# Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology

CONTENTS
OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
| | | Page |
| CHAP. I. | Extent of the Province of Geology | 12 |
| II. | Consistency of Geological Discoveries with Sacred History. | 18 |
| III. | Proper subjects of Geological Inquiry. | 37 |
| IV. | Relation of Unstratified to Stratified Rocks. | 39 |
| V. | Volcanic Rocks, Basalt, and Trap. | 45 |
| VI. | Primary stratified Rocks. | 48 |
| VII. | Strata of the Transition Series. | 55 |
| | Remains of Vegetables in the Transition Series. | 57 |
| VIII. | Strata of the Secondary Series. | 60 |
| IX. | Strata of the Tertiary Series. | 67 |
| | Mammalia of the Eocene Period. | 70 |
| | Mammalia of the Miocene Period. | 77 |
| | Mammalia of the Pliocene Period. | 79 |
| X. | Relation of the Earth and its Inhabitants to Man. | 82 |
| XI. | Supposed cases of Fossil Human Bones. | 86 |
| XII. | General History of Fossil Organic Remains. | 89 |
| | Cases of Animals destroyed suddenly. | 100 |
| XIII. | Aggregate of Animal Enjoyment increased, and that of Pain diminished by the existence of Carnivorous Races. | 105 |
| XIV. | Proofs of Design in the Structure of Fossil Vertebrated Animals. | 109 |
| § i. | Fossil Mammalia—Dinotherium. | 109 |
| ii. | Megatherium. | 112 |
| iii. | Fossil Saurians. | 130 |
| iv. | Ichthyosaurus. | 133 |
| v. | Intestinal Structure of Ichthyosaurus and of Fossil Fishes. | 147 |
| vi. | Plesiosaurus. | 157 |
| vii. | Mosasaurus, or great Animal of Maastricht. | 167 |
| viii. | Pterodactyle. | 171 ​ |
| ix. | Megalosaurus. | 180 |
| x. | Iguanodon. | 185 |
| xi. | Amphibious Animals allied to Crocodiles. | 191 |
| xii. | Fossil Tortoises or Testudinata. | 195 |
| xiii. | Fossil Fishes. | 202 |
| | Sauroid Fishes in the Order Ganoid. | 208 |
| | Fishes in Strata of the Carboniferous Order. | 212 |
| | Fishes of the Magnesian Limestone, or Zechstein. | 213 |
| | Fishes of the Muschelkalk, Lias, and Oolite Formations. | 214 |
| | Fishes of the Chalk Formation. | 216 |
| | Fishes of the Tertiary Formations. | 216 |
| | Family of Sharks. | 218 |
| | Fossil Spines, or Ichthyodorulites. | 220 |
| | Fossil Rays. | 221 |
| | Conclusion. | 222 |
| CHAP. XV. | Proofs of Design in the Fossil Remains of Mollusks. | 224 |
| § i. | Fossil Univalve and Bivalve Shells. | 224 |
| ii. | Fossil Remains of naked Mollusks, Pens and Ink bags of Loligo. | 230 |
| iii. | Proofs of Design in the Mechanism of Fossil Chambered Shells. | 235 |
| | Mechanical Contrivances in the Nautilus. | 238 |
| iv. | Ammonites. | 252 |
| v. | Nautilus Sypho and Nautilus Zic Zac. | 270 |
| vi. | Chambered Shells allied to Nautili and Ammonites. | 273 |
| vii. | Belemnite. | 280 |
| viii. | Foraminated Polythalamons Shells. Nummulites. Miliola. | 288 |
| CHAP. XVI. | Proofs of Design in the Structure of Fossil Articulated Animals. | 291 |
| § i. | First Class of Articulated Animals. | 292 |
| | Fossil Annelidans. | 292 |
| ii. | Second Class of Articulated Animals. | 292 |
| | Fossil Crustaceans. | 292 |
| | Trilobites. | 294 |
| iii. | Third Class of Articulated Animals. | 305 |
| | A Fossil Arachnidans. | 305 |
| | Fossil Spiders. | 306 |
| | Fossil Scorpions. | 307 |
| | Fourth Class of Articulated Animals. | 308 |
| | Fossil Insects. | 308 ​ |
