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# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abraham

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABRAHAM, son of Terah, and brother of Nahor and Haran, the progenitor of the Hebrew nation and of several cognate tribes. In obedience to a call of God, Abraham, with his father Terah, his wife Sarah, and his nephew Lot, left his native Ur of the Chaldees, and dwelt for a time in Haran, where Terah died. After his father's death. Abraham, now 75 years old, pursued his course, with Sarah and Lot, to the land of Canaan, whither he was directed by the divine command (Genesis, xii: 5), when he received the general promise that he should become the founder of a great nation, and that all the families of the earth should be blessed in him. As the country was suffering with famine, Abraham journeyed southward to the rich cornlands of Egypt. Abraham left Egypt with great possessions, and, accompanied by Lot, returned to one of his former encampments between Bethel and Ai. Abraham pitched his tent among the oak-groves of Mamre, close to Hebron, where the promise that his descendants should become a mighty nation was confirmed. At the suggestion of Sarah, who despaired of having children of her own, he took as his concubine Hagar, her Egyptian maid, who bare him Ishmael, in the 86th year of his age. Thirteen years elapsed, during which revelation was made that a son of Sarah, and not Ishmael, should inherit both the temporal and spiritual blessings. The covenant was renewed, and the rite of circumcision established as its sign. At length, Isaac, the long-looked-for child, was born, and Ishmael was driven out, with his mother Hagar, as a satisfaction to Sarah's jealousy. Some 25 years after this event, Abraham received the strange command to take Isaac and offer him for a burnt-offering at an appointed place. He hesitated not to obey, but the sacrifice was stayed by the angel of Jehovah. Abraham, at the goodly age of 175, was "gathered to his people."
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abolitionists

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABOLITIONISTS, in United States history, those who advocated the abolition of African slavery in the Southern States. Agitation became acute after the settlement of the war troubles of 1812–1815. In 1833, the formation of a National Anti-Slavery Society took place in Philadelphia, and in 1848 of the Free Soil Party. The abolition movement was powerfully promoted by William Lloyd Garrison, who issued a newspaper, "The Liberator," for the better dissemination of his views; and also by Wendell Phillips, Charles Sumner, and others. The more extreme agitators among them denied the duty of obedience to the Constitution, since it contained the clause warranting the Fugitive Slave Law, and they denounced it as "a covenant with death and an agreement with hell." In practice they violated it by systematically assisting in the escape of runaway slaves. In Boston, Garrison was mobbed, and the abolition cause in the United States counted among its martyrs Elijah Lovejoy, shot in Alton, Ill., in 1837, and John Brown, hanged in Virginia in 1859. In 1840, the abolitionists divided on the question of the formation of a political anti-slavery party, and the two wings remained active on separate lines to the end. It was largely due to the abolitionists that the Civil War, when it came, was regarded by the North chiefly as an anti-slavery conflict, and they looked upon the Emancipation Proclamation as a vindication of this view.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abomey

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABOMEY, the former capital of Dahomey, Africa; a walled town, containing several royal palaces. It is mostly clay-built, and the walls are of mud; is of large area, much of which is under cultivation; carries on important trade with the interior in palm oil. ivory, and ​gold. It has often been the scene of human sacrifices, especially at the great festivals. The town was captured by the French in 1892. Pop., formerly 60,000, now about 10,000. See Dahomey.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abortion

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABORTION, the immature product of an organ; any fruit or product that does not come to maturity, or anything which fails in its progress, before it is matured or perfect.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Aboukir

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABOUKIR, a small town of Egypt, about 12 miles E. of Alexandria. In Aboukir Bay, Nelson found the French fleet which had conveyed Bonaparte into Egypt, and destroyed or captured the greatest part of it (Aug. 1, 1798). In other respects, Aboukir is not of much importance.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sts. Rufina

