OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Buchanan, Andrew (1807-1882)

​BUCHANAN, Sir ANDREW (1807–1882), diplomatist, only son of James Buchanan of Blairvadoch, Ardinconnal, Dumbartonshire, and Janet, eldest daughter of James Sinclair, twelfth earl of Caithness, was born 7 May 1807, entered the diplomatic service 10 Oct. 1825, and was attached to the embassy at Constantinople. On 13 Nov. 1830 ​he was named paid attaché at Rio de Janeiro, but he did not remain long in South America, as he served temporarily with Sir Stratford Canning's special embassy to Constantinople from 31 Oct. 1831 till 18 Sept. 1832, after which he became paid attaché at Washington on 9 Nov. He was with Sir Charles Vaughan's special mission to Constantinople from March 1837 to September 1838, and then proceeded to St. Petersburg as paid attaché 6 Oct. of the same year. Few men seem to have gone through a greater number of changes in the diplomatic service; he was secretary of legation at Florence 24 Aug. 1841, and chargé d'affaires from July 1842 to October 1843, and from March to May 1844. At St. Petersburg he was secretary of legation 1844, and between that time and 1851 several times acted as chargé d'affaires. He was then rewarded for his various services by the appointment, 12 Feb. 1852, of minister plenipotentiary to the Swiss Confederation. In the following year, 9 Feb., he was named envoy extraordinary to the king of Denmark, and he acted as her majesty's representative at the conference of Copenhagen in November 1855 for the definite arrangement of the Sound dues question. He was transferred to Madrid 31 March 1858, and then to the Hague 11 Dec. 1860. He became ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to the king of Prussia 28 Oct. 1862, ambassador extraordinary to Russia 15 Sept. 1864, and ambassador to Austria from 16 Oct. 1871 to 16 Feb. 1878, when he retired on a pension. Previously to this he had been made C.B. 23 May 1857, K.C.B. 25 Feb. 1860, G.C.B. 6 July 1866, and a privy councillor 3 Feb. 1863. He was created a baronet 14 Dec. 1878, and died at Craigend Castle, Milngavie, near Glasgow, 12 Nov. 1882. He married first, 4 April 1839, Frances Katharine, daughter of the Very Rev. Edward Mellish, dean of Hereford (she died 4 Dec. 1854); and secondly, 27 May 1857, Georgiana Eliza, third daughter of Robert Walter Stuart, eleventh baron Blantyre.
[Hertslet's Foreign Office List, 1882, p. 211; Times, 15 Nov. 1882, p. 8.]
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Buchanan, David (1779-1848)

​BUCHANAN, DAVID, the younger (1779–1848), journalist and author, son of David Buchanan, printer and publisher [q. v.], was born at Montrose in 1779. He learned the business of his father, and, like him, also possessed intellectual tastes and sympathies. At an early period of his life he contributed to Cobbett's ‘Political Register’ a reply to the editor on a question of political economy. He also became a contributor to the ‘Edinburgh Review’ shortly after its commencement. In 1807 he published a pamphlet on the volunteer system originated by Pitt, which attracted considerable attention. The following year he accepted an invitation to start in Edinburgh a liberal newspaper, the ‘Weekly Register.’ The paper did not live above a year, and on its discontinuance he transferred his services to the ‘Caledonian Mercury,’ which he continued to edit from 1810 to 1827, when he accepted the editorship of the ‘Edinburgh Courant.’ This paper he edited until his death at Glasgow, 13 Aug. 1848.
Amidst his editorial duties Buchanan found time to devote his attention to a variety of literary projects. He made political economy his special study, and in 1814 he brought out an edition of Adam Smith's works, with life, notes, and a volume of additional matter, in which some of the more important subjects treated of by Smith were examined in the light of further progress and experience. A considerable portion of the volume was afterwards utilised by him in ‘Inquiry into the Taxation and Commercial Policy of Great Britain, with Observations on the Principles of Currency and of Exchangeable Value,’ published in 1844. Of this book the more noticeable features are its arguments against taxes on manufactured goods, its opposition to the income-tax as inconsistent with the spirit of freedom, and its attempted refutation of Ricardo's theory of rent. Buchanan also brought out an edition of the ‘Edinburgh Gazetteer,’ in six volumes, contributed numerous geographical and statistical articles to the seventh edition of the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica,’ and supplied a large portion of the letterpress for the ‘Edinburgh Geographical Atlas,’ published in 1835.
[Montrose Standard, 18 Aug. 1848; Anderson's Scottish Nation.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Buchanan, Dugald

