OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Gymnosophists

*GYMNOSOPHISTS, a sect of Indian philosophers, famous in antiquity for their strict adherence to the principles of the religion they professed, their devotedness to the study of wisdom, and their aversion to indolence and idleness. They believed in the immortality and transmigration of the soul, and placed the chief happiness of man in a contempt of the delusive pleasures and attractions of this mortal life. They dwelt in woods, where they lived upon the wild products and fruits of the earth, and never drank wine, nor married. In some cases they did not form themselves into societies, but each had his private recess, where he studied and performed his devotions by himself. These were a kind of hermits, of which some are said to have dwelt on a mountain in Ethiopia.
They were called Gymnosophists, i. e. naked philosophers, not because they went absolutely naked, but perhaps in ridicule, because they wore only what was required for decency and convenience. Some of them attained to eminence in the sciences, and practised medicine. They are supposed to have had their origin from the Bramins.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Ency. Perth.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Halcyons

HALCYONS, a denomination which arose in 1802, and took the title of the Halcyon Church in Columbia. This church admits men of different sentiments into its fellowship; they profess to adhere strictly to the scriptures, and renounce all manner of creeds and confessions of faith.
They deny the doctrine of the trinity; and say, "there is no other God, nor person in the godhead, but the Father— and the Messiah is the personality of the Father," and "the Father cannot be known as a person, only as he was pleased to assume personality in his anointed." They also deny the doctrine of the eternal punishment of the wicked. They assert that both the fallen angels and wicked men will cease to exist at the close of the mediatorial kingdom of our Saviour.
They practise baptism in this manner: those who profess their faith in Christ, walk down to the water in procession, with a large congregation, accompanied with vocal and instrumental music, and are baptized by pouring water on the head, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, and using these words: "By the authority of the great head of Zion, I baptize thee in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom is exhibited, in one glorious person, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. Amen."
The members of the Halcyon church devote their children to the Lord, not by baptism, but by dedicating them to the Lord, and placing them under the guardianship of the church, the members of which receive them in their arms; and petition the Lord for a blessing on them, and watch over them, that they may receive a religious education.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Halcyon Epistle, addressed to christians of all denominations, published 1803.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Gnosimachi

GNOSIMACHI, the professed enemies to the Gnosis, i. e. the speculative knowledge of Christianity. They rested wholly on good works, calling it a useless labour to seek for science in the scriptures. In short, they contended for the practice of morality in all simplicity, and blamed those, who aimed at a deeper insight into the mysteries of religion. They were the reverse of the Gnostics. —See the following article.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Grecians

*GRECIANS, The ancient Greeks derived their theology and mythology from Egypt or Syria, or perhaps both. Mr. Bryant says, those, who derived their religion from Egypt and the East, misconstrued every thing they borrowed, and added many opinions of their own. Others suppose the Greek mythology a corruption of the scripture history, and much learned ingenuity has been employed to show that the gods of Greece borrowed their history from the Jewish patriarchs. Saturn is supposed to have been Noah; Neptune—Japheth; Apollo—Joshua; Bacchus—Moses; and so of the rest, except Jupiter or Jove, the Supreme God, whose name is derived from Jah, or the incommunicable Jehovah. The probability seems to be that in the first instance most pagan nations worshipped the sun and other heavenly bodies, and afterwards those heroes, or secondary gods, whose history they borrowed from tradition, and improved by poetic fables, till they formed the elegant system of the Greek mythology.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Bryant's Analysis, vol. i. p. 396.
* ↑ Stillingfleet's Orig. Sacrae, B. iii. ch. v. Bell. Hist. of Relig. p. 93, &c.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Gortonians

GORTONIANS, a sect that made great disturbance in New England in 1643. S. Gorton was their leader, and was charged with antinomian sentiments.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Hutchinson's Hist. vol. i. p. 117.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Gospellers

*GOSPELLERS, a sect which arose at the time of the reformation in England, and which, speaking slightly of the law and all its obligations, and talking highly of grace, are charged with introducing antinomianism into that country.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Grant's History of the Eng. Church, vol. i. p. 408.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Hattemists

HATTEMISTS derive their name from P. Van Hattem, a minister in the province of Zealand, in the seventeenth century. He interpreted the Calvinistic doctrine concerning absolute decrees, so as to deduce from it the system of a fatal and uncontroulable necessity. He denied the difference between moral good and evil, and the corruption of human nature. Hence he concluded, that mankind were under no sort of obligation to endeavour after a regular obedience to the divine laws; but that the whole of religion consisted, not in acting, but in suffering; and that all the precepts of Christ are reducible to this one-that we bear with patience the events that happen, and make it our study to maintain tranquillity of mind. He also affirmed, that Christ had not satisfied the divine justice by his death and sufferings; but had only signified to us thereby that the Deity was propitious towards mankind. He maintained farther, that this was Christ's manner of justifying sinners: and also that God does not so properly punish men for their sins, as by them. See Necessarians.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Abel, Karl

