OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Abile'ne

​ABILE'NE, or simply A'BILA (Άβιληνή, Άβιλα), a district in Coele-Syria, of which the chief town was Abila. The limits of this region are nowhere exactly defined, but it seems to have included the eastern slopes of Antilibanus, and to
have extended S. and SE. of Damascus as far as the borders of Galilaea, Batanaea, and Trachonitas. Abilene, when first mentioned in history, was governed by a certain Ptolemaeus, son of Mennaeus, who was succeeded, about B.C. 40, by a son named Lysanias. Lysanias was put to death in B.C. 33, at the instigation of Cleopatra, and the principality passed, by a sort of purchase apparently, into the hands of one Zenodorus, from whom it was transferred (B.C. 31) to Herod the Great. At the death of the latter (A. D. 3) one portion of it was annexed to the tetrarchy of his son Philip, and the remainder bestowed upon that Lysanias who is named by St. Luke (iii. 1). Immediately after the death of Tiberius (A.D. 37), Caligula made over to Herod Agrippa, at that time a prisoner in Rome the tetrarchy of Philip and the tetrarchy of Lysanias, while Claudius, upon his accession (A.D. 41), not only confirmed the liberality of his predecessor towards Agrippa, but added all that portion of Judaea and Samaria which had belonged to the kingdom of his grandfather Herod the Great,together (says Josephus) with Abila, which had appertained to Lysanias (Άβιλαν δέ τήν Λυσανίου), and the adjoining region of Libanus. Lastly, in A. D. 53, Claudius granted to the younger Agrippa the tetrarchy of Philip with Batanaea and Trachonitis and Abila— Λυσανία δέ αβτη έγεγόνες τετραρχία (Joseph. Ant. xiv. 4. § 4, 7. § 4, xviii. 7. § 10, xix. 5. § 1, xx. 6. § 1, B. J. i. 13. § 1, xx. 4.) Josephus, at first sight, seems to contradict himself, in so far in that in one passage (Ant. xviii. 7. § 10) he represents Caligula as bestowing upon Herod Agrippa the tetrarchy of Lysanias, while in another (Ant. xix. 5. § 1) he states that Abila of Lysanias was added by Claudius to the former dominions of Agrippa, but, in reality, these expressions must be explained as referring to the division of Abilene which took place on the death of Herod the Great. We find Abila mentioned among the places captured by Placidus, one of Vespasian's generals, in A.D. 69 or 70 (Joseph. B. J. iv. 7. § 5), and from that time forward it was permanently annexed to the province of Syria.[ W. R. ]̺
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Abella

​ABELLA (Ἀβέλλα, Strab., Ptol.: Eth. Abellanus, Inscr. ap. Orrel. 3316, Avellanus, Plin.: Avella Vecchia), a city in the interior of Campania, about 5 miles NE. of Nola. According to Justin (xx. 1), it was a Greek city of Chalcidic origin, which would lead us to suppose that it was a colony of Cumae: but at a later period it had certainly become an Oscan town, as well as the neighbouring city of Nola. No mention of it is found in history, though it must have been at one time a place of importance. Strabo and Pliny both notice it among the inland towns of Campania; and though we learn from the Liber de Coloniis, that Vespasian settled a number of his freedmen and dependants there, yet it appears, both from that treatise and from Pliny, that it had not then attained the rank of a colony, a dignity which we find it enjoying in the time of Trajan. It ​probably became such in the reign of that emperor. (Strab. p. 249; Plin. iii. 5. § 9; Ptol. iii. 1. § 68; Lib. Colon. p. 230; Gruter. Inscr. P. 1096, 1; Zumpt, de Coloniis, p. 400.) We learn from Virgil and Silius Italicus that its territory was not fertile in corn, but rich in fruit-trees (maliferae Abellae): the neighbourhood also abounded in filberts or hazel-nuts of a very choice quality, which were called from thence nuces Avellanae (Virg. Aen. Vii. 740; Sil. Ital. viii. 545; Plin. xv. 22; Serv. ad Georg. ii. 65). The modern town of Avella is situated in the plain near the foot of the Apennines; but the remains of the ancient city, still called Avella Vecchia, occupy a hill of considerable height, forming one of the underfalls of the mountains, and command an extensive view of the plain beneath; hence Virgil's expression "despectant moenia Abellae." The ruins are described as extensive, including the vestiges of an amphitheatre, a temple, and other edifices, as well as a portion of the ancient walls. (Pratilli, Via Appia, p. 445; Lupuli, Iter Venusin. p. 19; Romanelli, vol. iii. p. 597; Swinburne, Travels, vol. i. p. 105.) Of the numerous relics of antiquity discovered here, the most interesting is a long inscription in the Oscan language, which records a treaty of alliance between the citizens of Abdera and those of Nola. It dates (according to Mommsen) from a period shortly after the Second Punic War, and is not only curious on account of details concerning the municipal magistrates, but is on if the most important auxiliaries we possess for a study of the Oscan language. This curious monument still remains in the museum of the Seminary at Nola: it has been repeatedly published, among others by Passeri (Linguae Oscae Specimen Singulare, fol. Romae, 1774), but in the most complete and satisisfactory manner by Lepsius (Inscr. Umbr. et Osc. Tab. Xxi.) and Mommsen (Die Unter-Italischen Dialekte, p. 119). [ E. H. B. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Abelli'num

