OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Commander's Coin for Excellence Program Policy Memorandum 11

REPLY TO ATTENTION OF
MEMORANDUM FOR All Personnel Assigned to Joint Task Force GTMO
SUBJECT: Policy Memorandum #11, Commander's Coin for Excellence Program
* Purpose: The purpose of this letter is to establish the Commander's Coin for Excellence Program, as part of the overall awards program for Joint Task Farce GTMO.
* Scope: This program recognizes deserving service members and civilians by the Joint Task Force Commander and Command Sergeant Major. It is designed to supplement the awards program as outlined in current service regulations as an immediate recognition of excellence.
* Applicability: The Commander’s Coin for Excellence is an impact award given by the Joint Task Force Commander to those soldiers he deems worthy of immediate recognition. It honors service members for contributions and/or performance that exceed the expectations of daily performance of dury.
* Implementation: This program is effective immediately. The Office of Responsibility for this program is J1. Accountability for the awards is the responsibility of the Command Element.
A personal signature appears here
JAY W. HOOD Brigadier General. US Army Commanding
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sophie-Jeanne Soymonof Swetchine

From volume 14 of the work.
Writer, b. at Moscow, 22 Nov., 1782; d. in Paris, 10 Sept., 1857. She was a member of a noble family, and became associated with French literature through her correspondence and other writings. Impressed by her precocious intelligence, her father gave her a very careful education in everything except religion, which he ignored. At fourteen she was appointed maid of honor to the empress. At seventeen she was married to General Swetchine who was forty-two. By birth she belonged to the Greek, or Orthodox Church, but from the time that her trials, her reading, and her own reflections had made her a Christian, she felt the necessity of following to the end of the path which was leading her to the truth, and she became a Catholic, despite the anguish of her heart. "My Faith," she said afterwards, "is to me what Benjamin was to Rachel, the child of my sorrow." At the time of her conversion she was thirty-three years old. She had already left the court, her husband having been disgraced, with his father, as the result of a plot of which he was the victim. Thenceforth she had to leave even her country, since as an avowed Catholic she could not remain at St. Petersburg. With her husband she went to reside at Paris at the beginning of the Restoration. She had been preceded by a letter from Joseph de Maistre, who wrote to Bonald: "In a short time you will see at Paris a Russian lady whom I especially commend to you. Never will you see such moral strength, wit, and learning joined to such goodness." In her salon in the Rue Saint Dominique, open from three to six, and from nine to midnight, she saw all the most distinguished men of the period: Chateaubriand, Bonals, Cuvier, Cousin, Donoso Cortoes, and among her intimates were Augustin Cochin, Tocqueville, Falloux, who wrote her biography, Lacordaire, and Montalembert, who were like her spiritual sons. Her influence was incontestable. She died as a devout Christian in 1857 at the age of seventy-five.
She was remarkable more for the beauty of her soul than that of her countenance. Her intellect was lofty, quick, and penetrating. She read a great deal, and always with her pen in hand. She was pious to the verge of mysticism, and although constantly ill - for she was one of those who never pass a day without suffering - she was resigned to the will of Providence. While kind to all she was an incomparable friend. True modesty prevented her from publishing anything, but at her death she left enough to fill many volumes. De Falloux collected extracts from her manuscripts which were published: "Mme. Swetchine, sa vie, ses oeuvres" (2 vols., 1860). There have since appeared: "Lettres de Mme. Swetchine" (1861); "Journal de sa conversion" (1863); "Correspondance du Père Lacordaire et de Mme. Swetchine" (1864); and "Nouvelles lettres de Mme. Swetchine" (1875). Although a Russian Mme. Swetchine wrote well in French; her style is delicate and original, even studied.
GEORGES BERTIN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sora

