OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Brinkerhoff v. Aloe

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
146 U.S. 515
Brinkerhoff v. Aloe
Suit by Milford H. Brinkerhoff and Willie C. Brinkerhoff, executors of Alexander W. Brinkerhoff, deceased, against Albert S. Aloe, for infringement of a patent. The circuit court held that the patent was void for want of invention, and because of anticipation by prior devices, and dismissed the bill. 37 Fed. Rep. 92. Complainants appealed. Affirmed.
The case is stated in the opinion delivered below by THAYER, J., which is here given in full:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Abbey of Waverley

From volume 15 of the work.
Waverley, Cistercian Abbey of, situated in Surrey, near Farnham, founded by William Gifford, Bishop of Winchester, on 24 Nov., 1124, was the second daughter of L'Aumone, in Normandy, and the first monastery of the Order of Citeaux in England. This claim to priority of establishment is sometimes disputed in favour of the Abbey of Furness, but though Furness was actually founded three or four years before Waverley, yet it was then a daughter of Savigny, and was not affiliated to the Cistercian Order until the year 1147. Bishop William endowed it with large possessions and, along with many other ecclesiastics and nobles, granted it numerous privileges which were confirmed and even increased by Henry de Blois, brother of King Stephen and successor of William in the episcopal office. The first century of its existence was the golden age for Waverley, in which period it founded six monasteries and, despite the number of its members thus sent away, it had 70 choir religious and 120 lay brothers in 1190. In 1201 the abbey suffered from an inundation; so that in 1203 the foundations for a new church were laid, and for a new monastery also, but on higher ground. This church was not opened until 1231, when it was dedicated with great solemnity. In 1225 Henry III visited the abbey and, at his own request, was granted an honorary membership in the community. Waverley now became less and less important, until at the time of its suppression by Henry VIII (1536) it contained but thirteen religious. After the dissolution the property passed through various hands, becoming with each change more desolate; the cloister was still standing in 1673, at the present time nothing but the bare site of Waverley remains.
DODSWORTH AND DUGDALE, Monasticon anglicanum, ed. CALEY, V (London, 1825); MANRIQUE, Annales cistercienses (Lyons, 1642-59); JONGELINUS, Notitia abbatiarum ord. cist. (Cologne, 1640); TANNER, Notitia monastica (London, 1744); MARTENE AND DURAND, Thesaurus novus anecdotorum, IV (Paris, 1717); WALBRAN, Memorials of the Abbey of Fountains (Durham, 1863); UGHELLI, Italia sacra, III (Venice, 1877); LYNAM, The Abbey of St. Mary Croxden (London, 1911).
EDMUND OBRECHT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Abbé

From volume 1 of the work.
​Abbé, a French word meaning primarily and strictly an abbot or superior of a monastery of men. It came eventually to be applied, in France, to every man who wears the dress of a secular ecclesiastic (Littré). This extension of meaning dates from the time of Francis I (1515–47), who, by consent of the Holy See, named secular clerics Abbots in commendam (See Abbot, under III. Kinds of Abbot). During the following centuries the name was applied to clerics, often not in sacred Orders, engaged as professors or tutors, or in some similar capacity in the houses of the nobility.
John J. a' Becket.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Abbo Cernuus

From volume 1 of the work.
​Abbo Cernuus, ("the crooked"), a French Benedictine monk of St-Germain-des-Prés in Paris, sometimes called Abbo Parisiensis. He was born about the middle of the ninth century, was present at the siege of Paris by the Normans (885–86), and wrote a description of it in Latin verse, with an account of subsequent events to 896, "De bellis Parisiacæ urbis." He also left some sermons for the instructions of clerics in Paris and Poictiers (P.L., CXXII). His death took place after 921.
Wattenbach, Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen (Berlin, 1893), I, 299; Molinier, Les Sources de l'histoire de France (Paris, 1901), I, n, 864.
Thomas Walsh.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Abbey of Wilhering