From volume 1 of the work.
[ C. F. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Abaco, Evaristo

From volume 1 of the work.
[ C. F. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Abbey, John

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Abbé, Philippe and Pierre

From volume 1 of the work.
[ T. P. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Abeille, Ludwig

From volume 1 of the work.
[ C. F. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Abel, Clamor

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Abbatini, Antonio

From volume 1 of the work.
[ E. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Abegg

From volume 4 of the work.
[ G ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Abel, Leopold

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Chevalier

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cheese, G. J.

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Chelard, Hippolyte

From volume 1 of the work.
[ A. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Chest of Viols

[ E. J. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Chevé

​CHEVÉ or Galin-Paris-Chevé System. A method of teaching part-singing and sight-reading, much used in France, is thus called, from the names of its founder and chief promoters. Its essential features are two: first, the use of the principle of 'tonic relationship,' the learner being taught to refer every sound to the tonic, and secondly, the use of a numeral notation, the figures 1, 2, 3, etc. serving as the written symbols for the several sounds of the scale. Do (ut) = 1, Re = 2, etc. The following is an example of a tune, 'God save the Queen,' thus written in two parts,
A dot under a figure shows that it is in a lower octave, a dot above a figure in a higher. The zéro shows a 'rest' or silence; a thick dot, as in the second measure, continues the preceding sound. The varying lengths of sound are shown by a bar or bars above the figures, as in the second and fourth measures. The numerals are treated only as visual signs; the names sung are the old sol-fa syllables. The use of the numerals is to keep the positions of the sounds in the scale impressed on the learner's mind, and thus help him to recognise and sing the sounds. This figure notation is used only as introductory to the ordinary musical notation. The system has been the subject of much controversy in France, but it has made considerable way and is now allowed to be used in the Paris Communal Schools. It has been adapted for English use by M. Andrade and Mr. G. W. Bullen. The English class-books and exercises are published by Messrs. Moffatt and Paige, 28 Warwick Lane. The 'École Galin-Paris-Chevé' has its head-quarters at 36 Rue Vivienne, Paris, and has for many years been under the direction of M. Amand Chevé. He edits the monthly paper, 'L'Avenir Musical' (10 centimes), which gives full accounts of the progress of the method. An experiment was begun some years back, under the authority of the Paris Municipality, to test the relative effectiveness of the method, by putting certain specified Communal Schools under the direction of its professors, and this is still in progress.
[ R. B. L. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Check

From volume 1 of the work.
[ A. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Chell, William

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Chest-Voice

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cheval de Bronze, Le

From volume 1 of the work.
​CHEVAL DE BRONZE, LE. A comic opera on a Chinese subject, in three acts; words by Scribe, music by Auber. Produced at the Opéra Comique March 23, 1835. On Sept. 21, 1857, it was reproduced with additions in four acts at the Académie (Grand Opera).
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Lichfield (Anne)

​LICHFIELD (ANNE), bookseller in Oxford, 1657-69. Widow of Leonard Lichfield, senr., was for a time in business with her son, Leonard Lichfield, junr.
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Lilliecrap or Lilliecrop (Peter)

​LILLIECRAP, or LILLIECROP (PETER), printer in London, (1) Crooked Billet on Addle Hill; (2) The Five Bells near the church in Clerkenwell Close. 1647-72. Son of Peter Lillicrap, of Queatheack, co. Cornwall. Apprentice to Miles Fletcher, or Flesher, for seven years from April 5th, 1647. At the outbreak of the Civil War he made a discovery of arms, hidden by a Parliament man, and gave information to the High Sheriff of Cornwall, by whom they were seized. Lilliecrap afterwards served in the ​Royalist army and was wounded and taken prisoner four times. On the expiration of his apprenticeship he set up for himself as a printer, but was watched with suspicion by the Parliamentary party, and the May before Cromwell died his press was seized by the official printer, Henry Hills, and he was sent a prisoner to the Tower for printing Walter Gostello's Coming of God in Mercy and Vengeance. He was in trouble again in 1663 for printing Farewell Sermons and other seditious literature, but was discharged from custody after a few weeks. Lilliecrap succeeded Daniel Maxwell as printer of the news-sheet Mercurius Publicus. At the survey of the press made in July, 1668, he was returned as employing one press, one apprentice, one compositor and one pressman. [Plomer, Short History, p. 227; Domestic State Papers, Charles II, vol. 77 (37); 78 (37-40).]
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Lloyd (Henry)

​LLOYD (Henry), printer in London, 1662-8. In the return made of the London printers in July, 1668, he is briefly stated to have one press. He printed for William Dugard an edition of Sidney's Arcadia in 1662, which was published by George Calvert. His address has not been found.
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Lichfield (Leonard), junr.