From volume 14 of the work.
Sora, a titular see in Paphlagonia, suffragan of Gangra. Sora must have been an insignificant town; an inscription discovered at Zorah, a village in the vilayet of Castamouni, in which a local era and the worship of Zeus Epicarpios are mentioned, has enabled its exact position to be fixed. (Doublet in "Bull. de correspondance hellénique", 1889, p. 310.) It was placed later under the government of the Prætor of Paphlagonia (Novel., 29, 1; Hierocles, 695, 7). It is spoken of by Constantine Porphyrogenitus, "De themat.", I, 7. Le Quien ("Oriens christ.", I, 557), mentions six of its bishops: Theodore, represented by his metropolitan at the Council of Chalcedon (451); Olympius, who signed the letter of the bishops of the province to Emperor Leo in 458; John, present at the Council of Constantinople (692); Theophanes, at the Seventh Œcumenical Council of Nicæa (787); Phocas, at the eighth general Council at Constantinople (869); Constantine, at the Photian Council of Constantinople (879). The Greek "Notitiæ episcopatuum" mentions the see till the thirteenth century.
SMITH, Dict. of Greek and Roman Geog., s. v.; RAMSAY, Asia Minor (London, 1890), passim.
S. Pétridès.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sophene

From volume 14 of the work.
Sophene, a titular see, suffragan of Melitene in Armenia Secunda. In the sixth century "Notitiæ episcopatuum" of Antioch, Sophene is a suffragan of Amida in Mesopotamia ("Echos d'Orient", X, 145). Justinian in a letter to Zetas, "magister militum" of Armenia and Pontus Polemoniacus, grants him jurisdiction over various provinces, among them Sophene and Sophenene, "in qua est Martyropolis" ("Codex. Just.", I, 29, 5). At the beginning of the seventh century George of Cyprus ("Descriptio orbis romani", ed. Gelzer, 49) mentions Sophene in Armenia Quarta, and we know elsewhere that Arsamosata was the capital of the latter province. From these texts we conclude, first, that there were two distinct districts, Sophene situated more to the north and very well known to the classical writers as an Armenian province, subject to the Roman Empire, and, second, Sophenene, situated near Martyropolis and Amida. The latter is probably the titular see. Le Quien ("Oriens christianus", II, 1001), mentions two bishops of Sophene: Arsaphus, present at the Council of Constantinople in 381; Euphemius, at Chalcedon, 451. The exact situation of this bishopric is unknown.
SMITH, Dict. of Greek and Roman Geog. (London, 1870), s. v.; GELZER, Georgii Cyprii Descriptio orbis romani, LXI; CHAPOT, La frontière de l'Euphrate (Paris, 1907), 168-70.
S. VAILHÉ.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sophie Rostopchine, Comtesse de Ségur

From volume 13 of the work.
Born 1797; died 1874. Her father was General Rostopchine who ordered the city of Moscow to be set on fire after the battle of Borodine (1812) and thus compelled Napoleon to begin his disastrous retreat from Russia. She married Eugène Comte de Ségur, grandson of Louis Philippe de Ségur, and nephew of Philippe Paul de Ségur, one of the most brilliant officers in the imperial army and author of "Histoire de Napoléon et de la grande armée pendant l'année 1812" which had more than fifteen editions and was translated into most of the European languages. Mme. de Ségur was a woman of culture and uncommon literary talent. She contributed a number of stories to the "Bibliothèque Rose", a collection of short novels for young people; among them are "Pauvre Blaise" (Paris, 1862); "Le Général Dourakine" (Paris, 1864); "Un bon petit diable" (Paris, 1865); "Les vacances", (Paris, 1865); "Le mauvais génie" (Paris, 1867).
Pierre Marique.
# Cleveland Insurance Company v. Reed

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
65 U.S. 284
Cleveland Insurance Company v. Reed
THIS was an appeal from the District Court of the United States for the district of Wisconsin.
The bill and answers opened a wide field of discussion relating to events which had transpired many years before, and the arguments could not be made intelligible without a minute statement of those events. But as the opinion of the court does not require that this should be done, the reporter omits a particular narrative of these circumstances.
The case was argued in this court by Mr. Doolittle for the appellants, and by Mr. Lynde, upon a brief submitted by himself and Mr. Brown, for the appellees.
Mr. Justice CATRON delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Cleveland Insurance Company v. Globe Insurance Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.

