# Graiméar na Gaedhilge/Part II Chapter VI

CHAPTER VI.
The Adverb.
429. There are not many simple adverbs in Irish, the greater number of adverbs being made up of two or more words. Almost every Irish adjective may be​come an adverb by having the particle “GO” prefixed to it: as, maiṫ, good; go maiṫ, well; uṁal, humble; go h‑uṁal, humbly.
430. This go is really the preposition go with its meaning of “with.” (Do not confound this word with go meaning “to,” they are two distinct prepositions). Of course this particle has now lost its original meaning in the case of most adverbs.
431. Adverbs may be compared; their comparative and superlative degrees are, however, those of the adjectives from which they are derived; the particle go is not used before the comparative or superlative.
432. It may be well to remark here that when an adjective begins with a vowel go prefixes h, as go h‑annaṁ, seldom.
433. The following list may now be regarded as simple adverbs although many of them are disguised compounds.
| amaċ | out (used only after a verb of motion). |
| amuiġ, amuiċ | outside, out; never used after a verb of motion. He is out, tá sé amuiġ. He is standing outside the door, tá sé ’na ṡeasaṁ taoḃ amuiġ de ’n doras. |
| áṁ, aṁaċ, áṁṫaċ, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | however. | fós, yet. i muḋa, amú, astray (mistaken). | fós, yet. i muḋa, amú, astray (mistaken). | fós, yet. i muḋa, amú, astray (mistaken). |
| aṁáin, alone, only. | aṁáin, alone, only. | aṁáin, alone, only. | indé (ané), yesterday. | indé (ané), yesterday. | indé (ané), yesterday. |
| aṁail, as, like. | aṁail, as, like. | aṁail, as, like. | indiu (andiu), to-day. | indiu (andiu), to-day. | indiu (andiu), to-day. |
| aṁlaiḋ, thus. | aṁlaiḋ, thus. | aṁlaiḋ, thus. | i mbáraċ (amáraċ), to-morrow. | i mbáraċ (amáraċ), to-morrow. | i mbáraċ (amáraċ), to-morrow. |
| anoċt, to-night. | anoċt, to-night. | anoċt, to-night. | isteaċ, in (motion only). | isteaċ, in (motion only). | isteaċ, in (motion only). |
| anois, now. | anois, now. | anois, now. | istiġ, inside (rest). | istiġ, inside (rest). | istiġ, inside (rest). |
| aréir, last night. | aréir, last night. | aréir, last night. | go h‑annaṁ, seldom. | go h‑annaṁ, seldom. | go h‑annaṁ, seldom. |
| arís(t). again. | arís(t). again. | arís(t). again. | go fóill, yet, awhile. | go fóill, yet, awhile. | go fóill, yet, awhile. |
| cá? where? | cá? where? | cá? where? | ní (níor), ċa (ċar), (Ulster), | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | not. |
| not. |||
| conus? cionnus? how? | conus? cionnus? how? | conus? cionnus? how? | nuair, when. | nuair, when. | nuair, when. |
| ċoṁ, coṁ, as (see par. 154). | ċoṁ, coṁ, as (see par. 154). | ċoṁ, coṁ, as (see par. 154). | caṫain? caṡoin? | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | when? |
| when? |||
| leis, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | also. | mar, as, like. |
| freisin, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | also. | mar sin, thus. |
Fiú, even; as, níor laḃair sé fiú aon ḟocal aṁáin. He did not speak even one word. Gan fiú na h‑anála do ṫarraing. Without even taking breath. Fiú is really a noun, and is followed by the genitive case, whenever the definite article comes between it and the noun; otherwise it is followed by a nominative case.
