OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lacy, Harriette Deborah

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​LACY, HARRIETTE DEBORAH (1807–1874), English actress, was born in London, the daughter of a tradesman named Taylor. Her first appearance on the stage was at Bath in 1827 as Julia in The Rivals, and she was immediately given leading parts there in both comedy and tragedy. Her first London appearance was in 1830 as Nina, in Dimond’s Carnival of Naples. Her Rosalind, Aspatia (to Macready’s Melantius) in The Bridal, and Lady Teazle to the Charles Surface of Walter Lacy (1809–1898)—to whom she was married in 1839—confirmed her position and popularity. She was the original Helen in The Hunchback (1832), and also created Nell Gwynne in Jerrold’s play of that name, and the heroine in his Housekeeper. She was considered the first Ophelia of her day. She retired in 1848.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Niederlahnstein

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​NIEDERLAHNSTEIN, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau, situated on the right bank of the Rhine at the confluence of Lahn, 3 m. S.E. from Coblenz by the railway to Ems, and at the junction of lines to Hochheim and Cologne. Pop. (1905) 4351. It has two Roman Catholic churches. The chief industries are the making of machinery and shipbuilding. Niederlahnstein obtained civic rights in 1332, and was until 1803 on the territory of the electors of Trier. Here on the 1st of January 1814 a part of the Russian army crossed the Rhine. In the vicinity are the Johanniskirche, a Romanesque church restored in 1857, and the Allerheiligenberg, whereon stands a chapel, once a famous place of pilgrimage.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Niel, Adolphe

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​NIEL, ADOLPHE (1802–1869), marshal of France, was born at Muret on the 4th of October 1802, and entered the École Polytechnique in 1821, whence he passed to the engineer school at Metz, becoming lieutenant in the Engineers in 1827 and captain in 1833. At the storming of Constantine he led the engineer detachment with one of the storming parties, and his conduct gained for him the rank of chef de bataillon (1837). In 1840 he was promoted lieutenant-colonel, and in 1846 colonel, and his next war service was as chief of staff to General Vaillant during the siege of Rome (1849), after which he was made general of brigade and director of engineer services at headquarters. In 1851 he became a member of the Committee of Fortifications, in the following year a member of the council of state, and in 1853 general of division. In the first part of the Crimean War he was employed in the expedition to the Baltic, and directed engineer operations against Bomarsund, but early in 1855 he was sent to the Crimea, where he succeeded General Bizot as chief of engineers. For some years he had been the most trusted military adviser of Napoleon III., and he was now empowered to advise the generals on the spot in accordance with the wishes of the sovereign and the home government. This delicate and difficult task Niel managed to carry out with as much success as could be expected, and he had the credit of directing the siege operations against the Malakoff (see Crimean War). His reward was the grand cross of the Legion of Honour. From 1855 to 1859 he was employed at headquarters, and also served in the senate. In the war against the Austrians in the latter year (see Italian Wars) Niel commanded the IV. corps, and took a brilliant part in the battles of Magenta and Solferino. On the field of battle of Solferino he was made a marshal of France. After service for some years in a home command, he became minister of war (1867). In this capacity he drafted and began to carry out a far-reaching scheme of army reform, based on universal service and the automatic creation of large reserves, which needed only time to mature. He also rearmed the whole of the army with the chassepot rifle. But he did not live to complete the development of his system. He died on the 13th of August 1869 in Paris, and a year later the Franco-German War destroyed the old imperial army upon which the new formations were to have been grafted.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Niehaus, Charles Henry

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​NIEHAUS, CHARLES HENRY (1855–), American sculptor, of German parentage, was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, on the 24th of January 1855. He was a pupil of the McMichen School of Design, Cincinnati, and also studied at the Royal Academy, Munich, returning to America in 1881; in 1885, after several years in Rome, he established his studio in New York City. In 1906 he became a National Academician. His principal works are: a statue of President Garfield, for Cincinnati; the Hahnemann Memorial, in Washington; “Moses” and “Gibbons,” for the Congressional Library, and “James A. Garfield,” “John J. Ingalls,” “William Allen,” and “Oliver P. Morton,” for Statuary Hall, Capitol, Washington; “Hooker” and “Davenport,” State House, Hartford, Connecticut; the Astor Memorial doors, Trinity Church, New York; “General Forrest,” Memphis, Tennessee; Generals Sherman and Lee, and William the Silent; “The Scraper; or Greek Athlete using a Strigil”; statues of Lincoln, Farragut and McKinley, at Muskegon, Michigan; a statue of McKinley and a lunette for McKinley’s tomb, at Canton, Ohio; and “The Driller,” at Titusville, Pennsylvania, in memory of Colonel E. L. Drake, who, in 1859, sank the first oil well in Pennsylvania.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Niemcewicz, Julian Ursin

