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# The Dictatorship of the Proletariat (Kautsky)

THE DICTATORSHIP OF THE PROLETARIAT
BY KARL KAUTSKY
TRANSLATED BY H. J. STENNING
THE NATIONAL LABOUR PRESS, LTD., 30, Blackfriars Street, Manchester, and at London and Leicester.
EDITOR'S PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION
Karl Kautsky, the author of "The Dictatorship of the Proletariat," of which an English translation is now submitted to the public, is the most eminent Socialist writer of the Continent.
Kautsky is 65 years of age, was born in Austria, and has lived most of his life in Germany. He resided in London, in close association with Friedrich Engels, from 1885 to 1890, and studied daily at the British Museum.
For more than thirty years Kautsky has served International Socialism with high literary ability, great learning, and unusual aptitude for sociological research.
​The present examination of Bolshevism was written by Kautsky in the latter part of 1918, and published in Vienna. Soon after the outbreak of the German political revolution of a year ago, about one-half of the matter contained in “The Dictatorship of the Proletariat” was issued by a Berlin publisher under the title, “Democracy or Dictatorship.”
The Russian Bolsheviks have had the most difficult task ever placed in human hands, and though it is yet too early to pass a final judgment upon their success or failure, the evidence at present available points to the conclusion that they have accomplished wonderful achievements. Lenin himself is the first to admit that they have made mistakes. It could not be otherwise. In his letter to the Hungarian Communists he warns them not to attempt to copy too closely the methods which have been adopted in Russia. Socialism will learn as much from the failures as from the successes of these first efforts to establish Socialism in a great community.
​No apology is made for the publication of an English version of “The Dictatorship of the Proletariat.” It is felt that the problems raised by the momentous happenings in Russia will not be solved unless all shades of Socialists are heard and impartiality and tolerance are observed in the discussions.
The translation for this edition has been made by Mr. H. J. Stenning, to whom the Editor desires to express his indebtedness.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Dictatorship of the Proletariat

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* The Dictatorship of the Proletariat, translation of Karl Kautsky's Die Diktatur des Proletariats (1919)
* The Dictatorship of the Proletariat, translation of Lev Kamenev pamphlet (1920)
# The English and Scottish Popular Ballads/Part 2/Chapter 40

For more information, see Wikipedia: The Queen of Elfan's Nourice.

## The Queen of Elfan’s Nourice

I HEARD a cow low, a bonnie cow low, An a cow low down in yon glen; Lang, lang will my young son greet Or his mither bid him come ben. I heard a cow low, a bonnie cow low, An a cow low down in yon fauld; Lang, lang will my young son greet Or his mither take him frae cauld. * * * * * . . . . . . . . . Waken, Queen of Elfan, An hear your nourice moan.’ ‘O moan ye for your meat, Or moan ye for your fee, Or moan ye for the ither bounties That ladies are wont to gie?’ ‘I moan na for my meat, Nor moan I for my fee, Nor moan I for the ither bounties That ladies are wont to gie. . . . . . . . . . . But I moan for my young son I left in four nights auld. ‘I moan na for my meat, Nor yet for my fee, But I mourn for Christen land, It’s there I fain would be.’ ‘O nurse my bairn, nourice,’ she says, ‘Till he stan at your knee, An ye’s win hame to Christen land, Whar fain it’s ye wad be. ‘O keep my bairn, nourice, Till he gang by the hauld, An ye’s win hame to your young son Ye left in four nights auld.’ * * * * * ‘O nourice lay your head Upo my knee: See ye na that narrow road Up by yon tree? . . . . . . . . . . . That’s the road the righteous goes, And that’s the road to heaven. ‘An see na ye that braid road, Down by yon sunny fell? Yon’s the road the wicked gae, An that’s the road to hell.’ * * * * *
# The English and Scottish Popular Ballads/Part 2/Chapter 32

For more information, see Wikipedia: King Henry (song).

