OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wood, Shakspere

​WOOD, SHAKSPERE (1827–1886), sculptor, born in Manchester on 13 Nov. 1827, was son of Hamilton Wood of the firm of Wood, Rowell, & Co., smallware manufacturers, of Manchester, by his wife Sarah Anne, daughter of Charles Bennett of Newton Grange. On the break-up of the Manchester business the Wood family removed to London, where the father was connected with the Wood Carving Company until about 1846. Shakspere received a part of his education as a sculptor in the schools of the Royal Academy, and about 1851 he visited Rome for purposes of further study. For some years he worked hard, and exhibited five sculptures at the Royal Academy between 1868 and 1871. From his first settlement in Rome he took a keen interest in the objects of art and antiquity in and around the ancient city, and as years went on these subjects engrossed more and more of his time and attention. He delivered lectures to English visitors, and gave them the benefit of his copious knowledge.
He contributed to the ‘Times,’ at first as an occasional correspondent, and afterwards as its accredited representative. He was singularly successful in winning the confidence not only of the papal government but, even after the establishment of the kingdom of Italy, both of the Vatican and the Quirinal. He died in Rome in February 1886, leaving a widow and children. Wood's statues, Evangeline and Gabriel, were lent for exhibition in Manchester a few years ago by George Clay.
Wood published:
* ‘The Vatican Museum of Sculpture; a Lecture delivered before the British Archæological Society of Rome on the 19th of March, 1869,’ Rome, 1869, 8vo.
* ‘The Capitoline Museum of Sculpture: a Catalogue,’ Rome, 1872, 8vo. ​
* ‘The New Curiosum Urbis: a Guide to Ancient and Modern Rome,’ London, 1875, 8vo.
His brother, Marshall Wood (d. 1882), sculptor, exhibited at the Royal Academy between 1854 and 1875 twenty-four works, and two at the British Institute. At the academy in 1854 he showed a medallion of Robert Browning and a bust of Miss Helen Grey. In 1864 he was represented at the academy by portrait-busts in marble of the Prince of Wales and the Princess of Wales, and other marble busts. He designed statues of the queen for Melbourne, Sydney, Montreal, Calcutta, and Ottawa. There is also a statue of heroic size in bronze of Richard Cobden in St. Ann's Square, Manchester, but neither as a portrait nor as a work of art can it be considered satisfactory. There is a replica of this statue in Hampstead Road, London. He died in London in August 1882.
[Athenæum, 6 Feb. 1886, p. 208; Manchester City News, 7 Feb. 1885, 13 Feb. 1886, 20 Feb. 1886; Royal Academy Catalogues; Graves's Cat. of Artists; Times, 11 Feb. 1886.]
A. N.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wood, John Philip

​WOOD, JOHN PHILIP (d. 1838), Scottish antiquary and biographer, was descended from an ancient family dwelling in the parish of Cramond, near Edinburgh. In spite of labouring from infancy under the infirmity of being deaf and dumb, he held for many years the office of auditor of excise in Scotland. He was of a studious turn of mind, and his leisure was given to historical and antiquarian lore. In 1791 he published his first literary work, ‘A Sketch of the Life and Projects of John Law of Lauriston, Comptroller-general of the Finances of France’ (Edinburgh, 4to). A new and enlarged edition, entitled ‘Memoirs of the Life of John Law,’ appeared in 1824, called forth by the renewed interest in Law which the extravagance of contemporary commercial speculation aroused. After completing this biography of Law, who like himself was a native of Cramond, Wood brought out in 1794 the first parochial history attempted in Scotland, ‘The Ancient and Modern State of the Parish of Cramond’ (Edinburgh, 4to). His principal work was, however, his edition of the ‘Peerage of Scotland,’ by Sir Robert Douglas [q. v.], which was printed at Edinburgh in two folio volumes in 1813. He had originally intended to bring out a separate peerage for the period between 1707 and 1809, but was persuaded to incorporate his collections with Douglas's work. Wood died at Edinburgh in December 1838. He was the friend of Scott, who styled him ‘honest John Wood,’ and the brother-in-law of Robert Cadell [q. v.], the partner of Archibald Constable [q. v.] He made several contributions to the ‘Gentleman's Magazine,’ and communicated to John Nichols [q. v.] most of the biographical notes to the writers of the poetry comprised in ‘The Muses Welcome to King James,’ printed in the ‘Progresses of King James I.’
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wood, Mark

