OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Timeline of the American Revolution/1777

1777
At What Price? In 1777 the Americans cut short a British plan to divide and conquer the colonies. The British surrendered a large force to the Continental Army after the battles of Saratoga in New York, but were able to capture the patriot capital at Philadelphia. In December, an optimistic, but weary Continental Army marched into winter quarters at Valley Forge.
January 3 Washington follows up triumph at Trenton with a victory at the Battle of Princeton, New Jersey.
January 6 Continental Army enters second winter encampment of the war at Morristown, New Jersey.
May After facing defeat by patriot militia along the southern frontier, Cherokee Indians are forced from their land in South Carolina.
May 28 Continental Army leaves Morristown, New Jersey, encampment.
June British under General John Burgoyne begin lake-route invasion from Canada.
July 6 British force Americans to abandon Fort Ticonderoga.
July 20 After struggle with patriot forces along the Carolina and Georgia frontiers, Cherokee give up land in western North Carolina.
July 27 Marquis de Lafayette arrives in Philadelphia to volunteer for the American cause.
August 2 - 23 Patriots successfully defend Fort Stanwix, New York, against intimidating British assault, halting one prong of planned English offensive.
August 6
​August 16 Hessian component of General Burgoyne’s offensive defeated at Bennington (Vermont).
August 25 British land at Head of Elk (Chesapeake Bay), Maryland, and begin campaign to capture Philadelphia.
September 2 Zealous Pennsylvania government arrests prominent Philadelphia Quakers for not supporting patriot causes and sends them into exile in Virginia.
September 11 Washington gives ground after losing hard-fought Battle of Brandywine, Pennsylvania.
September 19 At the first Battle of Saratoga (Freeman’s Farm), New York, Burgoyne’s army is shaken by encounter with Arnold and Morgan’s riflemen.
September 21 British carry out victorious nighttime bayonet assault on Anthony Wayne’s Pennsylvania troops at the Battle of Paoli, Pennsylvania.
September 22 - 26 English outmaneuver Continental Army and capture Philadelphia.
October 4 Washington’s bold counter attack at the Battle of Germantown, Pennsylvania, falls short.
October 7 At Second Battle of Saratoga (Bemis Heights) New York, Arnold defeats British again and forces them to retreat.
October 17 Burgoyne surrenders his trapped army to General Horatio Gates.
October 22 Hessian attack on Fort Mercer, New Jersey, is firmly repulsed.
November 10 - 15 Fort Mifflin, Pennsylvania, reduced and evacuated after valiant American defense.
November 15 Articles of Confederation adopted by Continental Congress in York, Pennsylvania.
December 19 Continental Army enters the third winter encampment of the war at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Timeline of the American Revolution/1778

1778
The Tide Turns European recognition, assistance, and military professionalism came to America in 1778. By February American diplomatic efforts and military achievements yielded an alliance with France. At the Battle of Monmouth, New Jersey, in June, the Americans claimed victory over their opponent. In November ​the army set up their winter quarters with business-like efficiency at Middlebrook, New Jersey.
February Rhode Island Assembly enacts temporary law granting freedom to slaves who enlist in the predominately African American First Rhode Island regiment.
February 6 French Alliance treaties signed in Europe.
February 23 Former Prussian officer Baron von Steuben arrives at Valley Forge to begin training program.
May 6 Continental Army formally celebrates French Alliance at Valley Forge.
June 18 British withdraw from Philadelphia.
June 19 Continental Army leaves Valley Forge in pursuit.
June 28 Steuben-trained Continentals prove their mettle and force the King’s troops from the field at Battle of Monmouth, New Jersey.
July George Rogers Clark carries out audacious operation against British-held posts in present-day Indiana and Illinois, capturing Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Fort Sackville at Vincennes.
July 10 France declares war on Great Britain.
August 29 French Alliance gets off to a rocky start as an uncoordinated Franco-American attack on Newport, Rhode Island, fails.
November 11 Loyalist leaders Walter Butler and Joseph Brant lead tory and Indian attack on Cherry Valley, New York.
November Continental Army begins fourth winter camp at Middlebrook, New Jersey.
December 17 British retake Vincennes.
December 29 British expedition captures Savannah, Georgia.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Timeline of the American Revolution/1775

