OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Arago, François Victor Emmanuel

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​Arago, François Victor Emmanuel, ​French lawyer and statesman, son of D. F. J. Arago. B. Aug. 6, 1812. He at first turned to letters, but at an early age lie deserted literature for the bar and became a distinguished lawyer. As he fully shared the opinions of his father and uncle, he took part in the Revolution of 1848, and he afterwards joined the advanced anti-clerical group which attacked the clerical policy of the Government in the Chambre. In 1871 he was elected a member of the Provisional Government, and he sat in the National Assembly from 1871 to 1876. From the Chambre he passed in the latter year to the Senate, and from 1880 to 1894 he was French ambassador to Switzerland. D. Nov. 26 1896.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Aranda, Pedro Pablo Abaraca y Bolea, Count d'

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​Aranda, Pedro Pablo Abaraca y Bolea, Count d', Spanish statesman. B. Dec. 18, 1718. After some years in the army, and then as ambassador to Poland, he became Governor of Valencia (1764) and President of the Council of Castile and First Minister of Spain (1765). Thoroughly imbued with the ideas of Voltaire (with whom he corresponded) and the other French humanitarians, he carried out a large number of reforms and regenerated his decaying country. He curbed the excesses of the monks, lessened the power of the Inquisition, and expelled the Jesuits (1767). The clergy drove him from office, and they repeated the intrigue when he was recalled to power in 1792. Count d'Aranda, one of the greatest and most enlightened of Spanish statesmen, was imprisoned at Granada and threatened with trial by the Inquisition, though the plot was defeated, and he lived quietly on his estate for a few years. D. Jan. 9, 1798.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Apelt, Professor Ernst Friedrich

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​Apelt, Professor Ernst Friedrich, German philosopher. B. Mar. 3, 1812. Ed. Jena and Leipzig Universities. From 1831 to 1839 he was absorbed in the private study of mathematics and philosophy, and in the latter year he began to teach philosophy at Jena University. He became extraordinary professor in 1840, and ordinary professor in 1845. His Epochen der Geschichte der Menschheit (2 vols., 1845-46), Religionsphilosophie (1860), etc., gave him a high reputation, and after the death of Fries he was regarded as the leader of the "Æsthetic Rationalist School" which on the religious side means a very liberal Theism. D. Oct. 27, 1859.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Arbuthnot, Forster Fitzgerald

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​Arbuthnot, Forster Fitzgerald, orientalist. B. May 21, 1833. Ed. Anhalt and Geneva. He was in the Indian Civil Service 1853-1878, and on his return to England he joined Burton in the Kama Shastra Society for the issue of unexpurgated translations of Eastern works. He initiated the Oriental Translation Fund (1891), and was a trustee of the Royal Asiatic Society. A very generous and philanthropic man, his memory is preserved in the Arbuthnot Institute at Shenley Green. He was an Agnostic (personal knowledge, and see the dedication to vol. ii of The Assemblies of Al Hariri, 1898). D. May 25, 1901.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Anthony, Susan Brownell

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​Anthony, Susan Brownell, American reformer. B. (of Quaker parents) Feb. 15, 1820. Miss Anthony taught in a New York school from 1835 to 1850, and in the later forties she began to take a prominent part in the Abolitionist, Temperance, and ​Feminist movements. She had a large share in securing for American women the possession of their earnings and the guardianship of their children, and few names are more honoured than hers is among the advanced women of America. She was, like so many of the women pioneers, an Agnostic, and in the History of Woman Suffrage (3 vols., 1881-87), which she and Mrs. Gage wrote, the Churches are not spared. See The Life and Work of S. B. Anthony (2 vols., 1898–99), by Ida H. Harper. D. Mar. 13, 1906.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Antonelle, Pierre Antoine, Marquis d'

