OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lützow, Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm, Baron of

Edition of 1920. See also Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm von Lützow on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LÜTZOW, Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm, Baron of, Prussian general: b. Berlin, 18 May 1782; d. Berlin, 6 Dec. 1834. He is renowned as the leader of the noted Freischar (volunteer cavalry). He entered the ranks (1795) of the Prussian Guards, fought in the Reizenstein regiment (1806) at Auerstadt, and joined the Schill corps at Kolberg when his regiment was disbanded. He organized the cavalry, fighting and being wounded at Stargard and, receiving (1808) his discharge with the rank of major, he rejoined Schill, to be again wounded at Dadendorf. He re-entered (1811) the cavalry and was empowered (1813) to organize a corps of volunteers in Silesia and Jahn, Friesen, Körner, etc., joined him. The Lützow Volunteers were generally called the “Black Troopers” after their uniform, and were engaged in attacking flanks or in guerilla fighting and in Thüringen, Hessen and Westphalia raising insurrections. The plan proved a failure on account of apathy of the inhabitants and the raids on the rear of the French were followed by the battle of Grossgörschen. On the 17th June in spite of the armistice of Poischwitz being in operation Generals Fournier and von Normann (the latter a Wurtemberger) ambuscaded him near Leipzig and nearly wiped out the small body of troopers. They reorganized and added to their fame as intrepid raiders in the engagement at Göhrde (16 Sept. 1813) when they helped beat the French division, he again being severely wounded. He next is found with his troopers fighting the Danes. In March 1814, he was taken prisoner by the French militia while carrying dispatches from the Silesian army corps under Blücher at Chalons. Gaining his freedom when peace was made he was advanced to lieutenant-colonel and (1814) was given command of the 6th Uhlan regiment, to be taken prisoner in the battle of Ligny, to be again freed by the peace gained through the victory of Belle-Alliance. He was raised to a colonelcy in 1815, to
major-general in 1822, retiring in 1830 as a lieutenant-general. Theodore Körner the poet, one of his volunteers, has made the Black Troopers eternally noted by his gripping poem ‘Lützows wilde Jaged.’ Consult Ciselen, ‘Geschichte des Lützowschen Freikorps’ (2d ed., Halle 1841).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Mackinder, Halford John

Edition of 1920. See also Halford Mackinder on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MACKINDER, mạ-kĭn'dėr, Halford John, English author and educator: b. Gainsborough, 15 Feb. 1861. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford; in 1883 was president of the Oxford Union; Burdett-Coutts University scholar 1884; barrister, Inner Temple 1886; reader in geography, Oxford University 1887-1905; and from 1903-08 director of the London School of Economics and Political Science. He was leader of the Mount Kenya Expedition 1899; and has been member (Unionist) for the Camlachie division of Glasgow since 1910. He has written ‘Britain and the British Seas’ (1902); ‘The Rhine’ (1908); ‘Elementary Studies in Geography’ (12th ed., 1914); ‘Eight Lectures on India’ (1910), etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Maclay, William

Edition of 1920. See also William Maclay (politician) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MACLAY, William, American soldier and politician: b. New Garden, Chester County, Pa., 1737: d. 1804. He was educated in his native place; was a lieutenant in the French and Indian War, taking part in the expedition against Fort Duquesne in 1758 and afterward serving under General Bouquet. He studied taw, was admitted to the bar, went to England
on behalf of militia officers serving in the French and Indian War, to confer upon their claims for land-grants with the proprietors of Pennsylvania, and on his return became attorney to the Penn family. In the Revolution he raised troops and equipped them, was assistant commissary of purchase and performed some field service. In 1781 he was elected to the Pennsylvania assembly, afterward held other offices in the State, and with Robert Morris (q.v.) was elected to the United States Senate, Pennsylvania's first representatives in that body. His service there ended in 1791, but in the Senate he had shown deep-seated hostility to Washington and his administration, which was the chief distinction of Maclay's senatorial career. In his later years he was a member of the Pennsylvania legislature and his last public office was that of a county judge. Consult his ‘Journal,’ edited by Edgar Stanton Maclay (q.v.).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lützow, Karl von

