OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abbott, Charles Greeley

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABBOTT, CHARLES GREELEY, an American astrophysicist, born in Wilton, N. H., in 1872. He graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1894 and in the following year joined the staff of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, of which institution he became director in 1907. He is a member of many astronomical and other scientific societies, and has done valuable research work in connection with solar phenomena. He published "The Sun" (1911).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abbey, Edwin Austin

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
EDWIN A. ABBEY
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abbott, Alexander Crever

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABBOTT, ALEXANDER CREVER, an American hygienist, born in Baltimore, Md., Feb. 20, 1860; was educated at the University of Maryland, Johns Hopkins University, and the universities of Munich and Berlin. He is a member of numerous scientific societies, and, since 1897, has been Professor of Hygiene and director of the laboratory of hygiene in the University of Pennsylvania.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abbeville (South Carolina)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABBEVILLE, town and county-seat of Abbeville co., S. C, on the Southern and the Seaboard Air Line railroads; 106 miles W. by N. W. of Columbia, the State capital. It is in a rich, cotton-growing region; is noted for its fine climate, which makes it a popular resort for Northern invalids, and has a National bank, excellent public schools, and several large manufactories connected with the cotton industry. Pop. (1910) 4.459: (1920) 4,570.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abbey

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABBEY. See Monastery.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abbotsford

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABBOTSFORD, the home of Sir Walter Scott, situated on the S. bank of the Tweed, and a few miles above Melrose. It takes its name from a ford formerly used by the monks of Melrose.
# Chapman v. California (405 U.S. 1020)
## Dissenting Opinion

    Douglas
Supreme Court of the United States
405 U.S. 1020
Chapman v. California
On Petition for Writ of Certiorari from the Court of Appeals of California, First Appellate District
No. 71-615. Argued: N/A --- Decided: March 27, 1972
It appearing the state court decision is not final, certiorari denied.
Reported below: 17 Cal. App. 3d 865, 95 Cal. Rptr. 242.
# Chapman v. California

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.

## Concurring Opinion

    Stewart

## Dissenting Opinion

    Harlan
United States Supreme Court
386 U.S. 18
Chapman v. California
Argued: Dec. 7 and 8, 1966. --- Decided: Feb 20, 1967
See 386 U.S. 987, 87 S.Ct. 1283.
Morris Lavine, Los Angeles, Cal., for petitioners.
Arlo E. Smith, San Francisco, Cal., for respondent.
Mr. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Chapman v. Bowen

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
207 U.S. 89
Chapman v. Bowen
Argued: October 14, 1907. --- Decided: November 11, 1907
The firm of A. McCoy & Company, a banking copartnership at Rensselaer, Indiana, was composed of Alfred McCoy and Thomas McCoy, and on July 11, 1904, the copartnership and its individual members were respectively adjudicated bankrupts.
Abner T. Bowen presented claims, on notes signed by the firm and also by its members, against the estate of the copartnership, which were allowed, and against the individual estate of Alfred McCoy, which were disallowed, by the referee, 'subject only to such right as said claimant may have in said estate as a creditor of the estate of the firm of A. McCoy & Company, bankrupts, after the payment of the individual creditors of the estate of said Alfred McCoy, bankrupt.'
Petition for review was filed and the matter certified to the district court for the district of Indiana, by which the decision and order of the referee were approved and affirmed. Thereupon the case was carried by appeal to the circuit court of appeals for the seventh circuit, which reversed the judgment of the district court and remanded the cause 'with instructions . . . to allow the claim as a debt against the individual estate of Alfred McCoy, to be paid therefrom ratably with other creditors of that estate to the extent that such debt is not paid in the administration of the estate of the firm of McCoy & Company.' 80 C. C. A. 60, 150 Fed. 106.
An appeal to this court was allowed by a judge of the circuit court of appeals, and the case having been docketed here was submitted on a motion to dismiss or affirm.
Messrs. Harry R. Kurrie, Frank Foltz, and Simon P. Thompson for appellant.
Mr. M. Winfield for appellee.
Mr. Chief Justice Fuller delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Coin Collecting

article series in Once a Week
* Coin Collecting
* Coin Collecting. II—Forgeries
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Coin's Financial School/Preface