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​Antonelle, Pierre Antoine, Marquis d', French political economist. B. 1747. He was an officer in the army who embraced the ideas of the philosophers and wrote a Catechisme du Tiers-État (1789). During the Revolution he contributed to the Journal des Homines Libres, but he was banished from Paris for his complicity in Babeuf's plot. The remainder of his life was devoted to the tranquil study of philosophy, and at his death the clergy declined to give him the Christian burial which his relatives desired. D. Nov. 26, 1817.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Arago, Étienne Vincent

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​Arago, Étienne Vincent, French dramatist, brother of preceding. B. Feb. 9, 1802. Etienne adopted literature as his profession, and co-operated with Balzac in some of his early works. From 1822 to 1847 he wrote plays for nearly all the Parisian theatres, and was extremely popular. A Republican and Rationalist like his brother, he took an active part in the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848, and for his share in the latter he was expelled from France. He returned in 1859, and he was one of the most ardent critics of the Government's policy of supporting the Pope. During the fourth Revolution he was again active, and was Mayor of Paris during the siege. D. Mar. 5, 1892.
# A Book of the Riviera/Preface

PREFACE
THIS little book has for its object to interest the many winter visitors to the Ligurian coast in the places that they see.
A consecutive history of Provence and Genoese Liguria was out of the question; it would be long and tedious. I have taken a few of the most prominent incidents in the history of the coast, and have given short biographies of interesting personages connected with it. The English visitor calls the entire coast—from Marseilles to Genoa—the Riviera; but the French distinguish their portion as the Côte d'Azur, and the Italians distinguish theirs as the Riviera di Ponente. I have not included the whole of this latter, so as not to make the book too bulky, but have stayed my pen at Savona.
# A Book of the Riviera/front matter

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BY THE SAME AUTHOR
A BOOK OF CORNWALL
A BOOK OF DARTMOOR
A BOOK OF DEVON
A BOOK OF NORTH WALES
A BOOK OF SOUTH WALES
A BOOK OF THE RHINE
A BOOK OF THE PYRENEES
THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
THE TRAGEDY OF THE CÆSARS
A BOOK OF FAIRY TALES
THE VICAR OF MORWENSTOW
OLD COUNTRY LIFE
A GARLAND OF COUNTRY SONG
SONGS OF THE WEST
A BOOK OF NURSERY SONGS AND RHYMES
STRANGE SURVIVALS
YORKSHIRE ODDITIES
DEVON
BRITTANY
A BARING-GOULD SELECTION READER
A BARING-GOULD CONTINUOUS READER
# A Book of the West

* Volume 1: Devon (Methuen & Co., London, 1899)
* Volume 2: Cornwall (Methuen & Co., London, 1900)
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/York, Edward, Duke of

See also Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YORK, EDWARD, Duke of (c. 1373–1415), elder son of the preceding, was created earl of Rutland in 1390. Being an intimate friend of his cousin, Richard II., he received several important appointments, including those of admiral of the fleet, constable of the tower of London and warden of the Cinque Ports. He accompanied the king to Ireland in 1394 and was made earl of Cork; arranged Richard’s marriage with Isabella, daughter of Charles VI. of France; and was one of the king’s most active helpers in the proceedings against the “lords appellant” in 1397. As a reward he secured the office of constable of England and the lands in Holderness which had previously belonged to his murdered uncle, Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester, together with other estates and the title of duke of Aumerle or Albemarle. He appears to have deserted Richard in 1399, but only at the last moment; and in Henry IV.’s first parliament he was vigorously denounced as the murderer of Gloucester. After declaring that his part in the proceedings of 1397 had been performed under constraint, his life was spared, but he was reduced to his former rank as earl of Rutland, and deprived of his recent acquisitions of land. It is uncertain what share Rutland had in the conspiracy against Henry IV. in January 1400, but his complete acquittal by parliament in 1401, and the confidence subsequently reposed in him by the king, point to the conclusion that he was not seriously involved. Serving as the royal lieutenant in Aquitaine and in Wales, Rutland, who became duke of York on his father’s death in 1402, was, like all Henry’s servants, hampered by want of money, and perhaps began to feel some irritation against the king. At all events he was concerned in the scheme, concocted in 1405 by his sister, Constance, widow of Thomas le Despencer, earl of Gloucester, for seizing the young earl of March, and his brother Roger Mortimer, and carrying them into Wales. On her trial Constance asserted that her brother had instigated the plot, which also included the murder of the king, and York was imprisoned in Pevensey castle. Released a few months later, he was restored to the privy council and regained his estates, after which he again served Henry in Wales and in France. York led one division of the English army at Agincourt, where, on the 25th of October 1415, he was killed by “much hete and thronggid.” He was buried in Fotheringhay church. The duke left no children and was succeeded as duke of York by his nephew, Richard.
York compiled the Maystre of the Game, a treatise on hunting which is largely a translation of the Livre de Chasse of Gaston Phochus, count of Foix. This has been edited by W. A. and F. Baillie-Grohman (1904).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/York (Nebraska)

