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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Samaritans

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Samaritans The name given to the new and mixed inhabitants whom Esarhaddon (B.C. 677), the king of Assyria, brought from Babylon and other places and settled in the cities of Samaria, instead of the original inhabitants whom Mal.gon (B.C. 721) had removed into captivity (2 Kings 17:24; comp. Ezra 4:2, 9, 10). These strangers (comp. Luke 17:18) amalgamated with the Jews still remaining in the land, and gradually abandoned their old idolatry and adopted partly the Jewish religion.
After the return from the Captivity, the Jews in Jerusalem refused to allow them to take part with them in rebuilding the temple, and hence sprang up an open enmity between them. They erected a rival temple on Mount Gerizim, which was, however, destroyed by a Jewish king (B.C. 130). They then built another at Shechem. The bitter enmity between the Jews and Samaritans continued in the time of our Lord: the Jews had "no dealings with the Samaritans" (John 4:9; comp. Luke 9:52, 53). Our Lord was in contempt called "a Samaritan" (John 8:48). Many of the Samaritans early embraced the gospel (John 4:5-42; Acts 8:25; 9:31; 15:3). Of these Samaritans there still remains a small population of about one hundred and sixty, who all reside in Shechem, where they carefully observe the religious customs of their fathers. They are the "smallest and oldest sect in the world."
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Ortolan

Edition of 1802.
​ORTOLAN, or Emberiza hortulana, L. a delicate exotic bird, inhabiting France, Italy, and the southern parts of Europe; though it also visits Germany, Sweden, and Britain, in which countries these birds are caught during their migration. They feed principally on panick-grass, and grow very fat, especially when fed with oats and millet; and confined in dark cages.
The greatest traffic with ortolans is carried on by the inhabitants of the Island of Cyprus, where they are caught in great numbers, and pickled in casks; each containing from 3 to 400 birds, prepared in spice and vinegar; after having cut off their heads and lower extremities. In this state, they are imported into England, France, and Holland, for the table of the epicure, who pays a high price for these delicious morsels, on account of their exquisite flavour.—Funke informs us that, in productive years, 400 such casks, or, upon an average, 140,000 of these charming warblers, are sacrificed to the palate of man, in the small island above mentioned.
According to Prof. Bradley, ortolans, as well as quails, visit this country in April (arriving at the same time with the swallows), and leave it in September. They are in season during the months of July, August, and September: being generally lean after their long passage in the spring, few are then fit to be eaten. Their most favourite places of resort, are plantations of vines in the vicinity of oat-fields, where they may be taken in bow-nets.
Considered as an article of food, ortolans roasted in a fresh state, afford a grateful, and not unwholesome dish; but, when pickled and imbued with the most stimulating spices, they ought to be eaten with moderation, or rather avoided by invalids, and those whose circulating humours are already in a depraved state.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Oyster

