burlington, N. J., in 1781. In the War of 1812 he served under Commodore Decatur, and rose by brave conduct. In 1813, after a short engagement, he captured the British Peacock, and soon after was made captain of the Chesapeake. After he had been in command of its undisciplined crew for a few days, on June 1, 1813, he met the British Shannon just outside of Boston. After a hard fight he was mortally wounded and his ship was taken. This was when he said: “Don't give up the ship!” His remains were removed to Trinity churchyard, New York city, and a monument erected over them.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Laval University

See also Université Laval on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Laval University, the first institution for higher education in Lower Canada, was founded in 1852. The Seminary of Quebec, the pioneer institute, secured a charter from Queen Victoria which conferred the privileges of a university. Pius IX in 1853 gave the Quebec archbishops the right to confer theological degrees on divinity graduates from the new university. They are the visitors, a proof of the broadmindedness of the British government in permitting the Roman Catholic French of Canada to organize a university controlled only by archbishops of their own faith and blood. The visitor appoints the professors of theology nominated by the council of the university, and may veto all nominations and regulations. The rector, the superior of Quebec Seminary, is the highest officer. The rector and council administer affairs. The faculties are those of theology, law, medicine and the arts, each having its own council. It was not until 1866 that the theological faculty was organized. That of medicine opened in 1853, six professors of the Quebec School of Medicine becoming professors in the university. The faculty of law was the one for which most need existed, for there was no school of law in Quebec. It opened in 1854, but for several years teaching was limited to civil and Roman law. The faculty of arts, though outlined in 1855, was not opened for years. Laval has power to confer degrees in law, medicine and the arts, but not in theology, and did not receive all the rights of a canonical university until 1876. In 1870 the faculty of medicine was affiliated to the Royal College of Surgeons, London, England. In 1897-8 a bacteriological laboratory was installed, in 1899 one for experimental chemistry. The cabinet of physics contains thousands of instruments. The university has eight large and valuable museums. The library contains 150,000 volumes. The faculty consists of 50 professors, and the students number 444. Theology claims over 120, law 84, medicine and arts 140. There is a branch at Montreal, the statistics of which are not included here.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lawrence, Abbott

See also Abbott Lawrence on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Lawrence, Abbott, an American merchant and philanthropist, was born at Groton, Mass., in 1792, and died in 1855. He acquired a large fortune, was elected to Congress and was one of the commissioners to settle the northeastern boundary question with Great Britain. Among his donations were $100,000 to Harvard College, to found Lawrence Scientific School, and $50,000 for model lodging houses. See Hunt's Lives of American Merchants.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Law, John

See also John Law (economist) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Law, John, originator of the “Mississippi scheme,” financier and projector, was born at Edinburgh, Scotland, on April 21, 1671. At 20 he went to London, but was compelled to leave on account of a duel in which he killed his opponent. He then proceeded to Amsterdam, and there began studying the system of bank credits, and in 1700 he returned to Edinburgh to advocate the use of paper currency before the unfavorable Scottish Parliament. Law then traveled over the European continent, gambling and speculating, until in 1716 he founded a private bank in Paris with his brother William. In 1718 the duke of Orleans, regent of France, adopted Law's system of paper currency and issued enormous amounts which received great credit, while the national bonds remained below par. In 1719 Law originated the Mississippi scheme. This was a plan for colonizing and exploiting the region of the Mississippi, a sort of wild-cat project, the chief motive of which was to raise money to meet exigencies of the time in France. In the speculative mania that ensued stocks and shares soared to fabulous heights, and for a time the financial world of France lost all reason and parted from sober sense. Next year Law was made councilor of state and comptroller-general of finance; but when his system met with popular disfavor and his bubble scheme was pricked, he fled to Brussels, thence to England and finally to Venice, and there remained, poor and forgotten, until his death on March 21, 1729. See Perkins' France under the Regency and Mackay's Extraordinary Popular Delusions.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lawrence, Saint

See also Lawrence of Rome on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Lawrence, Saint, whose day is August 10, was born, according to story, in Huasco, Spain, and became a deacon in Rome under Sixtus I. During the persecution of Valerian he was summoned before the prætor and ordered to surrender the treasures of the church, whereupon he handed over the sick and the poor. Persisting in his refusal, he was ordered to be broiled upon a gridiron. This martyrdom is authentic, and its probable date was 258 A. D.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Matthisson, Friedrich von