See also York, Nebraska on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YORK, a city and the county-seat of York county, Nebraska, U.S.A., about 46 m. W. by N. of Lincoln. Pop. (1900) 5132, (1910) 6235. It is served by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and Chicago & North-Western railways. It is the seat of the School of the Holy Family and of York College (founded in 1890, ​co-educational). The city is situated in a farming and stock raising region, and among its manufactures are foundry products, bricks and flour. York was settled in 1864, was laid out in 1869, was incorporated as a town in 1875 and was chartered as a city in 1877.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/York, Edmund of Langley, Duke of

See also Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, Duke of (1341–1402), fifth son of Edward III., was born at King's Langley in Hertfordshire on the 5th of June 1341. He accompanied his father on a campaign in France in 1359, was created earl of Cambridge in 1362, and took part in expeditions to France and Spain, being present at the sack of Limoges in 1370. After marrying Isabella (d. 1393), daughter of Peter the Cruel, king of Castile, he was appointed one of the English lieutenants in Brittany, whither he led an army in 1375. A second campaign in Brittany was followed in 1381 by an expedition under the earl's leadership to ​aid Ferdinand, king of Portugal, in his struggle with John I., king of Castile, but after a period of inaction Edmund was compelled to return to England as Ferdinand had concluded an independent peace with Castile. Accompanying Richard II. on his march into Scotland, he was created duke of York in August 1385, and subsequently on three occasions he acted as regent of England. In this capacity he held a parliament in 1395, and he was again serving as regent when Henry of Lancaster, afterwards Henry IV., landed in England in July 1399. After a feeble attempt to defend the interests of the absent king, York joined the victorious invader, but soon retired from public life, and, in the words of Froissart as translated by Lord Berners, “laye styll in his castell, and medled with nothynge of the busyness of Englande.” He died at King’s Langley on the 1st of August 1402. York was a man who preferred pleasure to business, and during the critical events of his nephew’s reign he was content to be guided by his more ambitious brothers, the dukes of Lancaster and Gloucester. His second wife was Joan, or Johanna (d. 1434), daughter of Thomas Holland, earl of Kent, but his only children were two sons and a daughter, Constance (d. 1416), by his first wife.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/York (Maine)

