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# Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume IV/Against the Heathen/Contra Gentes. (Against the Heathen.)/Part III/Chapter 7

§41. The Presence of the Word in nature necessary, not only for its original Creation, but also for its permanence.
But though He is Word, He is not, as we said, after the likeness of human words, composed of syllables; but He is the unchanging Image of His own Father. For men, composed of parts and made out of nothing, have their discourse composite and divisible. But God possesses true existence and is not composite, wherefore His Word also has true Existence and is not composite, but is the one and only-begotten God, Who proceeds in His goodness from the Father as from a good Fountain, and orders all things and holds them together. 2. But the reason why the Word, the Word of God, has united Himself with created things is truly wonderful, and teaches us that the present order of things is none otherwise than is fitting. For the nature of created things, inasmuch as it is brought into being out of nothing, is of a fleeting sort, and weak and mortal, if composed of itself only. But the God of all is good and exceeding noble by nature,—and therefore is kind. For one that is good can grudge nothing: for which reason he does not grudge even existence, but desires all to exist, as objects for His loving-kindness. 3. Seeing then all created nature, as far as its own laws were concerned, to be fleeting and subject to dissolution, lest it should come to this and lest the Universe should be broken up again into nothingness, for this cause He made all things by His own eternal Word, and gave substantive existence to Creation, and moreover did not leave it to be tossed in a tempest in the course of its own nature, lest it should run the risk of once more dropping out of existence; but, because He is good He guides and settles the whole Creation by His own Word, Who is Himself also God, that by the governance and providence and ordering action of the Word, Creation may have light, and be enabled to abide alway securely. For it partakes of the Word Who derives true existence from the Father, and is helped by Him so as to exist, lest that should come to it which would have come but for the maintenance of it by the Word,—namely, dissolution,—“for He is the Image of the invisible God, the first-born of all Creation, for through Him and in Him all things consist, things visible and things invisible, and He is the Head of the Church,” as the ministers of truth teach in their holy writings.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Joh. i. 18, R.V. Marg.
* ↑ ἐπιβέβηκεν, see for the sense Incarn. 43. 4, &c.
* ↑ Plato Timæus 29 E, quoted also de Incarn. 3. 3. This explanation of Divine Creation is also adopted by Philo de Migratione Abrah. 32 (and see Drummond’s Philo, vol. 2, pp. 56, sqq.).
* ↑ Plato Politic. (see de Incarn. 43. 7, note).
* ↑ Col. i. 15–18
# Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume IV/Apology to the Emperor
## Contents

* Introduction
* Apologia Ad Constantium
# Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume IV/Apology to the Emperor/Apologia Ad Constantium/Chapter 1

Defence Before Constantius.
1. Knowing that you have been a Christian for many years, most religious Augustus, and that you are godly by descent, I cheerfully undertake to answer for myself at this time;—for I will use the language of the blessed Paul, and make him my advocate before you, considering that he was a preacher of the truth, and that you are an attentive hearer of his words.
With respect to those ecclesiastical matters, which have been made the ground of a conspiracy against me, it is sufficient to refer your Piety to the testimony of the many Bishops who have written in my behalf; enough too is the recantation of Ursacius and Valens to prove to all men, that none of the charges which they set up against me had any truth in them. For what evidence can others produce so strong, as what they declared in writing? ‘We lied, we invented these things; all the accusations against Athanasius are full of falsehood.’ To this clear proof may be added, if you will vouchsafe to hear it, this circumstance that the accusers brought no evidence against Macarius the presbyter while we were present; but in our absence, when they were by themselves, they managed the matter as they pleased. Now, the Divine Law first of all, and next our own Laws, have expressly declared, that such proceedings are of no force whatsoever. From these things your piety, as a lover of God and of the truth, will, I am sure, perceive that we are free from all suspicion, and will pronounce our opponents to be false accusers.

