OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/White, William Allen

Edition of 1920. See also William Allen White on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHITE, William Allen, American author: b. Emporia, Kan., 1868. He was educated at the
University of Kansas and in 1890 became editor of the Eldorado Daily Republican. He afterward was engaged on the editorial staffs of the Kansas City Journal and of the Star, and in 1894 purchased the Emporia Gazette. His editorial, ‘What's the Matter with Kansas?’ published in that paper in August 1896, was read and reprinted throughout the country. He has published ‘The Real Issue’ (1896); ‘The Court of Boyville’ (1899); ‘Stratagems and Spoils’ (1901); ‘A Certain Rich Man’ (1909); ‘The Old Order Changeth’ (1910); ‘God's Puppets’ (1916); ‘In the Heart of a Fool’ (1918); ‘The Martial Adventures of Henry and Me’ (1918), etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Whitman

Edition of 1920. See also Whitman, Massachusetts on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer. An ink blot obscured the population value at the end of this article.
WHITMAN, Mass., town in Plymouth County, on the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, about seven miles east of Brockton and 20 miles south by east of Boston. The chief manufacturing establishments are boot and shoe factories, paper and wood box factories, tack and nail works and steel shank factory. Whitman has 65 manufacturing establishments, employing about 2,500 persons, with annual products of over $6,000,000. It has
seven churches, public schools and a public library. There are two banks, one national and one savings bank. The government is administered by annual town meetings. The town was originally a part of Abington, but was set off in 1875 and incorporated as South Abington. In 1886 the present name was adopted. Pop. ????.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Whitley's Workshop Committees

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
WHITLEY'S WORKSHOP COMMITTEES, or WHITLEY'S INDUSTRIAL COUNCILS. See Workshop Committees.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Whitman, Charles Seymour

Edition of 1920. See also Charles S. Whitman on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHITMAN, Charles Seymour, American lawyer: b. Hanover, Conn., 28 Aug. 1868. He studied at Amherst College and then studied law at New York University, and was admitted to the bar in 1894. In 1901 he was appointed assistant corporation counsel of New York City where his effective work won for him the post of city magistrate. In this capacity he founded the Night Court in that city for the immediate trial of all offenders arrested at night. In 1907 Governor Hughes appointed him a judge of the Court of Sessions, and in the following year deputy attorney-general in the investigation of election frauds in the northern part of the State. In 1909 he was elected district-attorney of New York City on a Fusion ticket. In this capacity he secured representation of the district-attorney's staff in the city magistrate's office, and was active in supressing arson offenders. The noted Becker trial came up during his tenancy of office, and Whitman's mastery of the case was most effective in unearthing and reforming the relations between certain members of the New York City police and professional criminals. The handling of the Schmidt murder case, the prosecution of the poultry trust and of election frauds won for Mr. Whitman the highest commendation. He was renominated in 1913 and elected almost unanimously. In 1914 Whitman was elected to the governorship of New York State. His principal plank was the reformation of the State finances, which he proceeded to institute vigorously by a reorganization of State departments and a thorough investigation of the salaries of Civil Service employees. In 1916 he was elected chairman of the Republican National Convention, where he urged the nomination of Charles E. Hughes for President. In September of the same year he was re-elected to the governorship and established a precedent by sending to every enrolled voter a report of his first term as governor, containing also reports of the heads of other State departments. In connection with the European War, the governor ably supported the Federal administration in war policies and effectively mobilized the State's resources. He also inaugurated a State Constabulary, and a new State Guard to replace the National Guard on service in France. In 1918 he was again nominated for governor on the Republican ticket, but was defeated by Alfred E. Smith, the Democratic candidate.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Whitman, Charles Otis