See also York, Maine on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YORK, a township of York county, Maine, U.S.A., on the Atlantic coast about 45 m. S.W. of Portland, and 9 m. by rail N.E. of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Pop. (1910) 2802. Area, 64 sq. m. York is at the terminus of the York Harbor and Beach division of the Boston & Maine railway. In York village is the county gaol (1653–54), preserved by the Old York Historical and Improvement Society as a museum of local antiquities. Two colonial taverns also remain. York Harbor, York Beach, York Cliffs and Long Beach are attractive summer villages. The first settlement was made about 1624. In April 1641 Sir Ferdinando Gorges, proprietor of the province of Maine, erected this into the Borough of Agamenticus, and on the 1st of March 1642 he chartered it as a city under the name of Gorgeana. In 1652, when Massachusetts extended her jurisdiction over Maine, the city of Gorgeana became the town of York. In 1692 most of the houses were burned by the Indians and the inhabitants killed or taken captive. York was the shire town of Yorkshire from 1716 to 1735, the shire town with Portland (then Falmouth) of the district of Maine from 1735 to 1760, and a county-seat of York county from 1760 to 1832. During the middle of the 18th century York had considerable trade with the West Indies and along the coast, and as late as the middle of the 19th century it had important fishing interests. Its development as a summer resort was begun about 1873, but until 1887, when the railway reached it, its chief means of access was by stage from Portsmouth.
See J. P. Baxter, Agamenticus, Bristol, Gorgeana, York (Portland, 1904); G. A. Emery, Ancient City of Gorgeana and Modern Town of York (Boston, 1873); and Pauline C. Bouve, “Old York; a Forgotten Seaport,” in the New England Magazine (July 1902).
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Lia
### Lia.
#### 掠$^{-4}$

    To seize; to punish; to rob; plunder; compel.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Liap
### Liap.
#### 粒$^{-4}$

    A grain; particle; kernel.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Lim or Nim
### Lim or Nim.
#### 臨$^{-1}$

    To superintend; descend; come to; to commence.

#### 林$^{-1}$

    A grove; a forest; luxuriant.

#### 淋$^{-1}$

    Water dripping or falling; to wet or soak; to drench.

#### 琳$^{-1}$

    Name of a stone.

#### 痲$^{-1}$

    A stoppage of the urine; gravel.

#### 霖$^{-1}$

    Long continued, incessant rains; abundant.

#### 凛$^2$

    Intense cold; a cold; stern manner; awe.

#### 廩$^2$

    A public granary; name of an office.

#### 懍$^2$

    Fear; respect; awe; danger; lassitude.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Liak
### Liak.
#### 畧$^4$

    A boundary; a plan; to abridge; little; to despise.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Liam or Niam
### Liam or Niam.
#### 帘$^{-1}$

    A tent; grog shop; a flag hung at a wine shop.

#### 廉$^{-1}$

    Economical; moderate; uncorrupted; modest; to examine. ​

#### 簾$^{-1}$

    A curtain or screen.

#### 臁$^{-1}$

    The sides of the leg.

#### 薕$^{-1}$

    Name of a plant.

#### 鐮$^{-1}$

    A sickle; pruning knife.

#### 匲$^{-1}$

    A lady's toilet; box of perfume.

#### 歛$^2$

    To collect; to harvest; to amass; hoard up.

#### 蘝$^2$

    Name of a creeping plant.

#### 念$^{-3}$

    To ponder; consider; the thoughts; to read in a singing tone.

#### 唸$^{-3}$

    To sigh; a sigh; to recite.

#### 捻$^{-3}$

    To take work in the fingers.

#### 殮$^{-3}$

    To shroud the dead; dress for the grave.

#### 稔$^{-3}$

    Grain fully ripe; what has been long accumulating.

#### 諗$^{-3}$

    Thought; to consider; to give advice or reproof.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Lien
### Lien.
#### 連$^{-1}$

    The rolling of a wheel; to return to; connect; and; also; even to.

#### 漣$^{-1}$

    A ripple on the water made by the wind; foul water.

#### 憐$^{-1}$

    To pity; compassionate; mercy;

#### 聯$^{-1}$

    Connected with; associated; to connect; arrange.

#### 璉$^2$

    A vessel used in temples to contain grain.

#### 臉$^2$

    The face; cheek; reputation. ​

#### 靨$^2$

    Handsome; beautiful; the jaws.

#### 吝$^{-3}$悋$^{-3}$

    Niggardly; avaricious; sorry; disgraced.

