# The Boy Travellers in the Russian Empire

This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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THEBOYTRAVELLERSIN
THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE
ADVENTURES OF TWO YOUTHS IN A JOURNEY IN
EUROPEAN AND ASIATIC RUSSIA, WITH ACCOUNTS OF A TOUR ACROSS SIBERIA VOYAGES ON THE AMOOR, VOLGA, AND OTHER RIVERS, A VISIT TO CENTRAL ASIA, TRAVELS AMONG THE EXILES, AND A HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE EMPIRE FROM ITS FOUNDATION TO THE PRESENT TIME
By THOMAS W. KNOX
Illustrated
NEW YORK HARPER & BROTHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE 1887
By THOMAS W. KNOX.
* Adventures of Two Youths in a Journey to Japan and China.
* Adventures of Two Youths in a Journey to Siam and Java. With Descriptions of Cochin-China, Cambodia, Sumatra, and the Malay Archipelago.
* Adventures of Two Youths in a Journey to Ceylon and India. With Descriptions of Borneo, the Philippine Islands, and Burmah.
* Adventures of Two Youths in a Journey to Egypt and Palestine.
* Adventures of Two Youths in a Journey through Africa.
* The Young Nimrods in North America.
* The Young Nimrods Around the World.
Published by Harper & Brothers, New York.
☞Any of the above volumes sent by mail, postage prepaid, to any part of the United States or Canada, on receipt of the price.
Copyright, 1886, by Harper & Brothers.—All rights reserved.
PREFACE.
IN preparing this volume for the press, the author has followed very closely the plan adopted for "The Boy Travellers in the Far East," and also for his more recent work, "The Boy Travellers in South America." Accompanied by their versatile and accomplished mentor, Dr. Bronson, our young friends, Frank Bassett and Fred Bronson, journeyed from Vienna to Warsaw and St. Petersburg, and after an interesting sojourn in the latter city, proceeded to Moscow, the ancient capital of the Czars. From Moscow they went to Nijni Novgorod, to attend the great fair for which that city is famous, and thence descended the Volga to the Caspian Sea. On their way down the great river they visited the principal towns and cities along its banks, saw many strange people, and listened to numerous tales and legends concerning the races which make up the population of the great Muscovite Empire.
They visited the recently developed petroleum fields of the Caspian, and, after crossing that inland sea, made a journey in Central Asia to study certain phases of the "Eastern Question," and learn something about the difficulties that have arisen between England and Russia. Afterwards they travelled in the Caucasus, visited the Crimea, and bade farewell to the Empire as they steamed away from Odessa. Concerning the parts of Russia that they were unable to visit they gathered much information, and altogether their notes, letters, and memoranda would make a portly volume.
The author has been three times in the Russian Empire, and much of the country described by "The Boy Travellers" was seen and traversed by him. In his first journey he entered the Czar's dominions at Petropavlovsk in Kamtchatka, ascended the Amoor River through its entire navigable length, traversed Siberia from the Pacific Ocean to the Ural Mountains, and continuing thence to Kazan, Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Warsaw, left the protection of the Russian flag eleven thousand miles from where he first went beneath it. His second visit included the ​Crimea and other regions bordering the Black Sea, and his third was confined to Finland and other Baltic provinces.
In addition to his personal observations in Russia, the author has drawn upon the works of others. Many books of Russian travel and history have been examined; some of them have been mentioned in the text of the narrative, but it has not been practicable to refer to all. Indebtedness is hereby acknowledged to the following books: "Free Russia," by Hepworth Dixon; "Turkestan" and "Life of Peter the Great," by Hon. Eugene Schuyler; "A Ride to Khiva," by Col. Fred Burnaby; "Campaigning on the Oxus, and the Fall of Khiva," by J. A. Macgahan; "Life of Peter the Great" and "Life of Genghis Khan," by Jacob Abbott; The Siberian Overland Route," by Alexander Michie; "Tent-life in Siberia," by George Kennan; "Reindeer, Dogs, and Snow-shoes," by Richard J. Bush; "The Invasion of the Crimea," by A. W. Kinglake; "Fred Markham in Russia," by W. H. G. Kingston; "The Knout and the Russians," by G. De Lagny; "The Russians at the Gates of Herat" and "The Region of the Eternal Fire," by Charles Marvin; "Travels in the Regions of the Upper and Lower Amoor" and "Oriental and Western Siberia," by Thomas W. Atkinson; and "The Russians at Home," by Sutherland Edwards. The author has also drawn upon several articles in Harper's Magazine, including his own series describing his journey through Siberia.
