# United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 3/Sections 304 and 305

From the U.S. Copyright Office.: Added by section 101 of title I of the Copyright Act of 1976 (Pub. L. 94-553, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2541), with effect from January 1, 1978 (see also below), as amended by Public Laws 102-307 and 105-298.
§ 304—Duration of copyright: Subsisting copyrights
(a) COPYRIGHTS IN THEIR FIRST TERM ON JANUARY 1, 1978.—
    (1)(A) Any copyright, in the first term of which is subsisting on January 1, 1978, shall endure for 28 years from the date it was originally secured.
       (B) In the case of—
          (i) any posthumous work or of any periodical, cyclopedic, or other composite work upon which the copyright was originally secured by the proprietor thereof, or
          (ii) any work copyrighted by a corporate body (otherwise than as assignee or licensee of the individual author) or by an employer for whom such work is made for hire,
       the proprietor of such copyright shall be entitled to a renewal and extension of the copyright in such work for the further term of 67 years.
       (C) In the case of any other copyrighted work, including a contribution by an individual author to a periodical or to a cyclopedic or other composite work—
          (i) the author of such work, if the author is still living,
          (ii) the widow, widower, or children of the author, if the author is not living,
          (iii) the author's executors, if such author, widow, widower, or children are not living, or
          (iv) the author's next of kin, in the absence of a will of the author,
       shall be entitled to a renewal and extension of the copyright in such work for a further term of 67 years.
    (2)(A) At the expiration of the original term of copyright in a work specified in paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection, the copyright shall endure for a renewed and extended further term of 67 years, which—
          (i) if an application to register a claim to such further term has been made to the Copyright Office within 1 year before the expiration of the original term of copyright, and the claim is registered, shall vest, upon the beginning of such further term, in the proprietor of the copyright who is entitled to claim the renewal of copyright at the time the application is made; or
          (ii) if no such application is made or the claim pursuant to such application is not registered, shall vest, upon the beginning of such further term, in the person or entity that was the proprietor of the copyright as of the last day of the original term of copyright.
       (B) At the expiration of the original term of copyright in a work specified in paragraph (1)(C) of this subsection, the copyright shall endure for a renewed and extended further term of 67 years, which—
          (i) if an application to register a claim to such further term has been made to the Copyright Office within 1 year before the expiration of the original term of copyright, and the claim is registered, shall vest, upon the beginning of such further term, in any person who is entitled under paragraph (1)(C) to the renewal and extension of the copyright at the time the application is made; or
          (ii) if no such application is made or the claim pursuant to such application is not registered, shall vest, upon the beginning of such further term, in any person entitled under paragraph (1)(C), as of the last day of the original term of copyright, to the renewal and extension of the copyright.
    (3)(A) An application to register a claim to the renewed and extended term of copyright in a work may be made to the Copyright Office—
          (i) within 1 year before the expiration of the original term of copyright by any person entitled under paragraph (1)(B) or (C) to such further term of 67 years; and
          (ii) at any time during the renewed and extended term by any person in whom such further term vested, under paragraph (2)(A) or (B), or by any successor or assign of such person, if the application is made in the name of such person.
       (B) Such an application is not a condition of the renewal and extension of the copyright in a work for a further term of 67 years.
    (4)(A) If an application to register a claim to the renewed and extended term of copyright in a work is not made within 1 year before the expiration of the original term of copyright in a work, or if the claim pursuant to such application is not registered, then a derivative work prepared under authority of a grant of a transfer or license of the copyright that is made before the expiration of the original term of copyright may continue to be used under the terms of the grant during the renewed and extended term of copyright without infringing the copyright, except that such use does not extend to the preparation during such renewed and extended term of other derivative works based upon the copyrighted work covered by such grant.
       (B) If an application to register a claim to the renewed and extended term of copyright in a work is made within 1 year before its expiration, and the claim is registered, the certificate of such registration shall constitute prima facie evidence as to the validity of the copyright during its renewed and extended term and of the facts stated in the certificate. The evidentiary weight to be accorded the certificates of a registration of a renewed and extended term of copyright made after the end of that 1-year period shall be within the discretion of the court.
(b) COPYRIGHTS IN THEIR RENEWAL TERM AT THE TIME OF THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF THE SONNY BONO COPYRIGHT TERM EXTENSION ACT.—Any copyright still in its renewal term at the time that the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act becomes effective shall have a copyright term of 95 years from the date copyright was originally secured.
(c) TERMINATION OF TRANSFERS AND LICENSES COVERING RENEWAL TERM.—In the case of any copyright subsisting in either its first or renewal term on January 1, 1978, other than a copyright in a work made for hire, the exclusive or nonexclusive grant of a transfer or license of the renewal copyright or any right under it, executed before January 1, 1978, by any of the persons designated by subsection (a)(1)(C) of this section, otherwise than by will, is subject to termination under the following conditions:
    (1) In the case of a grant executed by a person or persons other than the author, termination of the grant may be effected by the surviving person or persons who executed it. In the case of a grant executed by one or more of the authors of the work, termination of the grant may be effected, to the extent of a particular author's share in the ownership of the renewal copyright, by the author who executed it or, if such author is dead, by the person or persons who, under clause (2) of this subsection, own and are entitled to exercise a total of more than one-half of that author's termination interest.
    (2) Where an author is dead, his or her termination interest is owned, and may be exercised, as follows:
       (A) The widow or widower owns the author's entire termination interest unless there are any surviving children or grandchildren of the author, in which case the widow or widower owns one-half of the author's interest.
