OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baynard, Edward

​BAYNARD, EDWARD, M.D. (b. 1641, fl. 1719), physician and poet, was born in 1641, probably at Preston, Lancashire. In 1665, at the time of the great plague, he was sometimes at Chiswick and sometimes in London. He entered the university of Leyden for the study of medicine in 1671, and most likely graduated there. He became an honorary fellow of the College of Physicians of London in 1684, and a fellow in 1687. Previously to this he had commenced practice at Preston. From about the year 1675, and onward for twenty-six years, it was his custom to visit the hot baths at Bath. He was established there as a physician, as well as in London, which was his home, his address in 1701 being the Old House, Ludgate Hill. Dr. Baynard is said to have been the ‘Horoscope’ of Garth's ‘Dispensary.’
Sir John Floyer's treatise on cold bathing, entitled ‘The ancient Psychrolousia revived’ (1702), has appended to it a letter from Dr. Baynard ‘containing an Account of many Eminent Cures done by the Cold Baths in England; together with a Short Discourse of the wonderful Virtues of the Bath Waters on decayed Stomachs, drank Hot from the Pump.’ Dr. Baynard's popular work entitled ‘Health, a Poem. Shewing how to procure, preserve, and restore it. To which is annex'd The Doctor's Decade,’ was published at London in 1719, 8vo. The fourth edition appeared in 1731; the fifth, corrected, in 1736; the seventh in 1742; the eighth without date; and the ninth at Manchester in 1758. Another edition, also called the ninth, was published at London in 1764. The preface, partly in verse and partly in prose, is mainly directed against drunkenness; and the poem itself is made up of homely medical advice. Dr. Baynard has two papers in the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ one of them being on the ‘Case of a Child who swallowed two Copper Farthings.’
His only daughter was Ann Baynard [see Baynard, Ann].
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bayne, William

​BAYNE, WILLIAM (d. 1782), captain in the royal navy, became a lieutenant on 5 April 1749; in 1755 he served in that rank on board the Torbay, in North American waters, with Admiral Boscawen, and in November 1756 was advanced to the command of a sloop of war. In 1760 he was posted into the Woolwich, of 44 guns, and served in that ship at the reduction of Martinique in 1762, and continued there in the Stag frigate, under the command of Vice-Admiral Rodney. After this he had no command till 1778, when he was appointed to the Alfred, a new ship of 74 guns, and served in the Channel fleet through the inglorious summers of 1779 and 1780. He afterwards went to the West Indies as part of the squadron with Sir Samuel Hood, and was present in the action off Fort Royal in Martinique on 29 April 1781, and in the action off the Chesapeake on 5 Sept. Owing to the faulty system of tactics then in vogue and almost compulsory, the Alfred had no active share in either of these battles, the circumstances of which were afterwards much discussed [see Hood, Samuel, Viscount]. On returning to the West Indies the Alfred was with Sir Samuel Hood at St. Kitts, and by the unfortunate accident of fouling the Nymphe frigate, cutting her down to the water, and losing her own bowsprit, delayed the fleet at the very critical moment when Hood had proposed an unexpected attack on the French at anchor. No blame attached to Captain Bayne for this mischance, which was mainly due to the darkness of the night; but the quickness with which he refitted his ship and resumed his station in the line won for him as much credit as his distinguished conduct in the action of 26 Jan. When the fleet was reunited under the flag of Sir George Rodney, the Alfred continued under the immediate orders of Sir Samuel Hood, and with other ships of Hood's division was engaged in the partial action with the French on 9 April 1782. It was little more than a distant interchange of fire between the respective vans; but one unlucky shot carried off Captain Bayne's leg about mid-thigh. Before a tourniquet could be applied, he was dead. To his memory, jointly with that of Captains Blair and Manners, who fell in the great battle three days later, a national monument was placed in Westminster Abbey.
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cadwallador, Roger

​CADWALLADOR, ROGER (1568–1610), divine, was a native of Stretton Sugwas, Herefordshire, and studied in the English colleges at Rheims and Valladolid. After being ordained he returned to England in 1594, and laboured on the mission, chiefly in his native county, for sixteen years. At length, on Easter day, 1610, he was apprehended and taken before Dr. Robert Bennet, bishop of the diocese, who committed him to prison, where he was very cruelly treated. He was condemned to death on account of his priestly character, and suffered at Leominster, on 27 Aug. 1610. He translated from the Greek Theodoret's ‘Philotheus; or, the Lives of the Fathers of the Syrian Deserts.’
[Pits, De Angliæ Scriptoribus, 806; Challoner's Missionary Priests (1742), ii. 27; Panzani's Memoirs, 83; Foley's Records, vi. 207; Diaries of the English College, Douay, 241, 243, 247.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Caffin, James Crawford

