OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Swamp

Edition of 1905. See also Swamp on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SWAMP (AS. swamm, swam, swamp, Goth. swamms, sponge, swumsl, ditch, OHG. swam, MHG. swam, swamp, Ger. Schwamm, sponge; connected with OHG. sumpft, Ger. Sumpf, swamp, and with Gk. σομφός, somphos, spongy). An area of wet ground usually covered with certain coarse grasses, trees, and other plants peculiar to such land. While the direct cause for differences between typical swamps has not been fully worked out, drainage seems to be the principal controlling factor. It seems probable that in undrained swamps, such as peat bogs, the products of plant decay, including various acids, necessarily accumulate and that aeration is imperfect. Hence it seems reasonable to believe that only xerophytic plants can grow in such places. On the other hand, river swamps, which are comparatively well drained, may show reverse conditions. Since they are hydrophytic, as habitats they maintain plants whose structures are hydrophytic. (See Hydrophytes.) Thus undrained swamps are hydrophytic with respect to soil moisture, but xerophytic with respect to plant structures. See Xerophytes.
Perhaps no type of plant society better illustrates the order of succession or encroachment of one zone upon another than the most xerophytic swamps, the peat bogs or moors. A typical bog, for instance, may show a central pond with water lilies and other aquatics, surrounded by bulrushes, behind which may be a zone of sedges, and then grasses or swamp forests, e.g. of tamarack or arborvitæ. Since each of these zones in turn advances toward and encroaches upon the centre, the swamp gradually becomes filled and drained naturally in a few years.
Other characteristic xerophytic swamps are salt marshes, both the typical northern salt meadows and the mangrove swamps of the tropics. Plants of salt marshes (halophytes, q.v.) are very largely succulent. In many cases the coarse grasses resemble those of the prairies. In mangrove swamps xerophytic structures, represented typically by the mangrove leaf, are not the sole interesting features. Above the foul water many plants develop knee-like processes which supposedly are of advantage in aeration; and vivipary (q.v.) here reaches its highest expression. (See Mangrove.) A closely allied type is the so-called cypress swamp of the Southern United States.
All swamps may be considered as ephemeral plant societies, developing either into prairies or mesophytic forests as they become better drained. Climate doubtless plays some part in this development, since the prairie rather than the forest is likely to develop in the prairie regions or in the forest regions adjoining the prairie, whereas in the heart of the forest regions most swamps eventually become covered with trees. This, is, however, not a universal explanation, since some swamps in forest regions never become sylvan.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Swamp Deer

Edition of 1905. See also Barasingha on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SWAMP DEER, or Barasingha. A deer of Northern India, of rather large size, with smooth and somewhat flattened antlers, with a prominent brow-tine and sometimes 16 to 20 points. It is a grazer, keeps in the outskirts of the woods, and on grassy lands, and in winter gathers into
small bands. Its scientific name is Cervus Duvaucelli. Consult Lydekker, Deer of All Lands (London, 1898).
# The Magic Carpet Magazine/Volume 4/Issue 1/Rivers

Rivers
By Hung Long Tom
China's River of Sorrow Is a Yellow River That shines like gold.
Life's River of Sorrow Is gold that flows Like a Yellow River.
# The Magic City

* related portals: Children's literature, Fantasy.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
The novel initially appeared as a serial in The Strand Magazine, with illustrations by Spencer Pryse. A free audiobook is available at [Librivox]
THE MAGIC CITY
BY EDITH NESBIT

### CONTENTS

* IThe Beginning
* Deliverer or Destroyer
* Lost
* The Dragon-Slayer
* On the Carpet
* The Lions in the Desert
* The Dwellers by the Sea
* Ups and Downs
* On the 'Lightning Loose'
* The Great Sloth
* The Night Attack
       The End
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1924, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 99 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The NSA Program to Detect and Prevent Terrorist Attacks

* related portals: United States Department of Justice.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Original available from US Justice Department
THE NSA PROGRAM TO DETECT AND PREVENT TERRORIST ATTACKS MYTH V. REALITY

## Myth

    The NSA program is illegal.

## Reality

    The President’s authority to authorize the terrorist surveillance program is firmly based both in his constitutional authority as Commander-in-Chief, and in the Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) passed by Congress after the September 11 attacks.

## Myth

    The NSA program is a domestic eavesdropping program used to spy on innocent Americans.

## Reality

    The NSA program is narrowly focused, aimed only at international calls and targeted at al Qaeda and related groups. Safeguards are in place to protect the civil liberties of ordinary Americans.
* The program only applies to communications where one party is located outside of the United States.
* The NSA terrorist surveillance program described by the President is only focused on members of Al Qaeda and affiliated groups. Communications are only intercepted if there is a reasonable basis to believe that one party to the communication is a member of al Qaeda, affiliated with al Qaeda, or a member of an organization affiliated with al Qaeda.