## Footnotes

* ↑ [cf. Acts xxvi. 2.] Constantius, though here called a Christian, was not baptized till his last illness, a.d. 361, and then by the Arian Bishop of Antioch, Euzoius. At this time he was 39 years of age. Theodoret represents him making a speech to his whole army on one occasion, exhorting them to Baptism previous to going to war; and recommending all to go thence who could not make up their mind to the Sacrament. H. E. iii. 1. Constantius, his grandfather, had rejected idolatry and acknowledged the One God, according to Eusebius, V. Const. i. 14, though it does not appear that he had embraced Christianity.
* ↑ Supr. Apol. Ar. 1.
* ↑ Apol. Ar. 1, 58.
* ↑ ib. 13, 27, &c.
* ↑ Cf. Apol. Ar. ii. 51.
# Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume IV/Apology to the Emperor/Apologia Ad Constantium/Chapter 11

11. Challenge to the accusers as to the alleged letter.
Now I have already called upon God, and His Word, the Only-begotten Son our Lord Jesus Christ, to witness for me, that I have never written to that man, nor received letters from him. And as to my accuser, give me leave to ask him a few short questions concerning this charge also. How did he come to the knowledge of this matter? Will he say that he has got copies of the letter? for this is what the Arians laboured to prove. Now in the first place, even if he can shew writing resembling mine, the thing is not yet certain; for there are forgers, who have often imitated the hand even of you who are Emperors. And the resemblance will not prove the genuineness of the letter, unless my customary amanuensis shall testify in its favour. I would then again ask my accusers, Who provided you with these copies? and whence were they obtained? I had my writers, and he his servants, who received his letters from the bearers, and gave them into his hand. My assistants are forthcoming; vouchsafe to summon the others (for they are most probably still living), and enquire concerning these letters. Search into the matter, as though Truth were the partner of your throne. She is the defence of Kings, and especially of Christian Kings; with her you will reign most securely, for holy Scripture says, ‘Mercy and truth preserve the king, and they will encircle his throne in righteousness.’ And the wise Zorobabel gained a victory over the others by setting forth the power of Truth, and all the people cried out, ‘Great is the truth, and mighty above all things.’

## Footnotes

* ↑ Apol. Ar. 45.
* ↑ Vid. Rom. xvi. 22. Lucian is spoken of as the amanuensis of the Confessors who wrote to S. Cyprian, Ep. 16. Ed. Ben. Jader perhaps of Ep. 80. [Epp. 23, 79, Hartel.] S. Jerome was either secretary or amanuensis to Pope Damasus, vid. Ep. ad Ageruch. (123. n. 10. Ed. Vallars.) vid. Lami de Erud. 24, Ap. p. 258.
* ↑ Prov. xx. 28.
* ↑ 1 Esdr. iv. 41.
# Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume IV/Apology to the Emperor/Apologia Ad Constantium
## Contents

* Chapter 1
* Chapter 2
* Chapter 3
* Chapter 4
* Chapter 5
* Chapter 6
* Chapter 7
* Chapter 8
* Chapter 9
* Chapter 10
* Chapter 11
* Chapter 12
* Chapter 13
* Chapter 14
* Chapter 15
* Chapter 16
* Chapter 17
* Chapter 18
* Chapter 19
* Chapter 20
* Chapter 21
* Chapter 22
* Chapter 23
* Chapter 24
* Chapter 25
* Chapter 26
* Chapter 27
* Chapter 28
* Chapter 29
* Chapter 30
* Chapter 31
* Chapter 32
* Chapter 33
* Chapter 34
* Chapter 35
# Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume IV/Against the Heathen/Contra Gentes. (Against the Heathen.)/Part III/Chapter 8