​CAFFIN, Sir JAMES CRAWFORD (1812–1883), admiral, was a son of Mr. William Caffin of the Royal Laboratory, Woolwich. He entered the navy in 1824, and in 1827 was midshipman of the Cambrian frigate at Navarino, and when she was wrecked off Carabusa on 31 Jan. 1828 (Marshall, Nav. Biog. vi. (supplement, part ii.) 451). In August 1831 he passed his examination, and in October 1834 was appointed to the Excellent, then recently organised as a school of gunnery. He afterwards served for two years as gunnery-mate of the Asia in the Mediterranean, and on his promotion to the rank of lieutenant, 28 June 1838, he was again appointed to the Excellent, in which, with but a short break, he remained for the next three years. He was made commander on 7 March 1842, and after studying for some months at the Royal Naval College at Portsmouth, was appointed, together with an artillery officer, to investigate and report on Warner's ‘Long Range,’ which was then much talked about; but the report was unfavourable, and it died out of notoriety. In February 1845 he was one of a commission for experimenting on the relative merits of paddle and screw; and their report paved the way for the general introduction of the screw-propeller into the navy. On 11 Oct. 1847 he was advanced to post rank; in 1854 he commanded the Penelope in the Baltic, and was present at the reduction of Bomarsund; and in 1855 he commanded the Hastings at the bombardment of Sveaborg, when, with the other captains, he was made a C.B. on 5 July. On his return from the Baltic he was appointed director-general of naval ordnance, and vice-president of the ordnance select committee at the War Office. In 1858 he was appointed director of stores in the war department, an office which he held till 1868. On his retirement he was made a civil K.C.B. He had previously, 2 Dec. 1865, attained his flag-rank, but, not having served his time at sea, was placed on the retired list, on which he duly advanced to the higher grades—vice-admiral, 2 Nov. 1871, and admiral, 1 Aug. 1877. He died on 24 May 1883 at Blackheath, where he had lived for several years, the centre of a religious society of very pronounced views. He married in 1843 Frances, daughter of Mr. William Atfield of Cosham, Hampshire, but was left a widower in 1871. His son Crawford, a commander in the navy, received his promotion for his services in the transport department during the Zulu war in 1879.
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cadwaladr Casail

Cadwaladr Cesail in the ODNB.
​CADWALADR CASAIL (fl. 1590), a Welsh poet, flourished in the latter part of the sixteenth century. Some poems by him, consisting mainly of complimentary addresses and elegies, are preserved in the British Museum.
[Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 14888, 14891–2, 14979, 14994, 15010.]
A. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Caillaud, John

* related portals: John Caillaud.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
​CAILLAUD, JOHN (d. 1810), brigadier-general, was a contemporary of Stringer Lawrence and Clive, frequently mentioned by Orme in his ‘History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Hindostan.’ The earliest mention of him occurs in Orme's ‘History’ (i. 309), where he is ​referred to as having arrived in India from Europe with a detachment of 247 British soldiers in 1753, and having shortly afterwards taken part in an engagement with the French in the neighbourhood of Trichinopoly. From that time until 1775, when he retired from the service and returned to England, Caillaud was a prominent actor in the struggle which ended in the establishment of the British power in India. He was a man of undaunted courage and of great readiness of resource. In 1758, just before the second and unsuccessful siege of Madras by the French, Caillaud was sent to Tanjore to procure military assistance from the Rájá of Tanjore. He made his way by sea to Tranquebar in an open masúla boat, accompanied by only six native boatmen, and after having encountered a gale on his voyage, and been stranded during a whole night in the immediate vicinity of a fort held by the French, he succeeded in reaching Tanjore, and with difficulty obtained the troops for which he had been sent. With these he tendered effective service to the besieged garrison by disturbing the enemy's communications with Pondicherry. In 1759 Caillaud held for a time the command of the company's troops in Madras, and in the same year he was appointed, on the recommendation of Clive, to command the troops in Bengal. In the following year he was actively employed in repelling an invasion of Behar by the eldest son of the emperor of Delhi. In 1763 he obtained the rank of brigadier-general, and in 1766 he was sent to take possession of the northern Sirkárs, which had been ceded to the company by the emperor. In the performance of this duty he met with very slight opposition; but, owing to the attitude assumed by Nizam Ali, the subahdar of the Dekhan, who, considering that he had a claim upon the Sirkárs, threatened an invasion of the company's territories in the south, Caillaud was deputed by the Madras authorities to Hyderabad, where he concluded a treaty binding the company to pay an annual tribute to the subahdar for the Sirkárs. Caillaud on his retirement from the service in 1775 was granted a pension by the company. He passed the remainder of his life as a country gentleman in Oxfordshire, where he died in 1810.
[Orme's History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Hindostan from the year 1745 (4th edition, Madras, 1861); Philippart's East India Military Calendar (1824); Mill's History of British India, vol. iii. (1840).]
A. J. A.
# Department of Defense and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Recovery from and Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States Act, 2002/Division B/Chapter 6
## CHAPTER 6
### Bilateral Economic Assistance

