OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The nomads of the Balkans, an account of life and customs among the Vlachs of Northern Pindus

THE NOMADS OF THE BALKANS
AN ACCOUNT OF LIFE AND CUSTOMS AMONG THE VLACHS OF NORTHERN PINDUS
BY A. J. B. Wace, M. A. FORMERLY FELLOW OF PEMBROKE COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE
AND
M. S. THOMPSON, M. A. FORMERLY CRAVEN FELLOW IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
WITH FORTY-TWO ILLUSTRATIONS AND TWO MAPS
METHUEN & CO. LTD. 36 ESSEX STREET W. C. LONDON
First Published in 1914
PREFACE
In writing Vlach phonetically we have used as simple an alphabet as possible and endeavoured to avoid the use of diacritical marks. The symbols used are to be pronounced as follows: —
    a, e, i and u as in German,
    o as a closed o as in the French côte,
    oa as an open sound as in the French bois,
    ea to resemble the Italian ia in words such as pianta,
    ai as in the English i as in mice,
    ei as the English ay in play,
    ao and au as the German au,
    ĭ and ŭ as whispered sounds, the latter like a half uttered English w,
    ă like the English er in better, while ā is a vowel sound peculiar to Roumanian and its dialects which cannot be described,
    p and b as in English,
    t and d as in English,
    g as the hard English g as in gape, k as the hard English c in care, y as in yacht, gh (the Greek y) like the g in North German words such as Tage, h like the Scottish ch in loch,
    m and n as in English and ǹ as the English n in finger,
    l as in English and r as in Scottish,
    f and v as in English, th (the Greek θ) as the th in thorough, dh (the Greek δ) as th in then,
    s and z as in English, sh as in English and zh as the z in azure, tsh like the English ch in church, and dzh like the English j, ​
    g‘ as in ague or in argument, k‘ as in Kew or the c in cue,
    h‘ as in hew or huge, n‘ like the Italian gn and l‘ like the Italian gl.
Although the name Sāmārina is in Vlach pronounced as the spelling indicates we have written throughout Samarina, and this, if spoken so as to rhyme with semolina, is sufficiently accurate for practical purposes.
As regards Modern Greek we have attempted to transliterate the language phonetically, but in the case of wellknown names and places we have retained the conventional spelling.
We have to thank Professor E. G. Browne, Dr. Braunholtz, Mr. E. H. Minns and Mr. E. C. Quiggin for help and advice on many linguistic questions.
Of the literature on the Vlachs we have consulted all that was accessible to us. The notes at the end are intended to indicate only the chief sources where further information can be obtained.
       Si furim shi eu ka tine vream si mi duk Sāmārina.
A. J. B. W. M. S. T.
    Cambridge,
       August 15th, 1913
CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1957, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 66 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The old lady (so they say), but I

* "The old lady (so they say), but I" in New poems and variant readings (1918)
* "The old lady (so they say) but I" in The Works of Robert Louis Stevenson (Vailima ed.) Volume 8 (1922)
# The World Significance of the Russian Revolution/Section 3

​III. The Struggle in Russia.
The bewildering play and inter-play of forces which has finally enthrowned Lenin in the seat of power may well confuse the casual eye. How is it that Lenin, the neurotic son of a public official and the brother of an assassin, with a small executive consisting chiefly of alien or of Jew internationals, is able to exercise despotic sway over a population (before the revolution) of 148 millions, of which at least 87% are peasants bitterly opposed to communism, and of the remainder consisting of industrial proletariat (less than 3% of the population) intelligentsia, and the parasitic Commissar and public executioner class, the latter class only (at most 2% of the whole) does not loath the régime?
The answer to the riddle can only be understood if we clearly distinguish between the attractiveness of the propaganda, decoy-cries and prospects of unbridled licence which hypnotised the masses on the initial "breaking-up" stage, and the bitter realization which came after their dupes had allowed their new masters to ​establish themselves in power. It is also necessary to distinguish the exotic ruling element from the exploited masses they use, and to trace its rise to power.
The Revolutionary outbreak in Russia in the year 1905 was the direct result of a revolutionary struggle of which the active participants on both sides were confined to an exceedingly small section of the total population, it was in fact a struggle between two sections of the educated classes. The latter consisted of a few million aristocrats, professional men, officials, merchants, journalists, agitators, and land-owners—a mere fraction in a population containing 145 millions of peasants. And within this fraction, the elements of discord on both sides of the struggle were a still more tiny fraction of the nation.
# The World Significance of the Russian Revolution/Section 15

