OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Atre'bates

​ATRE'BATES or ATREBATI fATp/^oroi, Streb. p. 194), one of the Belgic nataoos (Caesar, B. G. ii. 4), or a people of Belgium, in the limited sense in which Caesar sometimes uses that term. They were one of the Belgic peojdes rho had sent settlers to Britannia, long before Caesar's time {B. G. V. 12); and their name was retained by the Atre- bates (k Britannia. The Atrebates of Belgium were between the rivers Somme and the Sehdde^ and the position of their chief town Nemetocenna {B. G. viii 46) or Nemetacum, is that of Arras, in the modern French department of Pas de Calais, (m the Scarpe, The Morini were between the Atrebates and the sea. Their country in Caesar's time was marshy and wooded. The name Atrebates is partly preserved in Arras, and in the name of Ariois, one of the ante- revolutionary divisions of France. In the middle- age Latin Artois is caUed Adertisus Pagus. But it Is said that the limits of the Atrebates are not indi- cated by the old province of Artois, bnt by the ex- tent of the old diocese of Arras. Atrecht, the German name of Arras, is stall nearer to the form Atrebates.
In Caesar's Belgic War, b. c. 57, the Atrebates supplied 15,000 men to the native army (£. G. ii. 4), and they were defeated, together with the Nervii, by Caesar, in the battle on the banks of
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Atta Vicus

​ATTA VICUS (Άττα κώμη), a town in the country of the Aetaeei, on the west of the Persian Gulf, and south of Gerrha (Ptol. vi. 7. § 15), which probably gave its name to the Attene regio of Pliny (vi. 28. s. 32), which he places on the Gerraicus Sinus, now the Gulf of Bahrein. The Attene regio has been identified with the peninsula of Bahran, which forms the eastern side of this gulf, and the Atta vicus with the modern Khalt, a town north of Katura (the Katara of Ptolemy), on the eastern coast of this peninsula. (Forster, Geog. of Arabia, vol. ii. pp. 221, 223.) [ G. W. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Attacotti

​ATTACOTTI or ATTICOTTI, mentioned by Ammianus (xxvii.28), as having, in conjunction with the Scots and Picts, harassed Britain. Mentioned, too, by St Jerome (adv. Jovin. lib. ii.), as having been seen by him in Gaul, indulging in cannibalism; also that they had their wives in common. If so, these were not the Attacotti of their own proper British locality, but a detachment planted in Gaul. This we infer from the Notita; where we have the Attacotti Honoriani Seniores, and the Attacoti Honoriani Juniores; the former in Gaul, and the latter in Gaul and Italy.
In the Irish annals, the Attacots (Aiteachtwath) take a far greater prominence. They appear as enemies to the native Irish as early as A.D. 56, and it is a suspicious circumstance, that in proportion as we approach the epoch of true history, they disappear; the same applying to the famous Fir-Bolgs.[ R. G. L. ]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gardner, John

​GARDNER, JOHN (1804–1880), medical writer and practitioner, was born in 1804 at Great Coggeshall in Essex. After completing his medical education (partly under the old system of apprenticeship) in 1829, he settled as licentiate of the Apothecaries' Society in London, where he continued to the end of his life. In 1843 he translated and edited Liebig's ‘Familiar Letters on Chemistry in its relations to Physiology, Dietetics, Agriculture, and Political Economy,’ which passed through several editions, and of which a second series was published a few years later. This led to his making Liebig's personal acquaintance at Giessen (of which university he was made M.D. in 1847), and to his being instrumental in establishing in 1844 the Royal College of Chemistry in Hanover Square, London, of which institution he was secretary till 1846. He also was the means of securing the services of Dr. A. W. Hofmann as the first professor there. He was an active-minded man, and took part in various useful projects. He was for a time professor of chemistry and materia medica to the General Apothecaries' Company, which he had assisted in founding for the preparation and sale of pure drugs under the supervision of scientific chemists and physicians. While connected with this company he was the means of introducing ​to the notice of the practitioners of this country many valuable drugs from America, among which may especially be mentioned podophyllin (see Lancet, 1862, i. 209, 286, 418). He wrote in various medical periodicals, belonged to the Chemical and Ethnological Societies of London, and in 1860 became, by examination, licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh. He died in Lansdowne Crescent, Notting Hill, London, 14 Nov. 1880. He was a truly religious man, as appears from his principal work, entitled ‘The Great Physician; the Connexion of Diseases and Remedies with the Truths of Revelation,’ London, 8vo, 1843. With the exception of the last chapter, which contains a brief history of epidemic diseases or pestilences, the subject-matter of the volume is entirely theological, written from the standpoint of the well-known ‘Bridgewater Treatises.’ It was favourably noticed in some of the religious journals of the day, but the sale was not sufficient to encourage him to publish the second part of the work, which was to have consisted of medical matters. Among his other works may be mentioned: 1. ‘Household Medicine,’ 9th edition, 1878. 2. ‘Longevity; the Means of Prolonging Life after Middle Age,’ 5th edition, 1878. 3. ‘Hymns for the Sick and Convalescent,’ 2nd edition, 1879. In 1832 Gardner married Miss Julia Emily Moss, who survived him, and in 1881 wrote a little book on ‘Marriage and Maternity.’ By her he had a large family.
W. A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gardner, Mrs.