Funds Appropriated to the President
    United States Agency for International Development
       INTERNATIONAL DISASTER ASSISTANCE
          For emergency expenses to respond to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States, for `International Disaster Assistance', $50,000,000, to remain available until expended, to be obligated from amounts made available in Public Law 107-38, for humanitarian and reconstruction activities in Afghanistan.
# Department of Defense and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Recovery from and Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States Act, 2002/Division B/Chapter 14
## CHAPTER 14 — GENERAL PROVISIONS, THIS DIVISION
### SEC. 1401.

    Amounts which may be obligated pursuant to this division are subject to the terms and conditions provided in Public Law 107-38.

### SEC. 1402.

    No part of any appropriation contained in this division shall remain available for obligation beyond the current fiscal year unless expressly so provided herein.

### SEC. 1403.

    Notwithstanding any other provision of law, of the funds made available in this or any other Act, funds may be transferred to the Department of Defense from an agency receiving National Guard services related to homeland security to cover the costs of such services that the agency incurred after the date of enactment of this Act: Provided, That such authority to transfer shall expire on April 30, 2002: Provided further, That each agency receiving National Guard services related to homeland security shall submit to the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations a detailed report of the National Guard's homeland defense activities and expenses incurred after the date of enactment of this Act and planned for the remainder of fiscal year 2002 for that agency and any proposed transfers 15 days prior to such transfers pursuant to this authority.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Boyd, Robert (d.1883)

​BOYD, ROBERT (d. 1883), writer on diseases of the insane, became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1830, and in the following year graduated M.D. in the university of Edinburgh. In 1836 he became a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians, and in 1852 was elected to the fellowship of the college. For some time he was resident physician at the Marylebone workhouse infirmary, and afterwards physician and superintendent of the Somerset county lunatic asylum. He then became proprietor and manager of the Southall Park private asylum, which was destroyed on Aug. 1883 by a fire in which he lost his life. In the various positions in which he was placed he utilised to the utmost his opportunities for original research. He published the annual 'Reports on the Pauper Lunatics' at the St. Marylebone infirmary and the Somerset county asylum, and contributed numerous independent papers to the literature of pathology and psychological medicine. He was the author of pathological contributions to the 'Royal Medical and Chirurgical Transactions,' vols. xxiv. and xxxii., and to the 'Edinburgh Medical Journal,' vols. lv. to lxxii.; of 'Tables of the Weights of the Human Body and Internal Organs,' in the 'Philosophical Transactions;' and of a paper, 'The Weight of the Brain at different Ages and in various Diseases.' To the 'Journal of Mental Science' he contributed no fewer than sixteen papers on 'Treatment of the Insane Poor,' 'Diseases of the Nervous System,' 'Statistics of Pauper Insanity,' and cognate subjects, the most important being that on 'General Paralysis of the Insane' in the 'Journal of Mental Science' for May and October 1871, the result of 155 post-mortem examinations of persons who had died from that disease in the Somerset county asylum. He was also the author of three papers on 'Vital Statistics,' 'Insanity,' and 'The Pauper Lunacy Laws,' published in the 'Lancet.'
[Lancet, 1883, ii. 352-3; Medical Times, 1883, ii. 249-50.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Boyes, John Frederick