434. It may be useful to remark here that the words indiu, to-day; indé, yesterday; i mbáraċ, to-morrow; aréir, last night; anoċt, to-night; can be used only as adverbs. He came to-day. Ṫáinig sé indiu. He ​went away yesterday. D’imṫiġ sé indé. When the English words are nouns, we must use an lá (or an oiḋċe) before indiu, indé, aréir, etc. Yesterday was fine. Ḃí an lá indé breáġ. To-morrow will be wet. Beiḋ an lá i mbáraċ fliuċ. Last night was cold. Ḃí an oiḋċe aréir fuar.
| when? caṫain? cé an uair? cé an t‑am? | when? caṫain? cé an uair? cé an t‑am? | when? caṫain? cé an uair? cé an t‑am? | which (adj.)? cé an…? | which (adj.)? cé an…? | which (adj.)? cé an…? |
| where? cá? cé an áit? conad? | where? cá? cé an áit? conad? | where? cá? cé an áit? conad? | what? cad? creud? ceurd? | what? cad? creud? ceurd? | what? cad? creud? ceurd? |
| how? conus (cionnus)? cé an ċaoi? go dé mar? | how? conus (cionnus)? cé an ċaoi? go dé mar? | how? conus (cionnus)? cé an ċaoi? go dé mar? | whither? cá? | whither? cá? | whither? cá? |
| why? cad ’na ṫaoḃ? cad ċuige? cad fáṫ? cé an fáṫ? | why? cad ’na ṫaoḃ? cad ċuige? cad fáṫ? cé an fáṫ? | why? cad ’na ṫaoḃ? cad ċuige? cad fáṫ? cé an fáṫ? | whence? cad as? cá’r ab as? | whence? cad as? cá’r ab as? | whence? cad as? cá’r ab as? |
| how far? | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | cé an ḟaid? | how much? | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | cé ṁeud? |
| how long? | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | an fada? | how many? | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | an mó? |
| which (pron.)? cioca? cé? | which (pron.)? cioca? cé? | which (pron.)? cioca? cé? | who? cé? cia? cé h‑é (í, iad)? | who? cé? cia? cé h‑é (í, iad)? | who? cé? cia? cé h‑é (í, iad)? |
Up and Down.
| 436. | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | suas, upwards, motion upwards from the place where the speaker is. |
| Up. | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | aníos, upwards, motion up from below to the place where the speaker is. |
| Up. | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | ṫuas (also spelled ṡuas), up, rest above the place where the speaker is. |
| Up. | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | aníos (aḃus), up, rest where the speaker is. |
| Down. | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | síos, downwards, motion down from where the speaker is. |
| Down. | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | anuas, downwards, motion down from above to the place where the speaker is. |
| Down. | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | ṫíos (ṡíos), down, below, rest below the place where the speaker is. |
| Down. | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | anuas (aḃus), down, rest where the speaker is. |
437. The following examples will fully illustrate the use of the words for “up” and “down”:—
A.
| A says to B, | I’ll throw it down, | Caiṫfiḋ mé síos é. |
| | Is it down yet? | Ḃfuil sé síos fós? |
| | Throw it up, | Caiṫ aníos é. |
| | It is up now, | Tá sé aníos anois. |
| B says to A, | I’ll throw it up, | Caiṫfiḋ mé suas é. |
| | Is it up yet? | Ḃfuil sé ṫuas fós? |
| | Throw it down, | Caiṫ anuas é. |
| | It is down now. | Tá sé anuas anois. |
B.
| N.B.— | He is up (i.e., he is not in bed), | Tá sé ’na ṡuiḋe. |
| | We are up, | Tá sinn ’nár suiḋe |
| Rest | Motion from the speaker | Motion towards the speaker | Prepositional use, this side of, etc. |
| i ḃfus, aḃus, this side | anonn | anall | lastḃus de, taoḃ i ḃfus de |
| ṫall, the other side, yonder | sall | anall | lastall de, taoḃ ṫall de |
| amuiġ (amuiċ), outside | amaċ | amaċ | leasmuiġ, taoḃ amuiġ de |
| istiġ, inside | isteaċ | isteaċ | laistiġ, taoḃ istiġ de |
Over.
439. The following sentences will exemplify the translation of the word “over”:—
A.________________________________________B.
| A says to B, | I’ll throw it over to you, | Caiṫfiḋ mé anonn ċugat é. |
| „ | Is it over yet? | Ḃfuil sé ṫall fós? |
| „ | Throw it over to me, | Caiṫ anall ċugam é. |
| „ | It is over now, | Tá sé aḃus anois. |
| He went over the wall. | Ċuaiḋ sé ṫar an mballa. |
| He went over to Scotland. | Ċuaiḋ sé anonn go h‑Albain. |
| He came over from Scotland. | Ṫáinig sé anall ó Albain. |
North, South. East, West.
