OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Merit, Order of

Edition of 1905. See also Order of Merit on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MERIT, Order of. An order instituted in London, June 26, 1902, by King Edward VII., with the object of conferring distinction on persons who have gained prominence in military, scientific, artistic, and professional circles. The Order consists of the sovereign and the members and is not conferred as a reward for political services. Members of the order are accorded precedence immediately after the Order of the
Bath and before the other orders of knighthood. Up to January 1, 1903, only twelve members had been installed, comprising, as representatives of the army, Lords Roberts, Wolseley, and Kitchener; of the navy, Admirals Keppel and Seymour; of science, Lords Rayleigh and Kelvin and Sir William Huggins; of medicine Lord Lister; of literature and history, John Morley and W. E. H. Lecky; of painting, G. F. Watts.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Breitenfeld

Edition of 1905. See also Breitenfeld, Leipzig on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BREITENFELD, brī'ten-fĕlt (Ger. breit, broad + Feld, plain, field; referring to the plain near by). A village in Saxony, about five miles north of Leipzig, noted as the scene of two battles between the Swedes and the forces of the German Empire. On September 17 (new style), 1631, Gustavus Adolphus and the Elector of Saxony overthrew Tilly at Breitenfeld, shattered his army, and saved the cause of Protestantism, which had been imperiled by the fall of Magdeburg. Eleven years later, November 2, 1642, Torstenson, the pupil of Gustavus, signally defeated the Archduke Leopold and General Piccolomini on the same spot. Breitenfeld also had some of the fighting around Leipzig in October, 1813. Consult Opitz, Die Schlacht bei Breitenfeld 1631 (Leipzig, 1892).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Brentano, Franz

Edition of 1905. See also Franz Brentano on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BRENTANO, Franz (1838—). A German philosopher, born in Marienberg. He was for a time a professor of philosophy in Würzburg, and from 1874 to 1880 in Vienna. His works comprise Psychologie des Aristoteles (Mainz, 1867); Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt (Leipzig, 1879); and Neue Rätsel (Vienna, 1878).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bremer, Fredrika

Edition of 1905. See also Fredrika Bremer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BREMER, brā′mẽr, Fredrika (1801-65). A Swedish novelist, born near Abo, Finland. Her father was an iron-founder, wealthy, and somewhat stern, her mother severe and impatient, the child affectionate, passionate, and restless, misunderstood and hindered in development. Her first writing was youthful poetry in French, produced when she was eight years old. Nursery dramas and a journal followed, with foreign travel that left her “conscious of being born with powerful wings, but conscious of their being clipped.” She turned to works of charity, and to increase her means for these, published anonymously a series of romances under the general title, Sketches of Every-Day Life (1828-48). The first of these was Axel and Anna (1828). A second volume, The H. Family (1829-30), was a sensational success, and subsequent volumes won her an international public. She passed two years (1849-51) in America. Her early novels excel in descriptions of every-day middle-class life. They have the charm of unaffected simplicity and quiet humor. Noteworthy among them are: Axel and Anna (1828); The President's Daughters (1834); Nina (1835); The Neighbors (1837); The Home (1839). Later novels disclose the reformer, advocating philanthropy, religion, and especially the equal rights of women. Of these, Hertha (1857) and Siskonlif are the best. Her verse is unimportant. Of her books of travel, Homes in the New World (1853) contains her impressions of America. She died at Arsta December 31, 1865. An English life of Miss Bremer, with unpublished
writings, appeared in 1868. There are good English translations of the earlier novels, by Mary Howitt.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Brentano, Lorenz

Edition of 1905. See also Lorenzo Brentano on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BRENTANO, Lorenz (1813-91). A German-American politician and editor, born in Mannheim. After study in Heidelberg and Freiburg, he began legal practice, entered public life, and in 1848 was elected to the National Assembly at Frankfort. In 1849 he was placed in control of the Provisional Government of Baden, but soon fell under suspicion among his fellow revolutionists, and fled by way of Switzerland to America. He established Der Leuchtturm, a German anti-slavery journal, in Pottsville, Pa., and from 1862 to 1867 was editor-in-chief of the Illinois Staatszeitung in Chicago. He was appointed to the American consulate at Dresden in 1872, and in 1876 was elected to Congress. As editor of the Staatszeitung, he greatly aided the Federal cause during the Civil War period.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Breitkopf, Johann Gottlob Immanuel

