OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jakob

Edition of 1879. See also Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi and Moritz von Jacobi on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
JACOBI. I. Karl Gustav Jakob, a German mathematician, born in Potsdam, Dec. 10, 1804, died in Berlin, Feb. 18, 1851. In 1825, on the recommendation of Hegel, he was sent to Königsberg as instructor in mathematics, and in 1827 was appointed professor of mathematics there. In 1842 he made a journey to England, but on his return was obliged by ill health to resign his professorship, and after visiting Italy resided in Berlin. His importance in the history of mathematics is chiefly due to his discoveries in the theory of elliptic functions, and his principal work is the Fundamenta Nova Theoriæ Functionum Ellipticarum (Königsberg, 1829), besides which he wrote many special memoirs. Under him, Bessel, and Neumann, the university of Königsberg enjoyed a reputation as a school of mathematics surpassed by none in Europe. II. Moritz Hermann, a German savant resident in Russia, brother of the preceding, born in Potsdam, Sept. 21, 1801, died in St. Petersburg, March 10, 1874. At the age of 28 he went to Russia to seek his fortune, and soon attracted attention by his researches in physics. In 1830 he constructed a short electric telegraph in St. Petersburg, and in 1832 one of 18 miles between two of the imperial residences, on which he made many experiments, and the important discovery that the earth could be used to complete the electric circuit. In 1837, simultaneously with Thomas Spencer of Liverpool, he invented the process of electrotyping; and in 1840 he published Die Galvanoplastik, which gained him admittance into the imperial academy of St. Petersburg. He soon after proposed to the czar the formation of a regiment of galvanic sappers, to be trained in the management of electricity. An immense battery was constructed for him, and he received the title of colonel in the galvanic regiment. He published many memoirs on the applications of electro-magnetism in the collections of the academy of St. Petersburg.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Jahn, Johann

Edition of 1879. See also Johann Jahn on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
JAHN, Johann, a German orientalist, born at Taswitz, Moravia, June 18, 1750, died in Vienna, Aug. 16, 1816. From his youth he was devoted to the study of the eastern languages. Having removed to Vienna, he was appointed professor of dogmatic theology and of oriental literature in the imperial university; but in 1806 he was compelled to resign on account of his heterodox opinions, and was appointed canon of the metropolitan church of St. Stephen. He was the author of various philological and theological works, the most important of which are his Chaldean, Arabic, Syrian, and Hebrew grammars; his Introductio in Libros Sacros Veteris Testamenti (1804; 3d ed., 1825; translated into English by Drs. Turner and Whittingham, New York, 1827); and his Biblische Archäologie (2 vols., 1797-1800; translated by Prof. Upham, Andover, 1839).
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Annapolis (Nova Scotia)

Edition of 1879. See also Annapolis County, Nova Scotia and Annapolis Royal on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ANNAPOLIS. I. A W. county of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada, bounded N. W. by the bay of Fundy; area, about 1,700 sq. m.; pop. in 1871, 18,121. The principal river is the Annapolis, which flows S. W. about 60 m., through an expansion called Annapolis basin, to the bay of Fundy. The surface is varied. The elevated ridge of the North mountains extends along the coast, with flanks of excellent soil; the uplands of the valley of Annapolis river are well adapted to fruit culture; and the region S. of the Annapolis valley is broken but generally fertile. There is a valuable bed of iron ore near the Moose and Nictaux rivers. The chief employment of the population is agriculture, and the exports of dairy produce are considerable. II. A town (formerly Port Royal), capital of the above-named county, situated on Annapolis basin, in lat. 44° 40' N., lon. 65° 37' W., 95 m. W. of Halifax, with which it is connected by railway; pop. 2,127. The basin is a capacious and sheltered harbor, but the entrance, through Annapolis strait, is narrow and difficult. The first European settlement on this part of the coast was made here by De Monts in 1604. Under the name of Port Royal it was the capital of the French colony of Acadia, after the conquest of which by the English in 1710 the name of the town was changed. The capital was removed to Halifax in 1750.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Ann Arbor