       (B) The author’s surviving children, and the surviving children of any dead child of the author, own the author's entire termination interest unless there is a widow or widower, in which case the ownership of one-half of the author's interest is divided among them.
       (C) The rights of the author's children and grandchildren are in all cases divided among them and exercised on a per stirpes basis according to the number of such author's children represented; the share of the children of a dead child in a termination interest can be exercised only by the action of a majority of them.
       (D) In the event that the author's widow or widower, children, and grandchildren are not living, the author's executor, administrator, personal representative, or trustee shall own the author’s entire termination interest.
    (3) Termination of the grant may be effected at any time during a period of five years beginning at the end of fifty-six years from the date copyright was originally secured, or beginning on January 1, 1978, whichever is later.
    (4) The termination shall be effected by serving an advance notice in writing upon the grantee or the grantee's successor in title. In the case of a grant executed by a person or persons other than the author, the notice shall be signed by all of those entitled to terminate the grant under clause (1) of this subsection, or by their duly authorized agents. In the case of a grant executed by one or more of the authors of the work, the notice as to any one author's share shall be signed by that author or his or her duly authorized agent or, if that author is dead, by the number and proportion of the owners of his or her termination interest required under clauses (1) and (2) of this subsection, or by their duly authorized agents.
       (A) The notice shall state the effective date of the termination, which shall fall within the five-year period specified by clause (3) of this subsection, or, in the case of a termination under subsection (d), within the five-year period specified by subsection (d)(2), and the notice shall be served not less than two or more than ten years before that date. A copy of the notice shall be recorded in the Copyright Office before the effective date of termination, as a condition to its taking effect.
       (B) The notice shall comply, in form, content, and manner of service, with requirements that the Register of Copyrights shall prescribe by regulation.
    (5) Termination of the grant may be effected notwithstanding any agreement to the contrary, including an agreement to make a will or to make any future grant.
    (6) In the case of a grant executed by a person or persons other than the author, all rights under this title that were covered by the terminated grant revert, upon the effective date of termination, to all of those entitled to terminate the grant under clause (1) of this subsection. In the case of a grant executed by one or more of the authors of the work, all of a particular author's rights under this title that were covered by the terminated grant revert, upon the effective date of termination, to that author or, if that author is dead, to the persons owning his or her termination interest under clause (2) of this subsection, including those owners who did not join in signing the notice of termination under clause (4) of this subsection. In all cases the reversion of rights is subject to the following limitations:
       (A) A derivative work prepared under authority of the grant before its termination may continue to be utilized under the terms of the grant after its termination, but this privilege does not extend to the preparation after the termination of other derivative works based upon the copyrighted work covered by the terminated grant.
       (B) The future rights that will revert upon termination of the grant become vested on the date the notice of termination has been served as provided by clause (4) of this subsection.
       (C) Where the author's rights revert to two or more persons under clause (2) of this subsection, they shall vest in those persons in the proportionate shares provided by that clause. In such a case, and subject to the provisions of subclause (D) of this clause, a further grant, or agreement to make a further grant, of a particular author's share with respect to any right covered by a terminated grant is valid only if it is signed by the same number and proportion of the owners, in whom the right has vested under this clause, as are required to terminate the grant under clause (2) of this subsection. Such further grant or agreement is effective with respect to all of the persons in whom the right it covers has vested under this subclause, including those who did not join in signing it. If any person dies after rights under a terminated grant have vested in him or her, that person's legal representatives, legatees, or heirs at law represent him or her for purposes of this subclause.
       (D) A further grant, or agreement to make a further grant, of any right covered by a terminated grant is valid only if it is made after the effective date of the termination. As an exception, however, an agreement for such a further grant may be made between the author or any of the persons provided by the first sentence of clause (6) of this subsection, or between the persons provided by subclause (C) of this clause, and the original grantee or such grantee's successor in title, after the notice of termination has been served as provided by clause (4) of this subsection.
       (E) Termination of a grant under this subsection affects only those rights covered by the grant that arise under this title, and in no way affects rights arising under any other Federal, State, or foreign laws.
       (F) Unless and until termination is effected under this subsection, the grant, if it does not provide otherwise, continues in effect for the remainder of the extended renewal term.
(d) TERMINATION RIGHTS PROVIDED IN SUBSECTION (c) WHICH HAVE EXPIRED ON OR BEFORE THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF THE SONNY BONO COPYRIGHT TERM EXTENSION ACT.—In the case of any copyright other than a work made for hire, subsisting in its renewal term on the effective date of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act for which the termination right provided in subsection (c) has expired by such date, where the author or owner of the termination right has not previously exercised such termination right, the exclusive or nonexclusive grant of a transfer or license of the renewal copyright or any right under it, executed before January 1, 1978, by any of the persons designated in subsection (a)(1)(C) of this section, other than by will, is subject to termination under the following conditions:
    (1) The conditions specified in subsections (c)(1), (2), (4), (5), and (6) of this section apply to terminations of the last 20 years of copyright term as provided by the amendments made by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act.
    (2) Termination of the grant may be effected at any time during a period of 5 years beginning at the end of 75 years from the date copyright was originally secured.
§ 305—Duration of copyright: Terminal date
All terms of copyright provided by sections 302 through 304 run to the end of the calendar year in which they would otherwise expire.