## King Henry

LAT never a man a wooing wend That lacketh thingis three; A routh o gold, an open heart, Ay fu o charity. As this I speak of King Henry, For he lay burd-alone; An he’s doen him to a jelly hunt’s ha, Was seven miles frae a town. He chas’d the deer now him before, An the roe down by the den, Till the fattest buch in a’ the flock King Henry he has slain. O he has doen him to his ha, To make him beerly cheer; An in it came a griesly ghost, Steed stappin i the fleer. Her head hat the reef-tree o the house, Her middle ye mot wel span; He’s thrown to her his gay mantle, Says, ‘Lady, hap your lingcan.’ Her teeth was a’ like teather stakes, Her nose like club or mell; An I ken naething she ’peard to be, But the fiend that wons in hell. ‘Some meat, some meat, ye King Henry, Some meat ye gie to me!’ ‘An what meat’s in this house, lady, An what ha I to gie?’ ‘O ye do kill your berry-brown steed, An you bring him here to me.’ O whan he slew his berry-brown steed, Wow but his heart was sair! Shee eat him [a’] up, skin an bane, Left naething but hide an hair. ‘Mair meat, mair meat, ye King Henry, Mair meat ye gi to me!’ ‘An what meat’s in this house, lady, An what ha I to gi?’ ‘O ye do kill your good gray-hounds, An ye bring them a’ to me.’ O whan he slew his good gray-hounds, Wow but his heart was sair! She eat them a’ up, skin an bane, Left naething but hide an hair. ‘Mair meat, mair meat, ye King Henry, Mair meat ye gi to me!’ ‘An what meat’s i this house, lady, An what ha I to gi?’ ‘O ye do kill your gay gos-hawks, An ye bring them here to me.’ O whan he slew his gay gos-hawks, Wow but his heart was sair! She eat them a’ up, skin an bane, Left naething but feathers bare. ‘Some drink, some drink, now, King Henry, Some drink ye bring to me!’ ‘O what drink’s i this house, lady, That you’re nae welcome ti?’ ‘O ye sew up your horse’s hide, An bring in a drink to me.’ And he’s sewd up the bloody hide, A puncheon o wine put in; She drank it a’ up at a waught, Left na ae drap ahin. ‘A bed, a bed, now, King Henry, A bed you mak to me! For ye maun pu the heather green, An mak a bed to me.’ O pu’d has he the heather green, An made to her a bed, An up has he taen his gay mantle, An oer it has he spread. ‘Tak aff your claiths, now, King Henry, An lye down by my side!’ ‘O God forbid,’ says King Henry, ‘That ever the like betide; That ever the fiend that wons in hell Shoud streak down by my side.’ * * * * * Whan night was gane, and day was come, An the sun shone throw the ha, The fairest lady that ever was seen Lay atween him an the wa. ‘O well is me!’ says King Henry, ‘How lang’ll this last wi me?’ Then out it spake that fair lady, ‘Even till the day you dee. ‘For I’ve met wi mony a gentle knight That’s gien me sic a fill, But never before wi a courteous knight That ga me a’ my will.’
# The English and Scottish Popular Ballads/Part 2/Chapter 35

For more information, see Wikipedia: Allison Gross.

## Allison Gross

O ALLISON GROSS, that lives in yon towr, The ugliest witch i the north country, Has trysted me ae day up till her bowr, An monny fair speech she made to me. She stroaked my head, an she kembed my hair, An she set me down saftly on her knee; Says, Gin ye will be my lemman so true, Sae monny braw things as I woud you gi. She showd me a mantle o red scarlet, Wi gouden flowrs an fringes fine; Says, Gin ye will be my lemman so true, This goodly gift it sal be thine. ‘Awa, awa, ye ugly witch, Haud far awa, an lat me be; I never will be your lemman sae true, An I wish I were out o your company.’ She neist brought a sark o the saftest silk, Well wrought wi pearles about the ban; Says, Gin you will be my ain true love, This goodly gift you sal comman. She showd me a cup of the good red gold, Well set wi jewls sae fair to see; Says, Gin you will be my lemman sae true, This goodly gift I will you gi. ‘Awa, awa, ye ugly witch, Had far awa, and lat me be; For I woudna ance kiss your ugly mouth For a’ the gifts that ye coud gi.’ She’s turnd her right and roun about, An thrice she blaw on a grass-green horn, An she sware by the meen and the stars abeen, That she’d gar me rue the day I was born. Then out has she taen a silver wand, An she’s turnd her three times roun an roun; She’s mutterd sich words till my strength it faild, An I fell down senceless upon the groun. She’s turnd me into an ugly worm, And gard me toddle about the tree; An ay, on ilka Saturdays night, My sister Maisry came to me, Wi silver bason an silver kemb, To kemb my heady upon her knee; But or I had kissd her ugly mouth, I’d rather a toddled about the tree. But as it fell out on last Hallow-even, When the seely court was ridin by, The queen lighted down on a gowany bank, Nae far frae the tree where I wont to lye. She took me up in her milk-white han, An she’s stroakd me three times oer her knee; She chang’d me again to my ain proper shape, An I nae mair maun toddle about the tree.
# The English and Scottish Popular Ballads/Part 2/Chapter 36

For more information, see Wikipedia: The Laily Worm and the Machrel of the Sea.