Edition of 1879. See also Ann Arbor, Michigan on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ANN ARBOR, a city of Michigan, capital of Washtenaw county, lying on both sides of Huron river, in lat. 42° 15' N., lon. 83° 43' W., 38 m. by railroad W. of Detroit; pop. in 1870, 7,368. The Huron river, and a creek which empties into it from the south, supply valuable water power. There are within the limits of the township 2 woollen mills, 4 flour mills, 5 breweries, 2 factories of agricultural implements, 2 tanneries, 2 printing offices, numerous saw mills, planing mills, and workshops for wood and iron, 10 churches (2 Baptist, 2 Methodist, Catholic, Episcopal, Congregational, Presbyterian, Lutheran, and Unitarian), and 6 school houses, one of which has accommodation for 1,000 pupils. There are numerous fruit gardens, and the streets are thickly planted with shade trees. Two railroads pass through the town, the Michigan Central, E. and W., and the Toledo and Saginaw, N. and S., and the city is the centre of a brisk inland traffic. There are five mineral springs in the city (over one of which has been erected a large water-cure establishment), an opera house, concert halls, and a ladies' library association. Of the resident inhabitants, about one quarter are of German descent, and the German language is taught in the schools. The most important interest of Ann Arbor is the Michigan university. (See
Michigan University.) Ann Arbor was settled in 1824, and incorporated as a city in 1851.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Anna Comnena

Edition of 1879. See also Anna Komnene on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ANNA COMNENA, daughter of Alexis Comnenus, emperor of Constantinople, and the empress Irene, born Dec. 1, 1083, died in 1148. She was married to Nicephorus Bryennius, a Greek nobleman of distinction, whom she incited after the death of her father, in 1118, to conspire against her brother and seize the sceptre. The conspiracy failed, and Anna and her husband were banished from Constantinople and stripped of most of their property. Anna during her exile composed a biography of her father, which she styled Alexias. This work is divided into 19 books, and, though very defective in many respects, is yet of great importance as a history of the period of which it treats. The best edition of the Alexias is Schopen's, published at Bonn in 1839.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Annaberg

Edition of 1879. See also Annaberg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ANNABERG, a town of Saxony, in the Erzgebirge, 2,000 feet above sea level, in the district of Zwickau, 19 m. by railway S. of Chemnitz; pop. in 1871, 11,639. The mining, formerly of great importance, has been diverted to other localities, and the government department relating to it was removed in 1856 to Marienberg. Annaberg, however, besides being the seat of various district authorities, continues
to be an important centre for the manufacture of lace and fringes, which latter industry was introduced about 1590 by Protestant refugees from Spanish oppression in Flanders. Crinolines are also made here to the extent of over 100,000 dozens annually. The town was founded in 1496.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Anther

Edition of 1879. See also Stamen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ANTHER (Gr. ἀνθηρός, flowery), the male organ of the flower. Considered morphologically, it is a modified leaf, the petiole or stem of the leaf becoming the filament of the stamen, and the leaf blade by the separation of its two surfaces forming two thecæ or lodges containing pollen, the midrib of the leaf becoming the connective of the anther. The filament may be absent, when the anther is said to be sessile; and it may be inserted on the style, as in orchids (in the Linnæan class gynandria), or on the corolla. Several filaments may be more or less united, sometimes forming a tube around the style, as in malvaceæ (class monadelphia); sometimes a split tube with a single detached filament, as in leguminosæ (class diadelphia); sometimes the tube is split into several portions, forming clusters of stamens (class polyadelphia). The filaments may differ in length in the same flower, as two short and two long (class didynamia), or two long and four short (class tetradynamia). The number of stamens characterizes 13 classes of the Linnæan system, which is now wholly abandoned by botanists.
The attachment of the anther to the filament varies. Sometimes the connective is only a prolongation of the filament (adnate anther), which may extend far beyond the anther, as in the oleander. If the filament joins the connective at its centre, it may balance the anther if the connective is linear, in which case the anther is said to be versatile; or if the connective is shield-like, bearing several pollen lodges on its lower edge, it is called peltate. Lilies present an example of the first, and in tulips the connective has a funnel-like hollow in which the filament is fixed; and the juniper, cypress, &c., show the peltate form. The anther appears in the flower bud before its filament as a gland-like excrescence. The two cells on either side the connective often subdivide into four; but as the development progresses the septum disappears and the anther becomes bilocular, or even, by the removal of the connective, unilocular. The lodges are cylindrical, globose, ellipsoid, cordate, kidney-shaped or hastate, or even, as in the squash, undulating or twisted. The surface may be smooth, or downy, fringed, and bearded, as in lobelias. Anthers may be united in the same way as the filaments, as in compositæ (class syngenesia), or they may be suppressed or abortive on some of the filaments. From their position on the connective, they are said to be introrse when the lodges face the style, or extrorse when they are directed outward, which is the more common position. When the pollen is ripe the anther opens, either by pores at the base or apex (and these pores are sometimes at the end two tubular extensions of the lodges), as in the potato and melastoma; or by valves, as in the barberry; or, what is most common, by clefts or sutures on the edge corresponding to the edge of the typical leaf. After the discharge of the pollen the anther collapses, and, if of a yellow or orange color when full, becomes a dark orange-brown.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Anthon, Charles

