OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bowen, John (1815-1859)

​BOWEN, JOHN, LL.D. (1815–1859), bishop of Sierra Leone, son of Thomas Bowen, captain in the 85th regiment, by his third wife, Mary, daughter of the Rev. John Evans, chaplain to the garrison at Placentia, Newfoundland, was born at Court, near Fishguard, Pembrokeshire, on 21 Nov. 1815. At twelve years of age he was sent to school at Merlin's Vale, near Haverfordwest, and in 1830 continued his studies at the same place under the care of the Rev. David Adams. He emigrated to Canada in April 1835, and took a farm at Dunville, on the shores of Lake Erie, where, during the rebellion of 1837-8, he served in the militia. On Sunday, 6 March 1842, he heard a sermon in the Lake Shore church, which made a great impression on his mind, and ultimately led to a desire to prepare himself for the ministerial office. A favourable opportunity having occurred for disposing of his farm advantageously, he returned home, and in January 1843 entered himself at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in 1847, and became LL.B. and LL.D. ten years later. His first appointment was to the assistant-curacy of Knaresborough, Yorkshire, in 1848. While residing here he asked the Church Missionary Society to allow him to visit their numerous foreign stations. The society suggested that he should proceed to Jerusalem, there to confer with Bishop Gobat, and then to visit the missionary stations at Syra, Smyrna, and Cairo; afterwards to journey to Mount Lebanon, Nablous, and other places in Syria, and thence to proceed to Mosul by Constantinople and Trebizond, returning by Bagdad and Damascus to Jerusalem. All this he accomplished, going through many hardships and dangers, and returning to England in December 1851. In 1853 he was named, by the Marquis of Huntly, rector of Orton-Longueville with Botolph Bridge in Huntingdonshire. Having obtained permission from his bishop, he again left England ​in September 1854, and was absent in the East until July 1856. He had by this time made such good use of his opportunities for the study of Arabic, that he was able to preach with fluency in that difficult language. On 10 Aug. 1857 he was consecrated bishop of Sierra Leone by the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishops of Peterborough and Victoria, and sailed for his diocese on 26 Nov. following. The bishop recovered from several attacks of yellow fever. Malignant fever, however, broke out in the colony, and he died of it on 2 June 1859, when he had occupied the see two years and five months. He married, on 24 Nov. 1857, Catharine Butler, second daughter of Dr. George Butler, dean of Peterborough. She died at Freetown, after giving birth to a stillborn son, on 4 Aug. 1858.
[Memorials of John Bowen, LL.D., Bishop of Sierra Leone, by his Sister, 1862; Gent. Mag. vii. 187-8 (1859).]
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bower, George

​BOWER, or BOWERS, GEORGE (fl. 1681), medallist, worked principally in the reigns of Charles II and James II, and for a short time under William III. In January 1664 he was appointed 'embosser in ordinary' (engraver) to the Mint, an office which he continued to hold till his death in the early part of 1689-90. He executed numerous medals for the royal family as well as for private persons, and his work displays considerable skill, though it is inferior in finish and execution to that of the Roettiers, the well-known medallists of the same period. The most interesting of all his medals is, perhaps, the specimen struck to commemorate the acquittal of the Earl of Shaftesbury on the charge of high treason, showing on the obverse the bust of the earl, and on the reverse the legend 'Lætamur, 24 Nov. 1681,' and a view of London with the sun bursting from behind a cloud. It was the production of this specimen which gave rise to Dryden's satire on Shaftesbury entitled 'The Medal:'
Five days he sate for every cast and look, Four more than God to finish Adam took; But who can tell what essence angels are, Or how long Heaven was making Lucifer?
Bower also executed in the reign of Charles II the Restoration medal (1660: reverse, Jupiter destroying prostrate giants, signed 'G. Bower '), the marriage medal (1662: signed 'G. B.'), and medals relating to the popish and Rye House plots. Of the medals made by him under James II, we may mention a piece commemorating the defeat of Monmouth (signed ' G. Bowers'), and specimens referring to the trial of the seven bishops. He further produced a medal celebrating the landing of William (III) at Torbay, 1688, and the coronation medal of William and Mary, 1689.
W. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bower, Alexander

