OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Philosophical Review/Volume 1/Summary: Alexander - The Idea of Value

The distinction between judgments which are mere statements of fact and "normative" judgments is commonly regarded as ultimate, but this is because the notion of value has not been properly analyzed. To do this is the object of the present paper. Those who maintain that the distinction between fact and value is ultimate, confuse the practically invaluable with the theoretically unique. Ideals are but the formulation of desires. Only in one respect can they be regarded as unique: they are systematic wholes. But this results from the systematic character of society itself and of the individuals who compose it. Thus "Sollen" is a form of "Seyn." The goodness of the good act is the approval of it by the good man. Destroy the good man, and the moral order perishes too. We call those good who promote the efficiency of society, and help to maintain the equilibrium of forces which society represents. The growth of standards and their application is a purely natural process. Fact and value, then, do not stand opposed to each other. Value is the mere expression of the fact that a solution has been found of the problem how to reconcile certain sentiments into an organized whole. Pleasure is an important test of value, but is not for that reason to be regarded as determinative of the latter. Both pleasure and value are dependent upon character. What will give a man pleasure depends upon his character; pleasure is a function of character, not character of pleasure. Character is the determining cause of our ideals, and on it the idea of value is founded.
# The Philosophical Review/Volume 1/Summary: Angell -Untersuchung über die Schätzung von Schallintensitäten

Phil. Stud. = Philosophische Studien
Author criticises the 'proportional' hypothesis of the relation of stimulus to sensation, finds there are as many forms of the hypothesis as there are advocates of it, shows that in any form it is meaningless, self-contradictory, and not capable of experimental proof, and supports the 'difference' hypothesis in the sense of a law of Apperception. Merkel's results drawn from experiments with several psycho-physical methods are not in agreement with one another, nor with any known psycho-physical law. The methods of doubled stimuli and mean gradations are tested experimentally, and the following conclusions are arrived at. 1) The method of doubled stimuli cannot be considered as of any value in psycho-physics. 2) The sources of error in the comparison of sound-intensities according to the method of mean gradations are numerous enough, when the variable stimulus is moved regularly in one direction, to obscure the actual relation of stimulus to sensation. 3) Irregular change of the variable in the method of mean gradations does not prevent a reliable comparison of differences of sound-intensities, and with this irregular change, the method is to be considered valid. 4) Freed from the disturbing influences of expectation, and stereotyped ways of judging, the comparison of broad differences of sound-intensities gives results corresponding to the requirements of Weber's law.
# The Philosophical Review/Volume 1/Summary: Appel - Zur Echtheitsfrage des Dialoges Sophistes

Ar. f. G. Ph. = Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie
This article is called forth by an article of Schaarschmidt's in the Rhein.-Mus. (Neue Folge, XVIII, p. 1 ff.), in which the Sophistes was held to be unauthentic. Schaarschmidt's objection to Sophistes is based on the fact that the idealistic doctrine, which is attacked in Sophistes 246, 248, and 249, is identical with the Platonic doctrine as we find it in dialogues of undoubted authenticity. The Platonic teaching of the holiness and exaltedness of the world of ideas is ridiculed in Sophistes. A., without discussing the view of Schaarschmidt, gives the passages in the Sophistes, along with those in the undoubtedly genuine dialogues, in which mention is made of the doctrine of ideas.
# The Philosophical Review/Volume 1/Summary: Bosanquet - Will and Reason

The purpose of this paper is to show what intelligible meaning can be attached to the conception (of both common sense and ethical theory) of reason influencing conduct or will or desire. The first section of it disposes of the merely negative or prohibitory conception of reason in its conflict with desire, by reducing it to the discrepancy between two sets of means to some acknowledged or accepted end. The second sets aside theories which lay down maxims or axioms or speculative principles of reasonableness; all such theories are abstract and negative; they err in placing the reasonable outside the moral purpose, and the distinction of means and end which they imply cannot be rigidly observed, because actual ends are not simple and uniform, and are qualified by the means or the context of circumstances. Thirdly, moral reasonableness can only be a characteristic which we can ascribe to purposes of action, and a reasoned purpose on life is one which preserves a self-consistent relation of the parts to the whole. The moral reason, Mr. Bosanquet explains, is the body of intellectual ideas which are predominant as purposes in the individual or the race, having become predominant through the power they have shown of crushing out or adjusting to themselves the active associations of all other ideas. This power is logical power; that is to say, it depends on the range and depth which enables one idea to include in itself, as a system, a great variety of minor purposes. Of course the predominance of an idea rests on the position that every idea would produce action if unchecked, simply by suggestions which, through associated reproductions, call up the necessary movement. In the formed life of a civilized man organizing ideas assert their predominant power, crushing out all other suggestions capable of leading to action.
# The Philosophical Review/Volume 1/Summary: Alexander - Natural Selection in Morals