#### 煉$^{3-}$

    To refine metals by fire; to try; test.

#### 練$^{3-}$

    To select; to make experiment; learn by experience.

#### 鍊$^{3-}$

    To melt and refine metals; to try and thus benefit a man; matured; experience.

#### 鏈$^{3-}$

    A chain; connected or locked together; copper.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Lek
### Lek.
#### 勒$^{-4}$

    A bridle with a bit; to bridle; restrain; force.

#### 陸$^{-4}$

    High and dry; a dry path; dry ground.

#### 綠$^{-4}$

    Green color; verdant.

#### 菉$^{-4}$

    A plant of which cloth is made; shoots of bamboo.

#### 𤻤$^{-4}$

    A swelling on the neck.

#### 轢$^{-4}$

    A road for a cart; a wheelrut.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Leng
### Leng.
#### 另$^{-1}$

    Besides; distinct from; another.

#### 囹$^{-1}$

    A place of confinement formed by rails; a prison.

#### 泠$^{-1}$

    The noise of wind and water.

#### 玲$^{-1}$

    A certain valuable stone of an inferior kind.

#### 羚$^{-1}$

    A species of antelope, resembling a sheep.

#### 蛉$^{-1}$

    Name of an insect of the locust species.

#### 軨$^{-1}$

    An axle; a hunting carriage; to hunt. ​

#### 翎$^{-1}$

    Wings or feathers; feathers of an arrow; peacock's feathers.

#### 鴒$^{-1}$

    Name of a bird of the lark species.

#### 齡$^{-1}$

    The teeth; denoting a person's age; age.

#### 𡨴$^{-1}$

    Tranquility; better; desiring this rather than that.

#### 嚀$^{-1}$

    To direct; to caution; to give a charge to; to state fully.

#### 凌$^{-1}$

    Ice; an ice house; struck with fear; to shame; insult.

#### 稜$^{-1}$

    Name of a species of grain; a neighboring state; divinity.

#### 綾$^{-1}$

    A fine sort of silk.

#### 菱$^{-1}$

    Name of a vegetable; the trapa bicornis.

#### 陵$^{-1}$

    A lofty mound; eminent; to aspire high; insult; invade.

#### 靈$^{-1}$

    Spiritual; etherial; the spirit of men; soul; efficacious, good.

#### 龍$^{-1}$

    A dragon; crocodile.

#### 隴$^2$

    A large bank; a dike between fields; high.

#### 令$^{-3}$

    To order; warn; to cause; a law; rule; excellent; your.

#### 伶$^{-3}$

    Alone; to play; act the buffoon; to employ; be employed.

#### 聆$^{-3}$

    To listen to; yield obedience.

#### 苓$^{-3}$

    Name of a medicinal plant.

#### 佞$^{-3}$

    Talents; insinuating address; artful language; flattering.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Li
### Li.
#### 罹$^{-1}$

    Mournful; sorry; to occur; meet with;

#### 璃$^{-1}$

    Glass; a shining appearance; a vitreous glaze.

#### 離$^{-1}$

    To separate from; to leave; to divide; apart; distant.

#### 籬$^{-1}$

    A fence of bamboo; a hedge; to keep off.

#### 魑$^{-1}$

    A malevolent, diabolical spirit; fairy; elf.

#### 厘$^{-1}$

    A kind of market place; shops; a small coin.

#### 哩$^{-1}$

    A tone at the close of a sentence.

#### 娌$^{-1}$

    A name by which brother's wives designate each other.

#### 狸$^{-1}$

    A fox; wildcat.

#### 黎$^{-1}$

    Glue; paste; black; black-haired, as young men.

#### 莉$^{-1}$

    A certain plant; a stem or branch.

#### 氂$^{-1}$釐$^{-1}$

    A small coin; cash; to regulate; govern.

#### 𭒀$^{-1}$

    A woman without a husband; a widow.

