OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Zoological Illustrations/VolI-Pl46

BULIMUS citrinus.
Citron Bulimus.
Generic Character.—See Pl. 4.
Specific Character.
    B. testâ obovatâ; spirâ conicâ, in medio sub-crassatâ, aperturâ longiore: spirâ anfractibus 6 in suturam depressis; labio exteriore basi subcontracto; umbilico subclauso.
    Shell obovate; spire conic, slightly thickened in the middle, longer than the aperture, and of six volutions depressed on the suture; outer-lip slightly contracted at the base; umbilicus nearly closed.
    Bulimus citrinus, var. B. Bruguiere Encycl. Meth. 314. no. 27.
    Martini 9. tab. 110. fig. 930.
This variable species is perhaps the most beautiful and delicate in its colouring of all the terrestrial snails; yet, although figured by several of the older writers, so little justice has been done it, that we make no apology for introducing it into the present work, both on this account, and for the purpose of giving such a discriminative specific character as may lead to the inquiry, how far all the numerous varieties mentioned by authors really belong to this species or not. As far as my own observation goes, I have found that the thickened spire, the depression of the whorls on the suture, and the narrowness or contraction of the mouth at the base, afford the only constant characters; for, in regard to colour and the situation of the mouth, both appear subject to great variation, the latter being as often reversed as regular. Martini's is the only figure that can be safely quoted for this variety.
I am indebted to Mrs. Bolton, of Storr's-hall, Windermere, for the loan of this and several other rare shells: it formerly belonged to Mr. Jennings, and appears an old shell, being heavy in proportion, the umbilicus thickly closed up, and the outer-lip very thick. Another I have seen at Mrs. Mawe's, and one is in the British Museum: but the finest specimen in colour and preservation is in the possession of my friend W. J. Broderip, Esq., of Lincoln's-Inn: from this it seems the spiral whorls are finely and delicately marked by transverse elevated striæ, while those on the basal volution are striated transversely, though in a less regular manner.
Bruguiere mentions that this species is generally found in the South American islands, Cayenne, and Guiana.
Mr. Dillwyn has given the new name of aurea to this shell, in addition to the five others under which different authors have described it. Such changing of names and multiplication of synonyms, without strong reasons, are very objectionable. I have retained that of Bruguiere, as being the only author who has placed it in its proper genus.
# Zoological Illustrations/VolI-Pl50

ALCEDO Asiatica.
Asiatic Kingsfisher.
Generic Character.—See Pl. 26.
Specific Character.
    A. capite nigro, fasciis transversis cyaneis, posticè cristato; auribus cyaneis; mento, gulâ, strigâque laterali colli albescentibus; dorso nitidè cæruleo; corpore subtùs rufo.
    Head black, transversely banded with mazarine blue, the hinder part crested; ears blueish; chin, throat, and lateral stripe on each side the neck whitish; back shining light-blue; body beneath rufous.
    Obs. This bird Dr. Horsfield tells me is his Alcedo meninting described in the Linn. Transactions.
The general resemblance between this and the European Kingsfisher may have been the cause why it has remained hitherto unnoticed by ornithologists. It bears, however, on closer inspection, a strong and peculiar distinction in the crest at the back of the head, in being much smaller in size, and especially as inhabiting the hottest parts of India; while our own braves the cold of a Siberian winter.
Total length six inches, of which the bill from the angle of the mouth to the tip occupies one inch and three-quarters, and is black, with the under mandible paler; the ears and the upper part of the head and neck are blueish-black, transversely banded with somewhat crescent-shaped narrow bands of a rich deep blue, which are broken into spots on the crest and ears: from the base of the under mandible is a black stripe richly glossed with blue, and carried down on each side the neck, between which and the upper part is a whitish stripe beginning just behind the ears (this in the European species is rufous). The wing-covers, scapulars and lesser quills are blackish glossed with blue, the two former having a bright spot at the end of each feather; superior and greater quills entirely blackish; down the middle of the back, rump, and tail-covers, light and vivid blue, with a slight tinge of greenish; chin and throat cream-colour; line between the nostrils and eyes, margin of the shoulders, under wing-covers, and all the lower parts of the body, rufous; tail deep and obscure blue; legs red.
My specimen came from some part of India; I have met with others from the same place; and Dr. Horsfield has likewise observed it in Java.
# Zoological Illustrations/VolI-Pl49