​BUCHANAN, DUGALD (1716–1768), Gaelic poet, was born at the mill of Ardoch in the valley of Strathtyre and parish of Balquihidder, Perthshire, in 1716. After conducting a small school in a hamlet in his native county, he procured, in 1755, the situation of schoolmaster and catechist at Kinloch Rannoch in the parish of Fortingale, on the establishment of the Society for Propagating Christian Knowledge in Scotland. His accurate acquaintance with the Gaelic language enabled him to render essential service to the Rev. James Stewart of Killin in translating the New Testament. He died on 2 July 1768, and was interred at Little Leny in the parish of Callander, the burial-place of the Buchanans of Leny and Cambusmore.
His ‘Laoidhibh Spioradail’ (Spiritual Hymns) were first published in 1767, and ​have been often reprinted in Gaelic. They have been translated into English by A. McGregor (Glasgow, 1849, 12mo), and by L. Maclean (Edinburgh, 1884, 8vo). An English translation of his ‘Day of Judgment,’ by J. Sinclair, appeared at Aberdeen in 1880, 8vo.
Reid says that Buchanan's poetical genius was of the first order, and that he may be called ‘the Cowper of the highlands.’ His poems are admitted to be equal to any in the Gaelic language for style, matter, and the harmony of their versification. ‘Latha a'Bhreitheanis’ (The Day of Judgment), ‘An Claigeann’ (The Skull), ‘Am Bruadar’ (The Dream), and ‘An Geamhradh’ (The Winter) are the most celebrated, and are read with enthusiasm by all highlanders.
Besides his ‘Hymns’ Buchanan left a ‘Diary,’ which was published at Edinburgh in 1836, with a memoir of the author prefixed.
[Memoir prefixed to Diary; Beatha agus Iompachadh Dhùgaill Bochannain (Edinb. 1844); Reid's Bibl. Scoto-Celtica, 63; Mackenzie's Sar-Obair nam Bard Gaelach (1872), 167–81; Rogers's Modern Scottish Minstrel, i. 323; Rogers's Monuments and Monumental Inscriptions in Scotland, ii. 151.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Buchanan, James

​BUCHANAN, JAMES, D.D., LL.D. (1804–1870), preacher and theological writer, was born in 1804 at Paisley, and studied at the university of Glasgow. In 1827 he was ordained minister of Roslin, near Edinburgh, and in 1828 he was translated to the large and important charge of North Leith. In this charge he attained great fame as a preacher, being remarkable or a clear, vigorous, and flowing style, a graceful manner, a vein of thrilling tenderness, broken from time to time by passionate appeals, all in the most pronounced evangelic strain. Most of his parochial duties being discharged by assistants, he read and wrote much in his study. While at North Leith he wrote:
* ‘Comfort in Affliction,' a series of meditations, of which between 20,000 and 30,000 copies were issued.
* ‘Improvement of Affliction.’
* ‘The Office and Work of the Holy Spirit,'
In 1840 Buchanan was translated to the High Church (St. Giles’), Edinburgh, and in 1813, after the disruption, he became first minister of St. Stephen‘s Free Church. In 1815 he was appointed professor of apologetics in the New College (Free church), Edinburgh, and in 1847, on the death of Dr. Chalmers, he was transferred to the chair of systematic theology, continuing there till his resignation in 1868. During this time he published:
* ‘On the Tracts for the Times.’
* ‘Faith in God and Modern Atheism compared,’ 2 vols. 8vo, 1855.
* ‘Analogy: considered as a Guide to Truth, and applied as an Aid to Faith,’ 2nd edit. 1867.
* ‘The Doctrine of Justification,’ being the Cunningham Lectures for 1866.
In 1844 the degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Princeton College, New Jersey, and some time after that of LL.D. by the university of Glasgow. Though not eminent for his powers of original thought, Buchanan had a remarkable faculty of collecting what was valuable in the researches and arguments of others, and presenting it in clear form and lucid language. His work on ‘Faith in God’ is a very valuable summary of facts and reasonings applicable to the state of the apologetic question, both in natural and revealed religion, some thirty years ago. The book on ‘Analogy’ follows so far the lines of Butler, but makes much wider application of the principle than Butler's purpose required. Owing to delicate ​health and a retiring disposition, Buchanan did not enter much into the public business of the church. He threw himself very cordially, however, into the disruption controversy. On the question of union between the Free church and the United Presbyterian his views were against the proposal. He died in 1870.
[Disruption Worthies. 1881; College Calendar of the Free Church, 1870-1; Records of General Assembly of The Free Church, 1871.]
W. G. B.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Aeschines 3.