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​NIEMCEWICZ, JULIAN URSIN (1758–1841), Polish scholar, poet and statesman, was born in 1757 in Lithuania. In the earlier part of his life he acted as adjutant to Kosciusko, was taken prisoner with him at the fatal battle of Maciejowice (1794), and shared his captivity at St Petersburg. On his release he travelled for some time in America, where he married. After the Congress of Vienna he was secretary of state and president of the constitutional committee in Poland, but in 1830–1831 he was again driven into exile. He died in Paris on the 21st of April 1841. Niemcewicz tried many styles of composition. His comedy The Return of the Deputy (1790) enjoyed a great reputation, and his novel, John of Tenczyn (1825), in the style of Scott, gives a vigorous picture of old Polish days. He also wrote a History of the Reign of Sigismund III. (3 vols., 1819), and a collection of memoirs for ancient Polish history (6 vols., 1822–1823). But he is now best remembered by his Historical Songs of the Poles (Warsaw, 1816), a series of lyrical compositions in which the chief heroes are of the golden age of Sigismund I., and the reigns of Stephen Bathori and Sobieski.
His collected works were published in 12 vols. at Leipzig (1838–1840).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nienburg on the Saale

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​NIENBURG ON THE SAALE, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Anhalt, situated at the influx of the Bode into the Saale, 6 m. N. of Bernburg on the railway Calbe-Könnern. Pop. (1905) 5748. It contains a beautiful Gothic Evangelical church, an old castle, once a monastery (founded 975, dissolved 1546), and now devoted to secular uses, and a classical school. The industries embrace iron-founding and machine-making, malting and tanning.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nienburg on the Weser

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​NIENBURG ON THE WESER, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Hanover, situated on the Weser, 33 m. N.W. from Hanover by the railway to Bremen. Pop. (1905) 9638. It has an Evangelical and a Roman Catholic church, a classical school and an agricultural college. Its industries consist chiefly in glass-blowing, distilling, biscuit-making and the manufacture of manures. The town is mentioned as early as 1025. It was fortified in the 12th century, obtained municipal rights in 1569, and passed in 1582 to the house of Lüneburg. It was occupied by the imperialists from 1627 to 1634, and by the French during the Seven Years’ War. The walls were dismantled by order of Napoleon I. in 1807.
See Gade, Geschichte der Stadt Nienburg an der Weser (1862).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Niederbronn

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​NIEDERBRONN, a town of Germany, in the imperial province Alsace-Lorraine, on the Falkensteiner Bach, situated under the eastern slope of the Vosges, 12 m. N.W. from Hagenau by rail. Pop. (1905) 3120. It contains an Evangelical and a Roman Catholic church, a convent of the Sisters of the Divine Redeemer, and a high-grade and other schools. Niederbronn is one of the best-known watering-places in the Vosges. Its brine springs, with a hydropathic establishment attached, are specific in cases of gout, obesity and liver disorders. Here, on the 26th of July 1870, the first engagement between the Germans and the French in the Franco-German war took place. There are several ruined castles in the neighbourhood, the most noteworthy of which is one on the Wesenburg (1415 ft. high) erected in the 14th century. Various Celtic and Roman antiquities have been found around Niederbronn.
See Kuhn, Les Eaux de Niederbronn (3rd ed., Strassburg, 1860); Mathis, Aus Niederbronns alten Zeiten (Strassburg, 1901); and Kirstein, Das Wasgaubad Niederbronn (Strassburg, 1902).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Niederwald

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​NIEDERWALD, a broad hill in Germany, in the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau, on the right bank of the Rhine, between that river and the Wisper, opposite Bingen, forming the south-western apex of the Taunus range. Its summit is clothed with dense forests of oak and beech, while its southern and western sides, which descend sharply to Rüdesheim and Assmannshausen on the Rhine, are covered with vineyards, and produce some of the finest wines of the district. At the edge of the forest, on the crest of the hill above Rüdesheim, stands the gigantic “Germania” statue, the national monument of the war of 1870–71, which was unveiled on the 28th of September 1883 by the emperor William I., in the presence of all the rulers in Germany or their representatives. It was designed by Johannes Schilling, and the bronze figure of Germania is 33 ft. high; the ​pedestal is adorned with allegorical figures and portraits of German princes and generals. Cogtooth mountain railways run up the hill from Rüdesheim and Assmannshausen.
See Spielmann, Niederwald und Nationaldenkmal (Wiesbaden, 1898).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mayotte