Int. J. E. = International Journal of Ethics
Natural selection operates in morals and politics as well as in the vegetable and animal worlds, but with differences that have caused it to be misunderstood. In the former it is a struggle, not of lives, but of ideals. The reformer represents a plan of conduct that is a variation from the typical plan. A struggle ensues, the old unmodified plans of ​life succumb under the influence of persuasion or education. A new demarcation between good and evil results; indeed, this is the name given to the victory of one plan over its competitors. The success of a moral ideal, however, is not the cause, but only the proof of its goodness. Society as a whole may be compared to a genus of which the individual members are specimens. Because each one's plan of life is social, it appeals in some degree to the rest. The gradual transition from the struggle between individuals to the struggle between plans, is clearly traceable in the history of toleration. In more modern times it appears in conflicts over the theory of punishment. In reality, natural selection is on the side of those who pity rather than hate crime. Punishment is a weapon in the conflict of plans, a means of persuasion rather than of extermination. So, too, the ideas of the French Revolution were spread by armies; at present democratic ideas are spread by persuasion. Natural selection offers no reason why every member of society should not be preserved and helped to live as effectively as he can. At the present time it is at work not so much in the fierce competition of business as in the struggle between the two rival systems of competition and collectivism.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Normandy

Edition of 1905. See also Normandy on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
NORMANDY (Fr. Normandie). A former province of France, bordering on the English Channel. Its capital was Rouen. It is comprised in the modern departments of Seine-Inférieure, Eure, Orne, Calvados, and La Manche. In the northeastern part of Normandy (formerly Upper Normandy) are the towns of Rouen, Dieppe, Havre, Harfleur, Honfleur, Lisieux, Evreux, Yvetot; in the southern and western parts (Lower Normandy) are Caen, the chief town, Falaise, Saint-Lô, Bayeux, Coutances, Avranches, Granville, Alençon, and Cherbourg.
In the time of the Romans the region was included in Gallia Lugdunensis Secunda. Under the Frankish monarchs it formed a part of Neustria, and came to be known as Normandy after Charles the Simple, in 911 (912?), had given it to Hrolf or Rollo, the leader of a band of Norse rovers (see Normans), as a fief of the French Crown. From Hrolf (baptized under the name of Robert) and Gisela, the daughter of Charles the Simple, sprang the dukes of Normandy, of whom Richard I. (grandson of Hrolf) vigorously maintained his authority against his liege lords, Louis IV. and Lothaire. William II., son of Robert II., le Diable, became Duke of Normandy in 1035, and in 1066 established a Norman dynasty on the throne of England (see William I.), thereby politically uniting Normandy with the latter country. In 1077 his eldest son, Robert, wrested Normandy from him, but it was again united to England under Henry I. in 1106. With this monarch the direct male line became extinct. Henry II., the son of Henry I.'s daughter, Matilda, after the death of Stephen of Blois, obtained in 1154 the government of England and Normandy; but in the reign of his son, John, Normandy was conquered by Philip Augustus of France (1202-04). It remained a portion of the French monarchy for over two centuries, save when conquered by Edward III. in 1346; but after the battle of Agincourt (1415) it was reconquered by the English, who held it till 1449, when it was finally wrested from them by Charles VII. The Channel Islands, which were once a part of Normandy, have remained in possession of England. Consult: Dumoulin, Histoire générale de Normandie (Rouen, 1631); Goube, Histoire du duché de Normandie (Rouen and Paris, 1815); Barthélemy, Histoire de la Normandie ancienne et moderne (Tours, 1857).
# The New International Encyclopædia/North Braddock

See also North Braddock, Pennsylvania on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NORTH BRAD′DOCK. A borough in Allegheny County, Pa., ten miles from Pittsburg, on the Pennsylvania Railroad (Map: Pennsylvania, B 3). It is mainly a residential and manufacturing place, and has a large plant, making chiefly steel rails, of the United States Steel Corporation. Organized from a part of Braddock Township. North Braddock was incorporated in 1897; its government is administered by a burgess, elected every three years, and a council. Population, in 1900, 6535.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Noreen, Adolf Gotthard