## The Laily Worm and the Machrel of the Sea

‘I WAS but seven year auld When my mither she did die; My father married the ae warst woman The warld did ever see. ‘For she has made me the laily worm, That lies at the fit o the tree, An my sister Masery she’s made The machrel of the sea. ‘An every Saturday at noon The machrel comes to me, An she takes my laily head An lays it on her knee, She kaims it wi a siller kaim, An washes’t in the sea. ‘Seven knights hae I slain, Sin I lay at the fit of the tree, An ye war na my ain father, The eight ane ye should be.’ ‘Sing on your song, ye laily worm, That ye did sing to me:’ ‘I never sung that song but what I would it sing to thee. ‘I was but seven year auld, When my mither she did die; My father married the ae warst woman The warld did ever see. ‘For she changed me to the laily worm, That lies at the fit o the tree, And my sister Masery To the machrel of the sea. ‘And every Saturday at noon The machrel comes to me, An she takes my laily head An lays it on her knee, An kames it wi a siller kame, An washes it i the sea. ‘Seven knights hae I slain, Sin I lay at the fit o the tree, An ye war na my ain father, The eighth ane ye shoud be.’ He sent for his lady, As fast as send could he: ‘Whar is my son that ye sent frae me, And my daughter, Lady Masery?’ ‘Your son is at our king’s court, Serving for meat an fee, An your daughter’s at our queen’s court, . . . . . ’ ‘Ye lie, ye ill woman, Sae loud as I hear ye lie; My son’s the laily worm, That lies at the fit o the tree, And my daughter, Lady Masery, Is the machrel of the sea!’ She has tane a siller wan, An gien him strokes three, And he has started up the bravest knight That ever your eyes did see. She has taen a small horn, An loud an shrill blew she, An a’ the fish came her untill But the proud machrel of the sea: ‘Ye shapeit me ance an unseemly shape, An ye’s never mare shape me.’ He has sent to the wood For whins and for hawthorn, An he has taen that gay lady, An there he did her burn.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Caffyn, Stephen Mannington

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​Caffyn, Stephen Mannington, is a medical man in practice at South Yarra, Melbourne, and is well known as the inventor of a raw meat preparation patented as "Liquor Carnis". He is the son of James Caffyn and Martha his wife, and was born at Salehurst, Sussex, on May 15th, 1851. He was married in 1879 at Chobham, Surrey, to Miss Kathleen Hunt, and went to Sydney in 1880, where he was Government medical officer. In 1890 he published "Miss Milne and I," and in 1891 "A Poppy's Tears." Mrs. Caffyn is an authoress of ability.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Cairns, Sir William Wellington

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​Cairns, Sir William Wellington, K.C.M.G., son of William Cairns, of Cultra, co. Down, by his second wife, Matilda, daughter of Francis Beggs, of The Grange, Malahide, and half-brother of Lord Chancellor Cairns, was born in 1828. From 1852 to 1862 he filled various positions in the Ceylon Civil Service, and was appointed Postmaster-General there in 1864. In 1866 he returned to England, and in 1867 was appointed Lieut.-Governor of Malacca, of St. Kitts in 1868, and of Honduras in 1870. He was appointed Governor of Trinidad in 1874, but in a few weeks was compelled to resign on account of ill-health. From Jan. 1875 to March 1877 he was Governor of Queensland, when he was transferred to South Australia, where he only remained from March to May, then finally retiring from the Colonial Service on the ground of ill-health. Sir William, who was created ​C.M.G.in 1874 and K.C.M.G. in 1887, died unmarried on July 7th, 1888.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Byrnes, Hon. Thomas Joseph