Edition of 1920. See also Karl von Lützow on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LÜTZOW, Karl von, German historian of art: b. Göttingen, 25 Dec. 1832; d. 1897. He assisted Lübke (q.v.) in editing ‘Denkmäler der Kunst,’ and in 1867 became professor of the Polytechnicum, Munich. He published ‘Munich Antiques’ (7 vols., 1861-69); ‘Masterpieces of Ecclesiastical Architecture’ (1862); ‘Monuments of Art,’ with Lübke (6th ed., 1892); ‘History of German Copperplate and Wood Engraving’ (1891). He was the founder, in 1866, of the ‘Zeitschrift für bildende Kunst,’ and edited it till his death.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Mackaye, James Steele

Edition of 1920. See also Steele MacKaye on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MACKAYE, mạ-kī', James Steele, American playwright: b. Buffalo, N. Y., 1844; d. Timpas, Colo., 25 Feb. 1894. In 1868 he went to Paris to study painting; but having there met Delsarte (q.v.) became interested in the latter's theories, and studied dramatic expression. In 1870-71 he gave in New York and Boston lectures on the art of expression. He opened the Saint James Theatre at New York in 1872, and appeared there in ‘Monaldi,’ adapted by himself from the French. In 1873-75 he was studying the drama in Paris and England, and at the Crystal Palace, London, he played the title-rôle in ‘Hamlet.’ His adaptation of Blum's ‘Rose Michel’ in 1872 ran for 122 nights at the Union Square Theatre, New York. He established in New York the Lyceum School of Acting, which later became the American Academy of Dratmatic Arts. For several years he was manager of the Madison Square Theatre, and in 1885 built the Lyceum. Among his further plays were ‘Won at Last’; ‘Through the Dark’; ‘Hazel Kirke’; ‘A Fool's Errand’; ‘In Spite of All’; ‘Paul Kauvar.’
Consult Mackaye, Percy, ‘Steele Mackaye: A Memoir’ (New York 1911).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Maclay, Robert Samuel

Edition of 1920. See also Robert Samuel Maclay on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MACLAY, Robert Samuel, American Methodist Episcopal clergyman: b. Concord, Franklin County, Pa., 7 Feb. 1824; d. 1907. He was graduated at Dickinson College in 1845 and entered the Methodist ministry in 1846. He sailed as a missionary to Foochow, China, 13 Oct. 1847. He was a member of the committee which translated the New Testament into the Foochow dialect; and in 1852-72 he was superintendent and treasurer of the Foochow Mission. He was transferred to Japan in 1872, becoming secretary and treasurer of the mission there; and assisted in translating the New Testament into Japanese. He was a delegate from Japan to the Ecumenical Methodist Conference at London in 1881. He was one of the founders of the Anglo-Chinese College at Foochow in 1881; and in 1884 he secured from the king of Korea permission to establish Christian missions in that country. He was instrumental in founding at Tokio in 1883 the Anglo-Japanese College, of which he was president in 1883-87; and the Philander Smith Biblical Institute in 1884, serving as dean in 1884-87. He was dean of the Maclay College of Theology at San Fernando, Cal., from 1888 until his retirement in 1893. Author of ‘Life Among the Chinese’ (1861); coauthor with Rev. C. C. Baldwin ‘Dictionary of the Chinese Language in the Dialect of Foochow’ (1871).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Maclay, Edgar Stanton

Edition of 1920. See also Edgar Stanton Maclay on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MACLAY, mạ-klā', Edgar Stanton, American author: b. Foochow, China, 18 April 1863. He was graduated at Syracuse University in 1885; was reporter on the Brooklyn Times, 1886-90, and on the New York Tribune 1891-93; served on the editorial staff of the Tribune, 1893-95, and on that of the New York Sun, 1895-96. In 1896 he was appointed lighthouse-keeper at Old Field Point, and in 1901 received an appointment at the New York navy yard. He edited the ‘Journal’ of William Maclay (q.v.), and is the author of a ‘History of the United States Navy,’ which occasioned much controversy and brought about his dismissal from government employ, by order of President Roosevelt, in 1901. The ground of this action, following Maclay's refusal of an official request for his resignation, was a passage in the ‘History’ stigmatizing Rear-Admiral Schley as a “caitiff, poltroon and coward” for his conduct in the naval fight off Santiago, Cuba, 3 July 1898. Maclay has also written ‘Reminiscences of the Old Navy’ and ‘The History of American Privateers.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Davidson, Thomas

