OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Burbank, Luther

See also Luther Burbank on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Bur′bank, Luther, the “Plant Wizard,” after four years of patient effort, developed the famous Burbank potato from small tubers of scanty yield when only a boy on the farm on which he was born near Lancaster, Massachusetts, in 1849. Although his achievement soon added $20,000,000 a year to the value of our potato crop, he sold his rights to a local seedsman for $150. Not long after, his health requiring outdoor life, he went to California, worked at odd jobs as a farm hand and finally saved enough to start a small nursery. When it was bringing him a profit of nearly $10,000 a year, he gave it up, against the protest of friends, and began the series of experiments on his farm at Santa Rosa which have given us not only the thornless, edible, fruit-bearing cactus, but a long list of other wonders of the plant world, including the crimson poppy, the Shasta daisy, a combination of plum and apricot called the plumcot, the white blackberry, new varieties of apples, pears and cherries, and a walnut tree that produces a wood like mahogany and of remarkably rapid growth. His thornless cactus is a forage plant showing great improvement in productiveness even over alfalfa. The fruit has a flavor between the raspberry and the pineapple, and will grow on the desert as well as the spiny variety. Thousands of acres have been planted, not only in this, but in almost every foreign country. Where alfalfa grows five to ten tons per acre, this cactus produces fifty to two hundred tons. The money derived by Mr. Burbank from the sale of improved varieties, considering the outlay required to produce them, has been small—from $100 to $500 each. Having disposed of the commercial department of his work he now gives his exclusive attention to producing improved varieties of trees, plants and flowers.
SOME OF THE PLANT WIZARD'S WORK
Copyright by the Macmillan Co. :
POTATO CAUSED TO GROW ON TOMATO VINE :
Copyright by the Macmillan Co. :
THESE WILD POTATOES ARE CROSSED WITH TAME POTATOES TO MAKE THEM HARDY :
# The New Student's Reference Work/Buffalo-Berry

See also Buffaloberry on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Buffalo-Berry, a shrub with small silvery leaves, which bears red or yellow fruit the size of a currant. It is sometimes planted as an ornamental shrub. It is a native of cold, dry regions of northwestern North America.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Buffalo Bill

See also Buffalo Bill on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Buffalo Bill. See Cody, William Frederick.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Buffalo (New York)

See also Buffalo, New York on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Buf′falo, a western city of New York state, at the eastern end of Lake Erie, at the head of Niagara River. It has about two and a half miles of water-front on the lake and a like amount on the Niagara River, a part of which is a bluff 60 feet high. It has one of the best harbors on the lake, formed by the Buffalo River, the entrance being protected by an immense breakwater, 4,000 feet in length. A new harbor has also been made by the building of a breakwater in the Niagara River. The city is a desirable place of residence, especially in summer, during which the lake breezes moderate the temperature. It has a beautiful series of parks connected by broad driveways. It has nearly 200 churches and many fine public and business buildings. Its railway facilities are great, while it has the advantage of the trade of the Erie Canal. Its commerce has grown wonderfully in recent years, and it is now the fourth shipping city in the New World. The first grain elevator on the lakes was built here, and it now has 41 elevators with 21,000,000 bushels’ capacity. It has 1,500 manufactories, and handles great quantities of flour, lumber, coal and mineral ores. It is supplied with natural gas, piped from Pennsylvania and from Canada, and with electric power from Niagara Falls tunnel. It has over 200 miles of street-railway and 500 miles of paved streets, including 250 miles of asphalt thoroughfares. Pure water is supplied from Lake Erie. There are a good system of public schools and several colleges and seminaries, as well as public and private libraries. The town was burned in the War of 1812 by the British and Indians. In 1901 Buffalo was the seat of the Pan-American Exposition, and the mecca for travelers and sight seers from Europe and all parts of the New World. It was here (on September 6, 1901), that President McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist. Population, 423,715.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bunker Hill

