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# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Blood, Thomas

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​Blood, Thomas, Colonel, an adventurer, was born about 1628. His father, an ironmaster, resided at Sarney in Meath, where, as well as at Glenmalure, County of Wicklow, he had been granted lands by Charles I. Blood was in England at the close of Charles' reign, but returning to Ireland, became a lieutenant in the Parliamentary army. After the Restoration, the Act of Settlement rendered him and many others of the Parliamentary officers discontented, and in 1663 he became leader of a conspiracy for surprising Dublin Castle and seizing the Duke of Ormond, then Lord-Lieutenant. The plot was discovered when on the eve of execution. His brother-in-law suffered death as an accomplice, while he escaped to Antrim, concealing his identity under different disguises. After various adventures in Ireland and on the Continent he settled in England, passing as a physician under the name of Ayliffe. He fought with the Covenanters at the Pentland Hills in November ​1666; and afterwards passed himself off for a Quaker, He now, probably at the instigation of the Duke of Buckingham, entered upon a scheme to seize and perhaps murder his old enemy, the Duke of Ormond. On the night of 6th December 1670, with five accomplices, he waylaid the Duke in the streets of London, and carried him off. Fortunately the populace were roused, and the Duke was rescued; but although £1,000 reward was offered for the apprehension of the perpetrators of the outrage. Blood's share in the transaction was not discovered until some years afterwards. His next design was to purloin the English regalia. Disguised as a clergyman, he made the acquaintance of Edwards the custodian at the Tower. When by repeated visits he had gained his confidence, he appeared one day with two associates, under the plea of wishing to see the regalia. On being admitted, they threw a cloak over the head of Edwards and gagged him. Blood carried away the crown, and his two companions the globe and sceptre: they were apprehended and brought to trial. Charles II. attended at the examination, and Blood by lying, flattery, cajolery, and threats of the vengeance of associates, so worked on the King, that he was not only pardoned but granted a pension of £500 a-year, and generally received into such favour at court that the whole affair became a public scandal. Afterwards he fell into trouble by making scandalous imputations on the character of the Duke of Buckingham: before his trial could come on, he died at his house in "Westminster, 24th August 1680, aged about 52.
* ↑ Biographie Générale. 46 vols. Paris, 1855–'66. An interleaved copy, copiously noted by the late Dr. Thomas Fisher, Assistant Librarian of Trinity College, Dublin.
* ↑ Biographical Dictionary: Rev. Hugh J. Rose. 12 vols. London, 1850.
* ↑ Ormond, Duke of. Life 1610–'88: Thomas A. Carte, M. A. 6 vols. Oxford, 1851.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Bolton, Sir Richard

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​Bolton, Sir Richard, born in Staffordshire, in Elizabeth's reign. He rose rapidly in the law, received the honor of knighthood, and having, in 1621, published an edition of Irish Statutes, and specially turned his attention to Irish legal matters, was appointed Chief-Baron of the Exchequer, and afterwards, in 1639, Lord-Chancellor of Ireland. During the reign of Charles I. the Irish Court of Chancery was in full work—726 decrees being enrolled, and the Chancellor's salary receiving an addition of £500 a-year; while the Irish Bench were directed to take upon them "together with the coif, the very same form and fashion of robes, habits, and other ornaments as are used here by our judges in England." As a friend of Strafford, Bolton was with several others impeached of high treason by the Irish House of Commons. The proceedings were eventually quashed, and it is thought that this impeachment was to prevent his attending Strafford's trial and giving evidence for him. Amid the conflict of the civil wars he continued patiently and perseveringly penning his Justice of the Peace for Ireland, and other law works. It is probable that he died in England in 1650, whither he had retired during Cromwell's government.
* ↑ Chancellors of Ireland, and Keepers of the Great Seal: J. Roderick O'Flaherty. 2 vols. London, 1870.
* ↑ Ware, Sir James, Works: Walter Harris. 2 vols. Dublin, 1764.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Blakeney, Sir Edward