Edition of 1905. See also Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BREITKOPF, brīt'kṓpf, Johann Gottlob Immanuel (1719-94). A German printer and proprietor of a well-known publishing house of Leipzig, established in 1664, and known as Breitkopf & Härtel since 1795. He was born in Leipzig, and graduated from the university of that city. His investigations in history and mathematics led him to a scientific study of printing, which resulted in a more artistic development of German text, and an improvement of musical notation (1754). At the time of Breitkopf, the old form of musical notation had been almost forgotten. Compositions were either written or engraved, and the form of printing music now principally used is undoubtedly due to his initiative. His writings include the following: Ueber die Geschichte der Erfindung der Buchdruekerkunst (Leipzig, 1779); Ueber den Druck der geographischen Karten (3 parts, Leipzig, 1777-79).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Brenz, Johann

Edition of 1905. See also Johannes Brenz on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BRENZ, brĕnts, Johann (1499-1570). A German reformer. Under the influence of Luther he reorganized his church at Hall, Suabia, but at the time of the Smalkaldie War, in 1546, he was obliged to flee to Württemberg. He was appointed minister of the Collegiate Church of Stuttgart in 1553, and is said to have been the first exponent of the Reformation there. In the controversies between Zwingli and Luther, he took the side of the latter, and with others wrote the famous Syngramma Suevicum (1525). He was a writer of great ability and popularity. One of his teachings was that the body of the Lord is everywhere present; hence his followers were called ‘Ubiquitarians.’
# The New International Encyclopædia/Breithaupt, Johann August Friedrich

Edition of 1905. See also August Breithaupt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BREITHAUPT, brīt'houpt, Johann August Friedrich (1791-1873). A German mineralogist. He was born at Probstzella, Thuringia, and studied at the University of Jena, and at the Academy of Freiberg. Here he received an appointment in 1813 as teacher and lapidary, and in 1827 became professor. He wrote Ueber die Echtheit der Krystalle (1816) and Vollständige Charakteristik des Mineralsystems (1820; 3d improved ed., 1832). He also continued Hoffmann's Handbuch der Mineralogie, adding five chapters to this valuable work. Toward the close of his life he became almost totally blind. He increased the nomenclature of crystallography, and introduced the so-called Progressionstheorie, which seeks to derive every species of crystal from a few isometric forms. He also carefully examined almost all the minerals known in his day, and took 3000 measurements of calcareous spar alone. The opening of the great coal-fields at Zwickau, in Saxony, was due to his initiative. His other publications include Die Paragenesis der Mineralien (1849) and Die Bergstadt Freiberg (1825; 2d ed., 1847).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Brentano, Clemens

Edition of 1905. See also Clemens Brentano on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BRENTANO, brĕn-tä'nṓ, Clemens (1778-1842). A German novelist and poet. He was born in Ehrenbreitstein, studied in Jena, lived in Frankfort, Heidelberg, Vienna, and Berlin, and for a time at a cloister in Dillmen, near Münster (1818). Thence he went to Regensburg, Munich, and Frankfort. He died in Aschaffenburg, July 28, 1842. Brentano's early comedies, among them Die lustigen Musikanten (1803) and Ponce de Leon (1804), show lyric ability and a peculiar wit, while the drama Die Gründung Prags (1815) is a fantastic and bizarre production of undeniable power. His best work is in short stories, particularly in his fairy stories. The simplicity of his Geschichte vom braven Kasperl (1817) and of Gockel, Hinkel und Gackelein (1838) is in pleasant contrast to the mystic romanticism of some of his other work. His most enduring contribution to literature is the compilation, with Arnim, of German ballads in Des Knaben Wunderhorn. He was an erratic member of a whimsically brilliant family. His grandmother, Sophie La Roche, had been a close friend of Wieland; his mother, Maximiliane, figures in Goethe's life, as does his sister, Bettina von Arnim (q.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Brentano, Lujo