​LICHFIELD (LEONARD), junr., bookseller in Oxford. Son of Leonard Lichfield, senr. On the death of his father in 1657 he and his mother, Anne Lichfield, were appointed University printers.
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Lindsey (George)

​LINDSEY (GEORGE), bookseller in London; Over against London Stone, 1642-8. Associated with F. Coles. Published the following amongst other political pamphlets: L. (W.), Esquire's Courts of Justice corrected and amended, 1642. [B.M. E. 108 (31)]; Roundhead uncovered, 1642. [B.M. E. 108 (9)]; Tub-preachers overturned, 1647. [B.M. E. 384 (7).]
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Lithgow (Gideon)

​LITHGOW (GIDEON), printer in Edinburgh, 1645-62. In 1645 named cautioner in the confirmation of will of R. Bryson, q.v. Appointed printer to Edinburgh University July 5th, 1648, in succession to J. Lindesay. Wife, Isobel Harring, probably widow of R. Bryson. Died in December, 1662. Some of his ornaments formerly in possession of Hart and J. Bryson, and afterwards used by A. Anderson. [H. G. Aldis, List of Books, pp. 116, 117.]
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Littlebury (Robert)

​LITTLEBURY (ROBERT), bookseller in London; Unicorn in Little Britain, 1652-67. One of the overseers to the will of W. Dugard. Mentioned in the Hearth Tax Roll for the half-year ending Lady Day, 1666. [P.R.O. Lay Subsidy, 252/32.]
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Lichfield, or Litchfield (Leonard)

​LICHFIELD, or LITCHFIELD (LEONARD), printer in Oxford; Butcher Row [Queen's Street], 1635-57. Son of John Lichfield, and succeeded his father as University printer in 1635. He was a staunch Royalist, and was described in Puritan tracts as the "malignant printer." About 1643-4, he was churchwarden of St. Martin's (Carfax) Church. His printing office was destroyed in the great fire that broke out on October 6th, 1644. His imprint was frequently forged for books printed in London. Amongst the curiosities of his press is an imperfect copy of part of the Epistle of Barnabas in Greek and Latin belonging to an edition printed in 1642. The remainder of the edition was entirely destroyed in the fire, and this copy owes its preservation to the fact that it was wrongly imposed and is supposed to have been taken home by the printer or compositor. [Madan, Chart of Oxford Printing, p. 40.] Lichfield died in 1657.
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Lincoln (Stephen)

​LINCOLN (STEPHEN), bookseller in Leicester, 1663. Gave information against Nathan Brookes, of London, for dispersing a book entitled the Year of Prodigies. [Domestic State Papers, Charles II, vol. 43 (9).]
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Lindesay (James)

​LINDESAY (JAMES), printer in Edinburgh; "On the south side of the Cow-gate a little above the College winde," 1643-9. Appointed printer to Edinburgh University. Will registered December 13th, 1649. Probably died or was incapacitated about 1646, as in that year the heirs of R. Bryson printed the University Theses. Lithgow succeeded him as printer to the University on July 5th, 1648.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Fonseca, Eleonora, Marchioness of

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FONSECA, ELEONORA, MARCHIONESS OF,
A lady of great beauty and talents, was born at Naples in 1768. She cultivated botany, and other branches of natural history, and assisted Spallanzani in his philosophical investigations. Though possessed of great beauty, she devoted her youth to the cultivation of her mind. She studied with much care natural history and anatomy. As might be supposed, she was a warm partisan of the French revolution. When the king and royal family were obliged to leave Naples in 1799, the Marchioness of Fonseca narrowly escaped the fury of the Lazzaroni, who threatened the lives of those who were in the French interest. During the short-lived existence of the Parthenopeau republic, in 1799, she warmly espoused the popular cause, and edited a republican journal, called "The Neapolitan Monitor." For these expressions of her political principles the marchioness was executed, on the 20th. of July, by the restored government. Her private character was irreproachable.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Fonte, Moderata

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FONTE, MODERATA,
The assumed name of a celebrated Venetian lady, whose real name was Modesta Pazzo. She was born at Venice, in 1555, and became an orphan in her infancy. While young, she was placed in the convent of the nuns of Martha of Venice; bat afterwards left it, and was married. She lived twenty years very happily with her husband, and died in 1592. She learned poetry and Latin with the greatest ease; and is said to have had so prodigious a memory, that, after hearing a sermon only once, she could repeat it word for word. She wrote a poem, entitled "II Floridoro," and another on the "Passion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ." Besides these and other poems, she wrote a book in prose, which was not published till after her death, called "Dei Meriti delle Donne," in which she maintains that women are not inferior in understanding or merit to men. None of her works are now extant.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Force, Charlotte Rose de Caument de la

