OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Santander (province)

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​SANTANDER, a maritime province of northern Spain, bounded N. by the Bay of Biscay, E. by the province of Biscay, S. by Burgos and Palencia, and W. by Leon and Oviedo. Pop. (1900) 276,003; area 2108 sq. m. The province is traversed from east to west by the Cantabrian Mountains (q.v.), which in the Penas de Europa reach a height of over 8600 ft., and send off numerous branches to the sea. On the north side of the range the streams are all short, the principal being the Ason, the Miera, the Pas, the Besaya, the Saja and the Nansa, which flow into the Bay of Biscay; part of the province lies south of the watershed, and is drained by the upper Ebro (q.v.). The province is traversed from north to south by the railway and high road from Santander by Palencia to Madrid; the highest point on the railway (Venta de Pazozal) is 3229 ft. above the sea. Other railways connect Santander with Bilbao on the east and with Cabezona de la Sal on the west; there are also many good state, provincial and municipal roads, besides several narrow-gauge mining railways. Santander was part of the Roman province of Cantabria, which, after passing under the empire of the Goths, became the principality of Asturias (q.v.). The portion called Asturia de Santa Iuliana, or Santillana, was included in the kingdom of Old Castile, and, on the subdivision of the old provinces 'of Spain in 1833, became the province of Santander.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Santa Marta

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​SANTA MARTA, a city and port of Colombia and the capital of a department of the same name, on a small bay 40 m. E.N.E. of the mouth of the Magdalena river. Pop. (1908) about 6500. It is built partly on the beach and partly on the slopes of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta towards the S.E. Though small, the harbour is one of the best and safest on the coast, as no river flows into it to fill its anchorage with silt. The depth ranges from 18 to 19 fathoms at the entrance to 4½ fathoms along the inner shore line. The city is an episcopal see and has a cathedral. A railway (23 m.) runs southward a little beyond Cienaga (on a large lagoon of the same name), connects with steamers running to Barranquilla (50 m. farther) by way of the lagoon and inland channels, and is to be extended to San Carlos, farther S., as the fruit-growing industry of this region is developed.
Santa Marta was founded by Rodrigo de Bastidas in 1525, and became an important port and centre of trade during the Spanish colonial era. It was also a base of operations in the exploration and conquest of the interior.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sabicu Wood

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​SABICU WOOD is the produce of a large leguminous tree, Lysiloma Sabicu, a native of Cuba. The wood has a rich mahogany colour; it is exceedingly heavy, hard and durable, and therefore most valuable for shipbuilding. Sabicu, on account of its durability, was selected for the stairs of the Great Exhibition (London) of 1851, and, notwithstanding the enormous traffic which passed over them, the wood at the end was found to be little affected by wear.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sabine, Sir Edward

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​SABINE, SIR EDWARD (1788–1883), English astronomer and geodesist, was born in Dublin on the 14th of October 1788, a scion of a family said to be of Italian origin. He was educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and obtained a commission in the royal artillery at the age of fifteen, attaining the rank of major-general in 1859. His only experience of warfare seems to have been at the siege of Fort Erie (Canada) in 1814. In early life he devoted himself to astronomy and physical geography, and in consequence he was appointed astronomer to various expeditions, among others that of Sir J. Ross (1818) in search of the North-West Passage, and that of Sir E. Parry soon afterwards. Later, he spent long periods on the inter-tropical coasts of Africa and America, and again among the snows of Spitzbergen. He was associated with Henry Williams Chisholm and others as a member of the Royal Commission of ​1868-1869 for standardizing weights and measures. Sabine was for ten years (1861-1871) president of the Royal Society, and was made K.C.B. in 1869. He died at East Sheen, Surrey, on the 26th of May 1883.
Of Sabine's scientific work two branches in particular deserve very high credit—his determination of the length of the second's pendulum, and his extensive researches connected with terrestrial magnetism. The establishment of a system of magnetic observatories in various parts of British territory all over the globe was accomplished mainly on his representations; and a great part of his life was devoted to their direction, and to the reduction and discussion of the observations. While the majority of his researches bear on one or other of the subjects just mentioned, others deal with such widely different topics as the birds of Greenland, ocean temperatures, the Gulf Stream, barometric measurement of heights, arcs of meridian, glacier transport of rocks, the volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands, and various points of meteorology.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sabazius