Edition of 1905. See also Friedrich von Matthisson on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MATTHISSON, mät′tē̇-sō̇n, Friedrich von (1761-1831). A German lyric poet, born at Hohendodeleben, January 23, 1761; he died at Wörlitz, March 12, 1831. Trained for the ministry at Halle, he supported himself by teaching till appointed (1794) reader to the Princess of Anhalt-Dessau, with whom he traveled in Switzerland, Tyrol, and Italy. On her death (1811) he was attached to the Court of Württemberg, and resided for some time in Italy. His prose is mediocre, his verse melodious and graceful, especially in rural description, but never strong. Matthisson's Schriften, as finally revised by the author, came out in 8 vols. (Zurich, 1825-29). Vol. ix. (1833) contains a biography by Döring.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mauna Loa

Edition of 1905. See also Mauna Loa on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MAUNA LOA, lō′ȧ (Hawaiian, great mountain). The largest volcano in the world (though not the loftiest), occupying much of the central and southern portion of Hawaii (Map: Hawaii, F 4). It is 13,760 feet in height, and slopes gradually from the sea to the summit near the centre of the island, where the group of craters forms an immense caldron a mile and a half in diameter and 1000 feet deep. It exceeds by far any other volcano in the amount of lava discharged: the last great eruption (1880-81) sent a stream down the eastern slope 50 miles long and in some places 3 miles wide. The crater is in almost continuous activity and large eruptions have been frequent during the past century. On the eastern slope is the large crater of Kilauea (q.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Maundrell, Henry

Edition of 1905. See also Henry Maundrell on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MAUNDRELL, ma̤n′drel, Henry (1665-1701). An English traveler. He graduated from Exeter College, Oxford, and was curate of Bromley, Kent, from 1689 to 1695. In the latter year he was appointed chaplain to the English factory at Aleppo, Syria. He published in 1703 A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem, a valuable work often reprinted, and translated into French, German, and Dutch.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Maunder, Samuel

Edition of 1905. See also Samuel Maunder on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MAUNDER, ma̤n′dẽr, Samuel (1785-1849). An English compiler, born in Devonshire. His first literary work was in connection with the Catechisms (1837-49), published by his brother-in-law and partner, William Pinnock, with whom he was associated also in the Literary Gazette of London. Among his numerous compilations are: The Little Lexicon (1825); Treasury of Knowledge (1830); Biographical Treasury (1838); Scientific and Literary Treasury (1841); Treasury of History (1844); Treasury of Natural History (1848); and the Treasury of Geography (1850)—most of which passed through many editions.
# The New International Encyclopædia/May Laws

Edition of 1905. See also Falk Laws on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MAY LAWS. The name applied to a series of laws enacted by the Prussian Diet in May, 1873, marking the opening of the conflict between Church and State generally known as the Kulturkampf (q.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Maule (province)

Edition of 1905. See also Cauquenes Province on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MAULE. A maritime province of Chile, bounded by the Province of Talca on the north, Linares and Nuble on the east, Concepción on the south, and the Pacific on the west (Map: Chile, C 11). Area, 2931 square miles. A large portion of the surface is ocoupied by the Coast Range, which is well wooded and rises to an altitude of nearly 3000 feet. The chief occupations are stock-raising and agriculture. A branch railway line from Parral runs through the province and terminates at the port of Chanco on the coast. Population, in 1895, 119,791. The chief port is Constitucion. The capital is Cauquenes, situated on the railway line and having a population of 8574.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Maumee

Edition of 1905. See also Maumee River on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MAUMEE, ma̤-mē′. A river formed at Fort Wayne, Ind., by the junction of the Saint Joseph and the Saint Mary's rivers, flowing northeast through the northwestern part of Ohio. Its length is 150 miles, and it empties through Maumee Bay into Lake Erie at its western extremity (Map: Ohio, C 3). The city of Toledo stretches along its banks for four miles from its mouth, and the river is navigable for 12 miles to the Maumee Rapids, above which its course is followed as far as Defiance by the Miami and Erie Canal, connecting Lake Erie with the Ohio River. Maumee Bay is for the most part shallow, but its channel has been deepened, straightened, and marked by lighthouses.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mauna Kea

Edition of 1905. See also Mauna Kea on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MAUNA KEA, mä′o͞o-nȧ kā′ȧ (Hawaiian, white mountain). The highest mountain in Polynesia. It is an extinct volcano occupying the northern and north-central portions of Hawaii, and its height is 13,805 feet (Map: Hawaii, F 4). During most of the year snow lies on its peaks, which are composed of gravel and reddish scoria. Its sides are covered with forests, where wild cattle range and are hunted for their horns, hides, and tallow.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Maulmain