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​Blakeney, Sir Edward, Lieutenant-General, G.C.B., son of W. Blakeney, Member for Athenry before the Union, was born in 1778. He entered the army when but sixteen, as cornet in a dragoon regiment, and saw much active service in Holland, Nova Scotia, the West Indies, at Copenhagen, and elsewhere. During the Peninsular War, he took part in the battle of Busaco, in the sieges of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz, and in the battles of Albuera, Vittoria, and the Pyrenees. In 1814 he was employed in the expedition against New Orleans. He acted as Commander-in-Chief in Ireland from 1832 to 1855, during which time he was a Privy-Councillor. He was appointed governor of Chelsea Hospital in 1856, and became a Field-Marshal in 1862. He died 2nd August 1868, aged about 90.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Blackburne, Francis

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​Blackburne, Francis, Lord-Chancellor of Ireland, was born at Footstown, County of Meath, 11th November 1782. He distinguished himself at Trinity College, was called to the Bar in 1805, appointed Sergeant in 1826, Attorney-General in 1830, Chief-Justice in 1846, and Chancellor in 1852. It was he who counselled the Government to put down by proclamation the Repeal monster meetings; and one of his aphorisms was, "England can never destroy the Irish Church, because, if she does, she will sever the Union." He presided at most of the political trials in 1848. He was a staunch Conservative, and never recovered the acceptance of his almost compelled resignation of office by Lord Derby in March 1867—regarding it as "a harsh and cruel return for his abnegation of self, and for the sacrifices which he had so cheerfully made." He declined a baronetcy; and died shortly afterwards, 17th September 1867, aged 84, at his residence, Rathfarnham Castle, near Dublin. He was buried at Mount-Jerome. As a lawyer, his character stood deservedly high; while in his private Life he was greatly beloved.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Blakeney, Lord William

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​Blakeney, Lord William, a distinguished general, was born at Mountblakeney, County of Limerick, in 1672. He entered the army, and although admitted ​to be an officer of great merit, his professional advancement was long retarded. In 1745, his skilful and courageous defence of Stirling Castle against Prince Charles won general applause. Appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Minorca, he bravely but unsuccessfully defended it against au overwhelming French force under Marshal Richelieu, in April 1756. He had previously in vain notified the British Ministry of the defenceless state of the island. It was for ill-success in relieving Blakeney that Admiral Byng was shot next year. On his return to England, he was ennobled by George II. for his heroic conduct of the defence. He died in 1761, aged about 89.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/South Holland

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​SOUTH HOLLAND, a province of Holland, bounded W. by the North Sea, N. by North Holland, E. by Utrecht and Gclderland, S.E. by North Brabant, and S. by Zeeland. It has an area of 1166 sq. m., and a population (1905) of 1,287,363. Its south-eastern and southern boundaries are defined by the estuaries called the New Merwede, the Hollandsch Diep, the Volkerak, the Krammer, and Grevelingen, and the province includes the delta islands of Goeree (Goedereede) and Overflakkee, Voorne and Putten, Rozenburg, Yselmonde, Hoeksche Waard, and Dordrecht. The natural division into dunes, geest grounds, and clay and low fen holds for South as well as for North Holland. Noordwyk-on-Sea, Katwyk-on-sea, Scheveningen, and Ter Heide are watering-places and fishing villages. The Hook (Hoek) of Holland harbour, built at the mouth of the New Waterway (1866-1872) from Rotterdam, is the chief approach to Central Europe from Harwich on the east coast of England. At the foot of the dunes are the old towns and villages of Sassenheim, close to which are slight remains of the ancient castle of Teilingen (12th century), in which the countess Jacoba of Bavaria died in 1433. Among other places of interest are Rynsburg, the site of a convent for nobles founded in 1133 and destroyed in the time of Spanish rule; Voorschoten; Wassenaar, all of which were formerly minor lordships; Loosduinen, probably the Lugdunum of the Romans, and the seat of a Cistercian abbey destroyed in 1579; Naaldwyk, an ancient lordship; and 's Gravenza.nde, which possessed a palace of the counts of Holland in the 12th century, when it was a harbour on the Maas. The Hague, situated in the middle of this line of ancient villages, is the capital of the province. The market-gardening of the region called the Westland, between the Hague and the Hook of Holland, is remarkable, and large quantities of vegetables are exported to England. On the clay and low fen cattle-rearing and the making of the Gouda cheeses are the principal occupations. Flourishing centres of industry are found along the numerous river arms, including Maasluis, Vlaardingen, Schiedam, Rotterdam, Gorinchem, and Dordrecht. Here also are some of the oldest settlements, such as Vianen on the Lek, Leerdam on the Linge, and Woudrichem or Woerkum at the junction of the Maas and Merwede. Woudrichem guards the entrance to the Merwede in conjunction with Fort Loevestein on the opposite shore. Vianen is supposed to be the Fanum Dianae of Ptolemy, and was the seat of an independent lordship which passed to the family of Brederode in 1418, and later to the princes of Lippe-Detmold, from whom it was bought by the states in 1725. There is a fine tomb of Reinoud van Brederode (d. 1556) and his wife in the Reformed Church. The lordship of Leerdam arose out of a division of the lordship of van Arkel and descended to the house of Egmond. It was raised to a countship in 1492, and passed by marriage to the family of Orange-Nassau. The Reformed Church contains the tomb of John, last lord of van Arkel.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/South Molton

