OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Waite, Morrison Remich

See also Morrison Waite on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Waite, Morrison Remich, an American statesman, was born at Lyme, Conn., Nov. 29, 1816. He graduated at Yale and began practicing law at Maumee City, O., afterwards settling in Toledo. His reputation as a lawyer led to his being sent to Geneva, in 1871—72, as one of the counsel for the United States in the Alabama case. He presided over the constitutional convention of Ohio in 1873, and in 1874 was appointed chief-justice of the United States. He died at Washington, D. C., March 23, 1888.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wake-Robin

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Wake-Rob'in, the common name of species of trillium and also for the plant known as Jack-in-the-pulpit. There are several varieties of the trillium, which is a species of lily. They grow in damp woods from Canada to Georgia, and are among our best-known wild flowers. There is usually a long stalk with a cluster of three leaves with a single white or purple flower. The curious Jack-in-the-pulpit, which is called wake-robin in the south, has a large greenish or purplish spathe or leaf-like envelop, turning over like a hood, which incloses a long, finger-shaped stem called the spadix. The calla lily belongs to the same family.
(Image: WAKE-ROBIN OR TRILLIUM)
# The New Student's Reference Work/Whisky

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​Whis′ky, a spirit or liquor distilled usually from grain of some kind, originating probably among the Celtic inhabitants of Ireland and Scotland, as the name is from the Celtic, meaning water of life. It was first known as aqua vitæ (water of life) and used only as a medicine, and was first used as a drink in Scotland in the 17th century. The tax on whisky, imposed partly for revenue but largely to reduce its use, resulted in evasions of the tax by illegal manufacture and smuggling. Whisky was first made from malted barley by distillation (q. v.), but can be made from any grain or even from potato-starch or grape-sugar. In the United States it is made largely from corn and rye. A great deal ​ of whisky is made into alcohol, gin and French brandy. Whisky is nearly colorless when made, but grows red from the wood of the barrels in which it is kept, which are usually charred to help to darken it. It is improved by age. Over 50,000,000 gallons a year are made and consumed in Great Britain, besides beer and wine. In the United States the tax on whisky is one of the greatest sources of revenue to the government. The total production of whisky, distilled spirits and fermented liquors in the United States in 1906 was 180,860,926 gallons. About 45,000,000 gallons of whisky are made annually in this country.
# The New Student's Reference Work/White, Andrew Dickson

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* ANDREW D. WHITE
White, Andrew Dickson, American educator and diplomat, was born at Homer, N.Y., on Nov. 7, 1832, and after graduating at Yale traveled and studied in France, and became an attaché to the United States legation at St. Petersburg. In 1857 he was appointed professor of history and English literature at the University of Michigan, and ten years later became president of Cornell University, a post which he held until 1885, contributing $100,000 from his own means, part of which was applied to the equipment of the library of the school of history and political science at Cornell. In 1871 he was appointed one of the United States commissioners to Santo Domingo; in 1878 was commissioner to the Paris Exposition from the state of New York; and from 1879 to 1881 was United States minister to Russia (serving again during 1892-4). In 1897 he was named by President McKinley ambassador of the United States to Berlin, a post he held till 1902. Dr. White is a regent of Smithsonian Institute at Washington, and has been president of the American Historical Society and the American Social Science Association. He is the author of Lectures on History, The New Germany, The Warfare of Science, History of the Warfare of Science with Theology, European Schools of History, Studies in History and Autobiography.
# The New Student's Reference Work/White, Edward Douglass

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​ White, Edward Douglass, associate-justice of the United States supreme court, was born in the parish of Lafourche, La. on Nov. 3, 1845, and was educated at the Jesuit College of New Orleans and at Georgetown (D.C.) College. He served in the Confederate army during the Civil War, was admitted to the Louisiana bar, and in 1874 was a state senator. From 1878 to 1891 he sat as associate-justice of the supreme court of Louisiana, and from 1891 to 1894 was a member of the United States ​senate. In February, 1894, he was appointed associate-justice of the United States supreme court. In politics he is a Democrat.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Whirlwind

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​Whirl′wind′, a small vortex motion of the earth's atmosphere, generally produced by the meeting of two contrary winds. Prof. R. W. Wood has shown a neat method of producing artificial whirlwinds. He heats a large iron plate — say four feet square — by placing a number of Bunsen burners underneath. While the plate is hot, a little sal-ammoniac is scattered over it. The fumes thus produced render visible the vortices formed by the two currents of air coming over opposite edges of the hot plate. See Cyclone and Storm.
# The New Student's Reference Work/White, Richard Grant