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​Byrnes, Hon. Thomas Joseph, M.L.C., B.A., LL.B., Solicitor-General, Queensland, was born in Brisbane in Nov. 1860, and was educated at the Primary School, Bowen, where he won two State School Scholarships, and entered the Brisbane Grammar School, where he won the Lilley Gold Medal three times. Subsequently he was successful in the Junior Examination at Sydney University, and at the Melbourne University Matriculation Examination passed first on the list, and won an Exhibition to the University. He also won several scholarships and graduated with honours, taking the B.A. and LL.B. degrees. He was called to the bar in Victoria in 1884, and then returned to Queensland, where he read in the chambers of Mr. Real for one year, and commenced practice in 1885, speedily obtaining a leading position at the Supreme Court Bar. In August 1890 he accepted a seat in the Legislative Council, with the post of Solicitor-General in the Griffith-McIlwraith Ministry.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Cadell, Francis

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​Cadell, Francis, the principal explorer of the river Murray, was the son of Hugh Francis Cadell, of Cockenzie, near Preston Pans, Haddingtonshire, and was born in 1822, and educated at Edinburgh and in Germany. He entered as a midshipman on board an East Indiaman, and took part in the first Chinese war, being present at the siege of Canton and the capture of Amoy and Ningpo. At twenty-two he was in command of a vessel, and meanwhile visited the shipbuilding yards of the Tyne and Clyde, gaining a thorough knowledge of naval architecture and the construction of steam engines. He studied the subject of river navigation after a visit to the Amazon; and in 1848, when he arrived in Australia, his attention was drawn to the practicability of navigating the Murray and its tributaries, which had till then only served for watering flocks. Encouraged by the Governor of South Australia (Sir H. F. Young), he put his project into execution. He embarked in a small boat at Swanhill on the Upper Murray, and descended the stream to Lake Victoria at its mouth, a distance of 1300 miles. Having thus proved that the Murray was navigable, he succeeded in crossing the dangerous bar at its mouth in a steamer planned and constructed under his supervision, for the Murray Steam Navigation Company, of which he was the main promoter. This vessel accomplished 1500 miles on her first voyage from Adelaide in 1853, when Captain Cadell had on board Sir H. F. Young and Lady Young and a large party of ladies and gentlemen. Other steamers were procured, and the Murrumbidgee, the Edward, and the Darling rivers in like manner opened to traffic in 1858. Captain Cadell, although he was preceded by Mr. Randell in the navigation of the Murray in a small steamer, was awarded the bonus of £4000 offered by the Government for opening up that river to the junction with the Darling to vessels of 40-horse power and not more than 2 feet draught. He was the object of several valuable presentations, ​and a gold medal was struck in his honour by order of the South Australian authorities. His subsequent career was chequered and adventurous, and his end tragic and mysterious. The Murray Steam Navigation Company collapsed, and ruined others as well as Captain Cadell. He then engaged in the transport service in the New Zealand war, and, later on, failed in an attempt to establish stores at various depots along the Murray. A like fate attended him in a pastoral venture to the north of Lake Victoria. He was not more successful when he resorted to pearl-fishing on the north-east and north-west coasts of Australia. Ultimately Captain Cadell, who discovered the mouth of the Roper River in 1867, was murdered by his native crew whilst on a voyage from Amboyna to the Kei islands in June 1879. General Robert Cadell, C.B., younger brother of the late Captain Cadell, now owns the family property at Cockenzie, and another brother (Colonel Cadell, V.C.) is Governor of the Andaman Islands, where the late Earl of Mayo was murdered.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Cairns, Rev. Adam

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​Cairns, Rev. Adam, D.D., was born at Longforgan, Perthshire, Scotland (of which parish his father was minister) on Jan. 30th, 1802. He was educated at the parish school and by his father, and went to St. Andrews in 1814 and to Edinburgh University in 1818. In 1823 he was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Cupar, and acted as assistant to the Rev. Sir H. W. Moncrieff, in West Church parish, Edinburgh, till the latter's death in 1827. He was ordained minister of Minor in Tweeddale in 1828, and was translated in 1833 to Dunbog, in Fife, where he married Miss Jessie Ballingall, of Ayton. In 1837 he became minister of Cupar. At the disruption in 1843 he sided with the Free Church, and was employed in important parochial work until 1853, when he accepted a commission from the Colonial Committee of the Free Church to proceed to Melbourne, where he arrived in September of that year. There, amidst the excitement of the gold fever, he laid the foundations of Presbyterianism in Victoria, acting as pastor of the Chalmers Church Congregation till 1865, when, his health failing, he became an emeritus minister, retaining his standing in the Church without pastoral charge. He died on Jan. 30th, 1881.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Byrnes, Hon. James

