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# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Irwin, George Robert

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​Irwin, George Robert, B.A., C.S.I. (1901) I.C.S. (retired); s. late Henry Irwin of Mount Irwin, Tynan; b. 1855; educ: Uppingham; Christ Church, Oxford; joined Service, 1878; transferred to Political Dept, 1886; served in the Indian Foreign Office and various Native States; retired, 1903. Address: c/o India Office, London. Club: East India United Service.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Irwin, Henry Crossly

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​Irwin, Henry Crossly, B.A., I.C.S; (retired); educ: Balckheath Proprietary School: St Edmund’s Hall, and Queen’s College, Exford; entered I.C.S. 1869; Asst Commissiner, N.W.P; Deputy Collector; Collector and Magistrate, 1889; District and Sessions Judge; 1895; retired, 1896. Publication; The Garden of India. Address: c/o India office, London.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Islington, Lord, John Poynder Dickson-Poynder

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​Islington, Lord, (Dickson-Poynder) John Poynder Dickson-Poynder, P.C., K.C.M.G., (1911), D.S.O., (by first marriage) of the late Rear Admiral john Bourmastes Dickson, C.B.; 6th s. of 2nd Baronet: b. 1866; succeeded to Baronetcy, 1884. educ: at Harraw, and at Christ Church, Oxford; assumed the ​additional surname and arms of Poynder, 1888; patron of two livings; Chairman, Board of Trade Arbtiration Court; Hon: Lieutenant in the Army, and a Knight of justice of Order of St. John of Jerusalam in England; Lieutenant, 3rd Battalion Royal Scots (Lothion Regiment), and Major and Hony L. Col, Royal Ciltshire Yeamonry; served in South Africa with his Battalion, 1909 (despetches D.S.O.); Member, Royal Commission on London Traffic, 1904; Member, Royal Commission on Trade Relations between Canada and West Indies, 1909-10; elected M.P. for Wilts N.W., or Chippenham (c), 1892; re-elected, October 1900 Baron Islington, of Islington Co. London (peerage of United Kingdom), 1910; President, Royal Public Services Commission, India, 1912. Address: Government House, Auckland and Wellington, New Zealand. Seats, Hartham, Corshom. Clubs: Turf, Marlborough, Brookes.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Inglis, William Arbuthnot

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​Inglis, William Arbuthnot, C.S.I. (1908) I.G.S. (retired); b. 1853; s. of Colonel Hugh Inglis Inverness; educ: Wellington College; R.I.E. College: joined service in the Indian P.W.D.; Executive Engineer, 1883; Officiating Under-Secretary, P.W. Department, Bengal, 1891-92; Superintending Engineer, 1896; Chief Secretary, Government of Bengal (Irrigation, Branch), 1907; retired, 1908. Addrees: C/o India Office, London.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Irwin, Henry

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​Irwin, Henry, C.I.E. (1888), M.I.C.E.: b. 1841, s. of Ven Henry Irwin; joined Public Works Department, 1868; Agent to the Governor-General, Rajaputana, 1888; Consulting Architect to Government, 1889; retired, 1896. Address: Adyar House, Adyar, Madras.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Irwin, Sir Alfred Macdonald Bulteel

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​Irwin, Sir Alfred Macdonald Bultael Kt. (1910), C.S.I. (1904), I.C.S. (retired); b. 1853; s. of Ven. Henry Irwin, B.D., Elphin; m. 1884, Alice Kathleen (d. 1899), d. of Christopher French, J.P., D.L.; educ; Kingstown School, Dublin; joined service in the Punjab, 1870; Deputy Commissioner, 1886; Commissioner, 1898; Acting Judge, Chief Court, Burma, 1902; Member, Legislative Council, 1903; Acting Judicial Commissioner, Upper Burma, 1903, Judge, Chief Court, Lower Burma; 1905-09; Acting Chief Judge, 1908. retired, 1909. Publications: The Burmese Calendar; The Burmese and Arakanese Calendars. Address: 49, Ailesbury Road, Dublin. Club. Hibernsian United Service, Dublin.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Iyengar, A. Narasimha