From volume 13 of the work.
The present Roman Martyrology records saints of this name on the following days:
(1) On 10 July, Rufina and Secunda, Roman martyrs, who according to the legendary Acts (Acta SS., July, III, 30-1) suffered in 287 during the Aurelian persecution. Their place of burial was at the ninth milestone of the Via Cornelia, as is stated in the Berne manuscript of the "Martyrologium Hieronymianum" (ed. De Rossi-Duchesne, 89). These martyrs are also recorded in the Itineraries of the seventh century as on the road just mentioned (De Rossi, "Roma sotterranea", I, 18283). Pope Damasus erected a church over the grave of the saints. The town on this spot named after St. Rufina became the see of one of the suburbicarian dioceses that was later united with Porto (cf. Allard, "Histoire des Persécutions":, III, 96).
(2) On 19 July, Justa and Rufina, martyrs at Seville (Hispalis) in Spain. Only St. Justa is mentioned in the "Martyrologium Hieronymianum" (93), but in the historical martyrologies (Quentin, "Les martyrologes historiques", 176-77) Justina is also mentioned, following the legendary Acts. There is no doubt that both are historical martyrs of the Spanish Church.
(3) On 31 August, Theodotus, Rufina, and Ammia, of who the first two are said to be the parents of the celebrated martyr Mamas (Mammes), venerated at Cæsarea in Cappadocia (cf. the various Passions of these saints in the "Bibl. hagiographica latina", II, 771 sq., and in the "Bibl. hagiogr. græca", 2nd ed., 143).
(4) On 24 of 25 August, the feast of two martyrs, Rufina and Eutyche, at Cupua in Campania is recorded in the "Martyrologium Hieronymianum" (110). Nothing further is known of either of these saints.
J.P. KIRSCH
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sts. Rufinus

From volume 13 of the work.
The present Roman Martyrology records eleven saints named Rufinus:
(1) On 28 February, a Roman martyr Rufinus, with several companions in martyrdom; nothing is known concerning them.
(2) On 7 April, an African martyr Rufinus with two companions; their names are mentioned under 6 April in a list of martyrs in the "Martyrologium Hieronymianum" (ed. De Rossi-Duchesne, 40).
(3) On 14 June, the two martyrs Valerius and Rufinus who suffered at Soissons, France, during the Diocletian persecution; their names are given under this date in the "Martyrologium Hieronymianum" (ed. cit., 78; cf. 66 under 26 May; also Acta SS., June, II, 796 sqq.).
(4) On 21 June, Rufinus who suffered martyrdom with Martia at Syracuse; nothing is known concerning him.
(5) On 30 July, Rufinus of Assisi, who was according to legend the bishop of this city and a martyr. He is probably identical with the "episcopus Marsorum" noted under 11 August. The Acts of the martyrdom of this Rufinus are purely legendary [cf. "Bibliotheca hagiographica latina", II, 1068; Elisei, "Studio sulla chiesa cattedrale di S. Rufino" (Assisi, 1893); D. de Vincentiis, "Notizie di S. Rufino" (Avezzano, 1885)].
(6) On 19 August, Rufinus, confessor at Mantua.
(7) On 26 August, a confessor Rufinus venerated at Capua (cf. Acta SS., August, V, 819-820). His name is given in the "Martyrologium Hieronymianum" under 26 and 27 August.
(8) On 4 September, a martyr Rufinus with his companions in martyrdom who suffered at Ancyra in Galatia; he is also mentioned in company with several others in the "Martyrol. Hieronym." (ed. cit., 113) under 31 August, and again under 4 September (ed. cit., 116).
(9) On 9 September, Rufinus and Rufinianus, with no further particulars.
(10) On 16 November, Rufinus, a martyr in Africa with several companions in martyrdom; nothing is known concerning this saint.
(11) Besides the saints already given mention should also be made of a martyr Rufinus of Alexandria whose name is given under 22 June in the "Martyrol. Hieronym." (ed. cit., 81)
J.P. KIRSCH
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sts. Rufus