## Myth

    The NSA activities violate the Fourth Amendment.

## Reality

    The NSA program is consistent with the Constitution’s protections of civil liberties, including the protections of the Fourth Amendment.

## Myth

    The NSA program violates the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA).

## Reality

    The NSA activities described by the President are consistent with FISA.

## Myth

    The Administration could have used FISA but simply chose not to.

## Reality

    In the war on terrorism, it is sometimes imperative to detect—reliably, immediately, and without delay—whether an al Qaeda member or affiliate is in contact with someone in the United States. FISA is an extremely valuable tool in the war on terrorism, but it was passed in 1978 and there have been tremendous advances in technology since then.

## Myth

    FISA has “emergency authorizations” to allow 72-hour surveillance without a court order that the Administration could easily utilize.

## Reality

    There is a serious misconception about so-called “emergency authorizations” under FISA, which allow 72 hours of surveillance without a court order. FISA requires the Attorney General to determine in advance that a FISA application for that particular intercept will be fully supported and will be approved by the court before an emergency authorization can be granted, and the review process itself can and does take precious time.
Throughout this document, the “terrorist surveillance program” and “the NSA program” refer to the NSA activities described by the President.
# The Name of England

* The Name of England, in The Christmas Box, 1829
* The Name of England, in National Lyrics, and Songs for Music, 1834.
# The Jester (Kipling)

From Songs from Books (1912).
There are three degrees of bliss At the foot of Allah’s Throne And the highest place is his Who saves a brother’s soul At peril of his own. There is the Power made known!
There are three degrees of bliss In the Gardens of Paradise, And the second place is his Who saves his brother’s soul By excellent advice. For there the Glory lies!
There are three degrees of bliss And three abodes of the Blest, And the lowest place is his Who has saved a soul by a jest And a brother’s soul in sport… But there do the Angels resort!
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1936, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 87 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New Northwest/1871/October 27/Correspondence

CORRESPONDENCE.
This department of the New Northwest is to be a general vehicle for exchange of ideas concerning any and all matters that may be legitimately discussed in our columns. Finding it practically impossible to answer each correspondent by private letter, we adopt this mode of communication to save our friends the disappointment that would otherwise accrue from our inability to answer their queries. We cordially invite everybody that has a question to ask, a suggestion to make, or a scolding to give to contribute to the Correspondents' Column.
G. B. B., Jacksonville: Yes.
W. R. B., Harrisburg: Your remittance received all right. Have not time at present to answer by private letter, but will take pleasure in doing so as soon as opportunity offers.
Mrs. M. M. M., Salem: Should think you would do well in Portland giving a course of lectures, You should be prepared, however, to extend your lecturing tour to other points. You certainly would have a good audience here. Hope we shall be able to answer you privately soon.
# The New Northwest/1871/October 27/Death notice

​Madame Jeanette Power, one of the most eminent feminine naturalists of the day, has recently deceased in France. She was known as the discoverer of the secret of the manner in which the shell of the nautilus is formed, and her experiments upon the subject are among the most curious of the age. It is to Madame Power that we owe, likewise, the invention of the aquarium. She was much esteemed in the scientific world, a member of most of the European acadamies of science, and held a grade of high distinction at the Academy of Brussels, and, withal, so truly feminine and simple-hearted that all this honor and glory was freely given.
# The New Omar

A Book of verses underneath the bough,  Provided that the verses do not scan, A loaf of bread, a jug of wine and Thou,  Short-haired, all angles, looking like a man.
But let the wine be unfermented, Pale,  Of chemicals compounded, God knows how- This were indeed the Prophet's Paradise,  O Paradise were Wilderness enow.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Aurin

Edition of 1905. See also Aurin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ AU′RIN (Lat. aurum, gold), C$_{19}$H$_{14}$O$_3$. A coloring substance used in the manufacture of lacquers. It is obtained in the form of beautiful green needles, by the action of sulphuric and oxalic acids on carbolic acid at 130-150° C. Reducing agents transform it into a colorless substance known as leucarin, C$_{19}$H$_{16}$O$_3$. Owing to the difficulty of fixing it, it is not much used as a dye, though its solution in alkali has a beautiful fuchsine red color.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Aurillac

