OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sergius

See also Pope Sergius I, Pope Sergius II, Pope Sergius III, and Pope Sergius IV on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SERGIUS, the name of four popes.
Sergius I., pope from 687 to 701, came of an Antiochene family which had settled at Palermo. He was elected after a fierce struggle between two other candidates, Paschal and Theodore. In the second year of his pontificate he baptized King Ceadwalla of Wessex at Rome. For rejecting certain canons of the Trullan (Quinisext) council of 692, Justinian II. commanded his arrest and transportation to Constantinople, but the militia of Ravenna and the Pentapolis forced the imperial protospatharius to abandon the attempt to carry out his orders. Sergius was followed by John VI. as pope.
Sergius II., pope from 844 to 847, a Roman of noble birth, elected by the clergy and people to succeed Gregory IV., was forthwith consecrated without waiting for the sanction of the emperor Lothair, who accordingly sent his son Louis with an army to punish the breach of faith. A pacific arrangement was ultimately made, and Louis was crowned king of Lombardy by Sergius. He was a man of weak health, suffering much from gout, and abandoned the direction of affairs to unworthy persons, whose administration provoked many complaints. In this pontificate Rome was ravaged, and the churches of St Peter and St Paul robbed, by Saracens (August 846). Sergius was succeeded by Leo IV.
Sergius III., elected pope by one of the factions in Rome in 898, simultaneously with John IX., was expelled from the city by his adversaries. Circumstances becoming more favourable, he reappeared in 904, seized the two claimants, Leo V. and Christopher, who were disputing the succession of Benedict IV., and had them strangled. His adherents rallied round the vestiarius Theophylact, a powerful Roman functionary, and his wife Theodora. Sergius is reputed to have been the lover of Theodora's daughter Marozia, by whom he is said to have had a son, who became pope as John XI. This is the beginning of the so-called “pornocracy.” Unlike John IX. and his successors, Sergius was very hostile to the memory of Pope Formosus, and refused to recognize any of the ordinations celebrated by him, thus causing grave disorders. He also affected to consider as anti-popes, not only John IX., but also his successors down to and including Christopher. He restored the Lateran basilica, which had fallen down in 897. He died on the 14th of April 911, and was succeeded by Anastasius III.
Sergius IV., pope from 1009 to 1012, originally bore the name of Bucca porca (Os porci). He was a mere tool in the hands of the feudal nobility of the city; he was succeeded by Benedict VIII.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Seringapatam

See also Seringapatam on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SERINGAPATAM, or Srirangapatana, a town of India, formerly capital of the state of Mysore, situated on an island of the same name in the Cauvery river. Pop. (1901) 8584. The town is chiefly noted for its fortress, which figured prominently in Indian history at the close of the 18th century. This formidable stronghold of Tippoo Sultan twice sustained a siege from the British, and was finally stormed in 1799. After its capture the island was ceded to the British, but restored to Mysore in 1881. The island of Seringapatam is about 3 m. in length from east to west and 1 in breadth, and yields valuable crops of rice and sugar-cane. The fort occupies the western side, immediately overhanging the river. Seringapatam is said to have been founded in 1454 by a descendant of one of the local officers appointed by Ramanuja, the Vishnuite apostle, who named it the city of Sri Ranga or Vishnu. At the eastern or lower end of the island is the Lal Bagh or “red garden,” containing the mausoleum built by Tippoo Sultan for his father Hyder Ali, in which Tippoo himself also lies.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sergipe