From volume 13 of the work.
The present Roman Martyrology records ten saints of this name. Historical mention is made of the following:
(1) On 19 April, a group of martyrs in Melitene in Armenia, one of whom bears the name of Rufus. These martyrs are mentioned already in the "Martyrologium Hieronymianum" (ed. De Rossi-Duchesne, 46).
(2) On 1 August, Rufus, with several companions who, according to the most reliable manuscripts of the "Martyrol. Hieronym." died at Tomi, the place being afterwards by mistake changed to Philadelphia (cf. Quentin, "Les martyrologes historiques", 337).
(3) On 27 August, two martyrs named Rufus at Capua — one, whose name also appears as Rufinus in the "Martyrol. Hieronym." (ed. cit., 111). The other is said to have suffered with a companion, Carponius, in the Diocletian persecution (cf. "Bibliotheca hagiographica latina", II, 1070; Acta SS., VI August, 18-19).
(4) On 25 September, several martyrs at Damascus, among them one named Rufus.
(5) On 7 November, a St. Rufus, who is said to have been Bishop of Metz; his history, however, is legendary. His name was inserted at a later date in an old manuscript of the "Martyrol. Hieronym." (ed. cit., 140). In the ninth century his relics were transferred to Gau-Odernheim in Hesse, Diocese of Mainz.
(6) On 12 November, Rufus, a supposed Bishop of Avignon, who is perhaps identical with Rufus, the disciple of Paul (21 November). Legend, without any historical proof, has made him the first Bishop of Avignon [cf. Duchesne, "Fastes épiscopaux de l'ancienne Gaule", I, 258; Duprat in "Mémoires de l'Académie de Vaucluse" (1889), 373 sqq.; (1890), 1 sqq., 105 sqq.].
(7) On 21 November, Rufus the disciple of the Apostles, who lived at Rome and to whom St. Paul sent a greeting, as well as he did also to the mother of Rufus (Rom., xvi, 13). St. Mark says in his Gospel (xv, 21) that Simon of Cyrene was the father of Rufus, and as Mark wrote his Gospel for the Roman Christians, this Rufus is probably the same as the one to whom Paul sent a salutation [cf. Cornely, "Commentar. in Epist. ad Romanos" (Paris, 1896), 778 sq.].
(8) On 28 November, a Roman martyr Rufus, probably identical with the Rufinianus who was buried in the Catacomb of Generosa on the Via Portuensis, and who is introduced in the legendary Acts of the martyrdom of St. Chrysogonus (cf. Allard, "Histoire des persécutions", IV, 371 sq.).
(9) On 18 December, the holy martyrs Rufus and Zosimus, who were taken to Rome with St. Ignatius of Antioch and were put to death there for their unwavering confession of Christianity during the persecution of Trajan. St. Polycarp speaks of them in his letter to the Philippians (c. ix).
J.P. KIRSCH
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sts. Theodorus and Theophanes

From volume 14 of the work.
(called Grapti, "written upon", γραπτοί), Saints: Theodorus, b. about 775; d. about 842-43; Theophanes, b. about 778; d. 845. These champions of the veneration of images during the second Iconoclastic controversy in the East were brothers and natives of Jerusalem. Both entered the monastery of St. Sabas, near Jerusalem, which, at that time was under the guidance of Michael, later syncellus of the Patriarch of Jerusalem. The brothers had an excellent theological training and were zealous, strict ascetics. About 812 they entered a monastery at Constantinople, where in opposition to the Emperor Leo V (813-20) they energetically defended the veneration of images, and consequently were exiled. Under the succeeding emperor, Michael II (820-29), they were brought into the monastery of Sosthenes on the Bosphorus. Michael's successor, the tyrannical and Iconoclastic Theophilos (829-42), exiled them again, but recalled them in 836 to the capital, had them scourged several times, and had twelve lines of verse cut into their skin (hence the nick-name "written upon"). They were once more sent into exile, where Theodorus died, while Theophanes lived to see the close of the Iconoclastic controversy in 842 during the reign of the Empress Theodora. In this same year he was raised to the Archdiocese of Nicæa and administered it until his death. Theophanes wrote a large number of religious poems, among them one on his dead brother, but they have not yet been published (cf. Christ and Paranikas, "Anthologia græca carminum christianorum", Leipzig, 1781). The brothers are venerated as saints. In the Greek Church the feast of Theophanes is observed on 11 October, that of Theodorus on 27 December. In the Roman Church the feasts of both are celebrated on 27 December (Cf. Nilles, "Kalendarium manuale utriusque Ecclesiæ", I, 300, 368 sq.).
Vita Theodori Grapti in P.G., CXVI, 653-683; THEODORA CANTACUZENA, Vita Theodori et Theophanes, ed. PAPADOPOULOS-KERAMEUS in Analekta Ierosonumitikz stacuonogiaz, IV. 185-223; V, 379-99; VAILHÉ, St. Michel le Syncelle et les deux frères Grapti, St. Théodore et St. Théophane in Revue de l'orient chretien, VI (1901), 313 sq., 610 sq.
J.P. KIRSCH
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sts. Tiburtius and Susanna

