# The World Factbook (1982)/Luxembourg
## LUXEMBOURGLUXEMBOURG

* (See reference map V)

### LANDLAND

2,590 km$^2$; 25% arable, 27% meadows and pasture, 15% waste or urban, 33% forested, negligible amount of inland water
Land boundaries: 356 km

### PEOPLEPEOPLE

Population: 366,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.3%
Nationality: noun—Luxembourger(s); adjective—Luxembourg
Ethnic divisions: 83% Luxembourger, including an estimated 5% of Italian descent; remainder French, German, Belgian, and other
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, remaining 3% Protestant and Jewish
Language: Luxembourgish, German, French; most educated Luxembourgers also speak English
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: (1977) 147,300; one-third of labor force is foreign, comprised mostly of workers from Portugal, Italy, France, Belgium, and West Germany (1977); unemployment 0.9% (1981)

### GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

Official name: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Luxembourg
Political subdivisions: unitary state, but for administrative purposes has 3 districts (Luxembourg, Diekirch, Grevenmacher) and 12 cantons
Legal system: based on civil law system; constitution adopted 1868; judicial review of legislative acts in the Cassation Court only; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 23 June
Branches: parliamentary democracy; seven ministers comprise Council of Government headed by President, ​which constitutes the executive; it is responsible to the unicameral legislature, the Chamber of Deputies; the Council of State, appointed for indefinite term, exercises some powers of an upper house; judicial power exercised by independent courts
Government leaders: Grand Duke JEAN, Head of State; Pierre WERNER, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: every five years for entire Chamber of Deputies; latest elections June 1979
Political parties and leaders: Christian Social Party, Pierre Werner (parliamentary president) and Jacques Santer (party president); Socialist, Robert Krieps (party president); Social Democrat, Henry Cravatte (party president); Liberal, Colette Flesch; Communist, Dominique Urbany; Independent Socialists, Jean Gremling (party president); Enroles de Forces
Voting strength in Chamber of Deputies (1979): Christian Socialist, 24; Socialist Workers, 14; Liberals, 15; Social Democrats, 1; Communists, 2; Independent Socialists, 1; Enroles de Force, 1
Communists: 500 party members (1981)
Other political or pressure groups: group of steel industries representing iron and steel industry, Centrale Paysanne representing agricultural producers; Christian and Socialist labor unions, Federation of Industrialists; Artisans and Shopkeepers Federation
Member of: Benelux, BLEU, Council of Europe, EC, ECSC, EEC, EIB, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITU, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

### ECONOMYECONOMY

GNP: $5.8 billion, $15,950 per capita (1980); 46.6% private consumption, 13.0% government consumption, 20.0% investment, 1.6% stockbuilding, 17.5% foreign balance
Agriculture: mixed farming; main crops—dairy products and wine
Major industries: iron and steel (25% of GNP), food processing, chemicals, metal products and engineering, tires, and banking
Crude steel: 4.6 million metric tons produced (1980), 14 metric tons per capita
Electric power: 1,500,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.115 billion kWh produced (1980), 3,050 kWh per capita
Exports, Imports, Major trade partners: Luxembourg has a customs union with Belgium under which foreign trade is recorded jointly for the two countries; Luxembourg's principal exports are iron and steel products, principal imports are coal and consumer goods; most of its foreign trade is with Germany, Belgium, France, and other EC countries (for totals, see Belgium)
Budget: (1980) revenues $1,545 million, expenditures $1,566 million, deficit $20.5 million
Monetary conversion rate: LF29.24=US$1, 1980 average; under the BLEU agreement, the Luxembourg franc is equal in value to the Belgian franc which circulates freely in Luxembourg
Fiscal year: calendar year

### COMMUNICATIONSCOMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 270 km standard gauge (1.435 m); 160 km double track; 136 km electrified
Highways: 5,094 km total; 4,981 km paved, 57 km gravel, 56 km earth; about 80 km limited access divided highway completed or under construction
Inland waterways: 37 km; Moselle River
Pipelines: refined products, 48 km
Port: (river) Mertert
Civil air: 15 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in and 4 leased out
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: adequate and efficient system, mainly buried cables; 199,000 telephones (54.8 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV stations

### DEFENSE FORCESDEFENSE FORCES

Military manpower: males 15-49, 96,000; 80,000 fit for military service; about 3,000 reach military age (19) annually