OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fingal's Cave

See also Fingal's Cave on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Fin′gal’s Cave, a cave or grotto on the island of Staffa, on the west coast of Scotland. It is probably named after Fingal, the Gaelic hero. The cave is 227 feet long and 42 feet broad at the entrance, and can be entered by small boats, the sea being 20 feet deep at low water in the cavern. It looks somewhat like a Gothic church, with its tall pillars and stalactites of many colors, and is one of the most picturesque grottoes known.
# The Nigger of the "Narcissus"/To My Readers in America

From that evening when James Wait joined the ship—late for the muster of the crew—to the moment when he left us in the open sea, shrouded in sailcloth, through the open port, I had much to do with him. He was in my watch. A negro in a British forecastle is a lonely being. He has no chums. Yet James Wait, afraid of death and making her his accomplice was an impostor of some character—mastering our compassion, scornful of our sentimentalism, triumphing over our suspicions.
But in the book he is nothing; he is merely the centre of the ship's collective psychology and the pivot of the action. Yet he, who in the family circle and amongst my friends is familiarly referred to as the Nigger, remains very precious to me. For the book written round him is not the sort of thing that can be attempted more than once in a life-time. It is the book by which, not as a novelist perhaps, but as an artist striving for the utmost sincerity of expression, I am willing to stand or fall. Its pages are the tribute of my unalterable and profound affection for the ships, the seamen, the winds and the great sea—the moulders of my youth, the companions of the best years of my life.
After writing the last words of that book, in the revulsion of feeling before the accomplished task, I understood that I had done with the sea, and that henceforth I had to be a writer. And almost without laying down the pen I wrote a preface, trying to express the spirit in which I was entering on the task of my new life. That preface on advice (which I now think was wrong) was never published with the book. But the late W. E. Henley, who had the courage at that time (1897) to serialize my "Nigger" in the New Review judged it worthy to be printed as an afterword at the end of the last instalment of the tale.
I am glad that this book which means so much to me is coming out again, under its proper title of "The Nigger of the 'Narcissus'" and under the auspices of my good, friends and publishers Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Co. into the light of publicity.
Half the span of a generation has passed since W. E. Henley, after reading two chapters, sent me a verbal message: "Tell Conrad that if the rest is up to the sample it shall certainly come out in the New Review." The most gratifying recollection of my writer's life!
And here is the Suppressed Preface.
1914.
JOSEPH CONRAD.
# The Night-Mare (Apel/Klauer-Klattowski)

Translation of "Alp" from Gespensterbuch volume 2 (1811), based on Goethe's "The Erl-King" (1782). This word-for-word translation is extracted from Part II, Section 33 of The German Manual for the Young and for Self-Tuition, volume 2 (1845).
The night-mare.
​Martha went with his child along the willow-bush, along the rushy pond: Ah, mother, what becomes thy face so pale? What hastens thou so apprehensively and swiftly?
Be quiet, my child, the wind blows cool, come, wrap-up thee warmly in the mantle. There it croaks dull: Give to me the little-boy on thy arm for a play!
Ah, mother, hearest thou screech the owl, how she croaks: come with me. Be quiet, my child, we are soon home, we hasten with quick step. ​
Give thy son to me, and if thou wilt not, so I take with violence him. The mother signs stilly the face of the child with the form of the holy cross.
If I shall not have thy child, so behold, how the night-mare brings to thee his own child; and quick something rolls itself, grey, out of the bush, and springs upon the neck to her.
And she anguishes herself, and groans and gasps, bowed down by the hideous load; and she carries, till she reaches painfully the farm yard, there she sinks down and expires.
* ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 33a
* ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 33b
* ↑ der Weidenbusch, das Weidengebüsche, a willow-plot.
* ↑ mühsam, mit vieler Mühe, with much difficulty, with much ado.
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# The Nigger of the "Narcissus"

1897. Originally published as The Children of the Sea: A Tale of the Forecastle in the United States.
To
EDWARD GARNETT
This Tale
About My Friends
of the Sea
* To My Readers in America
* Preface
* Chapter One
* Chapter Two
* Chapter Three
* Chapter Four
* Chapter Five
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1924, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 99 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New Student's Reference Work/Miami