​WOOD, Sir MARK (1747–1829), bart., colonel Bengal engineers, born in 1747, was the eldest son of Alexander Wood of Perth, descended from the family of the Woods of ​Largo [see Wood, Sir Andrew], to the estates of which Alexander succeeded on the death of his cousin, John Wood, sometime governor of the Isle of Man. Mark became a cadet of the East India Company's army in 1770, and went to India with his brother George (afterwards a major-general of the Indian army and K.C.B.), who died in 1824. Another brother was Sir James Athol Wood [q. v.] He received his first commission on 7 July 1772 in the Bengal engineers, and rose to be colonel 26 Feb. 1795. After a distinguished career in India, culminating in his appointment as surveyor-general in 1787 and chief engineer of Bengal in 1790, he returned to England on account of ill-health in 1793, and purchased the estate of Piercefield on the banks of the Wye. Wood entered the House of Commons for Milborne Port, Somerset, in 1794; he was returned for Newark in 1796, after a severe contest with Sir William Paxton. In 1795 he was brought into the king's service as a colonel, and in an audience he had that year with George III to present a model in ivory of Fort William, Calcutta, the king expressed to him a desire for the union of the East India Company and the royal services. In 1802 he was unsuccessful in a contest with Robert Hurst for the representation of Shaftesbury, and was in consequence returned for his pocket borough of Gatton, Surrey, the domain of which (Gatton Park) he had recently purchased. He was created a baronet on 3 Oct. 1808. He continued to represent Gatton until the dissolution in 1818, when he retired from public life, having given a uniform support to the measures of Pitt and subsequently of Lord Liverpool. He died on 6 Feb. 1829 at his house in Pall Mall, London. He was buried on 13 Feb. in Gatton church, where there is a tablet to his memory.
Wood married at Calcutta, on 17 May 1786, Rachel (d. 1802), daughter of Robert Dashwood, and by her had two sons—Alexander (d. 1805), cornet 11th dragoons; and Mark, who succeeded him and was also member of parliament for Gatton; he married, in 1833, Elizabeth Rachel, daughter of William Newton, but died in 1837, when the title became extinct. The estates passed to George, eldest son of Sir Mark's second brother, Sir George Wood.
Wood was the author of: 1. ‘A Review of the Origin, Progress, and Results of the late War with Tippoo Sultaun,’ 1800, 4to. 2. ‘The Importance of Malta considered in the Years 1796 and 1798, with Remarks during a Journey from England to India through Egypt in 1779,’ with maps, London, 1803, 4to. 3. ‘Remarks during a Journey to the East Indies by way of Holland and Germany to Venice, and from thence by Alexandria … to Fort St. George undertaken by Captain M. Wood … Reprinted by … Mr. Montagu’ (privately printed, Lichfield, 1875, 4to). There are in the king's library at the British Museum three different surveys by Wood of Calcutta and the country on the banks of the Hugli River to its mouth, between the dates 1780 and 1785.
R. H. V.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1927 supplement/Cornish, Francis Warre Warre-

​CORNISH, FRANCIS WARRE WARRE- (1889-1916), teacher, author, and bibliophile. [See Warre-Cornish.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Stewart, Louisa

​STEWART or STUART, LOUISA, Countess of Albany (1758–1834), wife of the Young Pretender. [See Albany.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Stewart, Ludovick

​STEWART, LUDOVICK, second Duke of Lennox and Duke of Richmond (1574–1624). [See Stuart.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Stewart, Maria Clementina

​STEWART or STUART, MARIA CLEMENTINA (1702–1735), wife of the Old Pretender. [See under James Francis Edward.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Stewart, Mary

​STEWART or STUART, MARY (1542–1587), queen of Scots. [See Mary.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Stewart, Patrick