## Dissenting Opinion

    Clifford
United States Supreme Court
98 U.S. 366
Cleveland Insurance Company v. Globe Insurance Company
MOTION to dismiss a writ of error to the Circuit Court of the United States for the Northern District of Ohio.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
Mr. Jacob D. Cox and Mr. John F. Follett, for the defendant in error, in support of the motion.
Mr. H. L. Terrell and Mr. S. Burke, contra.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WAITE delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Myra

From volume 10 of the work.
A titular see of Lycia in Asia Minor. The city was from time immemorial one of the chief places in the province. It was situated on the banks of the River Andriacos, twenty stadia from the sea (Appian, "Bell. civil.", IV, 82, Strabo, XIV, iii, 7; Pliny, XXXII, 8; Ptolemy, V, vi, 3; Stephen of Byzantium, s.v.). The hamlet of Andriaca served as its port. On his way from Caesarea to Rome St. Paul stayed at Myra (Acts, xxvii, 5); at least the "textus receptus" reads thus, but the Vulgate has substituted the Codex Bezae, the Gigas Bible, and the ancient Egyptian version also mention Myra after Patara of Lycia (Acts, xxi, 1). The "Acta Pauli" probably testify as to the existence of a Christian community at Myra in the second century (Harnack, "Mission und Ausbreitung des Christentums", 465, 487). Le Quien (I, 965-70) opens his list of the bishops of this city with St. Nicander, martyred under Domitian about A.D. 95, and whose feast is celebrated 4 November (Acta SS., Nov., II, 225). As to St. Nicholas Thaumaturgus, venerated on 6 December, the is "Index" of Theodorus Lector (sixth century) is the first document which inscribes his name among the fathers of Nicaea in 325 (Gelzer, "Patrum Nicaenorum nomina", 67, n. 161). Theodosius II made the flourishing city of Myra the capital of Lycia and it is said, erected there a church to St. Nicholas. Peter, Bishop of Myra composed in defence of the Council of Chalcedon writings quoted by St. Sophronius and by Photius (Bibliotheca, Codex 23). At the Sixth Ecumenical Council (787) two bishops of Myra, Theodore and Nicholas, assisted, one representing the orthodox party, the other the Iconoclasts.
Eubel ("Hierarchia catholica medii aevi;", II, 1370) mentions five Latin titulars of the fifteenth century. At present Myra is only a village called Dembre in the sanjak of Adalia and the vilayet of Koniah. Its ruins are numbered among the most beautiful of Asia Minor. Among them are the remains of a temple of Apollo, mentioned by Pliny, those of a magnificent theatre, several burial-places hewn in the rock, with tombs inscribed in Lycian and Greek, some of them ornamented with bas-reliefs. Numerous Christian ruins are also found, and among them those of the Church of St. Nicholas, around which Russians have recently erected a monastery.
FELLOWS, Discoveries in Lycia, I (London, 1857), 169; SPRATT AND FORBES, Travels in Lycia, I , (London, 1847), 131; TEXIER, Asie Mineure, 691-94; RAMSAY, St. Paul, the Traveller and the Roman citizen, 297, 300, 319; CUINET, La Turquie d'Asie (Paris, 1892, 875-77).
S. SALAVILLE
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Musti

From volume 10 of the work.
A titular see of Proconsular Africa, suffragan of Carthage. This town, which was a Roman municipium at an early date, is mentioned by Ptolemy, IV, 3, 33, the "Itinerarium Antonini", the Peutinger Table, and the Ravenna geographer, Vibius Sequester, who narrates the killing at this place of an enormous serpent by Regulus. Its ruins, called Mest Henshir, are seen in the vicinity of the koubba of the marabout Sidi Abd-er-Rehou, between Teboursouk and Keff (Tunis). Worthy of mention are two fine gates, and a triumphal arch. The inscriptions call the inhabitants Musticenses or Mustitani; the latter name is also used by St. Augustine. In 411, at the time of the Carthage conference, Musti had besides two Donatist bishops (Feicianus and Cresconius) two Catholic bishops (Victorianus and Leontius). Antonianus was one of the bishops exiled by Huneric in 482. Musti was then included in Proconsular Numidia. In 646 Bishop Januarius signed the letter of the bishops of Proconsular Africa to Paul, Patriarch of Constantinople, against the Monothelites.
TOULOTTE, Géogr. de l'Afrique chrétienne. Proconsulaire (Rennes, 1892), 214-217; SMITH, Dict. of Greek and Roman Geogr., s. v.
S. Pétridès.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Muzio Vitelleschi