Edition of 1905. See also Mawlamyine on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MAULMAIN, ma̤l-mān′, or MOULMEIN. A seaport town, capital of the Amherst district and of the Tenasserim division of Lower Burma, at the junction of the rivers Salwin, Gyaing, and Attaran, on the Gulf of Martaban, an arm of the Bay of Bengal (Map: Burma, C 3). The town lies between the left bank of the river Salwin and a fine range of densely wooded hills which, at a distance of from one to six miles, runs parallel with the river. Maulmain is one of the most beautiful and healthful towns of India; the mean annual temperature is 78°—the highest mean for any month being 83° in April, and the lowest 75° in January. The principal street extends for four miles along the river, and other streets shaded with acacia and jack trees branch off from it toward the hills, on which arc the pretty residences of Europeans and wealthy Burmese and numerous pagodas with gilded spires. The hills command an extensive view of beautiful and varied scenery. Martaban lies on the opposite river bank to the north. Maulmain is divided into five districts under the superintendence of a goung, or native head of police. The native houses, built of bamboo and thatched with palm leaves, are raised on piles 10 or 12 feet from the ground. The principal buildings, besides several pagodas, include a public library, a general hospital, and substantial barracks. There are several educational and charitable institutions, missionary establishments, and churches. Vessels of 10 feet draught reach the wharves and jetties at all states of the tide; at spring tide, when the rise and fall is from 20 to 23 feet, the town is accessible to vessels of the largest tonnage. A considerable export and import trade is carried on, chiefly with Calcutta, Madras, Rangoon, and Penang. The principal exports are timber, rice, cotton, horns, hides, ivory, wax, gums, drugs, lead, and copper; the imports are chiefly cotton and woolen piece goods, hardware, provisions, general merchandise, and—omitting timber, which is obtained from the neighboring teak forests—all the materials required for shipbuilding, which is an important industry. The United States is represented by a consular agent. The town dates from the British occupation of Tenasserim in 1826. The heterogeneous and polyglot population in 1891 numbered 55,785; in 1901, 58,446, consisting besides Burmese, of Hindus, Malays, Europeans, Eurasians, Chinese, Armenians, and Jews.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Maundeville, John

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​MAUNDEVILLE, ma̤n′de-vĭl, Sir John. See Mandeville, The Travels of Sir John.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Depping, Georg Bernard

Edition of 1905. See also Georges Depping on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DEP'PING, Georg Bernard (1784-1853). A German-French historian. He was born at Münster, Westphalia, settled in Paris in 1803, was employed for a time as a teacher in several institutions, and subsequently contributed to French and German periodicals. He wrote on a wide range of subjects. Two of his juvenile works attained wonderful popularity: Merveilles et beautés de la nature en France (1811); and Les soirées d'hiver, including the instructions of a father to his children on moral and scientific subjects. He assisted Malte-Brun in his geographical works, and published a number of histories, books of travel, and biographies, including: Histoire des expéditions maritimes des Normands (1826); Histoire du commerce entre l'Europe et le Levant depuis les croisades (1832); and Les Juifs au moyen âge (1834).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Des Moines River

Edition of 1905. See also Des Moines River on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ DES MOINES RIVER. The most important river of Iowa. It is formed by the meeting of the east and west forks of the Des Moines in Humboldt County, Iowa. The east fork is the outlet of Okamanpadu Lake, in Emmet County, Iowa; the west fork flows from a chain of lakes among which is Lake Heron, in Jackson County, Minn. (Map: Iowa, D 3). The Des Moines flows southeasterly across Iowa, and empties into the Mississippi River (q.v.) three miles below Keokuk. It is 550 miles long, drains an area of 14,500 square miles, and is navigable for nearly 100 miles. From Farmington to its mouth it falls 48 feet, or 1 3/5 feet per mile. The chief tributary is the Coon River, which joins it from the west at Des Moines. The chief cities along its banks are Ottumwa, Des Moines, and Fort Dodge. Through Lee County it flows in a narrow, gorge-like valley noted for scenery.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Denner, Balthasar

Edition of 1905. See also Balthasar Denner on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DEN′NER, Balthasar (1685-1749). A German portrait-painter. He was born at Altona, and studied there and in Danzig, and afterwards at the Berlin Academy. He is said to have painted good portraits when only fourteen years of age. Rapidly acquiring reputation, he was invited to several European courts, and painted the portraits of many princes and other distinguished persons of his time. His chief peculiarity consisted in the fineness of his mechanical finish, which extended to depicting even the almost invisible furze of hair growing on smooth skin. He is particularly noted for his heads of old men and women. Charles VI. paid 4700 florins for a “Head of an Old Woman” by this artist. This and its companion piece, the “Head of an Old Man,” are in the Museum of Fine Arts in Vienna. Specimens of his art are to be found in the principal galleries in Europe.