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​White, Richard Grant, an American author, was born at New York City on May 22, 1821. Though a student of medicine and of law, he adopted a literary career, being for 14 years on The Courier and Enquirer of New York, part of the time as editor. The result of his studies and writings on music and art was Christian Art. Other works are National Hymns, Poetry of the Civil War, Words and Their Uses and Every-Day English. Among his best-known articles to the magazines, to which he contributed for 30 years, were those on the plays of Shakespeare. He died at New York on April 8, 1885.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Whirlpool

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​Whirl′pool′ is a current in a river, which moves in a circle, owing to opposite tides or winds. The two celebrated sea-whirlpools are Charybdis near Sicily and the maelstrom in the North Sea, which are not usually dangerous to ships; but, when the current and the wind are strongly opposed to each other, large ships are driven against the rocks. Whirlpools were dreaded by sailors and many legends arose about them. They were thought to be openings into great caverns, within whose depths lived mermaids and sea-monsters. Norwegian fishermen still believe that, if they can throw a heavy object into the whirlpool, it will close without injuring their ship. See Maelstrom and Scylla.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Whistler, James Abbott McNeill

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* JAMES WHISTLER
Whistler (hwĭs′lẽr), James Abbott McNeill, a brilliant Anglo-American painter, etcher and author, was born at Lowell, Mass., on July 10, 1834, and educated at West Point Military Academy. He studied art at Paris and settled at London, England, where he became president of the British Society of Artists and held exhibitions of his pictures. There was a strain of the erratic in his mental composition, which more than once brought him into antagonism with critics of art — notably with Ruskin; but he had genius and gifts of a high order in the impressionist school and attained eminence as an etcher and colorist. Some of his more important paintings include what he termed A Nocturne in Blue and Gold, arrangements in black, gray and green; his Portrait of My Mother is excellent, as are The White Girl and The Last of Old Westminster. He also did good work in painting portraits of celebrities, and wrote The Gentle Art of Making Enemies. His other published works include Ten O'Clock, Four Masters of Etching and The Baronet and the Butterfly. He died on July 17, 1903.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Whitby

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​ Whit'by, a seaport in Yorkshire, England, on the North Sea, at the mouth of the Esk. The old town has narrow, steep, irregular streets, while the new part has all the features of the fashionable watering-place. The old abbey is in ruins, but Whitby Hall has been restored. The parish church stands on a cliff 350 feet high, with a flight of nearly 200 steps. The piers run out about 1,000 feet in the ocean. The chief exports are jet ornaments and iron, the jet being obtained from a petrified wood peculiar to the region. The herring-fishery is increasing, but the shipping-trade, which was large when the vessels for Captain Cook's voyages were built here, has declined, and the town is gradually becoming merely a watering-place. Population 11,750. Whitby (Whitetown) originally was the seat of a monastery, built by Oswy, king of Northumbria, in 658. The convent connected with it was in charge of Abbess Hilda and became famous. Caedmon (q. v.) was a servitor of this abbey. Destroyed by the Danes in 867, it was restored in 1074.
# The New Student's Reference Work/White, Henry Kirke

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​White, Henry Kirke, an English poet, was born on March 21, 1785, at Nottingham. His mother's ambition led to his being educated as a lawyer instead of following his father's business. His first poems attracted the attention of the owner of the paper, who advised publication of them in book-form. The volume was cruelly treated by the critics, but brought him the friendship of Southey and a scholarship at Cambridge. He is best known by the hymn entitled The Star of Bethlehem. He died at college on Oct. 16, 1806. His poems were published by Southey, with a memoir, which attracted public attention and sympathy.
# The New Student's Reference Work/White, Stewart Edward

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​White, Stewart Edward, an American author and story-writer who deals chiefly with western life, was born at Grand Rapids, Mich., on March 12, 1873. He entered the University of Michigan, from which he graduated in 1895, subsequently taking a course at Columbia Law School, New York City. Some years later he developed gifts as a novelist and successively published The Claim Jumpers, The Westerners, The Blazed Trail, Conjurer's House, The Forest, The Magic Forest, The Silent Places, The Mountains, Blazed Trail Stories, The Pass and The Mystery, the last in conjunction with S. H. Adams. Most of these are realistic studies of the rough life of the western plains, mountain passes and hillsides.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Charles XIV. John