1775
​“Rage Militare” On the eve of the Revolution the patriots succeeded in organizing a home defense; militias stood mobilized and ready. Fighting broke out at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, on April 19. At the Battle of Bunker Hill in June, the patriots lost, but learned that they could stand against British regulars. Soon after, George Washington assumed command of the newly created Continental Army.
April 19 Battles of Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, occur. A rallying militia drives British back in retreat to Boston.
May 10 Second Continental Congress convenes in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Fort Ticonderoga, New York, captured by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold.
June 14 Congress establishes Continental Army.
June 15 Congress appoints George Washington as commander-in-chief.
June 17 At the Battle of Bunker Hill (Breed’s Hill), Massachusetts, the British seize their objective, but suffer severe casualties.
July 3 George Washington assumes command of the Continental Army in Massachusetts.
July 5 Continental Congress adopts Olive Branch Petition in effort to reconcile differences with Britain.
August 28 Hoping to gain a fourteenth colony to aid in fight against Britain, patriots begin a campaign to capture Quebec, Canada.
October 13 Congress authorizes Continental Navy.
November Lord Dunmore, Royal Governor of Virginia, offers freedom to slaves who join Crown forces. King George III rejects Olive Branch Petition.
November 10 Congress establishes Continental Marines.
November 14 General Richard Montgomery’s forces occupy Montreal.
December 9 Patriots defeat British at Great Bridge, Virginia.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Atkinson, Ven. Edward Dupré

​ATKINSON, Ven. Edward Dupré, LL.B.; m. Katherine Elizabeth, dau. of Gen. L'Estrange, Kilcummin, Banagher, King's Co.: two sons, three dau. Barrister, King's Inns, 1878; ordained Deacon for the curacy of Seapatrick, Banbridge, 1880; Rector of Donaghcloney, 1884-1918; Rural Dean of Shankill. Archdeacon of Dromore; Vicar of Rostrevor since 1919; Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Down; b. 2nd Feb., 1855; son of Richard Atkinson, late of Gortmore, Dundrum, Co. Dublin, and Mary Jane, dau. of Capt. George Holding, late of Lime Park, Caledon. Pubns.: An Ulster Parish; Private Prayers for Irish Church People. Res.: The Vicarage, Rostrevor, Co. Down.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Ava, Earl of

​AVA, Earl of, Basil Sheridan Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood: only son of 3rd Marquess of Dufferin and Ava; b. 1909.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Austin, Sir William Michael Byron

​AUSTIN, Sir William Michael Byron, Baronet (Unit. Kgd., 1894); Master of the East Galway Foxhounds; served in European War, 1915; Capt. Comdg. T. and S. Column Yorkshire Mounted Brigade, A.S.C, 1908-10; a J.P for West Riding of Yorkshire; son of Sir John, 1st Bart., and Agnes, dau. of late Samuel S. Byron, of West Ayton, Yorks; b. 27th Nov., 1871: s. his father 30th March, 1906; m. 1896, Violet, dau of Alexander Fraser, of Westerfield House, near Ipswich, and has issue two sons and three daus. Res.: Gurthalougha Borrisokane, Co. Tipperary; Fryston Hall, Ferrybridge.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Aylmer, Major John Algernon

​AYLMER, Major John Algernon, B.A. (Trin. Coll Camb.); D.L., J.P. Co. Kiidare (High Sheriff, 1896); Major late 4th Dragoon Gds.; served in Egypt 1882; eldest son of late M. Aylmer. of Courtown, Co. Kiidare; b. 1853; m. 1886, Blanche (d. 1895), 3rd dau. of John Eveleigh Wyndham, of Clearwell Court, Gloucestershire, and widow of Capt. George Montgomery, R.H.A., and has issue a son and a dau. Res.: Courtown, Kilcock, Co. Kiidare. Clubs: Naval and Military and Cavalry, London; and Kiidare Street, Dublin.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Bagenal, Beauchamp Frederick