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​SOUTH MOLTON, a market town and municipal borough in the South Molton parliamentary division of Devonshire, England, on the river Mole, 197 m. W. by S. of London, by the Great Western railway. Pop. (1901), 2848. Besides the parish church ​of St Mary Magdalene, a fine and massive Perpendicular building with an ancient pulpit of carved stone, there are a guildhall and market house. Linen goods are manufactured; fairs are held twice yearly, and numerous flour mills are worked by the river. The town is governed by a mayor, 4 aldermen, and 12 councillors. Area, 5910 acres.
South Molton (Sud Moutona) was probably the site of a very early settlement, the remains of a British camp being visible 2 m. south of the town, but its authentic history begins with the Domesday survey, which relates that the manor had been royal demesne of Edward the Confessor and now paid Â£10 a year to the Conqueror. In the 13th century it was held by Nicholas Fitz Martin of the earl of Gloucester for the service of finding a bow with three arrows to attend the earl when he should hunt in Gower. In 1246 Nicholas obtained a grant of a Saturday market and a fair at the feast of the Assumption (both maintained up to the present day), and in 1275 South Molton appears for the first time as a mesne borough under his overlordship. The borough subsequently passed to the Audleys, the Hollands, and in 1487 was granted for life to Margaret, duchess of Richmond, who in 1490 obtained a grant of a fair (which is still held) at the nativity of St John the Baptist. It returned two members to parliament in 1302, but no charter of incorporation was issued until that of Elizabeth in 1590, instituting a common council of a mayor and eighteen burgesses, three of whom were to be elected capital burgesses, with a recorder, steward of the borough court, two sergeants-at-mace, and a court of record every three weeks on Monday. A fresh charter was issued by Charles II. in 1684. This remained in force until the Municipal Corporations Act of 1833. The town formerly had a considerable manufacture of serges and shalloons, or light woollen linings, so called from Chalons-sur-Marne, France.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/South Norwalk

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​SOUTH NORWALK, a city of Fairfield county, Connecticut, U.S.A., at the mouth of the Norwalk river, on Long Island Sound, in the township of Norwalk, and 42 m. by rail N.E. of New York. Pop. (1900) 6591, including 1528 foreign-born (many Hungarians) and 83 negroes; (1910) 8968. It is served by the main line and the Danbury division (of which it is a terminus) of the New York, New Haven & Hartford railway, by inter-urban electric lines, and by steamboats to New York. The business and manufacturing section is close to the river and only a few feet above it; behind this, along a ridge, is the residential district; along the Sound are summer cottages and pleasure resorts. West Avenue is a finely shaded drive. The city has a public library and a soldiers' monument. South Norwalk is chiefly a manufacturing and commercial city. It has a good harbour (in which there are three lighthouses), considerable coastwise trade, and important oyster fisheries. South Norwalk, long an unincorporated village called Old Well, was chartered as a city under its present name in 1870, and its charter was revised and amended in 1882, 1897 and 1909.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/South Georgia