PREFACE.
COLUMBUS DISCOVERING AMERICA. 1492.
At the Christian era the metallic money of the Roman empire amounted to $1,800,000,000. By the end of the fifteenth century it had shrunk to $200,000,000. (Dr. Adam Smith informs us that in 1455 the price of wheat in England was two pence per bushel.) Population dwindled, and commerce, arts, wealth and freedom all disappeared. The people were reduced by poverty and misery to the most degraded conditions of serfdom and slavery. The disintegration of society was almost complete. History records no such disastrous transition as that from the Roman empire to the dark ages. The discovery of the New World by Columbus, restored the volume of precious metals, brought with it rising prices, enabled society to reunite its shattered links, shake off the shackles of feudalism, and to relight and uplift the almost extinguished torch of civilization.—Report U. S. Monetary Commission of 1878.
STATUE OF COLUMBUS AT CHICAGO. 1893.
The New World in 1893 celebrated the discovery of America by Columbus, during a period of depression brought about by the destruction by law of one-half the precious metals as primary money. So blighting and destructive is the effect, the people are being reduced to poverty and misery; the conditions of life are so hard that individual selfishness is the only thing consistent with the instinct of self-preservation; all public spirit, all generous emotions, all the noble aspirations of man, are shriveling up and disappearing as the volume of primary money shrinks and as prices fall. Honest labor seeks employment it cannot find, and hungry and shelterless, our unemployed are seen daily around the Columbus statue, without hope and in despair.
# Climate Change: The Fiscal Risks Facing The Federal Government

CLIMATE CHANGE: THE FISCAL RISKS FACING THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
A Preliminary Assessment
November 2016

## Table of Contents

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cligès

* related portals: Arthurian legend.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Originally written in Old French, sometime in the second half of the 12th Century A.D., by the court poet Chretien DeTroyes. Translation by W.W. Comfort, 1914. The text of this edition is based on that published as CHRETIEN DETROYES: ARTHURIAN ROMANCES, (Trans: W.W. Comfort; Everyman's Library, London, 1914).
* Part I: Vv. 1 - Vv. 2278
* Part II: Vv. 2279 - Vv. 4574
* Part III: Vv. 4575 - Vv. 6784
# Clifton v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
45 U.S. 242
Clifton v. United States
THIS case was brought up, by writ of error, from the Circuit Court of the United States for East Pennsylvania.
The facts are fully set forth in the opinion of the court.
The case was argued by Mr. Meredith, for the plaintiff in error, and Mr. Cadwallader and Mr. Mason (Attorney-General), for the United States.
Mr. Justice NELSON delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Climacteric

* Climacteric in May-day and other pieces (1867)
* Climacteric in Poems (Household Edition, 1904)
# Confessions of a Wife

Confessions of a Wife
​ "THE SECRETARY WAS READING DUTIFULLY."
Confessions of a Wife
By
Mary Adams
With Illustrations by Granville Smith
New York The Century Co. 1902
Copyright, 1902, by The Century Co.
Published October, 1902
THE DEVINNE PRESS.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
CONFESSIONS OF A WIFE
* Chapter I
* Chapter II
* Chapter III
* Chapter IV
* Chapter V
* Chapter VI
* Chapter VII
* Chapter VIII
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Kirkdale Cave

​KIRKDALE CAVE, in the vale of Pickering, Yorkshire, England, is famous for the numerous remains of Tertiary mammals which have been found in it. It was discovered in 1821.
Layout 2
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Knapp, Martin Augustine

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
KNAPP, MARTIN AUGUSTINE, an American jurist and public official, born at Spafford, N. Y., in 1843. He graduated from Wesleyan University in 1868. He was admitted to the bar in the following year. He served as corporation counsel for the city of Syracuse, from 1877 to 1883. In 1891 he was appointed a member of the Interstate Commerce Commission and was re-appointed successively by Presidents Cleveland and Roosevelt. From 1898 he was chairman of the commission. He was appointed circuit judge in 1910. He served as mediator in several disputes between the public and the railroads. He was a member of several economic societies.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Knapweed

