OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sīlavant

​Sīlavant. — In the Madras Census Report, 1901, Sīlavant is recorded as meaning the virtuous, and as being a sub-sect of Lingāyats. In the Mysore Census Report, Sīlavanta is given as a name for Lingāyat Nayindas. For the following note on the Sīlavantalu or Sīlēvantalu of Vizagapatam, I am indebted to Mr. C. Hayavadana Rao.
They are a sect of Lingāyats, who, though they do not admit it, appear to be an offshoot of Pattu Sālēs, who became converts to the Lingāyat religion. They are engaged in the manufacture of fine cloths for males and females. The religious observances which secured them their name, meaning those who practice or possess particular religious customs, have been thus described. In the seventh month of pregnancy, at the time of quickening, a small stone linga is enclosed in black lac, wrapped in a piece of silk cloth, and tied to the thread of the linga which is on the woman's neck. The child is thus invested with the linga while still in utero. When it is about a year old, and weaned, the linga is taken off the mother's neck, and replaced by a silver locket. The linga is tied on the neck of the child. At the beginning of the twelfth year in the case of boys, and just before the marriage of girls, this linga is taken off, and a fresh one suspended round the neck by a guru.
The Sīlavantalu are divided into exogamous septs, or intipērulu. The custom of mēnarikam, whereby a man marries his maternal uncle's daughter, is the rule. But, if the maternal uncle has no daughter, he must find a suitable bride for his nephew. Girls are married before puberty, and a Jangam, known as Mahēsvara, officiates at weddings.
The dead are buried in a sitting posture, facing north. The linga is suspended round the neck of the ​corpse, and buried with it. Six small copper plates are made, each containing a syllable of the invocation Ōm na ma Si va ya. Two of these are placed on the thighs of the corpse, one on the head, one on the navel, and two on the shoulders, and stuck on with guggilam paste. The corpse is then tied up in a sack. The relatives offer flowers to it, and burn camphor before it. The grave is dug several feet deep, and a cavity or cell is made on the southern side of it, and lined with bamboo matting. The corpse is placed within the cell, and salt thrown into the grave before it is filled in. A Jangam officiates at the funeral. Monthly and annual death ceremonies are performed. A samāthi or monument is erected over the grave. Such a monument may be either in the form of a square mound (brindavan) with niches for lights and a hole in the top, in which a tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) is planted, or in the form of a small chamber. Relations go occasionally to the grave, whereon they deposit flowers, and place lights in the niches or chamber.
The Sīlavantalu are strict vegetarians and total abstainers. Their titles are Ayya and Lingam.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sēnapati

​Sēnapati.— "A title, denoting commander-in-chief, said to be sold to Khōduras, and also occurring as a title of other Oriya castes, e.g., Kurumo and Ronguni. Among the Rongunis, the title is practically an exogamous sept. Sēnapati is further a name for Sālēs (Telugu weavers), the headman among whom is called Pedda (big) Sēnapati. The headman of the Sālāpu weavers, who do not intermarry with the Sālēs, is also styled Sēnapati. It is also a title of the Rāja of Sandūr.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sēvala

​Sēvala (service). — An exogamous sept of Golla.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sōdabisiya

​Sōdabisiya.— A sub-division of Dōmb.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sēniyan

​Sēniyan. — The name Sēniyan is generally used to denote the Karna Sālē weavers, but at Conjeeveram it is applied to Canarese Dēvāngas. Elsewhere Canarese Dēvāngas belong to the left-hand section, but at Conjeeveram they are classed with the right-hand section. Like other Dēvāngas, the Conjeeveram Sēniyans have exogamous house-names and gōtras, which are interesting inasmuch as new names have been, in recent times, substituted for the original ones, e.g., Chandrasēkhara rishi, Nīlakanta rishi, Markandēya rishi. The Dēvāngas claim Markandēya as their ancestor. The ​old house-name Picchi Kaya (water-melon: Citrullus vulgaris) has been changed to Desimarada, and eating the melon is tabu. A list of the house-names and gōtras is kept by the headman for reference. The Conjeeveram Sēniyans are Lingayats, but are not so strict as the Canarese Lingāyats. Jangams are respected, but rank after their own stone lingams. In the observance of death rites, a staunch Lingāyat should not bathe, and must partake of the food offered to the corpse. These customs are not observed by the Sēniyans. Until quite recently, a man might tie a tāli (marriage badge) secretly on a girl's neck, with the consent of the head-man and his relatives, and the girl could then be given in marriage to no other man. This custom is said to have been very common, especially in the case of a man's maternal uncle's or paternal aunt's daughter. At Conjeeveram it was extended to girls not so related, and a caste council was held, at which an agreement was drawn up that the secret tāli-tying was forbidden, and, if performed, was not to be regarded as binding. The priest of the Conjeeveram Sēniyans is a Vellāla Pandāram, who is the head of the Tirugnāna Sambanda Murti mutt (religious institution) at Conjeeveram.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sērvai