The publishers have kindly permitted the use of illustrations from their previous publications on the Russian Empire, in addition to those specially prepared for this book. As a result of their courtesy, the author has been able to present a "copiously illustrated" book, which is always a delight to the youthful eye.
T. W. K.
CONTENTS.
| CHAPTER I. | PAGE |
| Departure from Vienna.—Frank's Letter.—A Farewell Promenade.—From Vienna to Cracow.—The Great Salt-mine of Wieliczka, and what was seen there.—Churches and Palaces Underground.—Voyage on a Subterranean Lake. | 15 |
| CHAPTER II. |
| Leaving Cracow.—The Russian Frontier.—The Police and the Custom-house—Russian Censorship of Books and Papers.—Catching a Smuggler.—From the Frontier to Warsaw.—Sights and Incidents in the Capital of Poland.—From Warsaw to St. Petersburg. | 40 |
| CHAPTER III. |
| In the Streets of St. Petersburg.—Isvoshchiks and Droskies.—Counting in Russian.—Passports and their Uses.—On the Nevski Prospect.—Visiting the Church of Kazan.—The Russo-Greek Religion.—Unfavorable Position of St. Petersburg.—Danger of Destruction.—Great Inundation of 1824.—Statue of Peter the Great.—Admiralty Square.—The Sailors and the Statue. | 58 |
| CHAPTER IV. |
| Dinner in a Russian Restaurant.—Cabbage Soup, Fish Pies, and other odd Dishes.—The "Samovar" and its Uses.—Russian Tea-drinkers.—"Joltai Chai."—Alexander's Column.—Fortress of Sts. Peter and Paul.—Imperial Assassinations.—Sketches of the People.—Russian Police and their Ways. | 76 |
| CHAPTER V. |
| Number and Character of the Russian People.—Pan-Slavic Union.—St. Isaac's Church: its History and Description.—The Winter Palace and the Hermitage.—Sights in the Palace.—Catherine's Rules for her Receptions.—John Paul Jones in Russia.—The Crown Jewels and the Orloff Diamond.—Anecdotes of the Emperor Nicholas.—Relics of Peter the Great.—From Palace to Prison.—Tombs of Russia's Emperors.—A Monument and an Anecdote. | 93 |
| CHAPTER VI. |
| The Gostinna Dvor: its Extent and Character.—Peculiarity of Russian Shopping.—Curious Customs.—Old-clothes Market.—Hay-market.—Pigeons in Russian Cities.—Frozen Animals.—Church and Monastery of St. Alexander Nevski.—A Persian Train.—A Coffin of Solid Silver.—The Summer ​Garden.—Speaking to the Emperor.—Kriloff and his Fables.—Visit to a Russian Theatre.—"A Life for the Czar."—A Russian Comedy. | 110 |
| CHAPTER VII. |
| Newspapers in Russia: their Number, Character, and Influence.—Difficulties of Editorial Life.—The Censorship.—An Excursion to Peterhof, Oranienbaum, and Cronstadt.—Sights in the Summer Palace.—Cronstadt and the Naval Station.—The Russian Navy.—The Russian Army: its Composition and Numbers.—The Cossacks.—Anecdotes of Russian Military Life. | 130 |
| CHAPTER VIII. |
| Visiting the University of St. Petersburg.—Education in Russia.—Primary and other Schools.—The System of Instruction.—Recent Progress in Educational Matters.—Universities in the Empire: their Number and Location.—Religious Liberty.—Treatment of the Jews.—The Islands of the Neva, and what was seen there.—In a "Traktir."—Bribery Among Russian Officials. | 150 |
| CHAPTER IX. |
