OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ivory

See also Ivory on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
I′vory, the name given to the tooth-substance of all animals, but now only used of the teeth and tusks of the elephant, which are of the character of true ivory. Many other animals, however, possess teeth, horns or tusks, which, from their large size and density, can be used for the same purposes as true ivory. Some of these are the walrus, narwhal, hippopotamus and rhinoceros. The ivory of the tusks of the African elephant is held in the highest estimation by the manufacturer, on account of its pure whiteness and its density. The tusks are of all sizes, from a few ounces in weight to more than 180 pounds each. Some have been known to weigh as much as 200 pounds. Elephant tusks have from very early periods been an important article of trade, because of their great beauty as material for ornaments and in works of fine art. A small part of the ivory of commerce comes from Ceylon, India, Burma and the islands of the Indian archipelago. The greater part is obtained from the African elephants, and the traffic in ivory was the main support of the slave trade in that country. Fossil ivory is found in small quantities in Siberia, being the tusks of the extinct mammoth. The price of pure ivory is from about $250 to $300 per hundredweight. The quantity imported each year into Europe is about 12,500 hundredweight, which must require the sacrifice of nearly 40,000 elephants. The elephants are killed in the interior of Africa, and the ivory conveyed to the coast (formerly) on the backs of slaves. Ivory is in chief demand for knife and other handles, combs, piano keys, billiard balls and chessmen, and is carved into figures and ornaments. The use of ivory can be traced almost to the earliest period when man existed. We read that King Solomon “made a great throne of ivory.” There still exist examples of Egyptian ivory, inlaid, as ancient as the days of Moses. In the British Museum are many Assyrian ivory carvings, made in Nineveh nearly 1,000 years before Christ. In ancient Greece ivory was used for carvings, sculpture and various objects of luxury. Many of the most famous works of Pheidias and his fellow artists were statues built of plates of ivory and gold, some figures being 40 feet in height.
# The Rock-cut Temples of India/The Caves of Ajunta/Doorway, Cave No. 21—Ajunta

DOORWAY, CAVE No. 21.—AJUNTA.
THE doorway that leads into the Cave No. 21 has the same elegance, but the same littleness as all the other parts of this Vihara, and with a tendency towards Hindooism indicative of its modern date. It is still however, so free from the extravagance that too generally prevailed in Indian architecture, after the tenth or eleventh century, that there can be no doubt about its being earlier than that epoch.
Internally its paintings are now nearly obliterated, except on the wall on your left hand as you enter, where there still exists a large figure of Buddha, of a black complexion, or at least very dark, but with red hair, and attended by black slaves. There are several ladies introduced into the composition, but notwithstanding the blackness of their companions they are here, as in most other Caves, represented with complexions almost as fair as Europeans.
# The Rock-cut Temples of India/The Caves of Ajunta/Façade, Cave No. 1—Ajunta 2

FAÇADE, CAVE No. 1.—AJUNTA.
THE verandah of this Cave is 98 ft. in length internally, and terminates as usual in a cell at each end, but externally it has, besides, a chapel, with two pillars in antis, which adds considerably to the architectural effect of the façade, and in this respect is preferable to the arrangement in No. 2, where these two pillars are internal, and consequently are hardly seen in conjunction with the façade.
As originally executed, there was an outer porch of two pillars standing in advance of the six which are still perfect. These latter, which form the real support of the verandah, are of three different orders—or rather four, counting the half columns at either end. The outer pillars are merely square piers, but they increase in richness of decoration from the flanks to the centre, where they are richly decorated circular shafts, with bold bracket capitals.
# The Rock-cut Temples of India/The Caves of Ajunta/Façade, Cave No. 1—Ajunta 3