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​Byrnes, Hon. James, was elected to the first Legislative Assembly of New South Wales in 1856 for the Cumberland (South Riding) district. He was Secretary for Public Works in the second Martin Ministry from Jan. 1866 to Oct. 1868, and in Sir James Martin's third administration from Dec. 1870 to May 1872. Mr. Byrnes died on Sept. 18th, 1886.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Cadman, Hon. Alfred Jerome

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​Cadman, Hon. Alfred Jerome, M.H.R., Minister for Native Affairs, New Zealand, is a native of that colony. His father was intimately connected with the Cape Colville Peninsula from early in the fifties, and it was to him that the first New Zealand miners' right was issued. Mr. Cadman, sen., was an active politician, and his son early took a part in public life. On the inauguration of the county system, he became first Chairman of the Coromandel County Council, and has continued to act in that capacity ever since. He has sat in the House of Representatives as member for Coromandel since 1881, and being an advanced Liberal, was for several years in close political accord with Sir George Grey. He was appointed to a seat in the Ballance Cabinet in Jan. 1891.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Calder, James Erskine

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​Calder, James Erskine, was born at Great Marlow, Buckinghamshire, on June 18th, 1808, and was educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Having abandoned his intention of entering the army, he emigrated to Tasmania, and in 1829 obtained a Government appointment as Assistant Surveyor. For many years he did good service as a surveyor and explorer, and no man had a larger knowledge of Tasmania. In 1841 he was appointed to accompany Sir John and Lady Franklin on their memorable overland journey through the forest to Macquarie Harbour. He served under Surveyors-General Frankland, Power, and Sprent; and in 1859 was himself promoted to be Surveyor-General of the colony in succession to the last-named gentleman. In 1870 Mr. Calder retired on a pension, and shortly afterwards was appointed Sergeant-at-Arms to the House of Assembly, an office which he held until his death. Mr. Calder contributed many valuable articles to the press on the early history of Tasmania. His papers on the aborigines, containing a large mass of original information on their habits and history, were republished under the title of "The Wars, Extirpation, Habits, etc., of the Native Tribes of Tasmania" (Hobart, 1875). He also wrote "Boat Expeditions around Tasmania, 1815 and 1824" (Hobart, 1881); "Oyster Culture"; "Tasmanian Industries" (1869); "The Woodlands of Tasmania" (London Royal Colonial Institute, 1874). At the time of his death he was preparing a work on "The Pitcairners and Norfolk Island." He married in 1842 a daughter of Mr. Pybus, of Bruny Island. After fifty-three years of service under the Government, he died at Hobart on Feb. 20th, 1882.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Byrne, Hon. Robert

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​Byrne, Hon. Robert, who for a few months was Treasurer of Victoria, is the eldest son of Michael Byrne, of Dublin, Ireland, and was born there on Nov. 12th, 1822. He left Ireland for New York in 1848, and settled there, carrying on the business of general auctioneer in that city as well as in Boston. Towards the end of 1852 he left America for Victoria, arriving in Melbourne In Feb. 1853, He ​commenced auctioneering at Sandridge, now called Port Melbourne, and represented the district in the Melbourne Corporation prior to its being constituted a separate municipality. At the general election of 1864 he contested Sandridge for a seat in the Legislative Assembly in the Liberal interest against the Hon. David Moore, but was defeated by three votes, and was unsuccessful on petition. Shortly afterwards he was returned for Crowlands by a very large majority. In 1869, when Sir James MᶜCulloch went outside the House for a Commissioner of Customs, Mr. Byrne carried a motion censuring the Government, which was taken by them as a vote of want of confidence, on which they resigned, a new Ministry being formed on Sept. 20th, 1869, with the Hon. J. A. Macpherson as Chief Secretary and Mr. Byrne as Treasurer. When, however, the latter sought re-election at the hands of his constituents, he was defeated by Mr. Rolfe, the gentleman to whose appointment he had objected, and retired from office on Jan. 21st, 1870, being succeeded by Mr. (now Sir Graham) Berry. Mr. Byrne has not since re-entered public life.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Byrne, Right Rev. Joseph Patrick

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​Byrne, Right Rev. Joseph Patrick, Roman Catholic Bishop of Bathurst, N.S.W., was consecrated to that see in August 1885, in succession to the late Bishop Quinn.