From volume 15 of the work.
Wilhering (Hilaria), Cistercian Abbey of, situated on the right bank of the Danube, in the Diocese of Linz, Austria. Ulric of Willeheringen gave his castle for a monastery of regular canons; but as these did not fulfil the conditions required, he removed them and established the Cistercians (1146). Under its first abbot, Geraldus, of the abbey of Runa in Styria, the monastery was richly endowed and placed under the protection of Eberhard, Bishop of Bamberg. After Ulric's death, his brother, Colo, completed the work so well begun. Despite all this, the foundation did not flourish and Henry, the third abbot, having but two subjects, transferred the abbey to Burkhard, Abbot of Ebrach (1185); hence Wilhering came to be known as its filiation. In the same year Burkhard sent Henry back to Wilhering, accompanied by twelve of his monks; and from this time the abbey prospered. Duke Leopold VI took it under his protection; monastic buildings replaced the old castle, donations enriched them, and many exemptions and privileges were granted by ecclesiastical and secular authorities, especially by Innocent III, Honorius III, and Emperor Frederick II. Three foundations were made, Hohenfurth in Bohemia, Engelszell and Sausenstein in Austria.
This state continued until the revolt of Luther and the many wars of those times causes severe losses both in subjects and income. When the first imperial abbot was appointed (1568) there were but three monks and two novices In the community. In 1587, however, Alexander was nominated abbot, and he inaugurated reform in regular observance and temporal administration and regained possession of much of the monastery's former property; he also reconstructed the monastic buildings. At the end of his rule there were twenty priests, four clerics, and one brother in the community (1641). In 1733 the monastery was destroyed by fire, but was immediately rebuilt under Abbot Bonus Pomerl. It escaped being secularized during the period of Josephinism, though it had much to suffer during the persecution. After these troubles and the Napoleonic wars it prospered, and the buildings, as they stand today, were completed; the church is particularly beautiful. The present and sixty-sixth abbot, Right Rev. Theobald Grasbock, was elected in 1892; this community numbers thirty-nine priests and several clerics. The monks have care of thirty-two parishes besides other positions of importance.
STULZ, Gesch. des cisterc. Klosters Wilhering (Linz, 1840); GRILLNBERGER, Die altesten Todtenbucher des cist. Stiftes Wilhering (Graz, 1896); HARDMUTH, Die Abteien Oberosterreich u. Salzburg (Vienna, 1858); SARTORIUS, Cistercium bistertium (Prague, 1700); Catalogus personarum religiosarum S. O. Cist. (Rome, 1906); BOETTCHER, Germania sacra (Leipzig, 1874); MANRIQUE, Ang. Annales Cisterc. (Lyons, 1642); JONGELINUS, Notitia Abbatiarum Ord. Cister. (Cologne, 1640); JANAUSCHEK, Originum Cisterc., I (Vienna, 1877).
EDMUND M. OBRECHT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Domingo Fernández Navarrete

From volume 10 of the work.
Dominican missionary and archbishop, born c. 1610 at Peñafiel in Old Castile; died 1689 at Santo Domingo. He received the religious habit about 1630 and on completing his studies was offered the chair of Thomistic theology in several Spanish universities. He preferred, however, to devote his life to the conversion of the heathen, and in 1646 with twenty-seven of his brethren left his native land and proceeding by way of Mexico, arrived in the Phillipine Islands, 23 June, 1648. He taught theology in the Dominican University of St. Thomas, Manila. In 1657 with several of his brethren he went to China and, after learning the language, took up missionary labour chiefly in the province of Fo-kien. The persecution which broke out in 1665 brought disaster to the missions. Forbidden to preach, he occupied himself with writing, hoping by this means to spread and confirm the faith. Being hampered too much he went in 1673 as prefect of the Dominican mission to Rome to lay before the authorities there the question of Chinese Rites which had reached an acute stage between the Jesuits on one side and the Dominicans and Franciscans on the other (see CHINA). He was highly esteemed by Innocent XI, who wished to make him bishop of the Chinese missions. He refused the honour, but on his return to Spain in 1677 the pope, at the suggestion of Charles II, forced him to accepted the Archbishopric of Santo Domingo, where he laboured with zeal and fidelity till his death. While on the question of Chinese Rites he was opposed to the Jesuits, sometimes attacking them very severely; in his diocese he entertained the highest regard for them. In his letters to the viceroy and to the king, requesting them to permit the fathers of the Society to establish a college in his residential city, he pays them a glowing tribute.
Among his principal works may be mentioned "Tratdos históricos, políticos, éticos y religiosos de la monarquia de China" (Madrid, 1676); "Catechismus, lingua sinica," 2 vols.; "Præceptor ethnicus ex optimis quibusque Sinensium libris extractus, et ex eorumdem sententiis concinnatus, lingua sinica."
JOSEPH SCHROEDER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Domingo (San Anton y Muñon) Chimalpain