Sarah Gardner in the ODNB
​GARDNER, Mrs. (fl. 1763–1782), dramatist and actress, appeared at Drury Lane-Theatre as Miss Cheney 1 Oct. 1763, playing Miss Prue in Congreve's 'Love for Love.' On 13 Jan. 1764 she was Rose in the 'Recruiting Officer.' She played Miss Prue once more 20 Oct. 1764, and in June 1765 was the original Mrs. Mechlin in Foote's comedy of the 'Commissary,' with which the Haymarket reopened. On 19 Nov. 1765, at Covent Garden, as Mrs. Gardner, late Miss Cheney, she acted her favourite character of Miss Prue; 15 March 1766, at the same house, she was Belinda in the 'Man of the Mode,' and on 26 April was the original Fanny in 'All in the Right,' an unprinted farce from Destouches, attributed to Hull. When Foote [q. v.], after his recovery from his accident, reopened the Haymarket, Mrs. Gardner appeared there in many of the pieces. She was the original Margaret in the 'Devil upon Two Sticks,' 1768; Mrs. Circuit in the 'Lame Lover,' 1770; Mrs. Matchem in the 'Nabob,' 29 June 1772; and Mrs. Simony in the 'Cozeners,' 1774. At the Haymarket, under Foote, her reputation was made. She played, however, at the other houses characters chiefly belonging to broad comedy. In 1777, the year of Foote's death, she went to Jamaica. Returning thence she appeared in Dublin at the Capel Street Theatre, but quarrelled with the managers about a piece of hers which, in violation of their promise, they failed to bring out. On 13 Aug. 1782 she reappeared at the Haymarket, as Mrs. Cadwallader in the 'Author.' After this her name is not found in the bills. The 'Biographia Dramatica' says she played occasionally, and attempted (sola) an entertainment of her own composition.
Mrs. Gardner wrote 'Advertisement, or a Bold Stroke for a Husband,' a comedy acted at the Haymarket once, 9 Aug. 1777, for her benefit. Egerton (Theatrical Remembrancer) ascribes to her the 'Female Dramatist,' a musical farce acted at the Haymarket 16 Aug. 1782, the authorship of which has also been imputed to the younger Colman. Neither piece has been printed. She had an agreeable face and figure, and would have made a high reputation had she not fallen under the influence and copied the manner of Foote. She was the best actress in his company. Her husband, an insignificant member of the Covent Garden company, by whom she had a family, neglected her, and was treated by her with exemplary patience and constancy. He appears to have survived her.
J. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gardner, Thomas

​GARDNER, THOMAS (1690?–1769), historian of Dunwich, was ‘salt officer’ and deputy comptroller of the port of Southwold, Suffolk. He was an intelligent antiquary, made numerous local discoveries, and died possessed of large collections, of which the coins formed the most valuable portion. In 1745 he exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries ‘A true and exact platt, containing the boundaries of the town of Dunwich, and the entries of certain records and evidences, and some things now in variance made the 14th of March 1589, by Ralph Agas’ [q. v.] (Gough, British Topography, ii. 249). After much difficulty, occasioned by the loss of most of the town's records, Gardner published by subscription ‘An Historical Account of Dunwich, antiently a city, now a borough; Blithburgh, formerly a town of note, now a village; Southwold, once a village, now a Town-corporate; with remarks on some places contiguous thereto. … Illustrated with copperplates,’ 4to, London, 1754. Prefixed to some copies is a modernised version of Agas's plan by Joshua Kirby. Agas's report of the state of the town and harbour referred to above is printed from the original manuscript then in Gardner's possession at pp. 20–2. Gardner died 30 March 1769, aged 79 (Gent. Mag. xxxix. 215), and was buried in Southwold churchyard near the south aisle, between his two wives Rachel and Mary, with the following inscription:—
Betwixt honour and virtue here doth lie The remains of old antiquity.
(Addit. MS. 19082, f. 305). Mackenzie Walcott erroneously says ‘his quaint epitaph records thus the names of his two wives’ (East Coast of England, p. 47; cf. Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. iv. 265–6). It refers to the lines on their tombs.
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gardnor, John