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​Iyengar, A. Narasimha, Rai Bahadur (1887), retired Durbar Bakshi, Mysore; b. 1845; Honorary Secretary, Maharani’s College since 1888; took a prominent part in the founding of that College, 1880; has founded a Brahmin Widow’s Home in Mysore of which he has been Honorary Secretary since its foundation; deeply interested in the amelioration of the position of women in India. Address; Mysore, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Iyengar, Asur Rangaswmai

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​Iyengar, Asur Rangaswmai, M.A., B.L. Rao Bahadur, Revenue Commissioner (retired), Mysore State; b. 1851; B.A., 1869; B.L. 1874; joined Mysore Service, 1870; Puisne Judge, Chief Court, Mysore, 1874; rose to the position of Revenue Commissioner; Rao Bahadur, 1911, retired, 1912. Address: Bangalore city, Mysore Province, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Iyengar, Dr. Ramaswami S. Y.

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​Iyengar, Dr. Ramaswami S. Y., M.D., L.R.C.P. and S. (Ed.), L.R.P. and S. (Glasgow), Personal Assistant to Senior Surgeon and Government Oculist, Mysore State; b, 1863; educ: at the Central College, Bangalore; Maharajas College, Mysore, and the Medical College, Madras; M.D. 1888; Edinburgh and Glasgow degrees, 1890; joined Service as Assistant Surgeon, Bangalore, 1899; Science Teacher, H.H, Maharani’s Girl’s School, 1893; reverted to Bangalore and was in charge of the Leper and ​Lunatic Asylums, and Maternity and Medical Stores, 1S94; Offg Civil Surgeon, Chickmaglur, 1896; Assistant Surgoen, Eye Surgery, 1897; travelled through India for collecting statstics on the eye sight of school children, 1901; Personal Assistant to Senior Surgoen and Government Oculist, 1906. Address: Bangalore city, Mysore Province, India.
# The Hymns of the Rigveda/Book 5

* Hymn 1
* Hymn 2
* Hymn 3
* Hymn 4
* Hymn 5
* Hymn 6
* Hymn 7
* Hymn 8
* Hymn 9
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* Hymn 11
* Hymn 12
* Hymn 13
* Hymn 14
* Hymn 15
* Hymn 16
* Hymn 17
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* Hymn 20
* Hymn 21
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* Hymn 24
* Hymn 25
* Hymn 26
* Hymn 27
* Hymn 28
* Hymn 29
* Hymn 30
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* Hymn 32
* Hymn 33
* Hymn 34
* Hymn 35
* Hymn 36
* Hymn 37
* Hymn 38
* Hymn 39
* Hymn 40
* Hymn 41
* Hymn 42
* Hymn 43
* Hymn 44
* Hymn 45
* Hymn 46
* Hymn 47
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* Hymn 49
* Hymn 50
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* Hymn 58
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* Hymn 60
* Hymn 61
* Hymn 62
* Hymn 63
* Hymn 64
* Hymn 65
* Hymn 66
* Hymn 67
* Hymn 68
* Hymn 69
* Hymn 70
* Hymn 71
* Hymn 72
* Hymn 73
* Hymn 74
* Hymn 75
* Hymn 76
* Hymn 77
* Hymn 78
* Hymn 79
* Hymn 80
* Hymn 81
* Hymn 82
* Hymn 83
* Hymn 84
* Hymn 85
* Hymn 86
* Hymn 87
# The Joyous Adventures of Aristide Pujol (American Magazine series)

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* sister projects: Commons category, Wikidata item.
As serialized in The American Magazine, vols 71 & 72 1911, between January and October.
THE JOYOUS ADVENTURES OF ARISTIDE PUJOL
BY WILLIAM J. LOCKE AUTHOR OF “”SEPTIMUS,” “SIMON THE JESTER,” ETC.
Illustrations BY Arthur Litle and M. Leone Bracker
* The Adventure of the Fair Patronne jan 1911
* The Adventure of the Ariesenne feb 1911
* The Adventure of the Foundling may 1911
* The Adventure of the Kind Mr. Smith july 1911
* The Adventure of Fleurette sept 1911
* The Adventure of the Miracle oct 1911
COPYRIGHT, 1910, BY THE PHILLIPS PUBLISHING CO. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1930, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 93 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Joy of Grief