§42. This function of the Word described at length.
The holy Word of the Father, then, almighty and all-perfect, uniting with the universe and having everywhere unfolded His own powers, and having illumined all, both things seen and things invisible, holds them together and binds them to Himself, having left nothing void of His own power, but on the contrary quickening and sustaining all things everywhere, each severally and all collectively; while He mingles in one the principles of all sensible existence, heat namely and cold and wet and dry, and causes them not to conflict, but to make up one concordant harmony. 2. By reason of Him and His power, fire does not fight with cold nor wet with dry, but principles mutually opposed, as if friendly and brotherly combine together, and give life to the things we see, and form the principles by which bodies exist. Obeying Him, even God the Word, things on earth have life and things in the heaven have their order. By reason of Him all the sea, and the great ocean, move within their proper bounds, while, as we said above, the dry land grows grasses and is clothed with all manner of diverse plants. And, not to spend time in the enumeration of particulars, where the truth is obvious, there is nothing that is and takes place but has been made and stands by Him and through Him, as also the Divine says, “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God; all things were made by Him, and without Him was not anything made.” 3. For just as though some musician, having tuned a lyre, and by his art adjusted the high notes to the low, and the intermediate notes to the rest, were to produce a single tune as the result, so also the Wisdom of God, handling the Universe as a lyre, and adjusting things in the air to things on the earth, and things in the heaven to things in the air, and combining parts into wholes and moving them all by His beck and will, produces well and fittingly, as the result, the unity of the universe and of its order, Himself remaining unmoved with the Father while He moves all things by His organising action, as seems good for each to His own Father. 4. For what is surprising in His godhead is this, that by one and the same act of will He moves all things simultaneously, and not at intervals, but all collectively, both straight and curved, things above and beneath and intermediate, wet, cold, warm, seen and invisible, and orders them according to their several nature. For simultaneously at His single nod what is straight moves as straight, what is curved also, and what is intermediate, follows its own movement; what is warm receives warmth, what is dry dryness, and all things according to their several nature are quickened and organised by Him, and He produces as the result a marvellous and truly divine harmony.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Joh. i. 1.
# Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume IV/Against the Heathen/Contra Gentes. (Against the Heathen.)/Part III/Chapter 9

§43. Three similes to illustrate the Word’s relation to the Universe.
And for so great a matter to be understood by an example, let what we are describing be compared to a great chorus. As then the chorus is composed of different people, children, women again, and old men, and those who are still young, and, when one, namely the conductor, gives the sign, each utters sound according to his nature and power, the man as a man, the child as a child, the old man as an old man, and the young man as a young man, while all make up a single harmony; 2. or as our soul at one time moves our several senses according to the proper function of each, so that when some one object is present all alike are put in motion, and the eye sees, the ear hears, the hand touches, the smell takes in odour, and the palate tastes,—and often the other parts of the body act too, as for instance if the feet walk; 3. or, to make our meaning plain by yet a third example, it is as though a very great city were built, and administered under the presence of the ruler and king who has built it; for when he is present and gives orders, and has his eye upon everything, all obey; some busy themselves with agriculture, others hasten for water to the aqueducts, another goes forth to procure provisions,—one goes to senate, another enters the assembly, the judge goes to the bench, and the magistrate to his court. The workman likewise settles to his craft, the sailor goes down to the sea, the carpenter to his workshop, the physician to his treatment, the architect to his building; and while one is going to the country, another is returning from the country, and while some walk about the town others are going out of the town and returning to it again: but all this is going on and is organised by the presence of the one Ruler, and by his management: 4. in like manner then we must conceive of the whole of Creation, even though the example be inadequate, yet with an enlarged idea. For with the single impulse of a nod as it were of the Word of God, all things simultaneously fall into order, and each discharge their proper functions, and a single order is made up by them all together.
# Notable South Australians/William Finke

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William Finke,
WHO was intimately associated with the late James Chambers in pastoral and mining interests, died in Adelaide, January 17, 1864, aged forty-eight. He will long be remembered by our colonists as one who bounteously assisted the cause of exploration; and was the friend and patron of John McDougall Stuart, the explorer, who named several places in the interior after him. In the time of Governor Gawler the section on which Glenelg now stands was offered for selection, and about 1,500 persons tendered. It was decided by lot, as then usual, at £1 per acre, and Mr Finke was the successful tenderer.
# Notable South Australians/William Edwin Black