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
KNAPWEED, a popular name given to some species of Centaurea. C. nigra, black knapweed; and C. scabiosa, greater knapweed, are common weeds, being rough, hardy herbaceous plants growing by waysides, etc.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Kirksville

​KIRKSVILLE, a city of Missouri, the county seat of Adair co. It is on the Wabash and the Quincy, Omaha, and Kansas City railroads. It is the center of an important agricultural and coal mining region. The chief industry is the manufacture of shoes. There is a court house, a government building, and a State normal school. Pop. (1910) 6,347; (1920) 7,213.
Layout 2
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Kirkland, Joseph

​KIRKLAND, JOSEPH, an American author; born in Geneva, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1830; removed to Chicago, Ill., in 1853; entered the volunteer service at the outbreak of the Civil War, serving as private, lieutenant, and captain of the 12th Illinois Volunteer Infantry; was promoted major in 1863; and served in the Army of the Potomac. After the war he engaged in mining, law practice, and later in literary work. His publications include: "Zury, the Meanest Man in Spring County" (1887); "The Captain of Company K" (1891); with Caroline Kirkland, "The Chicago Massacre of 1812"; and "The Story of Chicago" (1892-1894). He died in Chicago, Ill., April 29, 1894.
Layout 2
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Klondike, The

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
KLONDIKE, THE, a river which enters the Yukon, the principal river of the Northwest Territory, Canada, 45 miles below the mouth of Sixty Mile, and 15 miles above old Fort Reliance. The word is now applied to the region surrounding the Klondike river and its tributaries.
As early as 1862 gold was discovered in Alaska, but no especial notice was taken of it; 13 years later gold was found at the head of the Stikine river, in the S. E. part, about 300 miles N. of Fort Wrangel, and a rush was made to the fields. Fort Wrangel became a prosperous town but as soon as the rich placer diggings were exhausted, men became discouraged, owing to the lack of stamp mills and the expense of working the quartz, and the mines were finally abandoned. In 1880, Juneau, a Frenchman, with a companion started out from Sitka and traveling N. discovered gold in a creek which they named Gold creek, and at the mouth of this creek founded a town first called Harrisburg, and later Juneau. In 1886 a rich find was reported on Stewart river, in the Yukon district, and the following year an expedition was sent out by the Canadian government, headed by George M. Dawson, which explored the Upper Yukon and reported the existence of an abundance of gold. The difficulties and hardships to be encountered in reaching the location were so great that but a few hundred miners attempted to seek their fortunes there. These, however, persevered and established Circle City on the Alaska side of the boundary. It was not till 1897 that the wonderful riches of the Klondike region were made known through George McCormick, or Cormack, who went from Illinois to Alaska in 1890 and there married an Indian squaw. In 1897 he located at the mouth of the Klondike river for the purpose of salmon fishing, but this not proving profitable moved up the river till he came to Bonanza creek which he began to explore for gold. He found large quantities of paying dust and located an extensive claim. The news spread and miners poured into the newly found gold fields, and stories of sudden riches spread over the United States. Through fall and winter of 1897 the mad rush for the Klondike region continued. Juneau, Dyea and Skaguay, sprang into sudden prominence and rapidly added to their population, while Dawson City in which the first hut was built in September, 1896, in 1901 had grown to a prosperous city with handsome residences.
This section of country is not far removed from the Arctic regions. For seven months of the year intense cold prevails, varied by furious snow storms which begin in September and occur at intervals till May. By October 20, ice is formed over all the rivers. The ground for the better part of the year is frozen to the depth of from 3 to 10 feet, and the only way to get at the gold is to thaw the earth by building a fire and afterward break up the soil with a pick. See Alaska.
© Photo, Keystone View Company :
MINERS IN CHILKOOT PASS, BOUND FOR THE KLONDIKE GOLD FIELDS :
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
KLOPSTOCK, FRIEDRICH GOTTLIEB (klop'stok), a German poet; born in Quedlinburg, July 2, 1724. In freeing German poetry from the exclusive reign of the Alexandrine verse, he was the founder of a new era in German literature. His great epic “Messiah” (1748-1773), at first partly written in prose and changed afterward to hexameters, made him famous. His most finished work, however, was doubtless his “Odes.” Schiller and Goethe were artistically indebted to him. He died in Hamburg, March 14, 1803.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Kluck, Alexander von