The root oir means front: iar means back.
440. The ancients faced the rising sun in naming the points of the compass; hence ṪOIR, east; ṪIAR, west; ṪUAIḊ, north; ṪEAS, south.
441.
| Rest | Motion from the speaker towards the | Motion towards the speaker from the | Prepositional use, east of, west of, north of, south of, |
| ṫoir, east | soir | anoir | lastoir de; ar an taoḃ ṫoir de; dia ṫoir de |
| ṫiar, west | siar | aniar | laistiar de; ar an taoḃ ṫiar de; dia ṫiar de |
| ṫuaiḋ, north | ó ṫuaiḋ | adtuaiḋ | lastuaiḋ de; ar an taoḃ ṫuaiḋ de; dia ṫuaiḋ de |
| ṫeas, south | ó ḋeas | andeas | laisteas de; ar an taoḃ ṫeas de; dia ṫeas de |
442. The noun “north,” etc., is AN TAOḂ ṪUAIḊ, AN TAOḂ ṪEAS, etc., or tuaisceart, deisceart, iarṫar, and oirṫear. These latter words are obsolescent.
443.
| The | North | wind, | an ġaoṫ | adtuaiḋ | N.W. | wind, | gaoṫ aniar adtuaiḋ |
| „ | South | „ | „ | andeas | S.E. | wind, | gaoṫ anoir andeas |
| „ | East | „ | „ | anoir | | etc., | etc. |
| „ | West | „ | „ | aniar | Notice the change of position in Irish. | Notice the change of position in Irish. | Notice the change of position in Irish. |
444. With reference to a house, siar is inwards; soir is outwards.
​445. Compound or Phrase Adverbs.
| i gcéin, far off (space). | i gcéin, far off (space). | i gcéin, far off (space). | ar aon ċor, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | at all. |
| i ḃfad, far off  (space and time). | i ḃfad, far off  (space and time). | i ḃfad, far off  (space and time). | i n‑aon ċor, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | at all. |
| i ḃfad, far off  (space and time). | i ḃfad, far off  (space and time). | i ḃfad, far off  (space and time). | ar biṫ, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | at all. |
| ar ais, back. | ar ais, back. | ar ais, back. | ċor ar biṫ, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | at all. |
| ar gcúl, backwards. | ar gcúl, backwards. | ar gcúl, backwards. | ċor leis sin, moreover. | ċor leis sin, moreover. | ċor leis sin, moreover. |
| ar dtús, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | at first, or in the beginning. | ar aon ċuma, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | at any rate. |
| ar dtúis, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | at first, or in the beginning. | ar ċuma ar biṫ, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | at any rate. |
| annso, here. | annso, here. | annso, here. | pé sgéal é, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | however, at any rate. |
| ann san (sain, sin), there,  then. | ann san (sain, sin), there,  then. | ann san (sain, sin), there,  then. | pé rud é, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | however, at any rate. |
| i n‑aisge, gratis. |||
| do ṡíor, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | always. | i dtaisge, in safe keeping. | i dtaisge, in safe keeping. | i dtaisge, in safe keeping. |
| i gcoṁnuiḋe, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | always. | i n‑aisdeas, in vain. | i n‑aisdeas, in vain. | i n‑aisdeas, in vain. |
| ċoiḋċe, ever (future). | ċoiḋċe, ever (future). | ċoiḋċe, ever (future). | tuille eile, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | moreover, besides. |
| riaṁ, ever (past). | riaṁ, ever (past). | riaṁ, ever (past). | tuille fós, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | moreover, besides. |
| go deo, for ever. | go deo, for ever. | go deo, for ever. | i leiṫ, apart, aside. | i leiṫ, apart, aside. | i leiṫ, apart, aside. |
| go bráṫ(aċ), for ever. | go bráṫ(aċ), for ever. | go bráṫ(aċ), for ever. | cad as? | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | whence? |
| fé (or fá) ḋó, twice. | fé (or fá) ḋó, twice. | fé (or fá) ḋó, twice. | cá h‑as? | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | whence? |
| fé (or fá) ṫrí, thrice. | fé (or fá) ṫrí, thrice. | fé (or fá) ṫrí, thrice. | cé ṁeud? | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | how much? how many? |