Edition of 1802.
​OYSTER, or Ostrea, L. a genus of shell-fish, comprising thirty-one species, which are distinguished chiefly by the peculiar formation of their shells.—The principal of these is, the Common Oyster, taken at the mouth of rivers, in clear waters, on the eastern coast of Britain. Among the most esteemed for their delicious flavour, are the Malden and Colchester Oysters, caught in the Pent-Burnham, Malden, and Colne waters; or near the mouth of the Thames, which last are said to rival those of Colchester.
Oysters cast their spawn in the month of May, when they become subject to a periodical affection; the male-fish, having a black substance in the fin, is black-sick; and the female oyster, from a milky-juice in its fin, is said to be white-sick: in June and July they begin to recover; and are in August perfectly sound.—They are saltish in the pits, more saline in the beds or layers, and very salt in the sea.
These shell-fish should be fresh, tender, and moist; as the want of fresh water renders them hard, bitter, and unpalatable.—Epicures give the preference to such as are edged with a small brown fringe, or beard, and which they erroneously suppose to be females. It is ​equally absurd to conclude, that the fine green observed in oysters taken from artificial beds, is the effect of copperas; as this substance, or a solution of it, is inevitably fatal to all fish.
Oysters are esteemed as excellent food, and are eaten both raw and dressed, in various ways: in a fresh state, however, they are doubtless preferable; for, by cooking, they are in a great measure deprived of their nourishing jelly, and of the salt-water which promotes their digestion in the stomach. Hence raw oysters may be used with equal advantage by the robust, the weak, and the consumptive. Independently of the nutritive effects peculiar to this shell-fish, it generally tends to open the bowels, especially if a certain quantity be swallowed at one meal: hence to persons of a costive habit, they afford a dietetic supper.
The shells of the oyster, like those of other crustaceous fish, are composed of calcareous earth, and animal glue. They possess no medicinal virtue superior to common lime-stone or chalk; but, by calcination, they yield a quick-lime, which is perfectly free from any metallic or other fossile substance; and being less permeable to water, when mixed with sand, it is better calculated for the plastering of walls in damp situations. Hence the Dutch prepare their excellent mortar generally of marine shells burnt into lime; which makes a most durable cement. The great importance of this fact, in point of health and economy, deserves equal attention; so that the immense quantities of oyster-shells annually thrown away in London, Bristol, and other populous places, might easily be converted into a very useful shell-lime.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Paddock-pipe

Edition of 1802.
​Paddock-pipe. See Horse-tail, the Marsh, vol. ii. p. 493.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Paddow-pipe

Edition of 1802.
​Paddow-pipe. See Mare's-tail, the Common.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Oxymel

Edition of 1802.
​OXYMEL, in pharmacy, a mixture of honey and vinegar, which are boiled to the consistence of a syrup.
Oxymel of Garlic, is prepared by boiling, for a short time, half a pint of vinegar together with two drams of caraway, and a similar quantity of sweet fennel-seeds, in a glazed earthen vessel; when an ounce and a half of garlic, cut in slices, should be added, and the whole closely covered. As soon as the mixture becomes cold, the liquor must be expressed, and mixed with ten ounces of clarified honey, by the heat of a water-bath. This preparation is sometimes taken in the humid asthma, for promoting expectoration, and the fluid secretions; being a medicine of considerable efficacy, though it acquires an unpleasant flavour from the garlic.
Oxymel of Squills, consists of three parts of honey, and two parts of vinegar of squills, which are boiled in a glass vessel to the consistence of a syrup. It is an useful expectorant, and resolvent in asthmas, coughs, and similar complaints, when the patient is oppressed with viscid mucus: it is generally given in doses of two or three small tea-spoonfuls, together with a little cinnamon, or other aromatic water, to prevent the nausea which it frequently excites. In larger doses, it may be occasionally administered as an emetic.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Orchal

Edition of 1802.
​ORCHAL, Argol, or Cudbear; Lichen Roccella, L. an indigenous plant, growing upon the rocks on the coast of Guernsey; the Isle of Portland; and, we understand, also in some parts of the Highlands of Scotland.—This species attains the height of two or three inches, having cylindrical stems, which are internally white. It abounds on the islands of Teneriffe, and the Canaries, whence it is imported into Britain.
Argol is of a light colour, though it is sometimes found of a dark-grey: when mixed with lime, urine, and alkaline salts, this moss is formed into a dark-red paste, which has received the different names above-mentioned, and is much used in dyeing wool of a deep red or purple colour.—Orchal is subject to the sum of 2s. 10 1/2d. per cwt. on importation; but, if it be brought into Britain expressly for the use of dyers, it is admitted free of duty, by the 8 Geo. I. c. 15, § 10; provided it be legally imported, regularly entered, and landed.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Orchis