Edition of 1920. See also Charles Otis Whitman on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHITMAN, Charles Otis, American zoologist: b. Woodstock, Me., 14 Dec. 1842; d. 6 Dec. 1910. He was graduated from Bowdoin in 1868, studied at Leipzig, and in 1880-81 was protestor of zoology at the Imperial University, Tokyo, Japan. He was engaged in further studies at the Naples Zoological Station in 1882, and in 1883-85 was assistant in zoology at Harvard. He was director of the Allis Lake Laboratory, Milwaukee, in 1886-89, and in 1889-92 professor of zoology at Clark University, Worcester, Mass. He became director of the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Mass., upon its foundation in 1888, and from 1892 until his death was at the head of the department of zoology at the University of Chicago. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1895. He founded the Journal of Morphology in 1887, and after 1883 was editor of the microscopical department of
the American Naturalist. He has made a specialty of the development of the vertebrates and of the structure and development of worms. His writings include ‘Methods of Research in Microscopical Anatomy and Embryology’ (1885); ‘Biological Lectures’ (1890-95); ‘The Inadequacy of the Cell Theory of Development’ (1893); ‘Animal Behavior’ (1898), etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Appalachicola River

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
APPALACHICOLA RIVER. See Boundaries of the United States.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Appleton, Daniel

Edition of 1920. See also Daniel Appleton and D. Appleton & Company on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
APPLETON, Daniel, American publisher: b. Haverhill, Mass., 10 Dec. 1785; d. New York city, 27 March 1849. After engaging in the dry-goods business in Haverhill, Boston and New York, he began importing English books with his merchandise. He presently devoted himself exclusively to the business of printing and publishing, and between 1830 and 1849, together with his sons, laid the foundation for the successful career of the American firm D. Appleton & Company. Its publications extend over the entire field of literature, and it has rendered great service in issuing the works of modern scientists at moderate prices; for example, Herbert Spencer, Tyndall, Huxley, Darwin, etc. Medical books form a special department, and Spanish books for the South American market a specialty which the firm has made its own. In belles-lettres and American history it has a strong list of names among its authors.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Apthorp, William Foster

Edition of 1920. See also William Foster Apthorp on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
APTHORP, William Foster, American dramatic and musical critic: b. Boston, Mass., 24 Oct. 1848: d. 1913. He was graduated from Harvard University in 1869 and pursued his musical studies under J. K. Paine and B. J. Lang. He taught in the New England Conservatory and College of Music to 1884, was musical critic for the Atlantic Monthly 1872-76; the Boston Sunday Courier 1876-78; and the Evening Traveler 1878-80. He was musical and dramatic critic for the Boston Evening Transcript for 20 years and was the critical editor of Scribner's ‘Cyclopædia of Music and Musicians.’ He wrote ‘Hector Berlioz’ (1879); ‘By the Way’; ‘Musicians and Music Lovers’; ‘The Opera, Past and Present.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Apostle

Edition of 1920. See also Apostle (Christian) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
APOSTLE (literally one sent out, from the Greek apostellein, to send out) and in the Christian Church the title given to the 12 men whom Jesus selected to attend Him during His ministry, witness His miracles, learn His doctrines and thus be able to promulgate His religion. Their names were Simon Peter and Andrew his brother; James the greater, and John his brother, who were sons of Zebedee; Philip of Bethsaida; Bartholomew; Thomas; Matthew; James, the son of Alpheus, commonly called James the less; Lebbeus, his brother, who was surnamed Thaddeus, and was called Judas or Jude; Simon the Canaanite; and Judas Iscariot. Of this number Simon Peter, John, James the greater and Andrew were fishermen; and Matthew a publican or tax-gatherer. When the apostles were reduced to 11 by the suicide of Judas, who had betrayed Christ, Matthias was chosen by lot on the proposition of Saint Peter. Soon after, their number became 13 by the miraculous vocation of Saul, who, under the name of Paul, became one of the most zealous propagators of the Christian faith. The Bible gives the name of apostle to Barnabas also, who accompanied Paul on his missions (Acts xiv, 14), and Paul seems to give it to Andronicus and Junia, his relations and companions in prison. Generally, however, the name is used in the narrower sense to designate those whom Christ selected himself while on earth, and Paul, whom he afterward called. In a wider sense those preachers who first taught Christianity in heathen countries are frequently termed Apostles; for example, Saint Denis, the apostle of the Gauls; Saint Boniface, the apostle of Germany; Saint Augustine, the apostle of England; the Jesuit Francis Xavier, the apostle of the Indies; Adalbert of Prague, apostle of Prussia proper. Tradition reports that several of the early apostles were married. The wife of Saint Peter is said to have accompanied him on his journeys, and died a martyr. The tradition further states that Saint Peter had a daughter Petronilla, who was also a martyr; this at least say Saint Augustine, Saint Epiphanius and Saint Clement of Alexandria. Saint Philip also is said to have been married and to have had several daughters, among whom was Saint Hermione. Hegesippus speaks of two martyrs, grandsons of Saint Jude. His wife was called Mary. Saint Bartholomew is also said to have been married. Their history is largely a matter of tradition, save as it is recorded in the Acts of the Apostles.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Appam Case, The

