OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mercier, Désiré

See also Désiré-Joseph Mercier on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​MERCIER, DÉSIRÉ (1851-), Cardinal Archbishop of Malines, Belgium, was born Nov. 21 1851 at Broine l'Allemt, in the Walloon portion of Brabant, of a bourgeois family. After finishing his course at the college of St. Rombaut at Malines, he entered the larger seminary of that town, and on April 5 1874 was ordained priest. He continued his theological studies at Louvain, and in 1877 was appointed professor of philosophy at the lesser seminary of Malines. In 1882 he was appointed to the recently created chair of Thomist philosophy at Louvain, and during the ensuing years was active in the scheme for founding the Institut Supérieur de Philosophie at Louvain, which was finally opened in 1894.
In Feb. 1906 Monsignor Mercier was appointed Archbishop of Malines in succession to Archbishop Goossens, and in 1907 he was created a cardinal. Soon after the outbreak of war in 1914 he was summoned to Rome to attend the funeral of Pope Pius X. and the election of his successor, and it was therefore not until his return to Belgium that he became fully aware of the incidents ​of the German invasion. He personally inquired into many of the allegations against the invading army, and as a result issued his famous pastoral letter "Patriotism and Endurance." In this he strongly protested against the cruelties which had been inflicted on the Belgian population, at the same time recommending submission to the authorities in everything that was just. This pastoral was widely read, in spite of all the efforts of the German authorities, and the cardinal declined in any way to retract his words. Henceforth, during the four years of the German occupation, he did not cease to protest against violations of right and justice by the Germans, and was often in conflict with the military authorities, as his correspondence with the German governor shows. Some of his protests were successful and on Oct. 17 1918 Baron von der Lancken, head of the political department at Brussels, announced to him the impend- ing liberation of political prisoners. The dignity and courage of the cardinal's conduct were universally recognized.
Cardinal Mercier's published works include Cours de philosophic (in four vols., I. Logique, II. Métaphysique générate, III. Psychologie, IV. Criteriologie générate, 1892) and also A mes séminaristes (1907); La Vie intérieure (1918); Retraite pastorale and five vols. of (Eitvres pastorales. See also Correspondance de S.E. le Cardinal Mercier avec Le gouvernant general allemand pendant I' occupation.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein, Albert, Count von

See also Count Albert von Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​MENSDORFF-POUILLY-DIETRICHSTEIN, ALBERT, Count von (1861- ), Austro-Hungarian diplomatist, was born at Lemberg Sept. 5 1861. He was the second son of Alexander von Mensdorff-Pouilly, Prince Dietrichstein von Nicolsburg, and Alexandrine, born Countess Dietrichstein-Proskau and Leslie. Entering the diplomatic service at an early age, he was assigned in 1886 to the Paris embassy and in 1889 transferred to London, where with short intervals he was ambassador from 1904 to Aug. 13 1914. He used his family relations with the English court, derived through the marriage of Count Emmanuel Mensdorff-Pouilly (1777-1862) with Queen Victoria's aunt, Princess Sophia of Saxe-Coburg, his friendship with Edward VII. and George V., and his popularity in English aristocratic circles, to establish and secure friendly relations between the Cabinets of Vienna and London. In the critical negotiations before the outbreak of the World War he supported every attempt to avert the danger. During the war he was repeatedly entrusted with missions directed towards the restoration of peace. He met Gen. Smuts in Switzerland in Dec. 1917, but these negotiations proved as fruitless as those which he conducted with the Entente representatives in the last days of the Habsburg Monarchy. At the end of 1920 he represented the Austrian Republic on the occasion of its reception into the League of Nations.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Meldola, Raphael

See also Raphael Meldola on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MELDOLA, RAPHAEL (1849-1913), British chemist, was born at Islington July 19 1849. Educated at the Royal School of Mines, he became a lecturer at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, and subsequently professor of chemistry at Finsbury Technical College in 1885, and did valuable work in connexion with the manufacture of coal-tar dyes (see 3.82 and 19.168). He was also interested in biological questions, such as the colouring of butterflies and animals (see 6.733). He died in London Nov. 16 1915.
See Raphael Meldola: Reminiscences of his worth and work by those mho knew him. Edited by James Marchant (1916).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Meighen, Arthur