​Sērvai.— Sērvai, meaning service, has been recorded as the title of Agamudaiyans and Valaiyans. Sērvaikāran or Sērvaigāran (captain or commander) is the title of Agamudaiyan, Ambalakāran, Kallan, Maravan, and Parivāram. It further occurs as the name for a headman among the Vallambans, and it has been adopted as a false caste name by some criminal Koravas in the south.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sīlam

​Sīlam (good conduct). — An exogamous sept of Māla.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sīolo

​Sīolo. — A small class of Oriya toddy-drawers, whose touch conveys pollution. The Sondis, who are an Oriya caste of toddy-sellers, purchase their liquor from the Sīolos.
# Breese v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
226 U.S. 1
Breese v. United States
Argued: October 15, 1912. --- Decided: October 28, 1912
Messrs. Charles A. Douglas, John S. Adams, Thomas Ruffin, James H. Merrimon, Gibbs L. Baker, and Hugh H. Obear for Breese and Dickerson.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 2-5 intentionally omitted]
Assistant Attorney General Denison and Mr. Louis G. Bissell for the United States.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 5-7 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Breisch v. Central Railroad of New Jersey

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
312 U.S. 484
Breisch v. Central Railroad of New Jersey
Argued: Jan. 17, 1941. --- Decided: March 3, 1941
Mr. Fred B. Gernerd, of Allentown, Pa., for petitioner.
Mr. Henry B. Friedman, of Allentown, Pa., for respondent.
Mr. Justice REED delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Breithaupt v. Abram

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.

## Dissenting Opinion

    Douglas
United States Supreme Court
352 U.S. 432
Breithaupt v. Abram
Argued: Dec. 12 and 13, 1956. --- Decided: Feb 25, 1957
Mr. F. Gordon Shermack, Santa Fe, N.M., for the petitioner.
Messrs.Richard H. Robinson and Walter R. Kegel, Santa Fe, N.M., for respondent.
Mr. Justice CLARK delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Breiholz v. Board of Supervisors of Pocahontas County

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* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
257 U.S. 118
Breiholz v. Board of Supervisors of Pocahontas County
Argued: Oct. 7, 1921. --- Decided: Nov 7, 1921
Mr. Denis M. Kelleher, of Ft. Dodge, Iowa, for plaintiffs in error.
Messrs. F. C. Gilchrist, of Laurens, Iowa, and Robert Healy, of Ft. Dodge, Iowa, for defendants in error.
[Argument of Counsel from page 119-120 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice CLARKE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Anthony Rey

From volume 13 of the work.
An educator and Mexican War chaplain, born at Lyons, 19 March, 1807; died near Ceralvo, Mexico, 19 Jan., 1847. He studied at the Jesuit college of Fribourg, entered the novitiate of that Society, 12 Nov., 1827, and subsequently taught at Fribourg and Sion in Valais, In 1840 he was sent to the United States, appointed professor of philosophy in Georgetown College, and in 1843 transferred to St. Joseph's Church in Philadelphia. He became assistant to the Jesuit provincial of Maryland, pastor of Trinity Church, Georgetown, and vice-president of the college (1845). Appointed chaplain in the U. S. Army in 1846, he ministered to the wounded and dying at the siege of Monterey amid the greatest dangers; after the capture of the city, he remained with the army at Monterey and preached to the rancheros of the neighbourhood. Against the advice of the U. S. officers, he set out for Matamoras, preaching to a congregation of Americans and Mexicans at Ceralvo. It is conjectured that he was killed by a band under the leader Canales, as his body was discovered, pierced with lances, a few days later. He left letters dating from November, 1846, which were printed in the "Woodstock Letters" (XVII, 149-50, 152-55, 157-59).
DE BACKER-SOMMERVOGEL, Bibliothèque, VI, 1689; APPLETONS' Cyclopedia of American Biography (New York, 1888), s. v.
N. A. WEBER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Anthony of Sienna