Edition of 1802.
​ORCHIS, or Orchis, L. a genus of plants, comprising sixty-five species, nine of which are indigenous; and the most remarkable of these are:
1. The mascula, Early Orchis, or Male Fool-stones, growing in meadows and pastures; flowering in the month of May.—According to an account inserted in the 59th vol. of the "Philosophical Transactions," Mr. Moult maintains, that from the roots of this species is prepared the celebrated Salep-powder, which has been highly recommended in cases of consumption (see vol. ii. p. 50), bilious dysenteries, strangury, and disorders of the chest.—The roots should be gathered when the seed is formed, and the stalk is about to decay; for the new bulb (of which salep is prepared) has then attained its full size. After separating the new roots from the stalk, washing them in water, and removing the exterior thin skin, they are placed on a tin plate in an oven, previously heated to the degree requisite for baking bread. Thus, in about ten minutes, they will acquire the transparency of horn, without being diminished in size: next, they should be spread out in another room, where they will dry and harden in a few days: or the same object may be effected in a very moderate heat, within a few hours.
2. The morio, Meadow Orchis, or Female Fool-stones, grows on moist meadows and pastures; flowers in May and June.—The roots are roundish; the stalk ​is about a foot high; and the leaves have the shape of lancets. This species deserves to be mentioned here, on the authority of Bechstein, who observes, that it is considered as possessing, and even surpassing, the virtues of the foreign salep-root; and, though some naturalists have been of opinion, that the Early Orchis is the genuine root imported from Persia, yet we would recommend the culture of the meadow orchis.
Either of these species may be propagated by their roots; which, as the seeds do not vegetate, must be planted in summer, about three inches deep, in a dry soil; where they should remain undisturbed for several years, because they will flourish in proportion to the length of time they have been suffered to grow in the same place.—If, at any future period, this excellent vegetable should be introduced into general use, by the patriotic efforts of enlightened agriculturists, its roots will furnish a cheap, wholesome, and most nutritious substitute for many foreign drugs, such as Sago, Tapioca, Arrow-root, &c.—See also Salep.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Orpiment

Edition of 1802.
​ORPIMENT, a bituminous mineral, consisting of arsenic and sulphur, often found native in the earth, though it may also be artificially prepared.
This ore has also lately been discovered in the county of Cornwall, whence a specimen was sent to Dr. Hill, under the name of red mundic. It is both red and yellow; and, when refined by distillation, forms the colour known by the name of King's Yellow.
Orpiment has, by some, been supposed to be harmless, on account of the large proportion of sulphur which it contains: but, according to Macquer, it is productive of the most fatal consequences, and ought not to be used without the greatest caution. Instances having occurred of its noxious properties, it may be ascertained by the following symptoms, whether any person has actually swallowed this drug: Shuddering, anxiety, tremor, violent nausea, and vomiting; an ardent sensation in the throat; fever; thirst; suppression of urine; costiveness; gnawing pain in the intestines; the face swells: while torpor and stupefaction close the cene.
Remedies: As soon as it is obvious that orpiment has been swallowed, the patient (if he be an adult) should drink a tea-cupful of a luke-warm solution of soap in pure water; or, with equal effect, strong solutions of honey; and repeat these draughts according to circumstances. If the former has been used, it will be advisable to take a piece of sugar in the mouth, to overpower its very disgusting taste. Considerable benefit has, likewise, been derived from immediate emetics, or vomiting, excited by stimulating the throat with a feather. At the same time, it will be necessary to apply to the abdomen, cloths dipped in a solution of soap in soft water, with a view to alleviate the pains in the intestines.—Clysters of milk and oil, and tepid bathing in diluted soap-water, have also been found very serviceable, in restoring the patient to some degree of animation.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Orpine

Edition of 1802.
​ORPINE, the Common, or Orpine-Stonecrop, Sedum Telephium, L. an indigenous perennial plant, growing on pastures and in hedges; flowering in the month of August.
This luxuriant herb may be easily ​propagated, either by parting the roots; or by slips, or cuttings of the stalks, in summer; it thrives well in dry soils, being of succulent growth; and spreads rapidly into tufted branches; when cultivated in gardens, on account of its variegated appearance.—A decoction of the leaves in milk, operates as a diuretic, and has occasionally been administered, with success, as a cure for the piles.—Cows, goats, sheep, and swine, eat this plant, but it is wholly refused by horses.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Sleep-walking