Edition of 1879. See also Charles Anthon on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ANTHON, Charles, LL. D., an American classical scholar, born in New York in 1797, died there, July 29, 1867. His father, Dr. G. C. Anthon, a German by birth, was surgeon general in the British army, and soon after the revolution settled in New York. Charles graduated at Columbia college in 1815, and in 1819 was admitted to the bar. The next year he was appointed adjunct professor of languages in Columbia college. In 1830 he produced his large edition of Horace. In that year, also, he became rector of the grammar school attached to the college, and in 1835 he succeeded Prof. Moore as head of the classical department of that institution. For many years it was his constant custom to retire at 10 and rise at 4, so that a large part of his day's work was done by breakfast time; and thus he produced some 50 volumes, consisting chiefly of editions of the Latin classics and aids to classical study, and including a Latin lexicon and a “Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities.” All his works were republished in England. When
first made rector of the grammar school, he conferred on the public schools of his native city six free scholarships.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Anna Ivanovna

Edition of 1879. See also the disclaimer.
ANNA IVANOVNA, empress of Russia, born in 1693, died Oct. 28, 1740. She was the daughter of Ivan, the eldest brother of Peter the Great, and married the duke of Courland, who died previous to her ascending the throne. She became empress on the death of Peter II., grandson of Peter the Great, in 1730. Ostermann, the great chancellor, and the then all-powerful princes Dolgoruki facilitated her elevation over the heads of two daughters of Peter the Great, as Anna promised a limitation of the autocracy. But Anna brought from Courland to Moscow her favorite, the former equerry Biron, who prevented her from keeping her promise, exiled the Dolgorukis to Siberia, and ruled absolutely over the empress and the nation. He organized the system of espionage over all classes, officials and private individuals, which with more or less rigor prevailed for more than a century. Anna interfered in the affairs of Poland, in 1733, in favor of Augustus III. against Stanislas Leszczynski, and obliged the Courlanders to choose Biron for their sovereign duke, and on her deathbed named him regent during the minority of her nephew Ivan; but a revolution overthrew him, and he was exiled to Siberia.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Annals

Edition of 1879. See also Annals on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ANNALS (Lat. annales, that is, libri annales, year books), a concise and unadorned narrative of events, written in the order of time. In the early days of Rome the pontifex maximus kept a record of state affairs, prodigies, and the markets, which, written upon a white tablet, was displayed in some convenient portion of his house to the public inspection. These records were called annales maximi, and were written down to the pontificate of Publius Mucius Scævola, 131 B. C. When the Gauls burned the city, 390 B. C., the greater portion of those previously written were
destroyed. Subsequently, other individuals composed portions of Roman history, imitating in style the pontifical annals. The first of these works, which was written by Quintus Fabius Pictor, commenced with the founding of Rome, and came down to the author's own time, during the second Punic war.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Anna Carlovna

Edition of 1879. See also Grand Duchess Anna Leopoldovna of Russia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ANNA CARLOVNA, grand duchess of Russia, originally called Elizabeth Catharine Christina, daughter of Charles Louis, prince of Mecklenburg, and Catharina Ivanovna, daughter of the eldest brother of Peter the Great, born in 1718, died March 18, 1746. She was a niece of the empress Anna Ivanovna. In 1739 she married Anthony Ulrick, duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. They had in 1740 a son, Ivan, whom the empress Anna designed as heir to the
Russian crown, appointing Biron regent. After the death of the empress the same year, Anna Carlovna overthrew the regency of Biron and took affairs into her own hands, declaring herself grand duchess. A year later (December, 1741) she was overthrown by Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, who was declared empress. The boy Ivan was shut up in the fortress of Schlusselburg, where he perished. Anna, her husband, and a daughter were sent to Kholmogory, a small town on an island in the Dwina, near the White sea, where she died.
# The Bar-tender's Guide/Saratoga Pousse Cafe