From volume 1 of the work.
A Dominican theologian, so called because of his great veneration for St. Catharine of Sienna, b. near Braga in Portugal, hence sometimes known as "Lusitanus"; d. at Nantes, 2 January, 1585. He studied at Lisbon, Coimbra, and Louvain, taught philosophy for several years in the latter place, where he was made Doctor of Theology in 1571, and put in charge of the Dominican college there in 1574. He supported the Portuguese pretender Antonio de Beja, and was banished from the Spanish dominions, after which he travelled for scientific purposes in Italy, England, and France. He was one of the collaborators in the Roman edition of St. Thomas's works (1570-71) prepared by order of St. Pius V. He published (Antwerp, 1569) an edition of the "Summa Theologica" with exact indication of all authors, sacred and profane, quoted by the Saint, and (ib., 1571) a similar edition of the "Quaestiones Disputatae" and other "opuscula" of St. Thomas. The commentary on Genesis, edited by him two years later at Antwerp as a work of St. Thomas, is not authentic. His edition of the Saint's commentary on Machabees, prepared at Paris in 1584, was published in 1612 by Come Morelles, O.P., in the Antwerp edition of the works of St. Thomas. He also brought out (Paris, 1585) a "Chronicon" and "Bibliotheca Ordinis Praedicaturum".
Quetif-Echard, SS. O.P., I, 271; MANDONNET in Dict. de Theol. Cath. I, 1447.
THOMAS J. SHAHAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Anthony Parkinson

From volume 11 of the work.
An historian, born in England, 1667; died there 30 January, 1728. In 1692 he was appointed professor of philosophy at the Franciscan Convent of Douai; the following year he was approved for preaching and hearing confessions. He came to the missions in England in 1695 and was president of the Franciscans at Warwick 1698-1701, of Birmingham 1701-10, Definitor of the province 1707-10. Parkinson was also nominal guardian of Worcester 1704-7, of Oxford 1710-13, and twice governed the hidden English Province as provincial 1713-6, and 1722-5. As such he assisted at the General Chapter of the Order in Rome, May, 1723. His chief work is the "Collectanea Anglo-Minoritica, or a Collection of the Antiquities of the English Franciscans, or Friars Minors, commonly called Gray Friars", two parts, with an appendix concerning the English Nuns of the Order of St. Clare, London, 1726, in 4º There are also extant some unedited manuscripts.
THADDEUS, The Franciscans in England 1600-1850 (London, 1898), 113, 282; COOPER in Dict. Nat. Biog., ed. LEE, XLIII (London, 1895), 312.
LIVARIUS OLIGER.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Anthony of the Mother of God

From volume 1 of the work.
(A. DE OLIVERA).
A Spanish Carmelite, b. at Leon in Old-Castile; d. 1641. He taught Aristotle's dialectics and natural philosophy at the University of Alcala de Henares (Complutum). With the collaboration of his colleagues, he undertook an encyclopaedia intended for students in arts and philosophy. This work, originally styled "Collegium Complutense philosophicum" (Alcala, 1624; other editions Frankfurt, 1629; Lyons, 1637, 1651, 1668), was highly esteemed by Thomists. It was at first a treatise on logic; but in the course of time, metaphysics and moral philosophy were added, and the work served as an introduction to the great "Course of Theology" of the Salmanticenses. The fist three volumes of this "Course" are also attributed to Anthony.
TOUSSAINT, in Dict. Theol. Cath., s. v.; HURTER, Nomencaltor I, 376.
JOHN J. A'BECKET
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Antidicomarianites