​GARDNOR, JOHN (1729–1808), painter, began life as a drawing-master, teaching drawing, painting, and calligraphy. As such he had an academy in Kensington Square. In 1763 he exhibited with the Free Society of Artists, sending two drawings with a specimen of penmanship. He exhibited with the same society in the following years up to 1767; in 1766 and 1767 contributions were also sent by ‘Mr. Gardnor's pupils.’ In 1767 he received a premium of twenty-five guineas from the Society of Arts. Gardnor seems now to have quitted the profession of drawing for the church, and took orders. In 1778 he was instituted to the vicarage of Battersea, which he continued to hold up to his death, which occurred on 6 Jan. 1808 at the age of 79; he was buried in Battersea Church. In 1782 Gardnor exhibited again, this time at the Royal Academy, sending two landscapes, and continued to be a frequent contributor of landscapes and views up to 1796. On 16 May 1787 Gardnor started with his nephew Richard on a tour to Paris, Geneva, Lausanne, Basle, Strasburg, and back down the Rhine. He made numerous drawings of the scenery on the Rhine, which he ​published in folio parts, the first of which appeared in 1788 entitled ‘Views taken on and near the River Rhine, at Aix-la-Chapelle, and on the River Maese.’ These views were engraved in aquatint by Gardnor himself, William and Elizabeth Ellis, Robert Dodd, Samuel Alken, and J. S. Robinson. A smaller edition was published in 1792, in which the aquatints were executed by Gardnor and his nephew. Gardnor also executed a series of views in Monmouthshire for D. Williams's ‘History’ of that county, published in 1796; they were engraved in aquatint by Gardnor himself and J. Hill. As vicar of Battersea Gardnor officiated on 18 Aug. 1782 at the wedding of William Blake [q. v.], the painter. In 1798 a sermon was printed which he preached before the armed association of Battersea.
Gardnor, Richard (fl. 1766–1793), drawing-master, nephew of the above, was apparently his pupil. In 1766 he exhibited with the Free Society of Artists, and from 1786 to 1793 at the Royal Academy. His contributions were landscapes and views. He accompanied his uncle during his tour on the Rhine, and assisted him to engrave the plates in aquatint for the published work.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Graves's Dict. of Artists, 1760–1880; Manning and Bray's History of Surrey, iii. 341; Gardnor's Views on the River Rhine; Gilchrist's Life of Blake; Catalogues of the Free Society of Artists and Royal Academy.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Garencières, Theophilus

​GARENCIÈRES, THEOPHILUS, M.D. (1610–1680), physician, was born in Paris in 1610. After mastering the primer he was made to read ‘The Prophecies of Nostradamus,’ and retained throughout life a love for them. He graduated M.D. at Caen in Normandy in 1636, came to England with the French ambassador, was incorporated M.D. at Oxford 10 March 1657 (Wood, Fasti Oxon. ii. 791), and admitted a candidate at the College of Physicians of London 23 March in the same year. While in England he left the Roman church. In 1647 he published ‘Angliæ Flagellum seu Tabes Anglica,’ a work which is now very rare, and which owes its reputation to the error deduced from its title-page, that it is a treatise on rickets, three years earlier than that of Glisson. The ‘Tabes Anglica’ of Garencières is pulmonary phthisis; the 187 pages of his duodecimo volume contain little of value, and not one word about rickets. In 1665 he published ‘A Mite cast into the Treasury of the Famous City of London, being a Brief and Methodical Discourse of the Nature, Causes, Symptoms, Remedies, and Preservation from the Plague in this calamitous year 1665, digested into Aphorisms.’ The book is dedicated to the lord mayor, contains thirty-five aphorisms, and recommends Venice treacle taken early as the best internal remedy for the plague, while poultices are to be applied externally to the glandular swellings. The preface is dated 14 Sept. 1665, from the author's house near the church in Clerkenwell Close. A second edition, enlarged to sixty aphorisms, appeared in the same year, and a third, containing sixty-one ​aphorisms, in 1666. In 1672 he published ‘The True Prophecies or Prognostications of Michael Nostradamus, translated,’ and in 1676 ‘The Admirable Virtues and Wonderful Effects of the True and Genuine Tincture of Coral in Physick.’ Ten authors are quoted as praising coral, and it is stated to cure more than thirty separate diseases, but no cases or personal experience are given. Garencières lived for more than ten years (prefaces) in Clerkenwell, and was on friendly terms with Francis Bernard [q. v.], the learned apothecary, and afterwards physician to St. Bartholomew's Hospital. He died poor about 1680. His portrait as a medallion is engraved in his edition of ‘Nostradamus.’
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gardner, Daniel