See also Battle of Bunker Hill on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Bun′ker Hill, an historic elevation in Charlestown, now a part of Boston, Mass. It is about 100 feet high, and is connected by a ridge with another smaller hill, called Breed's Hill. These hills are where the famous battle of Bunker Hill was fought between the British and American troops, June 17, 1775. The British had possession of Boston, and Generals Howe, Clinton and Burgoyne had just arrived from England with a large body of troops. The American militia and the volunteers were encamped at Cambridge, three miles from Boston. The news had come to the Americans that General Gage was planning to fortify Dorchester Heights, and in order to prevent this 1,000 men under Col. William Prescott were sent to Charlestown on the night of June 16 to fortify Bunker Hill. General Putnam and Major Brooks joined them, and after reaching Bunker Hill without attracting the attention of the British, it was decided to throw up the breastwork on Breed's Hill instead, as it was nearer Boston. At daybreak the British sailors on the ships anchored in the harbor, descried the fortification and began firing upon it. Prescott extended the fortification by filling up with hay the space between two old rail-fences on the left of the breastworks. General Warren came up about two o'clock in the afternoon, and, refusing the command, fought as a volunteer. At the same time Colonel Stark arrived with 500 men and took up a position behind the rail-fence. Meanwhile, the British forces, under Generals Howe and Pigot, had been brought over from Boston in boats, and at half-past two the first charge was made. Prescott had ordered his soldiers not to fire until the British were so near that the whites of their eyes could be seen; and when they did open fire the British retreated in confusion. Meanwhile the town of Charlestown had been set on fire by the shot from the British ships, and, under cover of the dense smoke, Howe ordered a second attack; but again his troops were driven back. Unfortunately the Americans were by this time almost out of ammunition, and when, Clinton having come over with British re-enforcements, a third assault was made, the Americans after firing their last shot and fighting the British bayonets with clubbed muskets were obliged to retreat. The British pursued them only a short distance. The loss of the British was 1,054; that of the Americans being only 450, though among them was General Warren. In the center of the old fortification at Breed's Hill now stands a granite monument, 221 feet in height. The corner stone was laid by Lafayette in 1825, at the fiftieth anniversary of the battle, Daniel Webster delivering one of his greatest orations. It was completed in 1842 and dedicated in the following year, Webster once more being the orator of the day.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bunting

See also Bunting (bird) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Bunting, a group of birds between finches and starlings, containing numerous species widely distributed. Among these may be mentioned, as of special interest to our readers, the Snowflake, called Snow-Bunting; the Dickcissel or Black-Throated Bunting; Vesper Sparrow or Bay-Winged Bunting. And mention should be made of the Indigo Bunting, Painted, Varied, Beautiful and Lazuli Buntings. The Bunting is one of the few birds of the Arctics. See Snowflake and Dickcissel.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bunyan, John

See also John Bunyan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Bun′yan, John, author of The Pilgrim's Progress, was born near Bedford, England, in 1628. His father was a tinker, and John was trained to that craft. He was very fond of dancing on the village green and of ringing the church bells—things he afterward thought sinful. He served in the army for some time during the English Civil War, though only 16 years old. After the war he married a poor girl and became deeply interested in religion. He began to preach to the poor people in the villages around Bedford, and, getting into discussions with the Quakers, in 1656 he published a book against them. It was a remarkable book for an uneducated craftsman to write. This led to further discussion and the publication of other works, Bunyan being finally arrested and imprisoned. He was in prison 12 years, though he was continually told that he would be set free if he would give up preaching; to which he replied: “If you let me go to-day, I will preach again to-morrow.” He supported himself and his family while in prison by making lace, the remainder of his time being spent in reading the Bible, preaching to the other prisoners and writing religious papers and books. He finally was released in 1672, and preached for three years, after which he was again put in prison, but was let out again six months later. While he was in prison the second time he wrote The Pilgrim's Progress. He became pastor of the Bedford Church, where he remained 16 years, dying in 1688. The Pilgrim's Progress at once became very famous and has since been translated into nearly a hundred languages.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Burdett-Coutts, Lady