See also Arthur Meighen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MEIGHEN, ARTHUR (1874-), Canadian statesman, was born June 16 1874 at Anderson, Perth co., Ontario. After studying law, he practised for some years in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. He was elected to the Canadian House of Commons in the general election of 1908, and was reëlected in 1911 and 1917. In 1913 he was appointed Solicitor-General in the Borden administration and in 1915 was sworn of the Privy Council for Canada. He became Secretary of State and Minister of Mines in 1917, and the same year was made Minister of the Interior and Superintendent-General for Indian Affairs. In 1918 he went to England with the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Borden, to attend the Imperial Conference. Following the retirement of Sir Robert Borden in 1919 he was chosen to succeed him as leader of the Union Government. He became Prime Minister and Secretary of State for External Affairs July 10 1920, and was appointed a member of the King's Privy Council in October of the same year. He attended the conference of Prime Ministers in London in June 1921. But he resigned office on the heavy defeat of his party at the elections in December.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mercié, Marius Jean Antonin

See also Antonin Mercié on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​MERCIÉ, MARIUS JEAN ANTONIN (1845-1916), French sculptor and painter (see 18.152), died in Paris Sept. 12 1916.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mellon, Andrew William

See also Andrew W. Mellon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MELLON, ANDREW WILLIAM (1855-), American banker and public official, was born in Pittsburgh, Pa., March 24 1853. After graduating from the university of Pittsburgh he entered the banking house of Thomas Mellon & Sons and later became a
partner. The business developed into three strong institutions, the Mellon National Bank, the Union Trust Company, and the Union Savings Bank, all of Pittsburgh. Mr. Mellon was elected president of the first mentioned in 1902, and was vice-president of the other two. In the 'eighties he was interested in the development of the coal, coke and iron industry of Western Pennsylvania and was often associated in various enterprises with Henry C. Frick. He founded the town of Donora, Pa., and established a large steel mill there. He built the first independent pipe line, in competition with the Standard Oil Co., through Pennsylvania. He was a director in numerous corporations, and was a conservative Republican, opposing the League of Nations. In 1921 he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury in the Cabinet of President Harding.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Merritt, Wesley

See also Wesley Merritt on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​MERRITT, WESLEY (1836-1910), American soldier (see 18.173), died at Natural Bridge, Va., Dec. 3 1910.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Melba, Madame

See also the disclaimer.
MELBA, MADAME [Nellie Porter Armstrong] (1859-), British singer (see 18.90), was the organizer of many charitable efforts during the World War, and collected considerable sums for war charities. In 1918 she was created D.B.E.
# A Dictionary of Hymnology/A. R.

​A. R. Initials adopted by George Burder in the Gospel Magazine.
# A Dictionary of Hymnology/A. R. C.

​A. R. C. in The Service of Praise, by J. H. Wilson; i.e. Anne Ross Cousin, née Cundell.
# A Dictionary of Hymnology/A. R. T.

​A. R. T. in the American Dutch Reformed Hys. of the Church, 1869; i.e. the Rev. Alexander Ramsay Thompson, d.d.
# A Dictionary of Hymnology/A. C. C.

​A. C. C. in the Hymnary. "A Cheater Canon;" i.e. Canon William Cooke.
# A Dictionary of Hymnology/A. M. G.

​A. M. G., i.e. Anna Maria Glennie. [Smith, née Glennie] in Thrupp's Ps. & Hys., 1853.
# A Dictionary of Hymnology/A. L. P.

​A. L. P. a nom de plume of Dr. Littledale's in the People's H.; i.e, "A London Priest."
# A Dictionary of Hymnology/A. L. W.

​A. L. W. in various Collections; i.e. Anna L. Waring.
# A Dictionary of Hymnology/A. R. W.

​A. R. W. in the Amer. Bapt. Praise Book, 1871. i.e. A. R. Wolfe.
# A Dictionary of Hymnology/A. K. B. G.

​A. K. B. G. in the Divine Hymnal, 1860; i.e. A. K. B. Granville.
# A Dictionary of Hymnology/A. (Gilbert)

​A. in Collyer's Coll. 1812, this is the initial of Ann Gilbert, née Taylor.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Baumgarten, C.