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
BRENTANO, Lujo (1844—). A German political economist. He was born in Aschaffenburg, Bavaria; studied at the universities of Dublin, Heidelberg, Munich, Würzburg, and Göttingen, and with Ernst Engel, the statistician,
made an investigation of the English trades-unions. He has been professor of political economy successively in Breslau (1873), Strassburg (1882), Vienna (1888), Leipzig (1889), and Munich (1891). His more important publications include Die Arbeitergilden der Gegenwart, 2 vols. (1871); Das Arbeitsverhältnis gemäss dem heutigen Recht (1877); Der Arbeiterversicherungszwang, seine Voraussetzungen und seine Folgen (1881); Ueber das Verhältnis von Arbeitslohn und Arbeitszeit zur Arbeitsleistung (2d ed., 1893); Agrarpolitik, Vol. I. (1897).
# Constitution of Sri Lanka/Ninth Amendment

The Ninth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka dealt with political rights of public servants. The amendment came into effect on 24 January 1984.

## Section 1 Short title

1. This Act may be cited as the Ninth Amendment to the Constitution.

## Section 2 Amendment of Article 91 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

2. Article 91 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is hereby amended in sub-paragraph (d) of paragraph (1) of that Article, by the substitution for items (vii), (viii), (ix) and (x) of that sub-paragraph, of the following new items : -
    "(vii) a public officer holding any office created prior to November 18, 1970, the initial of the salary scale of which was, on November 18, 1970, not less than Rs. 6,720 per annum, or such other amount per annum as would, under any subsequent revision of salary scales, correspond to such initial,
    (viii) a public officer holding any office created after November 18, 197.0, the initial of the salary scale, of which is, on the date of the creation of that office, not less than the initial of the salary scale applicable, on that date, to an office referred to in item (vii) or such other amount per annum as would, under any subsequent revision of salary scales, correspond to the first-mentioned initial,
    (ix) an officer in any public corporation holding any office created prior to November 18, 1970, the initial of the salary scale of which was, on November 18, 1970, not less than Rs. 7,200 per annum or such other amount per annum as would, under any subsequent revision of salary scales, correspond to such initial,
    (x) an officer In any public corporation holding any office created after November 18, 1970, the initial of the salary scale of which is, on the date of creation of that office, not less than the initial of the salary scale applicable on that date to an office referred to in item (ix) or such. other amount per annum as would, under any subsequent revision of salary scales, correspond to the first-mentioned initial,
    (xi) a member of the Regular Force of the Army, Navy or Air Force, or
    (xii) a police officer or a public officer exercising police functions;".
# Constitution of Sri Lanka/Fourth Amendment

The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka made provision for the first Parliament to continue until 4 August 1989. The amendment came into effect on 23 December 1982.

## Section 1 Short title

1. This Act may be cited as the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution.

## Section 2 Amendment of Article 161 of the Constitution

2. Article 161 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is hereby amended by the repeal of paragraph (e) of that Article and the substitution therefor, of the following new paragraph :-
    "(e) unless sooner dissolved, the First Parliament shall continue until August 4, 1989, and no longer, and shall thereupon stand dissolved, and the provisions of Article 70 (5) (b) shall, mutatis mutandis, apply.".
# Constitution of Sri Lanka/Fourth Schedule

"I ............................................................. do solemnly declare and affirm / swear that I will faithfully perform the duties and discharge the functions of the office of ........................................ in accordance with the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka and the law, and that I will be faithful to the Republic of Sri Lanka and that I will to the best of my ability uphold and defend the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka."
# Constitution of Sri Lanka/Seventh Amendment

The Seventh Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka dealt with Commissioners of the High Court and created Kilinochchi District. The amendment came into effect on 4 October 1983.

