OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/New Orleans

See also New Orleans on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ New Or′leans, the largest city of Louisiana, lies on both sides of the Mississippi about 107 miles from its mouth, and derives its name of Crescent City from the shape that two bends in the river give it. Its situation as the southern outlet makes it the third city in the United States in importance as to exports. It is the terminus of three canals, nine large railroads and three local lines, while over 20 lines of steamships connect it with other ports. Since 1875 New Orleans has made great progress in manufactures, particularly in cotton goods, cotton-seed oil, machinery, lumber, furniture, fertilizers, sugar-refining and rice-milling. New Orleans is built upon ground from two to six feet below the surface of the river, and is protected from the rising waters by levees along the water front. It contains the United States mint, an old Gothic church (a good sample of Creole-Spanish architecture) and a new customhouse, besides the largest charity hospital in the United States. It has good public schools, maintained at an annual cost of $450,000, with a teaching force of 702 and an attendance of 31,521 pupils. Tulane University, with 243 professors and 1,621 students has under its control Newcomb College for the higher education of girls. There also are the College of the Immaculate Conception and four colleges for negroes. The Howard Memorial, Tulane and Louisiana libraries, all free, contain together 150,000 volumes. The place where the city is built was first visited by Bienville in 1699. He founded the city in 1718, and made it the capital in 1726, which honor it held until 1852 and again during 1865-79. It was ceded to Spain by France, but in 1765 the people established a separate government, only to have the leaders of the movement shot in 1769. It was incorporated as a city in 1804. It was the scene of the battle of New Orleans in 1815, and was captured by Farragut in 1862. The people are of all nations, only 19 per cent. being of American or English descent. Seventeen per cent. are Creoles, a term applied to people born in the southern states of French, Spanish or Portuguese ancestors. The Creole dialects are corruptions of French, Spanish and Portuguese. Mr. Cable's stories revealed to English readers the singularly quaint charm of the phraseology and manners of the Creoles of Louisiana, who are of French descent. Besides the American and Creole inhabitants, the population is made up of Germans, Irish, Italians, Spaniards, Scandinavians, Jews, Negroes, mixed races, Indians, Chinese and Malays. A large international trade is carried through New Orleans; an aggregate tonnage of 1,800,000 tons entered and cleared in 1906. The value of its imports was $39,500,000, while the exports were valued at $150,500,000. Population 339,075.
# The New Student's Reference Work/New Hebrides

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​ New Heb′rides, a chain of islands in Melanesia, west of Fiji and northeast of New Caledonia in the western Pacific, running from northeast to southwest. There are over 30 islands in the group, but only about 20 are populated. All are of volcanic origin, and some still have active volcanoes. The largest are Espiritu Santo, 70 miles by 40; Malikolo, 56 by 20; Ambrym, 22 by 17; Sandwich, 30 by 15; Erromango, 30 by 22; ​and Tanna, 18 by 10. All are high and well-wooded, and the moist, clear, warm atmosphere allows the cultivation of tropical fruits and products, as the yam, taro, banana, breadfruit, sugar cane, arrow-root and cocoanut. The people, who belong to the Papuan and Polynesian races, are cannibals. The chain was discovered by Quiros, the Portuguese, in 1606, and explored by Captain Cook in 1773. They are claimed by the British and by the French, and for the protection of life and property are under the authority of a mixed commission of French and English naval officers on Pacific stations. Population estimated at about 80,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/New South Wales