From volume 1 of the work.
[ C. F. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bayaderes

From volume 1 of the work.
​BAYADERES, dancing girls attached to the Hindoo temples. The nature of their profession may be inferred from Goethe's Ballad 'Der Gott und die Bajadere,' which forms the groundwork of Catel's opera 'Les Bayadères,' and of Auber's opera-ballet 'Le Dieu et la Bayadère.' They are a prominent feature in Spohr's 'Jessonda.'
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bayly, Anselm

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bazin, François

[ M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bazzini, Antonio

From volume 1 of the work.
[ P. D. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Beale, John

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Battuta

From volume 1 of the work.
​BATTUTA (Ital. beat, or measure). 'A battuta,' like 'a tempo,' means a return to the strict beat. Beethoven uses the word in the Scherzo of the Choral Symphony—'Ritmo di tre battute,' 'Ritmo di quattro battute,' to signify that the rhythm in those places goes in groups of three bars or four bars respectively. In the Presto of his E flat Quartett (Op. 74), where the time changes to 'Più presto, quasi prestissimo,' he adds the direction 'Si ha s'immaginar la battuta di 6-8'—the movement being written in 3-4.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Baulduin, Noel

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. R. S. B. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Beale, William

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Beard, John

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Regal

From volume 3 of the work.
​REGAL (Fr. Regale; It. Regale or Ninfale). An old German name for a very small organ also called 'Bibelorgan' or 'Bibelregal,' because it was sometimes so small as to fold up into the size of a Church Bible. It had a single rank of reed-pipes only. Prætorius in his Syntagma, vol. iii. pl. iv. gives a view of one, which in its extended condition, bellows and all, appears to be about 3 ft. 6 in. by 3 ft. He ascribes (ii. p. 73) the invention to a nameless monk; others give it to Roll [App. p.769 "Voll"], an organ-builder at Nuremberg in 1575. The specimen preserved in the Musée of the Conservatoire at Paris is said to date from the end of the 16th century, and has a compass of 4 octaves. The instrument has been long since extinct, but the name 'regal' is still applied in Germany to certain reedstops.
In the inventory of Henry VIII's musical instruments we find 13 pairs of single regalls (the 'pair' meant only one instrument) and 5 pair of double regalls (that is with two pipes to each note). The name continued in use at the English Court down to 1773, the date of the death of Bernard Gates, who was 'tuner of the Regals in the King's household.'
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Regan, Anna

From volume 3 of the work.
​REGAN, Anna, soprano singer. [See Schimon.]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Register (organ)

From volume 3 of the work.
[ J. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Refrain

From volume 3 of the work.
[ J. A. F. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Reeves, John

From volume 3 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Reformation Symphony, The

From volume 3 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Regibo, Abel

From volume 3 of the work.
[ A. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Reeve, William

From volume 3 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Register (scale)

From volume 3 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians

* information about this edition.
* related portals: Reference Works.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Shortcut: DMM
* Preface to Volume 1
* Preface to Volume 4
* Preface to Index
* Index to the Four Volumes
* List of Contributors
* Catalogue of the Articles by Writer

## List of Volumes

* Volume 1 - A to IMPROMPTU
* Volume 2 - IMPROPERIA to PLAIN SONG
* Volume 3 - PLANCHÉ to SUMER IS ICUMEN IN
* Volume 4 - SUMER IS ICUMEN IN to ZWISCHENSPIEL
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/English Horn

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Embouchure

From volume 1 of the work.
​EMBOUCHURE. The part of a musical instrument applied to the mouth; and hence used to denote the disposition of the lips, tongue, and other organs necessary for producing a musical tone.
[ W. H. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Encore

From volume 1 of the work.
​ENCORE—the French for 'again'—the cry in English theatres and concert-rooms when a piece is desired to be repeated. It has taken the place of the 'altra volta' of last century. The French and Germans use the Italian [App. p.627 "Latin"] term 'Bis,' and the French have even a verb, 'bisser.' 'Le public anglais est grand redemandeur, et exprime son vœu par un mot français, comme nous par un mot latin' (A. Adam, Souvenirs, xxvii.). [App. p.627 "An anonymous ballad, circa 1740, entitled 'Encore,' and beginning 'When at my nymph's devoted feet,' shows the term to have been in use much earlier than is implied in the article."
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Enfant Prodigue, L'