See also Great Miami River and Little Miami River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Miami (mī̇-äm′ĭ), a river in the western part of Ohio, flows south for 150 miles and empties into the Ohio 20 miles west of Cincinnati. Miami Canal runs beside it for 70 miles, and together they furnish extensive water-power for manufactures. It is sometimes called the Great Miami to distinguish it from the Little Miami, which runs for 100 miles in the same direction, and flows into the Ohio, six miles east of Cincinnati.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Michael Angelo

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​ Mi′chael An′gelo. See Angelo.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Michel, Louise

See also Louise Michel on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Michel (mḗ′shĕl′), Louise, a French anarchist and communist, was born at Chateau Vroncourt in 1839. She was a writer of verse of some power. During the Commune in Paris, after the Franco-Prussian War, she was one of the most active leaders. In 1871 she was sentenced to exile for life and banished to New Caledonia. In 1880, a general pardon having released her, she returned to Paris and became editor of The Social Revolution. Later she resided in London, where she published her Memoirs and a novel entitled The Microbes of Society. She died in 1905.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Michelet, Jules

See also Jules Michelet on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Michelet (mē′sh’-lắ′), Jules, a great French historian, was born at Paris, Aug. 21, 1798. At 23 he became a professor of history in the College Rollin, and in 1838 professor of history at the College of France. His famous History of the Revolution was begun in 1847. He lost his position by refusing to take the oath of allegiance to Napoleon III, and devoted himself entirely to literary work. He published a series of books on Birds, Insects, The Sea, The Mountains, Woman and Love. His great work, The History of France, begun in 1833, was finished in 1867, and brings down the story of France to the Revolution. His History of the Revolution carries it to the close of that period. His history is injured by his prejudices; but the characters stand out clearly, and there are passages almost unequaled in historical writings — as his account of Joan of Arc and of the Templars. He died at Hyères in southern France on Feb. 9, 1874.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Michigan, Lake

See also Lake Michigan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Michigan, Lake, the third in size of the five great fresh-water lakes of America and the only one lying entirely within the United States. It separates Illinois and Wisconsin from Michigan, its upper portion dividing Michigan into two parts. It is 228 miles long and from 50 to 88 broad, and covers 22,450 square miles. Its shores are low, with several lighthouses, and good harbors at Chicago, Milwaukee and Racine.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mica

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​Mi′ca, from a Latin word meaning to glitter, is a group of minerals which are noted as being easily divided into sheets. These sheets can be made so thin that it ​will take one thousand to make an inch in thickness. There are different varieties, what is called Muscovite mica being the most common form. It is formed largely of silica, alumina and potash, and is called a potash mica. It is found in granite rocks, in gneiss and in layers with quartz, making what is called mica schist. Large plates are sometimes found, as in New Hampshire, Sweden and Norway. Mines have been discovered in North Carolina. Mica is used in stoves and lanterns, because it is transparent and will bear heat. It is used in some countries for window-glass.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Michelson, Albert Abraham

See also Albert A. Michelson on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Mi′chelson, Albert Abraham, a brilliant physicist born at Strelno, Poland, Dec. 19, 1852; graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1873; resigned from the navy in 1881 to accept a professorship in physics at Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, O. When Clark University was founded, he resigned to accept a similar position at the new institution. Since 1893 he has been head-professor of physics at the University of Chicago. His earliest important work was an improvement in Foucault's method of measuring the speed of light. These researches were carried out at the Naval Academy in 1878-80. His memoirs on the interference of light-waves, on the relative motion of the earth and the ether, on the length of the standard meter in terms of the wave-length of coadmium light and on the new echelon spectroscope are so important as to have become classics.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Michigan City, Ind.

See also Michigan City, Indiana on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Michigan City, Ind., a town in Laporte County, on Lake Michigan, and its only lake-port, 38 miles east of Chicago. It has a good harbor, and manufactures cars, refrigerators, hosiery, knit underwear, lumber, launches and launch-engines, pressed sand-brick, furniture and boats. It also enjoys a large trade in salt, lumber and iron-ore. It contains a college and state-prison and car-shops. Population 19,027.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Miamis