Saratoga Pousse Cafe.
(Use small wine-glass.)
* Take ⅕ Curaçoa.
* Take ⅕ Benedictine.
* Take ⅕ Raspberry syrup.
* Take ⅖ fine old brandy.
* Take 1 tea-spoonful of vanilla cordial on top.
In making this Pousse, the same precautions must be observed as directed in the preceding recipes.
# The Bar-tender's Guide/Sauterne Cobbler

Sauterne Cobbler.
(Use large bar-glass.)
The same as Catawba cobbler, using Sauterne instead of Catawba.
# The Bar-tender's Guide/Santa Cruz Sour

Santa Cruz Sour.
(Use small bar-glass.)
* Take 1 large tea-spoonful of white sugar dissolved in a little Seltzer or Apollinaris water.
* Take 3 dashes of lemon juice.
* Take 1 wine-glass of Santa Cruz rum.
Fill the glass full of shaved ice, shake up and strain into a claret glass, ornament with orange and berries in season.
# The Bar-tender's Guide/Saratoga Brace Up

Saratoga Brace Up.
(Use large bar-glass.)
* Take 1 table-spoonful of fine white sugar.
* Take 2 dashes of Angostura bitters.
* Take 4 dashes of lemon or lime juice.
* Take 2 dashes of Absinthe.
* Take 1 fresh egg.
* Take 1 wine-glass of brandy.
* Take 2 or 3 small lumps of ice.
Shake up thoroughly, strain into another glass, and fill it up with Seltzer water.
# The Bar-tender's Guide/Saratoga Cooler

Saratoga Cooler.
(Use large bar-glass.)
* Take 1 tea-spoonful of powdered white sugar.
* Take Juice of half a lemon.
* Take 1 bottle of ginger ale.
* Take 2 small lumps of ice.
Stir well and remove the ice before serving.
# The Bar-tender's Guide/Santina’s Pousse Cafe

Santina’s Pousse Cafe.
(Use a small wine-glass.)
* Take ⅓ fine old Cognac brandy.
* Take ⅓ Maraschino.
* Take ⅓ Curaçoa.
Keep all the ingredients separate. (See concluding remarks in the preceding recipe.)
The Pousse was invented by Santina, who formerly was the popular host of a celebrated Spanish Café, in New Orleans.
# The Bar-tender's Guide/Saratoga Cocktail

Saratoga Cocktail.
(Use small bar-glass.)
* Take 2 dashes Angostura bitters.
* Take 1 pony of brandy.
* Take 1 pony of whiskey.
* Take 1 pony of Vermouth.
Shake up well with two small lumps of ice; strain into a claret glass, and serve with a quarter of a slice of lemon.
# The Bar-tender's Guide/Santa Cruz Rum Punch

Santa Cruz Rum Punch.
(Use large bar-glass).
* Take 1 wine-glass of Santa Cruz rum.
* Take ¼ wine-glass of Jamaica rum.
* Take 2 or 3 dashes of lemon juice.
* Take 1 slice of orange (cut in quarters).
Fill the tumber with shaved ice, shake well, and dress the top with sliced lime and berries in season. Serve with a straw.
# The Bar-tender's Guide/Santa Cruz Rum Daisy

Santa Cruz Rum Daisy.
(Use small bar-glass.)
* Take 3 or 4 dashes of gum syrup.
* Take 2 or 3 dashes of Maraschino or Curaçoa. ​
* Take The juice of half a small lemon.
* Take 1 wine-glass of Santa Cruz rum.
Fill glass one-third full of shaved ice.
Shake thoroughly, strain into a large cocktail glass, and fill up with Apollinaris or Seltzer water.
# The Bar-tender's Guide/Santa Cruz Fiz

Santa Cruz Fiz.
(Use medium bar-glass.)
* Take 1 tea-spoonful of fine white sugar.
* Take 3 dashes of lemon juice.
* Take 1 small lump of ice.
* Take 1 wine-glass of Santa Cruz rum.
Fill up the glass with Seltzer water from a syphon, or with Apollinaris water, stir thoroughly and serve.
# The Bar-tender's Guide/Soda Negus