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​MAYOTTE, one of the Comoro Islands, in the Mozambique Channel between Madagascar and the African mainland. It has belonged to France since 1843 (see Comoro Islands).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Maysville

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​MAYSVILLE, a city and the county-seat of Mason county, Kentucky, U.S.A., on the Ohio river, 60 m. by rail S.E. of Cincinnati. Pop. (1890) 5358; (1900) 6423 (1155 negroes); (1910) 6141. It is served by the Louisville & Nashville, and the Chesapeake & Ohio railways, and by steamboats on the Ohio river. Among its principal buildings are the Mason county public library (1878), the Federal building and Masonic and Odd Fellows’ temples. The city lies between the river and a range of hills; at the back of the hills is a fine farming country, of which tobacco of excellent quality is a leading product. There is a large plant of the American Tobacco Company at Maysville, and among the city’s manufactures are pulleys, ploughs, whisky, flour, lumber, furniture, carriages, cigars, foundry and machine-shop products, bricks and cotton goods. The city is a distributing point for coal and other products brought to it by Ohio river boats. Formerly it was one of the principal hemp markets of the country. The place early became a landing point for immigrants to Kentucky, and in 1784 a double log cabin and a blockhouse were erected here. It was then called Limestone, from the creek which flows into the Ohio here, but several years later the present name was adopted in honour of John May, who with Simon Kenton laid out the town in 1787, and who in 1790 was killed by the Indians. Maysville was incorporated as a town in 1787, was chartered as a city in 1833, and became the county-seat in 1848.
In 1830, when the question of “internal improvements” by the National government was an important political issue, Congress passed a bill directing the government to aid in building a turnpike road from Maysville to Lexington. President Andrew Jackson vetoed the bill on the ground that the proposed improvement was a local rather than a national one; but one-half the capital was then furnished privately, the other half was furnished through several state appropriations, and the road was completed in 1835 and marked the beginning of a system of turnpike roads built with state aid.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mazar-i-Sharif

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​MAZAR-I-SHARIF, a town of Afghanistan, the capital of the province of Afghan Turkestan. Owing to the importance of the military cantonment of Takhtapul, and its religious sanctity, it has long ago supplanted the more ancient capital of Balkh. It is situated in a malarious, almost desert plain, 9 m. E. of Balkh, and 30 m. S. of the Pata Kesar ferry on the Oxus river. In this neighbourhood is concentrated most of the Afghan army north of the Hindu Kush mountains, the fortified cantonment of Dehdadi having been completed by Sirdar Ghulam Ali Khan and incorporated with Mazar. Mazar-i-Sharif also contains a celebrated mosque, from which the town takes its name. It is a huge ornate building with minarets and a lofty cupola faced with shining blue tiles. It was built by Sultan Ali Mirza about A.D. 1420, and is held in great veneration by all Mussulmans, and especially by Shiites, because it is supposed to be the tomb of Ali, the son-in-law of Mahomet.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mazarrón

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​MAZARRÓN, a town of eastern Spain, in the province of Murcia, 19 m. W. of Cartagena. Pop. (1900), 23,284. There are soap and flour mills and metallurgic factories in the town, and iron, copper and lead mines in the neighbouring Sierra de Almenara. A railway 5 m. long unites Mazarrón to its port on the Mediterranean, where there is a suburb with 2500 inhabitants (mostly engaged in fisheries and coasting trade), containing barracks, a custom-house, and important leadworks. Outside of the suburb there are saltpans, most of the proceeds of which are exported to Galicia.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mazagan

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​MAZAGAN (El Jadīda), a port on the Atlantic coast of Morocco in 33° 16′ N. 8° 26′ W. Pop. (1908), about 12,000, of whom a fourth are Jews and some 400 Europeans. It is the port for Marrákesh, from which it is 110 m. nearly due north, and also for the fertile province of Dukálla. Mazagan presents from the sea a very un-Moorish appearance; it has massive Portuguese walls of hewn stone. The exports, which include beans, almonds, maize, chick-peas, wool, hides, wax, eggs, &c., were valued at £360,000 in 1900, £364,000 in 1904, and £248,000 in 1906. The imports (cotton goods, sugar, tea, rice, &c.) were valued at £280,000 in 1900, £286,000 in 1904, and £320,000 in 1906. About 46% of the trade is with Great Britain and 34% with France. Mazagan was built in 1506 by the Portuguese, who abandoned it to the Moors in 1769 and established a colony, New Mazagan, on the shores of Para in Brazil.
See A. H. Dyé, “Les ports du Maroc” in Bull. Soc. Geog. Comm. Paris, xxx. 325–332 (1908), and British consular reports.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mazamet