| fé (or fá) ṡeaċ, by turns. | fé (or fá) ṡeaċ, by turns. | fé (or fá) ṡeaċ, by turns. | cá ṁeud? | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | how much? how many? |
| i láṫair, present. | i láṫair, present. | i láṫair, present. | an mó? | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | how much? how many? |
| as láṫair, absent. | as láṫair, absent. | as láṫair, absent. | de ló, by day. | de ló, by day. | de ló, by day. |
| de láṫair, presently, just  now. | de láṫair, presently, just  now. | de láṫair, presently, just  now. | ist’ oiḋċe, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | by night. |
| de láṫair, presently, just  now. | de láṫair, presently, just  now. | de láṫair, presently, just  now. | d’ oiḋċe, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | by night. |
| beag naċ, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | almost. | ó ċéile, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | asunder. |
| naċ mór, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | almost. | ó n‑a ċéile, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | asunder. |
| geall le, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | almost. | i n‑éinḟeaċt, together. | i n‑éinḟeaċt, together. | i n‑éinḟeaċt, together. |
| go léir, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | entirely. | fé ṫuairim, conjecturally. | fé ṫuairim, conjecturally. | fé ṫuairim, conjecturally. |
| go h‑iomlán, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | entirely. | fé ṫuairim, conjecturally. | fé ṫuairim, conjecturally. | fé ṫuairim, conjecturally. |
| eaḋon (written .i.), | eaḋon (written .i.), | namely. |
| ó ċianaiḃ, | ó ċianaiḃ, | awhile ago. |
| ó ċiantaiḃ, | ó ċiantaiḃ, | ages ago. |
| go leor, | go leor, | enough |
| d’ár ndóiġ (dóiċ), | d’ár ndóiġ (dóiċ), | sure, surely. |
| do ġeit, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | immediately, instantly. |
| i gcéadóir, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | immediately, instantly. |
| lom-láiṫreaċ, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | immediately, instantly. |
| láiṫreaċ bonn, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | immediately, instantly. |
| ar an dtoirt, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | immediately, instantly. |
| ar uairiḃ, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | sometimes. |
| uaireannta, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | sometimes. |
| anois ⁊ arís, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | sometimes. |
| go h‑áiriġṫe, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | especially. |
| go sonráḋaċ, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | especially. |
| go mórṁór, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | especially. |
| go h‑urṁór, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | especially. |
| ar ball, | ar ball, | by and bye, after awhile. |
| dála an sgéil or dálta siúd, | dála an sgéil or dálta siúd, | by the bye. |
| i n‑áirde, | i n‑áirde, | on high. |
| cosanáirde, | cosanáirde, | at full gallop. |
| go deiṁin or go dearḃṫa, | go deiṁin or go dearḃṫa, | indeed. |
| go deiṁin is go dearḃṫa, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | really and truly. |
| ambriaṫar ’s ambasa, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | really and truly. |
| dá ríriḃ, | dá ríriḃ, | really, in fact. |
| mar an gcéadna, | mar an gcéadna, | likewise, in like manner. |
| ó ṡoin i leiṫ, | ó ṡoin i leiṫ, | from that time to this. |
| ó ṡoin amaċ, | ó ṡoin amaċ, | from that time out. |
| ar éigin, | ar éigin, | hardly, with difficulty, perforce. |
| an ċuid is mó ḋe, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | at most. |
| ar (a) iomad, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | at most. |
| an ċuid is luġa ḋe, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | at least. |
| ar a laġad (laiġead), | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | at least. |
| ar a ṡon san (is uile), | ar a ṡon san (is uile), | notwithstanding (all that). |
