OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Huang

​160 Chao Huang 趙炅 (originally 匡乂, changed by Chao K'uang-yin to 光義). A.D. 939-997. Brother of Chao K'uang-yin, whom he succeeded in 976 as second Emperor of the Sung dynasty. He showed some indecent haste to change the year-title, and exhibited a harshness — foreign to his general character — towards his younger brother and nephew, which drove them to commit suicide. But altogether he was mild, forbearing, and economical, and an ardent student, especially of history. He paid great attention to education and to revenue. In 982 the chin shih were first ranged in ​the existing three classes. In 987 the empire, which since the suppression of the Northern Han State in 979 had almost equalled in extent the China of the T'ang dynasty, was divided into fifteen provinces, each under a Governor; and thus the power of the former great provincial Governors finally ceased. A rising in Ssŭch'uan in 994 led to the appointment of a eunuch General, 王繼恩 Wang Chi-ên; but the Emperor, warned, as he said, by his historical studies, refused to admit eunuchs to the Central Government. The northern frontier was constantly disturbed by the Liao Tartars, with whom began in 981 a series of wars, which coupled with the establishment of the Western Hsia State, greatly impaired the power of the dynasty. Occasional droughts and famines are recorded, but on the whole the reign was a time of peace and prosperity. The Emperor degraded his eldest son on account of his sympathy with his uncle; and he chose his third son to be Heir Apparent in 995. A plot to set the Heir aside was made by the Empress, and Wang Chi-ên and other eunuchs, aided by certain statesmen, but it was foiled by Lü Tuan. Between 982 and 989 a temple and pagoda for a relic of Buddha were built at enormous expense, in spite of the remonstrance of 田錫 T'ien Hsi. Canonised as 神功聖德文武皇帝, with the temple name of 太宗.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao I

​163 Chao I 趙翼 (T. 耘⿰耒公. H. 甌北). A.D. 1727-1814. Graduated as chü jen in 1750, and was employed in the Grand Council. In 1760 he came out second on the list of chin shih. About 1766 he went as Prefect to Kuangsi, but was shortly afterwards impeached, and was transferred to the army then invading Burmah. Later on, he was Prefect at Canton, and in 1771 he retired, though he subsequently assisted by his counsels in the pacification of Formosa. He was distinguished as a poet and as an historical critic. Besides collections of poems, his best known works are the 皇朝武功紀盛, an account of the wars of the present dynasty, and the 簷曝雜記, containing notes on matters of interest in his own time.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Hêng

​153 Chao Hêng 趙恒 (originally 元侃). A.D. 968-1022. Third son of Chao Huang, whom he succeeded in 997 as third Emperor of the Sung dynasty. Mild, affectionate, capable, he was devoted to Taoism and superstition. He began by restoring his uncle's title, and treated his elder brother well all through his reign. In 1002 the death of the ruler of Hsia gave him an opportunity of crushing that State; but the kindly monarch contented himself with admonishing the new ruler, who submitted and was ennobled as Prince in 1006. In 1004 the Kitan Tartars invaded China; but through the courage and constancy of K'ou Chun they were forced to agree to a treaty of peace, under which, in return for a yearly subsidy, the integrity of China was secured. In 1008, chiefly owing to the report of Ting Wei that there was a large surplus in the treasury, the Emperor began a series of Imperial sacrifices which cost vast sums. Written revelations were at this time frequently received from God, and the documents were lodged in special temples. Auspicious grasses and double-eared stalks of grain poured in from the provinces, and general pardons in return for the supposed favour of Heaven became common. In 1015 a descendant of Chang Tao-ling received an honorary title. Confucius was likewise honoured, and temples to him in all the District cities were decreed in 1011. The Emperor promoted education and agriculture; and in 1014 the ​population was returned at 22,976,965. The power of the eunuchs was repressed; and one was put to death in 1010. In 1020 the insanity of the Emperor led K'ou Chun to propose the Regency of the young heir; but the Empress 劉 Liu, a clever woman of low birth, who since 1012 had interfered more and more, aided by Ting Wei and the eunuch 雷允恭 Lei Yün-kung, got rid of K'ou Chun; and on the Emperor's death the trio seized supreme power. An error, however, in preparing the Emperor's grave enabled Wang Tsêng to get the upper hand. Canonised as 文明武定章聖元孝皇帝, with the temple name of 真宗.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Ju-kua