Edition of 1802.
​SLEEP-WALKING, or Somnambulism, a remarkable disorder, proceeding from an inflamed or disturbed imagination; and in which the patient's eyes are widely open; though he can discern no object: at the same time, he has the power of recollection ; directs his walks to some particular spot; and, after arriving at the end of his nocturnal journey, he retires to bed, apparently composed; and sleeps calmly during the remainder of the night.
Dr. Cullen considers this affection as an active species of the Nightmare (oneirodynia activa), and consequently as originating from the same source.
The causes, however, which have generally been supposed to induce somnambulism, are: a very plethoric state of the blood, especially that towards the head; a disturbed ​imagination, in consequence of horrid dreams; or particular causes that harass the mind during sleep; and, according to Levade, contusions of the brain.
Cure:—Where plethora is the cause, the first passages ought to be cleared by a powerful cathartic; and some blood should then be taken, either from the arm or from the foot; after which, alterative powders, consisting of nitre, cinnabar, and crabs-eyes, in due proportions, have been prescribed with advantage.—Electricity, and frequent bathing, have occasionally proved of service; and it will farther be advisable, to place a vessel of water, or wet cloths, contiguous to the bed-side, so that the patient, by the sudden stimulus on the soles of his feet, be immediately awakened.—Should these remedies fail of success, it has been strongly recommended, by medical writers, to watch the patient, and to chastise him, as often as he is about to renew his nocturnal rambles; yet we do not approve of such coercive measures.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Sleeping

Edition of 1802.
​SLEEPING, is that state of the body, in which the animal functions are suspended.
The proper duration of sleep must be regulated, according to the different constitutions and ages of individuals. Thus, in the first six months of its existence, an infant may be allowed to sleep the greater part of the day; but, after that period, it will be necessary to abridge this indulgence, gradually, with the advance of years. For children, from the age of seven years to that of adolescence, and also for aged persons, eight or nine hours of nightly rest will be required; but for adults, and those who are not obliged to fatigue themselves with mental or bodily exertions, six or seven hours will be sufficient.
The proper hour for retiring to sleep, having already been stated under the article Bed-time, we shall conclude the subject with a few remarks, on the practices occasionally observed in the nursery.
Children, and even infants, are sometimes prevented from going to sleep, by a variety of circumstances, which maternal solicitude only can discover: we conceive it, therefore, our duty, to caution parents and conscientious nurses, against employing artificial means, and particularly opiates or narcotic substances, whether externally or internally, with a view to lull the child to sleep; as these detestable remedies tend to stupify the latent faculties, and to weaken the intellect of such tender constitutions. Equally absurd and injudicious is the practice of terrifying young people to sleep by threats; or of wheedling them by promises; for, in the former case, they early acquire sentiments of disgust and hatred, which have the most baneful influence on their subsequent conduct: in the latter, they become selfish; and, at length, it will be requisite to pay them for sleeping.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Sleep, in Physiology