## Section 1 Short title

1. This Act may be cited as the Seventh Amendment to the Constitution.

## Section 2 Amendment of Article S of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

2. Article 5 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (hereinafter referred to as " the Constitution ") is hereby amended as follows :-
    (a) by the substitution, for the words " twenty-four ", of the words " twenty-five " ; and
    (b) by the substitution for the words " territorial waters. ", of the following :-

## Section 3 Amendment of Article 96 of the Constitution

3. Article 96 of the. Constitution is hereby amended in paragraph (1) of that Article, by the substitution, for the words "twenty-four", of the words "twenty-five".

## Section 4 Insertion of Article 111A in the Constitution

4. The following Article is hereby inserted immediately after Article Ill, and shall have effect as Article 111A, of the Constitution:- Commissioners of the High Court.
    111 (Commissioners of the High Court)
       (1) Where the Minister in charge of the subject of Justice represents to the President that it is expedient that the number of the Judges exercising the jurisdiction and powers or the High Court in any judicial zone should be temporarily increased, the President may, by warrant, appoint one or more Commissioners of the High Court to exercise the jurisdiction and powers of the High Court. within such judicial zone as is 'Specified in the warrant of appointment of such Commissioner of the High. Court.
       (2) Every Commissioner of the High Court appointed under paragraph (1) shall hold office for the period specified in his warrant of appointment and shall be removable, and be subject to disciplinary control, by the President, on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission .
       (3) Even' Commissioner of the High Court appointed under paragraph (1) may, during his tenure of office, exercise, according to law, such jurisdiction and powers as is, or are, vested or ordained in the High Court by Parliament, and shall be invested with all the rights, powers, privileges and immunities (except such rights and privileges as relate to tenure of office, of a Judge of the High Court, and for this purpose, a reference to a "Judge of the High Court" in the Constitution or other written law shall, unless the context otherwise requires, be deemed to include a reference to a " Commissioner of the High Court".'.

## Section 5 Amendment of the First Schedule to the Constitution

5. The First Schedule to the Constitution is hereby amended as follows :-
    (a) by the insertion, immediately after item " 10. Jaffna" of that Schedule, of the following item:-"11. Kilinochchi" ; and
    (b) by the renumbering of items 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24 of that Schedule as items 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25 respectively, of that Schedule.
# Constitution of Sri Lanka/Seventh Schedule

"I ..................................................... do solemnly declare and affirm / swear that I will uphold and defend the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka and that I will not, directly or indirectly, in or outside Sri Lanka, support, espouse, promote, finance, encourage or advocate the establishment of a separate State within the territory of Sri Lanka.”
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993/1994-11-23/Chapter 2

Chapter 2
Citizenship and Franchise
Citizenship
5. (1) There shall be a South African citizenship.
(2) South African citizenship and the acquisition, loss and restoration of South African citizenship shall, subject to section 20 read with section 33(1), be regulated by an Act of Parliament.
(3) Every person who is a South African citizen shall, subject to this Constitution, be entitled to enjoy all rights, privileges and benefits of South African citizenship, and shall be subject to all duties, obligations and responsibilities of South African citizenship as are accorded or imposed upon him or her in terms of this Constitution or an Act of Parliament.
The franchise
6. Every person who is—
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(c)
shall be entitled to vote in elections of the National Assembly, a provincial legislature or a local government and in referenda or plebiscites contemplated in this Constitution, in accordance with and subject to the laws regulating such elections, referenda and plebiscites.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ridder, Herman

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
RIDDER, HERMAN, an American newspaper publisher and editor, born in New York City in 1851, of German parents. His boyhood was spent in various lines of industry, including life insurance, and in 1878 he established the “Katholisches Volksblatt.” He founded the “Catholic News” in 1886. In 1890 he became trustee and manager, and in 1907 president of the New York “Staats-Zeitung,” the largest and most influential daily paper, printed in the German language, in the United States. He came into conflict with the Federal authorities following the outbreak of the World War for an alleged pro-German campaign which he was charged with having carried on in his papers. In 1908 he was treasurer of the Democratic National Committee. He was an official of several important financial institutions. He died in 1915.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Robin Hood