Edition of 1905. See also Aurillac on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ AURILLAC, ō̇′re′yȧk′ (probably from Aurelius, the Roman Emperor). A town of France, capital of the Department of Cantal (Auvergne), situated in a pleasant valley on the banks of the Jordanne, about 269 miles south of Paris (Map: France, J 7). It is said to owe its origin to a Benedictine monastery, founded in the Ninth Century, by Saint Géraud. The streets are wide but irregular, and are kept clean by streams supplied by a reservoir above the town and by a canal from the Jordanne. The neighboring quarries supply slates to cover the houses. The principal buildings of Aurillac are the churches of Notre Dame and Saint Géraud, the castle of Saint Etienne; the theatre; the college buildings, which contain a valuable public library; and the grain market. There is also a monument erected to the memory of the French philanthropist, M. de Montyon. Paper, jewelry, lace, copper utensils, leather, and lime are the chief industrial products. The English, in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, often besieged the town, and it was frequently taken and pillaged during the religious wars in France in the Sixteenth Century. Pope Sylvester II., whose statue is to be seen at Aurillac, was born there, as was the infamous Carrier of the first French Revolution. Population, in 1896, 13,531.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Aurochs

Edition of 1905. See also European bison on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ AUROCHS, a̤′rŏks (MHG. ūrohso, from ūr, AS. ūr, Engl. owre, wild ox + ohso, ox). The European bison (Bison bonasus). See Bison and Plate of Bisons.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Augustana College and Theological Seminary

Edition of 1905. See also Augustana College (Illinois) and Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AUGUSTA′NA COL′LEGE AND THE′OLOG′ICAL SEM′INARY. Founded at Chicago, in 1860, by the Swedish Augustana Synod of the Lutheran Church. It removed to Paxton, Ill., in 1863, and to Rock Island in 1875. The institution is co-educational except in the theological department. The library contains 18,000 volumes. The number of students, distributed among the various departments is as follows: Theological 69, collegiate 126, academic 79, normal 33, business 178, and music and art 214. President (acting), C. W. Foss, Ph.D.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Auguste, Victoria

Edition of 1905. See also Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AUGUSTE, ou-gụs′te, VICTORIA (1858—). German Empress and Queen of Prussia. She was born at the castle of Dolzig, the eldest daughter of Frederick, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, and of Princess Adelheid of Hohenlohe-Langenburg. She was married to Prince William of Prussia—afterwards William II. of Germany—February 27, 1881. She is a patroness of many charitable enterprises, and has published a book entitled Erinnerungsblätter an die Palästinafahrt (1898), which contains a record of her memorable journey through Palestine in company with Emperor William in 1898.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Auriga

Edition of 1905. See also Auriga (constellation) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ AURI′GA (Lat. auriga, charioteer, driver), or The Wagoner. A northern constellation containing Capella, a star of the first magnitude.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Aurigny

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ AURIGNY, ō̇′rē̇′nyē̇′. See Alderney.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Aurispa, Giovanni

Edition of 1905. See also Giovanni Aurispa on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ AURISPA, ou-rē′spȧ, Giovanni (c.1369-1460). A distinguished Italian humanist of the Fifteenth Century, born at Noto, in Sicily, about 1369. In 1418 he went to Constantinople for the purpose of learning Greek; after some years he returned to Italy, bringing with him 238 manuscripts of ancient Greek authors, among them Pindar, Callimachus, Oppian, Æschylus, Sophocles, Plato, Plotinus, Xenophon, Lucian, Arrian, Dion Cassius, Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, and Procopius. On his return he lived at Venice, and later held the chair of Greek literature at Bologna. Niccolò de' Niccoli (q.v. ) was instrumental in calling him to Florence, where he replaced Guarino da Verona as teacher of Greek. But some disagreement cut short his stay in Florence, and he soon removed to Ferrara. In 1438, the Greek Emperor, John Palæologus, called him to assist in the council called by Pope Eugene IV.; the latter made Aurispa his secretary in 1441, which office he held for six years. He died at Ferrara in 1460. Of his many translations the following only have been published: Hierocles' Liber in Pythagoræ Aurea Carmina, Latinitate Donatus (Padua, 1474); Philisci Consolatoria, etc. (Paris, 1510). Many other translations remain in manuscript in Italian libraries. Consult: Voigt, Die Wiederbelebung des klassischen Alterthums, Vol. I. (Berlin, 1893); Symonds, Renaissance in Italy, Vol. II. (London, 1877).
# The Last of the Light Brigade