## Note

* ↑ The effective date of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act is October 27, 1998: new subsection 304(b) (inserted by that act) affects copyrights obtained on or after January 1, 1923 (see also below).

## Amendment history

Sections 304 and 305 were added by § 101 of title I of the Copyright Act of 1976 (Pub. L. No. 94-553, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2541), with effect from January 1, 1978.

### Copyright Renewal Act of 1992

Pub. L. 102-307, June 26, 1992, 106 Stat. 264
* Substituted new text for subsection 304(a).
* Amended subsection 304(c) by substituting "subsection (a)(1)(C)" for the previous reference in the matter preceding paragraph (1).
These amendments apply only to those copyrights secured between January 1, 1964, and December 31, 1977. Copyrights secured before January 1, 1964, remain governed by the provisions of section 304(a) of title 17, United States Code, as in effect on June 25, 1992. The renewal and extension of a copyright for a further term of 47 [later 67] years introduced by these amendments has the same effect with respect to any grant, before [June 26, 1992; later October 27, 1998], of a transfer or license of the further term as did the renewal of a copyright before [June 26, 1992; later October 27, 1998] under the law in effect at the time of such grant. See amendments made by sec. 102(d)(2) of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act below.

### Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act

Pub. L. No. 105-298, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2827
* Amended subsection 304(a) by substituting "67" for "47" throughout.
* Substituted new text for subsection 304(b). Previous text read:
       "(b) The duration of any copyright, the renewal term of which is subsisting at any time between December 31, 1976, and December 31, 1977, inclusive, or for which renewal registration is made between December 31, 1976, and December 31, 1977, inclusive, is extended to endure for a term of seventy-five years from the date copyright was originally secured."
* Amended paragraph 304(c)(2) by deleting "by his widow or her widower and his or her children or grandchildren" from the first sentence.
* Added subparagraph 304(c)(2)(D).
* Amended subparagraph 304(c)(4)(A) by adding "or, in the case of a termination under subsection (d), within the five-year period specified by subsection (d)(2)," in the first sentence.
* Added subsection 304(d).
* Amended the Copyright Renewal Act of 1992 (see above; Pub. L. 102-307, June 26, 1992, 106 Stat. 264) by
** substituting "67" for "47" in subsection 102(c).
** deleting "(as amended by subsection (a) of this section)" in subsection 102(c).
** substituting "effective date of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act" for "effective date of this section" throughout subsection 102(c).
** adding ", except each reference to forty-seven years in such provisions shall be deemed to be 67 years" in the second sentence of paragraph 102(g)(2) (application of section 304(a) of title 17, United States Code, as in effect on June 25, 1992 to copyrights secured before January 1, 1964)

## Previous statutory provisions

Prior to 1976, there had been nine interim extensions of the renewal term which affected copyrights obtained between September 19, 1906, and December 31, 1918:
* Pub. L. 87-668, 76 Stat. 555 (extending copyrights from September 19, 1962, to December 31, 1965)
* Pub. L. 89-142, 79 Stat. 581 (extending copyrights to December 31, 1967)
* Pub. L. 90-141, 81 Stat. 464 (extending copyrights to December 31, 1968)
* Pub. L. 90-416, 82 Stat. 397 (extending copyrights to December 31, 1969)
* Pub. L. 91-147, 83 Stat. 360 (extending copyrights to December 31, 1970)
* Pub. L. 91-555, 84 Stat. 1441 (extending copyrights to December 31, 1971)
* Pub. L. 92-170, 85 Stat. 490 (extending copyrights to December 31, 1972)
* Pub. L. 92-566, 86 Stat. 1181 (extending copyrights to December 31, 1974)
* Pub. L. 93-573, 88 Stat. 1873 (extending copyrights to December 31, 1976)
Old subsection 304(b), added by the Copyright Act of 1976 and deleted by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, extended these copyrights to seventy-five years from the date on which they were obtained: this provision, unlike most of the Copyright Act of 1976, was effective from October 19, 1976 (sec. 102). The preemption provisions of § 301 became effective on January 1, 1978, and the duration of these copyrights is now governed by this chapter, notably by the provisions of § 305 (extension to the end of the calendar year).