Edition of 1905. See also Adolf Noreen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
NOREEN, nṓ-rān', Adolf Gotthard (1854—). A Swedish philologist. He was born at Oestra Emtervik, Sweden. After graduating from the University of Upsala in 1877, he became a privatdocent there and in 1887 professor of the Scandinavian languages. Among his principal publications are: Aeldre Västgötalagen (1876); Altisländische und altnorwegische Grammatik (2d ed. 1892); Abriss der urgermanischen Lautlehre (Strassburg, 1894); Altschwedische Grammatik mit Einschlus des Altgutnischen (1898). Noreen contributed the article on the Scandinavian language to Paul's Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie, and is the author of a number of articles published in the Archiv für Nordisk Filologi, of which he is one of the editors. He holds a very high place among European philologists.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Normann, Eilert Adelsten

Edition of 1905. See also Adelsteen Normann on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
NORMANN, nôr'mȧn, Eilert Adelsten (1848—). A Norwegian landscape painter, born at Bodö. He studied (1869-73) under Eugen Dücker at the Academy in Düsseldorf, whence he afterwards made annual trips to his native country. The Norwegian fjords and their majestic surroundings furnished the themes for most of his works, executed with truly poetic conception and luminous in color. In 1887 he removed to Berlin, where his style gradually changed to a more realistic treatment. His best known views include: “Harbor of Bodö” (Düsseldorf Gallery), “Midnight in Lofoten Islands” (Cologne Museum), “Romsdals Fjord” (Stockholm Museum), “Summer Night in Lofoten Islands” (National Gallery, Berlin), “Narö Fjord” (Dresden Gallery and Museo Civico, Turin), “Sogne Fjord” (Rudolphinum, Prague, and National Museum, Budapest).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Nordica, Lillian

Edition of 1905. See also Lillian Nordica on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
NOR'DICA, Lillian, born Norton, (1859—). An American soprano, born at Farmington, Me. She was pupil of the New England Conservatory and of J. O'Neill, making her début in 1876. Then followed two years of successful concert work, on the conclusion of which she accompanied Gilmore's band to Europe, and later took up the study of opera with San Giovanni. She was an earnest student, and possessed of considerable stage aptitude, which, together with her magnificent voice and pleasing presence, won her an immediate success. After touring Germany and Russia, she appeared in 1881 in Paris, where her success was absolute. Her marriage with Frederick A. Gower in 1882 turned out to be unfortunate, and three years later she sued for a separation, the proceedings in which were brought to a close by the disappearance of Gower, supposedly in a balloon accident. In 1887 she appeared in London, and in 1895 made her first appearance in opera in her native land, at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York. Two years later she married Döme, an Hungarian singer. She achieved her greatest successes in Aïda, Les Huguenots, and the soprano parts in the Wagnerian operas, and came to be regarded as one of the greatest prima donnas of her day, being especially noted for her coloratura work.
# The New International Encyclopædia/North Cape

See also North Cape (Norway) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NORTH CAPE. A promontory projecting into the Arctic Ocean from the island of Magero (q.v.), off the north coast of Norway, in latitude 71° 11′ north (Map: Norway, L 1). It is generally considered as the northernmost point of Europe, though a little to the west of it a low point of land, the Knivskjoerodde, extends a few minutes farther north. The northernmost point of the European mainland is Cape Nordkyn, 44 miles east of North Cape, in latitude 71° 7′. North Cape is a precipitous rocky headland, rising 968 feet above the sea. Its summit is crowned by a granite monument; in summer it is visited by numerous tourists.
# The Riverside song book/True Freedom

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# The Riverside song book/Where the Eagle is King

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WHERE THE EAGLE IS KING.
Thomas Buchanan Read. William F. Hartley.
Martial style.
1. Where sweeps round the moun - tains the cloud on the
2. I mount the wild horse with no sad - dle or
3. When A - pril is sound - ing his horn o'er the
gale, And streams from their foun - tains leap in - to the
rein, And guide his swift course with a grasp on
hills, And brook - lets are bound- ing in joy to the
vale,— As fright - ened deer leap when the storm with his
mane; Thro' paths steep and nar - row, and scorn - ing the
mills,— When warm Au - gust slum - bers a - mong her green
pack Rides o - ver the steep in the wild tor - rent's
crag, I chase with my ar - row the flight of the
leaves, And Har - vest en - cum - bers her gar - ners with
track,— Ev'n there my free home is; there watch I the
stag; Through snow - drifts en - gulf - ing, I fol - low the
sheaves, When the flail of No - vem - ber is swing-insg with
flocks Wan - der white as the foam is on
bear. And face the gaunt wolf when he
might. And the mil - ler De - cem - ber is
stair - ways of rocks; Se - cure in the
snarls in his lair, And watch through the
man - tled with white,— In field and in
gorge there in free - dom we sing, And
gorge there the red pan - ther spring, And
forge there the free - heart - ed sing, And
laugh at King George, where the Ea - gle is king.
# The Riverside song book/Under the Trees