​BAGENAL, Beauchamp Frederick, D.L., J.P., Co. Carlow (High Sheriff, 1871); late Lieut, 45th (Sherwood Foresters) Regt.; served in Abyssinian Campaign, 1868. Eldest surviving son of late Philip Bagenal, of Benekerry, Co. Carlow; b. 1846: m. 1870, Ethel Mary, 3rd dau. of late R. W. Hall-Dare, D.L., of Newtownbarry, Co. Wexford. Res.: Benekerry House, Carlow.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Bagwell, John

​BAGWELL, John, D.L., J.P., Co. Tipperary. Educ.: Harrow; Trinity College, Oxford. Assistant Superintendent of Line, Midland Railway, 1905-9; Superintendent of Passenger Service, 1910-11; General Manager, Great Northern Railway of Ireland since 1911; b. 1874; only son of late Richard Bagwell, of Marlfield, Clonmel; m. 1901, Louise, dau. of Maj.-Gen. George Shaw, C.B.; two sons, one dau. Recns.: shooting, fishing, sailing. Res.: Drumleek, Howth, Co. Dublin; Clubs: Travellers', London; Kildare Street, Dublin; Royal St. George Yacht.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Babington, Very Rev. Richard

​BABINGTON, Very Rev. Richard, M.A. (T.C.D.); Dean of Cork since 1914; b. Londonderry, 4th Feb., 1869; son of late Rev. Canon R. Babington, of Londonderry; m. 1899, Catherine, dau. of late Rev. Robert Hamilton, Drumcree, Co. Tyrone; one son. Ordained, 1892: Curate of Drumragh, Omagh, 1892-99; Rector of Moville, Co. Donegal, 1899-1905; Rector of Drumragh, Omagh, 1905-14: Canon of Derry Cathedral, 1911. Recns.: fishing, gardening. Res.: The Deanery, Cork. Club; Cork County.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Bagot, John Christopher

​BAGOT, John Christopher, J.P., Co. Galway; eldest surviving son of late John Lloyd Neville Bagot, J.P., of Aughrane Castle, and Ballyturin, Co. Galway; b. 1856; m. 1891, Anna C., only dau. of Lt.Col. Fleming, Mayfield, Ashbourne, Derbyshire. Res.: Ballyturin, Gort, Co. Galway.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Bagwell, Major John

​BAGWELL, Major John, M.V.O. (1909), M.C. (1916), Chevalier Legion of Honour; Order of White Eagle of Serbia; late Capt., Norfolk Regt.; Bt.-Major, 3rd Bn. Norfolk Begt., 1917; G.S.O. (2nd Grade), 1916; served in Somaliland, 1908-10; European War, 1914-19; only son of William Bagwell, J.P., of East Grove, Co. Cork; b. 1881: m. 1914, Mary Ethel, 2nd dau. of late Samuel Kingane, D.L., of Glenganagh, Co. Down. Keens.: hunting, motoring. Res.: Belgrove. Qneenstown, Co. Cork.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Whitton, Henry McManus

​WHITTON, Henry McManus, M.A., LL.B. (R.U.I.): Barrister-at-Law, King's Inns, Dublin: Fitzgibbon Gold Medallist for Essay on "Title"; entered service of Land Judge Court, 1889; Private Secretary to Under Secretary for Ireland. 1916-18; Registrar, Land Judges' Court, High Court of Justice in Ireland, 1919; Registrar, High Court of Appeal for Ireland, 1921; m. 1902, Constance Eleanor, dau. of the late Rev. Alexander Beatty. Recns.: golf, motoring, fishing. Res.: Drommartin Lodge, Dundrum, Co. Dublin.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Wilkinson, Robert Houghton