Edition of 1920. See also The S. S. Appam on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
APPAM CASE, The. In February 1916 the British steamship Appam was captured at sea by the German raider Moewe; a prize crew was put on board and the vessel was taken into Hampton Roads. Her British owners filed suit to recover possession of her from her captors. Federal Judge Edmund Waddill of Virginia, in a 15,000-word opinion, directed, 29 July 1916, that the vessel, with the cargo remaining aboard her and the proceeds of the perishable cargo already sold, should be restored at once to the British owners. The German government appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, which on 6 March 1917 handed down a decision that a belligerent nation may not bring prizes of war into a neutral port. The Supreme Court held that it would be unneutral for the United States to permit either belligerent to bring prizes into American ports, and that Germany could not claim such right under any of the existing treaties between that country and the United States. In bringing the Appam into an American port, it was held, the German officials were committing a clear breach of American neutrality. Ship and cargo, valued at between three and four million dollars, were delivered to the British owners 28 March 1917. The decision, written by Justice Day, affirmed decrees by Federal Judge Waddill, and upheld the original ruling by Secretary of State Lansing that prizes coming into American ports unaccompanied by captor warships have the right to remain only long enough to make themselves seaworthy. The court stated that neither the Treaty of 1799 with Prussia, the Hague conventions nor the Declaration of London, entitled any belligerents to make American ports a place of deposit of prizes as spoils of war under such circumstances.
“The principles of international law,” the opinion adds, “leaving the treaty aside, will not permit the ports of the United States to be thus used by the belligerents. If such use were permitted, it would constitute the ports of a neutral nation harbors of safety into which prizes might be safely brought and indefinitely kept.
“From the beginning of its history this country has been careful to maintain a neutral position between warring governments, and not to allow use of its ports in violation of the obligations of neutrality, nor to permit such use beyond the necessities arising from perils of the seas or the necessities of such vessels as to seaworthiness, provisions and supplies.”
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Appalachian Mountain Club

Edition of 1920. See also Appalachian Mountain Club on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
APPALACHIAN MOUNTAIN CLUB, the name of an organization interested in the exploration and study of the mountain ranges of eastern North America and the preservation of their woodlands, waters and historic sites for the use of the public. The club has published a journal, called Appalachia, devoted to the objects of the organization, since 1894. Headquarters, Boston.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Apteryx