​BOWER, ALEXANDER (fl. 1804–1830), biographer, was originally a teacher in Edinburgh, and afterwards acted as assistant-librarian in the university of Edinburgh. He died suddenly about 1830–1. He published several works between 1804 and 1830, the titles of them being:
* 'An Account of the Life of James Beattie, LL.D.,' in which are occasionally given characters of the principal literary men, and a sketch of the state of literature in Scotland during the last century, 1804, 8vo.
* 'The Life of Luther, with an account of the early progress of the Reformation,' 1813, 8vo.
* 'The History of the University of Edinburgh, chiefly compiled from original Papers and Records never before published,' vols. i. ii., 1817, vol. iii. 1830, 8vo. This work is strong in biographical details of the professors and others, but in other points the history is now of little value.
* 'The Edinburgh Students' Guide, or an Account of the Classes of the University,' 1822.
[Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Cat. of the Advocates' Library; Grant's Edin. University, 1884, i. p.ix.]
C. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bowes, George (1517-1556)

​BOWES, Sir GEORGE (1517–1556), commander in border warfare, was a posthumous son of Sir Ralph Bowes of Dalden, Streatlam, and South Cowton, and Elizabeth, daughter of Henry, lord Clifford. Cardinal Wolsey, then bishop of Durham, sold his 'ward, custody, and marriage' for 800l. to Sir William Bulmer in 1524. Sir William in turn sold it to Lord Eure, whose daughter ​Muriel was married to George Bowes. He had livery as heir to his father in 1535. He early took part in border warfare. He went with the Earl of Hertford on his devastating raid in 1544, and was knighted at Leith on 11 May. So highly were his services esteemed that the privy council announced to the Earl of Shrewsbury, lieutenant-general in the north, that it was the king's intention to confer on him a barony (Talbot Papers, in Illustrations of the Reign of Queen Mary, Maitland Club, p. 171). This intention, however, was not carried into effect. Bowes returned from Scotland and died in 1556, leaving no male heir.
[Surtees's Durham, iv. 112; Sharp's Memorials of the Rebellion of 1569, 370.]
M. C.
# De oratore (Sutton–Rackham)

Loeb Classical Library, volume 348 (books 1–2) and 349 (book 3)

## De oratore

* Book 1
* Book 2
* Book 3
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# De re metallica (1912)

GEORGIUS AGRICOLA
DE RE METALLICA
TRANSLATED FROM THE FIRST LATIN EDITION OF 1556
with
Biographical Introduction, Annotations and Appendices upon
the Development of Mining Methods, Metallurgical
Processes, Geology, Mineralogy & Mining Law
from the earliest times to the 16th Century
BY
HERBERT CLARK HOOVER
A. B. Stanford University, Member American Institute of Mining Engineers,
Mining and Metallurgical Society of America, Société des Ingéniéurs
Civils de France, American Institute of Civil Engineers,
Fellow Royal Geographical Society, etc., etc.
AND
LOU HENRY HOOVER
A. B. Stanford University, Member American Association for the
Advancement of Science, The National Geographical Society,
Royal Scottish Geographical Society, etc., etc.
Published for the Translators by
THE MINING MAGAZINE
SALISBURY HOUSE, LONDON, E.C.
1912
TO
JOHN CASPAR BRANNER Ph.D.,
The inspiration of whose teaching is no less great than his contribution to science.
* Translator preface
* Introduction
* Original title
* Ad lectorem
* Preface
* Book I
* Book II
* Book III
* Book IV
* Book V
* Book VI
* Book VI
* Book VII
* Book XI
* Book X
* Book XI
* Book XII
* Appendix A
* Appendix B
* Appendix C
* General Index
* Index to persons and authorities
* Index to illustrations
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# De gloria et gaudiis Paradisi

* related portals: Hymns.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
"This poem has been often attributed to Augustine, finding place as it does in the Meditationes, long ascribed to him. These Meditationes, however, are plainly a cento from Anselm, Gregory the Great, and many others besides Augustine; from whom they are rightly adjudged away in the Benedictine edition, as indeed in earlier as well The hymn is Damiani's, and quite the noblest he has left us." —Richard Chenevix Trench, Sacred Latin Poetry (1849).
English-language translations of De gloria et gaudiis Paradisi include:
* "The Glory and Joys of Paradise" tr. by Athanasius Diedrich Wackerbarth (1842).
* The Glory of Paradise tr. by Herbert Kynaston (1857).
# De praescriptione haereticorum
## Translations