​164 Chao Ju-kua 趙汝适. A member of the Imperial family under the Sung dynasty, A.D. 960—1278. He held the position of Superintendent of Customs at Ch'üan-chou in Fuhkien — the ​Zayton of Marco Polo — and in his official capacity was thrown into contact with merchants of Arabia, Persia, and India, who came to trade. He used his opportunities to advantage, and collected a store of information on foreign countries, which he published in a work in two volumes, under the title of 諸蕃志. Vol. I. treats of Further India, the Archipelago and the Philippines, Japan, Korea, the Loo-choo Islands, Ceylon, Spain, Cochin-China, Tongking, and the dominions of Islam, &c. Vol. II. contains a description of the various articles imported into Ch'üan-chou, followed by an account of the island of Hainan.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Hsü (趙煦)

​158 Chao Hsü 趙煦. A.D. 1076—1100. Sixth son of Chao 頊 Hsü, whom he succeeded in 1085 as seventh Emperor of the Sung dynasty. The Empress 高 Kao, consort of Chao Shu, was Regent until her death in 1093. Aided at first by Ssŭ-ma Guang, she reversed the revolutionary measures of the last reign, and gave office to the conservative party. They, however, split into three factions, the Lo-yang, Ssŭch'uan, and Northern, headed by Ch'êng I, Su Shih, and Liu Chih; and their squabbles so disgusted the Emperor that so soon as he took the reins of government, he announced his intention of carrying out his father's policy. Under the ministry of Chang Tun and Ts'ai Pien, some of the reforms of Wang An-shih were re-introduced, the history of the last reign re-written, and 830 names of conservatives placed on the list of the proscribed, a vengeance which they had deserved by their own harshness to their opponents. In 1096 the Empress 孟 Mêng, who had been selected by the Regent in 1092, was degraded to make way for a favourite concubine; but the Emperor refused to degrade the Regent herself. Externally the reign was peaceful, four fortresses being given back to the Hsia State in 1090. In 1088 the total population was returned at 32 millions. ​Canonised as 欽文睿武昭孝皇帝, with the temple name 哲宗.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Hsü (趙頊)

​157 Chao Hsü 趙頊. A.D. 1048-1085. Eldest son of Chao Shu, whom he succeeded in 1067 as sixth Emperor of the Sung dynasty. He possessed many virtues, but was cursed with an ambition to recover from the Liaos all the territory that had once belonged to the empire. Han Ch'i and other experienced men warned him in vain; and he found an ally in Wang An-shih, whose projects for increasing China's wealth and power resulted, owing to his own undue haste and the indiscriminating opposition of all the conservative officials, only in discontent and official persecution. Petty wars followed: with Hsia (1067 and 1082—83); with the Turfan (1072); with the aborigines of the south-west (1074); and with Cochin-China (1075—76). Intended as preparatory to a war with Liao, these wars cost vast sums and ended in no substantial gain; while the Emperor's evident ambition opened the ​way to power for intriguing flatterers. Id 1076 a eunuch, 李憲 Li Hsien, was put in supreme command on the north-western frontier, and did much mischief; but in his last years the Emperor came to realise the vanity of his ambitious schemes, and sought peace. The reign was made glorious by the works of Ch'êng Hao, Ch'êng I, Chou Tun-i, and Chang Tsai; and in 1084 Ssŭ-ma Guang finished his great history. Honours were paid to Mencius and other worthies, though public opinion was shocked by the admission of Yang Hsiung and Hsün K'uang to the Confucian Temple. Canonised as 英文烈武聖孝皇帝, with the temple name of 神宗.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Huan

​159 Chao Huan 趙桓. A.D. 1100-1160. Eldest son of Chao Chi, upon whose abdication in 1125 he succeeded as ninth Emperor of the Sung dynasty. Aided by Li Kang, he strove to reform the Government. A new siege of his capital in 1126 by the Chin$^a$ Tartars resulted in the cession of territory and the payment of all his own and the inhabitants' treasure. The Tartar army had no sooner withdrawn than the Emperor, who would not allow its retreat to be harassed, denounced the extorted treaty and attempted to raise the siege of T'ai-yüan in Shansi. His advisers disbanded the forces which had gathered to save the capital and which had contributed to the Tartar retreat; and when another invasion took place at the end of the year the Sung Ministers, who had been busy squabbling among themselves, were powerless to withstand it. The Emperor went to the enemy's camp to get terms; and he, his father, and most of the Imperial family were taken into captivity, Chang Pang-ch'ang being set up as Emperor to rule under the Chins$^a$. The Emperor's brother, the founder of the Southern Sung dynasty, canonised him as 恭仁順德仁孝皇帝 with the temple name of 欽宗.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Hui-ch'ien