​XV. The Disillusionment.
The truth is that all over Russia the peasants and the workmen are now realising, too late, that by their apathy and ignorance, they had allowed the growing disaffection of a greedy and rapacious bourgeoisie (commercialists) to undermine a benevolent but weakly paternal and disorganised government. And so, after the inevitable fall of their hopelessly inefficient bourgeois-socialist successors—the Kerensky idealists—the way was prepared for the present despots; who have turned their quandam dupes, whom in their own jargon, they had named "wage slaves," into real slaves, working under conditions of forced labour at the bayonet point, without the wages necessary to buy sufficient food.
They now know, to their cost, what "communism" is and they want none of it. They know that "communism" which, as propaganda, is always designed to appeal to the acquisitive and covetous instincts (therefore egoistic and anti-communistic) of those who think they have least to lose and most to gain, but which as actual fact, has deprived them of everything that ever gave a zest to life for the privilege of being the bondsmen of Jews and international revolutionaries.
​And among no class is this disillusionment more bitter than among the peasants who form 85 per cent. of the total population. They very naturally keenly resented the Bolshevik agrarian decrees by which they tried to take the land back from the peasants in order "to nationalise" it and turn it into communal property.
So the Bolsheviks countered their resistance by organizing committees of "poorest peasants," which included the waster and criminal dregs of the villages. And these were given power over their more industrious and thrifty neighbours.
Lenin himself, of course, knew well enough that the period of disillusionment, which would inevitably follow the initial breaking up period, must be reckoned for. He wrote a tract in 1905 (N. Lénine, Deux Tactiques de la Démocratie Socialiste dans la Révolution Démocratique. Published at Geneva), in which he wrote: "The time will come when the struggle against the Autocratic Government will be over. When that time comes it will be ridiculous to talk of the voluntary unity of the proletariat and the peasants, or of a 'democratic' dictatorship, etc. When that comes we shall have to think about: a socialistic dictatorship of the proletariat." Which latter—the dictatorship of the proletariat—means we see "of Lenin" tout seul and his alien friends. In spite of his prognostication Lenin was only accurate with reference to his own motives and intentions, for the peasants and the great majority of the workmen are heartily in accord in loathing the commissaries of the People appointed by the self-styled "Government of Workmen and Peasants."
# The World Significance of the Russian Revolution/Section 2

​II. What is the Real Issue?
Whatever our previous opinions or lack of opinions about the obscure situation in Russia, we are compelled now to discover exactly what is at stake. What are the principles involved and what, in consequence, is our policy to be? It is notoriously hard to find a clear-cut issue in the world of thought and endeavour: there are too many people interested in confusing the issue. It ​is easy to prate of "the issue between Reaction and Progress." Such verbiage means nothing; every shallow tub-thumper calls his hackneyed catch-words "progressive," and seeks to make the flesh of his bétes noires' creep by calling them "reactionary!" "They are nothing," said Disraeli, "but words to mystify the millions. They mean nothing, they are nothing; they are phrases, not facts."
# The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift/Volume 11/From William King to Jonathan Swift - 10