See also Miami people on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Miamis (mī̇-äm′ēz), an Indian tribe found in the 17th century by the French near Green Bay and on the Fox and St. Joseph's Rivers. They were related to the Illinois tribe and belonged to the Algonquin family. In 1721 they were found on the Miami, the Wabash and the Ohio. In the French and English wars they sided sometimes with one party and sometimes with the other, but during the Revolution went with the English. They were hostile to the settlers; and in 1790 General Harmar was sent against them. Under their chief, Little Turtle, they defeated General St. Clair, but after a defeat by Wayne they made peace in 1794. In 1809 they yielded their lands, from the Wabash to the Ohio state-line, and after another struggle with the United States troops made peace in 1815. They gave up all their lands in 1838 and 1840, and were finally removed to Kansas in 1846 and from there, in 1873, to the Quapaw reservation in Indian Territory. They numbered, when moved, only 150, having dwindled to that from a tribe of 8,000 warriors.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Habakkuk

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​Habak′kuk, one of the twelve minor prophets of the Old Testament. He prophesied near the close of the 7th century B. C. His personal history is unknown. In his book he appears as a prophet of Judah, announcing the divine punishment which is to come upon his native land at the hands of Nebuchadrezzar, and his aim was to lead his people to trust in the God of Israel. Both as a poem and as a prophecy his book holds high rank among the Old Testament Scriptures.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Haggart, Hon. John G.

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​Ha′ggart, Hon. John G.—born in Perth, Ontario, 1836. Elected to the House of Commons in 1872 and re-elected at each election since. Became postmaster-general in the Macdonald government in 1888. Became minister of railways in 1892 in the Abbott ministry. Held the same portfolio in the Thompson, Bowell and Tupper administrations. Resigned in 1896. Still a member of the House of Commons.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hagerstown, Md.

See also Hagerstown, Maryland on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ha′gerstown, Md., the capital of Washington County, twenty miles north of Harper's Ferry, in the northwestern part of Maryland. It is situated on Antietam Creek, in the Cumberland Valley, and several railroads pass through the town. It is an old and well-settled region, peopled to some extent by well-to-do Germans or by those of German descent. It has a number of fine public buildings, including a free public library and an academy of music. Its industries embrace the manufacture of flour, furniture, cigars, fertilizers, machinery and agricultural implements. Population 16,507.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hague, The

See also The Hague on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Hague, The, the official capital of the Netherlands, situated in the province of South Holland. It lies within three miles of the North Sea and about 34 southwest of Amsterdam. It is the handsomest, most fashionable and most modern-looking city in the Netherlands, and has been described as half-Dutch and half-French. It is the seat of the government, of both chambers of the states-general and of other tribunals and public offices, in one of which the state-papers have been preserved for four hundred years. The most important public institutions are the royal library, with over 200,000 volumes; the picture-gallery, with a splendid collection of works by native painters; the town-museum of antiquities and modern art; the royal school of design and music; the town-hall; and the royal palaces. It was here, in 1899 and 1907, that the Czar's International Peace Conferences met. Population 270,109.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Habberton, John

See also John Habberton on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hab′berton, John, an American author and journalist, was born at Brooklyn, N. Y., Feb. 24, 1842. He was educated in the public schools of Illinois, his family having moved to that state. He served in the army during the Civil War, became literary editor of the Christian Union in 1873, and later was literary critic on the staff of the New York Herald. In 1876 he published Selections from the Spectator and Helen's Babies, a humorous sketch which attracted immediate attention and reached an immense sale. Since that date he has written many books belonging to the field of light literature,—The Jericho Road, The Barton Experiment, Some Folks, When Boys were Men etc.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Habeas Corpus

See also Habeas Corpus on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ha′beas Cor′pus (meaning “have the body”), the writ served upon a sheriff or person having charge of a prisoner, commanding him to produce the body of the prisoner in court before the judge issuing the writ, at a specified time, and to state the cause why the prisoner is detained. The Habeas Corpus Act was passed in the reign of Charles II, 1679. Previous to this ​time it had been possible for those high in authority effectually to rid themselves of their opponents for long periods of time by having them imprisoned upon some charge, and the Habeas Corpus Act was passed to prevent this abuse of authority by illegitimate detention of persons in prison without a trial. The United States law is practically the same as the English, having been copied from it.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hagar, Stansbury

See also Stansbury Hagar on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ha′gar, Stansbury, a distinguished ethnologist and an authority upon Peruvian astronomy, was born in 1869 in San Francisco. He graduated in 1892 from Yale and in 1897 from New York, University. He is a member of many scientific societies.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Haggard, Henry Rider