See also Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Burdett-Coutts, Lady. In 1814 there was born in Ramsburg, Wiltshire, England, a little girl named Angela, the daughter of Sir Thomas Burdett, a celebrated parliamentarian, and granddaughter of Thomas Coutts, a London banker. At the age of 22 she inherited a great fortune and became head of a banking firm that was second only to the Bank of England. People expected her to take a high place at the young queen's court and to marry a duke or prince. Instead she quietly set about the task of bringing light and hope to the swarming millions of East London. At a cost of $450,000 she built St. Stephen's Church, the first institutional church in the world. It combined the religious function with the social settlement. Other churches, schools, model tenements, scholarships in universities, evening schools, penny dinners for poor school children, a fishing school and fleet for famine-stricken west Ireland and a great market-house in the slums of East London, followed in rapid succession. Then plain Angela Burdett added her grandfather's name to her own and the Queen made her a baroness—the only woman of the people ever raised to the peerage in Great Britain. As Lady Burdett-Coutts, she secured the Children's Charter from Parliament, to protect children from cruelty; also a law to stop cruelty to animals. In a time of cholera she cleaned East London and forced new sanitary laws. She assisted starving Irish peasants to emigrate and carried on relief work in the Turko-Russian War. For 70 years she was the friend of the queen and of every celebrated man and woman of her time, from Charles Dickens to the Duke of Wellington. Walter Besant made her the heroine of his novel All Sorts and Conditions of Men. At the age of 68, she married her private secretary, Mr. Ashmead-Bartlett, who took her name and entered parliament to further her ideas of public good. She died in 1907 at the age of 93, universally mourned.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lewald, August

Edition of 1905. See also August Lewald on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LEWALD, lā'vȧlt, August (1792-1871). A German author, born at Königsberg. He entered the Russian service at Warsaw, as secretary, during the War of Liberation. He became an actor, and after 1818 he was manager and director of theatres at Hamburg, Stuttgart, and elsewhere. In 1835 he founded at Stuttgart the periodical Europa, and afterwards became editor of the conservative Deutsche Chronik. A collection of his works, made by himself, was published in twelve volumes (1844-45), including the autobiographical Aquarelle aus dem Leben (1836-37 and 1840).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Levy, Jakob

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
LEVY, lā'vḗ, Jakob (1819-92). A Jewish Orientalist, born at Dobrzyze, in Posen. He was educated at Breslau; in 1845 became Rabbi at Rosenberg, and in 1850 went to Breslau, where he taught (1871-75) in a Jewish school and later in the university. His principal works are: Chaldäisches Wörterbuch über die Targumim (1867-68), and a Neuhebräisches und chaldäisches Wörterbuch über die Talmudim und Midraschim (1876 sqq.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lew-Chew

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
LEW-CHEW, LEW-KEW. See Loo-choo.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lewal, Jules Louis

Edition of 1905. See also Jules Louis Lewal on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LEWAL, le-vȧl', Jules Louis (1823— ). A French general. He was born in Paris; entered the army in 1846; served in the Italian campaign of 1859, with the French troops in Mexico (1862), and, after coöperation with Niel in the army reforms, in the Franco-Prussian War. He was promoted to brigadier in 1874; became head of the Military Academy three years after; in 1885 was Minister of War in Ferry's Cabinet; and in 1888 was appointed inspector-general. He wrote: La réforme de l'armée (1871); Etudes de guerre (1872 and 1890); Tactique (1875-83); Stratégie de marche (1893); and Stratégie de combat (1895 sqq.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lewald, Fanny

Edition of 1905. See also Fanny Lewald on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LEWALD, Fanny (1811-89). A German novelist and essayist, a cousin of August Lewald. She was born in Königsberg, of Jewish parents, but joined the Protestant Church when she was sixteen. Travel developed her powers of composition, and in 1841 she published her first novel in Europa, under the title Der Stellvertreter. Four years later, after travels in Italy, she settled in Berlin, where she maried Adolph Stahr (q.v.) in 1855. She wrote the novels: Klementine (1842); Jenny (1843); Nella (1870); Die Erlöserin (1873); Neue Novellen (1877); and Stella, which has been translated into English (1884). She also wrote sketches of travel, and the autobiographical Meine Lebensgeschichte (1861-63); and, treating the question of woman's rights, of which she was an ardent supporter, Osterbriefe für die Frauen (1863), and Für und wider die Frauen (2d ed. 1875). Consult Frenzel, Erinnerungen und Strömungen (Leipzig, 1890).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lewis