​AE′SCHINES (Αἰσχίνης), of Miletus, a contemporary of Cicero, and a distinguished orator in the Asiatic style of eloquence. He is said by Diogenes Laertius to have written on Politics. He died in exile on account of having spoken too freely to Pompey. (Cic. Brut. 95; Diog. Laert. ii. 64; Strab. xiv. p. 635 ; Sen. Controv. i. 8.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Aeschines 5.

​AE′SCHINES (Αἰσχίνης), an ancient physician, who lived in the latter half of the fourth century after Christ. He was born in the island of Chios, and settled at Athens, where he appears to have practised with very little success, but acquired great fame by a happy cure of Eunapius Sardianus, who on his voyage to Athens (as he tells us himself, in vita Proaeres. p. 76, ed. Boisson) had been seized with a fever of a very violent kind, which yielded only to treatment of a peculiar nature. An Athenian physician of this name is quoted by Pliny (H. N. xxviii. 10), of whom it is only known, that he must have lived some time before the middle of the first century after Christ. [W. A. G.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Aeantides

​AEA′NTIDES (Αἰαντίδης). 1. The tyrant of Lampsacus, to whom Hippias gave his daughter Archedice in marriage. (Thuc. vi. 59.)
2. A tragic poet of Alexandria, mentioned as one of the seven poets who formed the Tragic Pleiad. He lived in the time of the second Ptolemy. (Schol. ad Hephaest. p. 32, 93, ed. Paw.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Aeschrion 2.

​AE′SCHRION (Αἰσχρίων), an iambic poet, a native of Samos. He is mentioned by Athenaeus (vii. p. 296, f. viii. p. 335, c), who has preserved some choliambic verses of his, in which he defends the Samian Philaenis against Polycrates, the Athenian rhetorician and sophist. Some of his verses are also quoted by Tzetzes (ad Lycophr. 638). There was an epic poet of the same name, who was a native of Mitylene and a pupil of Aristotle, and who is said to have accompanied Alexander on some of his expeditions. He is mentioned by Suidas (s. v.) and Tzetzes (Chil. viii. 406). As he was also a writer of iambics and choliambics, many scholars have supposed him to be identical with the Samian Aeschrion, and to have been called a Mitylenaean in consequence of having resided for some time in that city. (Schneidewin, Delectus Poetarum iambic. et melicorum Graec.; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. xiii. 834.) [C. P. M.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Aeschrion 3.

​AE′SCHRION, a Greek writer on agriculture, of whom nothing more is known. (Varr. de Re Rust. i. 1.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Aedon