| Studies of St. Petersburg.—Mujiks.—"The Imperial Nosegay."—A Short History of Russian Serfdom: its Origin, Growth, and Abuses.—Emancipation of the Serfs.—Present Condition of the Peasant Class.—Seeing the Emperor.—How the Czar appears in Public.—Public and Secret Police: their Extraordinary Powers.—Anecdotes of Police Severity.—Russian Courts of Law. | 172 |
| CHAPTER X. |
| Winter in Russia.—Fashionable and other Furs.—Sleighs and Sledges.—No Sleigh-bells in Russian Cities.—Official Opening of the Neva.—Russian Ice-hills.—"Butter-week."—Kissing at Easter.—An Active Kissing-time.—Russian Stoves and Baths.—Effects of Severe Cold.—The Story of the Frozen Nose.—How Men are Frozen to Death. | 193 |
| CHAPTER XI. |
| Leaving St. Petersburg.—Novgorod the Great: its History and Traditions.—Rurik and his successors.—Barbarities of John the Terrible.—Early History of Russia.—An Imperial Bear-hunt.—Origin of the House of Romanoff.—"A Life for the Czar."—Railways in Russia from Novgorod to Moscow. | 211 |
| CHAPTER XII. |
| First Impressions of Moscow.—Undulations of the Ground.—Irregularity of the Buildings, and the Cause thereof.—Napoleon's Campaign in Russia.—Disaster and Retreat.—The Burning of Moscow.—The Kremlin: its Churches, Treasures, and Historical Associations.—Anecdotes of Russian Life.—The Church of St. Basil. | 230 |
| CHAPTER XIII. |
| The Great Theatre of Moscow.—Operatic Performances.—The Kitai Gorod and Gostinna Dvor.—Romanoff House and the Romanoff Family.—Sketch of ​the Rulers of Russia.—Anecdotes of Peter the Great and others.—Church of the Saviour.—Mosques and Pagodas.—The Museum.—Riding-school.—Suhareff Tower.—Traktirs.—Old Believers.—The Sparrow Hills and the Simonoff Monastery. | 252 |
| CHAPTER XIV. | |
| A Visit to the Troitska Monastery, and what was seen there.—Curious Legends.—Monks at Dinner.—European Fairs.—The Great Fair at Nijni Novgorod.—Sights and Scenes.—Minin's Tomb and Tower.—Down the Volga by Steamboat.—Steam Navigation on the great River.—Kazan, and what was seen there.—The Route to Siberia. | 271 |
| CHAPTER XV. | |
| Avatcha Bay, in Kamtchatka.—Attack upon Petropavlovsk by the Allied Fleet.—Dogs and Dog-driving.—Rapid Travelling with a Dog-team.—Population and Resources of Kamtchatka.—Reindeer and their Uses.—The Amoor River.—Native Tribes and Curious Customs.—Tigers in Siberia.—Navigation of the Amoor.—Overland Travelling in Siberia.—Riding in a Tarantasse.—A Rough Road.—An Amusing Mistake.—From Stratensk to Nertchinsk.—Gold-mining in Siberia. | 289 |
| CHAPTER XVI. | |
| The Exiles of Siberia.—The Decembrists and their Experience.—Social Position of Exiles.—Different Classes of Exiles and their Sentences.—Criminals and Politicals.—Degrees of Punishment.—Perpetual Colonists.—How Exiles Travel.—Lodging-houses and Prisons.—Convoys.—Thrilling Story of an Escape from Siberia.—Secret Roads.—How Peasants treat the Exiles.—Prisoners in Chains. | 313 |
| CHAPTER XVII. |
| Character of the Siberian Population.—Absence of Serfdom, and its Effect.—A Russian Fête.—Amusements of the Peasantry.—Courtship and Marriage.—Curious Customs.—Whipping a Wife.—Overland through Siberia again.—Chetah and the Bouriats.—In a Bouriat Village.—Verckne Udinsk.—Siberian Robbers.—Tea-trains and Tea-trade.—Kiachta.—Lodged by the Police.—Trade between Russia and China. | 334 |