First published in St. James' Gazette, April 28, 1890; first collected in the Inclusive Edition of Rudyard Kipling's Verse, 1919.
There were thirty million English who talked of England's might, There were twenty broken troopers who lacked a bed for the night. They had neither food nor money, they had neither service nor trade; They were only shiftless soldiers, the last of the Light Brigade.
They felt that life was fleeting; they knew not that art was long, That though they were dying of famine, they lived in deathless song. They asked for a little money to keep the wolf from the door; And the thirty million English sent twenty pounds and four !
They laid their heads together that were scarred and lined and grey; Keen were the Russian sabres, but want was keener than they; And an old Troop-Sergeant muttered, "Let us go to the man who writes The things on Balaclava the kiddies at school recites."
They went without bands or colours, a regiment ten-file strong, To look for the Master-singer who had crowned them all in his song; And, waiting his servant's order, by the garden gate they stayed, A desolate little cluster, the last of the Light Brigade.
They strove to stand to attention, to straighen the toil-bowed back; They drilled on an empty stomach, the loose-knit files fell slack; With stooping of weary shoulders, in garments tattered and frayed, They shambled into his presence, the last of the Light Brigade.
The old Troop-Sergeant was spokesman, and "Beggin' your pardon," he said, "You wrote o' the Light Brigade, sir. Here's all that isn't dead. An' it's all come true what you wrote, sir, regardin' the mouth of hell; For we're all of us nigh to the workhouse, an' we thought we'd call an' tell.
"No, thank you, we don't want food, sir; but couldn't you take an' write A sort of 'to be continued' and 'see next page' o' the fight? We think that someone has blundered, an' couldn't you tell 'em how? You wrote we were heroes once, sir. Please, write we are starving now."
The poor little army departed, limping and lean and forlorn. And the heart of the Master-singer grew hot with "the scorn of scorn." And he wrote for them wonderful verses that swept the land like flame, Till the fatted souls of the English were scourged with the thing called Shame.
O thirty million English that babble of England's might, Behold there are twenty heroes who lack their food to-night; Our children's children are lisping to "honour the charge they made - " And we leave to the streets and the workhouse the charge of the Light Brigade!
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1936, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 87 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Last of the Flock

* "The last of the Flock" in Lyrical Ballads (1798)
* "The Last of the Flock" in Lyrical Ballads Volume I (1800)
* "The last of the Flock" in Poems Volume I (1815)
# The Last Word (Gale)

The Last Word
BY ZONA GALE
HERE I sit with eighty years Buried somewhere in my bones.
I can only see the world Move along in monotones. All the peril of the sun And the laughter too are done. (Hear the fools there in the passage Talk of larger vision won!)
Grace o' God, can they not see That the wisdom comes too late? Oh, my heart is bitter full Of reflections delicate On the beauty that is truth, On the art that saves, forsooth. (Hear the fools there in the passage Mourn the blindness of their youth!)
I have lived the utter life, Loved the color, loved the word, Let no light die unresisting, Let no far flute fail unheard. All my days and nights are lit With a secret exquisite (Hear the little voice come calling All the weary pain of it!)
Little voice that used to laugh, Little voice that used to sing— Somewhere in those eighty years— Lullaby and love-longing.
I must listen, I must weep For the voice I could not keep. (Oh, the silence of the darkness Where was breath of her asleep!)
Here they come to bring me praise, Here they come, there they go, Lauding loud the work I've done, Books a-many in a row. And they envy me and sigh, And they think those books are I. Fools there, with some heart to love you, Pass the larger wisdom by!
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1938, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 85 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Last Word (Arnold)

* "The Last Word" in The poetical works of Matthew Arnold (1897)
* "The Last Word" in The Hundred Best Poems (lyrical) in the English language (1904)
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bagdad

See also Baghdad on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bag'dad, the capital of the province of the same name in the southeast of Asiatic Turkey. It lies on both sides of the Tigris, which is spanned by a bridge of boats 220 yards long. The city is surrounded by a brick wall five miles around and forty feet high, with four gates. The place looks picturesque from the outside, but a closer view shows dirty, narrow streets and houses without windows in front. The insides of the buildings, however, are often gorgeous, with vaulted ceilings, rich mouldings, inlaid mirrors and massive gildings. The mosques and bazaars are the most noticeable of the buildings. Though the former great traffic of Bagdad has been greatly cut off since Persia began to trade with Europe through Trebizond on the north and by the Persian Gulf on the south, the bazaars are still filled with the produce of both Turkish and European markets, and many European houses keep agents in the town. Red and yellow leather, silk and cotton goods are manufactured, and dates, wool, grain and timbac (a substitute for tobacco) are exported. Rain does not fall for more than twenty or thirty days during the year, but when the snows melt on the hills of Armenia, the Tigris is filled, and floods often lay waste the country. In 1831 a flood destroyed half the town and several thousand people. Bagdad is sometimes visited with the cholera, from which disease 4,000 people perished daily for several days in 1830.
Discoveries around Bagdad have shown that it dates back to the time of Nebuchadrezzar. About 754 it became the seat of the Mohammedan empire, and was long famous as the home of the caliphs. The Caliph Haroun-al-Raschid and his son in the 9th century greatly improved the city and made it the seat of Arabic learning and literature. It has been frequently taken by the Turks and Persians. While at one time its population was estimated at 2,000,000, it is reported now to have only 150,000, made up of Turks, Arabs, Christians, Jews, Armenians, Hindoos, Afghans and Persians. The province or vilayet of Bagdad (in Mesopotamia), lying between Persia and Arabia, includes the greater part of the basin of the lower Tigris and Euphrates—are, 54,540 square miles. The population of the province is about 615,000.