​ABELLI′NUM (Ἀβέλλινον, Eth. Abellinas-atis). 1. A considerable city of the Hirpini, situated in the upper valley of the Sabatus, near the frontier of Campania. Pliny, indeed, appears to have regarded it as inclded in that country, as he enumerates it among the cities of the first region of Augustus, but Ptolemy is probably correct in reckoning it among those of the Hirpini. It is placed by the Tabula Peutingeriana on the road from Beneventum to Salernum, at a distance of 16 Roman miles from the former city. No mention of it is found in history prior to the Roman conquest; and it appears to have first risen to be a place of importance under the Roman Empire. The period at which it became a colony is uncertain: Pliny calls it only an "oppidum," but it appears from the Liber de Coloniis that it must have received a colony previous to his time, probably as early as the second T Triumvirate; and we learn from various inscriptions of imperial times that it continued to enjoy this rank down to a late period. These mention numerous local magistrates, and prove that it most have been a place of considerable wealth and importance, at least as late as the time of Valentinian. (Plin. Iii, 3. a. 9; Ptol. iii. 1. § 68; Lib. de Colon. p. 229; Inscr. ap. Orell. Nos. 1180, 1181; Lupuli, Iter Venusin. pp. 34, 55, 56.)
The ancient city was destroyed daring the wars between the Greeks and the Lombards, and the inhabitants established themselves on the site of the modern Avellino, which has thus retained the name, but not the situation, of the ancient AbeIlinum. The ruins of the latter are still visible about two miles from the modern city, near the village of Atripaldi, and immediately above the river Sabbato. Some vestiges of an amphitheatre may be traced, as well as portions of the city walls, and other fragments of reticulated masonry. Great numbers of inscriptions, bas-reliefs, altars, and minor relics of antiquity, have also been discovered on the site. (Lupuli, I. c. pp. 33, 34; Romanelli, vol. ii. p. 310; Swinburne, Travels, vol. i. p. 118; Craven, Abruzzi, vol. ii. p. 201.) The neighbourhood still abounds with filbert-trees, which are extensively cultivated, as they were in ancient times; on which account the name of the nuces Avellanae was frequently derived firom Abelli-num rather than Abella. (Harduin. ad Plin. xv. 22.)
2. Besides the Abellinum mentioned by Pliny in the first region of Italy, he enumerates also in the second, which included the Hirpini and Apulians, "Abellinates cognomine Protropi," and "Abellinates cognominati Marsi." The first have been generally supposed to be the inhabitants of the city already mentioned, but it would certainly appear that Pliny meant to distinguish them. No clue exists to the position of either of these two towns: the conjecture of the Italian topographers who have placed the Abellinates Marsi at Marsico Vetere, in Lucania, having nothing, except the slight similarity of name, to recommend it, as that site would have been in the third region. [ E. H. B. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Abia'nus