​GARDNER, DANIEL (1750?–1805), portrait painter, born at Kendal about 1750, came to London as a boy, and became a student of the Royal Academy. He attracted the notice of Sir Joshua Reynolds, and for a time became fashionable for his small portraits done in oil or crayons. They showed great elegance in composition, and a delicate perception of beauty; Hayley in his poems pays tribute to his taste and ease. Thomas Watson engraved several of his portraits in mezzotint, among them being ‘Frances, Countess of Jersey,’ ‘Sir William Meredith, Bart.,’ ‘the children of Grey Cooper, Esq.,’ ‘Rebecca, ​Lady Rushout, and her children;’ also ‘Abelard’ and ‘Heloise’ (companion engravings), ‘Circe,’ ‘Maria,’ &c. Among other engravings from Gardner's pictures were ‘Mrs. Gwyn and Mrs. Bunbury (the Horneck sisters) as the Merry Wives of Windsor’ by W. Dickinson, ‘Mrs. Swinburne’ by W. Doughty, ‘George Simon Harcourt, Visct. Nuneham,’ by V. Green, ‘Charles, Marquess Cornwallis,’ by J. Jones, and others. Gardner only exhibited once at the Royal Academy, in 1771. Having realised some property by his art he retired from practice. He died in Warwick Street, Golden Square, 8 July 1805, aged 55. Two portraits and a family group were exhibited at the Grosvenor Gallery in 1888–9 by Mr. A. Anderdon Weston. Gardner also etched in 1778 a plate from a portrait by Hoppner of Philip Egerton, esq., of Oulton.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Grosvenor Gallery Catalogue, 1888–9; Chaloner Smith's British Mezzotinto Portraits.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gardner, George

​GARDNER, GEORGE (1812–1849), botanist, was born in Glasgow in May 1812. He studied medicine in the university of his native town; but when he had qualified as a surgeon he conceived a strong desire for botanical travel, and with the assistance of his teacher, Sir W. J. Hooker, obtained the support of the Duke of Bedford and others as subscribers for the plants that he might collect. In May 1836 he accordingly sailed for Brazil. Before starting he issued a pocket herbarium of 250 species of British mosses. In Brazil he first explored the Organ Mountains, and subsequently Pernambuco, the Rio, San Francisco, Aracaty, Ceara, and Piauhy, returning to Rio towards the end of 1840. He sent home sixty thousand specimens, representing three thousand species, and his entire collection comprised twice that number of species of flowering plants alone. He reached Liverpool, on his return, in July 1841, bringing with him six large Wardian cases of living plants. He described several new genera in a series of papers in Hooker's ‘London Journal of Botany,’ and in 1842 began in its pages an enumeration of Brazilian plants, and in those of the ‘Journal of the Horticultural Society’ ‘Contributions to the History of the Connection of Climate and Vegetation.’ In the same year he became a fellow of the Linnean Society, and in 1843 assisted H. B. Fielding in the preparation of an illustrated descriptive work entitled ‘Sertum Plantarum,’ London, 1844, 8vo. Being then appointed superintendent of the botanical garden of Ceylon, he devoted the voyage out to the preparation of the journal of his Brazilian travels, some accounts of which had already appeared, in letters to Sir W. J. Hooker, in the ‘Companion to the Botanical Magazine,’ and in the ‘Annals of Natural History.’ The detailed journal, the proof-sheets of which were revised by John Miers and Robert Heward, appeared in 1846 as ‘Travels in the Interior of Brazil, principally through the Northern Provinces and the Gold and Diamond Districts, during the years 1836–1841.’ In 1845 he visited Madras, and botanised in the Neilgherry Hills with Dr. Wight, with whom and Dr. m'Clelland he became associated as part editor of the ‘Calcutta Journal of Natural History.’ During 1846, 1847, and 1848 he published in that journal a monograph of the Podostemaceæ and ‘Contributions towards a Flora of Ceylon;’ and at the time of his death he had fully prepared for publication a manual of Indian botany, which, however, seems never to have been issued. He died of apoplexy at Neura Ellia, Ceylon, 10 March 1849. His herbarium, comprising fourteen thousand specimens, was mostly purchased for the British Museum.
[Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 40; Hooker's Companion to the Bot. Mag. (1836), ii. 1, 344; London Journ. Bot. (1849), i. 154, (1851) iii. 188; Cottage Gardener, ii. 74; Gardener's Chronicle (1849), p. 263, (1851) p. 343.]
G. S. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gardner, William (1844-1887)