Edition of 1920. See also Thomas Davidson (philosopher) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DAVIDSON, Thomas, Scottish philosopher and writer: b. Aberdeenshire, 25 Oct. 1840; d. Montreal, 14 Sept. 1900. He came to the United States in 1867, and was subsequently professor of classics in the Saint Louis High School. In 1875 he settled in Cambridge, Mass. Later he traveled in Greece and Italy. Included in his publications are ‘A Short Account of the Niobe Group’ (1874); ‘The Place of Art in Education’ (1886); 'Giordano Bruno' (1886); a ‘Hand-Book to Dante’ (1887); ‘Prolegomena to Tennyson's “In Memoriam” ’; ‘Aristotle and Ancient and Modern Educational Ideals’; ‘The Education of the Greek People and Its Influence on Civilzation.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/De Quincey's Autobiographic Sketches

Edition of 1920. See also Autobiographic Sketches on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DE QUINCEY'S AUTOBIOGRAPHIC SKETCHES. What is commonly called ‘The Autobiography’ of Thomas DeQuincey is more accurately entitled ‘Autobiographic Sketches.’ This latter title suggests the mode of composition. DeQuincey did not deliberately plan and forthwith compose his autobiography. Rather he began by contributing reminiscent articles to periodicals, a practice which he continued until he had written and published about 30. In 1853, he collected these articles, revised, enlarged and polished them with his customary diligence, and gave them to the public under the title ‘Autobiographic Sketches.’ The reader must not suppose that all of De Quincey's autobiographical work is contained in these collected articles; the ‘Sketches’ must be supplemented by a large amount of other reminiscent composition, particularly by the ‘Confessions of an English Opium Eater,’ by ‘The English Mail Coach,’ and by that noteworthy series of papers included under the general title, ‘Suspiria de Profundis.’ In truth, all of these compositions might, with entire propriety, be included under the title ‘Autobiographic Sketches.’ As a matter of fact, the autobiography of DeQuincey, more than that of almost any other man, is fragmentary — a succession of sketches loosely connected and widely scattered. DeQuincey lived from early childhood in a dream-world; the record of his successive dreams constitutes the true inner autobiography of the man. He might have written an objective account of the outward events of his life and thus have attained a brevity and a form such as David Hume attained in his autobiographic sketch. Fortunately, DeQuincey did not do this, and, in consequence, we may know his spirit as we may know the spirit of only a few men. Apart from their value as a revelation of De Quincey's soul, the ‘Autobiographic Sketches’ are remarkable from a purely literary point of view. To be sure, they exhibit both the defects and the virtues of DeQuincey's style. At one time, we are carried rapidly on by the swift flow of the author's “impassioned prose”; at another, we are becalmed by sluggish, almost uninteresting narrative. In general, however, the style is of high quality and the narrative compelling. Few readers can ever forget DeQuincey's account of his visit “about an hour after high noon” to the chamber where his little sister lay dead; of the Sunday mornings when he went with his family to a “church having all things ancient and venerable, and the proportions majestic”; of his stay at “Oxford, ancient mother, hoary with ancestral honors.” The appeal of the whole series is strong, and it is the experience of most readers that they return to these ‘Sketches’ frequently to commune with the strange elfin spirit of DeQuincey; to pass under the spell of the “organ music” of his rhetoric; to feel something of that “mighty and essential solitude” which, in the words of the author, “stretches out a sceptre of fascination” for us all.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Debussy, Claude Achille

Edition of 1920. See also Claude Debussy on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DEBUSSY, Claude Achille, distinguished French composer: b. Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 22 Aug 1862; d. 26 March 1918. He was educated at Paris Conservatoire. From the time he was 12 years old he attracted attention as possessing remarkable musical ability. In 1884 he won the Grand Prix de Rome for his cantata “L’Enfant Prodigue.” Later compositions brought rebuke instead of commendation, for their departure from established forms. After a sojourn in Russia, where he assimilated the modes of the native music, Debussy returned to Paris and gave himself up to composition; but it was not until 1893 that he began to see public recognition. In 1902 his opera ‘Pelleas and Melisande’ was produced in Paris, and from this time his fame and position were assured. Debussy had written profusely, not only dramatic music, but also a multitude of songs and pieces for piano and orchestra. While his work is refined, graceful and elegant to the highest degree, and his mastery of technique acknowledged to be perfect, it is claimed that his music is of the intellect rather than of the soul. It is also criticized as being too dependent for full interpretation upon the non-musical aid of the “programme.” Among his principal works are ‘La Mer’; ‘Printemps’; ‘Prelude à l’apres-midi d’un Faune’; ‘Petite Suite’; ‘Images’; ‘Ariettes oubliées’; ‘Trois Nocturnes’; ‘Cinq Poemes de Baudelaire’; ‘Proses Lyriques.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Deca