From volume 3 of the work.
A Mexican Indian of the second half of the sixteenth and the first half of the seventeenth centuries, who received a liberal education in the colleges for Indians of Mexico City under the direction of the clergy. His family having acquired some wealth, he undertook the investigation of the antiquities of his race, and wrote several works in Spanish and Nahuatl, one of which was published by Bustamante as the chronicle of Gomara, of which it appears to be either a copy or a paraphrase. He is credited with the following books, although it is not yet certain how far the attribution of authorship is correct: "Historia mexicana antigua"; Crónica de México desde el año 1068 hasta el de 1597"; Apuntamientos de sucesos desde 1064 hasta 1521"; "Relaciones originales de los Reinos de Aculhuacan, Mexico, etc."; "Relación de la Conquista de México por los Españoles".
AD. F. BANDELIER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Domenico Passionei

From volume 11 of the work.
A cardinal, theologian, born at Fossombrone, 2 Dec., 1682; died 5 July, 1761. Educated in the Clementine College at Rome, later he joined the household of his brother Guido, afterwards secretary of the Sacred College, devoting himself to higher studies at the Sapienza. He was soon made a prelate and in 1706 was sent to Paris to present the nuncio with the red hat, but he there acquired the Jansenistic tendencies which he never entirely eradicated. In 1708 he was sent on a confidential mission to The Hague; in 1712 he was present at Utrecht as official representative of the Holy See and successfully maintained the cause of Ruiswych concerning religion. His efforts were less successful at Baden (1714) and at Turin. He was later sent to Malta as inquisitor (1717-49); he became Secretary of Propaganda, Secretary of Latin Letters, and in 1721 nuncio in Switzerland, where he wrote "Acta Apostolicæ Legationis Helvetiæ 1723-29" (Zurich, 1729; Rome, 1738). He blessed the marriage of Maria Theresa and was instrumental in converting Friedrich Ludwig, Prince of Würtemberg. Later on he was hostile to Austria.
After his return to Rome he became secretary of briefs and cardinal of the title of S. Bernardo. In 1755 he succeeded Quirini as librarian of the Holy Roman Church. Although a member of the Academy of Berlin, he published little. But he carried on a learned correspondence with the most distinguished literati. He protected the Jansenists and encouraged them to publish Arnauld's works. His library of 32,000 volumes was open to all; it was acquired by the Augustinians. His character was impetuous and haughty, especially towards the Romans. He was compelled to confirm the decree prohibiting the "Exposition de la doctrine chrétienne" of Masenguy, his protégé, but this so afflicted him as to hasten his death.
GALLETTI, Memorie per servire alla storia del card. Dom. Passionei (Rome, 1762); GOUJET, Eloge hist. du card. Passionei (The Hague, 1763); letters in Ouvrages posthumes de Mabillon (Paris, 1724); Nova acta histonico-ecclesiastica, IX (Weimar, 1769).
U. BENIGNI.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Domenico Viva