#### 鸝$^{-1}$

    Name of a large; beautiful bird. ​

#### 里$^2$

    A measure; quarter of a mile; village; district.

#### 俚$^2$

    To trust; depend upon; rustic; vulgar.

#### 理$^2$

    To rule; direct; regulate; reason; principles; doctrine.

#### 裡$^2$裏$^2$

    Inside of a garment; within.

#### 鯉$^2$

    The carp fish.

#### 蠡$^2$

    Name of an insect; also a shellfish.

#### 李$^2$

    A species of a small plum; any small articles.

#### 履$^2$

    A shoe; to shoe; to tread upon.

#### 旅$^2$

    A stranger; guest; an army; many; arranged in order.

#### 醴$^2$

    Sweet wine; liquor distilled only one night.

#### 詈$^{-3}$

    To implicate or blame others; to speak against.

#### 利$^{-3}$

    Profit; profitable; gain; interest; sharp; felicitous.

#### 唎$^{-3}$

    Sound; voice; noise.

#### 痢$^{-3}$

    Dysentery; flux.

#### 荔$^{-3}$

    A fragrant plant; a fruit; a rush fit for making brooms.

#### 漦$^{-3}$

    Uninterrupted flow of water; name of a river.

#### 涖$^{-3}$

    Water running down; to descend; to go; to supervise.

#### 麗$^{-3}$

    Good; elegant; graceful; muniticent; bright.

#### 儷$^{-3}$

    Together with; a pair; couple; conjugal union.

#### 灑$^{-3}$

    To sprinkle water; to wash; to scatter; disperse.

#### 釃$^{-3}$

    To filter wine from the dregs; to separate.

#### 厲$^{-3}$

    Severe; violent; rapid; excessive; cruel; to excite.

#### 勵$^{-3}$

    To exert one's self; stimulate; rouse and encourage.

#### 癘$^{-3}$

    A virulent sore; pestilence; noxious effluvia; to urge.

#### 礪$^{-3}$

    A grindstone; whetstone.

#### 糲$^{-3}$

    Coarse; rice not cleansed.

#### 吏$^{3-}$

    A ruler; magistrate; an under officer.

#### 例$^{3-}$

    To compare; adjust; laws; regulations; to compose.

#### 裂$^{-4}$

    To rend; tear; burst.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Liet
### Liet.
#### 列$^{-4}$

    To separate; arrange in order; rank; gradation.

#### 冽$^{-4}$

    Cold air or vapor.

#### 烈$^{-4}$

    Ranging fire; impetuous; daring; fierce; excellent.

#### 栗$^{-4}$

    A chestnut-tree; firm; commanding; severe; to exceed.

#### 凓$^{-4}$

    Cold.

#### 慄$^{-4}$

    Fear; apprehension; intimidated.

#### 鬛$^{-4}$

    Name of a horse; a long beard; a brush; a pig.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ḥarizi, Judah ben Solomon

See also Yehuda Alharizi on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ḤARIZI, JUDAH BEN SOLOMON (13th cent.), called also al-Ḥarizi, a Spanish Hebrew poet and traveller. He translated from the Arabic to Hebrew some of the works of Maimonides (q.v.) and also of the Arab poet Ḥariri. His own most considerable work was the Taḥkemoni, composed between 1218 and 1220. This is written in Hebrew in unmetrical rhymes, in what is commonly termed “rhymed prose.” It is a series of humorous episodes, witty verses, and quaint applications of Scriptural texts. The episodes are bound together by the presence of the hero and of the narrator, who is also the author. Ḥarizi not only brought to perfection the art of applying Hebrew to secular satire, but he was also a brilliant literary critic and his makame on the Andalusian Hebrew poets is a fruitful source of information.
See, on the Taḥkemoni, Kaempf, Nicht-andalusische Poesie andalusischer Dichter (Prague, 1858). In that work a considerable section of the Taḥkemoni is translated into German. (I. A.)