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​SABAZIUS, a Phrygian or Thracian deity, frequently identified with Dionysus, sometimes (but less frequently) with Zeus. His worship was closely connected with that of the great mother Cybele and of Attis. His chief attribute as a chthonian god was a snake, the symbol of the yearly renovation of the life of nature. Demosthenes (De corona, p. 313) mentions various ceremonies practised during the celebration of the mysteries of this deity. One of the most important was the passing of a golden snake under the clothes of the initiated across their bosom and its withdrawal from below-an old rite of adoption. From Val. Max. i. 3, 2 it has been concluded that Sabazius was identified in ancient times with the Jewish Sabaoth (Zebaoth). Plutarch (Symp. iv. 6) maintains that the Jews worshipped Dionysus, and that the day of Sabbath was a festival of Sabazius. Whether he was the same as Sozon, a marine deity of southern Asia Minor, is doubtful. Some explain the name as the “beer god,” from an Illyrian word sabaya, while others suggest a connexion with Σαϝο (god of “health”) or σέβας. His image and name are often found on “votive hands,” a kind of talisman adorned with emblems, the nature of which is obscure. His ritual and mysteries (Sacra Savadia) gained a firm footing in Rome during the 2nd century A.D., although as early as 139 B.C. the first Jews who settled in the capital were expelled by virtue of a law which proscribed the propagation of the cult of Jupiter Sabazius.
See J. E. Harrison, Prolegomena to Greek Religion (1908), p. 414; H. Usener, Götternamen (1896), p. 44; F. Cumont, “Hypsistes” in: Revue de l’instruction publique en Belgique, xl. (1899); C. Blinkenberg, Archäologische Studien (1904).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sabbioneta

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​SABBIONETA, a town of Lombardy, Italy, in the province of Mantua, from which it is 20 m. S.W. by steam tramway, not far from the N. bank of the Po, 59 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901) 1835 (town); 7016 (commune). Its period of prosperity was under Vespasiano Gonzaga (d. 1591), who was its duke; by him it was transformed into a small “ Residenzstadt.” It was well fortified and built, and from this period date the ducal palace (now the Municipio), the theatre designed by Scomozzi, &c. The church and the summer palace contain frescoes by the Campi of Cremona. Here in 1567 a Hebrew printing-press was set up.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Verga, Giovanni

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​VERGA, GIOVANNI (1840–), Italian novelist, was born at Catania, Sicily. In 1865 he published Storia di una peccatrice and I Carbonari della montagna, but his literary reputation was established by his Eva and Storia di una capinera (1869). Other novels followed, the best of which are Malavoglia (1881) and Maestro Don Gesualdo (1889). His finest work, however, is seen in his short stories and sketches of Sicilian peasantry, Medda (1874) and Vita dei campi (1880); and his Cavalleria Rusticana acquired new popularity from its dramatization and from Mascagni’s opera on this subject. Verga and Fogazzaro between them may be said to have faithfully chronicled the inner and popular life of southern and northern Italy.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Verge

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​VERGE (Lat. virga, a rod), originally a staff denoting authority, whence (from the ceremony in swearing fealty to a lord) the sense of a measurement, and so boundary or border, of land, or generally a margin of space. In architecture, a verge is the edge of the tiling projecting over the gable of a roof; that on the horizontal portion being called “eaves.” The term “verge board,” generally now known as barge board, is the name given to the board under the verge of gables, sometimes moulded, and often very richly carved, perforated and cusped, and frequently having pendants and sometimes finials at the apex.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de