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UNDER THE TREES.
Richard Henry Stoddard. U. Munjinger.
Moderato.
When the sum - mer days are bright and long, And the
'Tis sweet in the sha - dy wood to lie, And
When win - ter comes and the days are dim, And the
'Tis sweet in the fad - ed woods to stray, And
Summer or win - ter, day or night, The
They give us peace, and they make us strong, Such
lit - tle birds pipe a mer - ry song,
gaze at the leaves and the twink - ling sky,
wind is sing - ing a mourn - ful hymn,
tread the dead leaves in - to the clay,
woods are an ev - er new de - light;
won - der - ful balms to them be - long:
Drink - ing the while the rare, cool breeze,
Think - ing of all life's mys - ter - ies. . .
So, liv - ing or dy - ing, I'll take mine ease . .
Un - der the trees, . . . . un - der the trees.
# The Riverside song book/Wind and Sea

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WIND AND SEA.
Bayard Taylor. Johann A. P. Schulz.
1. The Sea is a jo- vial com-rade,He laughs wher - ev - er he
2. But the Wind is sad and rest-less, And cursed with an in - ward
3. Wel-come are both their voi - ces. And I know not which is
goes; His mer - ri - ment shines in the
pain; You may hark as you will, by
best,— The laugh - ter that slips from the
dimp - ling lines That wrin - kle his hale re - pose;
val - ley or hill, But you hear him still com - plain,
O - cean's lips, Or the com - fort-less Wind's un - rest.
He lays him - self down at the feet of the sun,
He wails on the bar - ren moun - tains,
There's a pang in all re - joic - ing.
# The Riverside song book/Woodman Spare that Tree

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WOODMAN, SPARE THAT TREE.
George Pope Morris. Johann Adam Hiller.
Andante.
1. Woodman, spare that tree, Touch not a sin - gle bough!
2. That old fa - mil - iar tree, Whose glo - ry and re - nown
3. When but an i - dle boy, I sought its grate - ful shade
4. My heart-strings round thee cling Close as thy bark, old friend;
In youth it shel - tered me, And I'll pro-tect it now.
Are spread o'er land and sea - And would'st thou hew it down?
In all their gush-ing joy Here, too, my sis - ters played.
Here shall the wild-bird sing, And still thy branch-es bend.
'Twas my fore - fa - ther's hand That placed it near his cot;
Wood- man, for - bear thy stroke. Cut not its earth - bound ties!
My mother kissed me here; My fa - ther press'd my hand—
Old tree, the storm still brave! And, wood - man, leave the spot;
Then, wood-man, let it stand, Thy axe shall harm it not.
Oh, spare that a - ged oak Now tow'r-ing to the skies!
For - give this fool-ish tear, But let the old oak stand.
While I've a hand to save, Thy axe shall harm it not.
# The Riverside song book/Woodnotes

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WOODNOTES.
Ralph Waldo Emerson. Wenzel Müller.
1. He loved the wild, a for - est seer, A min - strel
2. It seemed that Na - ture could not raise A plant in
3. He saw the part - ridge drum in the woods; He heard the
4. What oth - ers did at dis - tance hear, And guessed with -
of the nat - ural year, A lov - er true, who knew by
an - y se - cret place, But he would come the ver - y
wood - cock's ev'n- ing hymn; He found the tawn - y thrush-es'
in the thick-et's gloom. Was shown to this phil-os - o -
heart Each joy the moun - tain dales im - part.
hour It o - pened in its vir - gin bower.
broods; And the shy hawk did wait for him.
pher, And at his bid - ding seemed to come.
# The Riverside song book/Topical Index