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​SOUTH GEORGIA, an uninhabited British island in the South Atlantic Ocean, about 900 m. S. by E. of the Falklands, in 54°-55° S., 36°-38° W.; area 1600 sq. m. It is mountainous, with snowy peaks 6000 to 8000 ft. high, their slopes furrowed with deep gorges filled with glaciers. Its geological constitution—gneiss and argillaceous schists, with no trace of fossils—shows that the island is, like the Falklands, a surviving fragment of some greater land-mass now vanished, most probably indicating a former extension of the Andean system. At Royal Bay, on the south-east side, was stationed the German expedition sent out to observe the transit of Venus in 1882. The island would be well suited for cattle or sheep farming but for its damp, foggy climate. The flora is surprisingly rich, and the German naturalists were able to collect thirteen flowering plants, mostly common also to the Falklands, but one allied to a form found in distant New Zealand. South Georgia is politically attached to the Falklands.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/South Omaha

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​SOUTH OMAHA, a city of Douglas county, Nebraska, U.S.A., on the high western bluffs of the Missouri, immediately adjoining Omaha on the south. Pop. (1900), 26,001, of whom 5607 were foreign-born; (1910, census) 26,259. It is served by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the Chicago Great Western, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Illinois Central, the Missouri Pacific, the Union Pacific, the Chicago & North Western, and the short Omaha Bridge Terminal railways. The principal public buildings are the Federal building (housing the post office and the bureau of animal industry), the public library and the live-stock exchange. Next to Chicago and Kansas City it is the greatest slaughtering and meat-packing centre in the United States. In 1905 it produced 43.5% ($67,415,177) of the total value of the factory product of the state, and of this output 97.2% represented the slaughtering and packing industry. South Omaha was chartered as a city of the second class in 1887, and in 1901 became a city of the first class. The present city dates from 1884, when the Union stockyards were established here.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/South Melbourne

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​SOUTH MELBOURNE, a city of Bourke county, Victoria, Australia, separated from Melbourne in 1855, proclaimed a city in 1883, and formerly known as Emerald Hill. Pop. (1901), 40,637. It returns three members [to parliament and contains the residence of the governor of the colony. The wharves on the river Yarra and its numerous manufactures contribute to the wealth and importance of the city.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/South Hadley

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​SOUTH HADLEY, a township of Hampshire county, Massachusetts, U.S.A., on the Connecticut river, about 12 m. N. of Springfield. Pop. (1900), 4526, of whom 1119 were foreign-born; (1910 census), 4894. Area, 18-5 sq. m. There are no steam railways, but an electric line connects South Hadley and South Hadley Falls with the New York, New Haven & Hartford and the Boston & Maine railways at Holyoke. The village of South Hadley, or the Center, lies at the south base of Mount Holyoke, about 4 m. from Holyoke and about 3 m. from South Hadley Falls; it is the seat of Mount Holyoke College. South Hadley Falls are connected with Holyoke by a bridge across the Connecticut river. The falls of the river afford water-power for paper mills, cotton and woollen mills, and saw mills. South Hadley was originally a part of the township of Hadley, but in 1753 the district of South Hadley was established, and in 1775 incorporated as a separate township.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/South Orange

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​SOUTH ORANGE, a township and a village of Essex county, New Jersey, U.S.A., in the N.E. of the state, about 15 m. W. of New York City. Pop. of the village (1900), 4608, of whom 1140 were foreign-born; (1905) 4932; (1910) 6014. Pop. of the township, excluding the village (1900) 1630; (1905) 1946; (1910) 2979. The village is served by the Morris & Essex division of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western railroad, and is connected with Orange and with Newark by electric lines. It is primarily a residential suburb of New York and Newark. On tue Orange mountain is Essex county park, a wild tract with forest roads. The western part of the township is locally known as Maplewood, the eastern as Hilton. South Orange has a public library and a town hall, and is the seat of Seton Hall College (Roman Catholic), named in honour of Mother Elizabeth Seton, founded at Madison, N.J., in 1856, and removed to South Orange in i860. Among the landmarks of South Orange are an old stone house of unknown date, but mentioned in legal documents describing the surrounding property as early as 1680; the Baldwin House (c. 1717); and the Timothy Ball House (1743). Settlements were made within the present limits of the township in the latter part of the 17 th century by some of the founders of Newark. The township was created in 1861 from parts of the town of Orange and the township of Clinton. The citizens secured in 1869 a village charter providing a village president and a board of trustees; in 1904 the village was entirely ​separated from the township, except as regards school government. In 1891 a tract of 150 acres, known as Montrose Park and containing many handsome residences, was annexed to the village.
See H. Whittemore, The Founders and Builders of the Oranges, (Newark, 1896).
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Kao