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​ New South Wales, the oldest colony in Australia, formerly included Queensland, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand, but now its area is 310,367 square miles and its population, including 10,000 Chinese, blacks and half-caste natives, is 1,664,644. The Australian Alps, Blue Mountains and Liverpool Range are some of the mountains scattered over the country. The Murray, Lothian, Nepean, Clarence, Shoalhaven, Darling and Macquarie are some of the chief rivers. The colony was established in 1788 by a party of transported prisoners from England. Then land was given to free colonists, and transportation ceased in 1840. Thereon followed a great social advance, stimulated by the discovery of gold in 1851. The country is covered with trees, as the eucalyptus, palm, pine and cedar, and vegetation is very rich. Kangaroos infest this as well as other regions in Australia; there are many lizards and snakes and birds of beautiful plumage. Gold was first worked in 1851 near Bathhurst, and is now found in an area covering 70,000 square miles, to an annual value of nearly $25,000,000. Silver abounds in Barrier Range; copper, tin, bismuth, manganese, antimony, mercury, zinc, cobalt and alum are mined; and precious stones are found in the granite formations. Yet the greatest mineral wealth is found in the coalfields, extending over 24,000 square miles and yielding 8,173,508 tons in 1910. Sheep and cattle are extensively raised, there being over 50,000,000 sheep now in pasture. The export of wool is nearly 300,000,000 pounds a year. While 140,000,000 acres are devoted to pasturage, only 1,000,000 are given to farming. The agricultural output is very small. Other exports include (beside gold, coal and the great wool crop), hides, skins, oranges, citrons, cane-sugar, wine, brandy, leather, tallow and meat, preserved and frozen. The colony has the largest trade, on account of its harbors and resources, of any of the Australian colonies. In 1911 it had 3,761 miles of railroad open for traffic. Public schools maintained by the state are now established, entirely unconnected with the church. Higher education is represented by the University of Sydney, with a staff of 80 professors and lecturers and 948 students. The laws are administered by a governor appointed by the crown, an executive council, a legislative council and legislative assembly. Sydney is the chief town. Population, including suburbs, 621,100. See T. A. Coglan's Wealth and Progress of New South Wales.
# The New Student's Reference Work/New London, Ct.

See also New London, Connecticut on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ New Lon′don, Ct., a seaport of that state, lies on the right bank of the Thames, three miles from its mouth, has a courthouse, city-hall and customhouse, and includes woolens, silk, agricultural machinery, hardware, cot-tongins, printingpresses, boilers, hot-water and steam-heating apparatus and crackers among its manufacturers. It has a good harbor and a navy-yard, and many vessels engaged in sealing and fishing. In the days of whalefishing it sent out 300 whaleships annually which laid the foundation of the town's prosperity. Its chief distinction at present is its nine beautiful schoolbuildings and grounds. The town was settled in 1646 by John Winthrop, first governor of Connecticut, and burned by Benedict Arnold in 1781. Population 19,659.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mississippi Sound

Edition of 1905. See also Mississippi Sound on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MISSISSIPPI SOUND. A lagoon-like strait, 8 to 14 miles wide, washing the coasts of Alabama and Mississippi from Mobile Bay to the entrance of Lake Borgne, a distance of about 90 miles (Map: Mississippi, H 10). It is formed and separated from the Gulf of Mexico by several long and narrow islands or sand bars, one of which is fortified. It is moderately deep, generally tranquil, and is navigated chiefly by the steamers and coasting vessels running between Mobile and New Orleans by way of Lake Pontchartrain.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mississippi Catfish

Edition of 1905. See also Blue catfish on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MISSISSIPPI CATFISH. The largest of North American catfish (Ameiurus lacustris, or Ictalurus ponderosus), which may reach 150 pounds in weight, is sold in all the markets of its region, and is regarded by many as good food. It inhabits the Great Lakes, and all the larger waters of the Saskatchewan, Mississippi, and Missouri valleys. In color it is greenish slate, growing darker with age, the sides paler, without spots. (See Catfish.) Among its many local names in the South are ‘flannel-mouth’ and ‘mud cat.’
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mississippian Series

Edition of 1905. See also Mississippian (geology) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MISSISSIPPIAN SERIES. A group of limestones outcropping in the upper Mississippi Valley, and also in Arkansas and Texas. It is the equivalent of the Lower Carboniferous in the Appalachian States. See Carboniferous System.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College