​STEWART, PATRICK, second Earl of Orkney (d. 1614), the second but eldest surviving son of Robert, first earl of Orkney ​[q. v.], by Janet Kennedy, eldest daughter of Gilbert, third earl of Cassilis, succeeded his father in 1592. On 11 July 1594 he was summoned before the council at the instance of the inhabitants of Danzig for the spoliation of a ship belonging to that town (Reg. P. C. Scotl. v. 153), but on 24 Dec. was absolved (ib. p. 195). While in Edinburgh he served the king as sewer at the great banquet on the occasion of Prince Henry's baptism on 23 Aug. (Calderwood, History, v. 342). On 1 March 1600 he had a charter of the earldom of Orkney and the lordship of Zetland (Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 1593–1608, No. 1022), and he was served heir to his brother Henry, master of Orkney, on 2 Oct. 1606. Already, however, he had, as Spotiswood states, ‘undone his estate by riot and prodigality’ (History, iii. 213); and in order to secure an income he had resort to the imposition of fines within his jurisdiction for a great variety of trivial or fictitious offences, among his enactments being the specially inhuman one which forbade the supply of relief to vessels in distress (ib.) Gradually he assumed a kind of independent sovereignty, with all its external formalities. While observing in his household the ceremonial of a prince, he never went abroad without a guard of fifty musketeers (History of James the Sext, p. 386), probably intended less as a mark of royal dignity than as a precaution against the ill-will aroused by his oppressions.
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Canning, Samuel

​CANNING, Sir SAMUEL (1823–1908), a pioneer of submarine telegraphy, born at Ogbourne St. Andrew, Wiltshire, on 21 July 1823, was son of Robert Canning of that place by his wife Frances Hyde. Educated at Salisbury, he gained his first engineering experience (1844–9) as assistant to Messrs. Locke & Errington on the Great Western railway extensions, and as resident engineer on the Liverpool, Ormskirk and Preston railway. From railway work he turned in 1852 to submarine telegraphy, and entering the service of Messrs. Glass & Elliot, laid in 1855–6 his first cable that connecting Cape Breton Island with Newfoundland.
In 1857 he assisted (Sir) Charles Bright [q. v. Suppl. I] in the construction and laying of the first Atlantic cable, and he was on board H.M.S. Agamemnon during the submergence of the cable in 1857 and 1858. Subsequently until 1865 he laid, while in the service of Messrs Glass, Elliot & Company, cables in the deep waters of the Mediterranean and other seas.
When the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company was formed in 1865, Canning was appointed its chief engineer, and in that capacity had charge of the manufacture and laying of the Atlantic cables of 1865 and 1866, for which the company were the contractors. This work involved the preparation and fitting-out of the Great Eastern. On 2 Aug. 1865 the cable broke in 2000 fathoms of water.
After a second cable had been successfully laid by the Great Eastern (13–27 July 1866) Canning set to work to recover the broken cable, using special grappling machinery, which he devised for the purpose. After several failures the cable was eventually recovered on 2 Sept. 1866. For these services he was knighted in 1866; the King of Portugal conferred upon him the Order of St. Jago d'Espada, and the Liverpool chamber of commerce presented him with a gold medal. In 1869 he laid the French Atlantic cable between Brest and Duxbury, Massachusetts. After his retirement from the service of the Telegraph Construction Company, he practised as a consulting engineer in matters connected with telegraphy, and, among other work, superintended the laying of the Marseilles-Algiers and other cables for the India Rubber, Gutta Percha and Telegraph Works Company, acting later as adviser to the West Indian and Panama and other telegraph companies. He was a member both of the Institution of Civil Engineers (from 1 Feb. 1876) and of that of Electrical Engineers. He died at 1 Inverness Gardens, Kensington, on 24 Sept. 1908, and was buried in Kensal Green cemetery. He married in 1859 Elizabeth Anne (d. 1909), daughter of W. H. Gale of Grately, Hampshire, by whom he had three sons and three daughters.
His portrait in oils, by Miss B. Bright, is in the possession of his only surviving daughter, Mrs. Morris.
[The Times, 26 Sept. 1908; Minutes of Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. clxxv. 316; C. Bright, Submarine Telegraphs, 1898; private information.]
W. F. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Calkin, John Baptiste

