OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Knapp, Charles

Edition of 1920. See also Charles Knapp (scholar) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KNAPP, năp, Charles, American philologist: b. New York, 22 June 1868. He was graduated at Columbia University (1887), took the degree Ph.D. (1890) and was prize fellow in classics (1887-90). He became tutorial fellow in Latin (1890-91) and was appointed instructor in Latin and Greek (1891-1902), adjunct-professor of classical philology (1902-06), and was made professor in 1906. He became editor of the Columbia University Classical Weekly in 1907. He wrote ‘Stories from Aulus Gallius’ (1895); ‘Selections from Viri Romae’ (1896), in collaboration with R. Arrowsmith; ‘The Æneid of Virgil’ (1901, books I-VI, selections VII-XII). He has contributed many articles on classical subjects to periodicals and encyclopedic works.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Knapp, George Friedrich

Edition of 1920. See also George Friedrich Knapp on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KNAPP, George Friedrich, German economist and educator: b. Giessen, 7 March 1842. He studied in Munich, Berlin and Göttingen, and in 1867 became director of the Statistical Bureau of Leipzig. Two years later he was appointed assistant professor of economics and statistics in the University of Leipzig and in 1874 professor of political economy in Strassburg University. His writings dealing chiefly with population and agricultural topics include ‘Ueber die Ermittelung der Sterblichkeit’ (1868); ‘Die Sterblichkeit der Sachsen’ (1869); ‘Theorie des Bewölkerungswechsels’ (1874); ‘Die Bauernbefreiung und der Ursprung der Landarbeiter in den alteren Teilen Preussens’ (1887); ‘Die Landarbeiter in Knechtschaft und Freiheit’ (1891); ‘Grundherrschaft und Rittergut’ (1897). In 1886 he founded the periodical Abhandlungen aus dem staatswissenschaftlichen Seminar zu Strassburg.
# The Female Convict

* From The Literary Gazette, December 1822
* From The Improvisatrice; and Other Poems (1824)
# The Female Portrait Gallery

The Female Portrait Gallery
By Letitia Elizabeth Landon
Taken from Blanchard’s Life and Literary Remains 1841
Note:
This was the beginning of an ongoing project that was to analyse female characters in fiction, not only from Sir Walter Scott but from other major authors as well. A small number had already been published in The New Monthly Magazine and, prior to her death, Mrs MacLean sent this collection to Mr. Blanchard with a view to their being published by Charles Heath, as ‘Essays on the Female Characters in Walter Scott’, on a fortnightly basis from January, 1839 (this from the accompanying letter).
THE
FEMALE PORTRAIT GALLERY.
Contents
| 1 | Waverley | Flora Mac Ivor | 81 |
| 2 | | Rose Bradwardine | 86 |
| 3 | Guy Mannering | Julia Mannering | 90 |
| 4 | | Lucy Bertram | 94 |
| 5 | The Antiquary | Miss Wardour | 99 |
| 6 | | Mary Mac Intyre | 103 |
| 7 | Rob Roy | Diana Vernon | 108 |
| 8 | The Black Dwarf | Isabel Vere | 114 |
| 9 | Old Mortality | Edith Bellenden | 118 |
| 10 | | Jenny Dennison | 122 |
| 11 | The Heart of Midlothian | Jeannie Deans | 127 |
| 12 | | Effie Deans | 131 |
| 13 | The Legend of Montrose | Annot Lyle | 136 |
| 14 | The Bride of Lammermuir | Lucy Ashton | 140 |
| 15 | Ivanhoe | Rebecca | 147 |
| 16 | | Rowena | 152 |
| 17 | The Monastery | Mary Avenel | 156 |
| 18 | | Mysie Happer | 160 |
| 19 | The Abbot | Mary Queen of Scots | 165 |
| 20 | | Catherine Seyton | 169 |
| 21 | Woodstock | Alice Lee | 173 |
| 22 | Marmion | Constance | 180 |
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Brothers (Wordsworth)

* "The Brothers" in Lyrical Ballads Volume II (1800)
* "The Brothers" in Poems Volume I (1815)
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Simplicissimus

Edition of 1920. See also Simplicius Simplicissimus on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SIMPLICISSIMUS, a German novel, fully titled as ‘Der abenteuerliche Simplicissimus, Teutsch, das ist: Aie Beschreibung des Lebens eines seltsamen vaganten, genannt Melchoir Sternfels von Fuchsheim’ (1668), by Hans Jakol Kristoffel von Grimmelshausen (q.v.), and regarded as the forerunner of modern German novel. ‘The adventurous German, Simplicissimus, that is: A Description of the Life of a Remarkable Vagabond named Melchior Sternfels, of Fuchsaim,’ as the translated title reads, is a vivid and realistic story of the Thirty Years' War.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Siemens, Ernst Werner von