Edition of 1920. See also Kiwi on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
APTERYX, a strange flightless bird of New Zealand, representing the Apteryges, a group of ratite birds nearly related to the extinct dinornis. Four or five species are known in the various islands of the New Zealand group, besides two fossil species. These curious birds, called ‘kiwis’ by the natives, are about the size of domestic fowl and have very stout legs, wings reduced to a mere useless stump, long snipe-like beaks and no visible tail. The plumage is colored in streaked browns and grays, and the feathers are incomplete, the disunited filaments giving them the appearance and feeling of coarse hairs. Kiwis inhabit the forested hills, going about in small flocks which during the day hide in the thickets or in cavities of the ground or rocks. They sleep during the bright part of the day rolled up into a ball, but sometimes rest for a long period in a standing position, with the point of the bill touching the ground, as though they were leaning upon it. Their feeding-time is in the dusk of early morning and at evening and their diet consists chiefly of worms, which they search for apparently mainly by the sense of smell and obtain by probing the ground with their long bills. The nostrils are at the tip of the beak, which is also flexible and extremely sensitive to the touch, so that a worm may be detected when it is touched, although the bill may need to be thrust its length into the ground. The nest is usually at the end of a round tunnel dug in soft earth by the female and consists of a little dry fern or a few leaves. The eggs, generally two in number and incubated mainly by the male, are remarkable for their size, since they are equal to a quarter of the mother's weight. They are greenish white in color with a smooth surface. As might be expected from the size of the egg, the development of the young reaches a high degree of maturity before hatching. The Maoris are very fond of the flesh of the kiwi, either roasted or boiled, and their persistent hunting had greatly decreased the number of the birds before white men reached the islands. Since
that time dogs and other accompaniments of civilization have nearly exterminated these birds, which are the sole survivors of the moas. The most complete description of their habits will be found in Buller's ‘Birds of New Zealand’ (2d ed., 1888). For anatomical details and relationships consult Parker's memoirs in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ for 1891 and 1892. A good summary of this information will be found in Newton's ‘Dictionary of Birds’ (1896). See Dinornis; Moa.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Apukhtin, Aleksei Nikolayevitch

Edition of 1920. See also Aleksey Apukhtin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
APUKHTIN, ä-pooh'tēn, Aleksei Nikolayevitch, Russian man of letters, b. Bolkhov, 15 Nov. 1840; d. 17 Jan. 1893. He descended from an old noble family. A man of extraordinary ability, he, while yet a child, betrayed an astounding memory and a fondness for reading, especially of poetry. While yet under 10 he knew by heart the works of Pushkin and Lermontov. Besides these his favorite poets and authors of later years were Griboyedov, Baratinski, Tyuchev, Fet, A. Tolstoi, L. Tolstoi, Turgenev, Dostoyevski and Ostrovski. In 1852 he entered a law-school from which he was graduated with distinction in 1859. He then entered the civil service as a member of the Ministry of Justice and after two years retirement in the country (1862-64), became associated with the Ministry of the Interior. Because of a chronic disease (obesity), which began developing in his youth, he kept away from society. He spent most of his life in Saint Petersburg. His literary career began while he was yet a student. To his juvenile productions belong 35 poems which due to his self-criticism appeared only in a posthumous edition. His other attempts of childhood (‘Epaminondas,’ ‘Imitation of the Arabic,’ ‘Ode on the occasion of the birth of the great duchess Vera Konstantinovna’) were published in the Invalid, 1854-55. His poems of 1859-62 appeared in the periodicals Sovremennik, Vremya and Russkaya Riech. They met with great success and earned the approval of Turgenev, Nekrassov and Fet. Despite this approval he wrote nothing during 1862-68. His best works belong to the period which followed this pause. At first he did not publish anything. His works of 1868 ‘Requiem,’ ‘A Night in the Monastery,’ ‘Old Love,’ and a few others were circulated in manuscript. In 1872 his poem ‘The Unfinished Monument’ appeared anonymously in Grazhdanik (Citizen). Only in 1884 did he begin to contribute to Viestnik Yevropui, Russkaya Muisl and Sievernui Viestnik. The
first edition of his works appeared in 3,000 copies in 1866. In 1890 he began writing novels. At his request his three novels ‘From the Archives of a Countess’ (1890), ‘Diary of Pavlik Dolski’ (1891) and ‘Between Life and Death’ (1892) were published posthumously. He was, however, at his best in his poems. His poetry is characterized by sincerity, simplicity, purity and deep feeling. Their form is elaborated with great care. Some of his poems (‘Mad Nights’) have been set to music. Translations of some of his works (‘The Russian Parnassus,’ ‘Flies,’ ‘I am not sorry,’ ‘Old Love’) are contained in the collection of Fidler. Criticisms can be found in Russkaya Muisl (No. 5, 1886); Viestnik Yevropui (Vol. 2); Arsenyev, K. K., ‘Critical Studies’; Gogorov K., ‘Contemporary Poets’; Vengerov, ‘Critical and Biographical Dictionary of Russian Writers and Scholars’; Skabichevski, ‘History of Modern Literature.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Mackaye, Percy