From volume 15 of the work.
Born at Rome 2 Dec., 1563; died there 9 Feb., 1645. He belonged to a distinguished family but notwithstanding brilliant prospects he entered the Society of Jesus 15 August, 1583, and after completing his studies in the order was made a professor. In 1593 he was appointed rector of the English College which had been established in 1579 by Gregory XIII. At later dates he was made provincial of the society for Rome and Naples, assistant of the Jesuit general for Italy, and finally was elected General of the Society on 15 November, 1615, by the seventh general congregation. The society during his generalate attained a high degree of prosperity. The missions were extended to Thibet, Tonking, and to the Maranon, and the English mission was raised to an independent province. The only difficulties encountered by his administration were in France, where finally, on account of Richelieu, he forbade his subordinates to speak or write of the supremacy of the pope. In 1617 and 1619 he issued regulations concerning the doctrine of Probabilism in two general letters addressed to the superiors of the society. Some of his letters and general epistles have been edited by de Prat, "Recherches historiques", V (Lyons, 1878), 360 sq.
DE BACKER, Bibliothèque des ecrivains de la Compagne de Jésus, ed. SOMMERVOGEL, VIII (Brussels, 1898), 848.
PATRICIUS SCHLAGER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Myrina

From volume 10 of the work.
A titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Ephesus. Herodotus (I, 149) mentions it as one of the eleven cities of Æolia; Strabo, who says it was built by the Amazon Myrina, also assigned to it an Æolian origin (Geographia, XII, iii, 21; viii, 6; XIII, iii, 6); Xenophon (Hellenica, III, i, 6) relates that Artaxerxes gave it to a chieftain named Gorgion. According to Pliny (Hist. nat., V, 30; XXXII, 6) it was famous for its oysters, and must have borne the name of Sebastopolis, of which no trace is found elsewhere. An inscription (Bulletin de correspondance hellenique, V, 283) tells us that Myrina formed part of the Kingdom of Pergamus in the third century B.C. Destroyed by an earthquake under Tiberius (Tacitus, "Annales, II, 47) and again under the Emperor Trajan (Orosius, VII, 12), it was each time rebuilt. It was the birth-place of Agathias, a Byzantine poet and historian of the sixth century. The names are known of some of the bishops or this diocese, which still existed in the fourteenth century: Dorotheus, 431; Proterius, 451; John, 553 , Cosmas, 787 (Le Quien, "Oriens Christ.", I, 705). The site of Myrina was at a place called Kalabassary in the caza of Menemen and the vilayet or Smyrna, at the mouth of the Hodja-Tchai, the ancient Pythicos. The remains of the harbour and the arsenal have disappeared under the alluvia of the river. Excavations (1880-1882) brought to light about four thousand tombs, dating from the two centuries immediately preceding the Christian Era, in which were found numerous objects representing the divinities of the Greek pantheon; children's toys, reproductions of famous works, etc.: most of these may be seen to-day in the Museum of the Louvre.
POTTIER AND REINACH, La necropole de Myrina (Paris, 1887); Bulletin de correspondance hellenique, VI, 197-209, 388-433, 557-580; VII, 81-95, 204-50, 440-47, 493-501; VIII, 509-14; IX, 165-207, 359-74, 485-93.
S. VAILHÉ
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Myles William Patrick O'Reilly