​WILKINSON, Robert Houghton, Inspector of Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture, Northern Ireland, from 1921. Educ. at Collegiate School, Runcorn, Cheshire, and University of Liverpool; formerly Assistant to Professor James Campbell Brown, D.Sc.; Public Analyst, County of Lancaster and City of Liverpool, and Professor of Chemistry, Liverpool University; late Analyst Condensed Milk Co. of Ireland, Ltd.; Managing Director Anglo Irish Condensed Milk Co., Ltd.; b. 1867; m. 1895, Margaret, dau. of Alexander Kyle, of Widnes, Lanes. Res.: Belfast.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/White, Rev. Newport John Davis

​WHITE, Rev. Newport John Davis, M.A., D.D. (T.C.D.); M.R.I.A; Archbishop King's Professor of Divinity in the University of Dublin from 1916; Assistant to the Prof, of Hebrew from 1897; Canon of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, from 1906; Keeper of Marsh's Library from 1898; Member of General Synod from 1911. Educ. Rathmines School; Trinity College, Dublin (Scholar, 1880; Vice-Chancellor's Prize for English Prose; Gold Medal for Latin, 1882; Senior Moderator in Classics, First Senior Moderator in Modern ​Literature, Brooke Prize, 1883; First Theological Exhibition, 1885); was Curate of Bowdon, Cheshire, 1885-87; St. John's, Birkenhead, 1888-90; Private Teacher of Theology, 1890-97; Assistant Lecturer in Divinity and Hebrew in the University of Dublin, 1897-1907; Lecturer in the English Bible, 1898-1915; Professor of Biblical Greek, 1906-16; Deputy for the Regius Professor of Divinity, 1907-16; Chaplain to the Lord Lieutenant, 1913-21. Pubns.: Contributor to Hastings' Dict. of the Bible and to Hastings' Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels; Critical Edition of the Latin Writings of St. Patrick, 1905; Edited Dr. Salmon's posthumous Human Element in the Gospels, 1907; Author of Commentary on Pastoral Epistles in Expositor's Greek Testament, 1910: St. Patrick: his Life and Writings, 1920; son of late Rev. Henry Vere White, M.A., Incumbent of Swift's Alley Church, Dublin, and Lucy Reeves, dau. of Hill Wilson, Solicitor, of Dublin; b. 16th Feb., 1860; m. Ethel Catherine, dau. of Rev. George Kirkpatrick, M.A., Rector of Castlepollard, Co. Westmeath, and has issue one son and three daus. Res.: 32 Kenilworth Square, Dublin.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Whitla, Sir William

​WHITLA, Sir William, Knt. (1902), M.A., M.D. Queen's University with highest honours, gold medal and special commendation; M.A Royal University (Hon. Causa); LL.D Glasgow Univ. (Hon. Causa): M.D, T.C.D. (Hon. Causa); D.Sc. (Q.U B.) Hon. Causa; Diploma and Medal (1st Class per meriti scientifici), Academy of Palermo; (M.P. for Queen's University, Belfast, from 1918); Hon. Physician to H.M. King George V. in Ireland; Hon. Member Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain; late President of Ulster Medical Society, 1886 and 1902; President N. I. Branch British Medical Assocn.; President of Irish Medical Association, 1901; President of the British Medical Association, 1909-10; Pres. Irish Graduates' Assocn. (London), 1905; Emeritus Prof, of Materia Medica, Queen's Univ.; Consulting Physician Royal Victoria Hospital; Consulting Physician to various institutions and hospitals: Member of the Senate Queen's University of Belfast: late Senator of Royal University and Examiner in Victoria, Glasgow, Cambridge, and Royal Universities; Orator, London Medical Society, 1913; Author of work on "Materia Medica" (ten editions), "Dictionary of Treatment," 6th edition, and 5th edition in Chinese language; Theory and Practice of Medicine, 2 vols., 1908; son of R. Whitla, Monaghau; b. 1851; m. Ada, dau. of George Bourne, Draconage, Staffordshire; J.P. Co. Antrim. Res.: Lenuoxvale House, Belfast. St. Stephen's Club, Westminster, S.W.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/White, Vincent Joseph