* De praescriptione haereticorum (Betty translation) by Author:Joseph Betty, 1722
* Tertullian on the Rule of Faith, extracts published in Tracts for the Times, 1834
* De praescriptione haereticorum (Holmes translation) by Author:Peter Holmes, from Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. III, 1869
* De praescriptione haereticorum (Bindley translation) by Author:Thomas Herbert Bindley, from Tertullian, On the Testimony of the Soul and on The "Prescription" of Heretics, 1914

## External links

* De praescriptione haereticorum at The Tertullian Project
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chambers, Robert (1571-1624?)

​CHAMBERS, ROBERT (1571–1624?), catholic divine, was a native of Yorkshire, and arrived as a boy at the English college at Rheims in December 1582. He was admitted on 24 Feb. 1592–3 into the English college at Rome, where he was ordained priest. In 1599 he was appointed confessor to the English Benedictine nuns at Brussels, and he held that office till 1623, when he left for England, where he died shortly afterwards. He is the author of: 1. ‘Palestina, written by Mr. R[obert] C[hambers], P[riest] and Bachelor of Divinitie,’ Florence, 1600, 4to. A legendary and allegorical romance founded on the gospels. 2. ‘Miracles lately wrought by the intercession of the Glorious Virgin Mary at Mont-aigu, nere unto Sichẽ in Brabant. Translated out of the French copie [of P. Numan] into English,’ Antwerp, 1606, 8vo. Robert Tynley published at London, in 1609, ‘Two learned Sermons,’ in the second of which ‘are answered many of the arguments published by R. Chambers, Priest, concerning Popish Miracles.’
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chambers, John (1780-1839)

​CHAMBERS, JOHN (1780–1839), biographer and topographer, was born in London in March 1780. After receiving a good preliminary education he was placed in the office of an architect, where he remained for some time, but having come into possession of an ample fortune by the death of his father, he determined to devote himself to the cultivation of art and literature solely as an amateur. In 1806 he became a member of the Society of Arts, and from 1809 to 1811 acted as a chairman of the committee of polite arts. Chambers married, on 29 Sept. 1814, Mary, the daughter of Peter Le Neve Foster of Wymondham in Norfolk. The year after his marriage he quitted London for Worcester, and here planned and wrote most of his works. He remained at Worcester for nearly eight years, then removed to his wife's home at Wymondham, and, after staying there for about two years, finally fixed himself at Norwich that his sons might attend the grammar school. Chambers died in Dean's Square, Norwich, on 28 July 1839, leaving issue two sons and a daughter. The eldest son, well known as a theological writer, was vicar of St. Mary's and warden of the House of Charity, Soho, from 1856 until his death in 1874 [see Chambers, John Charles]; the youngest son, Oswald Lyttleton, also entered into orders, and became in 1863 vicar of Hook, Yorkshire, where he died in 1883. Besides occasional contributions to the ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ and other periodicals, including a ‘Life’ of Inigo Jones to Arnold's ‘Magazine of the Fine Arts,’ Chambers was the author of the following useful works:
* ‘A General History of Malvern,’ 8vo, Worcester, 1817. Another edition, 8vo, Worcester, 1820.
* ‘A General History of Worcester,’ 8vo, Worcester, 1819.
* ‘Biographical Illustrations of Worcestershire; including Lives of Persons, Natives or Residents, eminent either for Piety or Talent, to which is added a List of Living Authors of the County,’ 8vo, Worcester, 1820.
* ‘A General History of the County of Norfolk, intended to convey all the information of a Norfolk Tour, with the more extended details of antiquarian, statistical, pictorial, architectural, and miscellaneous information; including biographical notices, original and selected,’ 2 vols. 8vo, Norwich, 1829. This was published anonymously, Chambers having received the assistance of contributors, resident in the county.
[Information from Miss Chambers; Gent. Mag. (1839), xii. 430.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chambers, George

​CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803–1840), marine painter, born in 1803, was the son of a Whitby seaman. When ten years old he was sent to sea in a coasting vessel, and was afterwards apprenticed to the master of a brig trading in the Mediterranean and Baltic. He was early devoted to drawing, and pleased his skipper and crew by making sketches of different kinds of vessels, so much so that at the boy's request the captain cancelled his indentures in order that he might give himself wholly to painting. Returning to Whitby he got employment as a house-painter. In the spare time which was allowed him from this occupation he took lessons in drawing. For three years he continued in this way; then, becoming impatient, he worked his way to London in a trading vessel. Here he made drawings of ships and did generally what he could for a living, till, fortunately, he attracted the attention of the then important Mr. T. Horner, and was engaged for seven years on the painting of that gentleman's great panorama of London. After this he became scene-painter at the Pavilion Theatre. His paintings attracted the attention of Admiral Lord Mark Kerr, and through him he was introduced to William IV. He painted in water colours as well as in oils, was elected an associate of the Water-Colour Society in 1834, and in 1836 a full member. He was a very frequent exhibitor at this society's galleries and at the Royal Academy of marine pictures, his naval battles being considered his best. Two important oil paintings by Chambers are in the collection of marine pictures at Greenwich: ‘The Bombardment of Algiers in 1816,’ and the ‘Capture of Portobello.’ He was in a fair way to more than ordinary success, but his naturally weak constitution was worn out, and he died on 28 Oct. 1840. He had married young, and left a widow and children unprovided for. Among artists who showed kindness to the family were Turner and Clarkson Stanfield. The former ‘gave 10l. to the widow and attended the sale (of his pictures, &c.) on purpose to help it.’ The latter put the last touches on a painting which the artist had left unfinished.
E. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chamberlin, Mason

​CHAMBERLIN, MASON (d. 1787), portrait painter, began life as a clerk in a counting-house. Afterwards showing a disposition towards art, he became the pupil of Frank Hayman, R.A. In spite of this circumstance he seems to have prospered, gaining in 1764 the Society of Arts second premium of fifty guineas for an historical painting. He lived in the neighbourhood of Spitalfields, and there practised as a portrait painter. 'His likenesses were faithful, very carefully drawn and painted, but his colouring was thin, monotonous, and unpleasant' (Redgrave). He was a member of the Incorporated Society of Artists, and an original member of the Royal Academy. He was honoured by the attention of Peter Pindar (Dr. Wolcot) in the first of his Academy Odes. He was a frequent exhibitor in London galleries from 1760 to 1787. Twenty-two of his portraits were seen at the rooms of the Society of Artists, fifty at the Royal Academy, and two at the 'Free Society.' He painted portraits exclusively. One of Dr. Hunter, his presentation picture, is in the 'diploma gallery' of the Royal Academy ; another, a portrait of Dr. Chandler, is in the rooms of the Royal Society. Both of these have been engraved. In later life he moved from Spitalfields to Bartlett's Buildings, Holborn, and there died 20 Jan. 1787. His son, Mason Chamberlin, was a prolific painter, and exhibited sixty-eight landscapes in London from 1780 to 1827, of which fifty-eight were exhibited at the Royal Academy.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Eng. School; Graves's Dict. of Artists.]
E. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dubourdieu, Jean

