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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Theocracy

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​THEOCRACY (Gr. θεοκρατία, the rule of God, from θεός, god, and -κρατια, κρατείν, to rule), a term applied to a form of government or to a state ruled by such a form of government, in which God or the divine power is looked to as the source of all civil power, and the divine commandments regarded as the laws of the community. The typical example of such a state is that of the Jews till the establishment of the kingship under Saul (see Jews).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Theodectes

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​THEODECTES (c. 380–340 B.C.), Greek rhetorician and tragic poet, of Phaselis in Lycia, pupil of Isocrates and Plato, and an intimate friend of Aristotle. He at first Wrote speeches for the law courts, but subsequently composed tragedies with success. He spent most of his life at Athens, and was buried on the sacred road to Eleusis. The inhabitants of Phaselis honoured him with a statue, which was decorated with garlands by Alexander the Great on his Way to the East. In the contests arranged by Artemisia, queen of Caria, at the funeral of Mausolus, Theodectes gained the prize with his tragedy Mausolus (extant in the 2nd century A.D.), but was defeated by Theopompus in oratory. According to the inscription on his tomb, he was ​eight times victorious in thirteen dramatic contests. Of his tragedies (fifty in number) thirteen titles and some fragments remain (A. Nauck, Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta, 1887). His treatise on the art of rhetoric (according to Suïdas written in verse) and his speeches are lost. The names of two of the latter—Socrates and Nomos (referring to a law proposed by Theodectes for the reform of the mercenary service)—are preserved by Aristotle (Rhetoric, ii. 23, 13, 17). The Theodectea (Aristotle, Rhet. iii. 9, 9) was probably not by Theodectes, but an earlier work of Aristotle, which was superseded by the extant Rhetorica.
See monograph by C. F. Märcker (Breslau, 1835). There is a lengthy article on Theodectes in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, in which the connexion of the tragedy with the Artemisian contest is disputed.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Normanton (Queensland)

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​NORMANTON, a town of Normanton county, Queensland, Australia, on the river Norman, 25 m. E. by S. of the Gulf of Carpentaria, and 1382 m. direct N.W. of Brisbane. Pop. (1901) 838. It is the centre of the Carpentaria district, one of the chief sheep and cattle farming districts in the colony. Normanton is also the outlet of the Croydon and Etheridge goldfields, and of the Cloncurry copper mines. It is the terminus of the railway to Croydon, and has large meat-packing works.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Norris, Frank

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​NORRIS, FRANK (1870–1902), American novelist, was born in Chicago, Illinois, on the 5th of March 1870. He studied art in Paris in 1887–1889; studied at the University of California (1890–1894), and at Harvard University (1894–1895); in 1895–1896 served in South Africa as war correspondent for the San Francisco Chronicle; in 1896–1897 was associate editor of the San Francisco Wave; and in 1898 was sent to Cuba as war correspondent for McClure’s Magazine. He died in San Francisco on the 25th of October 1902. He wrote A Deal in Wheat, and Other Stories (1903), Responsibilities of the Novelist, and Other Literary Essays (1903), and the following novels: Moran of the Lady Letty (1898), a story of adventure off the California coast; McTeague (1899), a story of the San Francisco slums; Blix (1899), a love story; A Man’s Woman (1900); The Octopus (1901) and The Pit (1903). The last two were powerful stories, which made his reputation. The Octopus deals with wheat-raising in California and with the struggle between the growers and the railroad trust; The Pit with wheat-speculation in the Chicago market. His complete works were published in seven volumes in 1903.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Norns

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​NORNS (O. Norse, Nornir), in Northern mythology, the female divinities of fate, somewhat similar to the Gr. Μοῖραι and the Roman Parcae. Like them they are generally represented as three in number, and they are said to spin, or weave, the destiny of men. Their dwelling is beside the “Spring of fate,” beneath the “world-tree,” Yggdrasil’s ash, which they water with draughts from the spring. In some cases the Norns are not easily to be distinguished from the Valkyries (q.v). Sometimes again they appear as prophetesses (völur) at the birth of children, whose destiny they foretell. The most famous of these stories is contained in the Tháttr af Nornagesti, and has a curious resemblance to the Greek legend of Althaea and Meleager. Similar beings seem to have been known among other Teutonic peoples in early times. (See Teutonic Peoples § 7).  (H. M. C.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Normanby, Constantine Henry Phipps, 1st Marquess of