From volume 1 of the work.
An Eastern sect which flourished about A. D. 200 to 400, and which was so designated as being the "opponents of Mary". The Ebionites were the first who maintained that Our Lord was merely the son of Joseph and Mary. This doctrine became repugnant even to their own adherents, and it was afterwards modified so as to teach that, although Our Lord was born of Mary through the Holy Ghost, afterwards Joseph and Mary lived in wedlock and had many other children. The sect denied the formula "ever-Virgin Mary" used in the Greek and Roman Liturgies. The earliest reference to this sect appears in Tertullian, and the doctrines taught by them are expressly mentioned by Origen (Homilia in Lucam, III, 940). Certain Arians, Eudocius and Eunomius, were great supporters of the teaching. The sect attained its greatest development in Arabia towards the end of the fourth century, and the name Antidicomarianites was specifically applied to it by St. Epiphanius who wrote against them in an interesting letter giving the history of the doctrine and proofs of its falsity (St. Epiphanius, Contra Hæres., lxxviii, 1033 sqq.).
MIGNE, P. G. (Paris, 1862); ORIGEN, XIII, 1813; IDEM, St. Epiphanius, XLII, 699-739.
ANDREW J. SHIPMAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Anthony Terill (Bonville)

From volume 14 of the work.
English theologian, b. at Canford, Dorsetshire, in 1623; d. at Liége, 11 Oct., 1676. His mother was a Catholic but his father was estranged from the Faith, and in consequence the young Anthony was reared in heresy until his fifteenth year, when he was converted and left England, taking the alias Terill. He studied for about three years at the English College of St. Omer, and then began his studies for the priesthood at the English College, Rome, where he was ordained on 16 March, 1687. Two months later he entered the Jesuit novitiate at St. Andrea. After his noviceship he was successively penitentiary at Loreto, professor of philosophy at Florence, professor of philosophy and scholastic theology at Parma, director of theological studies and professor of theology and mathematics at the English College, Liége, and for three years rector of the same college where he died with a reputation for "extraordinary piety, talent, learning, and prudence". He wrote "Conclusiones philosophicæ" (Parma, 1657), "Problema mathematico-philosophicum de termino magnitudinis se virium in animalibus" (Parma, 1660), "Fundamentum totius theologiæ moralis, seu tractatus de conscientia probabili (Liége, 1668), and "Regula morum" which was published shortly after his death (Liége, 1677). His reputation as a moral theologian was established by these last two works. In the "Fundamentum" he ably defended the doctrine of probabilism and in the "Regula morum" refuted the objections brought against his first work by the Dominican Concina, the Jesuit Elizalde, and other exponents of the Rigorist School. Amort speaks of him as "eruditissimum et probabilistarum antsignanum".
FOLEY, Records of the English Province, S. J., III (London, 1878), 420; SOMMERVOGEL, Bib. de la Comp. de Jésus, VII (Brussels, 1896); HURTER, Nomenclator, II (Innsbruck, 1893), 275-276.
Edward C. Phillips.
# Brinkmeier v. Missouri Pacific Railway Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
224 U.S. 268
Brinkmeier v. Missouri Pacific Railway Company
Argued: March 11, 1912. --- Decided: April 1, 1912
Messrs. C. V. Ferguson, Kos Harris, and V. Harris for plaintiff in error.
Messrs. Balie P. Waggener, Charles E. Benton, and David Smyth for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice Van Devanter delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Bringing Wikimedians into the Conversation at Libraries/Staff champions