Edition of 1920. See also Werner von Siemens on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SIEMENS, zē'mĕns, Ernst Werner von, German engineer and electrician: b. Lenthe, Hanover, 13 Dec. 1816; d. Berlin, 6 Dec. 1892. He entered the Prussian artillery in 1834 and took out his first patent in 1842 for a process of silver and gold electro plating. In 1842 he went to England with his brother, Karl Wilhelm, to establish the business known there by the firm name of Siemens Brothers. In 1844 he took charge of the artillery workshops in Berlin. He aided in developing the telegraphic system in Prussia, and discovered the insulating properties of gutta-percha, which is utilized in underground and submarine cables. He left the army in 1849 and devoted his energies to electrical business, particularly the construction of telegraph apparatus. The first great continental telegraph line, that between Berlin and Frankfort-on-the-Main, was built by him in 1849, and the firm of Siemens Brothers laid six Atlantic cables. The pneumatic-tube system was invented by him and also various modifications of self-acting dynamos. In 1886 he gave 500,000 marks to found an institute of physics and technology. He published ‘Positive Vorschläge zu einem Patentgesetz’ (1869); ‘Gesammelte Abhandlungen and Vorträge’ (1881); ‘Wissenschaftliche und technische Arbeiten’ (1889-91); ‘Lebenserinnerungen’ (1892). His collected ‘Papers’ were translated into English (1892-99), also his ‘Recollections’ (New York 1893).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Siemiradzki, Henryk

Edition of 1920. See also Henryk Siemiradzki on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SIEMIRADZKI, syĕm-ĭ-räz'kĭ, Henryk, Polish painter: b. near Kharkov, Grodno government, 15 Nov. 1843; d. 1902. He studied art in the Academy of Saint Petersburg and after a sojourn in Munich, fixed his studio in Rome. Among his best canvases are ‘Nero's Torches’ (1876) now in the National Museum, Cracow; ‘The Vase or the Slave’ (1879); ‘The Amulet-Seller’ (1888); ‘Christ Stilling the Waves’; ‘The Sword Dance’ (1880); ‘Phryne at Eleusis’ (1889), in the Alexander Museum, petrograd; ‘Christ with Martha and Mary’ (1886). He also decorated with much skill two ceilings in the Netchaïev Palace of Petrograd and several churches of Cracow and Moscow.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Siemens, Karl Wilhelm

Edition of 1920. See also Carl Wilhelm Siemens on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SIEMENS, Sir Karl Wilhelm, German-English physicist and inventor: b. Lenthe, Hanover, 4 April 1823; d. London, 19 Nov. 1883. He was educated at the gymnasium at Lübeck, the polytechnic school at Magdeburg and the University of Göttingen. At 19 he became a pupil in the engine works of Count Stolberg, and a year later visited England for the purpose of introducing a method of electro-plating, the joint invention of his brother Werner and himself. In the same year the brothers invented
a differential governor for steam-engines, and in 1844 he again went to England to patent this invention. From that time he settled in England, becoming naturalized in 1859. Among the many other inventions with which he, in combination with his brothers, must be credited, are the regenerating gas furnace for metallurgical purposes, the process of making steel and iron direct from ore, which has revolutionized the steel and iron trades, and improvements in the manufacture and laying of telegraph lines. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1862; was one time president of the British Association; and was knighted in 1883. He published ‘On the Utilization of Heat and Other Natural Forces’ (1878); ‘The Dynamo Electric Current and its Steadiness’ (1881); ‘On the Conservation of Solar Energy’ (1883). His ‘Scientific Works’ were edited by E. F. Bamber (1888). Consult Pole, Dr. ‘Life of Sir William Siemens’ (London 1888); ‘Dictionary of National Biography’ (London 1897); The Times (London, 20 Nov. 1883).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Simrock, Karl Joseph