​165 Chao Kao 趙高. Died B.C. 207. A famous eunuch in the service of the First Emperor, on whose death in B.C. 210 he conspired with Li Ssŭ and produced a spurious Decree, giving the throne to the late monarch's second son, Hu Hai, instead of to the eldest, Fu Su, who was then undergoing a sentence of banishment. Having succeeded in his plot, he gradually began to usurp all power, and even entered into treacherous communications with Liu Pang regarding the ultimate partition of the empire. The march of the latter upon the capital somewhat precipitated matters. Chao Kao feared lest his treachery should be discovered, and at length put his puppet sovereign to death, declaring that he was unfit to reign. He then set up Tzŭ Ying, son of Fu Su, as King (no longer Emperor) of Ch'in, meaning that he too should be removed when necessary for his own plans. Tzŭ Ying, however, got wind of his designs, and caused him to be assassinated as he was entering the palace. Tradition says that on one occasion, in order to discover which of the officials at the Court of Hu Hai, the Second Emperor, would be likely to defy him, he presented the Emperor with a stag, saying that it was a horse. His Majesty, bewildered by the absurdity of the statement, appealed to his surrounding courtiers. Those who were bold enough to say that it ​was a stag were marked down by Chao Kao for destruction.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Kou

​166 Chao Kou 趙構. A.D. 1107-1187. Ninth son of Chao Chi, and first Emperor of the Southern Sung dynasty, reigning from 1127 to 1162. When the Chin$^a$ Tartars carried his brother, the Emperor Ch'in Tsung (see Chao Chi) and nearly all the Imperial family into captivity, he was placed on the throne at Nanking by the degraded wife of Chê Tsung (who alone had been left behind) at the request of the Chin$^a$ puppet Chang Pang-ch'ang. Aided by Tsung Tsê, Li Kang, and other patriots, he re-established the Sungs, though with a much lessened territory; but he would not prosecute the war against Chin$^a$ with ardour, and preferred peace and the comfort of Hangchow, whither he removed his capital permanently in 1138. At the beginning of his reign he was entirely in the hands of his favourites 黃濳善 Huang Ch'ien-shan and 王伯彥 Wang Po-yen; and from 1141 until his death in 1155 Ch'in Kuei wielded supreme power. Li Kang and Chao Ting strove in vain to rouse their master to shame for his lost territory; and Chang Chün, Han Shih-chung, 劉錡 Liu I, and Yo Fei, whose prowess prevented farther curtailment of his dominions, were alternately honoured and disgraced by the vacillating monarch. Driven in 1129 from Yang-chou, where he narrowly escaped capture by Chin$^a$ raiders, of whose advance his favourites had kept him ignorant, the Emperor was forced by two discontented leaders of his body-guard to abdicate in favour of his son. Chang Chün and 呂頤浩 Lü I-hao, however, succeeded in replacing him on the throne. In the same year Nanking and Hangchow fell before the northern invaders, and the Emperor had to seek refuge on shipboard. Yo Fei stemmed the tide of conquest, and Han Shih-chung, despite ultimate defeat, made the recrossing of the Yang-tzse so hard a task that the Chins$^a$ never penetrated south of it again. The war continued with varying ​success, and extreme hardship to the worn-out people of China. It was complicated by the ambitious hostility of the rival Emperor Liu Yü (q.v.), and by rebellions in Hu-Kuang, Kiangsi, and Fuhkien. The patriots wasted their energies in unworthy rivalries, by which Ch'in Kuei profited to drive all opponents of his peace policy from Court; and in 1141 he induced the Emperor to agree to derogatory terms of peace, which included cession of territory in Shensi and all north of the Huai river, acknowledgment of vassalage, and a yearly tribute. The death of Ch'in Kuei was followed by an immediate change of policy, and by a fresh Chin$^a$ irruption in 1162. The northern throne, however, was seized by a usurper, who was as anxious for peace as was the Chinese Emperor. On its ratification, Chao Kou abdicated in favour of his adopted son, Chao Shên. Canonised as 高宗皇帝.