| CHAPTER XVIII. |
| General Aspects of Mai-mai-chin.—Dinner with a Chinese Governor.—A Theatrical Performance.—Lake Baikal: its Remarkable Features.—A Wonderful Ride.—Irkutsk: its Population, Size, and Peculiarities.—Social Gayeties.—Preparations for a long Sleigh-ride.—List of Garments.—Varieties of Sleighs.—Farewell to Irkutsk.—Sleighing Incidents.—Food on the Road.—Siberian Mails.—Advantages of Winter Travelling.—Sleighing on bare Ground.—A Snowless Region.—Krasnoyarsk. | 354 |
| CHAPTER XIX. |
| Position and Character of Krasnoyarsk.—A Lesson in Russian Pronunciation.—Market Scene.—Siberian Trees.—The "Oukhaba."—A New Sensation.—Road-fever and its Cause.—An Exciting Adventure with Wolves.—How Wolves are Hunted.—From Krasnoyarsk to Tomsk.—Steam Navigation in Siberia.— ​Barnaool.—Mines of the Altai.—Tigers and Tiger Stories.—The "Bouran."—Across the Baraba Steppe.—Tumen and Ekaterineburg.—From Europe to Asia—Perm, Kazan, and Nijni Novgorod.—End of the Sleigh-ride. | 377 |
| CHAPTER XX. |
| Down the Volga again.—Russian Reception Ceremony.—Simbirsk, Samara, and Saratov.—German Settlers on the Volga.—Don Cossacks.—Astrachan.—Curious Population.—Voyage on the Caspian Sea.—The Caspian Petroleum Region.—Tank-steamers.—Interesting Facts and Figures of the New Petrolia.—Present Product of the Baku Oil-fields.—Excursion to Balakhani, and Visit to the Oil-wells.—Temples of the Fire-worshippers.—Antiquity of the Caspian Petroleum Region.—Marco Polo and other Authorities. | 403 |
| CHAPTER XXI. |
| Glance at Central Asia.—Russian Conquest in Turkestan.—War and Diplomacy among the Kirghese Tribes.—Russian Taxes and their Ccollection.—Turcoman and Kirghese Raids.—Prisoners sold into Slavery.—Fortified Villages and Towers of Refuge.—Commerce in Turkestan.—Jealousy of Foreigners.—Travels of Vambéry and Others.—Vambéry's Narrow Escape.—Turcoman Character.—Payments for Human Heads.—Marriage Customs among the Turcomans.—Extent and Population of Central Asia. | 428 |
| CHAPTER XXII. |
| Frank and Fred in the Turcoman Country.—The Trans-Caspian Railway.—Skobeleff's Campaign, and the Capture of Geok Tepé.—English Jealousy of Russian Advances.—Rivers of Central Asia.—The Oxus and Jaxartes.—Agriculture by Irrigation.—Khiva, Samarcand, and Bokhara.—A Ride on the Trans-Caspian Railway.—Statistics of the Line.—Kizil Arvat, Askabad, and Sarakhs.—Route to Herat and India.—Turcoman Devastation.—The Afghan Boundary Question.—How Merv was Captured.—O'Donovan and MacGahan: their Remarkable Journeys.—Railway Route from England to India.—Return to Baku. | 451 |
| CHAPTER XXIII. |
| Baku to Tiflis.—The Capital of the Caucasus.—Mountain Travelling.—Crossing the Range.—Petroleum Locomotives.—Batoum and its Importance.—Trebizond and Erzeroom.—Sebastopol and the Crimea.—Short History of the Crimean War.—Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78.—Battles in the Crimea and Siege of Sebastopol.—Visiting the Malakoff and Redan Forts.—View of the Battle-fields.—Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava.—Present Condition of Sebastopol.—Odessa.—Arrival at Constantinople.—Frank's Dream.—The End. | 480 |
ILLUSTRATIONS.
* Winter Scene in Russia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Frontispiece.