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* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Published in The poetical works of Rogers, Campbell, J. Montgomery, Lamb, and Kirke White: The Poetical Works of James Montgomery. (1830) p. 124.
"THE JOY OF GRIEF" Ossian.
SWEET the hour of tribulation,
 When the heart can freely sigh;
And the tear of resignation
 Twinkles in the mournful eye.
Have you felt a kind emotion  Tremble through your troubled breast; Soft as evening o'er the ocean,  When she charms the waves to rest?
Have you lost a friend, or brother?  Heard a father's parting breath? Gazed upon a lifeless mother.  Till she seem'd to wake from death?
Have you felt a spouse expiring  In your arms, before your view? Watch'd the lovely soul retiring  From her eyes that broke on you?
Did not grief then grow romantic.  Raving on remember'd bliss? Did you not, with fervor frantic,  Kiss the lips that felt no kiss?
Yes! but, when you had resign'd her,  Life and you were reconciled ; Anna left—she left behind her,  One, one dear, one only child.
But before the green moss peeping,  His poor mother's grave array'd, In that grave the infant sleeping  On the mother's lap was laid.
Horror then, your heart congealing,  Chill'd you with intense despair: Can you call to mind the feeling?—  No! there was no feeling there.
From that gloomy trance of sorrow  When you woke to pangs unknown, How unwelcome was the morrow,  For it rose on you alone!
Sunk in self-consuming anguish,  Can the poor heart always ache? No! the tortured nerve will languish,  Or the strings of life must break.
O'er the yielding brow of Sadness  One faint smile of comfort stole; One soft pang of tender gladness  Exquisitely thrill'd your soul.
While the wounds of woe are healing,  While the heart is all resign'd;
'Tis a solemn feast of feeling,
 'Tis the sabbath of the mind.
Pensive memory then retraces
 Scenes of bliss for ever fled,
Lives in former times and places,
 Holds communion with the dead.
And when night's prophetic slumbers
 Rend the veil to mortal eyes.
From their tombs the sainted numbers
 Of our lost companions rise.
You have seen a friend, a brother,
 Heard a dear dead father speak;
Proved the fondness of a mother,
 Felt her tears upon your cheek.
Dreams of love your grief beguiling,
 You have clasp'd a consort's charms.
And received your infant smiling
 From his mother's sacred arms.
Trembling, pale, and agonizing,
 While you mourn'd the vision gone,
Bright the morning-star arising
 Open'd heaven, from whence it shone
Thither all your wishes bending,
 Rose in ecstacy sublime,
Thither all your hopes ascending
 Triumph'd over death and time.
Thus afflicted, bruised, and broken.
 Have you known such sweet relief?
Yes, my friend ; and by this token.
 You have felt "the joy of grief."
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Jenkinson, Sir Edward George

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​Jenkinson, Sir Edward George, K.C.B.; (1888) s. of late Edward Jenkinson; b. 1836; m. Annabella, d. of Monk Mason, 1865; educ: Harrow; Haileybury Coll; joined Indian Civil Service, 1856; Dy. Collector and Joint Magistrate of Benares, and Parukhabad; served Indian Mutiny; went to Ireland with Karl Spencer as Private Secretarv and was Asst. Under Secy Police (Ireland), 1882. Address: Thurlow, Holloway Hill, Godalming.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Jath, Jagirdar of; Srimant Rama Rao Amritrao

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​Jath, Jagirdar of; Srimant Rama Rao Amritrao, also known as Abasahib Dafle; a.s. of late Chief Bhimarao Amritrato; educ: at the Raj Kumar College, Rajkot; invested with full powers, 1907; area of the State together with its integra ​part of Daflapur, 884 square miles; population, about 70,000. Address: Jath Town, Bijapur Agency, Bombay Presidency, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Jehangir, Sir Cowasjee