See also Sergipe on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SERGIPE (originally Sergipe d’el-Rey), a small Atlantic state of Brazil, bounded N. by Alagôas, E. by the Atlantic, and S. and W. by Bahia. Area, 15,093 sq. m. Pop. (1900) 356,264, three-fourths half-castes and negroes. The Sāo Francisco forms its northern boundary, and the drainage of the northern part of the state is northward and eastward to that river. The southern half of the state, however, slopes eastward and is drained directly into the Atlantic through a number of small rivers, the largest of which are the Irapiranga (whose source is in the state of Bahia and which is called Vasa Barris at its mouth), the Real, and the Cotinguiba. These streams are navigable for short distances, but are obstructed by sand-bars at their mouths, that of Cotinguiba being especially dangerous. The surface of the state resembles in part that of Bahia, with a zone of forested lands near the coast, and back of this a higher zone of rough open country, called agrestes. There is a sandy belt along the coast, and the western frontier is slightly mountainous. The intermediate lands are highly fertile, especially in the forested region, where the rainfall is abundant. Further inland the year is divided into wet and dry seasons with occasional prolonged droughts. These districts are pastoral, and the lower fertile lands are cultivated for sugar, cotton, maize, tobacco, rice, beans, and mandioca—sugar being the principal product. ​Rubber and some other natural products are exported. There is only one railway in the state, which runs from Aracajú northward to Capella, with a branch running westward to Simão Dias. The only manufacturing industries of importance are cotton mills, sugar factories and distilleries, one of the largest sugar usines in Brazil being located at Riachuelo near Larangeiras. There are no good ports on the coast because of the bars at the mouths of the rivers.
The capital of the state is Aracajú (pop. 1890, 16,336; 1906 estimate, 25,000), on the lower course, or estuary, of the Cotinguiba river, near the coast. The bar at the entrance to this river is exceptionally dangerous, and the port is frequented only by coasting vessels of light draught. The town stands on a sandy plain, and there are sand dunes within the city limits. The public buildings are a large plain church with unfinished twin towers, the government palace, the legislative halls, a normal school and public hospital. The other principal towns are Estancia (pop. 1890, 14,555) on the Rio Real in the southern part of the state, with manufactures of cotton textiles, cigars and cigarettes, and soap, and an active trade; Laranjeiras (11,350), in a highly productive sugar district N. of the capital; Capella (11,034); Simão Dias (10,984); Lagarto (10,473); São Christovão, formerly Sergipe d’el-Rey (8793), the old capital, near the mouth of the Irapiranga, and Maroim (7851).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sergius, St

See also Sergius and Bacchus on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SERGIUS, ST, generally associated with St Bacchus, one of the most celebrated martyrs of Christian antiquity. His festival is on the 7th of October, and the centre of his cult was Resafa, or Rosafa, in Syria, in the province of Augusta Euphratesia. This town, which since the middle of the 6th century was also called Sergiopolis, acquired importance as a place of pilgrimage, and became a bishop's see (Le Quien, Oriens Christ. ii. 951). The cult of the saint spread rapidly. In 353 we find a church of St Sergius at Eitha, in Batanaea (Waddington, Inscriptions de Syrie, n. 2124)—the most ancient example of a dedication of this kind. In the 6th century St Sergius was honoured in the West (Gregory of Tours, De gloria martyrum, 96). According to their Acta (which, however, have little authority), SS. Sergius and Bacchus were soldiers. In art they are most generally represented in military costume.
See Acta sanctorum (October), iii. 833-883; Analecta Bollandiana, xiv. 373-395. (H. De.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rupert, St

See also Rupert of Salzburg on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
RUPERT (Hrodbert), ST, according to the Gesta Sancti Hrodberti, which dates from the 9th century, was a kinsman of the Merovingian house, and bishop of Worms under Childebert III. (695-711). At the invitation of the duke of Bavaria, Theodo II., Rupert went to Regensburg (Ratisbon), where he began his apostolate. He founded the church of St Peter near the Wallersee, and subsequently, at Salzburg, the church of St Peter, together with a monastery and a dwelling for the clerks, as well as a convent for women “in superiori castro luvavensium.” He died and was buried at Salzburg. He is regarded as the apostle of the Bavarians, not that the land was up to that time altogether heathen, but because of his services in the promotion and consolidation of its Christianity.
See Bibliotheca hagiographica Latina, (Brussels, 1899), n. 7390-7403; W. Levison, “Die älteste Lebensbeschreibung Ruperts von Salzburg” in Neues Archiv fur aeltere deutsche Geschichtskunde, xxviii. 283 seq.; Hauck, Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands (3rd ed.), i. 372 seq.
    (H. De.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rupilius, Publius