FROM ARCHBISHOP KING.
I RECEIVED your's of December the 30th by the last packets; it found me in the extremity of the gout, which is the more cruel, because I have not had a fit of it for two years and a half. I strain ​myself to give you an answer to night, apprehending that as both my feet and knees are already affected, my hands may perhaps be so by the next post; and then, perhaps, I might not be able to answer you in a month, which might lose me some part of the praise you give me as a good correspondent.
As to my lord primate, he is much better since he was put into the government, and I reckon his life may be longer than mine; but, with God's help, hereafter I will say more on this subject.
As to what is reported of Mr. Stanhope's obstinacy, I demur, till satisfied how far the kindness to him, as a manager, influences the report.
We have received an answer from his grace the duke of Ormond to our letter. It is in a very authentick and solemn form, "that his grace will take a proper time to lay our request before her majesty, and know her pleasure on it." By which I conclude two things; first, that his grace is not informed of any grant her majesty has made; for if he had, he would have applied immediately and sent it; and then it would have passed for his, and he would have had the merit of it. Secondly, that his grace is in no haste about it. And therefore let me beseech you to solicit and press it, and get the letter dated, as when first it was promised; but I confess I have still some scruple in my mind about it.
I acknowledge you have not been treated with due regard in Ireland, for which there is a plain reason, prægravat artes infra se positas, &c. I am glad you meet with more due returns where you are: and as this is the time to make some use of your interest for yourself, do not forget it.
​We have published here a character of the earl of Wharton, late lord lieutenant of Ireland. I have so much charity and justice as to condemn all such proceedings. If a governor behave himself ill, let him be complained of and punished; but to wound any man thus in the dark *******************. When this is over, they may do what they please; and sure it will please them to see the crow stripped of her rappareed feathers. We begin to be in pain for the duke of Marlborough.
I hear an answer is printing to the earl of Wharton's character. Pray was there ever such licentiousness of the press as at this time? Will the parliament not think of curbing it?
I heartily recommend you, &c.
WILL. DUBLIN.
# The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift/Volume 11/From William King to Jonathan Swift - 11

FROM THE SAME.
JAN. 13, 1710.
MY gout gives me leave yet to answer your's of the 4th instant, which was very acceptable to me; because I find by it some farther steps are made in our business. I believe it will take up some time and thoughts to frame a warrant, and much more a patent for such an affair. Except your lawyers there be of another humour than ours here, they will not write a line without their fees; and therefore I should think it necessary some fund should be thought of ​to fee them. If you think this motion pertinent, I can think of no other way at present to answer it, than, if you think it necessary, to allow you to draw upon me, and my bill to this purpose, less than a 100l. shall be punctually answered. I write thus, because I have no notion how such a thing should pass the offices without some money; and I have an entire confidence in you, that you will lay out no more than what is necessary.
I think your ministers perfectly right to avoid all inquiry, and every thing that would embroil them. To appeal to the mob, that can neither inquire nor judge, is a proceeding, that I think the common sense of mankind should condemn. Perhaps he may deserve this usage; but a good man may fall under the same.
We expect a new parliament, and many changes; but I believe some we hear of will not be.
Your observation of the two sentences is just. You will pardon this disjointed letter. I believe my respects are better than the expressions here. I am, &c.
W. DUBLIN.
# The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift/Volume 11/From William King to Jonathan Swift - 12

FROM ARCHBISHOP KING.
IRETURN you my thanks for your's of the 8th instant. I do not wonder, that you were in some confusion when you wrote it; for I assure you I read it with great horrour, which such a fact is apt to create in every body, that is not hardened in wickedness. I received several other letters with narratives of the same, and saw some, that came to other hands; but none so particular, or that could be so well depended upon. I observe, that, among them all, there is no account of the matters laid to Guiscard's charge, of his design, or how he came to be discovered. I suppose those are yet secrets, as it is fit they should be. I do remember something of this Guiscard, and that he was to head an invasion; ​and that he published a very foolish narrative; but neither remember exactly the time, or under what ministry it was, or who were his patrons. It seems convenient, that these should be known; because it is reported, that Mr. Harley and Mr. St. John were those, who chiefly countenanced him, and he their peculiar favourite. One would think this should convince the world, that Mr. Harley is not in the French interest, but it has not yet had that effect with all: nay, some whisper the case of Fenius Rufus, and Scevinus in the 15th book of Tacitus, accensis indicibus ad prodendum Fenium Rufum, quem eundem conscium et inquisitorem non tolerabant. Mr. St. John is condemned for wounding Guiscard; and had he killed him, there would not have wanted some to suggest, that it was done on purpose, lest he should tell tales.
We had a strange piece of news by last packet, that the address to her majesty met with but a cold reception from one party in the house of commons; and that all the lords, spiritual and temporal of that party, went out when it passed in the lords house. But I make it a rule, never to believe party news, except I have it immediately from a sure hand.
I was in hopes to have heard something of our first-fruits and twentieth parts; but I doubt that matter sleeps, and that it will be hard to awaken it.
You will expect no news from home. We eat and drink as we used to do. The parties are ​tolerably silent, but those for the late ministry seem to be united, keep much together, and are so wise as not to make much noise: nor have I heard any thing of their sentiments of late, only what has happened on this accident. I heartily recommend you to God's care. I am, &c.
WILL. DUBLIN.
# The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift/Volume 11/From William King to Jonathan Swift - 18