* PAGE
* Fred's Reminder................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................15
* St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................16
* View of the Palace of Cracow................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................17
* Kosciusko, 1777................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18
* Kosciusko, 1817................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................19
* Church of St. Mary, Cracow................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................20
* Polish Jew of high Rank................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21
* Polish Jews of the Middle Class................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................22
* Our Guide in Costume................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................23
* The Inspector-general................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................24
* The Shaft................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................26
* Descending the Shaft................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................27
* Lamp-bearers................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................28
* A Foot-path................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................29
* An Underground Chapel................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................31
* Men Cutting Salt in the Mine................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................32
* Finishing the Columns................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................33
* Subterranean Stables................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................34
* A Mining Singer................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................35
* "Glück-auf!"................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................36
* Fête in the Grand Saloon of Entertainment................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................37
* A Retired Director................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................38
* Outer Wall of Cracow................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................40
* Custom-house Formalities................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................41
* Passport not Correct................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42
* In the Passport Bureau................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43
* Way Station on the Railway................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................45
* Before Examination................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................46
* After Examination................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................47
* Scene on the Railway................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................48
* Shutes for loading Coal on the Railway................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................49
* Polish National Costumes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................50
* Peasant's Farm-house................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................51
* Royal Palace at Warsaw................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................52
* Shrine at a Gate-way................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................53
* Lake in the Park................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................54
* A Business Man of Warsaw................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................55
* In St. Petersburg................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................56
* Isvoshchiks in Winter................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................59
* Drosky Drivers................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................60
* Sledge of a high Official................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................63
* Russian Workmen on their way Home................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................65
* Russian Officer with Decorations................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................66
* A Russian Priest................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................68
* Convent of Solovetsk in the Frozen Sea................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................71
* The Inundation of 1824................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................72
* Statue of Peter the Great................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................73
* Improvising a Statue................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................75
* Tea-sellers in the Streets................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Russian Restaurant at the Paris Exposition................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................78
* An Out-door Tea-party................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................79
* Russian Mujiks drinking Tea................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................81
* Plant from which Yellow Tea is made................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................82
* Column in Memory of Alexander I................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................83
* Peter the Great................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................85
* Assassination of Peter III................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................87
* Paul I................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................88
* Russian and Finn................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................89
* Dvornik and Postman................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................90
* Lodgings at the Frontier................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................91
* Ordered to leave Russia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................92
* Finland Peasants in Holiday Costume................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................94
* Inhabitants of Southern Russia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................95
* St. Isaac's Church and Admkalty Square................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................96
* Priest of the Church of St. Isaac................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................98
* Catherine II. of Russia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................99
* Reception of John Paul Jones by the Empress Catherine................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................101
* Russian Attack on the Turkish Galley................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................103
* The Orloff Diamond................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................104
* Nicholas I................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................105
* Peter III................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................106
* Circassian Arms as Trophies of Battle................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................107
* Statue of Nicholas I................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................108
* Politeness in the Market-place................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111
* Importuning a Visitor................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................113
* Frozen Animals in the Market................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................114
* Market for old Clothes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................116
* Pigeons in a Russian City................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................118
* Persian Horses presented by the Shah................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................119
* Russian Peasant Girl................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................120
* Russian Nurse-maid and Children................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................121
* Some of Kriloff's Friends................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................122
* Kriloff's Characters in Convention................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................123
* The Fox as a Law-giver................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................126
* One of Kriloff's Characters................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................127
* Closing Scene in a Russian Play................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................128
* Kriloff's Statue in the Summer Garden, St. Petersburg................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................129
* Press-room of a Daily Newspaper................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................131
* Interviewing an Editor................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................132
* Prince Gortchakoff................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................133
* Cabinet and Chair in the Palace................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................135
* Illumination in a Russian Park................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................136
* Tapestry and Fire Utensils at Peterhof................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................137
* Door-way of Peter's House at Zaandam, Holland................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................138
* A Student of Navigation................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................139
* Steam Frigate near Cronstadt................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................140
* Frigate under Sail and Steam................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................141