Edition of 1905. See also Charles XIV John of Sweden on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CHARLES XIV. JOHN (1704-1844). King of Sweden and Norway from 1818 to 1844, and before his elevation to the throne General Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte, a celebrated marshal of Napoleon. He was born in Pau, France, January 26, 1764, the son of a French lawyer. He fought in the Revolutionary wars from 1794 as general of division) in Belgium, Germany, and Italy, and in 1799, in the last year of the Directory, was Minister of War. In 1800 he suppressed a rising of the Chouans, and in 1804 Napoleon created him marshal. He bore a distinguished part in the victory of Austerlitz in 1805, for which he was made Prince of Pontecorvo, and won fresh laurels in the campaign against the Prussians in 1806-07 and at Wagram in 1809. He was never one of the personal following of Napoleon, who appears to have been jealous of the general. He was chosen by the Swedish Diet in 1810 Crown Prince and successor of Charles XIII. (q.v.). The only condition of moment was that he should become a Protestant. Bernadotte agreed, changed his name to Charles John, and soon began to exercise many of the royal functions. The Crown Prince resisted the efforts of Napoleon to involve Sweden in his designs against England. The country was soon engaged in war with France, and at the head of the northern troops Prince Charles joined the Allies in the final struggle with Napoleon, and contributed to the victory of Leipzig (October,
1813). He forced Denmark in the Treaty of Kiel to give up Norway, and conducted the campaign for its subjugation (1814). Charles XIII. died in 1818, and was succeeded by Prince Charles John as Charles XIV. John. The period of his administration was characterized by progress in all directions, both public and private. Charles was the only one of Napoleon's generals who founded a permanent dynasty. He died March 8, 1844. The present royal house of Sweden and Norway is descended from Bernadotte, but intermarriage with Germans has made it thoroughly Teutonic. See Sweden. Consult: Meredith, Memorials of Charles John, King of Sweden and Norway (London, 1829); Sarrans, Histoire de Bernadotte, Charles XIV. Jean (Paris, 1845); Recueil des lettres, discours et proclamations de Charles XIV. Jean (Stockholm, 1858).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Charles XV.

Edition of 1905. See also Charles XV of Sweden on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CHARLES XV. (1826-72). King of Sweden and Norway from 1859 to 1872. He succeeded his father, Oscar I., who was a son of Charles XIV. John (q.v.). The rule of Charles was liberal and popular. The most important event was the change (in 1866) in the constitution of the Parliament, which has since consisted of two chambers, one elected by the provincial representatives and the other by the people. He had a taste for literature and art, and published a volume of poems. In 1850 he married Louisa, daughter of the King of the Netherlands, by whom he had one daughter, who became the wife of Prince Frederick of Denmark. He died September 18, 1872.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Charles of Anjou

Edition of 1905. See also Charles I of Naples on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CHARLES OF ANJOU, äN′zhōō′, Count of Provence and King of Naples and Sicily (1226-85). He was the seventh son of Louis VIII. of France, and wedded Beatrice, heiress of Provence. In 1248 he went on a crusade in company with his brother, Louis IX., suffered captivity in Egypt with him, and returned to Provence in 1250. Exceedingly ambitious, he sought everywhere for opportunities to increase his possessions. For aid rendered Margaret of Flanders (q.v.), he was promised the Province of Hainaut; but Louis interfered and Charles was compelled to relinquish Hainaut for a large sum of money. In 1262 Pope Urban IV. invited Charles to assume the crown of the Two Sicilies, and to assist in the overthrow of the bastard Manfred, the Ghibelline King. In 1263 Charles was made Senator of Rome, and in 1266 was crowned King of the Two Sicilies. A crusade was preached against Manfred, who was overwhelmed and slain in the battle of Benevento. In 1268 the young Conradin, the legitimate heir, was defeated at Tagliacozzo, captured, and executed; a like fate was dealt out to many Italian nobles; estates were confiscated to reward the French mercenaries, and Charles established himself firmly in power. In 1270 Charles participated in the disastrous crusade of his brother, Louis IX., and later (1282), when he was preparing for another expedition, news was brought of the rebellion afterwards known as the Sicilian Vespers (q.v.). Charles at once sent his fleet against Messina, refusing all offers of capitulation; but the city held out until assistance came from Don Pedro of Aragon, and Charles's fleet was burned. In 1285 the King died at Poggio. Charles of Anjou was one of the most powerful rulers of his time in Christendom. He was all-powerful in the councils of France; ruled over Anjou, Provence, and the Two Sicilies; was Senator of Rome, Imperial Vicar of Tuscany, Governor of Bologna, and lord of several other cities; he had also bought the rights to the kingdom of Jerusalem. Consult: Sternfeld, Karl von Anjou (Berlin, 1888), which treats of Charles's career up to 1265; Archivio storico Italiano, 3d series, Vols. XXII.-XXVI. (Florence, 1875-77); id., 4th series, Vols. I.-VII. (Florence, 1878-81).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Charleston (Missouri)

Edition of 1905. See also Charleston, Missouri on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CHARLESTON. A city and county-seat of Mississippi County, Mo., 15 miles west by south of Cairo, Ill., on the Saint Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad (Map: Missouri, G 5). It is in a highly productive agricultural region, and ships grain, flour, fruits, potatoes, and live stock. The industries include flour-mills and saw-mills, stave and heading factories, and manufactures of axehandles, boots, etc. Population, in 1890, 1381; in 1900, 1893.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Charleston (Illinois)