​CALKIN, JOHN BAPTISTE (1827–1905), organist and composer, born in London on 16 March 1827, was son of James Calkin (1786-1862), composer and pianist. Reared in a musical atmosphere, he studied music under his father, and his three brothers, Joseph, James, and George, also adopted the profession. When nineteen he was appointed organist, precentor, and choirmaster of St. Columba's College, Rathfarnham, co. Dublin, in succession to Edwin George Monk. St. Columba's College was a school mainly for the boys of the upper classes and for candidates for the ministry of the Church of Ireland; music and the Irish language were prominent features in the curriculum. From 1846 to 1853 Calkin zealously maintained a high standard of choral music at St. Columba's, and he cultivated composition. From 1853 to 1863 he was organist and choirmaster of Woburn Chapel, London; from 1863 to 1868 organist of Camden Road Chapel; and from 1870 to 1884 organist at St. Thomas's Church, Camden Town. In 1883 he became professor at the Guildhall School of Music under Mr. Weist Hill, and thenceforth devoted himself to teaching and composing. He was on the council of Trinity College, London, a member of the Philharmonic Society (1862), and a fellow of the College of Organists, incorporated in 1893. As a composer, Calkin essayed many forms, but his sacred music is best known, especially his morning and evening services in B flat, G, and D. His communion service in C is marked Op. 134, a sufficient proof of his fertility. He wrote much for the organ, including numerous transcriptions, and he scored many string arrangements, as well as original sonatas, duos, &c. A few of his anthems are still heard, while his hymn tunes, though not to be found in 'Hymns Ancient and Modern,' are in many other collections. His setting of 'Fling out the Banner' (by Bishop G. W. Doane) has a great vogue in America and the colonies, and is included in the Canadian 'Book of Common Praise,' edited by Sir George Martin in 1909. His 'Agape' was composed specially for the 'Church Hymnary' of Scotland in 1871, to the words 'Jesu, most loving God,' and was inserted in the 'Church Hymnal' of Ireland in 1874.
Calkin died at Hornsey Rise Gardens on 15 April 1905, and was buried in Highgate cemetery.
[Personal knowledge; Brown and Stratton's Brit. Musical Biog. 1897; Cowan and Love's Music of the Church Hymnary, 1901; Musical Times, May 1905.]
W. H. G. F.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Aphanes Arvensis

Edition of 1802.
​Aphanes Arvensis, L. See Parsley-piert.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Aphernously

Edition of 1802.
​Aphernously. See Arvenusly.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Anxiety

Edition of 1802.
​ANXIETY is that state of the mind in which it is uneasy about some future event; either from an apprehension of danger, or a solicitude of being relieved from suspense.
The causes of anxiety may be various; but, in general, they arise either from too long continued and forcible an impression of external objects, or a diseased state of the nerves, in which they are liable to be too powerfully affected by the usual action of such objects.
Concerning the effects of this mental disorder on the human system, we agree in opinion with the late Dr. W. Battie, that they are particularly obvious from the spasmodic strictures which seldom fail to accompany persons subject to that afflictive passion: hence palsy, asthma, and similar complaints. When the body is thus constantly influenced by on excess of sensation, it may be easily conceived that its consequences on a tormented mind, or deluded imagination, must frequently be serious and incurable.
Dr. Arbuthnot appears to confound the cause with the effect of anxiety, when he advises to allow febrile patients, troubled with anxieties, "a warmer regimen, after the cold fit is over;" while he recommends "spices as useful, because anxieties often happen by spasms, from wind." The futility of this advice is evident; for though aromatics, or carminatives, will undoubtedly afford a temporary relief from flatulency, yet the cause will not only remain, but even be more deeply rooted into the system, by this mode of treatment.
A more effectual remedy for obviating the causes of anxiety, in a healthy state of the body, is perhaps the following: When persons of a settled age are too anxious in all their expectations and undertakings, it will only be necessary to enlighten their contracted minds, by teaching them to form a proper estimate of those things which, in a moral point of view, are of little consequence to human happiness. Thus instructed, they will learn more reasonably to appreciate their own merits; and, by comparing these with the frequent failure of success in others, who have excelled them in virtuous as well as in useful deeds, they will gradually be enabled to reduce their own expectations to a proper standard.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Antiscorbutics

Edition of 1802.
​ANTISCORBUTICS signify those applications and medicines which are found useful in the cure of the scurvy, such as pure air, gentle exercise, milk, vegetables, fruit, &c.—See Scurvy.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Aperients

Edition of 1802.
​APERIENTS, in medicine, signify those substances which possess a gentle, purgative quality, and facilitate the circulation of the fluids, by removing obstructions.—See Laxatives.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Antiquities