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​VERGENNES, CHARLES GRAVIER, Comte de (1717–1787), French statesman, was born at Dijon on the 20th of December 1717. He was introduced to the profession of diplomacy by his uncle, M. de Chavigny, under whom he saw his first service at Lisbon. His successful conduct of French interests at the court of Trier in 1750 and the following years led to his being sent to Constantinople in 1755 at first as minister plenipotentiary, then as ambassador. In 1768 he was recalled, ostensibly because of a mesalliance with Mme Testa, widow of a Pera surgeon, but really because Choiseul thought him not zealous enough in provoking a quarrel between Russia and Turkey. After Choiseul’s death he was sent to Stockholm with instructions to help the aristocratic party of the “Hats” with advice and money. The revolution by which Gustavus III. (August 19, 1772) secured for himself the reality instead of the shadow of power was a great diplomatic triumph for France. With the accession of Louis XVI. Vergennes became foreign minister. His general policy was one of friendly relations with Austria, combined with the limitation of Joseph II.’s ambitious designs; the protection of Turkey; and opposition at all points to England. His hatred of England and his desire to avenge the disasters of the Seven Years’ War led to his support of the American States in the War of Independence, a step of which the moral and financial results had not a little to do with the Revolution of 1789. Vergennes sought by a series of negotiations to secure the armed neutrality of the Northern Powers eventually carried out by Catherine II.; he ceded to the demands of Beaumarchais that France should secretly provide the Americans with arms and volunteers. In 1777 he informed the American commissioners that France acknowledged the Republic and was willing to form an offensive and defensive alliance with the new state. In domestic affairs Vergennes belonged to the old school. He intrigued against Necker, whom he regarded as a dangerous innovator, a republican, a foreigner and a Protestant. In 1781 he became chief of the council of finance, and in 1783 he supported the nomination of Calonne as controller general. Vergennes died on the 13th of February 1787, before the meeting of the Assembly of Notables which he is said to have suggested to Louis XVI.
See P. Fauchelle, La Diplomatie française et la Ligue des neutres de 1780 (1776–83) (Paris, 1893); John Jay, The Peace Negotiations of 1782–83 as illustrated by the Confidential Papers of Shelburne and Vergennes (New York, 1888); L. Bonneville de Marsangy, Le Chevalier de Vergennes, son ambassade a Constantinople (Paris, 1894), and Le Chevalier de Vergennes, son ambassade en Suède (Paris, 1898).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Verdigris

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​VERDIGRIS, a pigment, consisting of basic copper carbonates, made by acting upon copper plates with pyroligneous acid soaked up in cloths, exposing the plates to air, then dipping in water, and finally scraping off the greenish cruet; the plate is re-exposed and the operation repeated till it is used up. Another method consists in exposing thin copper sheets to the acid vapours rising from the residues or "marcs" of wine factories, the product being scraped off, and the plate re-exposed. Both processes require several weeks. The pigment appears with several shades of blue and green; blue verdigris is chiefly CuO-Cu(C$_2$H$_3$O$_2$)$_2$-6H$_2$O, while light blue and green verdigris contain 2CuO-Cu(C$_2$H$_3$O$_2$)$_2$-2H$_2$O. Besides being used as a paint it is employed in dyeing and calico-printing, and also in the manufacture of other paints, e.g. Schweinfurt green, which is a double salt of the acetate and arsenite. A liniment or ointment is also used in medicine as a cure for warts. It is an irritant poison (hence the need that acid substances should never be cooked in copper utensils); the best antidote is white of egg and milk.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Verger

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​VERGER (M.E. vergere; O. Fr. vergier; Med. Lat. virgarius, one who bears a rod or staff, an apparitor; Lat. virga, rod), one who carries a “verge” or staff of office. The principal use of the term is ecclesiastical, and refers to the person who carries a staff as a symbol of office before a bishop or other church dignitary when taking part in a service, especially one held in a cathedral. The word has thus come to mean in general usage an official caretaker of any place of worship whose duty it is to show the building to those who wish to view it, and to find seats for the congregation at a service.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Tom Thumb, the Piper's son

​L.
Tom Thumb, the Piper's son, Stole a pig and away did run. The pig was eat, and Tom was beat, Till he ran crying down the street.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Tom shall have a new bonnet

​LXIV.
Tom shall have a new bonnet, With ribbons so blue upon it. With a hush-a-bye, and with a lull-a-bye, And the moon is sailing all in the sky.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Twinkle, Twinkle