TOPICAL INDEX.
The following classification is intended to be merely suggestive. In celebrating the birthday of an author not represented in this collection, select songs that are in harmony with the writer's work. Thus, for example, songs relating to the sea, to Indian life, and to the American Revolution, may be used for James Fenimore Cooper; songs of nature would be appropriate for Henry David Thoreau, especially those by Emerson, his intimate friend.
I. PATRIOTISM.
II. LABOR.
III. HOME AND CHILDHOOD.
IV. AFFECTION.
V. BEREAVEMENT.
VI. NATURE AND SEASONS.
VII. HYMNS AND ETHICAL SONGS.
(Suitable for opening and closing school.)
VIII. ELECTION DAY.
IX. FOURTH OF JULY.
X. WASHINGTON'S BIRTHDAY.
XI. BIRTHDAYS OF LINCOLN, GRANT, AND OTHER EMINENT AMERICANS.
XII. MEMORIAL DAY.
XIII. ARBOR DAY.
XIV. THANKSGIVING DAY AND AUTUMN FESTIVAL.
XV. CHRISTMAS AND NEW YEAR’S DAY.
XVI. INDIANS.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Riverside song book/Waldeinsamkeit

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WALDEINSAMKEIT.
Ralph Waldo Emerson. Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy.
mf cres.
1. I do not count the hours I spend In wan-d'ring by the sea;
2. In plains that room for shad-ows make Of skirt-ing hills to lie
3. See thou bring not to fields or stone The fan - cies found in books;
The for -est is my loy-al friend, Like God it us - eth me.
Bound in by streams which give and take Their col - ors from the sky;
Leave au - thors' eyes, and fetch your own. To brave the landscape's looks;
A - loft, in se-cret veins of air, Blows the sweet breath of song, O
Or on the mountain-crest sub-lime, Or down the o - pen glade, O
Ob - liv - ion here thy wis-dom is, Thy thrift, the sleep of cares; For
few to scale these up - lands dare, Tho' they to all be - long, O
what have I to do with time? For this the day was made, O
a proud i - die - ness like this Crowns all thy mean af - fairs. For
few to scale these up-lands dare, Tho' they to all
what have I to do with time? Tor this the day was made
a proud i - die - ness like this Crowns all thy mean af - fairs.
# The Riverside song book/What the Chimney sang

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WHAT THE CHIMNEY SANG.
Francis Bret Harte. Edwin G. Hopkins.
1. O - ver the chim-ney the night- wind sang, And chant - ed a
2. O - ver the chim - ney the night-wind sang, And chant - ed a
3. O - ver the chim - ney the night-wind sang. And chant - ed a
4.0- ver the chim - ney the night-wind sang, And chant - ed a
mel - o - dy no one knew; And the Wo - man stopped, as her
mel - o - dy no one knew; And the Chil - dren said, as they
mel - o - dy no one knew ; And the Man, as he sat on his
mel - o - dy no one knew: But the Po - et list - ened and
babe she toss'd, An thought of the one she had
clos - er drew, "'T is some witch that is cleav - ing the
hearth be - low, Said to him- self, "It will
smil'd, for he Was Man and Wo - man, and
long since lost, And said, as her tear - drops
black night thro'— 'Tis a fai - ry trum - pet that
sure - ly snow. And fu - el is dear and
Child, all three, And said. "It is God's own
cres.
back she forced. "I hate the wind in the chim - ney."
just then blew, And we fear the. wind in the chim - ney."
wa - ges low, And I'll stop the leak in the chim - ney."
har - mo - ny. This wind we hear in the chim - ney."
# The Riverside song book/Will and I

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WILL AND I.
Paul Hamilton Hayne. Unknown.
1. We roam the hills to - geth-er,—Will and I, Will and I,
2. Where the tink - ling brook-let pass - es, —Will and I, Will and I,
3. A - mid cool for - est clos - es, —Will and I, Will and I,
4. Ah! thus we roam to - geth-er, —Will and I, Will and I,
In the gold - en sum-mer weath-er,— Will and I: And the
Thro' the heart of dew-y grass - es, — Will and I Have
We have pluck'd the wild -wood ros - es, — Will and I, And have
Thro' the gold - en sum - mer weath - er, — Will and I; While the
glow - ing sun - beams bless us, And the winds of heav'n ca -
heard the mock-bird sing - ing, And the field - lark seen up -
twined, with ten - der du - ty, Sweet wreaths to crown the
glow - ing sun - beams bless us, And the winds of heav'n ca -
ress us, As we wan - der hand in hand,—Will and I,
spring - ing In his hap - py flight a - far,—Will and I,
beau - ty Of the pur - est brows that shine,—Will and I,
ress us, As we wan - der hand in hand,—Will and I,
Will and I,—Thro' the bliss - f ul sum-mer land,—Will and I
Will and I, Like a ti - ny winged star,—Will and I.
Will and I, With a moth-er love di - vine,—Will and I.
Will and I, O'er the bliss-ful sum- mer land,—Will and I.