AEDON（Ἀηδών). 1. A daughter of Pandareus of Ephesus. According to Homer (Od. xix. 517, &c.) she was the wife of Zethus, king of Thebes, and the mother of Itylus. Envious of Niobe, the wife of her brother Amphion, who had six sons and six daughters, she formed the plan of killing the eldest of Niobe's sons, but by mistake slew her own son Itylus. Zeus relieved her grief by changing her into a nightingale, whose melancholy tunes are represented by the poet as Aedon's lamentations about her child. (Compare Pherecydes, Fragm. p. 138, ed. Sturz; Apollod. iii. 5. § 5.) According to a later tradition preserved in Antoninus Liberalis (c. 11), Aedon was the wife of Polytechnus, an artist of Colophon, and boasted that she lived more happily with him than Hera with Zeus. Hera to revenge herself ordered Eris to induce Aedon to enter upon a contest with her husband. Polytechnus was then making a chair, and Aedon a piece of embroidery, and they agreed that whoever should finish the work first should receive from the other a female slave as the prize. When Aedon had conquered her husband, he went to her father, and pretending that his wife wished to see her sister Chelidonis, he took her with him. On his way home he ravished her, dressed her in slave's attire, enjoined her to observe the strictest silence, and gave her to his wife as the promised prize. After some time Chelidonis, believing herself unobserved, lamented her own fate, but she was overheard by Aedon, and the two sistrs conspired against Polytechnus and killed his son Itys, whom they placed before him in a dish. Aedon fled with Chelidonis to her father, who, when Polytechnus came in pursuit of his wife, had him bound, smeared with honey, and thus exposed him to the insects. Aedon now took pity upon the sufferings of her husband, and when her relations were on the point of killing her for this weakness, Zeus changed Polytechnus into a pelican, the brother of Aedon into a whoop, her father into a sea-eagle, Chelidonis into a swallow, and Aedon herself into a nightingale. This myth seems to have originated in mere etymologies, and is of the same class as that about Philomele and Procne. [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Aeschrion 1.

​AE′SCHRION, of Syracuse, whose wife Pippa was one of the mistresses of Verres, is frequently mentioned by Cicero in the Verrine Orations, (ii. 14, v. 12, 31.) He assisted Verres in robbing the Syracusans (ii. 21), and obtained the farming of the tithes of the Herbitenses for the purpose of plundering them. (iii. 33.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Aeschines 4.

​AE′SCHINES (Αἰσχίνης), of Neapolis, a Peripatetic philosopher, who was at the head of the Academy at Athens, together with Charmades and Clitomachus about B. C. 109. (Cic. de Orat. i. 11.) Diogenes Laertius (ii. 64) says, that he was a pupil of Melanthus the Rhodian.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dalton, Laurence

​DALTON, LAURENCE (d. 1561), Norroy king of arms, entered the College of Arms as Calais pursuivant extraordinary, became Rouge Croix pursuivant in 1546, Richmond herald in 1547, and Norroy king of arms by patent 6 Sept. 1557, though his creation as Norroy by Queen Mary at Somerset Place was postponed till 9 Dec. 1558 (Addit. MS. 6113, f. 144). He received a pardon 26 April 1556 for the extortions he had practised in his office of Richmond herald. In 1557-8 he began a visitation of Yorkshire and Northumberland. He died on 13 Dec. 1561, and was buried in the church of St. Dunstan-in-the-West, London. His portrait, representing him with his crown and tabard, is engraved in Dallaway's 'Inquiries into the Origin and Progress of the Science of Heraldry.'
[Noble's College of Arms, pp. 128, 132, 144, 146, 153, 154, 171; Gent. Mag. 1823, ii. 487; Evans's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, No. 14854; Addit. MS. 6031, f. 172; Harl. MS. 1359, art. i.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dalrymple, William (1772-1847)

​DALRYMPLE, WILLIAM (1772–1847), surgeon, was born in 1772 at Norwich, where his father, a native of Dumfriesshire, and relative of the Stair family, had settled. He was educated at Norwich School, under Dr. Parr, and among his school friends was Edward Maltby, afterwards bishop of Durham. After an apprenticeship in London to Messrs. Devaynes & Hingeston, court apothecaries, and studying at the Borough hospitals under Henry Cline and Astley Cooper, he returned to Norwich in 1793 and opened a surgery in his father's house. His ardent advocacy of liberal opinions retarded his progress for some years, and it was not till 1812 that he became assistant-surgeon of the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital, being elected a full surgeon in 1814. This position he held till 1839, when he retired on his health giving way. In 1813 he attracted great attention by his successful performance of the then rare operation of tying the common carotid artery. He attained great success as an operator, especially in lithotomy. He formed a valuable collection of anatomical and pathological preparations, which he gave to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital on his retirement from practice in 1844. His last years were passed in London, where he died on 5 Dec. 1847.
Dalrymple's many operative successes were won in spite of feeble health. His sense of responsibility and honour was high, his character and conversation were elevated, and his teaching judicious. He married in July 1799 Miss Marianne Bertram, by whom he had a family of six sons and three daughters, who survived him [see Dalrymple, John, 1803–1852]. Besides a few papers in medical journals, ​Dalrymple made no contribution to literature. Among his papers may be mentioned ‘A Case of Trismus,’ in ‘Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal,’ vol. i. 1805; and ‘A Case of Aneurism cured by Tying the Left Common Carotid Artery,’ in ‘Medico-Chirurgical Transactions,’ vol. vi. 1815.
[Gent. Mag. 1848, i. 314–16.]
G. T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dalton, John (1814-1874)