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​Jehangir, Sir Cowasjee, Bart; descendant of Heerje Jehangir, the pioneer of the trade between India and China, and banker to the East India Co; b. 1853; educ: at Elphinstone College, Bombay; one of the largest landed proprietors; Chairman of the Joorla Jubilee and Hope Mills; founded the Jehangir Hall of the Imperial Institute; contributed 3 lakhs, for the erection of the examination hall and four lakhs for Science laboratories for the Bombay Presidency: Fellow of the Bombay University; Justice of the Peace; Delegate for the Parsi Matrimonial Court; Member, Committee of the Bombay Mill Owners Assam; Chairman, Cowasjee Jehangir Girls School, Bombay, and the High School for Boys at Gundvi. Address: Bombay, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Jarrett, Col Henry Sullivan

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​Jarrett, Col Henry Jullivan, C.I.E. (1895) Supernumerary List; b. 1839; 2nd s. of late Thomas Jarrett, Speldhurst, Kent; m. Agnes Delacour, d. of late Francis Beaufort, 1874; educ: Prior Park, Bath; joined the Army, 1856; served in India during the Mutiny; Mahsud-Waziri Expedition, 1860; the 2nd Yusufzai Expedition as A.D.C.; Member, Board of Examiners, Culcutta; Asst. Secretary, Legislative Department, Government of India, 1870-94. Publications; History of the Caliphs; Institutes of the Emperor Akbar; Heine’s Book of Songs into English verse; Address: Imberhorne. East Grinstead. Club; United Service.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Jeejeebhai, Sir Carsetji

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​Jeejeebhai, Sir Carsetji, Bart, Bombay; b. 1852; educ; Elphinstone College, Bombay; joined service as Assistant Collector, Salt Revenue Department, 1879; resigned after succeeding to Baronetcy, 1898; became Member of Bombay Corporation; appointed Sheriff of Bombay; represented Bombay at the Coronation of late Emperor Edward VII; founded the Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhai’s Institution in Bombay with branches in other parts of India for free education of child ren; Honorary Presidency Magistrate, Justice of the Peace, and Fellow of the Bombay University; again appointed Sheriff of Bombay for the year 1915. Address: Bombay, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Jennings, Colonel Robert Henry

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​Jennings, Colonel Robert Henry, C.S.I. (1904), R.E.; b. 1852; e.s. of late R. Jennings, Woodlawn, Cork; m. 1892, Bessie, d. of late Archibald Gray; educ: Royal Military Academy, Wool wich; travelled extensively in Europe and the East; joined R.E. 1872; served Afghan War, 1879-80; Chief Political Officer, Sir C. Macgregor’s Force Mari Expedition (despatches, medal); Chief Political Officer, Toba Column, 1882; made exploration in Persia, Baluchistan. Helmund, 1884-85; thanked by Commander-in-Chief; Army Staff till 1890: Consul at Basra; Turkish Arabia, 1892; Resident, at Jeypore, 1898; Indore, and W. Rajputana States; on special duty representing H.E. the Viceroy in company with the eldest son of the Amir of Afghanistan during latter’s tour in India, 1904-5. Publications: numerous articles in the Gazetters of Baluchistan, Persia; description of country routes between Bagdad, Nejf, and Karbela, in Mesopotamia and Baluchistan and Persia. Recreations: shooting, fishing. Address: 20, Roland Gardens, S.W. Club: Junior United Service.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Jashpur, Raja of; Bishen Prasad Singh Deo

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​Jashpur, Raja of; Bishen Prasad Singh Deo; succeeded Raja Partap Narain Singh Deo Bahadur, C.I.E.; area of the State, 1948 square miles; population, 200,000; pays tribute to British Government through the State of Sarguja to which he is bound to render feudal service; holds a sanad which regulates his relations with the British Government; is under the political control of the Commissioner of Chhatisgarh. Address: Jashpur, C.P., India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Jenkins, Sir Lawrence Hugh

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​Jenkins, Sir Lawrence Hugh, Kt. (1899). K.C.I.E., (1908), Chief Justice, High Court, Calcutta; 2nd s. of Richard David Jenkins, Clibrounan, Cardizan; b. 1858; educ: Cheltenham College, Oxford; called to Bar (Lincoln’s Inn) 1883; Bencher. Lincoln’s Inn, 1909; Judge, Calcutta High Court, 1896-09,Chief Justice, High Court, Bombay, 1898-1908; Member of the Council of India, 1908-09; Chief Justice, Calcutta High Court, since 1910; is District Grand Master of Freemasons for Bengal; takes an active part in all important public movements; as a speaker, especially on social questions, he is perhaps unmatched. Address. No. 8, Outram Street, Calcutta, Clibronnan, near Cardigan.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Jardine, William Ellis