See also Publius Rupilius on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​RUPILIUS, PUBLIUS, Roman statesman, consul in 132 B.C. During the inquiry that followed the death of Tiberius Gracchus, conducted by himself and his colleague Popillius Laenas, he proceeded with the utmost severity against the supporters of Gracchus. In the same year he was dispatched to Sicily, where he suppressed the revolt of the slaves under Eunus. During 131 he remained as proconsul of the island, and, with the assistance of ten commissioners appointed by the senate, drew up regulations for the organization of Sicily as a province. These regulations were known by the title of leges Rupiliae, though they were not laws in the strict sense. Rupilius was subsequently brought to trial (123 B.C.) and condemned for his treatment of the friends of Gracchus. The disgrace of his condemnation, added to disappointment at the failure of his brother to obtain the consulship in spite of the efforts of Scipio, caused his death shortly afterwards.
See Cicero, De Am. 19, Tusc. disp. iv. 17, in Verr. ii. 13, 15; Diod. Sic. xxxiv. I, 20; Vell. Pat. ii. 7.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rupee

See also Rupee on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
RUPEE (Hindustani rupiya, from Sanskrit rupya), the standard coin of the monetary system in India. A silver coin of 175 grains Troy, called tanka, approximating to the rupee, was struck by the Mahommedan rulers of Delhi in the 13th century; but the rupee itself, of 179 grains, was introduced by Sher Shah in 1542. The English at first followed various indigenous standards; but since 1835 the rupee has uniformly weighed 180 grains, containing 165 grains of pure silver. The weight of the rupee (one tola) is also the unit upon which the Indian standard of weights is based. Down to about 1873 the gold value of the rupee was 2s., and ten rupees were thus equal to £1; but after 1873, owing to the depreciation of silver, the rupee at one time sank as low in value as 1s. In order to provide a remedy the government of India decided in 1893 to close the mints, and in 1899 to make the rupee legal tender at fifteen to £1. This policy proved successful, and since 1899 the exchange value of the rupee has practically remained at 1s. 4d. Therefore a lakh of rupees, which before 1873 was worth £10,000, is now only worth £6666, and a crore of rupees, which was formerly a million sterling, now only amounts to £666,666. The rupee is divided into sixteen annas, now worth 1d. each, and the anna is subdivided into 12 pies. (See India, and Money.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rupert (king)

See also Rupert of Germany on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
RUPERT (1352-1410), German king, and, as Rupert III., elector palatine of the Rhine, was a son of the elector Rupert II. and Beatrice, daughter of Peter II., king of Sicily. He was born at Amberg on the 5th of May 1352, and from his early years took part in the government of the Palatinate to which he succeeded on his father's death in 1398. He was one of the four electors who met at Oberlahnstein in August 1400 and declared King Wenceslaus deposed. This was followed by the election of Rupert as German king at Rense on the 21st of that month, and by his coronation at Cologne on the 6th of the following January. Winning some recognition in S. Germany, he made an expedition to Italy, where he hoped to receive the imperial crown, and to crush Gian Galleazzo Visconti, duke of Milan. In the autumn of 1401 he crossed the Alps, but his troops, checked before Brescia, melted away, and in 1402 Rupert, too poor to continue the campaign, returned to Germany. The news of this failure increased the disorder in Germany, but the king met with some success in his efforts to restore peace, and in October 1403 he was recognized by Pope Boniface IX. It was only the indolence of Wenceslaus that prevented his overthrow, and in 1406 he was compelled to make certain concessions. The quarrel was complicated by the papal schism, but the king was just beginning to make some headway when he died at his castle of Landskron near Oppenheim on the 18th of May 1410 and was buried at Heidelberg. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Frederick IV. of Hohenzollern, burgrave of Nuremburg, and left three sons and four daughters. Rupert, who earned the surname of clemens, was brave and generous, but his resources were totally inadequate to bear the strain of the German kingship.
Bibliography. — J. Chmel, Regesta chronologico-diplomatica Ruperti regis Romanorum (Frankfort, 1834); C. Höfler, Ruprecht von der Pfalz genannt Clem römischer König (Freiberg, 1861); L. Häusser, Geschichte der Rheinischen Pfalz (Heidelberg, 1845); Th. Lindner, Geschichte des Deutschen Reiches vom Ende des 14 Jahrhunderts bis zur Reformation (Brunswick, 1875-80), part i.; A. Winkelmann, Der Romzug Ruprechts von der Pfalz (Innsbruck, 1892); and J. Weizsacker, Die Urkunden der Approbation König Ruprechts (Berlin, 1899).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ruppin