Edition of 1920. See also Karl Joseph Simrock on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SIMROCK, zĭm'rŏk, Karl Joseph, German poet: b. Bonn, Germany, 28 Aug. 1802; d. there, 18 July 1876. He studied at the university of his native city and at Berlin, and in 1826 entered the Prussian civil service, which he was later compelled to leave on account of a
revolutionary poem which he had written. His chief claim to fame is founded on his classic modern rendering of the ‘Nibelungenlied’ (1827) which has gone through over half a hundred editions. He translated Shakespeare's poems and some of his plays, and published (with Echtermeyer and Henschel) ‘Quellen des Shakspere’ (1831). He also published ‘Handbuch der deutschen Mythologie’ (1853-55); ‘Deutsche Volksbücher’ (1839-67); ‘Heldenbuch’ (1843-49), illustrative of the heroic traditions of the Teutonic race and his own ‘Poems’ (1844). In 1850 he was appointed professor of old German language and literature at Bonn, a post which he held till his death. Consult Hocker, N., ‘Karl Simrock sein Leben und seine Werke’ (Leipzig 1877) and Schröder, E., (in ‘Allgemeine deutsche Biographie’).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Siemering, Rudolph

Edition of 1920. See also Rudolf Siemering on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SIEMERING, zē'mĕr-ĭng, Rudolph, German sculptor: b. Königsberg, 10 Aug. 1835; d. 23 Jan. 1905. He attended the local Art Academy in youth and afterward became the pupil of Blaser in Berlin. For the decoration of Königsberg University he furnished medallion portraits of its learned men. In 1860 he produced his ‘Penelope’ and in 1860 a sitting figure in marble of King Wilhelm for the Exchange in Berlin; and a terra-cotta statue of Leibnitz for the Academy of Science at Perth, productions remarkable for realistic modeling and imposing expression. In 1871 he executed the masterly relief ‘Uprising of the People at the Summons of their King’; and the following year a design for the Goethe monument. His next work was the statue of Frederick the Great for Marienburg. The greatest of his works, however, was the war monument in the market place at Leipzig, ‘Germany,’ as an armed heroine. Worthy also of special notice was the sitting statue of Emperor William I with the four colossal equestrian figures — King Albert of Saxony, Emperor Frederick, Bismarck, Moltke and eight figures of soldiers. He was the author of the colossal equestrian statue of Washington whose pedestal is enriched with reliefs and accessory sculptures. This impressive monument was unveiled in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, May 1897. Siemering's group, ‘Saint Gertrude Hospitably receiving a Traveling Scholar,’ was finished and set upon the Bridge of Saint Gertrude at Berlin in 1896. He was also the author of numerous portrait busts.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Whitney, William Dwight

Edition of 1920. See also William Dwight Whitney on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHITNEY, William Dwight, American philologist, brother of J. D. Whitney (q.v): b.
Northampton, Mass., 9 Feb. 1827; d. New Haven, 9 June 1894. He was graduated from Williams College in 1845, studied at Yale in 1849-50), and then went to Germany, where he continued his philological and Sanskrit studies under Bopp at Berlin and Roth at Tubingen. He was appointed to the professorship of Sanskrit at Yale in 1854, and in 1870 he received in addition the chair of comparative philology, posts which he retained till his death. In 1856 he published, with Roth, an edition of the Atharva-Veda Sanhita, and in 1862 issued at New Haven an edition, with translation and notes, of the ‘Atharva-Veda Prâtiçâkhya.’ His ‘Language and the Study of Language’ (1867) was an admirable exposition of the main principles of comparative philology. His other published works include ‘A Compendious German Grammar’ (1869); ‘A German Reader’ (1869); an edition of the ‘Taittiriya-Prâtiçâkhya’ (1872), for which he was awarded the Bopp medal of the Berlin Academy; ‘Oriental and Linguistic Studies’ (1872); ‘The Life and Growth of Language’ (1875); ‘Essentials of English Grammar’ (1877); ‘A Sanskrit Grammar’ (1879); ‘The Roots, Verb Forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language’ (1885), a supplement to the grammar; ‘A Practical French Grammar’ (1886), etc. He was a contributor to Böhtlingk and Roth's great ‘Sanskrit Dictionary’ (1853-75) and editor-in-chief of ‘The Century Dictionary of the English Language’ (1889-91). He was elected a member of the American Oriental Society in 1850 and wrote more than half of the contents of Vols. 6-12 of the ‘Journal’ of that society. For a complete bibliography of his work, consult the 19th volume of the ‘Journal of the American Oriental Society’ (1897).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Whitney, Willis Rodney

Edition of 1920. See also Willis R. Whitney on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHITNEY, Willis Rodney, American chemical engineer: b. Jamestown, N. Y., 22 Aug. 1868. He was graduated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1890 and took his Ph.D. at the University of Leipzig in 1894. He was appointed non-resident assistant professor of theoretical chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1904, and non-resident professor in 1908. Since 1904 he has been director of the research laboratory of the General Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Y. Among other results of his research work may be mentioned the perfecting of the metallic electric lamp filaments and the development of wrought tungsten. He was president of the American Chemical Society in 1910 and received its Willard Gibbs Medal in 1916. He was also president of the Electrochemical Society in 1911; and was appointed to the Naval Consulting Board in 1915. He is author of many papers in technical magazines and translator of Le Blanc's ‘Electro-Chemistry’ (1896).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Wilcox, Cadmus Marcellus