Edition of 1905. See also Lewis and Clark Expedition on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​LEWIS, or Lewis Fork. The old name of Snake River (q.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Leutze, Emanuel

Edition of 1905. See also Emanuel Leutze on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​LEUTZE, loit'se, Emanuel (1810-68). A German-American historical painter of the Düsseldorf school. He was born in Gemünd, Württemberg. May 24, 1816. His parents came to the United States, settling first in Philadelphia, then at Fredericksburg, Va. He received his first instruction in art from J. A. Smith, a portrait painter, in Philadelphia. In 1840 one of his pictures attracted attention and procured him several orders, which enabled him to go to Düsseldorf, where he studied with Lessing. In 1842 he went to Munich. studying the works of Cornelius and Kaulbach, and the following year he visited Venice and Rome. In 1845 he returned to Düsseldorf and was married, making his home there for fourteen years. He devoted himself to American, Spanish, and English historical subjects, especially to the famous series of pictures of the Revolution, of which "Washington Crossing the Delaware" is the finest. In 1859 he returned to the United States: in 1860 he received the commission for the fresco on the staircase of the Capitol at Washington, entitled "Westward the Star of Empire Takes Its Way." In 1860 he was elected a member of the National Academy. He died in Washington, D. C., July 18, 1868. leaving several large cartoons for the decoration of the Senate Chamber.
Leutze is more famous for the subjects than for the technical qualities of his paintings. His color is often crude and his drawing academic, yet his composition is good and his figures show a high power of individualization. The most important works are: "Columbus Before the Council of Salamanca" (1841), purchased by the Dusseldorf Art Union: "Columbus in Chains" (1842): "Columbus Before the Queen;" "Landing of the Norsemen in America." Pennsylvania Academy, Philadelphia: "Cromwell and His Daughter;" "The Court of Queen Elizabeth;" "Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn" (1858); "The Iconoclast;" "Washington at Monmouth;" ​"Washington at the Battle of Monongahcla ;" "News from Lexington;" "Washington at Princeton;" "Lafayette in Prison at Olmütz visited by his Relatives" (1801); "Westward Ho;" portraits of Washington, Lincoln, Grant, and General Burnside; "Washington Crossing the Delaware" (1851-52), Metropolitan Museum, New York, and Kunsthalle, Bremen.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lesson, René Primevère

Edition of 1905. See also René Lesson on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​LESSON, lā̇′sōN′, René Primevère (1794-1849). A French naturalist, born at Rochefort. He was largely self-educated, save for a medical course at Rochefort, which fitted him for ship's surgeon; and was on board the Regulus when it was burned at Bordeaux by the British. He was director of the botanical gardens at Rochefort in 1822, when he was ordered on board the Coquille for her famous voyage around the world. With Garnot and Guérin he wrote Voyage autour du monde sur la corvette La Coquille (1830); and alone published supplements to Buffon (1828, 1835-41), a popular description of the cruise of La Coquille (1838), and many works on zoölogy and natural history, especially as relating to medicine.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lewenhaupt, Adam Ludvig

Edition of 1905. See also Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LEWENHAUPT, lā′ven-houpt, Adam Ludvig (1659-1719). A Swedish general. He was born near Copenhagen; studied at Upsala, Lund, Rostock, and Wittenberg; served in the Austrian army against the Turks, and under William III. in Holland; and in 1697 returned to Sweden. In the war waged by Charles XII. against Peter the Great and his allies he was intrusted with the defense of Courland, and defeated the enemy in several engagements (1703-05). Lewenhaupt fought bravely at Poltava in 1709, and after that disastrous battle was forced to surrender the
remnant of the Swedish forces to the Russians. He was kept a prisoner in Russia, and he lived in Moscow until his death, in 1719. His memoirs, edited by his son-in-law, were published at Stockholm in 1757.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lesson in Anatomy