* The Dreadnought—type of the Peter the Great................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................142
* The Russian Army—Regular Troops................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................143
* Cossack Lancers and Russian Guard-house................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................144
* The Russian Army—Irregular Troops................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................146
* Grand-duke Michael................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................148
* Iron-clad Steamer of the Baltic Fleet................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................149
* Little Folks at School................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................151
* Learning to Weave................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................152
* Mineral Cabinet in the University................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................153
* Parlor in a High-school for Women................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................155
* Private Room of a wealthy Student................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................156
* Lower Recitation-room................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................157
* One of the Professors................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................158
* Descending a Shaft................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................159
* Galleries in a Mine................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................160
* In the Library................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................161
* A College Dormitory................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................162
* Jewish Burial-ground................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................163
* Clothes-dealer of Moscow................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................164
* A Russian Troika................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................165
* A Villa on the Island................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................166
* A Russian Family................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................167
* Culprit Street-sweepers................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................169
* A Business Transaction................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................170
* Peter the Great dressed for Battle................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................171
* An Imperial Nosegay................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................173
* Mujiks playing Cards................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................174
* Peasant's House in Southern Russia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................176
* Peasants' Huts................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................178
* Esthonian Peasants................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................179
* Alexander II., the Liberator of the Serfs................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................181
* Alexander III., Emperor of Russia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................182
* Battle between Russians and Circassians................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................184
* Schamyl's Village in the Caucasus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................185
* The Empress Marie Féodorovna, Wife of Alexander III................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................186
* Russian Peasants at their Recreation................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................187
* "Who is the Spy?"................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................189
* Officers sitting in Judgment................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................191
* Russian Grand-duke and Grand-duchess................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................192
* Fur-bearing Seals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................194
* Sea-otter................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................195
* The Beaver................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................195
* The Ermine................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................196
* The Raccoon................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................196
* Russian Ice-hills................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................198
* Soldiers off Duty—Butter-week................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................199
* The Easter Kiss—agreeable................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................200
* The Easter Kiss—in the Family................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................200
* The Easter Kiss—difficult................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................201
* The Easter Kiss—disagreeable................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................201
* The Emperor's Easter Kiss................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................203
* Peasant Girl in Winter Dress................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................204
* A Bath in the East................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................206
* Russian Street Scene in Winter................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................208
* Lost in a Snow-storm................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................210
* Workmen of Novgorod—Glazier, Painter, and Carpenters................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................212
* An Old Norse Chief................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................213
* View on the Steppe................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................216
* Ivan the Terrible................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................217
* Alexis Michailovitch, Father of Peter the Great................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................219
* Michael Feodorovitch, First Czar of the Romanoff Family................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................220
* Too near to be pleasant................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................221
* Wolf attacking its Hunters................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................222
* Old Picture in the Church................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................224
* A Bishop of the Greek Church................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................225
* Millennial Monument at Novgorod................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................227
* Russian Boats................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................228
* Portrait of Catherine II. in the Kremlin Collection................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................229
* Street Scene in Moscow................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................231
* Bivouacking in the Snow................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................232
* Battle between French and Russians................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................233
* Napoleon Retreating from Moscow................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................235
* Alexander I................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................236
* View in the Kremlin................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................237
* A Prisoner ordered to Execution................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................238
* The Kremlin of Moscow................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................239
* The Great Bell underground................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................240
* Visiting the Great Bell................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................241
* Empress Anne................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................242
* The Empress Elizabeth................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................243
* Coronation of Alexander III................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................245
* Peter II................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................246
* Bishop in his Robes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................247
* Great Gun at Moscow................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................249
* The Cathedral at Moscow................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................250
* Napoleon's Retreat from Moscow................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................251
* Dress of Peasants—Scene from a Russian Opera................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................253
* A Dressing-room of the Opera-house................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................254
* Working the Ship in "L'Africaine"................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................255
* Minin-Pojarsky Monument................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................257
* Peter's Escape from Assassination................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................258
* Peter the Great as Executioner................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................260
* Catherine I................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................261
* Catherine II................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................263