Edition of 1920. See also Deca- (prefix) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DECA (Gr. signifying “ten”), a prefix of frequent occurrence; as in Decapolis, a group of 10 cities; decalogue, the 10 commandments; decametre, the measure of 10 metres, etc. From deca is formed decade, a collection or group of 10. In the calendar of the French Republic the term decade was used to designate the week of 10 days, which were severally named primidi, duodi, tridi, quartidi, quintidi, sextidi, septidi, octidi, nontidi, and decadi. See Calendar.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Debts, Right of a Wife to Contract

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
DEBTS, Right of a Wife to Contract. See Husband and Wife.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Decade

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
DECADE. See Deca.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Decachord

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
DECACHORD, dĕk’a-kôrd (Gr. dekachordos, ten-stringed), an ancient Greek instrument of 10 strings, triangular in shape; also a kind of large guitar with 10 strings.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Decadents, The

Edition of 1920. See also Decadent movement on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DECADENTS, The, a school of artists and writers, the followers of which delight in the more or less morbid refinements of feeling and style, and pride themselves upon this perversion of taste. The decadent is fond of the products of declining civilization corrupted by many centuries of culture, of works too highly seasoned and vitiated, which presage the final dissolution of a social order fallen into decrepitude, and shuns the simple, the natural, the healthful, clinging only to the artificial and the complicated in life and character. The name of decadents may rightly be given to those who make a subtile virtuosity out of art. Among French writers Baudelaire was the first theorist of this school, and his influence was felt by many writers of the “end of the century,” such as the Goncourts and Maurice Barrès. The decadents’ school of poetry is best represented by Stephane Mallarmé and Verlaine, and its disciples are numerous, including many men of undoubted talent who have combatted the stiffness and dryness of the Parnassians, not without success. They are often termed deliquescents and symbolists; the latter term is well chosen as indicating their aims and manner.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sower, Christopher

Edition of 1920. See also Christopher Sower (elder) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SOWER, or SAUR, Christopher, German-American printer; b. Laasphe, near Marburg, Germany, 1693; d. Germantown, Pa., 25 Sept. 1758. After a study of medicine at Halle, he came to Philadelphia in 1724, was for a time a farmer in Lancaster County, but in 1731 removed to Germantown, where he acted as an importer of German Bibles and religious works. In 1738 he obtained a printing-press and began the publication in German of a 24-page almanac, which continued to appear until 1798. He began in 1739 Der Hoch-Deutsch Pennsylvanische Geschichtschreiber, a religious and secular magazine, the first periodical in German in the
United States. It was published at first quarterly at three, shillings per annum and afterward monthly. He established (1738) the first type-foundry in America, made his own ink for printing and later manufactured his paper and did his binding. In 1743 he published, in German, a Bible of small quarto size, Luther's translation, the edition being limited to 1,200 copies of 1,284 pages. With the exception of Eliot's Indian Bible, this was the first Bible printed in the colonies and it was the largest work that had then been attempted. An English Bible was not printed until 1781 by Robert Aitken at Philadelphia. Sower may have invented cast-iron stoves; he introduced them into general use. Consult Thomas, ‘History of Printing in America’ (1870); Ringwalt, ‘Encyclopædia of Printing’ (1871).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Speedwell, The

Edition of 1920. See also Speedwell (ship) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SPEEDWELL, The, a sister ship of the Mayflower, which sailed for Plymouth, but was unseaworthy, and put back to port. See Mayflower, The.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Speicher, Eugene Edward