Edition of 1920. See also Cadmus M. Wilcox on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WILCOX, wĭl'kŏks, Cadmus Marcellus, American soldier: b. Wayne County, N. C., 19 May 1826; d. Washington, D. C., 2 Dec. 1890. He was graduated from West Point in 1846, served in the Mexican War, and in 1860 was promoted captain. In 1861 he resigned from the army and entered the service of the Confederacy. He participated in the first battle of Bull Run, was promoted brigadier-general in October, and in 1863 became major-general. He was engaged in the second battle of Bull Run, at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Salem Heights, Gettysburg and other important battles, and was present at the surrender at Appomattox courthouse. He was offered a commission as brigadier-general in the Egyptian army after the close of the Civil War, but declined it. In 1886-89 he was chief of the division of railroads at the general landoffice in Washington. He wrote ‘Rifles and Rifle Practice’ (1859); translation ‘Austrian Infantry Evolutions of the Line’ (1860); and an excellent ‘History of the Mexican War,’ the manuscript of which was completed and published by his niece, M. R. Wilcox (1892).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Whitney, James Pliny

Edition of 1920. See also James Whitney on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHITNEY, Sir James Pliny, Canadian statesman: b. Williamsburg, Ontario, 2 Oct. 1843; d. 24 Sept. 1914. He was called to the bar of Ontario in 1876, and engaged in practice at Morrisburg, Ontario. He was elected to the Ontario legislature in 1888, where he became
the leader of the Conservative Opposition; and from 1905 until his death he was Premier of Ontario. He was knighted in 1908.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Whitney, Josiah Dwight

Edition of 1920. See also Josiah Whitney on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHITNEY, Josiah Dwight, American geologist, brother of W. D. Whitney (q.v.): b. Northampton, Mass., 23 Nov. 1819; d. Lake Sunapee, N. H., 18 Aug. 1896. He was graduated at Yale in 1839, and spent the years 1842-47 in study in Europe, and then explored, with J. W. Foster, the Lake Superior region. Their ‘Synopsis’ of the explorations was published in 1849 and their ‘Report’ on the geology, 1850-51. He was appointed State chemist and professor in the Iowa State University in 1855 and State geologist of California in 1860. He labored on the survey of that State till 1874, publishing his ‘Geological Survey of California’ (1864-70). In 1865 he was appointed to the chair of geology at Harvard. Among his publications not already named are ‘The Metallic Wealth of the United States’ (1854); ‘Yosemite Guidebook’ (1869); ‘Contributions to American Geology’ (1880); ‘Studies in Geographical and Topographical Nomenclature’ (1888). The highest peak of the Sierra Nevada was named Mount Whitney (q.v.) in his honor.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Whitney, Mount

Edition of 1920. See also Mount Whitney on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHITNEY, Mount, a peak of the Sierra Nevada, in the southeastern part of California; altitude, 14,522 feet. It is the highest elevation in the United States, outside of Alaska. On the east side the slope is precipitous, rising abruptly from Owens Valley about 11,000 feet. In 1881 Prof. S. P. Langley remained for some time on the summit, making daily observations on the solar heat.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Whitney, William Collins

Edition of 1920. See also William Collins Whitney on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHITNEY, William Collins, American capitalist and politician: b. Conway, Mass., 15 July 1841; d. New York, 2 Feb. 1904. He was graduated at Yale in 1863, and at the Harvard Law School in 1865; studied law with Abraham R. Lawrence in New York, and was admitted to the bar in that city. He took an active part in the organization of the Young Men's Democratic Club, and in the proceedings against the “Tweed Ring”; served as corporation counsel of the city in 1875-82, thoroughly reorganizing the law department; and was secretary of the navy in the Cabinet of President Cleveland from 1885 to 1889. In this position he accomplished much in the development of plans for strengthening the naval service, and the “new navy” owes its subsequent increase in considerable part to his progressive policy. He did effective work for the election of Grover Cleveland as governor of New York in 1882, and as President in 1884, and again in 1892, when he was manager of the Democratic campaign. He declined to enter the Cabinet again, preferring to pursue his business career, in which his interests had grown to great proportions. One of his largest enterprises was that which resulted in the consolidation of the various street railway lines in New York City. The Metropolitan Street Railway system was mainly organized by him, and he was a director in many corporations and societies. He was also a man of recreations, was especially interested in the breeding and training of horses, and became the recognized leader of the American turf, for the elevation of which to higher levels of sportsmanship he successfully strove. At the time of his death he was one of the largest landowners in the East, his holdings being in several States, and including a game preserve of 16,000 acres in the Adirondacks. While his main residence was in New York, he also maintained others on his various estates, North and South, as well as a house in London. He left two sons, Harry Payne Whitney and Payne Whitney.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Wiener, Leo