From volume 14 of the work.
Roman martyrs, feast 11 August. The story is related in the legend of St. Sebastian that Chromatius, prefect of Rome, condemned several Christians to death. The prefect, however, was converted by St. Tranquillinus and baptized by Polycarp. Tiburtius, the only son of Chromatius, was also baptized through the persuasion of St. Sebastian, who was his godfather in baptism. Tiburtius during the persecution of Diocletian lay hidden in his father's house. Accused by a traitor, he was brought before the prefect Fabianus and tried. He confessed his faith which he confirmed by a miracle, for protecting himself only by the sign of the cross he walked over red-hot coals barefoot without suffering any injury. But the miracle was ascribed to magic and Tiburtius was beheaded at the third mile-stone of the Via Lavicana. This was in the year 286. The spot of execution was called, "at the two laurel trees".
Saint Susanna, virgin and martyr, is said to have been the daughter of St. Gabinius. She was beheaded about the year 295, at the command of Diocletian, in her father's house. This house and the adjoining one belonging to her uncle, the prefect Caius, which were near the two laurel trees, were turned into a church, later the titular church of St. Susanna ad duas domos (cf. Kehr, "Italia pontificia", I, 61 sq.). The authenticity of the Acts of Sts. Sebastian and Susanna has been rightly questioned; however, the martyrdoms and the day of death (11 August) are established by the witness of the oldest Martyrologies and the earliest places of worship.
Acta SS., II Feb., 271-7; III April, 14-6; and II August, 613-32
Gabriel Meier.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sts. Tarachus, Probus, and Andronicus

From volume 14 of the work.
Martyrs of the Diocletian persecution (about 304). The "Martyrologium Hieronymian." contains the names of these three martyrs on four different days (the four days 8-11 October evidently signify no more than the date on a single day), with the topographical identification: "In Tarso Cilicie", on 27 Sept. (ed. De Rossi-Duchesne, 126), to which corresponds the expression, "In Cilicia", given on the two days of 5 April, and 8-11 October. The expression, "In Palestina", given under 13 May (ibid., 60), is either an error or refers to a special shrine of the martyrs in Palestine. There are two accounts of the glorious martyrdom of these three witnesses by blood, the first account being held by Ruinart (Acta Martyrum, ed. Ratisbon, 448 sq.) to be entirely authentic. According to these Acts, Tarachus, a native of Cladiopolis in Isauria, Probus of Side in Pamphylia, and Andronicus, who belonged to a prominent family of Ephesus, were tried and horribly tortured three times in various cities at Tarsus, and at Anazarbus of Cilicia. They were then condemned to death by wild beasts, and when the animals would not touch them in the amphitheatre they were put to death with the sword. Harnack, however, expressed doubts as to the genuineness of the account (Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur, pt. II: Die Chronologie, I, 479 sq., note 5), and Delehaye (Les lxgendes hagiographiques, 135 sq.) puts the martyrdom in the class of legends of martyrs that he calls "historical romances". At the same time, however, there can be no doubt as to the actual existence of the three martyrs. Their feast is celebrated in the Latin Church on 11 October, and in the Greek Church on 12 October.
J.P. KIRSCH
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sts. Timotheus and Symphorian

