OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Colonization Society, The National, of America

Edition of 1905. See also American Colonization Society on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
COLONIZATION SOCIETY, The National, of America. An association organized in 1816, by Robert Finley (q.v.), “to promote a plan for colonizing (with their consent) the free people of color residing in our country, in Africa, or such other place as Congress may deem most expedient.” Branches were established throughout the country and an active propaganda was conducted in almost every State, the official agents of the society speaking frequently in public and soliciting the coöperation of the various State legislatures. The first colonists were sent out to Sherbro Island, Africa, in 1820; and two years later Liberia was founded. Bushrod Washington, Charles Carroll, James Madison, Henry Clay, and J. H. B. Latrobe served successively as presidents of the society, while such men as Bishop Hopkins, Rufus King, Dr. Channing, Benjamin Lundy, Gerrit Smith, and James G. Birney were at one time zealous members. After about 1831, however, when the movement for abolition may be said to have first attracted general attention, the inadequacy and impracticability of the society's aims became increasingly apparent, and many of its more influential members withdrew their support. Its persistent refusal to interfere in any way with slavery, moreover, and its apparent encouragement of the racial prejudices of the whites against the blacks alienated many others who, though strongly opposing the radicalism of Garrison, believed in a policy of gradual abolition, and had faith in the negro's capacity for improvement. The general idea of colonization seems to have originated with the Rev. Samuel Hopkins, of Newport, in 1770. Consult: Wilson, History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, vol. i. (Boston, 1875); and Alexander, A History of Colonization on the Western Coast of Africa (Philadelphia, 1846).
The shortcomings of the society's aims, judged from an abolitionist standpoint, are admirably set forth in Garrison, Thoughts on Colonization (Boston, 1832); Birney, Letter on Colonization (New York, 1834); and Jay, An Inquiry into the Character and Tendency of the American Colonization and Anti-Slavery Societies (New York, 1834).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Colby, Frank Moore

Edition of 1905. See also Frank Moore Colby on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
COLBY, Frank Moore (1865—). An American editor and writer, born in Washington, D. C. He studied at the Columbian University in that city, and afterwards at Columbia University, New York, where he graduated in 1888 and received his master's degree in 1889. He was acting professor of history at Amherst College from 1890 to 1891, lecturer on history at Columbia and instructor in history and economics at Barnard College from 1891 to 1895, and professor of economics at New York University from 1895 to 1900. From 1893 to 1895 he was a member of the editorial staff of Johnson's Cyclopædia, in the department of history and political science. In 1898 he became editor of the International Year-Book and one of the editors of the International Cyclopædia, and two years later one of the editors of the New International Encyclopædia. His other literary work has included editorial writing for the Commercial Advertiser (New York), critical articles for the Bookman and other magazines, and Outlines of General History (New York, 1900).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Colorado, University of

Edition of 1905. See also University of Colorado Boulder on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLORADO, University of. An institution of higher learning, situated at Boulder, Colo. It was incorporated by the Territorial Legislature in 1861, and in 1876 the Constitution of Colorado provided for its erection as a State university. At the formal opening of the institution, in 1877, it consisted of the college and a preparatory department. The Medical School was organized in 1883, the Law School in 1892, and the School of Applied Sciences in 1893. In 1902 the University of Colorado comprised the following colleges and departments: (1) The College of Liberal Arts, offering courses leading to the degrees of B.A., Ph.B., and B.S.; (2) the Graduate Department, conferring the degrees of M.A., M.S., and Ph.D.; (3) the Colorado School of Applied Science, conferring the degree of B.S. in civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering; (4) the School of Medicine, conferring the degree of M.D.; and (5) the School of Law, conferring the degree of LL.B. Women are admitted to the university on equal terms with men. The university library contains 25,000 volumes, besides pamphlets. The total registration in 1901-02 was 510, excluding the preparatory department. The university is maintained by a direct State tax, and its government is vested in a State board of regents.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Colorado (tribes)