​BOYES, JOHN FREDERICK (1811–1879), classical scholar, born 10 Feb. 1811, entered Merchant Taylors' School in the month of October 1819, his father, Benjamin Boyes (a Yorkshireman), being then resident in Charterhouse Square. After a very creditable school career extending over nearly ten years, he went in 1829 as Andrew's civil law exhibitioner to St. John's College, Oxford, having relinquished a scholarship which he had gained in the previous year at Lincoln College. He graduated B.A. in 1833, taking a second class in classics, his papers on history and poetry being of marked excellence. Soon afterwards he was appointed second master of the proprietary school, Walthamstow, and eventually succeeded to the head-mastership, which he filled for many years. He proceeded M.A. in due course. At school, at Oxford (whither he was summoned to act as examiner at responsions in 1842), and among a large circle of discriminating friends, he enjoyed a high reputation for culture and scholarship. 'There was not an English or Latin or Greek poet with whom he was not familiar, and from whom he could not make the most apposite quotations. With the best prose authors in our own and in French, and indeed other continental literature, he was thoroughly acquainted' (Archdeacon Hessey). The fruits of his extensive reading and literary taste are to be seen in his published works, which evince also considerable originality of thought, terseness of expression, and felicity of illustration. The closing years of his life were largely devoted ​to practical benevolence, in the exercise of which he was as humble as he was liberal. He died at Maida Hill, London, 26 May 1879.
His writings comprise:
* 'Illustrations of the Tragedies of Æschylus and Sophocles, from the Greek, Latin, and English Poets,' 1844.
* 'English Repetitions, in Prose and Verse, with introductory remarks on the cultivation of taste in the young,' 1849.
* 'Life and Books, a Record of Thought and Reading,' 1859.
* 'Lacon in Council,' 1865. The two latter works remind one very much in their style and texture of 'Guesses at Truth,' by the brothers Hare.
[Robinson's Register of Merchant Taylors' School, ii. 211; Information from Archdeacon Hessey, Dr. Seth B. Watson, and other personal friends of Mr. Boyes; Preface and Appendix to Sermon by Rev. J. G. Tanner (E. Hale), 1879.]
C. J. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Boydell, Josiah

​BOYDELL, JOSIAH (1752–1817), painter and engraver, nephew of Alderman John Boydell [q. v.], was born at the Manor House, near Hawarden, Flintshire, on 18 Jan. 1752. Giving early proofs of his love for art and his capacity in design, he was sent to London and placed under the care and patronage of his uncle, whose partner and successor he eventually became. He drew from the antique, studied painting under Benjamin West, and acquired the art of mezzotinto engraving from Richard Earlom. When Alderman Boydell undertook the publication of the series of engravings from the famous Houghton collection previous to its removal to the Hermitage, St. Petersburg, he employed his nephew and Joseph Farington to make the necessary drawings from the pictures for the use of the engravers. Boydell painted several of the subjects for the Shakespeare Gallery, and exhibited portraits and historical subjects at the Royal Academy between 1772 and 1799. He resided for some time at Hampstead, and during the French war assisted in forming the corps known as the Loyal Hampstead Volunteers, of which he was lieutenant-colonel. He was master of the Stationers' Company, and succeeded his uncle as alderman of the ward of Cheap, but ill-health compelled him to resign this latter office within a few years. During the latter part of his life he resided at Halliford,
Middle​Middlesex, and he died there on 27 March 1817. He was buried in Hampstead Church. Among his principal paintings may be mentioned: a portrait of Alderman John Boydell, exhibited at the Academy in 1772, and engraved by Valentine Green: a portrait of his wife, when Miss North, in the character of Juno, exhibited in 1773; and 'Coriolanus taking leave of his Family,' also exhibited in 1773. He engraved some excellent plates in mezzotinto: 'Hansloe and his Mother,' after Rembrandt; 'The Holy Family,' after Carlo Maratti; 'The Virgin and Child,' after Parmigiano; 'Charles I,' after A. van Dyck.
[Magazine of the Fine Arts, ii. 410; MS. notes in the British Museum.]
L. F.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dodd, George (1808-1881)