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
KLUCK, ALEXANDER VON, a German general. Born at Münster in 1846; he enlisted in the Prussian army in time to serve in the seven weeks' war against Austria in 1866. In the Franco-Prussian War he served with great gallantry being twice wounded. He was made a general of infantry in 1906. At the opening of the World War he was given command of a group of Army Corps composing the extreme right wing of the German Army invading France. Apparently with irresistible force he swept the English and French forces in front of him until he was considerably S. W. of Paris. The check given the other German armies on the Marne left von Kluck almost surrounded, a position from which he extricated himself by hard fighting and superior strategy. When the French and English attacked him in his intrenched positions on the Aisne they received a severe check. His later career in the Army was relatively unimportant.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Knapsack

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
KNAPSACK, a soldier's or tourist's case or wrapper for clothes, etc., to be carried on the back during a march; a tourist's or traveler's satchel.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Knaus, Ludwig

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
KNAUS, LUDWIG (knous), a German painter; born in Wiesbaden, Oct. 10, 1829. He studied at Düsseldorf under Karl Sohn and Schadow, but struck out a path for himself, painting subjects from everyday rustic life. In 1852-1860 he lived mostly in Paris and painted “The Golden Wedding,” “The Baptism,” and “The Setting-out for the Dance.” In 1861-1866 he resided in Berlin. Among his paintings are “The Juggler,” “His Highness on His Travels,” “Cobbler Boy” and “Organgrinder.” From 1866 to 1874 he lived in Düsseldorf, and painted the pictures on which his fame as a genre painter is most securely founded: “The Children's Feast,” “The Funeral,” “The Goose-Girl,” “Brothers and Sisters,” etc. Among his later pictures are “A Holy Family,” “Bad Roads,” “The Stubborn Model,” “The Wisdom of Solomon,” etc. He died Dec. 7, 1910.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bermudas, The

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BERMUDAS, THE, or SOMERS' ISLANDS, a group of small islands, about 300 in number, in the North Atlantic Ocean, belonging to Great Britain, 580 miles from Cape Hatteras; area, about 30 square miles. The principal islands are Bermuda, St. George, Ireland, and Somerset. The protection afforded to shipping by their numerous bays, and their position in the track of the homeward bound West India vessels have led to the conversion of the Bermudas into a maritime rendezvous, and likewise, into a British naval station for West Indian fleets. The harbor of St. George's Island has been greatly improved, is fortified, protected by a breakwater, and has water and space enough to float the largest fleet. The principal productions are fruits, vegetables, maize, and tobacco. Pineapples are very abundant and largely exported. The climate is mild and salubrious; almost realizing the idea of a perpetual spring. Fish abound, and form a profitable source of industry to the inhabitants. Breadstuff s, etc., are imported from the United States, and manufactured goods from England. The imports in 1918 amounted to £692,742, and the exports to £119,977. The tonnage entering and clearing the ports in 1918 amounted to 732,613. During the World War Bermuda was an important station for the British Navy. Hamilton, on Bermuda Island, is the seat of the colonial government. Pop. of capital (1918) 2,700; of the islands 21,629. These islands were discovered by Bermudez, a Spaniard, in 1522, and settled by the English in 1607.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bermudez