Edition of 1905. See also Barbacoan languages on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLORADO, Sp. pron. kō′lṓ-rä′Do. A name given by the Spaniards to various unrelated tribes in different parts of Spanish America, including Texas, owing to their custom of painting the body with red pigment. Of the tribes thus known, one of the most noted was that of the Sacchas, ‘men,’ as they call themselves, of whom a few still survive in the upper valleys of the Daule and Chones rivers, in northwestern Ecuador. They go naked, and are naturally light-skinned, almost blond, but paint their whole bodies with a red paint. They belong to the Barbacoan stock.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Colgate, James Boorman

Edition of 1905. See also James Boorman Colgate on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
COLGATE, James Boorman (1818—). An American financier. He was born in New York City, and received his first commercial training in the house of Boorman, Johnston & Co. He later established the banking house of Trevor & Colgate, afterwards known as J. B. Colgate & Co. His extensive loans to the Government and sound financial policy during the financial crisis of 1873 contributed materially to the reestablishment of confidence both in the United States and in the markets of Europe. He was one of the founders of the New York Gold Exchange, and was for several years its president. As trustee and president of Colgate (formerly Madison) University, he for thirty years made almost annual donations to that institution, the development of which is due chiefly to his constant care and valuable advice.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Colorado (Texas)

Edition of 1905. See also Colorado City, Texas on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLORADO. A town and the county-seat of Mitchell County, Tex., 245 miles west by south of Dallas, on the Colorado River and on the Texas and Pacific Railroad (Map: Texas, D 3). It is the commercial centre of an agricultural and stock-raising region, with a considerable trade in cattle and hides, and has also extensive salt-works. Population, about 2000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Labor Day

Edition of 1905. See also Labor Day on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ LABOR DAY. A day set apart as a legal holiday in nearly all of the States and Territories of the United States. In 1882 the Knights of Labor held their general assembly in New York City during the month of September, which on the 5th reviewed a great parade organized by the Central Labor Union of that city. The next year a parade was held on the first Monday in September, and in 1884, on the resolution of George R. Lloyd, one of the Knights of Labor, it was decided that all future parades should be held on that day, and that the day should be known as Labor Day. Workingmen's organizations all over the country then began an agitation to induce the State legislatures to declare the day a legal holiday, and on March 15, 1887, Colorado led the way, to be quickly followed by New Jersey, New York, and Massachusetts. The great majority of the States have selected the first Monday in September as Labor Day. In 1903 the only States in which Labor Day was not a legal holiday were Mississippi, Nevada, North Dakota, and Louisiana.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Labor Exchanges

Edition of 1905. See also Robert Owen and Public employment service on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ LABOR EXCHANGES. (1) A class of institutions founded by the followers of Robert Owen (1832-35), which were designed to bring about the exchange of the products of labor without the intervention of money. Stores were founded which were to buy and sell commodities for 'labor notes,' the amount of time spent in producing a commodity being the basis on which it was valued. No difference was made for different kinds of labor. The plan was soon found to be impracticable. (2) The term is frequently used to designate an ideal employment bureau under public management, which should obviate the common evil that at one and the same time a need for labor exists in some occupations or localities, while many men are unemployed. It is generally recognized that labor, owing to the ignorance and inertia of the laboring classes, does not readily respond to the competitive laws which tend to place productive forces where they are most efficient. The better distribution of labor, it is held, ought to be one of the cares of the State, since under present conditions society loses much productive energy, while bearing an unnecessarily large burden of pauperism and crime.
So-called labor exchanges (bourses de travail) exist in numerous European cities, as well as in some of the American States and in Australasia; but they are not equipped with machinery sufficiently efficient to grapple with the larger problems of the distribution of labor. See Employment Bureaus.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Labor Union, The American