FAÇADE, CAVE No. 1.—AJUNTA.
THE two central pillars of the six which remain have circular shafts, with perpendicular flutings in bands, sixteen-sided above and below, and thirty-two in the two middle compartments.
The two next on either hand have diagonal flutings, and less ornament at the top and bottom.
The two beyond these are comparatively plain octagons, with only slight ornamental markings, and the half columns are square, with only a circular necking below the square block of the capital. All these pillars, however, have bracket capitals of similar design, though the sculpture in each is varied. The whole effect is that of a well considered and carefully elaborated design, though, perhaps, hardly so appropriate to rock architecture as the design of No. 4, and some of the simpler Caves of the series.
# The Rock-cut Temples of India/The Caves of Ajunta/Façade, Cave No. 23—Ajunta

FAÇADE, CAVE No. 23.—AJUNTA.
NUMBER 23 is another Vihara of twelve pillars, very similar in all respects to Nos. 2 and 21; it has however been left in a very unfinished state, without even an image either in the sanctuary, or indeed anywhere else, and there exists no trace of painting that could be detected in any part. Its dimensions are 51 ft. by 51 ft. 8 in.
The pillars of its external façade are bold and suitable in design to rock-cut architecture; but they are deficient in elegance of outline, and their details are small and shallow to an extent wholly unsuited to their position.
It was probably intended to flute the centre pillars like those on the flanks; but they, like everything else, are left unfinished.
# The Rock-cut Temples of India/The Caves of Ajunta/Façade, Cave No. 1—Ajunta

FAÇADE, CAVE No. 1.—AJUNTA.
THE first Cave that begins, or rather ends, the series in the northerly direction, possesses the most highly ornamented, perhaps it might be said, the handsomest exterior of all the Viharas of Ajunta. The hall of its interior is 64 feet square, adorned with twenty pillars, each 3 ft. in diameter, all of them richly carved, and with bold bracket capitals.
The interior has been a good deal filled with mud, but notwithstanding this, its paintings are tolerably entire, and some of them are interesting, but like the sculpture and all the details of the architecture, they are small, and frittered away, and possess nothing of that breadth of treatment which characterizes some of the older excavations.
# The Rock-cut Temples of India/The Caves of Ajunta/Exterior, Cave No. 2—Ajunta

EXTERIOR, CAVE No. 2.—AJUNTA.
THE second Cave from the north end is a twelve-pillared Vihara, of which is given a plan at page xviii. It is in very good preservation, and the paintings, particularly on the pillars, are tolerably perfect. In the sanctuary there is a statue, of course of Buddha, and there is a chapel on each side of it, at the end of the aisles. In the one on the north are two most portly, fat figures, a male and female; in the south one, two male figures occupying a like position. Who they were meant to represent is by no means clear.
Though the dimensions of its hall are only 48 ft. square, and its age very modern (ninth or tenth century probably), it is as complete an example of a perfect Vihara as any existing in Ajunta or elsewhere.
# The Rock-cut Temples of India/The Caves of Ajunta/Exterior of Vihara No. 14—Ajunta

EXTERIOR OF VIHARA No. 14.—AJUNTA.
NUMBER 13 is a small cave situate high up the rock with only two cells, and nothing worthy of remark either in its arrangements or its architecture. Under it a large Vihara, No. 14, has been commenced, as if to form a lower storey, but at what age is not very clear, as for some reason it has been left unfinished, and it possesses no sculptures and no paintings from which an opinion as to its age can be deduced. The details of its pillars are peculiar, so much so, indeed, that there is no similar example known to exist elsewhere from which even an approximate date can be ascertained. Their style, however, is so pure and good, and there is no reason to doubt that they are of the age their position in the series would indicate, and rank among the oldest examples of Cave architecture.
# The Rock-cut Temples of India/The Caves of Ajunta/Façade, Cave No. 1—Ajunta 4