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FORCE, CHARLOTTE ROSE DE CAUMENT DE LA,
A French poetess, who died in 1724, aged seventy Her "Castle in Spain," a poem; and her "Secret History of Burgundy," a romance; her tales, and other works, possess considerable merit; but nothing she wrote has retained a permanent place in French literature.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Fougeret, Anna Francesca Dontremont

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FOUGERET, ANNA FRANCESCA DONTREMONT,
Was born at Paris in 1745, in a family where, by example and instruction, she was brought up to know and practice the virtues of Christian. Her father was an eminent barrister; and her mother, descended from a very respectable family, was a woman of superior ability, and esteemed for her many virtues. Anna was married when very young to M. de Fougeret, receiver-general of the finance. At the head of an establishment of which she had the management, and living in an extended circle of society, she found time to be the instructress of her children, whom she educated in a most careful manner. Her love for her own infants awakened her sympathy for some unfortunates whom circumstances brought under her notice. Her father, who was a director of the hospitals, often deplored the miserable situation of that of the foundlings, where numbers of babes perished for want of proper nutrition, impossible to be given, and from the bad air of overcrowded rooms. The pictures of this distress deeply moved the heart of Madame de Fougeret; nor was she satisfied with a barren commiseration; she pondered over the subject until she devised the remedy; but her plans required more money than a private purse could supply. True benevolence is invincible. Madame de Fougeret, abdicating all personal merit in this good act, communicated her ideas to the Duchess de Cosse, whose rank and power, united with all benevolence and piety, rendered her the fit person to set on foot this useful establishment Soon all the opulent ladies of Paris became interested, everything was arranged, every obstacle surmounted, and the "Maternal Charity" became an institution. ​Louis the Sixteenth and Maria Antoinette headed the list of subscribers, and in 1788 the society began their labours. These were crowned with the utmost success until the whirlwind of 1789 came to disperse the founders and patrons. Amidst the trials to which she was exposed, Madame de Fougeret had the opportunity of manifesting the greatness of her mind, and the energy of her character. Her husband expired on the guillotine, and she was left to sustain, encourage, and maintain her children; and, by judicious exertion of her abilities, she rescued from confiscation the patrimony of her family. After the restitution of her property she lived in the country, surrounded by a numerous offspring, to whom she was an object of love and veneration. In 1813, a painful malady terminated a life of virtue and good works.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Foix, Margaret de, Duchess d'Epernon

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FOIX, MARGARET DE, DUCHESS D'EPERNON.
In 1588, the chief of the league, wishing to rain the duke, rendered him an object of suspicion at court, and obtained an order to take from him the castle of Angouleme, of which he was governor. The magistrate charged with the execution of this act seized the duchess, and conducted her to the principal gate of the citadel, in order that her danger might induce the duke to submit. In this situation, one of the officers by whom the duchess was led was killed at her feet, and another mortally wounded. Calm amidst the dangers which menaced her, and insensible to the remonstrances of the enemy, who urged her to exhort her husband to surrender, she replied, magnanimously, that she knew not how to give ill counsel; nor would she enter into a treaty with murderers. "In what terms," said she "can a wife, who is afflicted only that she has but one life to offer for the honour and safety of her husband, persuade him to an act of cowardice?" She went on to declare, that she would shed, with joy, the last drop of her blood to add new lustre to the reputation of her husband; or to lengthen his existence but a single day; that she would be guilty of no weakness that would disgrace him; and that she would die with pleasure at the castle-gate for him, without whom she would abhor life even on a throne.
To the duke, whom they endeavoured to terrify by the danger which threatened his wife, she held out her arms, and implored him not to suffer his resolution to be shaken by any considerations which respected her safety. It was her wish, she told him, that her body might serve him for a new rampart against his enemies. On him, she declared, in whom alone she lived, depended her fortune and her fate. That by sacrificing himself he would gain no advantage, since she was determined not to survive him; but that to live in his remembrance would, in despite of their adversaries, constitute her happiness and her glory.
The grace and energy with which she expressed herself, softened the hearts of the enemy, who deliberated on other means by which their purpose might be effected. In the interval the duke was relieved by his Mends; when the duchess, impatient to rejoin this beloved husband, of whom she had proved herself so worthy, without waiting till the castle-gate was cleared, entered by a ladder at one of the windows, and was received with the honours and tenderness she merited.