​LIX. TWINKLE, TWINKLE
Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder what you are, Up above the world so high, Like a diamond in the sky.
When the traveller in the dark Thanks you for thy tiny spark, He could not see which way to go, If you did not twinkle so.
​When the blazing sun is gone, And he nothing shines upon, Then appears thy tiny spark, Twinkle, twinkle, in the dark.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Tom, the Piper's Son

​LII. TOM, THE PIPER'S SON
Tom, he was a piper's son; He learned to play when he was young; But all the tunes that he could play, Was 'Over the hills, and far away. Over the hills and a great way off, And the wind will blow my top-knot off.
Now Tom with his pipe made such a noise, That he pleaséd both the girls and boys; And they all stopped to hear him play His 'Over the hills, and far away. Over the hills,' etc.
Tom on his pipe did play with such skill, That those who heard him could not keep still; Whenever he played, they began to dance, E'en pigs on their hind legs would after him prance. 'Over the hills,' etc.
As Dolly was milking her cow one day, Tom took out his pipes and began to play, So Doll and the cow danced 'the Cheshire round,' Till the pail was broke, and the milk ran on the ground. 'Over the hills,' etc.
​He met Dame Trot with a basket of eggs, He used his pipe, and she used her legs; She danced about till the eggs were all broke, O how did she fret, but he laughed at the joke. 'Over the hills,' etc.
He saw a cross fellow was beating an ass, Heavy laden with pots, pans, dishes, and glass; He took out his pipes and played him a tune, And jackass's load was lightened full soon. 'Over the hills,' etc.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Tommy-a-Lynn

​IX. TOMMY-A-LYNN
Tommy-a-Lynn was a Dutchman born, His head was bald and his chin was shorn. He wore a cap made of a grey hare's skin, O a rare old man was Tommy-a-Lynn. All to my tooth, and laugh a long-lee. Tommy's a Ranter and a Rover, Tommy's a bone of my Stover, Brew, screw, Rivet and tin, O a rare old man was Tommy-a-Lynn.
​Tommy-a-Lynn had no boots to put on, But two calves' skins and the hair was gone. They were split at the side and the water ran in, 'I am damp to my feet,' said Tommy-a-Lynn. All to my tooth, etc.
Tommy-a-Lynn has a-hunting gone, A bridle of mouse tails has he hung on. The bridle broke and the horse ran away, 'I'm not over well bridled,' said Tommy to-day. All to my tooth, etc.
Tommy-a-Lynn has a-riding gone, A saddle of urchins' skins has he put on. The urchins' prickles were sharp as a pin, 'I've got a sore seat,' said Tommy-a-Lynn. All to my tooth, etc.
Tom-a-Lynn's daughter, she sat on the stair, 'O father, I fancy, I'm wondrous fair!' The stair it broke, and the maid fell in. 'You're fair enough now,' said Tommy-a-Lynn. All to my tooth, etc.
Tom-a-Lynn, his wife and his mother, They all fell into the fire together. 'Ow-yow!' said the topmost, 'I've got a hot skin.' 'It's hotter below,' said Tommy-a-Lynn. All to my tooth, etc.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/What care I how black I be?

​XLII.
What care I how black I be? Twenty pounds will marry me. If twenty won't, then forty shall, I am my mammy's bouncing gall.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Where are you Going, my Pretty Maid?

​LIII. WHERE ARE YOU GOING, MY PRETTY MAID?
'O where are you going, my pretty maid, With your red rosy cheeks and your coal black hair?' 'I'm going a-milking, sir,' she said; 'And it's dabbling in the dew makes the milkmaids fair.'
'May I go with you, my pretty maid, With your red rosy cheeks?' etc. 'O you may go with me, sir,' she said; 'And it's dabbling,' etc.
'I, may I marry you, my pretty maid, With your red rosy cheeks?' etc. 'Wait till you're wanted, sir,' she said; 'And it's dabbling,' etc.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Up the hill and down the vale