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​Jardine, William Ellis, C.I.E. (1909), F.R.G.S., M.R.A.S.: b. 1867; s. late William Jardine; educ; Fettes College, Edinburgh; Wren’s; Trinity College, Cambridge; joined I.C.S. 1886; transferred to Political Department, Government of India; 1893; became Assistant Resident, Hyderabad, First Assistant Agent to Governer-General, Central India, and First Assistant Resident, Hyderabad: Political Agent, Bundelkhand, 1904-9; Address Co India Office London. Madras; Clubs: East India United service.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Jeypore, Maharaja of; Sri Vikrania Deo Garu

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​Jeypore, Maharaja of; Sri Vikrania Deo Garu; belongs to an ancient family owning a zamindari of ​11,520 square miles in extent impartible and inalienble, under Act II of 1904; b. 1875; educ: under Dr. J. Marsh of Tanjore; m. e.d. of the Raja of Udaipur, in Chota Nagpur, 1863; has a son and heir, Sri Ramachandra Deo; b. 1893; took charge of Estate, 1895; made Maharajah, 1896: maintains beds in the Madras Gosha Hospital and has contributed largely to charitable purposes; offered a seat on the Madras Legislative Council by Sir Arthur Lawley as representative of the Northern Zamindars of Madras, which he declined, 1910. Address: Jeypore, Yizagapatam District, Madras Presidency, India.
# The Iliad and Odyssey of Homer (Cowper)/Volume 2/The Odyssey/Dedication

TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE
COUNTESS DOWAGER SPENCER,
THE FOLLOWING
TRANSLATION OF THE ODYSSEY,
A POEM THAT EXHIBITS
IN THE CHARACTER OF ITS HEROINE
AN EXAMPLE
OF ALL DOMESTIC VIRTUE,
IS WITH EQUAL PROPRIETY AND RESPECT
INSCRIBED
BY HER LADYSHIP's
MOST DEVOTED SERVANT,
THE AUTHOR.
# The Iliad and Odyssey of Homer (Cowper)/Volume 2/The Odyssey/Notes

These notes are not present in Cowper's original translation, but added in the Temple Press edition digitized for this edition.
Notes
Bk. x. l. 101-106 (Hom. x. l. 81-86).—It is held now that this passage should be explained by the supposition that the Homeric bards had heard tales of northern latitudes, where, in summer-time, the darkness was so short that evening was followed almost at once by morning. Thus the herdsman coming home in the twilight at one day’s close might meet and hail the shepherd who was starting betimes for the next day’s work. Line 86 in the Greek ought probably to be translated, “For the paths of night and day are close together,” i.e., the entrance of day follows hard on the entrance of night.
Bk. xi. l. 162, 163 (Hom. xi. l. 134, 135).—
θάνατος δέ τοι ἐξ ἁλὸς αὐτῷ ἀβληχρός μάλα τοῖος ἐλεύσεται.
Others translate, “And from the sea shall thy own death come,” suggesting that Ulysses after all was lost at sea. This is the rendering followed by Tennyson in his poem “Ulysses” (and see Dante, Inferno, Canto xxvi.). It is a more natural translation of the Greek, and gives a far more wonderful vista for the close of the Wanderer’s life.
Bk. xix. l. 712 (Hom. xix. l. 573).—The word πελέκεας, for which Cowper gives as a paraphrase “spikes, crested with a ring,” elsewhere means axes, and ought so to be translated here. For since Cowper’s day an axe-head of the Mycenæan period has been discovered with the blade pierced so as to form a hole through which an arrow could pass. (See Tsountas and Manatt, The Mycenæan Age.) Axes of this type were not known to Cowper, and hence the hypothesis in his text. He realised correctly the essential conditions of the feat proposed: the axes must have been set up, one behind the other, in the way he suggested for his ringed stakes.
Bk. xxii. l. 139-162 (Hom. xxii. l. 126-143).—How Melanthius got out of the hall remains a puzzle. Cowper assumes a second postern, but there is no evidence for this, and l. 139 ff. (l. 126 ff. in the Greek) suggest rather strongly that there was only one. Unfortunately, the crucial word ῥῶγες which occurs in the line describing Melanthius’ exit is not found elsewhere. “He went up,” the poet says, “through the ῥῶγες of the hall.” Merry suggests that “he scrambled up to the loopholes that were pierced in the wall.” Others suppose that there was a ladder at the inner end of the hall leading to the upper story, and on through passages to the armoury.
In l. 141 (l. 128 in the Greek) the word translated “street” by Cowper is usually rendered “corridor.”
Made At The Temple Press Letchworth
Great Britain
# The Iliad of Homer (Buckley)