Edition of 1905. See also Mississippi State University on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MISSISSIPPI AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE. A State institution at Agricultural College, Miss., founded in 1880 on the Federal land grant of 1862. It has a preparatory department and three courses of instruction, agricultural, mechanical, and textile, with provision for graduate work and summer sessions. It confers the degrees of Bachelor and Master of Science, and the honorary degree of Master of Progressive Agriculture. Tuition is free to students residing in the State; others pay an annual fee of $20. The college has a military organization, and all students are required to wear a prescribed uniform within five miles of the college buildings. The attendance of women is permitted. In 1902 the faculty and officers of administration numbered 41, and the attendance was 250 in the preparatory department and 354 in the academic. The library contained 8958 bound volumes. The total value of the college property in 1902 was $455,335, and its income from all sources was $196,841.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mississippi College

Edition of 1905. See also Mississippi College on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MISSISSIPPI COLLEGE. An institution of learning at Clinton, Miss., founded in 1826. It has a preparatory and a collegiate department with an attendance in 1902 of 292 students and a faculty of nine instructors. The library contained about 3000 volumes. The college buildings were valued at $40,000, and the property of the institution at about $110,000. The endowment was $62,000, and the gross income $12,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Missisaga

Edition of 1905. See also Mississaugas on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MISSIS′AGA. An Algonquian tribe residing east and south from Lake Ontario, Ontario, Canada. They are closely connected with the Ojibwa, of whom they are an offshoot. The name is said to mean ‘great mouth,’ referring to the mouth of the Missisaga River, but an educated member of the tribe says that if refers to an eagle, claiming that the Missisaga are derived principally from the Eagle clan of the Ojibwa. At a treaty in 1764 they signed with an eagle as their tribal mark. When first known to the French, early in the seventeenth century, the Missisaga were living upon the lower part of the river which bears their name and upon the adjacent Manitoulin Island. Soon afterwards they moved east and south into the country left unoccupied by the dispersion of the Huron and Ottawa, and soon spread over the whole peninsula of Lower Ontario. At the close of the Revolution they even had one village on the south side of Lake Erie in what is now Ohio. The land on which the Iroquois are now settled on Grand River, Ontario, was bought from the Missisaga. In 1746 they were admitted as the seventh tribe of the Iroquois confederacy, being then settled in five villages near Detroit, but the alliance lasted only until the outbreak of the French and Indian War, a few years later. On account of the former loose distinction between the Missisaga and Ojibwa, it is impossible to give exact figures of population. Those now officially classed as Missisaga number about 750, on small reservations at New Credit, Alnwick, Mud Lake, Rice Lake, and Scugog, Province of Ontario, Canada. They are all members of the Methodist Church, and support themselves by farming, fishing, trapping, gathering wild rice, basket-making, and outside labor. They are generally prosperous and comfortable and are universally commended by their agents for industry, morality, sobriety, and general progress. The statistics show them to be a healthy people.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mississippi, University of

Edition of 1905. See also University of Mississippi on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MISSISSIPPI, University of. A state university chartered in 1844 and opened in 1848, at Oxford, Miss., and maintained until 1880 by annual grants by the Legislature. From 1861 to 1865 exercises were suspended owing to the resignation of the faculty. In 1872 the policy of separate schools, with optional studies and with courses leading to other degrees besides that of B.A., was adopted. The work of the university is organized in seven undergraduate courses, partially elective, leading to the bachelor's degree in arts, science, pedagogy, philosophy, mining, and both civil and electrical engineering. The university also maintains a law school and a summer school, and confers the degree of M.A. and Ph.D. In 1894 the preparatory education was discontinued at the university; and the requirements for admission are those adopted by the Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools of the Southern States, of which the university is one of the original members. Students from approved high schools are admitted without examination. Since 1882 women are admitted to the classes, but are not permitted to lodge on the campus. The faculty consisted in 1902 of 20 instructors, and the students numbered 243. The library contained 19,000 volumes. The total endowment was $780,000, with a gross income of $47,640. The buildings and grounds were valued at $250,000, the total value of the property being $1,070,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Swadlincote

