# Herrman v. Miller/Opinion of the Court

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* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
127 U.S. 363
Herrman v. Miller
This is an action at law, brought by Henry Herrman, Charles Sternbach, and Abraham Herrman, against Chester A. Arthur, collector of customs at the port of New York, in the superior court of the city of New York, and removed by the defendant into the circuit court of the United States for the Southern district of New York, to recover the sum of $367, alleged to have been exacted by the defendant from the plaintiffs as excessive duties on the importation of goods made of calf hair and cotton, into the port of New York, in November, 1876. At the trial, before a jury, the court directed a verdict for the defendant, which was rendered, and a judgment was entered for the defendant for costs.
It appears by the bill of exceptions that the goods were described in the invoices and entries, some as 'brown calf hair seal-skin,' some as 'brown calf hair,' and some as 'brown calf hair luster.' The duties were assessed at 50 cents a pound, and 35 per cent. ad valorem, as upon goods made of wool, hair, and cotton. This assessment took place under the provision of Schedule L of section 2504 of the Revised Statutes, (p. 471, 2d Ed.,) which was as follows: 'Woolen cloths, woolen shawls, and all manufactures of wool of every description, made wholly or in part of wool, not herein otherwise provided for, fifty cents per pound, and, in addition thereto, thirty-five per centum ad valorem.' The evidence showed that the goods in fact contained no wool; the warp being of cotton, and the filling of cow or calf hair. There were 13 cases of the goods; those in 12 of the cases cost under 40 cents a pound, and those in the remaining case cost over 40 and under 60 cents a pound. The plaintiffs protested against the liquidation, because the goods were returned by the appraiser as a manufacture of wool, hair, and cotton, and, as such, liable to a duty of 50 cents per pound and 35 per cent. ad valorem, and claimed, in the protest, that the goods were a manufacture of cow and calf hair and cotton, and liable, under section 2499 and the last paragraph of Schedule A of section 2504 (p. 461, 2d Ed.) to a duty of 35 per cent. ad valorem, as partly manufactured of cotton; or else liable to a duty of 30 per cent. ad valorem, under the provision of Schedule M of section 2504, (p. 476, 2d Ed.,) as follows: 'Hair cloth known as 'crinoline cloth,' and all other manufactures of hair, not otherwise provided for, thirty per centum ad valorem.' Section 2499 provided as follows: 'There shall be levied, collected, and paid on each and every non-enumerated article which bears a similitude, either in material, quality, texture, or the use to which it may be applied, to any article enumerated in this title, as chargeable with duty, the same rate of duty which is levied and charged on the enumerated article which it most resembles in any of the particulars before mentioned; and if any non-enumerated article equally resembles two or more enumerated articles, on which different rates of duty are chargeable, there shall be levied, collected, and paid, on such nonenumerated article, the same rate of duty as is chargeable on the article which it resembles paying the highest duty; and on all articles manufactured from two or more materials, the duty shall be assessed at the highest rates at which any of its component parts may be chargeable.' The last paragraph of Schedule A of section 2504 read thus: 'Cotton braids, insertings, lace, trimming, r bobbinet, and all other manufactures of cotton, not otherwise provided for, thirty-five per centum ad valorem.' In claiming that the duty should have been 35 per cent. ad valorem, reference was made to the last clause of section 2499, as providing that, as the goods in question were manufactured from cotton and hair, the duty was assessable at the highest rate at which either of those two component materials was chargeable, and that the highest rate, being 35 per cent. ad valorem, was imposed on the manufacture of cotton, under the last paragraph of Schedule A of section 2504. The further claim of the plaintiffs was that, if the goods were not thus liable to a duty of 35 per cent. ad valorem, as a manufacture of cotton, they were liable to a duty of 30 per cent. ad valorem, as a manufacture of hair, under the above-quoted provision of Schedule M of section 2504. The plaintiffs' counsel read in evidence a decision of the treasury department, made in 1874, to the effect that calf hair and cotton goods were held to be dutiable, under section 2499, Rev. St., at the highest rate at which any of their component parts was chargeable, namely, cotton, and not under the provision for manufactures of hair. This would have given a duty of 35 per cent. ad valorem. But it clearly appeared at the trial that the duty assessed of 50 cents a pound, and, in addition thereto, 35 per cent. ad valorem, was assessed under the erroneous view that the goods contained wool. The plaintiffs having thus shown that the liquidation made was illegal, whether the proper duty should have been 35 per cent. or only 30 per cent., the defendant sought to support the validity of the assessment of duties which he had made, under the first clause of section 2499, before quoted, that 'there shall be levied, collected, and paid, on each and every non-enumerated article which bears a similitude, either in material, quality, texture, or the use to which it may be applied, to any article enumerated in this title as chargeable with duty, the same rate of duty which is levied and charged on the enumerated article which it most resembles in any of the particulars before mentioned.' It was contended by the defendant that the goods in question, composed of cow or calf hair and cotton, were a non-enumerated article, and that they bore a similitude, in the particulars mentioned in section 2499, to articles enumerated as chargeable with duty under the following provision of Schedule L of section 2504, (p 471, 2d Ed.,) namely: 'Flannels, blankets, hats of wool, knit goods, balmorals, woolen and worsted yarns, and all manufactures of every description composed wholly or in part of worsted, the hair of the alpaca goat, or other like animals, except such as are composed in part of wool, not otherwise provided for, valued at not exceeding forty cents per pound, twenty cents per pound; valued at above forty cents per pound, and not exceeding sixty cents per pound, thirty cents per pound; valued at above sixty cents per pound, and not exceeding eighty cents per pound, forty cents per pound; valued at above eighty cents per pound, fifty cents per pound; and, in addition thereto, upon all the above-named articles, thirty-five per centum ad valorem.' It was sought to be shown by the defendant that the goods imported in this case bore a similitude, in some one of the particulars mentioned in section 2499, to goods which had previously been in the market of two classes,-one composed of wool, hair, and cotton, and the other composed of goat's hair and cotton,-although it appeared distinctly that the goods involved in 12 of the cases in question cost under 40 cents a pound, and in this view, such of them as bore a similitude to the goat's hair and cotton goods would have been dutiable at only 20 cents per pound and 35 per cent. ad valorem, instead of 50 cents per pound and 35 per cent. ad valorem; and that the goods in the remaining case cost over 40 and under 60 cents a pound and so would have been liable to a duty of only 30 cents per pound and 35 per cent. ad valorem, instead of 50 cents per pound and 35 per cent. ad valorem.