From volume 15 of the work.
Writer, b. at Lecce, 19 Oct., 1648; d. 5 July, 1726. He entered the Society of Jesus 12 May, 1663. He taught he humanities and Greek, nine years' philosophy, eight years moral theology, eight years' Scholastic theology, was two years prefect of studies, was rector of the College of Naples in 1711, and provincial of Naples. Works: (1) "Enchiridion", a work relating to the jubilee, especially that of the Holy Year, and in general concerning indulgences; (2) a course of theology for schools, compiled from his lectures at the college of Naples; (3) "Opuscula theologico-moralia", for students; (4) a course of moral theology. These works are held in high esteem and are quoted by St. Alphonsus Liguori, La Croix, etc.; (5) "Trutina theologica damnatarum thesium" (1708), his most famous work, in four parts and two volumes. In the first volume are enumerated the propositions condemned by three popes: 45 by Alexander VII, 65 by Innocent XI, 39 by Alexander VIII, and the 5 condemned propositions of the "Augustinus" of Jansenius. The second volume is devoted to the study and refutation of the 101 propositions of Quesnel, condemned by the Bull "Unigenitus" of Clement XI in 1713. The first volume had been published in 1708 and by 1757 had reached sixteen editions, and in the same period vol. II had gone through six editions. To some editions were added the valuable comments of Father Antonio Zaccharia, librarian of the House of Este, in which pontifical documents are cited and the author defended against Daniel Concina, Giovanni Vincenzo Patuzzi, and others. The third edition (Benevento, 1717) contains a treatise in which appeal to a future council is declared illegal when the pope has spoken and the Church, spread over the entire world, has accepted his judgment; which is demonstrated by the testimony of the oecumenical councils and by the assemblies of the French clergy.
SOMMERVOGEL, Bibl. de la C. de J.; FELLER, Dict. hist. (Paris, 1838); VIVA, Opera (Ferrara, 1757); Menolog. S.J., 5 July.
RAMÓN RUIZ AMADO
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Domenico Passignano

From volume 11 of the work.
(known as IL CRESTI, or IL PASSIGNANO, Cresti being his family name)
A Venetian painter, born at Passignano, near Florence, in 1558; died at Florence, 1638. Although a Florentine by birth, he belongs to the Venetian school. He appears to have lived for a while at Florence, and afterwards at Pisa, but going to Venice, he accepted the Venetian traditions which he followed through the rest of his career. Personally, he was a man of charming manners, delightful in conversation. Pope Clement VIII knighted him and gave him many commissions, and Urban VIII added to his honours and emoluments. He returned to Florence, where he was greatly beloved and regarded as the chief member of its Academy, although recognized by all his companions as Venetian in style and out of sympathy with the Florentine methods. He painted with extraordinary facility, and so rapidly as to be nicknamed Passa Ognuno. This name has been regarded as a sort of play upon the name of his birthplace, and one author asserts that the name Passignano was derived from it; but there appears to be no authority for this. According to the custom of the time, the artist would derive his familiar cognomen from his birthplace.
Passignano's drawing was not particularly correct, but his ideas of composition were ingenious and clever. He regarded Tintoretto's work with very high favour, and many of his own paintings closely resemble those of the great master. But his desire to paint rapidly caused him to use his colours so thinly that many of his important works have for this very reason perished. He was responsible for the street decorations in Florence on the occasion of the marriage of the Grand Duke Ferdinand I with Christina of Lorraine, and the frescoes of the church of San Andrea at Rome were very largely his work. His own portrait is in the Uffizi Gallery at Florence, and the same city contains several of his best works. He is also to be studied in Paris, London, and Vienna.
VASARI (various editions); LANZI, Storie Pittorica (Bassano, 1809).
GEORGE CHARLES WILLIAMSON.
# Bush v. Person

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
59 U.S. 82
Bush v. Person
THIS case was brought up from the high court of errors and appeals of the State of Mississippi, by a writ of error issued under the 25th section of the judiciary act.
The case is stated in the opinion of the court.
It was argued by Mr. Bayard, for the plaintiff in error, and Mr. Crittenden, for the defendant.
Mr. Bayard explained the doctrine of estoppel at common law, and referred to Williams v. Saunders, 80, note. But where there is no covenant of warranty there is no estoppel, 11 How. 298; and in this case there was none. The law of the State implies such a covenant from a deed of bargain and sale, but not as between mortgagor and mortgagee.
Mr. Crittenden contended that the second section of the bankrupt act excepted mortgages and other securities for debt. It says that mortgages must remain unimpaired, but if Bush is allowed to hold, the mortgage certainly is impaired.
Mr. Justice CURTIS delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
364 U.S. 500
Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board
Argued: December 12, 1960 ---

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Bush v. Gore/Law/3 U.S.C. 5

This is NOT current United States Code. It was the codification up through January 2, 2001.