The Iliad of Homer, Literally Translated with Explanatory Notes.
HARPERS' NEW CLASSICAL LIBRARY.
THE
ILIAD OF HOMER.
THE
ILIAD OF HOMER,
LITERALLY TRANSLATED,
WITH EXPLANATORY NOTES.
BY
THEODORE ALOIS BUCKLEY, BA.,
OF CHRIST CHURCH.
NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS,
329 & 331 PEARL STREET. 1860.
PREFACE.
The present translation of the Iliad will, it is hoped, be found to convey, more accurately than any which has preceded it, the words and thoughts of the original. It is based upon a careful examination of whatever has been contributed by scholars of every age toward the elucidation of the text, including the ancient scholiasts and lexicographers, the exegetical labors of Barnes and Clarke, and the elaborate criticisms of Heyne, Wolf, and their successors.
The necessary brevity of the notes has prevented the full discussion of many passages where there is great room for difference of opinion, and hence several interpretations are adopted without question, which, had the editor's object been to write a critical commentary, would have undergone a more lengthened examination. The same reason has compelled him, in many instances, to substitute references for extracts, indicating rather than quoting those storehouses of information, from whose abundant contents he would gladly have drawn more copious supplies. Among the numerous works to which he has had recourse, the following deserve particular mention:—Alberti's invaluable edition of Hesychius, the Commentary of Eustathius, and Buttmann's Lexilogus.
In the succeeding volume, the Odyssey, Hymns, and minor poems will be produced in a similar manner.
THEODORE ALOIS BUCKLEY,
Ch. Ch., Oxford.
This table of contents is not part of the original text
CONTENTS
* BOOK THE FIRST
* BOOK THE SECOND
* BOOK THE THIRD
* BOOK THE FOURTH
* BOOK THE FIFTH
* BOOK THE SIXTH
* BOOK THE SEVENTH
* BOOK THE EIGHTH
* BOOK THE NINTH
* BOOK THE TENTH
* BOOK THE ELEVENTH
* BOOK THE TWELFTH
* BOOK THE THIRTEENTH
* BOOK THE FOURTEENTH
* BOOK THE FIFTEENTH
* BOOK THE SIXTEENTH
* BOOK THE SEVENTEENTH
* BOOK THE EIGHTEENTH
* BOOK THE NINETEENTH
* BOOK THE TWENTIETH
* BOOK THE TWENTY-FIRST
* BOOK THE TWENTY-SECOND
* BOOK THE TWENTY-THIRD
* BOOK THE TWENTY-FOURTH
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# The Kobzar of the Ukraine/The Meaning of Serfdom

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The Meaning of Serfdom
But that was not the worst. More bitter than labor was the fact that they were not their own, were chattels of their lord, who could sell them at his pleasure or gamble them away at cards.
He could beat them too, or kill them if he wished, without fear, for what advocate would take up the case of a penniless serf against the all-powerful aristocracy.
Hideous, too, was the glaring fact that young daughters of the serfs were regarded as the legitimate prey of the landlord and his sons.
In these later days the sins of the fathers have been visited in awful fashion on the descendants of these landlords. But can we ​wonder that in the writings of a poet whose childhood was poisoned by knowledge of such injustice, we find evidence of the growing avenging fury that later was to bring about such awe-inspiring convulsions in human society.
Through all of Shevchenko's verse there sounds the great theme of that contrast between the beauty of God's world, and the horrors of human cruelty.