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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sturm, Jacques Charles François

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​STURM, JACQUES CHARLES FRANÇOIS (1803–1855), French mathematician, of German extraction, was born at Geneva on the 29th of September 1803. Originally tutor to the son of Mme de Staël, he resolved, with his schoolfellow Colladon, to try his fortune in Paris, and obtained employment on the Bulletin universel. In 1829 he discovered the theorem, regarding the determination of the number of real roots of a numerical equation included between given limits, which bears his name (see Equation, V.), and in the following year he was appointed professor of mathematics at the Collège Rollin. He was chosen a member of the Académie des Sciences in 1836, became " répétiteur " in 1838, and in 1840 professor in the École Polytechnique, and finally succeeded S. D. Poisson in the chair of mechanics in the Faculté des Sciences at Paris. His works, Cours d'analyse de I'école polytechnique (1857–1863) and Cours de mécanique de l'école polytechnique (1861), were published after his death at Paris on the 18th of December 1855.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sty

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​STY, an enclosed place or pen to keep pigs in. The word means properly a pen or enclosure for any domestic animal, as is seen from its occurrence in Scandinavian languages and in German, e.g. Swed. and Icel. stia, pen, gåsstia, goose-pen, swinstia, pig-sty, Ger. Steige, hen-coop, Schweinsteige, pig-sty. It is usual to refer the word to stigan, to climb, which would connect it with stair and stile and with the Gr. στεἰχειν. Some take the original meaning to be an enclosure raised on steps, others, in view of the Gr. στοῖχος, row, would take the basic sense to be a row of pales or stakes forming a pen or enclosure; cf. the use of στοῖχος for poles supporting nets to catch game in (Xen. Cyn. 6. 10). If the derivation from stigan is correct, the word is the same as that meaning a small inflamed swelling, tumour or abscess on the eyelid, the Old English word for which was stigend, i.e. short for stigend eáge, a rising or swelling eye, hence in M. Eng. styang, taken as equivalent to “sty on eye.”
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 18:5

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 18:8

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 19:11

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 18:6

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 18:7

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 18:9

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 18 MEDAL to MUMPS

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 19:1

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 19:10

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stedman, Edmund Clarence

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​STEDMAN, EDMUND CLARENCE (1833-1908), American poet and critic, was born at Hartford, Connecticut, on the 8th of October 1833. He studied two years at Yale; became a journalist in New York, especially on the staffs of the Tribune and World, which latter paper he served as field correspondent during the first years of the Civil War; and was a banker in Wall Street from 1869 to 1900. His first book, Poems, Lyrical and Idyllic, appeared in 1860, followed by successive volumes of similar character, and by collected editions of his verse in 1873, 1884 and 1897. His longer poems are Alice of Monmouth: an Idyl of the Great War (1864); The Blameless Prince (1869), an allegory of good deeds, supposed to have been remotely suggested by the life of Prince Albert; and an elaborate commemorative ode on Hawthorne, read before the Harvard Phi Beta Kappa Society in 1877. An idyllic atmosphere is the prevalent characteristic of his longer pieces, while the lyric tone is never absent from his songs, ballads and poems of reflection or fancy. As an editor he put forth a volume of Cameos from Landor (with T. B. Aldrich, 1874); a large Library of (selections from) American Literature (with Ellen M. Hutchinson, 11 vols., 1888-1890); a Victorian Anthology (1895); and an American Anthology, 1787-1899 (1900); the two last-named volumes being ancillary to a detailed and comprehensive critical study in prose of the whole body of English poetry from 1837, and of American poetry of the 19th century. This study appeared in separate chapters in Scribner's Monthly now the Century Magazine, and was reissued, with enlargements, in the volumes entitled Victorian Poets (1875; continued to the Jubilee year in the edition of 1887) and Poets of America (1885), the two works forming the most symmetrical body of literary criticism yet published in the United States. Their value is increased by the treatise on The Nature and Elements of Poetry (Boston, 1892) — a work of great critical insight as well as technical knowledge. He died in New York on the 18th of January 1908.
See Laura Stedman and G. M. Gould, The Life and Letters of Edmund Clarence Stedman (2 vols., N. Y., 1910).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Steele, Anne