The witnesses on the issue thus raised were all introduced on the part of the defendant. When both parties had rested, the counsel for the defendant moved the court to direct a verdict for the defendant, on the ground that the evidence was clear and undisputed as to the two classes of prior goods, namely, the wool, hair, and cotton goods, and the goat's hair and cotton goods, that those goods existed, and substantially resembled in every important particular the imported goods in question. The court granted the motion, and directed a verdict in favor of the defendant. The plaintiffs excepted, and have brought a writ of error to review the judgment.
The plaintiffs objected and excepted to the introduction of the testimony as to similitude offered by the defendant, on the ground that it was incompetent, irrelevant, and immaterial, and on the further ground that the defendant, having based his assessment on the view that the goods contained wool, could not now be permitted to justify the assessment on any other ground. But we think that this objection was properly overruled. The suit was brought for an illegal exaction of duties, and, if the law in force at the time, properly interpreted, justified the exaction of the duties imposed, it was competent for the defendant to show it at the trial. The complaint alleges that the defendant, as collector, exacted as duties so much money; that the true duty was only so much; and that the plaintiffs claim to recover the difference. The answer alleges that the amount of money collected from the plaintiffs was the amount due from them to the United States, according to the rate of duty imposed by law upon the goods in question. This did not confine the issue solely to the question whether there was wool in the goods. It appeared, in the course of the testimony put in by the defendant, that two of the three samples of the prior goods introduced by him in evidence cost over 80 cents a pound, the goat's hair in them being that of the mohair goat, as was also the goat's hair in the third sample; and that the mohair fiber came from the alpaca goat, and was sometimes a foot in length, but generally from six to seven inches long, while calf hair was always short, perhaps an inch or an inch and a quarter long. It also appeared by the testimony that the mohair goods were almost uniformly much finer in appearance than the calf or cow hair and cotton goods; that the cost of them was much higher; and that the plaintiffs' goods resembled certain vegetable fiber goods imported prior to 1875 and 1876, more nearly than they resembled the goat's hair and cotton goods, or the mohair and cotton goods.
The direction of a verdict for the defendant in the present case is sought to be justified by the ruling of this court in Arthur v. Fox, 108 U.S. 125, 2 Sup. Ct. Rep. 371. In that case, the article in question was called 'velours,' and was composed of cow or calf hair, vegetable fiber, and cotton, was an imitation of seal-skin, and was used for manufacturing hats and caps. The goods were not specifically enumerated in the statute, but, in the use to which they were put, and in appearance and material, resembled manufactures of goat's hair and cotton more nearly than any other article of commerce; the goods of both kinds being frequently commercially called 'seals,' and being made to represent seal-skin, and being used for the purposes for which seal-skin was used. The component material of chief value in 'velours' was cow and calf hair, and not cotton. The importers claimed that the goods were dutiable at 35 per cent. ad valorem, under Schedule A of section 2504, as manufactures of cotton, while the collector exacted a duty of 50 cents per pound and 35 per cent. ad valorem, on account of the similitude the goods bore to manufactures composed wholly ori n part of the hair of the goat, without wool, under section 2499, and the provision of Schedule L of section 2504, in regard to manufactures composed wholly or in part of the hair of the goat, and containing no wool. Inasmuch as the collector in that case imposed a duty of 50 cents per pound and 35 per cent. ad valorem, the goods must have been valued at above 80 cents per pound, according to the terms of that clause of Schedule L. The court instructed the jury to find for the importers, and this court held that the instruction was erroneous. The view taken here was that the goods were non-enumerated, but were substantially like a manufacture of goat's hair and cotton, which was enumerated in the clause quoted from Schedule L. One strong ground for the ruling made by this court is thus stated in its opinion, delivered by Chief Justice WAITE. Speaking of the goods imported in that case, it said: 'They are made of cotton and cow hair, and are evidently of equal quality with the manufactures of cotton and goat's hair, because, in this case, they are charged with a duty of fifty cents per pound, thus indicating a value of eighty cents a pound or over, which calls for the highest duty per pound put on the goat's hair goods.' In the present case, the samples of goat's hair goods introduced by the defendant as the standard of comparison, to make out the similitude spoken of in section 2499, were all of them mohair goods, two of which samples were worth over 80 cents a pound, and thus subject, under Schedule L, to the rate of duty imposed in the present case upon the goods of the plaintiffs; while it was proved that the plaintiffs' goods in 12 of the cases cost under 40 cents a pound, and in the remaining case cost over 40 and under 60 cents a pound. Thus, as a matter of law, in the present case, the plaintiffs' goods, of such inferior value and material, were compared with costly mohair goods, and the duty assessed on them was held to have been properly charged.
We are of opinion that the question of the similitude was one of fact, which should have been submitted to the jury, under proper instructions. As there was error in the particular mentioned, we do not deem it proper to consider any of the other questions raised and discussed by counsel. The judgment is reversed, and the case is remanded to the circuit court, with a direction to award a new trial.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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