From volume 11 of the work.
Soldier, publicist, littérateur, b. near Balbriggan, Co. Dublin, Ireland, 13 March, 1825; d. at Dublin, 2 Feb., 1880. In 1841 he entered Ushaw College (England), and graduated a B. A. of London University. From 1845 to 1847 he studied in Rome, and then returned to Ireland to assist the famine-stricken peasants. In 1851 he was associated with Newman and Archbishop Leahy to report on the projected Catholic University, and in 1854 he became captain of the Louth Rifles. He married Miss Ida Jerningham, 3 Aug., 1859. Some months later he offered his services to Pius IX, against Garibaldi. Having formed an Irish Brigade, he was appointed major, under General Pimodan, and fought gallantly in every engagement until the surrender of Spoleto, 18 Sept., 1860. From 1862 to 1876 he represented County Longford in the British Parliament, and was one of those who signed the requisition for the famous Home Rule Conference under Isaac Butt. He ably supported Catholic interests, and assisted in the movement to obtain Catholic chaplains for the army. He wrote "Sufferings for the Faith in Ireland" (London, 1868). He also contributed to the "Dublin Review" and other periodicals, writing in defence of the Holy See and of Catholic educational matters. After the death of his wife in 1876, he accepted the position of Assistant Commissioner of Intermediate Education for Ireland in April, 1879, which he filled until his death. He was interred at Philipstown, not far from his family residence in Co. Louth.
O'Clery, The Making of Italy (London, 1898); Contemporary newspapers; Conry, The Irish Brigade in Italy (Dublin, 1907); Gogarty, MS. Memoir (1910).
W. H. Grattan-Flood.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Myndus

From volume 10 of the work.
A titular see of Caria, suffragan of Stauropolis. This city, known through its coins and the quite frequent mention made of it by ancient historians and geographers, was inhabited by a Greek colony from Troezen. It was situated on the coast of Caria, lying a little northwest of Halicarnassus on the most northerly of the three Dorian peninsulas. Although a seaport and fortified town, its ride was an unimportant one, the chief event in its history being that, aided by Halicarnassus, it repulsed an attack by Alexander the Great. The "Notitiæ episcopatuum" allude to it as late as the twelfth or thirteenth century as one of the suffragan sees of Stauropolis. However, only four of its bishops are known: Archelaus, who attended the Council of Ephesus in 431; Alphius, who assisted at the Council of Chalcedon in 451; John who was present at the Council of Constantinople in 680; and another John who went to the Second Council of Nicæa in 787. Myndus is now the little port of Gümüshlü Liman (Liman-port) in the vilayet of Smyrna where the remains of a pier and some other ruins are to be seen.
LE QUIEN, Oriens christ., I, 915; SMITH, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, s. v.; LEAKE, Asia Minor, 228.
S. Pétridès.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Aboma

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABOMA, a large and formidable American snake, called also the ringed boa. It is the epicratis cenchrea. Anciently it was worshipped by the Mexicans.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Aboulfeda

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABOULFEDA, or ABULFEDA, the hereditary prince of Hamah; the most celebrated of the Arabian writers on history and geography. Among his contemporaries he was also distinguished both as a ruler and a warrior.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abracadabra

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABRACADABRA, a magical word among the ancients, recommended as an antidote against several diseases. It was to be written upon a piece of paper as many times as the word contains letters, omitting the last letter of the former every time, and suspended from the neck by a linen thread. It was the name of a god worshipped by the Syrians, the wearing of whose name was a sort of invocation of his aid. At present, the word is used chiefly in jest, to denote something without meaning.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Aborigines

Edition of 1921; disclaimer. See also Indigenous peoples on Wikipedia.
​ABORIGINES. (1) An old tribe inhabiting Latium. (2) The earliest known inhabitants of any other land. The aborigines of a country, as a subject of scientific investigation, have received great attention since the publication of Herbert Spencer's "Synthetic Philosophy." The greatest discussion has been occasioned by the theories of Morgan with reference to the aborigines of the United States.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/About, Edmond

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABOUT, EDMOND (ā-bö′), a French novelist; born in Dieuze, Lorraine, Feb. 14, 1828. One of the few younger authors of note who adhered to the second empire, he enjoyed the special favor of Napoleon III., and in 1870 accompanied the army of Marshal Macmahon as reporter for "Le Soir." In that paper, after the war, and from 1875 as editor-in-chief of the "XIX. Siècle," he was the champion of the Moderate Republicans. He was elected a member of the Academy in 1884. He died in Paris, Jan. 17, 1885.