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​STEELE, ANNE (1717–1778), English hymn writer, was born at Broughton, Hampshire, in 1717. The drowning of her betrothed a few hours before the time fixed for her marriage deeply affected an otherwise quiet life, and her hymns rather emphasize the less optimistic phases of Christian experience. In 1760 she published Poems on Subjects Chiefly Devotional under the name " Theodosia," and her complete works (144 hymns, 34 metrical psalms and 50 moral poems) appeared in one volume in London (1863). She was a Baptist, and her hymns are much used by members of that communion, though some of them, e.g. " Father of mercies, in Thy word," have found their way into the collections of other Churches. She has been called the Frances Ridley Havergal of the 18th century.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stearic Acid

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​STEARIC ACID, n-Octodecylic acid CH$_3$(CH$_2$)$_{16}$CO $_2$H, an organic acid found as its glyceride stearin, mixed with palrnitin and olein, in most tallows (hence its name, from Gr. στέαρ, tallow). The so-called “stearin” of candles is a mixture of stearic and palmitic acids (see Candle).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Steele

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​STEELE, a town of Germany, in the Prussian Rhine Province on the navigable Ruhr, 4 m. by rail E. of Essen, at the junction of the lines Duisburg-Dortmund and Vohwinkel-Hagen;, Pop. (1905), 12,988. It contains a Gothic parish church (Roman Catholic), a high school and a Roman Catholic hospital. It has coal-mines, iron and steel works, and makes fireproof bricks. A Diet of the empire was held here in the year 938 by the emperor Otto I.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Steatopygia

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​STEATOPYGIA (Gr. στέαρ, fat, πυγή rump), an unusual accumulation of fat in and around the buttocks. The deposit of fat is not confined to the gluteal regions, but extends to the outside and front of the thighs, forming a thick layer reaching sometimes to the knee. This curious development constitutes a racial characteristic of the Bushmen (q.v.). It is specially a feature of the women, but it occurs in a less degree in the males. It is also common among the Hottentots, and has been noted among the pygmies of Central Africa. In women it is regarded among them as a beauty: it begins in infancy and is fully developed on the first pregnancy. It is often accompanied by ​the pecuUar formation known as " the Hottentot-apron," hyper- trophy of the nymphae (Tablier). No satisfactory explanation of these malformations has been offered. Steatopygia would seem to have been a characteristic of a race which once extended from the Gulf of Aden to the Cape of Good Hope, of which stock Bushmen and pygmies are remnants. The discovery in the caves of the soulh of France of figures in ivory presenting a remarkable development of the thighs, and even the peculiar prolongation of the nymphae, has been used to support the theory that a steatopygous race once existed in Europe. What seems certain is that steatopygia in both sexes was fairly wide- spread among the early races of man. While the Bushmen and Hottentots afford the most noticeable examples of its develop- ment, it is by no means rare in other parts of Africa, and occurs even more frequently among Bastaards of the male sex than among Hottentot women.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Steel, Flora Annie

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​STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847-), English writer, was born on the 2nd of April 1847, the daughter of George Webster. In 1867 she married an Indian civilian, and for the next twenty-two years lived in India, chiefly in the Punjab, with which most of her books are connected; her interest in the education of women, as an inspectress of schools, gave her a special insight into native life and character. Some of her best work is contained in two collections of short stories: From the Five Rivers (1893) and Tales from the Punjab (1894); while her most ambitious effort was her novel, On the face of the Waters (1896), describing incidents of the Indian Mutiny. She also wrote a popular history of India. Later works are In the Permanent Way (1897), Voices in the Night (1900), The Hosts of the Lord (1900), In the Guardianship of God (1903), A Sovereign Remedy (1906).