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​MAZAMET, an industrial town of south-western France in the department of Tarn, 41 m. S.S.E. of Albi by rail. Pop. (1906), town, 11,370; commune, 14,386. Mazamet is situated on the northern slope of the Montagnes Noires and on the Arnette, a small sub-tributary of the Agout. Numerous establishments are employed in wool-spinning and in the manufacture of “swan-skins” and flannels, and clothing for troops, and hosiery, and there are important tanneries and leather-dressing, glove and dye works. Extensive commerce is carried on in wool and raw hides from Argentina, Australia and Cape Colony.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mazatlán

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​MAZATLÁN, a city and port of the state of Sinaloa, Mexico, 120 m. (direct) W.S.W. of the city of Durango, in lat. 23° 12′ N., long 106° 24′ W. Pop. (1895), 15,852; (1900), 17,852. It is ​the Pacific coast terminus of the International railway which crosses northern Mexico from Ciudad Porfirio Diaz, and a port of call for the principal steamship lines on this coast. The harbour is spacious, but the entrance is obstructed by a bar. The city is built on a small peninsula. Its public buildings include a fine town-hall, chamber of commerce, a custom-house and two hospitals, besides which there is a nautical school and a meteorological station, one of the first established in Mexico. The harbour is provided with a sea-wall at Olas Altas. A government wireless telegraph service is maintained between Mazatlán and La Paz, Lower California. Among the manufactures are saw-mills, foundries, cotton factories and ropeworks, and the exports are chiefly hides, ixtle, dried and salted fish, gold, silver and copper (bars and ores), fruit, rubber, tortoise-shell, and gums and resins.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pitlochry

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​PITLOCHRY, a village of Perthshire, Scotland, 281/2 m. N.W. of Perth by the Highland railway. Pop. (1901), 1541. It lies on the left bank of the Tummel, a little below the confluence of that river and the Garry, 350 ft. above the sea. It is a favourite health resort and tourist centre. Among the immediate attractions are the pass of Killiecrankie, the falls of Tummel, the exquisite prospect called “Queen’s View” (named after Queen Victoria) and Loch Tummel, 8 m. to the west. One m. S E. of the village is the Black Spout, a waterfall of 80 ft. formed by the Edradour.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pithom

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​PITHOM, one of the “treasure cities” stated to have been built for Pharaoh by the Hebrews in Goshen during the Oppression (Exod i. 11). We have here the Hebraized form of the Egyptian Petōm “House of (the sun-god) Etōm,” in Greek, Patūmos, capital of the 8th nome of Lower Egypt and situated in the Wadi Tumilat on the canal from the Nile to the Red Sea. Succoth (Egyptian Thuket) was identical with it or was in its immediate neighborhood. The site, now Tell el Maskhuta, has yielded several important monuments, including the best preserved of the trilingual stelae of Darius which commemorated his work on the canal. The earliest name yet found is that of Rameses II. of the XIXth Dynasty, but in one case he has usurped earlier work, apparently of the XIIth Dynasty (a sphinx), and the city was evidently very ancient. Several of the monuments from Pithom have been removed to Ismailia on the Suez Canal.
See Ed. Naville, The Store City of Pithom and the route of the Exodus (London, 1885), W. M. F. Petrie, Tanis, pt i. (London, 1885), W Golénischeff, “Stèle de Darius” in Recueil de travaux relatifs à la philologie et l’archéologie égyptiennes et assyriennes, xiii. 99, and the article Rameses.  (F. Ll. G)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pitesci

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​PITESCI (Pitesti), also written Pitesti and Pitest, the capital of the department of Argesh, Rumania, situated among the outlying hills of the Carpathians, on the river Argesh, which is here joined by several smaller streams. Pop. (1900), 15,570. The surrounding uplands produce good wine, fruit and grain, besides being rich in petroleum and salt, and, as the main Walachian railway is met at Pitesci by lines from Câmpulung and Hermannstadt in Transylvania, the town has a considerable trade. It has manufactures of lacquer and varnish.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pith

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​PITH (O.E. pitha, cognate with Du. pit, kernel of a nut), properly the medulla, the central column of spongy cellular tissue, in the stems of dicotyledonous plants (see Plants: Anatomy). The word is thence applied to the spinal cord or marrow in animals, to the medullary end of a hair, and to that which forms the central part or core of any object or substance; hence, figuratively, vigour, energy, concentrated force. Very light hats or helmets are made of the dried pith of the Indian sponge wood or hat plant (Aeschynomene aspera, the native name being Solah). These pith hats are worn by Europeans in India and the East. The Chinese Ricepaper-tree (Aralia or Fatsia papyrifera), from the pith of which the delicate white film known as “rice-paper” is made, is also known as the pith-plant.