FAÇADE, CAVE No. 1.—AJUNTA.
IT is not easy to make out the design of the two advanced columns in the centre. From what remains we can see that they had not bracket capitals, but were similar to those of the Cave last described (No. 2), but the double frieze of sculpture as carried round them as along the whole façade, binding it together as a whole.
Taking it altogether, this façade is perhaps as pleasing a specimen of design as is to be found in this style of architecture. If the principles on which it is composed are condemned, the whole system falls; but it seems there is an amount of variety combined with sufficient uniformity for architectural purposes, and there is a richness of effect produced by the whole composition, for which it would not be easy to quote a rival in any other building of the same size or pretensions.
# The Rock-cut Temples of India/The Caves of Ajunta/Doorway, Cave No. 1—Ajunta

DOORWAY, CAVE No. 1.—AJUNTA.
THE doorway is hardly so rich as might be expected in so elaborately ornamented a Cave, but it is pleasing in design, and as it was covered with chunam, traces of which still remain, it is probable that its effect was at one time heightened by colour. Besides this, it must be remembered that it is only one feature in what once was a richly decorated wall, and if so, it showed correct architectural taste to keep it subdued. A richly sculptured design in bold relief would have tended to render the flat paintings on either hand, tame and insipid.
Two of the internal pillars can be seen dimly through the opening. They are similar in design to those of the exterior. As before mentioned, there are twenty of these, each three feet in diameter.
# The Rock-cut Temples of India/The Caves of Ajunta/Exterior of Vihara No. 17—Ajunta

EXTERIOR OF VIHARA No. 17.—AJUNTA.
NUMBER 17, or, as it is generally called, the Zodiac Cave, very much resembles the last described in almost every respect. Its dimensions are 64 ft. by 63 ft. and it has twenty pillars disposed in the same manner as in the other. It is not, however, so lofty, and the details of the pillars are by no means so graceful or well designed as in No. 16. The paintings which adorn every part of the Vihara are much more entire than in any other cave of the series, and though the colours in some places are a good deal faded, they are preserved to such an extent at least that their subjects can generally be made out.
The pillars of the verandah, like most of those of the age, are plain octagons with bracket capitals, but their bases in this Cave are more elegant than usual.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1848/01/14/Denunciation

For the North Star.
DENUNCIATION.
Although an Abolitionist, in the strictest sense of the word, yet, I do not believe in, nor recognize, "wholesale denunciation," as calculated to advance the righteous cause or ameliorate the wretched condition of suffering and oppressed humanity.
It seems too much akin to the fierce, north wind of icy winter, congealing with its chilling breath, the exhausted sympathies of earth's vexed and wearied traveler; forcing him, in his extremity, to wrap his fur-embossed habiliments more closely about him, and rush on with a reckless determination to stem the fitful winds and currents that oppose his onward, and, to him, justifiable course. Too well does it compare with the destructive winds that sweep o'er Sahara's arid bosom, rearing its sand-clouds of indignation, and burying in its direful course every oasis of sympathy in the breast of humanity.
But forbearance sometimes, it is said, ceases to be a virtue; yet a resort to denunciation, which is but the pretext for a resort to force in very many instances, is a greater evil. Ofttimes, as the tale of wrong and outrage committed against helpless innocence is iterated in my hearing, a spirit of indignation, ere I am aware, arises, and I am led to exclaim:
But this, I am reminded, is but "casting out Satan by the prince of devils;" and the rising whirlwind of indignation, which the fostering of such a spirit conjures up in the mind, is checked and subdued by the words of Him, whose melting accents fell upon the ear of man as dews
"Upon the leaflets of the Tree of Life,"
and who only resorted to denunciation when the destiny of Jerusalem and her children was irrevocably sealed, and their destruction inevitable.
How much more effectual and how omnipotent is truth clad in its swasive attire, let Luther, Melancthon and others—Wesley and coadjutors—Wilberforce, Hawkins and associates, attest. It is to the stolid minds of men what the south wind and "the sun from Capricorn to Cancer wheeling back" is to the thick-ribbed, icy mountains of the polar regions. It subdues and brings to its supernal influence implicit subjection; warns man of his weakness and insufficiency; begets the most kindly feeling, even towards enemies, and counsels to dependence on the arm that moves the universe, and, instead of denunciation, when there is a prospect of reform, it prompts, the humble petition:
T. P. R.
Seneca Falls, January 2 1848.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1848/01/14/Advertisements