Soda Negus.
(About one quart.)
* Take 1 pint of Port wine.
* Take 8 lumps of white loaf sugar.
* Take 6 cloves.
* Take Grated nutmeg sufficient to fill a small teaspoon.
Put the above ingredients into a thoroughly clean sauce pan, warm and stir them well, but do not suffer the mixture to boil. Pour it into a pitcher or bowl, and upon the warm wine decant a bottle of plain soda-water.
This makes a delicious effervescing drink.
# The Bar-tender's Guide/Sherry and Ice

Sherry and Ice.
(Use small bar-glass.)
Put in the glass two or three small lumps of ice.
Hand the decanter of wine to the customer.
# The Bar-tender's Guide/Soda Nectar

Soda Nectar.
(Use large soda-glass.)
* Take the juice of 1 lemon.
* Take ¾ tumblerful of water. ​
* Take Powdered white sugar to taste.
* Take 2 or 3 small lumps of ice.
* Take ½ small tea-spoonful of carbonate of soda.
Strain the juice of the lemon, and add it to the water, with sufficient white sugar to sweeten the whole nicely, and stir up until cool. When well mixed, put in the soda, stir well, and drink while the mixture is in an effervescing state.
# The Bar-tender's Guide/Soda Cocktail

Soda Cocktail.
(Use large bar-glass.)
For this drink, see Index, “Temperance Drinks.”
# The Bar-tender's Guide/Soda Lemonade

Soda Lemonade.
(Use large soda-glass.)
* Take 1½ table-spoonful of powdered white sugar.
* Take Juice of half a lemon.
* Take 1 bottle of plain soda-water.
* Take 2 or 3 small lumps of ice.
Stir np well, and remove the ice before serving.
Seltzer Lemonade may be made by substituting Seltzer water for the Soda.
# The Bar-tender's Guide/Sleeper

Sleeper.
* Take 1 gill of old rum.
* Take 1 ounce of sugar.
* Take 2 fresh raw eggs.
* Take ½ pint of water.
* Take 6 cloves.
* Take 6 coriander seeds.
* Take 1 lemon.
Boil the cloves and coriander, with a bit of cinnamon in the water; mix together the rum, sugar, the yolks of the eggs and the juice of half the lemon; whisk them all together, and strain into a tumbler.
# The Bar-tender's Guide/Soda Cocktail 2

Soda Cocktail.
(Use large soda-glass.)
* Take 1 tea-spoonful of powdered white sugar.
* Take 2 dashes of Angostura bitters.
* Take 1 bottle of plain soda.
* Take 3 or 4 small lumps of ice.
Pour the soda-water upon the other ingredients, stir well with a spoon, then remove the ice, and serve.
# The Bar-tender's Guide/Sixty-Ninth Regiment Punch

Sixty-Ninth Regiment Punch.
(In earthen mug.)
* Take ½ wine-glass of Irish whiskey.
* Take ½ wine-glass of Scotch whiskey.
* Take 1 tea-spoonful of sugar.
* Take A small piece of lemon-rind.
* Take 2 wine-glasses of boiling hot water.
​Dissolve the sugar in a wine-glass of boiling hot water, then add the whiskey, and lastly the balance of the hot water.
# The Bar-tender's Guide/Sherry and Egg

Sherry and Egg.
(Use small bar-glass.)
Pour in about one wine-glass of Sherry. Then break in the glass one fresh egg.
# The Bar-tender's Guide/Silver Fiz

Silver Fiz.
(Use large bar-glass.)
* Take 1 table-spoonful of pulverized white sugar.
* Take 3 dashes of lemon or lime juice.
* Take The white of one egg.
* Take 1 wine-glass of Old Tom gin.
* Take 2 or 3 small lumps of ice.
Shake up thoroughly, strain into a medium bar-glass, and fill it up with Seltzer water.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Norwich (New York)

Edition of 1879. See also Norwich, New York on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NORWICH, a village and the county seat of Chenango co., New York, on the Chenango river and canal, and on the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western, and the New York and Oswego Midland railroads, 90 m. W. of Albany; pop. in 1870, 4,279. It has a handsome stone court house, in the Corinthian style, an academy, two banks, manufactories of pianos, hammers, and carriages, two weekly newspapers, and six churches.