| ċoṁ ḟada ’s (use le before noun) | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | whilst, as long as. |
| an ḟaid (rel. form of verb) | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | whilst, as long as. |
| d’ aon ġnó, | d’ aon ġnó, | purposely. |
| ċoṁ maiṫ agus dá, | ċoṁ maiṫ agus dá, | just as if. |
| le h‑éirġe an lae, | le h‑éirġe an lae, | at dawn. |
| gan coinne le, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | unexpectedly. |
| gan súil le, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | unexpectedly. |
| de ġnáṫ (ġnáṫaċ), | de ġnáṫ (ġnáṫaċ), | usually. |
| mar atá, mar atáid, | mar atá, mar atáid, | namely, viz., i.e. |
| ós ísiol, | ós ísiol, | secretly, lowly. |
| ós árd, | ós árd, | aloud, openly. |
| ar maidin, | ar maidin, | in the morning. |
| sa tráṫnóna, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | in the evening. |
| um tráṫnóna, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | in the evening. |
| ar maidin indiu, | ar maidin indiu, | this morning. |
| ar ṁaidin i mbáraċ, | ar ṁaidin i mbáraċ, | to-morrow morning. |
| sa tráṫnóna indiu, | sa tráṫnóna indiu, | this evening. |
| aṫrugaḋ indé, | aṫrugaḋ indé, | on the day before yesterday |
| aṫrugaḋ i mbáraċ, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | on the day after to-morrow. |
| on the day after to-morrow. ||
| lá ar n‑a ḃáraċ, | lá ar n‑a ḃáraċ, | on the following day. |
| i mbliaḋna, | i mbliaḋna, | (during) this year. |
| anuraiḋ, | anuraiḋ, | (during) last year. |
| aṫruġaḋ anuraiḋ, | aṫruġaḋ anuraiḋ, | (during) the year before last |
447.
| Adverbs. | Adverbs. | Nouns. | Nouns. |
| dia Doṁnaiġ, | on Sunday | Doṁnaċ, m., | Sunday |
| dia Luain, | on Monday | Luan, m., | Monday |
| dia Máirt, | on Tuesday | Máirt, f., | Tuesday |
| dia Ceudaoin’, | on Wednesday | Ceudaoin, f., | Wednesday |
| dia Ḋardaoin’, | on Thursday | Dardaoin, f., | Thursday |
| dia h‑Aoine, | on Friday | Aoine, f., | Friday |
| dia Saṫairn, | on Saturday | Saṫarn, m., | Saturday |
448. DIA takes the name of the day in the genitive case; it is used only when “on” is, or may be, used in English—i.e., when the word is adverbial.
Dia is really an old word for day. It occurs in the two expressions i n‑diu, to-day; i n‑dé, yesterday. It is now never used except before the names of the days of the week, and in the two expressions just mentioned.
| He fell head-foremost, | Do ṫuit sé i ndiaiḋ a ċinn. |
| I fell head-foremost, | Do ṫuiteas i ndiaiḋ mo ċinn. |
| She fell head-foremost, | Do ṫuit sí i ndiaiḋ a cinn. |
| They fell head-foremost, | Do ṫuiteadar i ndiaiḋ a gcinn. |
However.
However followed in English by an adjective or an adverb is translated into Irish by the preposition do (or de), the possessive adjective a, and an abstract noun corresponding to the English adjective or adverb.
| However good, d’á ḟeaḃas. | However long, d’á ḟaid. |
| However great, d’á ṁéid. | However violent, d’á éigniġe. |
| However high, d’á aoirde. | However young, d’á óige |
The Adverb “The.”
| The sooner the better, | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | d’á luaiṫe ’seaḋ (is aṁlaiḋ) is fearr. |
| The sooner the better, | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | ní’l dá luaiṫe naċ aṁlaiḋ (eaḋ) is fearr. |
| The sooner the better, | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | d’á luaiṫeaċt is fearrde. |
| The longer … the bolder, | d’á ḟaid ’seaḋ is dána. | d’á ḟaid ’seaḋ is dána. |
| The sooner … the less, | d’á luaiṫe ’seaḋ is luġa. | d’á luaiṫe ’seaḋ is luġa. |
* ↑ This preposition is now used only in a few phrases; as míle go leiṫ, a mile and (with) a half: slat go leiṫ, a yard and a half: bliaḋain go leiṫ ó ṡoin, a year and a half ago.
* ↑ This form is used in Ulster and North Connaught, but generally this word is used only for rest on this side of a room, river, &c., or here, where we are.
* ↑ See foot-note at end of page 160.
* ↑ Leas or las may be used.
* ↑ Probably a corruption of i dtaoḃ.
* ↑ indiaiḋ is a phrase meaning “after,” and is followed by a genitive case.