​162 Chao Hui-ch'ien 趙撝謙 (his personal name was originally 古則). A.D. 1352-1395. A poor orphan, native of 餘姚 Yü-yao in Chehkiang, who was brought up at a temple until he was of age, when he wandered far and wide on foot in all weathers to study under the best teachers the Confucian Canon, poetry, music, and the various forms of written characters. This last was his special subject, and he compiled the 六書本義, a dictionary under 360 radicals, and also the 聲音文字通, which latter work was brought to the notice of the Emperor in 1405, and at once incorporated in the great encyclopaedia of Yung Lo. In 1379 he visited the capital, in reference to the dictionary known as the 正韻, and was afterwards a Magistrate in Kuangtung. He was known as the 考古先生 Antiquarian.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao K'uang-yin

​168 Chao K'uang-yin 趙匡胤. A.D. 927-976. The founder of the Sung dynasty. Descended from a family of officials under the T'ang dynasty, he rose to high military command under the Emperor Shih Tsung of the Later Chou dynasty. On the death of the latter he became Grand Marshal, and was entirely trusted by the mother of the boy-sovereign. The disturbed state of the empire led men to look to him for the restoration of order; and ​when he was sent to repel a reported inroad of the northern Han State and the Liao Tartars, his army invested him with the yellow robe at 陳橋 the Bridge of Ch'ên in K'ai-fêng Fu. He professed surprise and reluctance; but there is little doubt that he knew of the design, to which his brother and successor and Chao P'u were privy. He used his authority well. The power of the satraps was taken away, and Magistrates were appointed by the Emperor only. Of the States and Principalities into which China had split on the fall of the T'angs, only the Northern Han survived this reign, to fall in 979. Agriculture and education were fostered, and public granaries re-established. Capital sentences were in future to be confirmed by the Throne; and all chin shih were to be re-examined and to pass the final Palace examination. The Emperor had always loved study, and he impressed the need for it even on military officers, while he would have no Magistrates who were not literary men. He chose his officials with anxious care, and let them remain long in office. Personally frugal, he forbade luxury in the Palace, declaring that he held the empire as a great trust. To his fallen rivals he was kind, and in every war his one command was that there should be no slaughter nor looting, A new calendar, a revised criminal code, and an amended set of ceremonial rules, were among the many benefits he conferred upon the empire. Although he had sons, in obedience to the command of his mother he left his throne to his brother, the arrangement being that his own son should be Heir Apparent, and succeed upon the brother's death. Later writers have indeed suggested that his brother forced the Emperor to make him his heir, even using personal violence. On the other hand, he is said to have been so fond of his brother, that when the latter was cauterised for some disease, he too cauterised himself, in order to share the pain. Canonised as 英武聖文神德皇帝, with the temple name of 太祖.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Chi

​145 Chao Chi 趙佶. A.D. 1082-1135. Brother of Chao Hsü, whom he succeeded in 1100 as eighth Emperor of the Sung dynasty. For the first year the Empress Dowager 向 Hsiang was Regent, and displaced Chang Tun and Ts'ai Pien; but the Emperor soon recalled Ts'ai Ching, and the conservative party was again proscribed. The Emperor was a clever artist and an accomplished man, exceedingly fond of all rare and curious objects, which were wrung from the people by Chu Mien and the eunuch T'ung Kuan. In 1120 and 1121 local risings led to some alienation of this burden; but the people were already ruined. He also loved Taoism, and vast sums were expended over buildings for his assemblies of Taoist recluses. Ts'ai Ching, in spite of occasional reverses, remained the real Minister until he was turned out in 1125 by his son 攸 Yu, who boldly encouraged the Emperor to enjoy himself. In 1111 T'ung Kuan brought back the Liao traitor 李 (altered to 趙 Chao) 良嗣 Li Liang-ssŭ, and it was determined to use the rising power of the Chin$^a$ Tartars to crush the Kitans, in the expectation of recovering the northern Districts. Accordingly, in 1122 Tung Kuan began hostilities, but the Imperial armies were twice routed, and a vast store of arms and equipments lost. When the Kitans were finally crushed, the demands of the Chin$^a$ Tartars became extortionate, and in 1125 the latter invaded China in two columns. The Emperor, who had made no preparations to resist them, abdicated in favour of his son, taking the Taoist title of 教主道君太上皇帝. In 1127 ​he gave himself up, together with the new Emperor Ch'in Tsung, to the Chin$^a$ army, which was besieging Pien-liang in Honan, and was carried north, where he died, his captors bestowing on him the contemptuous title of 昏德公 the Besotted Duke. His son, the first monarch of the Southern Sung dynasty, canonised him as 聖文仁德顯孝皇帝, with the temple name of 徽宗.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Chia