​ABLA′NUS (Ἀβιανός), a river of Scythia (Sarmatia) falling into the Euxine, mentioned only in the work of Alexander on the Euxine, as giving name to the Abii, who dwelt on its banks. (Steph. Byz. s. v. Ἄβιοι.) Stephanos elsewhere quotes Alexander aa saying that the district of Hylea on the Euxine was called Ἄβική, which he interprets by Ὑλαία, woody (Steph. Byz. s. v. Ὑλέα).[ P. S. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Abodi'acum

​ABODI'ACUM, AUODI'ACUM (Άβουδίακον, ​ Tab. Pent.; Ptol. ii. 13. § 5 Abuzacum, Vit S. Magu. 28), a town of Vindelicia, probably coinciding with the modern Epfach on the river Lech, where remains of Roman buildings are still extant. The stations, however, in the Itineraries and the Pentingerian Table are not easily identified with the site of Epfach; and Abodiacum is placed by some topographers at the hamlet of Peisenberg, on the slope of a hill with the same name, or in the neighbourhood of Rosenheim in Bavaria. (Itin. Auton; Muchar Noricum, p. 283.)[ W. B. D. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Abolla

​ABOLLA (Άβολλα), a city of Sicily, mentioned only by Stephanos Byzantinus (s. v.), who affords no clue to its position, but it has been supposed, on account of the resemblance of the name, to have occupied the site of Avola, between Syracuse and Noto. A coin of this city has been published by D'Orville (Sicula, pt ii. tab. 20), but is of very uncertain authority. (Eckhel, vd. L p. 189; Castell Sicil. Vet. Num. p. 4.)̺[ E. H. B. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Aboni-Teichos

​ABONI-TEICHOS (Άβώνου τείχος: Eth. Άβωνο-τεχείτης: Ineboli), a town on the coast of Paphlagonia with a harbour, memorable as the birthplace of the impostor Alexander, of whom Lucian has left us an amusing account in the treatise bearing his name. (Dict. of Biogr. vol. i. p. 123.) According to Lucian (Alex. § 58), Alexander petitioned the emperor (probably Antoninus Pius) that the name of his native place should be changed from Aboni-Teichos into Ionopolis; and whether the emperor granted the request or not, we know that the town was called Ionopolis in later times. Not only does this name occur in Marcianus and Hierocles; but on coins of the time of Antoninus and L. Verus we find the legend ΙΩΝΟΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ, as well as ΑΒΩΝΟΤΕΙΧΙΤΩΝ. The modern Ineboli is evidently only a corruption of Ionopolis. (Strab. p. 545; Arrian, Peripl. p. 15; Lucian, Alex. passim; Marcian. Peripl. p. 72; Ptol. v. 4. §2; Hierocl. p. 696; Steph. B. s. v. Άβώνον τείχος.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Iabadius

​IABA′DIUS (Ἰαβαδίον νῆσος, Ptol. vii. 2. § 29, viii. 27. § 10), an island off the lower half of the Golden Chersonesus. It is said by Ptolemy to mean the "Island of Barley," to have been very fertile in grain and gold, and to have had a metropolis called Argyre. There can be little doubt that it is the same as the present Java, which also signifies "barley." Humboldt, on the other hand, considers it to be Sumatra (Kritische Unters. i. p. 64); and Mannert, the small island of Banca, on the SE. side of Suviutra. [ V. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Iamissa