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William Edwin Black
ARRIVED in South Australia by the ship Coromandel, January, 1837. Took part in the survey of Adelaide under Colonel Light, and assisted in defining the chief roads of a settlement which he lived to see become a large and important city. He always maintained a deep interest in the politics of his adopted country, and was intimately associated with many benefit societies in their infancy. For years he was the Tyler of a number of Freemason's Lodges, and was Grand Tyler for the District to which they belonged. He was ​Treasurer of the Hope Lodge, M.U. of Oddfellows, for twenty-seven years; for two years Treasurer of the Perseverance Lodge, I.O.O.F., and was the founder of the Allied Lodge U.O.A.D. To him belongs the distinction of being the father of the first white boy born in South Australia. This first of native-born South Australians came into the world on Feb. 22, 1837, and was named "William Josiah." This fact is borne out by an entry in the diary of Sir. J. H. Fisher, as follows—"The first white boy born in this colony was born of black parents." William Josiah Black was killed at Currency Creek in Nov. 1846. Mr. Black died on Feb. 17, 1884. Apropos of this subject it may be mentioned that Mrs. Morgan, the eldest daughter of the Hon. B. T. Finniss, was the first female child of European descent born in South Australia. She died at Norwood, May 30, 1865, aged twenty-eight years.
# Notable South Australians/William Fiveash

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William Fiveash,
BORN at North-fleet, Kent, England, Dec. 24, 1825, W arrived in South Australia, July 1 2, 1852. Was for many years traveller for the firm of Jos. Skelton & Co., and while so engaged, became connected with the late Mr. J. E. Seppelt (father of the present Mr. B. Seppelt), of Seppeltsfield, and through that connection was mainly instrumental in building up one of the largest wine businesses in the Australias. Has always avoided politics, although often solicited to come forward as a candidate for Parliamentary, as well as Municipal honours. Was one of the founders of the Masonic body under the Irish constitution in this colony, and held the position of first Deputy P.G.M. for fourteen years, under the late Hon. J. T. Bagot, and the present P.G.M. W. J. Crawford, Esq. It is mainly due to his energy that that body owes the erection of their handsome building in Waymouth-street, known as the Alfred Masonic Hall, he having originated the idea, and collected over £1,500 towards the fund to build—a fact that body recognized when paying him the compliment of appointing him Chairman of their Trustees, and by the gathering which took place on the occasion of his laying the commemoration-stone, November 26, 1883. He was appointed a Justice of the Peace Oct. 10, 1883.
# Notable South Australians/William Henry Bundey

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William Henry Bundey,
LAWYER, Politician, and Judge of Supreme Court of South Australia; second surviving son of the late James Bundey, Esq., of Bashley Manor, near Lymington, Hampshire. His mother was the daughter of James Grower Lockyer, Esq., a gentleman of independent means, residing at Exbury, Hampshire. Bashley was an old and extensive estate, which had been much neglected. In its restoration and improvement his father spent all his means, and his wife's jointure, and by a series of misfortunes lost the whole. His parents removed to Inchmerry Villa, Leap, nearly opposite Cowes, at which lovely place he acquired that taste for yachting which he so strongly displayed in after life. It was found impossible to retrieve the family fortunes, and emigration to South Australia was determined upon, the eldest son only remaining in England, where he was for many years Inspector of Police in Scotland Yard, London. His father never recovered from the shock occasioned by his losses, and died within a fortnight of arrival in Australia in 1849. His mother, an intellectual woman, left with a family of five children, without means or friends, displayed ​remarkable courage and self-reliance, and throughout an honoured life infused the same qualities into the minds of her children. At ten years of age the subject of this notice entered a solicitor's office; at the age of eighteen years he filled the position of Clerk of a country Local Court, and became Captain of Volunteers. In 1865 he was called to the bar, and in the same year married Ellen Wardlaw, second daughter of the Honorable (now Sir) William Milne. He entered Parliament in 1872, representing the district of Onkaparinga, and in 1874 joined the Blyth Government as Minister of Justice and Education. He resigned in January, 1875, when he declined re-election until 1878, in which year he was again returned (for the same district) to Parliament. Was appointed Queen's Counsel, and joined the Morgan Administration as Attorney-General. In 1881 he was compelled to resign this responsible portfolio in consequence of failing health, and was ordered to take a prolonged voyage to recruit; he did so, but did not again enter Parliament. The title of Honorable was conferred upon him in 1882, and he was appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court in July, 1884. He has always been an ardent supporter of Land Reform, Law Reform, Education, Railway Construction, and other public questions; and by his earnest and enthusiastic temperament succeeded in carrying several useful measures, and obtained the confidence of his contemporaries and the public. At all times a lover and supporter of manly sports, he was in his early career a successful cricketer, and subsequently a leading yachtsman. In 1869 he was one of the founders of the now flourishing S. A. Yacht Club. He was first elected Vice-Commodore, and eventually Commodore, which latter position he held for ten consecutive years, resigning it in 1883.
# Notable South Australians/William Gerrard