Edition of 1920. See also Eugene Speicher on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SPEICHER, Eugene Edward, American artist: b. Buffalo, N. Y., 5 April 1883. He studied at the Albright Art School, Buffalo, at the Art Student's League and the Henri Art School in New York, and later studied for two years in London, Paris, Holland, Italy and Spain. He established himself in New York, where he became prominent among the younger artists as a painter of landscapes and portraits. He was elected an associate of the National Academy of Design in 1913 and received the academy's first Halgarten Prize in 1915. He was also awarded a silver medal at the Panama Exposition in 1915. Among his works are portraits of Miss Helen Appleton (Thomas R. Proctor Prize, National Academy, 1911); Charles Dana Gibson (1913); John Nelson Cole (1914); and the landscape ‘Morning Light’ (Metropolitan Museum, New York 1912).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Spencer, John Canfield

Edition of 1920. See also John Canfield Spencer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SPENCER, John Canfield, American lawyer, son of Ambrose Spencer (q.v.): b. Hudson, N. Y., 8 Jan. 1788; d. Albany, N. Y., 18 May 1855. He was graduated from Union College in 1806, was private secretary to Governor Tompkins in 1807-09 and in the latter year was admitted to the bar. In 1811 he became master in chancery, was appointed judge-advocate-general on the northern frontier in 1813 and assistant attorney-general of New York in 1815. He served in Congress in 1817-19, was a member of the State assembly in 1819—20, acting as speaker in the latter year, and in 1824-28 he was State senator. He was one of the commissioners to revise the statutes of the State of New York and was special attorney-general in the prosecution of the Masonic murder of William Morgan (q.v.). In 1839-41 he was Secretary of State and Superintendent of common schools and in the last-named year was appointed Secretary of War by President Tyler. He was transferred to the Treasury Department in 1843, but resigned in the following year because of his disapproval of the annexation of Texas. He thereupon resumed his law practice, was afterward a member of various State commissions, was actively instrumental in introducing an improved common school system, and the organization of the State asylum for idiots was due largely to his efforts. He edited, with preface and notes, Henry Reeve's translation of Tocqueville's ‘Democracy in America’ (2 vols., 1838), and was joint author of ‘Revision of the Statutes of New York’ (3 vols., 1846). Consult Proctor, ‘Review of John C. Spencer's Legal and Political Career’ (1886).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Speedwell

Edition of 1920. See also Veronica (plant) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SPEEDWELL, a genus (Veronica) of annual and perennial herbs and shrubs of the family Scrophulariaceæ. The 200 species are mostly natives of the north temperate zone; some, mostly shrubby, are tropical or subtropical, and others are Australian. They are found in all kinds of soils, and many are cultivated in gardens for their beautiful white, blue or pink flowers arranged in axillary or terminal racemes. The taller-growing kinds are used mainly as border plants, the dwarfed in rock-gardens; the shrubby kinds are ever-blooming in California. Some of the species were formerly reputed medicinal, and some were used as substitutes for tea.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Speer, Robert Elliot

Edition of 1920. See also Robert Elliott Speer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SPEER, Robert Elliot, American religious leader and foreign missions secretary: b. Huntingdon, Pa., 10 Sept. 1867. He was graduated at Princeton University in 1889, later studied at the Theological Seminary there, and since 1891 he has been secretary to the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. He made tours of the foreign missionary fields in China, India,
Japan and Korea in 1896-97; in South America in 1909; and in Japan, China, Siam and the Philippines in 1915. He is widely known in missionary circles as an effective organizer. Author of ‘Presbyterian Foreign Missions’ (1901); ‘Missions and Modern History’ (2 vols., 1904); ‘Christianity and the Nations’ (1910); ‘South American Problems’; ‘John's Gospel’ (1915), etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Soyeshima, Tanéomi

Edition of 1920. See also Soejima Taneomi on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SOYESHIMA, Tanéomi, Japanese statesman: b. Saga, Province of Hizen. At Nagasaki in 1866 he studied under Guido F. Verbeck, an American missionary, giving especial attention to the United States Constitution and the New Testament. In 1868 he became a commissioner for formulating laws and subsequently an imperial councillor. In 1871 he was sent to Siberia to adjust boundary questions relating to the island of Sakhalin. Returning to Japan
he resigned his place in the Cabinet, but was later asked to return to it. On a visit to China in 1876 he was received with high honors by the mandarins by reason of his scholarship and he became private adviser of the emperor.