​IAMISSA. [Thamesis.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Iaeta

​IAETA or IETAE (Ἰεταί, Steph. B.: Eth. Ἰεταῖος, Id.; but Diodorus has Ἰαιτῖνος, and this is confirmed by coins, the legend of which is uniformly Ἰαιτῖνων, Eckhel, vol. i. p. 216: in Latin, Cicero has Ietini, but Pliny Ietenses), a town of the interior of Sicily, in the NW. of the island, not very far from Panorinus. It was mentioned by Philistus (ap. Steph. B. s.v.) as a fortress, and it is called by Thucydides also (if the reading Ἰετάς be admitted, in vii. 2) a fortress of the Siculians (τεῖχος τῶν Σικελῶν), which was taken by Gylippus on his march from Himera through the interior of the island towards Syracuse. It first appears as an independent city in the time of Pyrrhus, and was attacked by that monarch on account of its strong position and the advantages it offered for operations against Panormus; but the inhabitants readily capitulated. (Diod. xxii. 10, p. 498.) In the First Punic War it was occupied by a Carthaginian garrison, but after the fall of Panormus drove out these troops and opened its gates to the Romans. (Id. xxiii. 18, p. 505.) Under the Roman government it appears as a municipal town, but not one of much importance. The Ietini are only noticed in passing by Cicero among the towns whose lands had been utterly ruined by the exactions of Verres; and the Ietenses are enumerated by Pliny among the "populi stipendiarii" of the interior of Sicily. (Cic. Verr. iii. 43; Plin. iii. 8. s. 14.) Many MSS. of Cicero read Letini, and it is probable that the Λῆτον of Ptolemy (iii. 4. § 15) is only a corruption of the same name.
The position of Iaeta is very obscurely intimated, but it appears from Diodorus that it was not very remote from Panormus, and that its site was one of great natural strength. Silius Italicus also alludes to its elevated situation ("celsus Ietas," xiv. 271). Fazello assures us that there was a mediaeval fortress called Iato on the summit of a lofty mountain, about 15 miles from Palermo, and 12 N. of Entella, which was destroyed by Frederic II. at the same time with the latter city; and this he supposes, probably enough, to be the site of Iaeta. He says the mountain was still called Monte di Iato, though more commonly known as Monte di S. Cosmano, from a church on its summit. (Fazell. x. p. 471; Amic. Lex. Top. Sic. vol. ii. p. 291.) The spot is not marked on any modern map, and does not appear to have been visited by any recent travellers. The position thus assigned to Iaeta agrees well with the statements of Diodorus, but is wholly irreconcilable with the admission of Ἰετάς into the text of Thucydides (vii. 2): this reading, however, is a mere conjecture (see Arnold's note), and must probably be discarded as untenable. [ E. H. B. ]
COIN OF IAETA.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Ialysus

​IA′LYSUS Ἰάλυσος, Ἰάλυσσος, or Ἰήλυσσος: Eth. Ἰαλύσσιος), one of the three ancient Doric cities in the island of Rhodes, and one of the six towns constituting the Doric hexapolis. It was situated only six stadia to the south-west of the city of Rhodes, and it would seem that the rise of the latter city was the cause of the decay of Ialysus; for in the time of Strabo (xiv. p. 655) it existed only as a village. Pliny (v. 36) did not consider it as an independent place at all, but imagined that Ialysus was the ancient name of Rhodes. Orychoma, the citadel, was situated above Ialysus, and still existed in the time of Strabo. It is supposed by some that ​Orychoma was the same as the fort Achaia, which is said to have been the first settlement of the Heliadae ia the island (Diod. Sic. v. 57; Athen. viii. p. 360); at any rate, Achaia was situated in the territory of Ialysus, which bore the name Ialysia. (Comp. Hom. Il. ii. 656; Pind. Ol. vii. 106; Herod, ii. 182; Thucyd. viii. 44; Ptol. v. 2. § 34; Steph. B. s.v.; Scylax, Peripl. p. 81; Dionys. Perieg. 504; Ov. Met. vii. 365; Pomp. Mela, ii. 7.) The site of ancient Ialysus is still occupied by a village bearing the name Ialiso, about which a few ancient remains are found. (Ross, Reisen auf den Griech. Inseln, vol. iii. p. 98.) [ L. S. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Iamna

​IAMNA, IAMNO. [Baleares. p. 374, b.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Iadoni

​IADO′NI, a people in the extreme NW. of Hispania Tarraconensis, mentioned only by Pliny, who places them next to the Arrotrebae. (Plin. iv. 20. s. 34.) [ P. S. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Iadera