Edition of 1905. See also Charleston, Illinois on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CHARLESTON, chärlz′ton. A city and county-seat of Coles County, Ill., 48 miles west of Terre Haute, Ind., on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis and the Toledo, Saint Louis and Western railroads (Map: Illinois, D 4). It is the centre of a farming district, and has manufactures of flour, brooms, stoves, and tiles. The city is the seat of the Eastern Illinois Normal School, and possesses a Carnegie free library and parks. Charleston was settled in 1830, incorporated in 1855, and at present is governed under a charter of 1870 which provides for a mayor, elected every two years, and a city council. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. One of the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates was held here in 1858. Population, in 1890, 4135; in 1900, 5488.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Charles XIII.

Edition of 1905. See also Charles XIII of Sweden on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CHARLES XIII. (1748-1818). King of Sweden from 1809 to 1818. He was the son of King Adolphus Frederic. As high admiral of Sweden, he distinguished himself by winning a notable victory over the Russians in the Gulf of Finland in 1788. He also rendered important political and diplomatic services to his brother, Gustavus III., who created him Duke of Södermanland. After the assassination of Gustavus III. in 1792, Charles assumed the regency for Gustavus IV. Adolphus, and held it until 1796. In 1809, when at a critical juncture Gustavus had proved unequal to the situation. Charles was made administrator of the kingdom. A few months later Gustavus was deposed and Charles accepted the kingship, under a constitution adopted by the Diet. He cultivated friendship with Russia and England. In 1814 the union of Norway and Sweden under one sovereign was effected. He died February 5, 1818. See Sweden.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Charles of Orléans

Edition of 1905. See also Charles, Duke of Orléans on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CHARLES OF ORLÉANS, ôr′lā̇′äN′ (1391-1465). A French poet and nobleman, the son of Duke Louis of Orléans. He was brought up at the Court of Blois, and upon the death of his father (who was murdered by the Burgundians and Valentino of Milan) succeeded to his estates. At the battle of Agincourt (1415) he was taken prisoner. He was never in close imprisonment, but it was nearly twenty-five years before he was ransomed and returned to Blois. Here he gathered about him the literary people of the day. Villon joined in the poetical competitions he held at his Court. But Charles was not the rival of Villon; he was the last of the mediæval poets—Villon is modern. His favorite subjects were Love and Spring, and on these two themes he composed many rondels, one of which is the charming Le temps a laissé son manteau, so often introduced into anthologies. Saintsbury says of him: “Few early poets are better known than Charles of Orléans, and few deserve their popularity better.” His son afterwards became Louis XII. of France. The best edition of his works is that by Héricault (1874).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Charleston (West Virginia)

Edition of 1905. See also Charleston, West Virginia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CHARLESTON. The capital of West Virginia and county-seat of Kanawha County, about 130 miles south by west of Wheeling, at the junction of the Kanawha and Elk rivers, and on the Chesapeake and Ohio, the Kanawha and Michigan, and other railroads (Map: West Virginia, C 3). It has regular steamboat communication with the principal river ports, and is an important shipping point for coal, salt, and timber. There are deposits of natural gas and oil in the neighborhood. The manufactures include iron, engines and boilers, furniture, carriages, fire-brick, lumber, and woolens. Charleston has also boat-building yards, color and veneer works, and railroad shops of the Kanawha and Michigan. The chief buildings are the Capitol, the custom-house, and the county court-house. A fort was built at Charleston about 1786; the town was incorporated in 1794, and the city in 1870. Charleston has been the capital since 1870, with the exception of the period 1875-85, when Wheeling was the seat of government. Population, in 1890, 6742; in 1900, 11,099.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Colorado, Rio

Edition of 1905. See also Colorado River (Argentina) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLORADO, RIO, rē′ō̇. A river of Central Argentina, rising in the Andes and flowing southeast. It empties into the Atlantic in about latitude 39° 50′ S. (Map: Argentina, E 11). Its entire length is about 700 miles, but it is navigable for light vessels for only a couple of hundred miles. The upper course is through a desert.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Cojutepeque

Edition of 1905. See also Cojutepeque on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COJUTEPEQUE, kō̇-Hoo′tȧ-pā′kȧ. The capital of the Department of Cuscatlán, Salvador, about 15 miles east of San Salvador (Map: Central America, C 4). It is situated north of the volcano Cojutepeque, and near Lake Ilopango. The city has considerable transit trade. Cojutepeque, for a few years after 1854, when San Salvador was destroyed by an earthquake, was the seat of government of the Republic.