Edition of 1920. See also Leo Wiener on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WIENER, vē'nėr, Leo, Jewish-American author: b. Russia, 26 July 1862. He was educated at the gymnasia of Minsk and Warsaw, at the University of Warsaw and the Polytechnic of Berlin. From the latter city he went to New Orleans, worked in a cotton factory, and later sold fruit in Kansas City, Mo. He then obtained a position as teacher in Odessa, Mo., and afterward a professorship in the University of Missouri, and was next appointed to his present position as assistant professor of Slavonic languages at Harvard. He contributed many etymologies to Webster's New International Dictionary, but his greatest editorial production is the 24-volume compilation of Count Tolstoy's works. Among his other publications are ‘History of Yiddish Literature in the 19th Century’; ‘Anthology of Russian Literature’; ‘Slavic Anthology’; and ‘An Interpretation of the Russian People’ (1915); he has also edited Rosenfeld's ‘Songs from the Ghetto.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Whitney, Henry Howard

Edition of 1920. See also Henry Howard Whitney on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHITNEY, Henry Howard, American military officer: b. Glen Hope, Pa., 25 Dec. 1866. He was graduated from West Point in 1892, and was on special duty at the War Department in 1896-98. In the last-named year, under orders from the Secretary of War, he disguised himself as an English sailor, communicated with General Gomez, and made a military reconnaissance of the island of Porto Rico, thereby gaining the information upon which General Miles based the campaign on that island. He was captain of volunteers in 1898-99, served through the Spanish War as captain and assistant adjutant-general on the staff of General Miles, and in 1899 was appointed lieutenant. He accompanied General Miles in his tour around the world in 1902-03, and since 1911 has been stationed at Mindanao, P. I.
# The Future of the Falkland Islands and Its People/Biographical Notes

Biographical Notes
for Dr. Lyubomir Ivanov
Born on 7 October 1952 in Sofia, married with two children.
Ph.D. degree in Mathematical Logic in 1980 and M.Sc. degree in Mathematics in 1977, both from the Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics at Sofia University.
Chairman of the Section of Logic, Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences since 1990. Advisor to the Minister of Foreign Affairs since 2001. Member, Presidential Council on European and Euro-Atlantic Integration since 2002. Member, Public Council at the Parliamentary Committee on Civil Society since 2001. Member, Interministerial Working Group on Antarctica since 2002. Chairman, Antarctic Place-names Commission - Bulgaria since 1994. Co-Director, US-Bulgaria Action Commission since 2003.
Founding member (1991) and Chairman since 2001 of the Atlantic Club of Bulgaria; Council member of the Atlantic Treaty Association, Paris since 1992. Founding President of the Manfred Wörner Foundation since 1994. Chairman, Board of Trustees of the Society and Information Foundation since 2000. Founding member, National Association of Immigrants in Bulgaria (2003).
Former Member of Parliament, Chairman of the Greens Parliamentary Group in the VII Grand National Assembly, and co-author of the new Bulgarian Constitution (1990-91). Parliamentary Secretary of the Foreign Ministry (1991). Sponsor of the Parliamentary decision for Bulgaria to join the European Union (1990), and the Parliamentary decision for Bulgaria to participate in the Allied liberation of Kuwait (1991).
Participant in the National Round Table for transition to democracy, and member of the Coordinating Council of the Union of Democratic Forces (1990-91). Coordinator, Marshall Memorial Fellowship Program for Bulgaria of the German Marshall Fund - US (1997-2002). Founding member, Wilderness Fund - Bulgaria (1989). Individual campaign against winter Olympics on Vitosha Mountain (1985-88).
Publications (including one book and five monographic papers) in mathematics and informatics, foreign and security policy, linguistics, toponymics. Topographic surveys and mapping in three Bulgarian Antarctic expeditions (1994-95, 1995-96, and 2003).
Winner of the 1987 Nikola Obreshkov Prize, Bulgaria’s highest award for achievements in mathematics.
(October 2003)