FROM THE SAME.
I GOT a little retirement here, and made use of it, to write you by the present packet. I promised to say something as to your own affairs; and the first thing is not to neglect yourself on this occasion, but ​to make use of the favour and interest you have at present, to procure you some preferment that may be called a settlement. Years come on, and after a certain age, if a man be not in a station that may be a step to a better, he seldom goes higher. It is with men as with beauties, if they pass the flower, they grow stale, and lie for ever neglected. I know you are not ambitious; but it is prudence, not ambition, to get into a station, that may make a man easy, and prevent contempt when he grows in years. You certainly may now have an opportunity to provide for yourself, and I entreat you not to neglect it.
The second thing that I would desire you to consider is, that God has given you parts and learning, and a happy turn of mind; and that you are answerable for those talents to God: and therefore I advise you, and believe it to be your duty, to set yourself to some serious and useful subject in your profession, and to manage it so, that it may be of use to the world. I am persuaded, that if you will apply yourself this way, you are well able to do it; and that your knowledge of the world, and reading, will enable you to furnish such a piece, with such uncommon remarks, as will render it both profitable and agreeable, above most things that pass the press. Say not, that most subjects in divinity are exhausted; for if you will look into Dr. Wilkins's Heads of Matters, which you will find in his Gift of Preaching, you will be surprised to find so many necessary and useful heads, that no authors have meddled with. There are some common themes, that have employed multitudes of authors; but the most curious and difficult are in a manner untouched, and a good genius will not fail to produce something new and surprising on ​the most trite, much more on those that others have avoided, merely because they were above their parts.
Assure yourself, that your interest, as well as duty, requires this from you; and you will find, that it will answer some objections against you, if you thus show the world, that you have patience and comprehension of thought, to go through with such a subject of weight and learning.
You will pardon me this freedom, which I assure you proceeds from a sincere kindness, and true value that I have for you, I will add no more, but my hearty prayers for you. I am, Dr. Swift, your's,
WILL. DUBLIN.
# The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift/Volume 18/Letter from Thomas Sheridan to Jonathan Swift - 15

FROM DR. SHERIDAN.
MR. Lucas is now in Dublin, who will pay that small bill on demand. I hope Mr. —— will not disappoint us, and then poor Mrs. —— will be relieved. I must set out soon for Dublin. At my return I will wait upon you to bring you home with me. The weather must and shall be good; and ​you must and shall be in good health; you must and shall come with me.
My walk it is finish'd, My money diminish'd; But when you come down, I'll hold you a crown You'll soon make me rich, Or I'll die in a ditch.
Pray think of things beforehand, and do not be giddy as usual. The walk is a hundred and twelve yards long: I hope that will please you. My rollingstone cost me dear. If I should ever grow rich, as God forbid I should, I would buy two hogsheads of wine at once. You must know I have bought turf for you, which burns like so many tapers. My son writes me word that Mr. Vesey's family are angry with me for inserting some lines in the Legion Club touching him. Upon my soul, I never inserted one line in it; and upon the whole, I care not whether they believe me or not. All my garden things are in top order. Are not you sick of Dublin this hot weather? How can you stew in such an oven? My sheep begin now to fatten; I hope they will please you very well. You saw the king's speech, I suppose. I am glad to find by it, that he resolves to stand by us. Our breams here are exceedingly good and fat; we dress them with carp sauce. Doctor Walmsley writes me word by last post, that they are making way to bring me to Armagh. Martin is quite outrageous mad, and his relations are now taking out a writ of lunacy; so that if my lord Orrery would only mention me to the lord primate, it would ​do. I know my lord chancellor is so well inclined toward me, that he would willingly join in the request. Consider the lands are worth four hundred a year, and the situation much more advantageous. This must be a secret, upon several accounts. So much for business, and no more. My artichokes, I do not mean my hearty jokes, are in great plenty; so are my strawberries. I hear that the czarina, Kouli Kan, and the emperor will overrun Turkey. You will not know my house when you see it next, it will be so altercated. Pray what says goody Whiteway to the world? I hear she gives herself strange airs of late in calling me nothing but Sheridan. This comes of too much familiarity. When I come next to your house, I shall make her keep her distance, especially when company is present; for she wants to be pulled down. My young turnips, carrots, beans, and pease are in fine order; you must pay half a crown a quart, if you eat any. I shall be very reasonable as to the rest of your diet.
You shall want nothing fit for mortal man To eat or drink, 'tis all that I do can, And all that's expedient, From your most obedient.
# The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift/Volume 18/Letter from Thomas Sheridan to Jonathan Swift - 18