​Staff champions
The first obvious, and relatively cost effective, way to integrate Wikimedia projects into the strategy of a GLAM is to formalize the role of staff for organizing activities and working on Wikimedia project within the course of their work. Staff can allocate a certain amount of their work hours to work on Wikimedia projects, typically with a broader public access or outreach mission in mind. However, if the addition of Wikimedia is a side project (or just a tactic within someone’s job), there are risks: the main one being, that it’s hard to get broad support across hierarchical organizations without some sort of strategic investment in Wikimedia contribution as an organization.
Two major tactics have been used by GLAMs in identifying the role for existing staff members who contribute to Wikimedia:
● At the US National Archive and Records Administration, the social media and digital innovation offices supported an informal Wikipedia editing guideline that is similar to the other social media use guidelines.
● At the State Library of New South Wales in Australia, a staff committee created a formal policy on staff integrating Wikimedia projects into organizational workflows.
The first tactic, a more informal one, gives permission for staff, whereas the second, which required a longer more formal process, has been very effective at not only giving permission, but providing the rationale for integrating Wikimedia work into the organizational priorities -- and does so with a more inclusive organizational strategic buy-in. Generally, either mechanism, either a team strategically explaining the alignment of the work with broader organizational priorities or a cross-organizational recognition of the strategic priority, allows staff who act as Wikimedia Champions to justify appropriate Wikimedia programming and roles within their jobs.
Within many organizations that don’t formalize the strategic interest in Wikimedia projects, staff end up taking Wikimedia collaborations on as “volunteers” beyond their staff roles. In the face of the undervaluation of cultural heritage work more generally, expecting staff to do this work as an “extra” to their existing jobs leads to uneven focus, and in the long term, contributes to the underrecognition of something that is fundamental to organizational missions: a strategy for broader public access to collections and specialized knowledge. Many heritage organizations are not ready to invest large amounts of staff time to developing a case for or test of Wikimedia contribution tactics as part of a broader public-access strategy. Instead, many organizations will build another role into their staff, with either volunteers or term-based staff.
* ↑ For the NARA guidelines see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:GLAM/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration/Guidelines
* ↑ For the SLNSW guidelines, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:GLAM/State_Library_of_New_South_Wales#State_Library_of_New_South_Wales_Staff_guidelines_for_editing_Wikipedia
# Brinkerhoff-Faris Trust Savings Company v. Hill

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United States Supreme Court
281 U.S. 673
Brinkerhoff-Faris Trust Savings Company v. Hill
Argued: May 1, 1930. --- Decided: June 2, 1930
Mr. Roy W. Rucker, of Sedalia, Mo., for petitioner.
Mr. Lieutellus Cunningham, of Jefferson City, Mo., for respondent.
Mr. Justice BRANDEIS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Bringing Wikimedians into the Conversation at Libraries/Wikipedia Visiting Scholars

​Wikipedia Visiting Scholars
Wikipedian in Residence roles are high risk/high reward roles for institutions: they cost a fair amount of money, in terms of the role itself and supervising the role, but it ensures that someone in the staff has the energy and time to integrate Wikimedia, either through its projects or at the least its values of openness and public access, into the organizational strategy. However, when an organization isn’t ready for that kind of strategic commitment, it’s still worth designating an advocate from outside the organization, to experiment within existing collections or resources. Increasingly, institutions are turning to the concept of a “Wikimedia Visiting Scholar”: someone whose real expertise is on creating Wikimedia content and exposing the institution to the relationship between institutional knowledge and Wikimedia, while not focusing on capacity development.
Visiting scholars, like Wikipedians in Residence, usually have some experience with Wikimedia projects, but need that experience to be very targeted on developing high quality content. To create such a role, an institution works in partnership with an affiliate or a champion to find a Wikimedian editing in a certain topic area relevant to the collection, and then invites that Wikimedian to fill that “Visiting scholar” position. Modeled off “visiting scholar” positions at academic institutions, the Wikipedian gains some type of unique access arrangement, such as access to materials licenced by a research library or direct support from a handful of the staff, that allows them to more effectively research so that they can contribute around an agreed upon field of knowledge. These Visiting Scholar roles provide an interface with the Wikimedia community: humanizing the activity, introducing staff to the creation of content on Wikimedia projects, and helping staff examine the relationship between organizational knowledge and Wikimedia projects.
* ↑ Documentation for this model of collaboration can be found at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Visiting_Scholars
* ↑ Jason Evans and Simon Cobb. ‘​How the world’s first Wikidata Visiting Scholar created linked open data for five thousand works of art’ Wikimedia Blog, November 5th, 2016. https://blog.wikimedia.org/2016/11/05/wikidata-visiting-scholar-art-dataset/