Edition of 1802.
​SLEEP, is that condition of the body, in which the senses are not excited or affected by external objects; while the functions of life are regularly performed, though not with the same energy or celerity, as is observable in a waking state.
"Tir'd Nature's sweet restorer, balmy sleep," is one of those requisites, which are indispensable to the continuance of life and health: thus, providential Nature has appropriated the night for the recovery of that strength, which had been expended by exhausting the irritable principle during the day.
The disposition to sleep is indicated by a drowsiness pervading the whole system: the senses and muscles become languid; the head, unable to retain its erect position, bends towards the chest; the eye-lids close; and, at length, the ideas become confused; and the intellectual faculties are suspended.
Sleep not only contributes to reinvigorate the muscular power, but also promotes nutrition; because the organs of digestion act, on the whole, more speedily and effectually in this state of rest, than during bodily exercise. Hence, many persons are accustomed to take a nap, regularly after dinner; a practice which has, by some, been highly commended, for its invigorating the body, and enabling it to undergo additional fatigue; while others have censured it, as tending to induce corpulency, a phlegmatic or phlethoric habit, and various indispositions.—The relative propriety of this indulgence, however, depends on particular circumstances. Thus, if a person eat solid or hard food, or be naturally of slow digestion, a short sleep (not exceeding one hour, at the farthest) may be of service; but, in cases of debility, and great muscular relaxation, such practice ought by no means to be encouraged, particularly by the young; as each repetition will have an aggravating effect.
In taking this nccessary repose, the body ought to be reclined on the left side, in a straight direction, with the limbs slightly bent; the head being rather elevated. The body ought, on no account, to be placed in a crooked posture; as it impedes the circulation of the blood, and pre-disposes the system to swoonings, or apoplectic fits. Lying on the back is equally improper; as it tends to produce frightful dreams, and numerous inconveniencies, especially the night-mare.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Sleep of Plants

Edition of 1802.
​SLEEP of PLANTS, is a certain faculty, peculiar to many herbs, flowers, &c. of assuming, during the night, a position essentially different from that which they bear throughout the day.—This change takes place principally towards the approach of night, in leaves and flowers; the appearance of which often varies so considerably, that the same plants can scarcely be recognized. During the night, their leaves are observed to rise or curl ​up, and sometimes to be pendent, according to the nature and genus of the plant, in order to protect the flowers, buds, or young stems.—This period of rest is absolutely necessary to vegetables; their irritability being exhausted by the light and warmth of the day. The circulation of the sap, also, is less rapid in their dormant state; from which circumstance Dr. Darwin conjectures that, as there is less wasted during their inactivity, it is probable that young plants may thrive more rapidly, in the same manner as animals are believed, during their youth, to grow faster when in a state of rest, than in that of exercise.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Sludge

Edition of 1802.
​Sludge. See Sea-sludge.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Slug

Edition of 1802.
​SLUG, or Naked Snail, Limax, L. a genus of insects, comprehending eight species; which differ only in colour; being black, white, reddish, ash-coloured, &c.
These reptiles are destitute of shells, having four feelers placed above the mouth, and which are protruded, or drawn in, at pleasure: they move at a very slow pace; and, from the clamminess of their skin, leave slimy, shining marks, wherever they pass.
Slugs infest gardens and fields, where they do great damage; particularly if the land be stocked with lettuces, cabbages, or turnips. Hence it has been recommended, to strew the ground with lime in the evening, at the rate of 15 bushels per acre; by which expedient they will be completely destroyed; as they advance from their hiding places during the night, in quest of food. These vermin may also be exterminated, by admitting poultry to the ground infested with them. But, as many husbandmen have not an opportunity of liming their fields or gardens; or of keeping a sufficient stock of geese, fowls, ducks, &c. for this purpose, we think it useful to observe, that they may be effectually reduced in number, by the simple expedient of collecting them by the hand, when perambulating the ground very early in the morning, especially during cloudy and damp weather. The destruction of these vermin may, farther, be facilitated by strewing withered leaves, or the putrescent stalks, of cabbages and turnips, on the surface; as they devour the latter with avidity.
One of the most expeditious modes, however, of extirpating slugs, is that communicated by Capt.Shank, to the Bath and West of England Society; and which is inserted in the 8th vol. of their Letters and Papers. He directs a sufficient quantity of coal-tar to be poured into a barrel, and to fill the vessel with water, which must be suffered to stand for two or three days; when it will become powerfully impregnated; and, if poured on the vermin, will kill them instantaneously. He farther observes that, if such tar-water be sprinkled on the land, by means of a watering-pot, both before and after sowing, it will infallibly prevent their depredations.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Smallage

Edition of 1802.
​Smallage. See Celery.