​DODD, GEORGE (1808–1881), miscellaneous writer, was born in 1808, and died on 21 Jan. 1881. During nearly half a century he was known as an industrious and painstaking writer. An aptitude for presenting statistics in an attractive form made him a useful assistant to Charles Knight. He wrote numerous articles on industrial art in the ‘Penny Cyclopædia,’ the ‘English Cyclopædia,’ and supplements. He edited and wrote largely in the ‘Cyclopædia of the Industry of all Nations,’ 1851. He contributed to the ‘Penny Magazine,’ to ‘London,’ ‘The Land we live in,’ and to several other of Mr. Knight's serial publications. Some of his papers were collected and published in volumes, under the titles of ‘Days at the Factories,’ 12mo, London, 1843, of which one series only appeared, and ‘Curiosities of Industry,’ 8vo, London, 1852. For Knight's ‘Weekly Volumes’ he furnished an account of ‘The Textile Manufactures of Great Britain (British Manufactures. Chemical.—Metals. ​—British Manufactures, Series 4–6),’ 6 vols., 12mo, London, 1844–6. The work by which he was probably best known was an elaborate volume on ‘The Food of London; a sketch of the chief varieties, sources of supply … and machinery of distribution, of the food for a community of two millions and a half,’ 8vo, London, 1856. On Mr. Knight's retirement as a general publisher, Dodd became associated with Messrs. Chambers, and contributed largely to their serial publications. He also compiled for the same firm ‘Chambers's Handy Guide to London,’ &c., 8vo, London and Edinburgh [printed], 1862, and ‘Chambers's Handy Guide to the Kent and Sussex Coasts, in six routes or districts … [Preface signed G. D.], illustrated, with a clue map, &c.,’ 8vo, London and Edinburgh [printed], 1863. For over thirty years he contributed one or more papers to the ‘Companion to the [British] Almanac.’ His other writings are: 1. ‘Rudimentary Treatise on the Construction of Locks, [from materials furnished by A. C. Hobbs; compiled by G. Dodd, and] edited by C. Tomlinson,’ 12mo, London, 1853. 2. ‘Pictorial History of the Russian War,’ 1854–5–6. [Preface signed G. D.] With maps, plans, and wood engravings, 8vo, Edinburgh [printed], and London, 1856. 3. ‘A Chronicle of the Indian Revolt and of the Expeditions to Persia, China, and Japan, 1856–7–8. [Preface signed G. D.] With maps, plans, &c.,’ 8vo, London, Edinburgh [printed], 1859. 4. ‘Where do we get it, and how is it made? A familiar account of the mode of supplying our every-day wants, comforts, and luxuries. … With illustrations by W. Harvey,’ 8vo, London [1862]. 5. ‘Railways, Steamers, and Telegraphs; a glance at their recent progress and present state,’ 8vo, Edinburgh, 1867. 6. ‘Dictionary of Manufactures, Mining, Machinery, and the Industrial Arts,’ &c., 8vo, London [1871].
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dodd, Samuel

​DODD, Sir SAMUEL (1652–1716), judge, of a Cheshire family settled at Little Budworth, but born in London in 1652, was the son of Ralph Dodd. He is probably identical with the ‘Saml. Dod’ who entered Merchant Taylors' School 11 Sept. 1664 (Robinson, Merchant Taylors' School Reg. i. 269). He entered the Inner Temple in 1670, was called in 1679, and became a bencher in 1700. He seems not to have been in parliament at any time. He was employed for various bankers against the crown upon a question of the liability of the crown for interest on loans to Charles II, 29 June 1693 and 20 Jan. 1700, and for the New East India Company upon a bill to incorporate the old company with it on 1 Feb. 1700. He negotiated an agreement for the fusion of the two on behalf of the new company in October 1701. Between 1700 and 1706 he on several occasions advised the treasury. In 1710 he was assigned by the House of Lords as counsel for Sacheverell, 14 Feb., appeared for him on his trial, and led the defence on the last three articles of the impeachment; and on the accession of George I he was knighted, 11 Oct. 1714, made a serjeant 26 Oct., and sworn lord chief baron 22 Nov. He held the office but seventeen months, died 14 April 1716, and was buried in the Temple Church. He married Isabel, daughter of Sir Robert Croke of Chequers, Buckinghamshire, and had by her two sons. A volume of his manuscript reports of cases is in the ‘Hargrave Collection’ in the British Museum.
J. A. H.