See also Ruppin on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​RUPPIN, or Neuruppin, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Brandenburg, lies on the W. bank of a small lake, the Ruppiner See, 37 m. N.W. of Berlin by rail. Pop. (1905) 18,555. The town, which was rebuilt in fine, regular fashion after a destructive tire in 1787, contains three Protestant churches, a Roman Catholic church and various educational and benevolent institutions. Its inhabitants are employed in the manufacture of cloth, starch and machinery, in iron founding and lithography. Important cattle and horse fairs are held here. Ruppin received municipal rights in 1256.
The small town of Altruppin, lying at the north end of the lake, has a 15th-century church and some small manufactures. Pop. (1905) 1813.
See Heydemann, Neuere Geschichte der Stadt Neuruppin (Neuruppin, 1863); and G. Bittkau, Altere Geschichte der Stadt Neuruppin (Neuruppin, 1887).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rush

See also Juncaceae and Acorus calamus on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​RUSH. Under the name of rush or rushes, the stalks, or hollow stem-like leaves of several plants have minor industrial applications. The common rushes (species of Juncus; see Juncaceae) are used in many parts of the world for chair bottoms, mats and basket-work, and the pith serves as wicks in open oil-lamps and for tallow candles-whence rush light. The fibrous stems and leaves of the bulrush or reed-mace, Typha augustifolia, are used in N. India for ropes, mats and baskets. Scirpus and other Cyperaceae are used for chair-bottoms, mats and thatch; the rush mats of Madras are made from a species of Cyperus. The sweet-rush, yielding essential oil, is a grass, Andropogon Schoenanthus, known also as lemon grass. Large quantities of the “ horse-tail,” Equisetum hiemale, are used the name of Dutch or scouring rush for scouring metal and other hard surfaces on account of the large proportion of silica the plant contains. Flowering rush is Butornus umbellatu (see Alismaceae); wood-rush is the common name for Luzula (see Juncaceae). Acorus Calamus, sweet-flag, is also known as sweet-rush.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rupert's Land

See also Rupert's Land on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
RUPERT'S LAND, a former district of Canada. The generous charter of Charles II. given in 1670 to the Hudson's Bay Company gave rights of possession, trade and administration of justice “of all those seas, streights and bays, rivers, lakes, creeks and sounds, in whatsoever latitude they shall be, that lie within the entrance of the streights commonly called Hudson's streights, together with all the lands, countries and territories upon the coasts and confines of the seas, streights, bays, lakes, rivers, creeks and sounds aforesaid, which are not now actually possessed by any of our subjects, or by the subjects of any other Christian prince or state.”
The general interpretation given to this was that it included all the country drained into Hudson Bay. As Prince Rupert was first governor of the Hudson's Bay Company his name was given to the concession under the name “Rupert's Land.” It will be observed that Athabasca, New Caledonia and British Columbia were not included in this grant. They were held under the title Indian Territories by the Hudson's Bay Company by licence terminable every twenty-one years, the last term closing with 1859. Rupert's Land was transferred to Canada by the imperial government in 1870, and ceased to exist as a political name. It is still used as the title of the episcopal diocese, which is in the main coincident with the province of Manitoba.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rusellae

See also Rusellae on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​RUSELLAE, an ancient town of Etruria, Italy, about 10 m. S.E. of Vetulonia and 5 m. N.E. of Grosseto, situated on a hill with two summits, the higher 636 ft. above sea-level. It was one of the twelve cities of the Etruscan confederation, and was taken in 294 B.C. by the Romans. In 205 B.C. it contributed grain and timber for the needs of Scipio's fleet. A colony was founded here either by the Triumviri or by Augustus. The place was deserted in 1138, and the episcopal see was transferred ​to Grosseto. The ruins are now thickly overgrown with brushwood; but the walls, nearly 2 m. in circumference, are in places well preserved. They consist of large unworked blocks of a travertine which naturally splits into roughly rectangular blocks; these are quite irregular, and often as much as 9 ft. long by 4 ft. wide: in the interstices smaller pieces are inserted. The walls are embanking walls, with a low breastwork in places. Within the circuit which they enclose, now under cultivation, are two summits, one occupied by a Roman amphitheatre [the other by a tower (?) of uncertain date]: a Roman cistern also is visible. Some 2 m. S.S.W. are modern baths, fed by hot springs, which were in use in Roman times also, as the discovery of remains of Roman buildings shows.
See G. Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria (London, 1883), ii. 222.
# A Century of Roundels/'Insularum Ocelle'