Edition of 1905. See also The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​LESSON IN ANATOMY, or School of Anatomy, The, a celebrated painting by Rembrandt, painted in 1632 for the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons, and now in the museum of The Hague, Holland. The renowned anatomist Níkolaas Tulp is represented dissecting an arm of a corpse lying on a table before him. The audience consists of seven persons, two of them members of the Guild of Surgeons.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Thaxter, Celia

Edition of 1905. See also Celia Thaxter on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
[[Author:Celia Laighton Thaxter|THAX′TER, Celia [Laighton]]] (1836-94). An American poet, born at Portsmouth, N. H. Her father was keeper of the United States Government lighthouse on the Isles of Shoals, where her girlhood and much of her after life were passed. In 1851 she married Levi Lincoln Thaxter, a Browning scholar. Mrs. Thaxter's poetry was reflective of her quiet life on the islands. It expressed with simplicity and delicacy her feeling for the sea and its perils, and also for the gentler aspects of nature. Her works include: Poems (1872); Among the Isles of Shoals (1873), a series of papers begun in the Atlantic Monthly in 1867; Poems (1874); Drift-Weed (1879); Poems for Children (1884); The Cruise of the Mystery, and Other Poems (1886); Idyls and Pastorals (1886); The Yule Log (1889); An Island Garden (1894); Stories and Poems for Children (1895).—Her son Roland (1858—), botanist, born at Newton, Mass., professor at Harvard since 1891, wrote numerous monographs and contributions to scientific periodicals in cryptogamic botany.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tesla, Nikola

Edition of 1905. See also Nikola Tesla on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
TESLA, Nikola (1857—). An inventor and electrician, born in Croatia, Austria. After a course in the schools of his native province, he studied engineering at Gratz to prepare himself as a professor of mathematics and physics, but becoming interested in electricity, he devoted himself to the study of engineering. He worked in the telegraphic engineering department of the Austrian Government until 1881, where he was engineer to an electric company. He then came to America and found employment for a while with the Edison Company at Orange, N. J. Subsequently he devoted himself to experimental research and invented much improved apparatus. He devised the principle of the rotary magnetic field, which made possible the transmission of power by means of the alternating current, particularly on long-distance lines, a system since extensively employed. He is the inventor of various electrical appliances, including dynamos, transformers, induction coils, oscillators, and arc and incandescent lamps, but is principally known for his researches in the matter of alternating
currents of high frequencies and very high potentials.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tewkesbury

Edition of 1905. See also Tewkesbury on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TEWKESBURY, tūks′bẽr-ĭ. A town and Parliamentary and municipal borough in Gloucestershire, England, on the Avon, 10 miles northeast of Gloucester (Map: England, D 5). The parish church, an ancient and noble edifice in Norman, is a noteworthy architectural feature, and there are interesting remains of a great Benedictine abbey founded in the twelfth century. Tewkesbury is famous as the scene of the battle fought within half a mile of it on May 4, 1471, when the Yorkists under Edward IV. and the Duke of Gloucester inflicted a signal defeat on the Lancastrians. Population, in 1891, 5269; in 1901, 5419. Consult: Blunt, History of Tewkesbury (2d ed., London, 1877); Massé, Tewkesbury Abbey Church (London, 1900).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Thausing, Moritz

Edition of 1905. See also Moritz Thausing on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
THAUSING, tou′sǐng, Moritz (1838-84). An Austrian art critic, born near Leitmeritz, Bohemia. He studied at Prague, Vienna, and Munich, and in 1868 became curator of the Archduke Albert's collection of drawings and engravings (Albertina, Vienna). In 1873 he was called to the University of Vienna as professor of art history. His publications include: Dürers Briefe, Tagebüchcr und Reime (1872); Dürer: Geschichte seines Lebens und seiner Kunst (2d ed. 1884).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Thespis

Edition of 1905. See also Thespis on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
THES′PIS (Lat., from Gk. Θέσπις. A native of the Attic deme of Icarus in the sixth century B.C., called the father of Greek tragedy. He introduced an actor to reply to the leader of the chorus, who before had recited the adventures of Dionysus and had been answered by the chorus, and thus made an important step toward the drama.