* Grand-duke Nicholas Alexandrovitch................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................264
* Skinned and Stuffed Man................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................266
* Russian Beggars................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................267
* Tartar Coffee-house in Southern Russia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................269
* Gallery in the Palace................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................270
* Copy of Picture in the Monastery................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................272
* Window in Church of the Trinity................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................273
* Pity the Poor................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................274
* Curious Agate at Troitska................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................275
* Paper-knife from Troitska—St. Sergius and the Bear................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................276
* Specimens of Ecclesiastical Painting on Glass................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................277
* Russian Cooper's Shop and Dwelling................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................278
* Nijni Novgorod during the Fair................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................280
* Nijni Novgorod after the Fair................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................281
* Tartar Merchant................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................282
* Returning from the Fair................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................283
* Launching a Russian Barge................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................285
* Tartar Village near the Volga................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................286
* Tartar Baker's Shop................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................287
* A Siberian Village................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................289
* Petropavlovsk, Kamtchatka.—Mount Avatcha in Background................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................290
* A Herd of Reindeer................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................291
* Dog-teams and Reindeer................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................293
* Light-house at Ghijigha................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................294
* Ermine-trap................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................295
* Interior of a Native House................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................295
* The Reindeer................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................296
* Fish-market at Nicolayevsk................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................297
* Scenery on the Amoor.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................298
* Gilyak' Woman................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................299
* Gilyak Man................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................299
* Native Boat—Amoor River................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................300
* Goldee Children................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................300
* Visiting a Goldee House at Night................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................301
* Inauguration of Genghis Khan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................302
* Junction of the Argoon and Shilka to form the Amoor................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................303
* Scene in a Posting Station................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................304
* A Tarantasse................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................306
* Changing Horses at a Siberian Station................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................307
* The Right of Way in Russia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................309
* Getting out of Difficulty................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................310
* Valley of the Amoor above Ouk-se-me................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................312
* Interior of an Exile's Hut................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................314
* Exiles passing through a Village................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................315
* A Town built by Exiles................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................317
* Banished for Five Years................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................318
* Banished for Three Years................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................318
* Colonist's Village in Winter................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................319
* Exiles leaving Moscow................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................321
* Tagilsk, centre of Iron-mines of Siberia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................322
* A Siberian Valley................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................323
* Two Exiled Friends Meeting................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................325
* Escaping Exiles crossing a Stream................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................326
* Ivanoff's Cave................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................327
* Exiles among the Mountains................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................329
* Siberian Peasants................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................331
* Siberian Milk-women................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................332
* Siberia in Summer................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................333
* An Exile Peasant and his Friends................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................335
* A Siberian Landscape................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................336
* Girls Playing at Skakiet................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................337
* A Village Festival................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................338
* Russian Peasant Women................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................340
* Making Calls after a Wedding................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................342
* Ceremony after a Peasant's Wedding................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................343
* The Mountains near Chetah................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................345
* A Bouriat Village................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................346
* A Wandering Priest................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................347
* Crossing the Selenga................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................349
* Finding Lodgings at Kiachta................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................351
* Chinese Cash from Mai-mai-chin................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................352
* Articles of Russian Manufacture................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................353
* Scene in a Chinese Temple................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................354
* Theatre at Mai-mai-chin................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................355
* The Tiger................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................356
* A Natural Arch on Lake Baikal................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................357
* Caverns on Lake Baikal................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................358
* Part of Irkutsk................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................359
* View of the Principal Square in Irkutsk................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................360
* Dressed for the Road................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................362
* Avashok................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................363
* My Kibitka................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................364
* Farewell to Irkutsk................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................365
* Work of the Frost-king................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................367
* Interior of a Russian Inn................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................369
* Mail-driver and Guard................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................370
* Distant View of a Siberian Village................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................371
* Soldiers in Siberian Ferry-boats................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................373
* View of Krasnoyarsk from the opposite Bank of the Yenisei................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................374
* A Dangerous Ride................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................376
* Beggar at a Siberian Station................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................378
* Policeman at Krasnoyarsk................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................380
* Hills near a Siberian River................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................381
* Jumping an "Oukhaba"................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................382
* Wolves Attacking a Buffalo................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................384