​148 Chao Chia 趙嘏 (T. 承祐). 9th cent. A.D. A native of Shan-yang in Kiangsu, who flourished as a poet and official under the T'ang dynasty. He graduated as chin shih in 842, and rose to be Commandant of 渭南 Wei-nan in Shensi. The poet Tu Mu called him 趙倚樓 Chao I-lou, from a line of his poetry which ran 長笛一聲人倚樓.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Hsien

​156 Chao Hsien 趙㬎. A.D. 1271-1277. Third son of Chao Ch'i. He reigned from 1274 to 1276 as seventh Emperor of the Southern Sung dynasty, under the Regency of his mother. He was ​no sooner placed on the throne than the Mongols invaded the Sung territory in great force, under the leadership of Bayan, who issued a manifesto setting forth the crimes of Chia Ssŭ-tao. Wu-ch'ang offered but a feeble resistance, and having reduced it, Bayan swept down the Yang-tsze, many cities opening their gates. In 1275 Chia Ssŭ-tao, who on hearing of the death of 劉整 Liu Chêng had advanced as Commander-in-chief to Wuhu, was routed after vain attempts to negotiate, and fled to Yang-chou. Nanking was abandoned; Soochow declared for the Mongols; and Hangchow was in a state of siege. All chance of peace was lost by the murder of Mongol envoys near Soochow, and a great naval defeat near Chinkiang sealed the fate of the dynasty. Bayan received the surrender of Hangchow early in 1276, the few patriots who had clung to the falling throne joining one or other of the Princes set up in Fuhkien. The Emperor and most of the Imperial family were sent to Peking, and the former died a year later in the desert of Gobi. Canonised as 恭宗皇帝.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Ch'ung-kuo

​150 Chao Ch'ung-kuo 趙充國 (T. 翁孫). B.C. 137-52. A military commander under the Han dynasty. He belonged to a corps of young men who met together to practise archery and ​horsemanship; and first distinguished himself in B.C. 99 by leading a small force to the relief of Li Kuang-li, who was surrounded by the Hsiung-nu. Although numbering about one hundred in all, they broke through the cordon and accomplished the dangerous mission. Chao himself received over twenty wounds; and when the Emperor saw his scarred body, his Majesty at once appointed him to an important post. Siding with Ho Kuang in the elevation of the Emperor Hsüan$^a$ Ti in B.C. 73, he was rewarded by being ennobled as Marquis. He subsequently led a campaign against the Tangut tribes, and won many of them over to allegiance. He was the originator of the 屯田 system of military settlements, under which the settlers contributed by taxes or by service to the expenses of administration in return for their allotments. He was canonised as 壯, and his portrait was hung in the 未央 Wei-yang Hall.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Fu

​152 Chao Fu 趙復 (T. 仁甫. H. 江漢). Born about A.D. 1200. A native of Tê-an in Hupeh. Graduated as chin shih in 1234; and having no desire to take office, he opened a school in his native District. In 1235 he was taken prisoner by the Mongol invaders, ​and sent to the Court of the Khan. His captor, named 姚樞 Yao Shu, treated him kindly, and took charge of all his manuscripts; and when he reached Peking, the Khan made him offers of employment. These he steadily refused, and at length he was set at liberty. He became the head of a college; but finally he took to a wandering life, and disappeared from the scene, the date and place of his death being unknown. He was the author of many commentaries on the Classics and philosophical treatises, and also of some poetry. In 1724 his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Hsi-hsü

