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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scaup

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​SCAUP, the wild-fowler's ordinary abridgment of Scaup-Duck, meaning a duck so called “because she feeds upon Scaup, i.e. broken shell-fish,” as may be seen in F. Willughby's Ornithology (p. 365); but it would be more proper to say that the name comes from the “mussel-scaups,” or “mussel-scalps,” the beds of rock or sand on which mussels are aggregated. It is the Anas marila of Linnaeus and Fuligula marila of modern systematic writers, a very abundant bird around the coasts of most parts of the northern hemisphere, repairing inland in spring for the purpose of reproduction, though so far as is positively known hardly but in northern districts, as Iceland, Lapland, Siberia and the fur-countries of America. The scaup-duck has considerable likeness to the pochard (q.v.), both in habits and appearance; but it much more generally affects sea-water, and the head of the male is black, glossed with green; hence the name of “Blackhead,” by which it is commonly known in North America, where, however, a second species or race, smaller than the ordinary one, is also found, the Fuligula affinis. The female scaup-duck can be readily distinguished from the dunbird or female pochard by her broad white face. (A. N.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scaurus, Quintus Terentius

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​SCAURUS, QUINTUS TERENTIUS, Latin grammarian, flourished during the reign of Hadrian (Aulus Gellius xi. 15). He was the author of an ars grammatica and commentaries on Plautus, Virgil's Aeneid and probably Horace. Under his name two fragments are extant—the longer from his work on orthography (De orthographia), the shorter (chiefly on the use of prepositions) from another grammatical work.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scarf

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​SCARF, a narrow wrap for the neck or shoulders; the term is a wide one, ranging from a light band of silk, muslin or other material worn by women as a decorative part of their costume to a warm knitted muffler of wool to protect the throat from cold. The O. Eng. scearfe meant a piece or fragment of anything, and is to be referred ultimately to the root skar-, to cut, seen in Dutch scherf, shred, Ger. Scherbe, potsherd, “scrap,” a piece or fragment; “scrip,” a piece of leather, hence a pouch or wallet. The particular meanings in English are to be referred to Fr. escharpe, pilgrim's wallet, also scarf. The ecclesiastical “ scarf ” was originally a loose wrap or muliier (band) to be worn round the neck out of doors. In the English Church, in post-Reformation times, the minister wore over the surplice the “ scarf,” which was a broad band of black silk with fringed ends arranged like the stole round the neck, but falling nearly to the feet. Its use has been almost entirely replaced by that of the stole (q.v.), with which it has sometimes been wrongly confused.
Ultimately from the same root, but directly adapted from the Scandinavian, cf. Swed. skarf, joint, is the use of the word “scarf,” in carpentry and joinery, for a joint by which two timbers are fastened together longitudinally so as to form a continuous piece (see Joinery),
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 14:4

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 14:5

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 14:6

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 14:7

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 14:1

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 14:2

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 14:3

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# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rolland, Romain

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ROLLAND, ROMAIN (1866–), French man of letters, was born at Clamecy, Nièvre, Jan. 29 1866. He was educated at Clamecy, and later in Paris, where he had a distinguished academic career. From 1889-91 he was a member of the French School in Rome, in 1892 went with an archaeological expedition to Italy, and in 1895 was appointed professor of the history of art at the École Normale Supérieure, later occupying the same position at the Sorbonne, where he introduced the study of the history of music. He produced many critical and historical works, among them Histoire de l’Opéra en Europe avant Lulli et Scarlatti (1895); Des Causes de la Décadence de la Peinture italienne (1895); and Le Théâtre du Peuple (1903); besides studies on Millet (1902); Beethoven (1903) and Michel-Ange (1906). His most famous work, however, is the romance of Jean Christophe, the biography of a German musician, one of the most remarkable productions of the present day. The work is in three series, Jean Christophe, Jean Christophe à Paris and La Fin du Voyage. It appeared in 10 volumes, the first, L’Aube, in 1904, and the last, La Nouvelle Journée, in 1912. A series of articles published by Romain Rolland in the Journal de Genève during Sept. and Oct. 1914 created an extremely bad impression in France owing to the “defeatist” attitude of the author. His later works include Au-dessus de la Mélée, of which the ninth edition appeared in 1915; Colas Brangnon, a novel (1918); Les Précurseurs (1919) and Voyage musical aux pays du passé (1919).
See Jan Romein, Romain Rolland (1918); I. Debran, M. R. Rolland, initiateur du défaitisme (1918); W. Kuechler, Romain Rolland (1919).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Roosevelt, Franklin Delano