Edition of 1905. See also American Labor Union on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ LABOR UNION, The American. A socialistic labor organization, whose membership is largely confined to the States of Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Washington, and Wyoming. It was organized in May, 1898, as the Western Labor Union, but widened its scope at the Denver Convention of 1902, when the present name was adopted. In composition it is a federation of trade unions, but it has pronounced the familiar methods of the old trade unions unsatisfactory, and formally declared itself in favor of political action and international socialism. The officers consist of a president, vice-president, secretary-treasurer, and an executive board of nine members, including the president and vice-president. The officers are elected biennially by a referendum vote of the general membership. The government is more centralized than the ordinary federation of trade unions; the executive board, ​for instance, may depose any general officer, and affiliated organizations are not permitted to strike without the approval of the executive board. In 1902 there were affiliated with the American Labor Union 173 local unions, five district unions, one State federation, and two international organizations, with an estimated membership of 150,000. Probably the most important organization affiliated with the American Labor Union is the Western Federation of Miners. The official organ is the American Labor Union Journal, published weekly at the headquarters in Butte, Mont. See Labor Organizations.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Labor and Commerce, Department of

Edition of 1905. See also United States Department of Commerce and Labor on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ ​ LABOR AND COMMERCE, Department of. One of the nine executive departments of the United States Government, created by act of Congress of February 11, 1903, and presided over by a Secretary, who is a member of the Cabinet and one of the officers in line of succession to the Presidency. His salary and tenure are the same as those of the other members of the Cabinet. The act of Congress creating the new department charges it with the duty of fostering, promoting, and developing the foreign and domestic commerce of the United States, mining, manufacturing, and fishery industries, the interests of labor, improvement of transportation facilities, and the supervision of the business of insurance. The organization of the department consists of a Bureau of Corporations, a Bureau of Manufactures, the Bureau of Labor, the Lighthouse Board, the lighthouse establishment, the steamboat-inspection service, the Bureau of Navigation, the Bureau of Standards, the Coast and Geodetic Survey, the immigration service, including the enforcement of the Chinese exclusion acts, the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department, the Shipping Commissioner, the Bureau of Foreign Commerce (formerly in the Department of State), the Census Bureau, and the Fish Commission, including control of the fur-seal, salmon, and other fisheries of Alaska. An entirely new feature is the Bureau of Corporations, to which is given partial jurisdiction of the control of trusts and trade combinations. At the head of this bureau is a Commissioner of Corporations, with a salary of $5000. He is charged with making 'diligent investigation' into the organization, conduct, and management of the business of any corporation or joint-stock company engaged in commerce among the several States and with foreign nations, excepting common carriers, who are subject to the Interstate Commerce Act. He is furthermore required to collect information and data relative to foreign and interstate commerce, and to report the same to the President. To him is given the same power with respect to corporations and joint-stock companies as is conferred upon the Interstate Commerce Commission in respect to common carriers, including the right to subpœna and compel the attendance and testimony of witnesses.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Laborde, Alexandre Louis Joseph, Count de

Edition of 1905. See also Alexandre de Laborde on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ LABORDE, lȧ′bôrd′, Alexandre Louis Joseph, Count de (1774-1842). A French scholar and politician, born in Paris. At the outbreak of the French Revolution he joined the Austrian army, and until 1797 fought against the Republic. He returned to France after the Peace of Campo Formio, and went to Spain in 1800 as military attaché to Lucien Bonaparte. His Voyage pittoresque et historique en Espagne (1807-18) and Itinéraire descriptif de l'Espagne (1807-27) show his close study of the country and its people. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1822, where he consistently supported the liberal side. During the Revolution of 1830 his vigorous protests against the ordinances of Charles X. won for him the regard of Louis Philippe, who subsequently made him his aide, and sub-prefect of the Seine. His other works include: Les monuments de la France classés chronologiquement (1816-26); Voyage pittoresque en Autriche (1821-23); and Description
# The Modern Review/Volume 26/Number 3