## Title 3 - The President
### Chapter 1 - Presidential Electors and Vacancies
#### Sec. 5. Determination of controversy as to appointment of electors

If any State shall have provided, by laws enacted prior to the day fixed for the appointment of the electors, for its final determination of any controversy or contest concerning the appointment of all or any of the electors of such State, by judicial or other methods or procedures, and such determination shall have been made at least six days before the time fixed for the meeting of the electors, such determination made pursuant to such law so existing on said day, and made at least six days prior to said time of meeting of the electors, shall be conclusive, and shall govern in the counting of the electoral votes as provided in the Constitution, and as hereinafter regulated, so far as the ascertainment of the electors appointed by such State is concerned.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ariassus

From volume 1 of the work.
A titular see of Pamphylia in Asia Minor, whose episcopal list (381-458) is given in Gams (p. 450).
Lequien, Oriens Christ. (1740), I, 162; Smith, Dict. of Greek and Roman Geogr., I, 211.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Arindela

From volume 1 of the work.
A titular see of Palestine, whose episcopal list (431-536) is given in Gams (page 454).
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Arethusa

From volume 1 of the work.
A titular see of Syria near Apameia. Its episcopal list (325-680) is given in Gams (p. 436). It was also a Latin see for a brief period during the Crusades (1099-1100). In the time of Constantius (337-361) its Bishop, Marcus, destroyed a heathen temple which under Julian he was ordered to rebuild. To avoid this he fled from the city, but eventually returned to save the Christian people from paying the penalty in his stead, and underwent very cruel treatment at the hands of the pagan mob (Sozomen, Hist. Eccl., x, 10). He is said to have been the author of the Creed of Sirmium (351) and is counted by Tillemont as an Arian in belief and in factious spirit.
LE QUIEN, Oriens Christ. (1740), II, 915-916; SMITH, Dict. of Greek and Roman Geogr., I, 197; STOKES in Dict. of Christ. Biog., III, 825; TILLEMONT, Memoires, etc., VII, 367-376.
THOMAS J. SHAHAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Aristaces Azaria

From volume 2 of the work.
A Catholic Armenian abbot and archbishop, b. at Constantinople, 18 July, 1782; d. at Vienna, 6 May, 1854. He was sent at the age of fifteen to the College of the Propaganda in Rome, but his studies were interrupted (1798) by the French invasion. Having taken refuge among the Mechitarists of Triest, he entered their order in 1801, and in the same year was ordained priest. The authorities of the ephemeral Kingdom of Illyria confiscated (1810) the property of his convent, and, after vain attempts to obtain restitution, the monks settled in Vienna, where they lived by the instruction of Armenian youth and the revenue of a printing-press. Azaria was henceforth active as a missionary among his compatriots and a servant of the Holy See. In 1826 he was made general abbot of the community, and in 1827 was raised to the (titular) dignity of Archbishop of Caesarea. Under him the Mechitarist community in Vienna prospered, its library was increased, a bookstore added to the printing-press, and an abundant religious literature created, in Armenian and in German. He opened houses of his community in Rome, Triest, and Stamboul, founded the Armenian journal "Europa", established an academy for the literary and political improvement of his people, and obtained form the Porte (1830) the creation of an independent Catholic Armenian patriarchate. He wrote several (mostly anonymous) works, among them "De Vitâ Communi Perfecta Religiosorum Utriusque Sexus", in which he criticizes the condition of many Austrian religious houses, and "Die Erziehung im Geiste des Christenthumes" (Vienna, 1839). After a visit to Rome (1850) in the interest of monastic reform, he returned to Vienna (1852) where he died after the celebration of his golden jubilee.
Hergenrother in Kirchenlex., I, 1768.
THOMAS J. SHAHAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Aristeas

From volume 1 of the work.
A name given in Josephus (Ant. XII, ii passim) to the author of a letter ascribing the Greek translation of the Old Testament to six interpreters sent into Egypt from Jerusalem at the request of the librarian of Alexandria. (See SEPTUAGINT VERSION.)