​GARDNER, WILLIAM (1844–1887), inventor of the Gardner gun, a native of Ohio, U.S.A., afterwards resided in England, where most of his inventions were developed. Possessing a strong mechanical bent he early abandoned the study of the law to carry out certain improvements in firearms. About 1870 he submitted to the British military authorities a magazine pistol, which was not approved. In 1876 he perfected the machine gun which bears his name, and which after long competitive trials was introduced into the British service five years later. Various improvements in firearms, &c., patented by him in the United Kingdom appear in the Patent Lists for 1882–4. Shortly before his death ‘Captain’ Gardner, as he was called, had perfected an improved quick-firing cannon. He died suddenly at Henley Lodge, St. Leonards-on-Sea, 20 Jan. 1887, aged 43.
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gardyne, Alexander

​GARDYNE, ALEXANDER (1585?–1634?), Scotch poet, an advocate in Aberdeen, was probably born about 1585, as he was master of arts before 1609, when he produced his ‘Garden of Grave and Godlie Flowers.’ This is a series of sonnets, elegies, and epitaphs, replete with fantastic conceits of thought and style, and including tributes to royalty and various friends, as well as reflective studies on such themes as fickle fortune, the wickedness of the world, and ‘Scotland's Grief on His Majesties going into England.’ Between 1612 and 1625 Gardyne wrote ‘The Theatre of Scotish Kings,’ based on Johnston's ‘Reges Scoti,’ and treating seriatim of the monarchs from Fergus to James VI. His next work, ‘The Theatre of Scotish Worthies,’ has not been preserved. In 1619 appeared a metrical version of Boece's Latin biography of Bishop Elphinstone. Gardyne's other writings consist mainly of commendatory verses prefixed to forgotten authors like Patrick Gordon and Abbakuk Bisset. In 1633 Gardyne and others were sworn before the sheriff principal of Aberdeen ‘to continue as members and ordinar advocats and procurators of this seat.’ Another Alexander Gardyne (or Garden, as the names of both are sometimes given) was professor of philosophy at Aberdeen for some time after this, but he was probably the advocate's son. The death of Alexander Gardyne, the poet, is approximately assigned to 1634.
The ‘Garden’ was printed in small quarto in 1609, by Thomas Finlason, Edinburgh. The ‘Theatre’ was transcribed in 1625, and the copy, now in the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh, was printed in 1709 by James Watson, Edinburgh. The two works were edited in 1845 by W. Turnbull for the Abbotsford Club, and printed in a royal quarto volume, together with poems by John Lundie, an Aberdeen professor of Latin in Gardyne's time. The introduction includes a biographical disquisition by David Laing.
[Abbotsford Club volume as above; Kennedy's Annals of Aberdeen, ii. 166; Irving's Hist. of Scotish Poetry.]
T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Griffiths, Evan

​GRIFFITHS, EVAN (1795–1873), Welsh independent minister, was born in 1795 at Gellibeblig, near Bridgend, Glamorganshire, being the youngest of seven children. He was only three years old when his father died, leaving his family in poverty. His mother taught him at home. He became a member of the neighbouring independent church when he was thirteen, and at twenty-one was encouraged to preach. About this time he went for a twelvemonth to a school kept by his own minister, and thence to a college at Newport, Monmouthshire, kept by Dr. Jenkin Lewis. At the end of two years his tutor recommended him to Lady Barham as a suitable person to undertake the pastorate of two small churches in Gower. After working here successfully for two years he was ordained, 21 July 1824. In August 1828 he removed to Swansea to undertake the Welsh translation of Matthew Henry's 'Commentary.' When only a few numbers of the work had appeared the printer became bankrupt. Griffiths purchased the business and carried on the work of translator and printer till the work was finished. This entailed immense labour for many years. He often had to carry on the work of translation for a whole fortnight day and night together, and the next fortnight to go about collecting subscribers' names. He preached almost every Sunday, and also translated Finney's 'Lectures' (1839) and 'Sermons' (1841), Burder's 'Eastern Customs,' Brooke's 'Mute Christian,' J. A. James's 'Church Member's Guide,' Doddridge's 'Rise and Progress,' &c. Altogether he published more than forty works, original or translated, including a 'Welsh-English Dictionary,' Abertavy, 1847. He died 31 Aug. 1873.
R. J. J.