'INSULARUM OCELLE.'
Sark, fairer than aught in the world that the lit skies cover, Laughs inly behind her cliffs, and the seafarers mark As a shrine where the sunlight serves, though the blown clouds hover, Sark.
We mourn, for love of a song that outsang the lark, That nought so lovely beholden of Sirmio's lover Made glad in Propontis the flight of his Pontic bark.
Here earth lies lordly, triumphal as heaven is above her, And splendid and strange as the sea that upbears as an ark, As a sign for the rapture of storm-spent eyes to discover, Sark.
# A Century of Roundels/A Dead Friend

A DEAD FRIEND.
I.
Gone, O gentle heart and true, Friend of hopes foregone, Hopes and hopeful days with you Gone?
Days of old that shone Saw what none shall see anew, When we gazed thereon.
Soul as clear as sunlit dew, Why so soon pass on, Forth from all we loved and knew
II.
Friend of many a season fled, What may sorrow send Toward thee now from lips that said 'Friend'?
Sighs and songs to blend Praise with pain uncomforted Though the praise ascend?
Darkness hides no dearer head: Why should darkness end Day so soon, O dear and dead Friend?
III.
Dear in death, thou hast thy part Yet in life, to cheer Hearts that held thy gentle heart Dear.
Time and chance may sear Hope with grief, and death may part Hand from hand's clasp here:
Memory, blind with tears that start, Sees through every tear All that made thee, as thou art, Dear.
IV.
True and tender, single-souled, What should memory do Weeping o'er the trust we hold True?
Known and loved of few, But of these, though small their fold, Loved how well were you!
Change, that makes of new things old, Leaves one old thing new; Love which promised truth, and told True.
V.
Kind as heaven, while earth's control Still had leave to bind Thee, thy heart was toward man's whole Kind.
Thee no shadows blind Now: the change of hours that roll Leaves thy sleep behind.
Love, that hears thy death-bell toll Yet, may call to mind Scarce a soul as thy sweet soul Kind.
VI.
How should life, O friend, forget Death, whose guest art thou? Faith responds to love's regret, How?
Still, for us that bow Sorrowing, still, though life be set, Shines thy bright mild brow.
Yea, though death and thou be met, Love may find thee now Still, albeit we know not yet How.
VII.
Past as music fades, that shone While its life might last; As a song-bird's shadow flown Past!
Death's reverberate blast Now for music's lord has blown Whom thy love held fast.
Dead thy king, and void his throne: Yet for grief at last Love makes music of his own Past.
# A Century of Roundels/A Dialogue

A DIALOGUE.
I.
Death, if thou wilt, fain would I plead with thee: Canst thou not spare, of all our hopes have built, One shelter where our spirits fain would be, Death, if thou wilt?
No dome with suns and dews impearled and gilt, Imperial: but some roof of wildwood tree, Too mean for sceptre's heft or swordblade's hilt.
Some low sweet roof where love might live, set free From change and fear and dreams of grief or guilt; Canst thou not leave life even thus much to see, Death, if thou wilt?
II.
Man, what art thou to speak and plead with me? What knowest thou of my workings, where and how What things I fashion? Nay, behold and see, Man, what art thou?
Thy fruits of life, and blossoms of thy bough, What are they but my seedlings? Earth and sea Bear nought but when I breathe on it must bow.
Bow thou too down before me: though thou be Great, all the pride shall fade from off thy brow, When Time and strong Oblivion ask of thee, Man, what art thou?
III.
Death, if thou be or be not, as was said, Immortal; if thou make us nought, or we Survive: thy power is made but of our dread, Death, if thou be.
Thy might is made out of our fear of thee: Who fears thee not, hath plucked from off thine head The crown of cloud that darkens earth and sea.
Earth, sea, and sky, as rain or vapour shed, Shall vanish; all the shows of them shall flee: Then shall we know full surely, quick or dead, Death, if thou be.
# A Century of Roundels/A Flower-piece by Fantin

A FLOWER-PIECE BY FANTIN.
Heart's ease or pansy, pleasure or thought, Which would the picture give us of these? Surely the heart that conceived it sought Heart's ease.
Surely by glad and divine degrees The heart impelling the hand that wrought Wrought comfort here for a soul's disease.
Deep flowers, with lustre and darkness fraught, From glass that gleams as the chill still seas Lean and lend for a heart distraught Heart's ease.