See also Henry Rider Haggard on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* HENRY RIDER HAGGARD
Hag′gard, Henry Rider, an English novelist of note, was born June 22, 1856, at Bradenham Hall, Norfolk. He was educated at Ipswich, and in 1875 went as private secretary of Sir Henry Bulwer to Natal, South Africa. Later, he was private secretary to Sir T. Shepstone, commissioner to the Transvaal, and still later was made master of the high court of the Transvaal. In 1879 he returned to England and began his literary career. In 1882 Cetewayo and His White Neighbors was published, and in 1884 his first novel, Dawn, appeared, and The Witch's Head in 1885. The publication of King Solomon's Mines, 1886, gave him wide celebrity, and this was followed by She and Jess in 1887. Among his later novels may be mentioned Allan Quatermain, Cleopatra, Ayesha and The Heart of the World. He was, while he followed his peculiar vein, regarded as a master of the weird and fantastic in fiction. Of recent years he has taken a deep interest in all rural problems, and has written Rural England, a standard work upon English agriculture, and The Poor and the Land. In 1905 he visited the United States, as a British government commissioner, for the purpose of investigating the problems of land-settlement and labor-colonies. He is a member of the royal commission on coast erosion.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hackensack

See also Hackensack, New Jersey on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hack′ensack, city and county-seat of Bergen County, New Jersey, on Hackensack River, 16 miles from New York. It is a residential city, but manufactures silk, jewelry, wallpaper, brick and other things. It has a high school, a public library and all the adjuncts of a modern city. It has electric connection with New York and other nearby cities, and is served by the New York, S. & W. and Erie railways. It was settled about 1640 by the Dutch. Population 14,050.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Volapük

See also Volapük on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Vol′apük′ is the name given to an artificial language which Johann Schleyer of Baden invented in 1879. It was intended for use as an international speech. The words which form the vocabulary of Volapük are constructed from an aggregate of words belonging to the different European languages, especially English. In order that the language may be easily learned, local elements and inflexions are discarded. Austria was the first nation to welcome Volapük to any considerable extent, and the language soon spread to France, the Netherlands, America and England. The weakness of Volapük is that it begins without a history; and, therefore, without authority. Thus its usefulness is diminished by the large number of modified and rival world-languages, which have been stimulated by the example of its success. In Volapuk there are 27 sounds, represented by a ä e i o ö u ü b c d f g h j k l m n p r s t v x y z. Most of these letters have their usual continental values; but c is like English j in jib, h like the final ch in German, j like the English sh, v like the English w in we, y like the English y in you and z like the English ts.
The words in Volapük are formed from the simplest roots; and may be built into compound forms by prefixes and suffixes which have a constant value. Thus ik is the adjectival affix; ön the infinitive affix; and so on. Nouns are inflected in the genitive, dative and accusative singular by adding a, e and i respectively; and in the nominative, genitive, dative and accusative plural by adding respectively s, as, es and is.
In 1884, 1887 and 1889 international Volapük conferences were held; and a controlling academy was established in 1887. The directors of this academy during 1893–1903 were, first, Mr. W. Rosenberger and, afterwards, the Rev. M. A. Holmes. Under their leadership the academy modified Volapük into Linger International or Idion Neutral. The literature on Volapük in English includes Dornbusch’s Abridged Grammar of Volapük; Sprague’s The International Language; Seret’s Grammar with Vocabularies of Volapük; and Hain’s Grammar of Volapük. See Esperanto.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Volta, Alessandro

See also Alessandro Volta on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Vol'ta, Alessandro, an Italian physicist, the inventor of the Voltaic cell, was born at Como, Feb. 18, 1745, where also he died, on March 5, 1827. From 1779 to 1819 he occupied the chair of physics in the University of Pavia.
His discovery of the electric pile (as the form of battery which he devised was then and is still called) begins with the division of all conductors into two classes, viz., conductors of the first class, which become electrified by contact, but in such a way that equilibrium is at once established without any permanent current; and conductors of the second class — what we now call electrolytes. Volta's discovery is that, whenever two conductors of the first class are joined in series with a conductor of the second class, an electric current flows through the closed circuit. This phenomenon was first reported by letter to Sir Joseph Banks, then president of the Royal Society, on March 20, 1800, and was read before the Royal Society on June 26, 1800. The centennial of this important discovery was recently celebrated by an electrical exposition at Como. Volta is also the inventor of the electrophorus and of an absolute electrometer. See Electricity.