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BERMUDEZ (ber-mū′dāth), a state in the N. E. of Venezuela, between the Orinoco and the Caribbean Sea, formed in 1881 from the former states and present sections of Barcelona, Cumana, and Maturin. Area, 32,243 square miles; pop. about 360,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bern (city)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BERN, the chief city of the above canton, was by the decision of the Council of the Confederation, in 1848, declared to be the political capital of the Commonwealth. It is a fine, clean, well built town, on the Aar, 23 miles S. of Basel, and possesses many fine public edifices, more notably, the Cathedral, erected 1421–1502. The most remarkable feature in the town are the arcades, running in front of the houses down both sides of the two chief streets. The town has bears for its arms; and some of these animals are maintained in a large paved pit. The principal manufactures are watches, wooden clocks, and toys, linen, woolen, and silk fabrics. Pop. about 105,000. Bern was founded by Duke Berthold V. of Zahringen, in 1191, and was made a free and imperial city by a charter from the Emperor Frederick II., dated May, 1218.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bernard, St.

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BERNARD, ST., Abbot of Clairvaux, was born of a noble family in Burgundy, in 1091. At the age of 23 he entered the recently founded monastery of Citeaux, accompanied by his brothers and 20 of his companions. His ability and piety led to his being chosen Abbot, an office he filled till his death. In 1128 he prepared the statutes for the Order of Knights Templar. Popes and princes desired his support, and submitted their differences to his arbitration. By his influence Innocent II. was recognized as lawful Pope; he had a public debate with Abelard on some doctrines of his philosophy, and procured his condemnation; courageously opposed the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin; was founder of 160 monasteries; and was the chief promoter of the second crusade. He preached the crusade in Germany, persuaded the Emperor Conrad to join it, and refused the command which was offered him. His prediction of success was falsified. St. Bernard was the vehement adversary of Arnold of Brescia, and procured his banishment from Rome and from Zurich. He steadily refused the offers of several archbishoprics and other dignities, preferring to remain abbot only. His character and his writings have earned him the title of "Last of the Fathers." The power, tenderness, and simplicity of his sermons and other works have secured the admiration of Protestants and Catholics alike. St. Bernard died at Clairvaux in 1153, and was canonized in 1174.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Berwyn

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BERWYN, a city of Illinois, in Cook co. It is on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy and the Illinois Central railroads. The city is entirely residential. Pop. (1910) 5,841; (1920) 14,150.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bern (canton)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BERN, or BERNE, a Swiss canton, bounded on the N. by France. It is the most populous, and next to the Grisons, the most extensive canton of Switzerland; its area being nearly 2,657 square miles, and its pop. about 683,000, The fertile valleys of the Aar and the Emmen divide the mountainous Alpine region in the S. from the Jura Mountains in the N. The Bernese Oberland, or Highlands, comprises the peaks of the Jungfrau, Mönch, Eiger, Schreckhorn, Finsteraarhorn, etc., and the valleys of Hasli, Lauterbrunnen, etc. The Lakes of Thun, Brienz, Neuchâtel, and Bienne are in the canton, which is watered by the Aar and its several tributaries. The climate is generally healthful. The plains of the Aar and the Emmen are the most fruitful, producing corn and fruits of various kinds, and affording excellent pasturage for cattle, which, with dairy produce, form the chief agricultural wealth of Bern. The vine grows in some districts. The horses of the Emmenthal are much prized. The lakes abound with salmon and trout. Iron mines are worked, and a little gold is found, and quarries of sandstone, granite, and marble are abundant. Its manufactures, which are not extensive, consist chiefly of linen, coarse woolens, leather, iron, and copper wares, articles of wood, and watches. Bern entered the Swiss Confederation, in which it now holds the second rank, in 1352. In the early part of the 19th century it received additions to its territory. The present constitution of the canton, proclaimed in 1874, but based on the laws of 1848, is one of representative democracy.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Beryl

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BERYL, a colorless, yellowish, bluish or less brilliant green variety of emerald, the prevailing hue being green of various shades, but always pale. The best beryls are found in Brazil, in Siberia, and Ceylon, and in Dauria, on the frontiers of China. Beryls are also found in many parts of the United States. Some of the finer and transparent varieties of it are often called aquamarine.