​154 Chao Hsi-hsü 趙奚恤. Minister to Prince Hsüan$^a$ of the Ch'u State. The latter enquired one day of his courtiers why Chao was so much feared in the north. "Once upon a time," replied 江乙 Chiang I, "a tiger caught a fox. The fox said, 'Do not eat me. God has made me lord of all the beasts. If you do not believe, I will walk on ahead, and you shall follow; and then you will see.' Of course the other beasts of the field, when they saw the tiger, ran away in terror. Just so the people in the north. They are not afraid of Chao, but of your Highness' soldiers who follow him."
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Chih-hsin

​149 Chao Chih-hsin 趙執信 (T. 伸符. H. 秋谷). A.D. 1662—1744. A native of Shantung. Graduated as hsiu ts'ai at the early age of 14, and as chin shih in 1679. He was engaged upon the Institutes of the present dynasty. Forced to retire at the age of 80, he devoted himself to wine and poetry and travel. He wrote on the Tones, and on the principles of the poetic art.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Chên

​144 Chao Chên 趙禎 (originally 受益). A.D. 1010-1068. Sixth son of Chao Hêng, whom he succeeded in 1022 as fourth Emperor of the Sung dynasty. Until 1033 the Empress Dowager really ruled, though her inclination to arrogate supreme power was checked by Wang Tsêng and other loyal men. The Emperor, who thought himself her son, treated her with the utmost deference. He was of excellent personal character, anxious to rule well, and fond of his people; but he was weak and suspicious. He at first fell under the domination of Lü I-chien, who induced him to degrade his wife, and who treated harshly all his opponents, charging them with forming illegal cliques or cabals. After Lü's death in 1044 this charge was forbidden. From 1058 Han Ch'i was in power, and the administration was most successful. In 1034 the King of Hsia rebelled, and a desultory war ended in his recognition ten years later. The Emperor promoted education and patronised literature; and in 1060 the new T'ang history was completed. A rebellion of the aborigines of Kuangsi was put down by Ti Ch'ing in 1052, and other local risings occurred. The revenue was carefully fostered, and in 1059 the tea monopoly was abolished. In 1023 Government notes were introduced into Ssŭch'uan, where the iron cash were found to be too clumsy. The Emperor lost his three sons early, and was very reluctant to appoint a successor. Han Ch'i, however, succeeded in getting a great-grandson of Chu Huang appointed in 1062. The presentation of auspicious articles was forbidden; general pardons were frequent, ​and capital punishment rare. The Emperor refused to chastise Korea when tribute was not sent, because of his hatred of bloodshed; and on the occasion of a pestilence in the capital in 1054, he insisted on distributing all the medicine of the Palace. His death was lamented throughout the empire. Canonised as 神文聖武仁孝皇帝 with the temple name of 仁宗.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Hsiao

​155 Chao Hsiao 趙孝 (T. 長平). 1st cent. A.D. An example of fraternal love. In a time of famine, when people were eating each other, some brigands had captured his younger brother Chao 禮 Li. Thereupon he offered to take his brother's place, urging that he was fat and Chao Li thin. The brigands were touched by this appeal, and released them both. Under the Emperor Ming Ti of the Han dynasty, both he and his brother rose to high office.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Fei-yen

​151 Chao Fei-yen 趙飛燕. Died B.C. 6. Daughter of a musician named 馮萬金 Fêng Wan-chin, she was trained as a dancing-girl; and her grace and lightness were such that she received the name of Fei-yen "Flying Swallow." At her father's death, she and her sister 合德 Ho-tê took the surname of Chao, and found their way to the capital. There she was seen in B.C. 18 by the Emperor Ch'êng Ti, when his Majesty was roaming the city in disguise. The two girls were forthwith placed in the Imperial seraglio; and Fei Yen became favourite concubine, to the exclusion of the famous Pan Chieh-yü. In B.C. 16 she was raised to the rank of Empress Consort, Ho-tê being honoured with the title of 昭儀 Lady of Honour; but on the death of the Emperor she was driven by Palace intrigues to commit suicide.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Overend, Marmaduke

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Overstringing

From volume 2 of the work.
[ A. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ox Minuet, The

From volume 2 of the work.
[ C. F. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Pachelbel, Johann

From volume 2 of the work.
[ C. F. P. ]
* ↑ The statement that he profited by hearing Kerf's playing is erroneous, as Kerl held the office of Imperial organist from 1680 to 1692.
* ↑ Grundlage, p. 244.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Pachmann, Vladimir de

[ M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Overspun

From volume 2 of the work.
[ A. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Overtones

From volume 2 of the work.
[ J. L. ]