From volume 1 of the work.
​ENFANT PRODIGUE, L', opera in 5 acts; words by Scribe, music by Auber; produced at the Academic Dec. 6. 1850; in Italian, as 'Il Prodigo,' at her Majesty's June 12, 1851. [App. p.627 "it was given in English as 'Azael the Prodigal' at Drury Lane, on Feb. 19, 1851. See Prodigal Son."]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Engedi

From volume 1 of the work.
​ENGEDI. See Mount of Olives.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Engel, Carl

[ A. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/England, George

From volume 1 of the work.
[ V. de P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Emperor's Hymn, The

From volume 1 of the work.
​EMPEROR'S HYMN, THE. A hymn written in 1796 by Lorenz Leopold Hanschka during the patriotic excitement caused by the movements of the French revolutionary army, set to music for 4 voices by Haydn, and first sung on Feb. 12, 1797, at the Emperor's birthday. He afterwards employed it as the theme for 4 variations in his well-known quartet (op. 76, No. 3). (See A. Schmid, 'J. Haydn und N. Zingarelli,' Venice [App. p.627 "Vienna"] 1847.)
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Emperor Concerto, The

From volume 1 of the work.
​EMPEROR CONCERTO, THE, a title, like 'Jupiter Symphony' and 'Moonlight Sonata,' gratuitously bestowed on Beethoven's P. F. Concerto in E♭ (op. 75 [App. p.627 "op. 73"]). Such titles are unnecessary, and the only excuse for them is that they enable non-professional persons to refer to musical works without using musical nomenclature.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ely Cathedral

From volume 1 of the work.
​ELY CATHEDRAL. The music library of this church contains a very valuable and interesting collection of MSS., principally of English church music, due chiefly to the pious care and industry of James Hawkins, its organist for 47 years from 1682. It consists of 36 volumes—21 of anthems, services, and chants, in score, 11 of ​voice parts, and 4 of organ parts. The number of compositions is over 580, and includes some of large dimensions, as Handel's Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate for voices and orchestra, Croft's ditto, ditto. A catalogue of these works was prepared by the Rev. W. E. Dickson, Precentor of the cathedral, and published for the Dean and Chapter by Deighton, Bell, & Co., 1861.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Claretie, Jules Arsène Arnaud

See also Jules Arsène Arnaud Claretie on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​CLARETIE, JULES ARSÈNE ARNAUD (1840-1913), French man of letters (see 6.436), retired from the administration of the Théâtre Français in 1913. La Vie de Paris was completed in 1913, and published in 21 vols. in 1914. He died in Paris Dec. 23 1913.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Clarke, Alexander Ross

See also Alexander Ross Clarke on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​CLARKE, ALEXANDER ROSS (1828-1914), British soldier, was born Dec. 16 1828. He entered the Royal Engineers, and in 1854 was placed in charge of the trigonometrical operations of the ordnance survey. He retained this position until 1881. He was one of the British representatives at the international geodetic congress held in Rome in 1883, and in 1887 received the Royal medal of the Royal Society. Colonel Clarke was a recognized authority on geodesy, and made valuable contributions to the subject. He died at Reigate Feb. 11 1914.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Chrystal, George

See also George Chrystal on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
CHRYSTAL, GEORGE (1851-1911), British mathematician, was born near Aberdeen March 8 1851. He was second wrangler at Cambridge in 1875, and was appointed successively professor of mathematics at St. Andrews in 1877 and at Edinburgh in
1879, holding the latter post till his death. He was the author of a standard treatise on algebra as well as of many publications on physical and mathematical subjects, and his researches into the surface oscillations of Scottish lakes won him a Royal medal from the Royal Society. He died at Edinburgh Nov. 3 1911.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Churchill, Winston