​WHITE, Vincent Joseph (M.P. for East Tipperary, Co. Waterford and City of Waterford from 1921), L.R.C.P. & S.I., Alderman of the City of Waterford; Mayor of Waterford, 1921-23. Res.: 21 Broad Street, Waterford.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Wilkinson, Sir Hiram Shaw

​WILKINSON, Sir Hiram Shaw, Knight (1903). Educ: Queen's University, Ireland (B.A., 1864, LL.D., 1881); called to the Bar at the Middle Temple, 1872, (obtained by competition Studentship awarded by Four Inns of Court, Michaelmas Term, 1871); passed Civil Service competitive examination and obtained honorary certificate, 1864; appointed Student Interpreter in Japan, 1864; 1st Class Assistant, 1868: Vice-consul at Neegata, 1877 Crown Advocate in China, 1881; British Commissioner for settlement of Canton Riot claims, 1883: Judge of H.B.M.'s Court for Japan, 1897, and Chief Justice of H.B.M.'s Supreme Court for China and ​Corea, 1900; retired, 1903; acted as Vice-Consul Hiogo and Osaka, 1872, as Consul at Kanagawa on various occasions, 1873-9, as Assistant Judge at Shanghai in 1879 and 1880, as Judge of H.B.M.'s Court for Japan, 1894 and 189o, and as Chief Justice of H.B.M.'s Supreme Court tor China and Japan on several occasions; Member of Senate of Queen's University, Belfast, since 1908, Pro-Chancellor since 1914; Member of Vice-Regal Commission of Inquiry National Education in Ireland, 1913; J.P., and D.L. Co. Londonderry (High Sheriff, 1921); b. 13th June, 1840; son of the late John Wilkinson, of Belfast, and Annabella, dau. of the late William Shaw, of Holden's Valley, Waringstown, Co. Down. Res.: Moneyshanere, Tobermore, Co. Londonderry. Clubs: Athenaeum and Wellington, London; and Ulster, Belfast.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Wicklow, Earl of

Ralph Francis Howard
​WICKLOW, Earl of, 1793; Viscount Wicklow, 1785; Baron Clonmore, 1778 (Irid.), Ralph Francis Howard, 7th Earl; late Capt. 2nd Life Guards; elected a Representative Peer for Ireland (1905); J.P., D.L. Co. Wicklow; son of Cecil, 6th Earl, a Representative Peer for Ireland, and Francesia Maria (d. 1877) dau. of Thomas Chamberlayne; b. 24th Dec, 1877; s. his father 24th July, 1891; m. 14th Jan., 1902, Lady Gladys Mary Hamilton (d. 1917), younger dau. of His Grace the Duke of Abercorn. K.G. and has issue one son. Res.: Shelton Abbey, Arklow, Co. Wicklow.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Wilding, Edward

​WILDING, Edward, C.B.E. (1919). Educ.: R. N. E. College. Devonport, and R. N. College, Greenwich; Shipbuilder and Naval Architect; Member Royal Corps Naval Constructors, 1899-1904; joined Staff Harland and Wolff, Belfast, 1904; a Managing Director, 1914; Deputy Director of Designs for Con. Gen. Merchant Shipbuilding, 1918-9; b. 25th Nov., 1875; eldest son of Henry Wilding, J.P., Liverpool and Southampton. Res.: 6 Royal Terrace. Belfast. Club: Ulster Reform.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Williams, Alexander