​DALTON, JOHN (1814–1874), catholic divine, was of Irish parentage, and passed the early years of his life at Coventry. He received his education at Sedgley Park School, and was transferred in 1830 to St. Mary's College, Oscott, where he was ordained priest. He was engaged in the missions at Northampton, Norwich, and Lynn, and became a member of the chapter of the diocese of Northampton. In 1858 and the following years he resided for a time at St. Alban's College, Valladolid. After his return from Spain he settled at St. John's Maddermarket, Norwich, where he spent the remainder of his days, with the exception of a brief interval in 1866, when Archbishop Manning sent him to Spain to collect subscriptions towards the erection in London of a cathedral in memory of Cardinal Wiseman. He died on 15 Feb. 1874.
He published translations from the Latin and Spanish of various devotional works, including several by St. Teresa; also:
* 'The Life of St. Winifrede, translated from a MS. Life of the Saint in the British Museum, with an account of some miraculous cures effected at St. Winifrede's Well,' Lond. 1857, 18mo.
* 'The Life of Cardinal Ximenez,' Lond. 1860, 8vo, translated from the German of Dr. C. J. von Hefele, bishop of Rottenburg.
* 'A Pilgrimage to the Shrines of St. Teresa de Jesus at Alba de Tormes and Avila,' Lond. 1873, 8vo.
[Norfolk Chronicle, 21 Feb. 1874, p. 5; Weekly Register, 28 Feb. 1874; Gillow's Bibl. Dict. ii. 5; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Daly, Dominick

​DALY, Sir DOMINICK (1798–1868), governor of South Australia, was the third son of Dominick Daly of Benmore, county Galway, by his wife Joanna Harriet, widow of Rickard Burke of Glinsk, and daughter of Joseph Blake of Ardfry, county Galway. He was born at Ardfry on 11 Aug. 1798, and was educated at Oscott College, near Birmingham. Daly went to Canada in 1822 as private secretary to Sir Francis Burton, and in 1825 was appointed assistant-secretary to the government of Lower Canada. Two years afterwards he was appointed provincial secretary for Lower Canada, and upon the union of the Canadas in 1840 became the provincial secretary for the united provinces, and a member of the board of works with a seat in the council. He retired from the latter post in 1846, and from the former in 1848, but continued to represent the county of Megantic in the Canadian parliament. After more than twenty-five years' service in Canada he returned to England, and on 23 Oct. 1849 was placed on the commission appointed to inquire into the rights and claims over the New and Waltham Forests (Parl. Papers, 1850, vol. xxx.) On 16 Sept. 1851 Daly was appointed lieutenant-governor of Tobago, and on 8 May 1854 was transferred to the post of lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island. In July 1856 he received the honour of knighthood by letters patent, and in 1859 was succeeded as lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island by George Dundas. Daly was gazetted governor of South Australia in the place of Sir R. G. MacDonnell 28 Oct. 1861, but did not assume office until March 1862. Apart from the judicial difficulty, and the removal of Mr. Justice Boothby from his seat on the bench, matters went smoothly enough during Daly's administration of the colony. In 1864 and 1865 expeditions were despatched for the purpose of establishing a settlement in the northern territory. In 1867 he entertained the Duke of Edinburgh on his visit to the colony. During the last year or two of his life his health began to fail, and he died towards the close of the customary term of office, at the Government House at Adelaide, on 19 Feb. 1868, in the seventieth year of his age. Though not possessing any gifts as a speaker, Daly showed considerable sagacity and firmness as an administrator, while his genial manner and strict impartiality won him the golden opinions of the colonists over whom he ruled. He married, on 20 May 1826, Caroline Maria, second daughter of Ralph Gore of Barrowmount, county Kilkenny, who survived him, and by whom he had three sons and two daughters.
G. F. R. B.