​XXII.
Up the hill and down the vale, Butter is made in every dale. And if it be that Nancy Crook, She can churn and she can cook, Then she shall butter make anon Before her grandmother is an old man.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Wee Willie Winkie runs through the town

​LXII.
Wee Willie Winkie runs through the town, Upstairs and downstairs in his night gown, Tapping at the window, crying at the lock, 'Are the babes in their beds, for it's now ten o'clock?'
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/What are little boys made of, made of

​LXXV.
What are little boys made of, made of, What are little boys made of? Snaps and snails, and puppy-dogs' tails; And that's what little boys are made of, made of.
What are little girls made of, made of, What are little girls made of? Sugar and spice, and things that are nice; And that's what little girls are made of, made of.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Hereswitha, or Hereswyda

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HERESWITHA, or HERESWYDA.
Queen Hebeswitha, the consort of Anna, King of East Angles, has been called "the mother of many saints," on account of the holiness of her offspring, especially of her daughters Ethelburga, Sexburgea, and Etheldreda, all of whom shine as stars in the firmament of Anglo-Saxon history. In accordance with a custom prevalent among pious ladies of that time, Hereswitha, when she lost her husband, retired into a monastery, that of Chelles, in France, where she died; this was some time in the seventh century, a distinguishing feature of which was religious enthusiasm. A mistaken sense of duty prompted many of the royal females of that period to vow themselves to a life of celibacy, and they were sometimes married to the occupants of thrones with the stipulation that they should be allowed to remain in a state of virginity; and such vows as these were often kept through a long series of trials and persecutions, sufficient to shake the constancy of any mind which did not rest upon a high and holy principle. "Whatever," says Mrs. Matthew Hall, in her admirable work on "The Queens before the Conquest," may be our present notions, the ascetic behaviour adopted at this early period of history was looked upon as a proof of every Christian virtue, and was probably a natural reaction from the licentiousness of paganism."
The perseverance of Etheldreda, one of the daughters of Hereswitha, in her vow of chastity, after she had espoused her second husband, Egfrid, King of Northumberland, gave rise to many national and domestic troubles. She was no doubt actuated by a sense of right, and therefore we cannot blame her, although we must deplore her mistaken notions of woman's duty.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Heron, Cecilia

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HERON, CECILIA,
The third daughter of Sir Thomas More, was born lu 1510, and, with her sisters, received a learned education. She possessed a thorough knowledge of Latin, and corresponded with Erasmus in that language. She was married very early in life to Giles Heron, Esq, Nothing of her private history is recorded.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Henrietta of England

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HENRIETTA OF ENGLAND,
Daughter of the unfortunate Charles the First, and grand-daughter of Henry the Fourth of France, married, in 1661, Philip of France, Duke of Orleans, and brother of Louis the Fourteenth; but this marriage was not a happy one. However she was a great favourite with the king, who often joined in the brilliant assembly of rank and genius which she collected around her. She also had much influence over her brother, Charles the Second; and negotiated an important treaty with England against Holland, which the most skilful diplomatists had long solicited in vain.
This princess died at St. Cloud, in 1670, at the age of twenty-six. There were some suspicions that she was poisoned. She was universally regretted; her sweetness of manners, and her grace and beauty, rendering her a great favourite. Bossuet pronounced her funeral oration.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Hewitt, Mary E.

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HEWITT, MARY E.,
Was born in Malden, Massachusetts; her maiden name was Moore. Her mother, left early a widow, removed to Boston, where Miss Moore continued to live until her marriage with Mr. James L. Hewitt, when she changed her place of residence to the city of New York. In 1845, Mrs. Hewitt published a small volume of poems, selected from her contributions to the various periodicals, entitled, "Songs of our Land, and other Poems." Many of these had appeared and attracted much attention under the signature of ​"Jane." These verses are evidently the utterance of a warm and impassioned heart, and strong imagination. The thoughts are expressed gracefully and harmoniously, and bear the stamp of truth and originality. In 1850, Mrs. Hewitt edited a gift book, called "The Gem of the Western World;" and the "Memorial" a beautiful tribute to the memory of her friend, Mrs. Frances S. Osgood.