From volume 14 of the work.
Martyrs whose feast is observed on 22 August. During the pontificate of Melchiades (311-13), St. Timotheus came from Antioch to Rome, where he preached for fifteen months and lived with Sylvester, who later became pope. The prefect of the city, Tarquinus Perpenna, threw him into prison, tortured, and finally beheaded him in 311. A Christian woman named Theon buried him in her garden. This is related in the legend of Sylvester. The name of Timotheus occurs in the earliest martyrologies.
According to a legend of the early fifth century, St. Symphorian of Autun was beheaded, while still a young man, during the reign of Marcus Aurelius. His mother, the Blessed Augusta (?), encourged him on his way to execution, 22 August, 178. Bishop Euphronius (d. 490) built a handsome church over his grave, connected with a monastery, which belonged to the Congregation of Sainte-Geneviève from 1656 until its suppression in 1791. Abbot Germanus later became Bishop of Paris, where he dedicated a chapel to the saint. St. Symphorian is the patron saint of Autun. his veneration spread at an early date through the empire of the Franks. His cult was especially popular at Tours; St. Gregory relates a miracle wrought by the saint.
Acta SS., August, IV, 530-35, 491; Ruinart, Acta Martyrum; Dinet, Saint Symphorien et son culte (2 vols., Autun, 1861); Duchesne, Fastes Épiscopaux, I, 52.
GABRIEL MEIER
# Constitution Fourth Amendment Act, 1989

* related portals: Constitutional documents of South Africa, Acts of the Parliament of South Africa.
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Act No. 71 of 1989. First published on 9 June 1989 in Government Gazette No. 11925, and came into force upon publication. Repealed on 27 April 1994 by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993.
Note that [words in bold type in square brackets] indicate omissions from existing enactments, while words underlined with a solid line indicate insertions in existing enactments.
Act
To amend the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983, so as to make different provision in relation to the description of the boundaries of electoral divisions by a delimitation commission; and to provide for matters connected therewith.
Be it enacted by the State President and the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, as follows:―
Amendment of section 50 of Act 110 of 1983
1. Section 50 of the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983, is hereby amended―
| (a) | by the substitution for paragraph (a) of subsection (1) of the following paragraph: “(a)   a list of the electoral divisions, with the names given to them by the commission and, if the commission considers it necessary, a description of the boundaries or any part of the boundaries of [each] any division.”; |
| (b) | by the substitution for subsection (3) of the following subsection: “(3) The State President shall by proclamation in the Gazette make known the names [and boundaries] of the electoral divisions as finally settled and certified by the commission, or a majority thereof, on the aforesaid map or maps, and thereafter, until there shall be a redivision, the electoral divisions so named and [defined] settled, shall be the electoral divisions of the House in question in the Republic and the provinces.”; |
| (c) | by the substitution for subsection (4) of the following subsection: “(4) The map or maps so certified shall be filed at the office of the Chief Electoral Officer referred to in section 5 (1) (a) of the Electoral Act, 1979, and such map or maps, together with any description contemplated in subsection (1) (a), shall be conclusive evidence of the boundaries of the electoral divisions as settled by the commission.”; and |
| (d) | by the deletion of subsection (5). |
Short title
2. This Act shall be called the Constitution Fourth Amendment Act, 1989.
This work is in the public domain because it was created and first published in South Africa and it is an official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or an official translation of such a text.
According to the Copyright Act, 1978, § 12 (8) (a), "No copyright shall subsist in official texts of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or in official translations of such texts."
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Constitution Eighteenth Amendment Act of 2023

* related portals: Constitutional documents of South Africa.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
The Constitution Eighteenth Amendment Act of 2023 is an act of the Parliament of South Africa amending the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. When it comes into force it will make South African Sign Language an official language of the country.
Note that [words in bold type in square brackets] indicate omissions from existing enactments, while words underlined with a solid line indicate insertions in existing enactments.
(English text signed by the President.) (Assented to 19 July 2023.)
Act
To amend the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, so as to recognise South African Sign Language as one of the official languages of the Republic; and to provide for matters incidental thereto.
Be it enacted by the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, as follows:—
Amendment of section 6 of Constitution
1. Section 6 of the Constitution is hereby amended—
(a)
(1) “The official languages of the Republic are Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, Afrikaans, South African Sign Language, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa and isiZulu.”; and
(b)
“(a)
(i)
(ii)
[(iii)
Short title and commencement
2. This Act is called the Constitution Eighteenth Amendment Act, 2023, and comes into operation on a date ﬁxed by the President by proclamation in the Gazette.