​Post and Willis, Dealers in Drugs, Medicines, Chemicals, Dye Stuffs, Paints, Varnish, Oils, Glassware, Brushes, Perfumery, Daguerreotype, Stock, French and German Chemicals, Artists' Colors, Brushes and Canvass, Etherial Oil, Gold Leaf and Foil, &c. &c.
Being Agents for most of the celebrated Family and valuable Patent Medicines, and receiving the same directly from the Manufacturers or their Agents, they are enabled to supply all orders at wholesale and retail, on the most favorable terms.
Homœopathic Books, Medicines, and Family Cases, with full directions. Only agents for Western New York.
Also, Sherwood's Vibratory Magnetic Machines, with directions.
Phosgene Gas; also Etherial Oil and Lamps, for burning the same. Those who would consult economy and convenience are invited to examine these Lamps. The attention of Country Merchants, Physicians, Families, and others, wishing goods in the above line, is requested at the APOTHECARIES' HALL, 4, Exchange Street.
UNIVERSE COOKING STOVES.
The Subscribers are manufacturing this invaluable Cooking Stove, designed for Coal or Wood, warranted to excel any other stove ever invented, and constructed strictly upon philosophical principles. The Oven heated by hot air, (the only hot air oven ever patented,) and warranted to bake as well as any brick oven. For sale only by the undersigned, wholesale and retail, 34, Exchange Street. H. BUSH & CO.
OWEN MORRIS' CITY BINDERY, under the Museum—late Fisher & Morris.
Mr. Morris was in the employ of Mr. Marcus Morse for seven years, and during that time procured for him three Silver Medals, for the best specimens of Book Binding, exhibited at Mechanics' Fairs held in this city and Buffalo.
Gentlemen's Libraries fitted up and repaired; Music Paper ruled; Music and Periodicals bound and finished to any pattern. Blank Account Books executed at this establishment have given unequalled satisfaction, by their durability and elegance. Strict attention is always paid to the quality of paper used, to render them equal to the best of the United States or those imported.
Ladies' Scrap and Guard Books, Albums and Portfolios, in all their varieties, manufactured to order in the best style.
Banks, Institutions, Societies, &c., may be assured of work being done on the most advantageous terms.
Gentlemen residing at a distance, by packing and forwarding volumes to the above directives, stating price and style, may rely upon their being well bound on the most favorable terms, also carefully and punctually returned.
N.B. The proprietor has spared no expense to fitting up the establishment, and introducing into Western New York the latest improvements in Book Binding.
OWEN MORRIS, City Bindery, under the Museum.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1848/01/14/Badinage

For the North Star. BADINAGE.
December, 1847.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1848/01/14/Franklin's Birth-Day

FRANKLIN'S BIRTH-DAY.
The Printers of Rochester will commemorate the one hundred and forty-second anniversary of the birth-day of Franklin, on Monday evening, the 17th inst. They respectfully tender an invitation to their fellow craftsmen in the surrounding towns to unite with them on the occasion; also, to the retired printers of the city. The celebration will be held at the Irving House, kept by Col. T. W. Haskell, a veteran printer.
Our friends in the country, who intend to favor us with their company, will please notify the Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements of the fact, on or by Friday next.
JAMES VICK, Jr., Ch'n Com. Arrangements.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1848/01/14/An Extract