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ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN DELANO (1882-), American politician, was born in Hyde Park, N.Y., Jan. 30 1882. He was a distant cousin of Theodore Roosevelt. He was educated at Groton, Harvard (A.B. 1904), and the Columbia Law School (LL.B. 1907). He was admitted to the bar in 1907 and began practice in New York City. He began his public career in 1910 when he was elected to the New York State Senate, being the first Democrat in 28 years to represent his district. He was an anti-Tammany man and was associated with the group that successfully opposed the Tammany candidate for the U.S. Senate in the session of 1911-2. In 1912 he was reëlected to the New York State Senate. The same year he strongly supported Woodrow Wilson for president and on the latter's election was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1913. He then resigned from the New York Senate. In 1915 he was a member of the National Committee of the Panama-Pacific Exposition. After America's entrance into the World War he went to Europe in 1918 to attend conferences and to inspect the U.S. naval forces, and early in 1919 was in charge of their demobilization. He was a supporter of the League of Nations; he indorsed woman suffrage and was a strong advocate of civil-service reform for the post-office and consular appointments. At the Democratic National Convention in 1920 he was unanimously nominated for vice-president on the ticket with James M. Cox, but was defeated in the ensuing election.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Royce, Josiah

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ROYCE, JOSIAH (1855–1916), American philosopher, was born at Grass Valley, Cal., Nov. 20 1855. He graduated from the university of California in 1875 and the following year went to the newly established Johns Hopkins University, being one of the extraordinary first group of fellows elected there. After receiving his Ph.D. in 1878 he was instructor in English literature and logic for four years at the university of California. In 1881 he prepared A Primer of Logical Analysis for students of English composition. In 1882 he was called to Harvard where he taught as instructor in philosophy, assistant professor (1885-92), professor of the history of philosophy (1892-1914) and Alford professor of religion, moral philosophy, and civil polity (after 1914). He was the leading American exponent of idealism (see 14.284) and his works were distinguished for their literary qualities. He was made a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters, and received hon. degrees from Harvard, Yale, Johns Hopkins, Aberdeen, St. Andrews and Oxford. After the outbreak of the World War he was a staunch supporter of the Allies, and on Jan. 30 1916, in a notable address delivered in Tremont Temple, Boston, advocated a breach with Germany. He died in Cambridge, Mass., Sept. 14 1916.
He was the author of The Religious Aspects of Philosophy (1885); California (1886, in the American Commonwealth Series); The Feud of Oakfield Creek (1887, a novel); The Spirit of Modern Philosophy (1892); The Conception of God (1895); Studies of Good and Evil (1898); The World and the Individual (2 vols., 1900-1, Gifford Lectures at the university of Aberdeen); The Conception of Immortality (1900); Outlines of Psychology (1903); Herbert Spencer: An Estimate and Review (1904); The Philosophy of Loyalty (1908); Race Questions, Provincialism and Other American Problems (1908); William James and Other Essays on the Philosophy of Life (1911); Brass Lectures on the Sources of Religious Insight (1912); The Problem of Christianity (2 vols., 1913, lectures before Manchester College, Oxford); War and Insurance (1914); The Hope of the Great Community (1916, war addresses) and the posthumously published Lectures on Modern Idealism (1919).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rothschild, Nathaniel Mayer, 1st Baron

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ROTHSCHILD, NATHANIEL MAYER, 1st Baron (1840-1915), Jewish financier, was born in London Nov. 8 1840, the son of Lionel Nathan de Rothschild, Austrian baron, head of the English branch of the famous financial family (see 23.758). He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and in 1879
succeeded his father as Austrian baron. He sat in the House of Commons from 1865 to 1885 when he was created a peer by Mr. Gladstone, the first of his race and religion to be raised to the House of Lords. He was well known as an agriculturist as well as a financier, and he was renowned for his charities. He died in London March 31 1915.
His brother, Leopold de Rothschild (1845-1917), who had been throughout associated with him in the management of the financial house, succeeded him as its head and also took over most of his public offices, besides interesting himself especially in the Jewish community and becoming president of the United Synagogue. He was an art collector and owner of race-horses. He died at Ascott, Leighton Buzzard, May 29 1917.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Royden, Agnes Maude

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​ROYDEN, AGNES MAUDE (1876- ), English social worker and preacher, was born at Mossley Hill, Liverpool, Nov. 23 1876, the daughter of Sir Thomas Royden, ist Bart., of Frankby Hall, Birkenhead. She was educated at Cheltenham Ladies' College and Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, and afterwards for some years did settlement work in Liverpool. She also lectured on English literature for the university extension movement, and in 1909 was elected to the executive committee of the N.U.W.S.S. From 1912 to 1914 she edited the Common Cause, the organ of the union. Miss Royden became well known as a speaker on social and religious subjects, and in 1917 became assistant preacher at the City Temple, being thus the first woman to occupy this office.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rogers, James Guinness

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​ROGERS, JAMES GUINNESS (1822–1911), British Nonconformist divine, was born at Enniskillen, Ireland, Dec. 29 1822. He was educated at Silcoates school, Wakefield, and Trinity College, Dublin. From 1865 to 1900 he was a minister of the Clapham Congregational church. He is best remembered for his close association with Dr. Dail in the Liberal-Nonconformist education and disestablishment campaigns of 1865–75, and for his friendship with Mr. Gladstone and Lord Rosebery, who consulted him as the foremost representative of Nonconformist statesmanship. He died at Clapham Aug. 20 1911.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 27:10

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