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ROBIN HOOD, the hero of a group of old English ballads, represented as an outlaw and a robber, but of a gallant and generous nature, whose familiar haunts are the forests of Sherwood and Barnsdale, where he fleets the time carelessly in the merry greenwood. He is ever genial and good-natured, religious, respectful to the Virgin and to all women for her sake, with a kind of gracious and noble dignity in his bearing. He lives by the king's deer, though personally most loyal, and wages ceaseless warfare on all proud bishops, abbots, and knights, taking of their superfluity, and giving
liberally to the poor and to all honest men in distress, of whatever degree. He is unrivalled with the bow and quarterstaff; but in as many as eight of the extant ballads comes off the worse in the combat with some stout fellow, whom he thereupon induces to join his company. His chief comrades are Little John, Scathlok (Scarlet), and Much; to these the “Gest” adds Gilbert of the White Hand and Reynold. A stalwart curtal friar, called Friar Tuck in the title though not in the ballad, fights with Robin Hood, and apparently accepts the invitation to join his company, as he appears later in two broadsides which also mention Maid Marion. Such is the romantic figure of the greatest of English popular heroes — a kind of yeoman counterpart to the knightly Arthur.
The earliest notice of Robin Hood yet found is that pointed out by Percy in “Piers Plowman,” which, according to Skeat, cannot be older than about 1377. In the next century we find him mentioned in Wyntoun's “Chronicle of Scotland” (1420). Bower, in his “Scotichronicon” (1441-1447), describes the lower orders of his time as entertaining themselves with ballads both merry and serious about Robin Hood, Little John, and their mates, and preferring them to all others; and Major or Mair (1470-1550) says in his “Historia Maioris Britanniæ” that Robin Hood ballads were sung all over Britain. The last passage gives apparently the earliest mention of those more romantic and redeeming features of Robin Hood which earned him a place in Fuller's “Worthies of England.”
Fragments of two Robin Hood plays exist, one dating from 1475, the other printed by Copland with the “Gest” about 1550. The latter is described in the title as “very proper to be played in May-games.” Robin Hood was a popular figure in these during the 16th century, as we find from Stow, Hall, and other writers, and there is evidence that in this connection he was known as far N. as Aberdeen.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Richmond (Kentucky)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
RICHMOND, county-seat of Madison co., Ky.; 25 miles S. E. of Lexington. It is famous as the scene of one of the fiercest battles of the Civil War. The Confederate general, E. Kirby Smith, in command of 18,000 troops, attacked a much larger Union army under command of Gens. M. D. Manson and William Nelson, and after a three hours' battle utterly defeated the Union forces, whose loss, including killed, wounded and prisoners, was 5,000. The town contains the Central University and the Madison Female Institute. Pop. (1910) 5,340; (1920) 5,622.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Richmond (Indiana)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
RICHMOND, a city and county-seat of Wayne co., Ind.; on the Whitewater river, and on the Chesapeake and Ohio of Indiana, the Grand Rapids and Indiana, the Ohio Electric, and the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis railroads; 69 miles E. of Indianapolis. The Friends have the institutions, Earlham College and Friends' Academy. The city is also the place of the Yearly Meeting of the Orthodox Friends of Indiana. It has electric street railroads, gas and electric lights, waterworks, State Hospital for the Insane, Reid Memorial Hospital, a high school, National and private banks, and a number of daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals. Richmond has many industries, including flour and lumber mills, and manufactories of clothing, paper bags, paper, pianos, tile, automobiles, office furniture, desks, church furniture, boilers, traction engines, steam engines, carriages and wagons, bicycles, lawn mowers, plows, threshing machines,
grain drills, etc. The city was founded by a colony of Friends in 1815. Pop. (1910) 22,324; (1920) 26,765.