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William Gerrard,
THE pioneer breeder of blood stock in South Australia. He owned 6,000 acres of freehold land at Rapid Bay, and in 1861 turned his attention to the breeding of thoroughbred horses, an industry which till then had not been undertaken here, except on a small scale. Having a thorough knowledge of blood stock, and with means to purchase the animals he considered best suited for the purpose of a first-class stud farm, it is not to be wondered at that Mr. Gerrard's venture proved successful. The names of some of his horses are doubtless familiar to the reader, especially as they have come so prominently before the public at race time,—South Australian, Union Jack, Ace of Clubs, King of the Ring, Ace of Trumps, The Ace, Argus Scandal, Irish King, Southern Cross, Talk-o'-the-Hill, Tregeagle, and Pride of the Hills, which last magnificent steed won for South Australia her first champion race. Mr. Gerrard disposed of the Rapid Bay stud in 1880; fifty-eight lots were offered, and the sum realised was £11,360. From that time until his death he confined his attention to sheep, but always had a hankering after the more noble animal, and would probably, had he lived, have again returned to his old pursuits. He died at Glenelg, July 30th, 1884, aged 45 years.
# Notable South Australians/William Gilbert, J.P., M.P.

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William Gilbert, J.P., M.P.,
BORN in Bucks, England, in 1829, and educated at a boarding-school in the same county. Followed the business of his father (engineering and millering) for many years. During his residence in his native land Mr. Gilbert took an active part in political and religious matters, and since coming to this colony has interested himself in all movements having for their object the elevation of his fellowmen. He arrived here in 1869, and entered political life in ​1881, when he was returned as member for Yatala at the head of the Poll; and also headed the poll at the election for the same district in 1884. Mr. Gilbert formerly held radical opinions, but is now a liberal conservative. Among many useful measures which he has been instrumental in carrying, the repeal of the Totalizator Bill, in 1883, is the most notable. Mr, Gilbert was a Councillor for Robe Ward, North Adelaide, during the mayoralty of Messrs. Scott and Buik; has been a member of the Destitute Board for the past five years, and a J. P. for upwards of four years. As a politician he is deservedly popular; and though his speeches are not characterised by great brilliancy, they are at least logical and forcible.
# Notable South Australians/William Hanson, M.I.C.E.

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William Hanson, M.I.C.E.,
BROTHER of the late Sir R. D. Hanson, arrived in the colony in 1855, and was shortly after appointed Engineer to the Adelaide and Gawler Railway Commissions. Whilst occupying this office he superintended the construction of the line to Gawler, and subsequently its extension to Kapunda. In December 1860 Mr. Hanson entered upon the duties of Engineer, Colonial Architect and Inspector of Railways, and in June 1865 he was made Acting-Manager of Railways. Hi-health led to his retirement from the Government service in 1867, and his death took place at Glenelg on July 14, 1875, in his sixty-fifth year.