Edition of 1802.
​ANTIQUITIES is a term signifying those testimonies, or authentic records of the early ages, which are transmitted to posterity by tradition.
The study of antiquities forms a very extensive science, including an historical survey of the ancient edifices, magistrates, offices, habiliments, manners, customs, ceremonies, religious institutions, &c. of the various nations of the earth. It is equally useful and interesting to the lawyer, physician, and divine.
Antiquarian science may be divided into sacred and profane, public and private, universal and particular.
The antiquities of Greece and Rome attract the curiosity of every scolar; and though including the history of the Jews, Egyptians, Persians, Phœnicians, Carthaginians, and in short, every celebrated nation, they, by no means, contain the whole of this branch of learning. For, if to the general be added a particular acquaintance with statues, bas reliefs, medals, paintings, and the venerable remains of ancient architecture, this aggregate information constitutes a very interesting and extensive science.
To acquire a knowledge of the works of sculpture, statuary, graving, painting, &c. which are called antiques, strict attention ought to be paid to the substance, on which the art has been practised; as wax, clay, wood, ivory, stones, marble, bronze, and every kind of metal: because, on comparing this with the subject, it frequently serves to discriminate the true from the counterfeit specimens.
Many of our great antiquaries (who are not the most skilled in designing) frequently grant the preference to the ancients, rather from prejudice than judgment. That striking peculiarity which to them appears so marvellous in the works of antiquity, is often a mere chimera: for most of the antique figures and statues are totally void of expression, and we can only fancy their characters.
We are, however, greatly indebted to the persevering exertions, and the laudable spirit of inquiry, which have lately been displayed by the Royal Antiquarian Society; inasmuch as the Members of that learned and patriotic body have individually, and collectively, contributed to the acquisition of those valuable materials which are now converted to their proper use. Mr. Burgess, in his ingenious Essay "On the Study of Antiquities," ​printed in 1783, justly observes, that "this study, once far removed from all the arts of elegance, is now become an attendant on the Muses, and a handmaid to History, Poetry, and Philosophy."
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Antirrhinum

Edition of 1802.
​Antirrhinum. See Snapdragon, Fluellin, and Toadflax.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Ape

Edition of 1802.
​APE, in zoology, an animal of which we find more than fifty species: it is more remarkable on account of its peculiar instinct, bodily structure, and habits of life, than from either its dangerous or useful tendencies.
​Apes were formerly considered as a degenerated cast of mankind, because some of them, such as the troglodytes, or the African wood-man, and the ourang-outang, bear a great resemblance to the human form. These creatures, and especially the former species, are gregarious, inhabit the thickest forests, are from four to five feet in stature, very ferocious and strong, and do not hesitate to attack even men. Several of those audacious bipeds possess such a degree of muscular strength, that ten unarmed persons are inadequate to the task of reducing one of them to obedience.
On a close examination of their external shape, however, and particularly of the head, it clearly appears that their structure is essentially different from that of our species. From the natural constitution of their bodies, they are not only deficient in the organs of speech, but do not even display the sagacity of dogs, not to mention that dignified criterion between man and the inferior animals—reason. As an instance of their deficiency of judgment, we shall only mention, that, notwithstanding their excessive fondness of enjoying the warmth and light of a fire in the woods, made by the natives, who seldom take the trouble of extinguishing it, those whimsical imitators have not even the ingenuity of supplying it with fuel; and therefore afford no proof of their reasoning powers.
Nevertheless, they are justly entitled to the next place to man, when we consider some extraordinary qualifications with which they are preferably endowed. Of this nature is their uncommon talent of imitation, which, to them, is so far from being advantageous, or conducive to their safety, that it is ingeniously employed for ensnaring them into captivity. Thus the Indians wash their faces in the presence of apes with water, for which they substitute a solution of glue, or gum arabic: on leaving the vessel with this seductive liquor, the animal, without suspicion, imitates the natives, and being neither sensible of the danger attending this experiment, nor the means of preventing the effect, its eyes are soon pasted up, and it is exposed to the mercy of its enemy.
Besides making good use of their teeth and nails, apes defend themselves with branches of trees, stones, and the like.—Their maternal affection is so great, that they frequently smother the dearest of their offspring; and hence it has been proverbially applied to mothers who spoil their children, by excessive indulgence in the articles of food and drink.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Aphis

Edition of 1802.
​Aphis. See Plant-louse.