Edition of 1905. See also Swadlincote on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SWADLINCOTE, swŏd'lĭn-kot. A town in Derbyshire, England, 4 miles southeast of Burton-upon-Trent. Its industries comprise coal-mining and the various branches of earthenware manufacture. Population, in 1891, 13,889; in 1901, 18,014.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Swahili

Edition of 1905. See also Swahili people and Swahili language on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SWAHILI, swȧ-hē'lḗ. A Bantu people of the Kau District, Tana-Ozi Delta, British East Africa, mingled more or less in blood with Semites. They are Mohammedans and differ little from the Arabs in general culture. They number about one million. They are noted traders, and their language, the Kiswahili, is the great medium of intercourse throughout east Central Africa. Consult: Büttner, Wörterbuch der Suahelisprache (Berlin, 1890); Seidel, Grammatik der Suahelisprache (Vienna, 1891); Steere, Handbook of the Swahili Language (4th ed., London, 1894); Krapf, Dictionary of the Swahili Language (ib., 1882); Madan, English-Swahili Dictionary (Oxford, 1894); Delaunay, Grammaire Kiswahili (Paris, 1898).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Swain, Charles

Edition of 1905. See also Charles Swain (poet) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SWAIN, Charles (1801-74). An English writer known as ‘the Manchester poet.’ He was born in Manchester, and lived all his life in England. For fourteen years he was a clerk in the dye house of his uncle; he afterwards carried on a business in engraving and lithographing. Between 1827 and 1867 he published several volumes of verse, among which are Dryburgh Abbey (1832), an elegy on Sir Walter Scott; English Melodies (1849); and the more ambitious The Mind and Other Poems (1832). Several of his songs, which have been set to music, are well known, as “Somebody's Waiting for Somebody” and “Tapping at the Window.” Consult the edition of his poems, with portrait and introduction by C. C. Smith (Boston, 1857).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sverdrup, Johan

Edition of 1905. See also Johan Sverdrup on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SVERDRUP, svĕr'drụp, Johan (1816-92). A Norwegian politician, born at the Château of Jarisberg. He studied and practiced law, but from 1850, when he was elected to the Storthing, gave his entire attention to politics and became the leader of the radical peasant faction. As president of the Storthing since 1871, he violently fought against the royal prerogatives. He was called to preside over the Ministry in 1884, hut did not satisfy the radical portion of his adherents, and, yielding to the combined attacks of the Conservatives and the extreme Left, resigned in 1889.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Swain, George Fillmore

Edition of 1905. See also George Fillmore Swain on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SWAIN, George Fillmore (1857—). An American civil engineer. He was born in San Francisco and was educated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he graduated in 1877. He then studied three years in the Government engineering school at Berlin, Germany. Upon his return he settled in Boston, where in 1887 he became professor of civil engineering at the Institute of Technology, and engineer to the Massachusetts Railroad Commission. In 1894 he was also made a member of the Boston Transit Commission. His most important publication is a “Report on the Water Power of the Atlantic Watershed” (vol. xvii. of Tenth United States Census).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Swain, Joseph

Edition of 1905. See also Joseph Swain on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SWAIN, Joseph (1857—). An American educator, born at Pendleton, Ind. He graduated at Indiana University in 1883; studied in the University of Edinburgh, and with the astronomer royal of Scotland in 1885-86; was professor of mathematics in his alma mater from 1886 till 1891; and in the latter year was called as professor of mathematics to Leland Stanford University. Two years afterwards he returned to Indiana University as president, and remained in that position until 1902, when he accepted the presidency of Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Svendsen, Johan