See also Winston Churchill (novelist) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
CHURCHILL, WINSTON (1871-), American writer, was born in St. Louis, Nov. 10 1871. He graduated from the U. S. Naval Academy in 1894. He was conspicuous alike in scholarship and in general student activities. He became an expert fencer and he organized at Annapolis the first eight-oared crew, of which he was for two years captain. He had already decided upon a literary career, and after brief service in the navy he resigned and for a time was connected with the Army and Navy Journal. In 1895 he became managing editor of the Cosmopolitan Magazine; but in less than a year he retired that he might have more time for writing. His first novel, after being twice recast, appeared as The Celebrity, in 1898. His next book, Richard Carvel, appeared in 1899 and had a sale of almost a million copies. Its scene is Maryland during the American Revolution. His next work, The Crisis (1901), opens in St. Louis in the days of the Civil War. The heroine is the great-great-granddaughter of his former hero, Richard Carvel. The intervening period of western expansion, following the Louisiana Purchase, is depicted in The Crossing (1904). His other works are: Coniston (1906, the career of a post-bellum political boss); Mr. Crewe's Career (1908, the railroads in politics); A Modern Chronicle (1910); The Inside of the Cup (1913, the 20th-century Church); A Far Country (1915, methods of “big business”) and The Dwelling Place of Light (1917). All his novels treat of phases of American development, historical or social, and form a sort of chronological sequence. He has written a play in three acts, Dr. Jonathan (1919). Mr. Churchill took an active part in state politics. From 1903 to 1905 he was a member of the Legislature of New Hampshire, and in 1912 he was an unsuccessful candidate for governor on the Progressive ticket.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Clark, Champ

See also Champ Clark on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​CLARK, CHAMP (1850-1921), American politician, was born in Anderson co., Ky., March 7 1850. He first entered Kentucky University but finished his course at Bethany College in 1873. The following year he was elected president of Marshall College, West Virginia, and one year later was admitted to the bar. After 1880 his law office was in Bowling Green, Missouri. He was city attorney for Louisiana (Mo.) and Bowling Green from 1878 to 1881, was prosecuting attorney for Pike co. 1885-9, and then for three years was a member of the Missouri House of Representatives. He was a member of Congress from 1893 to 1895, and from 1919 to 1921, being Speaker from 1911 to 1919 and minority leader thereafter; he was defeated in the election of 1920. At the Democratic Convention for the nomination of a presidential candidate held at Baltimore in 1912, he led on 27 ballots, and had a clear majority on eight, but he was finally defeated by Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey. He died in Washington, D.C., March 2 1921.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Church, Alfred John

See also Alfred John Church on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
CHURCH, ALFRED JOHN (1829-1912), English classical scholar, was born in London Jan. 29 1829. Educated at King's College, London, and Lincoln College, Oxford, he took holy orders and was assistant-master at Merchant Taylors' school for many years. He was professor of Latin at University College, London, from 1880-8 and, in partnership with W. J. Brodribb, translated Tacitus and edited Pliny's Letters; but he is best known by his English re-telling of classical tales and legends for young people (Stories from Virgil, Stories from Homer, etc.). He wrote much Latin and English verse, and in 1908 published his Memories of Men and Books. He died at Richmond, Surrey, April 27 1912.
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Buck (John)

​BUCK (JOHN), printer and bookbinder at Cambridge, 1625–68. One of the Esquire Bedells, was appointed printer December 16th, 1625, and was in partnership first with his brother, T. Buck and Leonard Green, and afterwards with T. Buck and Roger Daniel. Although his name drops out of the imprints after 1635, he continued to have an interest in the printing office until 1668. [Camb. Antiq. Soc. Comm., vol. v, p. 304; Harl. MSS. 5929 (405).]
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Brudenell or Brudnell (Thomas)

​BRUDENELL or BRUDNELL (THOMAS), printer in London; Newgate Market, 1621-60. Is first heard of as partner with John Beale, in 1621. [Arber, iii. 699-700.] He afterwards set up for himself as a printer in Newgate Market, taking as partner Robert White. A feature of their business was the printing of astrological works, this being one of the few houses in London that stocked astrological signs. They issued a duodecimo edition of the Bible in 1647, and appear to have had an extensive assortment of letter of varying merit, notably two founts of great primer roman and italic used in the latter half of Sprigges' Anglia Rediviva, which they printed in 1647. In 1651 Thomas Brudenell brought an action ​against the executors of John Partridge, a London bookseller, to recover a debt for printing various books, chiefly the writings of William Lilly, the titles, prices and quantities being set out at length. [Library, N.S., January, 1906.]