​IA′DERA (Ἰάδερα, Ptol. iii. 16. § 10; Ἰάδαρα, Nicet. p. 348; Iadera, Plin. iii. 26; Iader, Pomp. Mela, ii. 3. § 13; Pent. Tab.; Geog. Rav.; on the orthography of the name see Tzchucke, ad Melam, l.c. vol. ii. pt. 2. p. 275: Eth. Iadertinus, Hirt. B. A. 42. Zara), the capital of Liburnia in Illyricum. Under Augustus it was made a Roman colony. ("Parens coloniae," Inscr. ap. Farlati, Illyr. Sacr., vol. v. p. 3; comp. Ptol. l.c.) Afterwards it bore the name of Diodora, and paid a tribute of 110 pieces of gold to the Eastern emperors (Const. Porph. de Adm. Imp. 30), until it was handed ovey, in the reign of Basil the Macedonian, to the Slavonic princes. Zara, the modern capital of Dalmatia, and well known for the famous siege it stood against the conibined French and Venetians, at the beginning of the Fourth Crusade (Gibbon, c. lx.; Wilken, die Kreuzz. vol. v. p. 167), stands upon the site of Iadera. Little remains of the ancient city; the sea-gate called Porta di San Chrysogono is Roman, but it seems likely that it has been brought from Aenona. The gate is a single arch with a Corinthian pilaster at each side supporting an entablature.
Eckhel (vol. ii. p. 152) doubts the evidence of any coins of Iadera, though some have been attributed to it by other writers on numismatics. (Sir G. Wilkinson, Dalmatia and Montenegro, vol. i. p. 78; J. F. Neigebaur, Die Sudslaven, pp. 181-191.) [ E. B. J. ]
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Corbett, Sir Stuart

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​CORBETT, SIR STUART ( ? –1865)
Commanded the 25th N.I. in the Panjab campaign of 1848–9, at Sadulapur, Chilianwala and Gujarat : C.B. : in the mutiny was Brig-General commanding at Mianmir : co-operated boldly and successfully with the civil authorities in totally disarming the native troops there on parade, May 13, 1857, seizing the Fort at Lahore, and sending English troops to secure Umritsar : K.C.B. : died at Naini Tal, Aug. 1, 1865.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Cornish, Hubert (2)

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​CORNISH, HUBERT (1776–1832)
Son of James Cornish, M.D. : born 1776 : a nephew of Sir John Shore (q.v.) : went to India in the Civil Service, 1797 : was stationed at Benares in 1797. when Cherry (q.v.) the A.G.G., and other officers and Europeans were murdered treacherously by the orders of Wazir Ali (q.v.) : he jumped upon a horse which Sir J. Shore had given him, and was one of the few civilians who escaped : became a Judge in Bengal : retired about 1830 to his estate near Totnes : died Aug. 25, 1832.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Cosby, Sir Henry Augustus Montagu

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​COSBY, SIR HENRY AUGUSTUS MONTAGU (1743–1822)
Son of Captain Alexander Cosby : born in 1743 : was a volunteer at the capture of Gheria, the fort of the pirate Angria, in 1756 : was in Coote's attack on Pondicherry, 1760–1 : at the captures of Vellore and Madura, at Rajamundry, at the Chengama Pass, Errore, Arlier, and Vellore again : Adjutant-General : at the siege of Tanjore in 1773 : served against the Chitore Poligars, 1777 : commanded, in 1778, the Nawab of Arcot's cavalry, and led it against Hyder Ali with success : made prisoner at the Cape on his way to England, 1782, but soon released : knighted in 1782 : Brig-General in India, 1784–6 : held commands at Trichinopoly and Tinnivelly : to England, 1786 : Lt-General : died Jan. 17, 1822.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Cornish, Hubert (1)

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​CORNISH, HUBERT (1757–1823)
Son of James Cornish of Teignmouth : born 1757 : was Private Secretary (1793–8) to his brother-in-law. Sir John Shore (Lord Teignmouth), during the whole term of his Governor-Generalship (a younger brother, George Cornish, being at the same time A.D.C.) : they both returned to England with Sir J. Shore in 1798 : Hubert settled at Exeter : a lawyer by profession and an accomplished artist and musician : died 1823.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Cornwallis, Charles, first Marquis