| CHAP. XVII. | Proofs of Design in the Structure of Fossil Radiated Animals, or Zoophytes. | 312 |
| § i. | Fossil Echinoderms. | 312 |
| | Echinidans and Stelleridans. | 313 |
| | Crinoideans. | 314 |
| | Encrinites Moniliformis. | 317 |
| | Pentacrinites. | 325 |
| ii. | Fossil Remains of Polypes. | 333 |
| CHAP. XVIII. | Proofs of Design in the Structure of Fossil Vegetables. | 339 |
| § i. | General History of Fossil Vegetables. | 339 |
| ii. | Vegetables in Strata of the Transition Series. | 345 |
| | Equisetaceæ. | 346 |
| | Ferns. | 347 |
| | Lepidodendron. | 350 |
| | Sigillaria. | 352 |
| | Favularia, Megaphyton, Bothrodendron, Ulodendron. | 356 |
| | Stigmaria. | 358 |
| | Fossil Coniferæ. | 363 |
| iii. | Vegetables in Strata of the Secondary Series. | 368 |
| | Fossil Cycadea. | 368 |
| | Fossil Pandaneæ. | 377 |
| iv. | Vegetables in Strata of the Tertiary Series. | 380 |
| | Fossil Palms. | 385 |
| | Conclusion. | 390 |
| CHAP. XIX. | Proofs of Design in the Dispositions of Strata of the Carboniferous Order. | 392 |
| XX. | Proofs of Design in the Effect of Disturbing Forces on the Strata of the Earth. | 403 |
| XXI. | Advantageous Effect of Disturbing Forces in giving Origin to Mineral Veins. | 409 |
| XXII. | Adaptations of the Earth to afford Supplies of Water through the Medium of Springs. | 415 |
| XXIII. | Proofs of Design in the Structure and Composition of Unorganized Mineral Bodies. | 426 |
| XXIV. | Conclusion. | 432 |
LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.
| Plate |
| 1. | Synoptic View of the leading Phenomena of Geology. |
| 2. | Jaws of fossil Didelphys and Dinotherium. |
| 3. | Restoration of Pachydermata of Mont Martre. |
| 4. | Skeletons of Pachydermata from Mont Martre. |
| 5. | Entire Skeleton, and parts of another Skeleton of Megatherium. (Double Plate.) |
| 6. | Teeth and caudal Vertebra of Megatherium. |
| 7. | Ichthyosaurus Platyodon. |
| 8. | Ichthyosaurus Communis, and Ichthyosaurus Intermedius. |
| 9. | Ichthyosaurus Tenuirostris. |
| 10. | Head, Eyes and Skin of Ichthyosaurus, &c. |
| 11. | Head, Teeth, and Sections of Jaws of Ichthyosaurus. |
| 12. | Paddles and Vertebræ of Ichthyosaurus. |
| 13. | Ichthyosaurus inclosing Coprolite. |
| 14. | Ichthyosaurus inclosing Scales of Fishes in Coprolite. |
| 15. | Various forms of Coprolites and spiral Intestines. |
| 15'. | Cololite, or fossil Intestines. |
| 16. | Restoration of Plesiosaurus Dolichodeirus, and nearly entire Skeleton of the same. |
| 17. | Front of Plesiosaurus Dolichodeirus. |
| 18. | Head and Sterno-costal Acres of Plesiosaurus Dolichodeirus. |
| 19. | Plesiosaurus Macrocephalus, and lower jaw of Plesiosaurus. |
| 20. | Head of Mosasaurus from Maestricht. |
| 21. | Pterodactylus Longirostris. |
| 22. | Pterodactylus Crassirostris and Brevirostris, (Double Plate.) |
| 23. | Jaw and Teeth of Megalosaurus. |
| 24. | Teeth and Bones of Iguanodon and Iguana. |
| 25. | Crocodilean Remains from the Lias and Oolite. ​ |
| 25'. | Fossil Crocodileans and Chelonian. |
| 26. | Footsteps on Red Sandstone near Dumfries. |
| 26'. | Footsteps on Red Sandstone at Hessberg, (Double Plate.) |
| 26". | Hind footstep of Chirotherium on Sandstone from Hessberg. |
| 26‴. | Footsteps of some unknown Reptile on Sandstone from Hessberg. |
| 26a. | Several species of Ornithichnites on Sandstone in the valley of the Connecticut, (Double Plate.) |