* A Siberian Wolf................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................385
* Summer and Winter in Russia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................386
* Village on a Russian Estate................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................388
* A Slight Mishap................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................389
* Summer View near Barnaool................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................391
* Attacked by a Tiger................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................393
* Bearcoots and Wolves................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................394
* The Steppe in Summer................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................395
* Specimen of Rock-crystal................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................397
* Monument at the Boundary................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................397
* Western Slope of the Ural Mountains................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................398
* Descending a Hill-side Road................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................400
* Baptizing through the Ice................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................401
* End of the Sleigh-ride................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................402
* Offering of the Villagers................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................404
* Shoeing an Ox................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................406
* Knife-whip................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................407
* Armenian Bishop of Astrachan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................408
* A Tartar Khan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................409
* Tartar Postilions................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................410
* Tartar Palaces in Southern Russia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................411
* Gypsy Family at Astrachan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................412
* An Oil-steamer on the Caspian Sea................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................413
* Tanks at a Storage Depot................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................413
* View in an Oil Region................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................414
* Bits for Drilling Wells................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................415
* A Spouting Well................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................416
* Derrick and Tanks in the American Oil Region................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................417
* An Oil Refinery with Tank Cars................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................419
* Tartar Camel-cart at Baku................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................420
* Ancient Mound near the Caspian Sea................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................421
* Curious Rock Formations................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................422
* Modern Fire-worshippers—Parsee Lady and Daughter................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................423
* A Burning Tank................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................425
* A Fall in Oil................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................426
* A Rise in Oil................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................426
* Camp Scene near the Altai Mountains................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................429
* A Kalmuck Priest................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................430
* Scene on the Edge of the Kirghese Steppe................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................431
* Kirghese Group................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................432
* Kirghese Chief and Family................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................433
* Caravan in Russian Territory................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................434
* Kirghese Raid on a Hostile Tribe................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................436
* Lasgird—A Fortified Village in Northern Persia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................438
* Tower of Refuge................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................439
* Framework of Turcoman Tent................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................440
* The Tent Covered................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................440
* Interior of Tent................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................441
* Vámbéry's Reception by Turcoman Chief on the Caspian Shore................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................442
* Receiving Payment for Human Heads—Khiva................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................443
* Turcoman Trophy—A Russian Head................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................445
* Kökbüri—A Race for a Bride................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................447
* View of the Citadel of Khiva................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................448
* An Ozbek Head................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................449
* Map showing the Relations of Russia and England in the East................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................451
* Sand-storm in the Desert................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................452
* Turcoman Court of Justice................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................453
* Kirghese Tomb................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................454
* Charge of Russian Cavalry against Turcomans................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................455
* Russian Army on the Turcoman Steppes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................457
* Winter Camp in Turcomania................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................459
* Turcoman Irrigating Wheel................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................460
* Scene at a Ferry on the Oxus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................461
* Map of the Russo-Afghan Region................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................462
* Turcoman Woman Spinning................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................464
* Village of Turcoman Tents................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................465
* The New Russo- Afghan Frontier................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................466
* Old Sarakhs................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................468
* Sarik Turcomau Woman................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................469
* Pul-i-Khisti and Ak Tapa................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................470
* Penjdeh................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................471
* Colonel Alikhanoff................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................472
* The Great Highway of Central Asia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................473
* Turcoman Farm-yard................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................475
* Map of Turkestan, showing Route of Trans-Caspian Railway................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................476
* Crossing a River in Central Asia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................478
* A Native Traveller................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................479
* Looking down on the Steppe................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................481
* View of Tiflis................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................483
* The Pass of Dariel, Caucasus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................485
* Governor-general of the Caucasus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................486
* Ruined Fortress in the Caucasus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................487
* Ruined Church near Batoum................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................488
* Quarantine Harbor, Trebizond................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................489
* View of Erzeroom................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................490
* Turkish Authority................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................492
* View of Sebastopol................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................495
* Ruins of the Malakoff, Sebastopol................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................496
* Russian Carpenters at Work................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................498
* Cossacks and Chasseurs................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................499
* British Soldiers in Camp................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................501
* Alfred Tennyson................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................502
* A Broken Tarantasse................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................503
* The Bosporus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................504
* Map to accompany the Boy Travellers in the Russian Empire................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Front Cover.
* Map showing the Russian Empire Routes as Described by the Boy Travellers.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Back Cover.