Edition of 1920. See also Percy MacKaye on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MACKAYE, Percy, American dramatist and poet: b. New York, 16 March 1875. He was graduated from Harvard in 1897 and studied at the University of Leipzig in 1899-1900. He engaged in European travel in 1898-1900, residing in Rome, Switzerland, Leipzig and London. He was an instructor in a private school in New York in 1900-04, after which time he joined the Cornish Colony in New Hampshire and devoted his time entirely to dramatic work. He has lectured on the theatre at Harvard, Yale, Columbia and other American universities, and is a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters. He is a leading exponent of poetic dramatic art in America and handles both tragedy and comedy with grace and surety of touch. Author of ‘The Canterbury Pilgrims,’ a comedy, produced by the Coburn Players in the open air at Harvard, Yale and other universities in 1909-13, and given as a civic pageant in honor of President Taft at Gloucester, Mass., 4 Aug. 1909 (1903); ‘A Modern Rendering into Prose of Chaucer's Tales’ (1904); 'Fenris the Wolf,' a tragedy (1905); ‘Jeanne d’Arc,' a tragedy, produced by Julia Marlowe and E. H. Sothern in America and England in 1906-07 (1906); ‘Sappho and Phaon,’ a tragedy (1907); ‘The Scarecrow’ (1908); ‘Lincoln Centenary Ode’ (1909); ‘Mater,’ an American comedy (1906); ‘The Playhouse and the Play,’ essays (1909); ‘A Garland to Sylvia’ (1910); ‘Anti-Matrimony,’ a satirical comedy produced and acted by Henrietta Crossman (1910); ‘The Civic Theatre’ (1912); ‘Uriel and Other Poems’ (1912); ‘Beauty and the Beast,’ a lyric drama (1912); ‘Sanctuary, A Bird Masque,’ produced for President Wilson at Meriden Bird Club Sanctuary, New Hampshire (1913); ‘The Immigrants,’ a lyric drama (1915); ‘The Evergreen Masque’ (1917), etc. See Scarecrow, The.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Macle

Edition of 1920. See also Chiastolite on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MACLE, măk'l, in mineralogy, a variety of andalusite, occurring in long, tapering crystals in clay-slate. They have the axes and angles of a different color from the rest of the crystals, owing to a regular arrangement of impurities in the interior.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lützow, Franz Heinrich Valentin, Count

Edition of 1920. See also Franz Heinrich Hieronymus Valentin von Lützow on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LÜTZOW, lüt'sō, Franz Heinrich Valentin, Count, Austrian author. He was born at Hamburg, educated at Vienna and Innsbruck and followed a diplomatic career. He was appointed chamberlain of the emperor of Austria from 1881. He was Ilchester lecturer at Oxford (1904), and in 1912 lectured at American universities. He has published ‘History of Bohemian Literature’ (1899); ‘Prague,’ in ‘Mediæval Town’ series (1901); ‘Historians of Bohemia’ (1905); ‘Life and Times of Master John Hus’ (1909); and ‘The Hussite Wars’ (1914).