| 26b. | Ornithichnites Giganteus, on Sandstone from Connecticut. |
| 27. | Scales, Jaw, and Teeth, of fossil Fishes. |
| 27a. | Recent and fossil Sauroid Fishes. |
| 27b. | Fish from the Coal Formation of Saarbriick. |
| 27c. | Fish from the Oolite Formation. |
| 27d. | Jaws, Teeth, and Spine of Recent and Fossil Sharks. |
| 27e. | Teeth on the Palate of Acrodus nobilis. |
| 27f. | Teeth of Ptychodus polygyrus. |
| 28. | Pens and Ink Bag of recent and fossil Loligo. |
| 29. | Fossil Pens and Ink Bags of Loligo, from the Lias. |
| 30. | Large fossil Pen of Loligo, from the Lias. |
| 31. | Nautilus Pompilius with its animal; and Rhyncholites. |
| 32. | Chambers and Siphuncle of Nautilus Hexagonus. |
| 33. | Chambers and Siphuncle of Nautilus Striatus. |
| 34. | Animal of Nautilus Pompilius. |
| 35. | Exterior of Ammonites Obtusus. |
| 36. | Chambers and Siphuncle of Ammonites Obtusus. |
| 37. | Various forms of Mechanism to strengthen Ammonites. |
| 38. | Lateral view of Ammonites Heterophyllus. |
| 39. | Longitudinal view of Ammonites Heterophyllus. |
| 40. | Ammonites Henslowi; A. Nodosus; A. Sphaericus, and A. Striatus. |
| 41. | Chambers of Ammonites Giganteus. |
| 42. | Chambers and Siphuncle of Nautilus and Ammonite. |
| 43. | Nautilus Sypho, and N. Zic-Zac. |
| 44. | Chambered Shells allied to Nautilus and Ammonite. |
| 44' | Illustrations of the Genus Belemnosepia. |
| 44". | Ink Bags of Belemnosepia. |
| 45. | Trilobites and recent animals allied to them. |
| 46. | Various forms of Trilobites. |
| 46'. | Fossil Scorpions from the Coal formation in Bohemia. |
| 46". | Fossil Limulus, Arachnidans, and Insects. |
| 47. | Apiocrinites, and Actinociinites. |
| 48. | Fragment of a Lily Encrinite, Encrinites Moniliformis. |
| 49. | Stem of Encrinites Moniliformis dissected. ​ |
| 50. | Body of Encrinites Moniliformis dissected. |
| 51. | Briarean Pentacrinite, from the Lias at Lyme Regis. |
| 52. | Recent and fossil Pentacrinites. |
| 53. | Briarean Pentacrinite from the Lias, (Double Plate.) |
| 54. | Recent Corals with their Polypes. |
| 55. | Fossil Tree (Lepidodendron Sternbergii) from a Coal mine in Bohemia. |
| 56. | Remains of Plants of extinct families, from the Coal formation. |
| 56a. | Highly magnified sections of Coniferæ. |
| 57. | Remains of a subterranean Forest on the coast of Dorset. |
| 58. | Cycas Revoluta producing Buds. |
| 59. | Zamia Pungens, and sections of recent Zamia and Cycas. |
| 60. | Trunk and transverse section of Cycadites Megalophyllus. |
| 61. | Trunk and sections of Buds and Petioles of Cycadites Microphyllus. |
| 62. | Sections of Petioles of recent and fossil Cycadeæ. |
| 63. | Fossil fruit of Podocarya, and reoent Pandaneæ, (Double Plate.) |
| 64. | Remains of fossil Palms, from Tertiary strata. |
| 65. | Sections illustrating the structure and disposition of Coal basins. |
| 66. | Sections illustrating the Silurian and Carboniferous systems; and part of the Newcastle Coal field. |
| 67. | Sections illustrating the origin of Springs, and the disposition of Metallic Veins. |
| 68. | Sections showing the cause of the rise water in Artesian Wells in the Basin of London. |
| 69. | Sections illustrating the Theory of Artesian Wells. |
| | Total number of Plates 87. Total number of figures 705. |