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​CORNWALLIS, CHARLES, FIRST MARQUIS (1738–1805)
Governor-General : son of Charles, first Earl : born Dec. 31, 1738 : educated at Eton : entered the Guards, 1756 : studied at the Military Academy, Turin : served in Germany, 1758–62 : at Minden : M.P. for Eye : became Earl in June, 1762 : Lord of the Bedchamber : Constable of the Tower, 1770 : Maj-General, 1775 : served in the American war, 1776 : second in command in 1778 to Sir H. Clinton : forced to capitulate at Yorktown on Oct. 19, 1781, no blame attaching to him : in 1782, and 1785, he refused to go to India, but, against his will, accepted the Governor-Generalship in 1786 : held the appointment from Sep., 1786, being also C. in C. : and K.G. : he reformed both the civil and military services : in Dec. 1790, he took the command in Madras against Tippoo : captured Bangalore, March 21, 1791 : defeated Tippoo near Seringapatam : took Nandidrug, Oct. 19 : Savandrug, Dec. 21 : besieged Seringapatam, Feb. 1792, when Tippoo submitted, and signed peace, ceding territory and paying a large indemnity : Cornwallis created a Marquis, Aug., 1792. He then announced the permanent settlement of the land revenue to be paid by the zamindars in Bengal, 1793, acting against the advice of Sir John Shore : he reformed the Law Courts : he sailed for Madras to attack Pondicherry, but it had surrendered before his arrival : he left Madras, homewards, on Oct. 10, 1793. From England, he was sent to military service on the continent : was Master-General of the Ordnance from 1795 : when military questions caused anxiety in Bengal, Cornwallis was re-appointed Governor-General ​on Feb. 1, 1797 : did not proceed to India : his services were required as Viceroy and C. in C, Ireland, to crush the rebellion of 1798 : defeated the French there under General Humbert : supported the Act of Union, but resigned the Viceroyalty in 1801, when the King declined to agree to Catholic Emancipation : deputed to negotiate the Peace of Amiens, 1802. In 1805 he was re-appointed Governor-General and C. in C. in India, and assumed charge on July 30 : sent out to inaugurate a pacific regime instead of the expansive policy of Lord Wellesley. But it was too severe a tax on his age and health. On his way up-country, in pursuit of his pacific policy, he died at Ghazipur, Oct. 5, 1805. Statues were erected in his honour at Calcutta and Madras.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Corrie, the Right Rev. Daniel

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​CORRIE, THE RIGHT REV. DANIEL (1777–1837)
Bishop : son of John Corrie : born April, 1777 : educated privately, at Clare Hall, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge (Exhibitioner) : ordained, 1802 : went to CalCutta as a Bengal chaplain, 1806 : appointed to various chaplaincies up-country, and did mission work also : was Senior Chaplain in Calcutta, 1817 : Archdeacon in 1823 : thrice, as Commissary, carried on the administration of the diocese on the deaths of Bishops : was the first Bishop of Madras from 1835 to his death on Feb. 5, 1837 : was LL.D.; Bishop Corrie's Grammar School in Madras, and his statue in the Cathedral there perpetuate his memory. He was a friend of Charles Simeon and Henry Martyn at Cambridge.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Copleston, Right Rev. Reginald Stephen

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​COPLESTON, RIGHT REV. REGINALD STEPHEN (1845–)
Son of Rev. R. E. Copleston : educated, at Merton College, Oxford : married a. ​daughter of the late Archbishop Trench : Fellow and Tutor of St. John's College, Oxford : was appointed Bishop of Colombo in 1875 : translated to Calcutta and became Metropolitan of India in 1902. Author of Buddhism : Primitive and Present.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Cordery, John Graham

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​CORDERY, JOHN GRAHAM (1833–1900)
I.C.S. : educated at Rugby and Balliol College, Oxford : went out to the Panjab in 1856 : while at Peshawar, he translated the Iliad into English verse : served in Berar : was D.P.I, in the Panjab in 1872 : Commissioner of Peshawar : Resident at Hyderabad, 1883 : C.S.I. : retired, 1888 : translated the Odyssey : died April 8, 1900.