​DUBOURDIEU, JEAN (1642?–1720), French protestant minister, son of Isaac Dubourdieu [q. v.], was born at Montpellier in 1642 according to Agnew, in 1648 according to Haag, in 1652 according to Didot, and became one of the pastors of that town. In 1682 he published a sermon entitled ‘Avis de la Sainte Vierge sur ce que tous les siècles doivent dire d'elle,’ which led to a short controversy with Bossuet. At the revocation of the edict of Nantes he came to England, followed by a large portion of his flock, and soon afterwards attached himself as chaplain to the house of Schomberg. He was by the side of the duke at the Boyne, and accompanied the duke's youngest son, Duke Charles, to Turin in 1691. Duke Charles was mortally wounded and taken prisoner by the French army under Catinat at the battle of Marsiglia in 1693, and Dubourdieu took the body to Lausanne for interment. In 1695 he published a sermon delivered on the eve of Queen Mary's funeral; and in the following year his most important work, ‘An Historical Dissertation upon the Thebean Legion.’ He had been moved to write on this subject by witnessing the worship given to these saints while at Turin (see chap. i. of the book).
Dubourdieu was one of the pastors of the French church in the Savoy, London; and there was a Jean Armand Dubourdieu pastor of the same church at the same time, who took a very prominent part among the refugees, published several books, pamphlets, and sermons, was chaplain to the Duke of Devonshire, was appointed in 1701 to the rectory of Sawtrey-Moynes in Huntingdonshire, and cited in May 1713 before the Bishop of London, at the instance of the French ambassador, to answer for certain very virulent published attacks upon the French king, whom he had accused, among other things, of personal cowardice.
These two Dubourdieus, Jean and Jean Armand, have been assumed by most biographers to be the same person. Agnew, however, in his ‘Protestant Exiles from France,’ shows almost conclusively that they were distinct persons, Jean Armand being possibly the nephew, but more probably the son, of Jean. Indeed, if we accept 26 July 1720 as the date of Jean's death, he cannot have been the same man as Jean Armand, who preached one of his sermons in January 1723–4 (Méphiboseth, ou le caractère d'un bon sujet, London, 1724).
Jean Armand Dubourdieu was a fierce controversialist, an ardent protestant, a staunch supporter of the Hanoverian successions, and a good hater of Louis XIV. He preached in both English and French. The date of his birth is uncertain. He died in the latter part of 1726.
A list of the books of Jean and Jean Armand Dubourdieu, but given as the works of one author, will be found in Haag's ‘La France Protestante.’
F. T. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Duck, John

​DUCK, Sir JOHN (d. 1691), mayor of Durham, was apprenticed early in life to a butcher at Durham, though from an entry in the guild registers it appears that in 1657 some opposition was raised to his following the trade. The foundation of his subsequent fortunes is said to have been laid by the following incident. 'As he was straying in melancholy idleness by the water side, a raven appeared hovering in the air, and from chance or fright dropped from his bill a gold Jacobus at the foot of the happy butcher boy.' This adventure was depicted on a panel in the house which he afterwards built for himself in Durham, where he became exceedingly prosperous, and in 1680 served the office of mayor. Taking an active part in politics during the last years of the Stuarts, he attracted the attention of the government, and in 1686 his useful loyalty was rewarded by a patent of baronetcy. In this he is described as 'of Haswell on the Hill,' a manor which he had purchased with his accumulated wealth in the year of his mayoralty. He built and endowed a hospital at Lumley, but as he had no issue his title became extinct at his death, 26 Aug. 1691.
[Surtees' Hist. of Durham, i. 53, 54, &c.; Le Neve's Baronets; Burke's Extinct Baronetage.]
C. J. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dubourg, George

​DUBOURG, GEORGE (1799–1882), writer on the violin, grandson of Matthew Dubourg [q. v.], published in 1836 ‘The Violin, being an Account of that leading Instrument and its most eminent Professors,’ &c., a work which has since been frequently reprinted. He was also the author of the words of many songs, the best known of which is John Parry's ‘Wanted a Governess.’ During the greater part of his long life Dubourg contributed to various newspapers, especially at Brighton, where he lived for several years. Latterly he settled at Maidenhead, where he died on 17 April 1882.
W. B. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Duck, Nicholas

​DUCK, NICHOLAS (1570–1628), lawyer, eldest son of Richard Duck by Joanna, his wife, was born at Heavitree, Devonshire, in 1570, and entered Exeter College, Oxford, on 12 July 1584. He left the university without a degree, and entered Lincoln's Inn, where he was called to the bar, and of which he was one of the governors from 1615 until his death. He was also reader at Lincoln's Inn in Lent 1618, and the same year was elected recorder of Exeter. He is recorded to have given 5l. to the fund for building Lincoln's Inn Chapel in 1617 (Dugdale, Orig. 235, 255, 264-5). He died on 28 Aug. 1628, and was buried in Exeter Cathedral. He was brother of Sir Arthur Duck [q. v.]
[Prince's Worthies of Devon; Lansd. MS. 985, f. 77.]
J. M. R.