​WILLIAMS, Alexander, R.H.A., 1891. Educ.: Drogheda Grammar School; studied for the musical profession; was a member of the Dublin Glee and Madrigal Union Quintet, 1875; afterwards soloist in the Choirs of His Majesty's Chapel Royal, Trinity College Chapel, Christ Church Cathedral, and St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin; studied drawing in the Art Schools of the Royal Dublin Society; Painter in Oil and Water Colour; A.R.H.A., 1883; self taught; has devoted himself to the delineation of Irish Landscape, Lake and Sea-Coast Scenery. He has held several successful one-man shows of Irish Scenery in Bond Street; also in Liverpool Manchester, and Bristol. In 1897 he was commissioned by the Corporation of Dublin to advise and superintend the cleaning and restoration of the valuable historical collection of Portraits in the City Hall and Mansion House. Messrs. Blackie and Son commissioned the artist to paint 48 pictures to illustrate their four published vols, of "Beautiful Ireland," letterpress by Stephen Gwynn; in Canada there is an increasing demand for his pictures of Irish Scenery, and they have been exhibited in St. John, N.B., Montreal, Toronto, Hamilton, Regina, Saskatoon, Winnipeg, Prince Albert, Fort William and Vancouver. In the United States an Exhibition was held in Detroit in 1916. Recn.: the study of entomology and ornithology; has written numerous articles on bird life; b. Co. Monaghan, Ireland; m. Kate, youngest dau. of late George Gray, Vicar-Choral of Westminster Abbey, Armagh, and St. Patrick's Cathedrals, and has issue one dau. Res.: 4 Hatch Street, Dublin; Bleanaskill Lodge, Achill Island.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Whitty, Patrick Joseph

​WHITTY, Patrick Joseph. Educ at St. Vincent's College, Castleknock; M.P. for N. Louth, 1916-8: third son of late Dr. Whitty, of Waterford; b. 1874. Res.: 22 Cross Avenue, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.
# Tirukural/Chapter 23

Kural-221 Call that a gift to needy men thou dost dispense, All else is void of good, seeking for recompense. To give to the destitute is true charity. All other gifts have the nature of (what is done for) a measured return.
Kural-222 Though men declare it heavenward path, yet to receive is ill; Though upper heaven were not, to give is virtue still. To beg is evil, even though it were said that it is a good path (to heaven). To give is good, even though it were said that those who do so cannot obtain heaven.
Kural-223 'I've nought' is ne'er the high-born man's reply; He gives to those who raise themselves that cry. (Even in a low state) not to adopt the mean expedient of saying "I have nothing," but to give, is the characteristic of the mad of noble birth.
Kural-224 The suppliants' cry for aid yields scant delight, Until you see his face with grateful gladness bright. To see men begging from us in disagreeable, until we see their pleasant countenance.
Kural-225 'Mid devotees they're great who hunger's pangs sustain, Who hunger's pangs relieve a higher merit gain. The power of those who perform penance is the power of enduring hunger. It is inferior to the power of those who remove the hunger (of others).
Kural-226 Let man relieve the wasting hunger men endure; For treasure gained thus finds he treasure-house secure. The removal of the killing hunger of the poor is the place for one to lay up his wealth.
Kural-227 Whose soul delights with hungry men to share his meal, The hand of hunger's sickness sore shall never feel. The fiery disease of hunger shall never touch him who habitually distributes his food to others.
Kural-228 Delight of glad'ning human hearts with gifts do they not know. Men of unpitying eye, who hoard their wealth and lose it so? Do the hard-eyed who lay up and lose their possessions not know the happiness which springs from the pleasure of giving ?
Kural-229 They keep their garners full, for self alone the board they spread;- 'Tis greater pain, be sure, than begging daily bread! Solitary and unshared eating for the sake of filling up one's own riches is certainly much more unpleasant than begging.
Kural-230 'Tis bitter pain to die, 'Tis worse to live. For him who nothing finds to give! Nothing is more unpleasant than death: yet even that is pleasant where charity cannot be exercised.