September, 1919
# The Modern Review/Volume 25/Number 2

February, 1919
# The Modern Review/Volume 25/Number 4

April, 1919
# The Modern Review/Volume 25/Number 3

March, 1919
# The Modern Review/Volume 25/Number 5

May, 1919
# The Modern Review/Volume 25/Number 6

June, 1919
# The Modern Review/Volume 26

July to December, 1919
* Number 1 (July)
* Number 2 (August)
* Number 3 (September)
* Number 4 (October)
* Number 5 (November)
* Number 6 (December)
# The Modern Review/Volume 26/Number 2

August, 1919
# The Novels and Letters of Jane Austen

Layout 4

## Volume Eleven

* Lady Susan
* The Watsons
* Letters of Jane Austen, Part I

## Volume Twelve

* Letters of Jane Austen, Part II
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Novels and Letters of Jane Austen/Volume 11/Lady Susan/Chapter 11

Layout 2
XI
Mrs. Vernon to Lady De Courcy
Churchhill.
I really grow quite uneasy, my dearest mother, about Reginald, from witnessing the very rapid increase of Lady Susan's influence. They are now on terms of the most particular friendship, frequently engaged in long conversations together; and she has contrived by the most artful coquetry to subdue his judgment to her own purposes. It is impossible to see the in- ​timacy between them so very soon established without some alarm, though I can hardly suppose that Lady Susan's plans extend to marriage. I wish you could get Reginald home again on any plausible pretence; he is not at all disposed to leave us, and I have given him as many hints of my father's precarious state of health as common decency will allow me to do in my own house. Her power over him must now be boundless, as she has entirely effaced all his former ill-opinion, and persuaded him not merely to forget but to justify her conduct. Mr. Smith's account of her proceedings at Langford, where he accused her of having made Mr. Mainwaring and a young man engaged to Miss Mainwaring distractedly in love with her, which Reginald firmly believed when he came here, is now, he is persuaded, only a scandalous invention. He has told me so with a warmth of manner which spoke his regret at having believed the contrary himself. How sincerely do I grieve that she ever entered this house! I always looked forward to her coming with uneasiness; but very far was it from originating in anxiety for Reginald. I expected a most disagreeable companion for myself, but could not imagine that my brother would be in the smallest danger of being captivated by a woman with whose principles he was so well acquainted, and whose ​character he so heartily despised. If you can get him away, it will be a good thing.
Yours, etc.,
Catherine Vernon.
# The Notting Hill Mystery

First published as a serial, with no author credit, in Once a Week from 29 November 1862 to 17 January 1863. First published as a book in 1865, under the pseudonym Charles Felix. This edition as in Once a Week.
* Section I
* Section II
* Section III
* Section IV
* Section V
* Section VI
* Section VII
* Section VIII
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Novels and Letters of Jane Austen/Volume 11/Lady Susan/Chapter 1

Layout 2
Lady Susan
I
Lady Susan Vernon to Mr. Vernon
Langford, Dec.
My dear brother,—I can no longer refuse myself the pleasure of profiting by your kind invitation when we last parted of spending some weeks with with you at Churchhill, and therefore, if quite convenient to you and Mrs. Vernon to receive me at present, I shall hope within a few days to be introduced to a sister whom I have so long desired to be acquainted with. My kind friends here are most affectionately urgent with me to prolong my stay, but their hospitable and cheerful dispositions lead them too much into society for my present situation and state of mind; and I impatiently look forward to the hour when I shall be admitted into your delightful retirement.
I long to be made known to your dear little children, in whose hearts I shall be very eager to secure an interest. I shall soon have need for ​all my fortitude, as I am on the point of separation from my own daughter. The long illness of her dear father prevented my paying her that attention which duty and affection equally dictated, and I have too much reason to fear that the governess to whose care I consigned her was unequal to the charge. I have therefore resolved on placing her at one of the best private schools in town, where I shall have an opportunity of leaving her myself in my way to you. I am determined, you see, not to be denied admittance at Churchhill. It would indeed give me most painful sensations to know that it were not in your power to receive me.
Your most obliged and affectionate sister,
S. Vernon.
# The Novels and Letters of Jane Austen/Volume 11/Lady Susan