FROM DR. SHERIDAN.
I SUSPECT that some secret villain has prevented the lord chancellor to sign my commission; and therefore I entreat the favour of you to know the meaning of it from his excellency; for I had his consent by a recommendation from my lord chief baron Marley, and Mr. justice Ward. The summer is going off fast, so are my best fowl; and you are not yet come. Will you not come for your six hundred and sixty pounds? We have no way to carry it except you come for it yourself: and do not forget to bring the deed of sale with you for the Marahills and Drumcor. I wish you could sail with them hither to save you the trouble of riding, which I would rather see than fifty pounds which I would set my hand and seal to. Mr. Jones, as I told you before, will not pay any body but yourself; so that you must inevitably come nolens volens, right or wrong, whether you can or not. Our venison is plenty: our weather too hot for its carriage. We have not had two hundred drops of rain these six weeks past.
Our river is dry, And fiery the sky; I fret and I fry Just ready to die: Oh, where shall I fly From Phœbus's eye? ​In bed, when I lie,
And I sweat, oh, I sweat, like a hog in a sty.
I know you love Alexandrines; for which reason I closed the above madrigal with one. I think it is of a very good proportion, which I hope you will set to musick; and pray let me have a base, and second treble, with what other decorations and graces, you can better design than I can direct. To let you see you can want for nothing, if you come to Cavan, I write you the following catalogue:
| Good road, | Fat venison, |
| A clean house, | Small mutton, |
| A hearty welcome, | Green pease, |
| Good ale, | Good water, |
| Good beer, | Good wine, |
| Good bread, | Young ducks, |
| Good bed, | Young lambs, |
| Young turkeys, | Grouse pouts, |
| Young beans, | Fine trouts, |
| Right bacon, | Carrots, |
| Cauliflowers, | Parsnips, Item |
| Young chickens, | |
A LONG GRAVEL WALK ——
I must trouble your reverence with a small sample of some things, to let you see that all I have said is truth.
REFERENCES.
1. Artichoke. 2. Carrot. 3. Parsnip. 4. Raspberries. ​ 5. Gooseberries. 6. Currants, red. 7. Currants, black. 8. Purslain. 9. Kidney beans. 10. Common beans. 11. Red cabbage. 12. Common cabbage. 13. Turnip. 14. Cauliflowers. 15. Cos lettuce. 16. Silesia lettuce. 17. Thyme. 18. Sweet marjoram. 19. A Cavan fly, and a thousand things beside. 20. Some of my gravel walk. 21. Nasturtium. 22. Cucumber. 23. Orange. 24. Spinage. 25. Onion. 26. Pea.
I would send you some of my canal, but the paper could not hold it.
I have nothing more to send but my best wishes, which you can only see in my face, when you come down.
Present my love 9678946846734056789897324 times to my dear Mrs. Whiteway, and all her chickens.
I am, dear sir, as I ever must be, your most obedient and very humble servant to command, Dumb Spur it us hose rage it art us.