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​NORMANBY, CONSTANTINE HENRY PHIPPS, 1st Marquess of (1797–1863), British statesman and author, son of Henry, 1st earl of Mulgrave (1755–1831), was born on the 15th of May 1797. The 1st earl (who was created baron in 1794 and earl in 1812), was a distinguished soldier, and Pitt’s chief military adviser; and he held the offices of chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster (1804), secretary for foreign affairs (1805), first lord of the admiralty (1807–1810), and master of the ordnance (1810–1818). In 1792 he inherited the earlier Irish barony of Mulgrave—created in 1767 for his father, Constantine (1722–1775) grandson of Sir Constantine Phipps (1656–1723), the lord chancellor of Ireland—from his elder brother Constantine (1744–1792), a distinguished naval captain. His son, the future marquess, passed through Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge, and sat for the family borough of Scarborough as soon as he attained his majority. But, speaking in favour of Catholic emancipation, and dissenting in other points from the family politics, he resigned his seat, and went to live in Italy for some two years. Returning in 1822, he was elected for Higham Ferrers, and made a considerable reputation by political pamphlets and by his speeches in the house. He was returned for Malton at the general election of 1826, becoming a supporter of Canning. He was already known as a writer of romantic tales, The English in Italy (1825); in the same year he made his appearance as a novelist with Matilda, and in 1828 he produced ​another novel, Yes and No. Succeeding his father as earl of Mulgrave in 1831, he was sent out as governor of Jamaica, and was afterwards appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland (1835–1839). He was created marquess of Normandy in 1838, and held successively the offices of colonial secretary and home secretary in the last years of Lord Melbourne’s ministry. From 1846 to 1852 he was ambassador at Paris, and from 1854 to 1858 minister at Florence. The publication in 1857 of a journal kept in Paris during the stormy times of 1848 (A Year of Revolution), brought him into violent controversy with Louis Blanc, and he came into conflict with Lord Palmerston and Mr Gladstone, after his retirement from the public service, on questions of French and Italian policy. He died in London on the 28th of July 1863. He had married in 1818 the daughter of Lord Ravensworth, and was succeeded as 2nd marquess by his son George (1819–1890), a liberal politician, who became governor of Queensland (1871–1874), New Zealand (1874–1879), and Victoria (1879–1884).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Normanton (Yorkshire)

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​NORMANTON, an urban district in the Normanton parliamentary division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, on the river Calder, 3 m. N.E. of Wakefield on the Midland, North Eastern and Lancashire & Yorkshire railways. Pop. (1901) 12,352. The church of All Saints is Norman and Perpendicular, with a square tower rebuilt in 1717, and contains a number of interesting monuments; the ancient stained glass is good. The grammar-school was founded about the end of the 16th century. Traces remain of a moat surrounding the town. A mound in the neighbourhood called Haw Hill is supposed to be a barrow. Altofts, a neighbouring parish, was the home of Sir Martin Frobisher in the 16th century. There are numerous Collieries in the neighbourhood.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Norman

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​NORMAN, a city and township (coextensive) and the county-seat of Cleveland county, Oklahoma, U.S.A., about 2 m. N. of the Canadian river, and 18 m. S. by E. of Oklahoma City. Pop. (1890) 787; (1900) 2225; (1910) 3724. It is served by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé railway. It is the seat of the university of Oklahoma (chartered, 1892; opened 1894; coeducational), which includes a college of arts and sciences, schools of applied science, medicine, pharmacy, mines and fine arts, and a preparatory school, and in 1908 had 56 instructors and 790 students. The Oklahoma Insane Asylum is in the city. Cottonseed oil, flour and ice are manufactured, and the neighbouring region produces much cotton, Indian corn, oats, alfalfa and wheat. Hogs, cattle and sheep are raised. The first settlement here was made in 1889, and Norman was chartered as a city in 1902.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Norman, Sir Henry Wylie

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​NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826–1904), field-marshal and colonial governor, was born on the 2nd of December 1826, and entered the Indian army at the age of seventeen. In 1840 his father, who had been for many years a merchant in Cuba, became a partner in a mercantile house in Calcutta, where he was joined by his son in 1842. In 1844 the latter obtained a cadetship. He went through the second Sikh campaign and having attracted the favourable notice of Sir Colin Campbell was selected by him to accompany an expedition against the Kohat Pass Afridis in 1850 as officiating brigade-major. The subaltern of twenty-four was given a substantive appointment in this capacity for a splendid deed of gallantry, which is recorded by Sir Charles Napier in the following terms: “In the pass of Kohat a sepoy picket, descending a precipitous mountain under fire and the rolling of large stones, had some men killed and wounded. Four of the latter, dreadfully hurt, crept under some rocks for shelter. They were not missed until the picket reached the bottom, but were then discovered by our glasses, high up and helpless. Fortunately the enemy did not see them, and some sepoys volunteered a rescue, headed by Norman of the 31st Native Infantry and Ensign Murray of the 70th Native Infantry. These brave men—would that the names of all were known to me for record!—ascended the rocks in defiance of the enemy, and brought the wounded men down.” Norman served in numerous frontier expeditions between 1850 and 1854, and in the suppression of the Sonthal rebellion of 1855–56. In the Mutiny campaign he was constantly engaged, being present at the siege of Delhi, the relief of Lucknow and a number of other affairs. As adjutant-general of the Delhi Field Force, he was one of the leading spirits of the siege, and afterwards became its chief chronicler. Altogether he was mentioned twenty-five times in despatches. He afterwards became assistant military secretary for Indian affairs at the Horse Guards, military secretary to the government of India, military member of the viceroy’s council and member of the secretary of state for India’s council. In 1883 Sir Henry began his colonial career as governor of Jamaica, an appointment from which he was transferred in 1888 to the governorship of Queensland. Here he remained until 1895, when he came home to act as agent-general for the colony in London. In 1893 he was offered the viceroyalty of India, but, after first accepting, declined it. In 1897 he was chairman of the royal commission of inquiry into the condition of the West Indies. In April 1901 he was appointed governor of the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, in succession to Sir Donald Stewart. In 1902 he was made a field-marshal. He died on the 26th of October 1904.
See Sir William Lee Warner, Memoirs of Field-marshal Sir Henry Wylie Norman (1908).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 25:9

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 25:7

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 25 SHUVÁLOV to SUBLIMINAL SELF

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 25:6

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 25:8

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 25:5

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 26:1

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