Layout 2
LADY SUSAN
* Chapter I
* Chapter II
* Chapter III
* Chapter IV
* Chapter V
* Chapter VI
* Chapter VII
* Chapter VIII
* Chapter IX
* Chapter X
* Chapter XI
* Chapter XII
* Chapter XIII
* Chapter XIV
* Chapter XV
* Chapter XVI
* Chapter XVII
* Chapter XVIII
* Chapter XIX
* Chapter XX
* Chapter XXI
* Chapter XXII
* Chapter XXIII
* Chapter XXIV
* Chapter XXV
* Chapter XXVI
* Chapter XXVII
* Chapter XXVIII
* Chapter XXIX
* Chapter XXX
* Chapter XXXI
* Chapter XXXII
* Chapter XXXIII
* Chapter XXXIV
* Chapter XXXV
* Chapter XXXVI
* Chapter XXXVII
* Chapter XXXVIII
* Chapter XXXIX
* Chapter XL
* Chapter XLI
* Conclusion
# The New International Encyclopædia/Eubulus (poet)

Edition of 1905. See also Eubulus (poet) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
EUBULUS. A Greek poet of the Middle Comedy, who flourished about B.C. 375. He is said to have written 104 plays, mainly on mythological subjects, and in simple, elegant language. Some of his works parodied the early tragedies, particularly those of Euripides. Fifty titles and the extant fragments of his plays are collected in Meineke, Fragmenta Comicorum Græcorum (Berlin, 1839–57), and in Kock, Comicorum Atticorum Fragmenta (Leipzig, 1884).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Eulenspiegel, Till

Edition of 1905. See also Till Eulenspiegel on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
EULENSPIEGEL, oilen-shpē'gel, Till or Tyll (Ger., owlglass). A German of clownish wit, whose gross jests made his life the gathering point of popular tales of mischief. A Low Saxon account
of his pranks was written in 1483 and printed in 1519 in a High German version, probably by Thomas Murner (q.v.). It has often been edited, best by Lappenberg (1854). It was soon rendered into Czech, Polish, Italian, Danish, French, Latin, and into English under the title Howle-Glass. It has been adapted for modern German readers by Simrock (1878). Its universal popularity is a striking witness to the general debased taste that prevailed at this period. It was afterwards adapted by both Reformers and Catholics to their purposes. Fischart (q.v.) issued a metrical version in 1571. Modern imitations are: Böttger, Till Eulenspiegel: Modernes Heldengedicht (1850); and Wolff, Till Eulenspiegel Redivivus (1875). A modern English edition, elaborately illustrated, appeared in 1860, and a translation by Mackenzie in 1890. Consult Roscoe, German Novelists (London, 1880).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Esther, Apocryphal Book of

Edition of 1905. See also Book of Esther on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ESTHER, Apocryphal Book of. In the Greek translations of the Hebrew book of Esther there are large interpolations, intended to supplement and amplify the story, which became a favorite one with the Jews. The late Greek origin of these additions is indicated by such a detail as the representation of Haman as a Macedonian who attempted to transfer the sovereignty from the Persians to the Macedonians. These additions, which are the work of Hellenistic writers, were all put by Jerome, in his Latin translation of the Bible, at the end of the book, together with notes to show where other additions to the Hebrew occur in the Septuagint. In English versions, these additions are embodied in the Apocrypha under the title “The Rest of the Chapters of the Book of Esther.” The additions embody such subjects as Mordecai's pedigree, his detection of the conspiracy against Ahasuerus, prayers of Mordecai, full terms of royal decrees, and a fuller account of Esther's interview with the King. In the Aramaic paraphrases of Esther, of which there are two (known as the first and second Targums to Esther), there are similar embellishments, independent of the Greek additions. Such liberties taken with the book, while illustrating its popularity, despite (or perhaps because of) its peculiar origin, also indicate that it was not regarded as sacred in the same sense as the Pentateuch, the historical books proper, and the Prophets.