Edition of 1905. See also Johan Svendsen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SVEND'SEN, Johan (1840—). A Norwegian violinist and composer, born at Christiania. He studied at the Leipzig Conservatory, toured extensively, later was appointed
Concertmeister of the Leipzig ‘Euterpe’ concerts, and from 1872 to 1877 was conductor of the Christiania Musical Association. Afterwards he became Court conductor at Copenhagen, and in 1896 was appointed conductor of the Royal Theatre. His works include string quartets and quintets; symphony in D; violin concerto in A; overture to Björnson's drama Sigurd Slembe; Carnaval à Paris, for the orchestra; Coronation March (for Oscar II.); Wedding Cantata, for chorus and orchestra; Carnaval des artistes norvegiens; Norwegian rhapsodies for the orchestra; overture to Romeo and Juliet; Scandinavian airs for string quartet; and Romance in G, for the violin and orchestra.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sverdrup, Otto

Edition of 1905. See also Otto Sverdrup on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SVERDRUP, Otto (1855—). A Norwegian Arctic explorer, born at Haarstad Farm, District of Helgeland. He followed the sea at the age of seventeen, was subsequently in command of a merchant vessel, and in 1888 joined Nansen's expedition to Greenland. In 1893 he started with Nansen for the North Pole as commander of the Fram, which had been built under his supervision, and when Nansen, in 1895, proceeded north on dog sledges, Sverdrup took the ship to the Arctic Sea and in 1896 back to Norway. In 1898 he led another expedition in the Fram as far as Cape Sable, was caught in the ice for a year, and, after advancing into Jones's Sound in the summer of 1899, was again ice-bound for three years. Having explored the southwest and western shores of Ellesmere Land and discovered islands north of the Peary Archipelago, he reached Goodhaven, Greenland, in August, 1902, and returned to Norway in the autumn.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Valois, House of

See also Valois Dynasty on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Valois (vȧl′wā′), House of, a branch of the Capetian dynasty, which occupied the throne of France from 1328 to 1589, when it was succeeded by the house of Bourbon. It comprised the following princes: Philip VI, John the Good, Charles V, Charles VI, Charles VII, Louis XI, Charles VIII, Louis XII, Francis I, Henry II, Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III. (See articles under these titles.) The Valois monarchs of the early line generally were able rulers, who by valor and wise policy resisted the invasions of the English and firmly established the royal authority over their nobility; but those of the later lines, with the single exception of Francis I, were weak and feeble princes, under whose rule the country was distracted by contests between the nobles and by religious dissensions among the people at large, and only saved from greater calamities by the ability of the ministers of the crown, upon whom the government of the country devolved.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vambéry, Arminius

See also Ármin Vámbéry on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Vam′béry, Arminius, a distinguished Hungarian traveler and professor of Oriental languages at Budapest, was born in 1832. He has traveled widely in Persia and Central Asia, and published many works narrating his wanderings in Persia, in India, in Bokhara and in Central Asia. His more notable works are History of Bokhara, The Central Asian Question, Story of Hungary, The Coming Struggle for India and Western Culture in Eastern Lands.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Valladolid (Mexico)

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​Valladolid, a town of Mexico, in the state of Yucatan, 90 miles southeast of Merida, stands in the midst of a highly cultivated tract of country. It is the best-constructed and healthiest town in Yucatan, and is the seat of cotton manufactures. Population 14,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Valley Forge, Pa.

See also Valley Forge on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Valley Forge, Pa., a small village on the Schuylkill River, Chester County, 24 miles west of Philadelphia. The American army of about 11,000 encamped there on December 17, 1777, after the battles of ​Brandywine and Germantown. The place was chosen partly for its defensibility and partly to protect Congress, then in session at York, Pa. Many of the men died from exposure because of inadequate supplies. Here Baron Steuben disciplined and reorganized the army. From this camp Washington reoccupied Philadelphia in June of 1778. In 1893 Pennsylvania appropriated $25,000 towards making Valley Forge a state park, but the project was dropped because of the inadequacy of the fund.