AN EXTRACT.
There is a heresy—a most death-dealing heresy—prevalent among both white and colored people in this land, in regard to the abolition of slavery. It may be best expressed in the language of its own choice, to wit: "Slavery will be abolished just when the Lord shall will its abolition." That white persons, especially pro-slavery ministers, and hypocritical Lectors of Divinity, should use this miserable cant, does not excite my surprise as much as my indignation; but that colored persons should be gulled and lulled into a state of indifference about their rights on such a plea, fills me with unmingled mortification. It is a delusion and a snare, to think that Almighty God will undertake for ourselves. His work is done; ours alone remains to be done.
God's work, is as complete in the moral and intellectual elements of creation as it is in the physical works of creation, and we give as much right to expect that he will make the corn to grow and give us an abundant harvest, without effort on our part, as to expect that we shall be a free and happy people, without effort on our part. If there be one thing in our people which I abominate more than another, it is their everlasting praying for blessings which they are unwilling to labor for. Remember, when a slave, I used to pray that the Lord would give me freedom. I prayed thus three years, and was as far from freedom in that way the third year as the first; and I might have prayed in slavery till this time, had I not "prayed with my heels." Our works must be consistent with our prayers, otherwise they are an abomination before God. We shall redeem the slave at the South, and obtain equal rights at the North, just so soon as we have faithfully used these means which God and Nature have placed within our reach, and not before. The days of miracles have passed. Truth, Love and Justice are the instruments of salvation, and "he only is free whom the Truth makes free." The Almighty will not make the ignorant intelligent, the degraded respectable, the drunken sober, nor the indolent industrious. In these respects man is to work out his own salvation, and God will bless him in the effort.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1848/01/14/Anti-Slavery Movement in Virginia

​Anti-Slavery Movement in Virginia.—The Louisville Examiner announces the commencement of a movement in Virginia, for Emancipation. It is made by responsible persons—mostly slave-holders. This movement will answer the purpose, at best, of causing inquiry and agitation. We know that many persons in Virginia are anxious for Emancipation, in fact, unless it does take place, a large part of Virginia threatens to become a wilderness.
The Examiner, speaking of this movement, says:
"The first important circumstance to be noticed is, that this step has been taken by slaveholders themselves. The chief actor is the Rev. H. Reffner, D. D. He is well known personally or by character, throughout Virginia and Kentucky, as an able Divine of the Presbyterian Church, and one of the learned men of the South. With him are associated S. McD. Moore, John Letaher, David B. Curry, Jas. G. Hamilton, George A. Barker, J. H. Lacy, Echols Jane, John R. Gordas, J. Fuller, Jr., D. El Moore, and John W. Fuller. All these are men of character, and nearly all of them are known slaveholders."
# The North Star (Rochester)/1848/01/14/Boston Advertisements

BOSTON ADVERTISEMENTS.
CLARKSON, LONDON EDITION—WITH PORTRAIT.
A few copies of CLARKSON'S HISTORY OF THE ABOLITION OF THE SLAVE TRADE, with prefatory remarks on the subsequent abolition of Slavery; a beautiful London edition, with a fine Portrait of the Author, done on steel,—a book which could not be imported for less than three dollars, can be had at 21, Cornhill, if applied for immediately, at the very low price of One Dollar, cash. Also, EULOGIUM ON CLARKSON, by Alexander Crummell, at the reduced price of twelve and a half cents.
RObert Morris, Jr., Attorney and Counsellor at Law, Brazer's Building, State Street.
Joseph H. Turpin would invite the attention of his friends and the public to his DAGUERRIAN GALLERY, No. 138, Hanover Street, where he pledges himself to execute Miniatures with a lifelike finish, and on as moderate terms as any others in the profession.
Macon B. Allen, Attorney and Counsellor at at Law, Massachusetts Block.
BOYS' CLOTHING.
Samuel Wilson, 14, Brattle Street, having made recent additions to his stock, is prepared to furnish Boys' Clothing, of as material and fit, and at as cheap prices, as can be obtained in the city.
NEW ENGLAND SECOND HAND CLOTHING STORE, No. 56, Union Street, Boston.
John Wright keeps constantly on hand a great variety of New and Second Hand Clothing. Goods of all kinds, such as old clothes, W. I. goods, Watches, Boots and Shoes, &c., exchanged for new clothing. Cash advanced on all kinds of goods, from one to one hundred dollars.
John D. Revaleon, Hair Cutting Saloon, and Perfumery Emporium, 114, Blackstone-st.