OXYRHYNCUS cristatus.
Crested Sharpbill.
Generic Character.
    Oxyruncus Temminck.
    Rostrum breve, rectissimum, basi trigonâ, ultra basin attenuatum, apice acutissimum; mandibulâ superiore suprà rotundatâ, utrisque integris. Nares basales, nudæ, membranâ partim tectæ, aperturâ lineari ad marginem rostri approximante. Pedes breves, validi, digito medio longiores; digitis anterioribus tribus, exteriore connexo, interiore fisso; halluce valido.
    Bill short, very straight, base trigonal, beyond attenuated to a very fine point; upper mandible above rounded, both entire. Nostrils basal, naked, partially covered by a membrane; aperture linear, near the margin of the bill. Feet short, strong, a little longer than the middle toe; anterior toes three, the outer connected, the inner cleft; hind toe strong.
Specific Character.
    O. suprà olivaceo-viridis, subtùs flavescente-albus, maculis nigrescentibus; capite cristâ coccineâ incumbente; capitis lateribus lineis transversis flavescente-albis.
    Above olive-green, beneath yellowish-white, with blackish spots. Head with an incumbent crimson crest; sides of the head and neck with transverse yellowish-white lines.
An elegant and (to the ornithologist) a highly interesting bird, considered with much judgement by Professor Temminck as a new genus, having the perfect bill and habit of the Wryneck, but totally unlike that bird in the position of its toes, which in this are not placed in pairs. The Professor has slightly described it, in the new edition of his Manuel, without a specific, but under the generic name of Oxyruncus, the spelling of which must be presumed as an error of the press: no mention, however, is made of the beautiful crimson colour which adorns the crest.
Total length near seven inches. Bill eight-tenths in length from the gape; general colour of the bird olive-green, becoming nearly white on the under part, and on the transverse stripes on each side the neck, front and temples, where there are also obscure bands of black; crown with a concealed crest, which is vivid crimson at the base and blackish at the tips; inner margin of the covers, quills and tail blackish; inner covers yellowish; chin, neck and breast banded with blackish lines, which are broken into spots and stripes beyond.
Inhabits Brazil, but is very rare.
# Zoological Illustrations/VolI-Pl51

Note: the colouring of this plate is quite wrong: the wings should be white.—Uploader.
COLIAS Pyrene.
White African Colias.
Generic Character.—See Pl. 5.
Specific Character.
    C. alis albis; anticis suprà punctulo nigro subcentrali oblongo ad apicem approximante; posticis margine integerrimis; singulis subtùs puncto ocellari lineisque fulvis undulatis: sexibus similibus.
    Wings white; anterior with a small, nearly central, oblong, black dot nearest the tip; margin of the posterior wings very entire, beneath all with a brown ocellate spot and undulated fulvous lines: both sexes alike.
Under the head of Colias Pyranthe, M. Godart has united the three insects described by Fabricius, as, Pap. Pyranthe, Nepthe and Gnomia, all bearing in their leading colours a very near resemblance to each other. Yet as this consideration alone appears to have decided this ingenious author in uniting them, without apparently noticing the nicer but more important characters of form, proportion, and real sexual distinction, as well as geography, I cannot but consider the question still remains doubtful; and although I am not at present prepared to offer an opinion as to the actual affinity between these three insects, I have little or no doubt that the one now figured is a really distinct species from either of the above, which all inhabit various parts of India. This, on the contrary, is from the interior of the Cape of Good Hope, from whence it was brought by Mr. Burchall, among whose insects I have seen about twenty unvarying specimens, but they were all males. I discovered however three or four of both sexes, varying in size, in Mr. Haworth's cabinet, and the perfect similarity in colour of the female with the other sex is very striking: it wants of course the little tuft of hair and opaque spot within the borders of the wings, so generally found in the male Coliadæ.
The distinctions of Colias Pyrene as a species rest on the areola of the anterior wings being considerably larger in proportion than in the others allied to it, thus making the black dot (which is always placed at the outer extremity of the areola) much nearer the tip than the base: these wings are also more sharply trigonal (in the male), and have only the slightest appearance of a black margin; the hinder wings are also perfectly entire, and not obtusely undulated as in those insects, and the sexes not differing in colour. Like most of the insects of this genus, the ocellate spots beneath vary considerably; sometimes they are silvery, at other times not; the anal valves in the male are short and obtuse, and the wings in the female not so sharply pointed.
# Zoological Illustrations/VolI-Pl52

COLIAS argante.
Orange Colias.
Generic Character.—See Pl. 5.
Specific Character.
    C. (Mas.) alis aurantiis, suprà immaculatis, posticis subtùs atomis ferrugineis, plerumque puncto gemino argenteo.
    C. (Fœm.) alis aurantio-flavis, anticis suprà, apice punctoque medio atris; posticis subtùs, puncto gemino argenteo atomisque ferrugineis.
    C. (Male.) Wings bright-orange, above immaculate; posterior beneath with minute ferruginous dots, and generally two silvery spots.
    C. (Female.) Wings golden-yellow; anterior above with a central spot and black marginal tip; posterior beneath covered with ferruginous dots and two silvery spots.
| (Male.) | Papilio Hersilia. Cramer, pl. 173. C. D. ——— argante. Fab. Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 189. Colias argante. Godart in Encycl. Method. 9. 92. no. 11. |
| (Female.) | Papilio Cipris. Cramer, pl. 99. E. F. Colias Cnidia. Godart, 93. no. 14. |
No two insects can present a more striking dissimilarity than the sexes of this species; and it was only after a considerable degree of attention to the subject, in their native climate, that we were at last thoroughly convinced that Colias argante and C. Cnidia were, without the least remaining doubt, the male and the female of one species. I have had the same opinion communicated to me by my friend Dr. Langsdorff, whose long residence and observations in Brazil render his opinion of no small authority.
As both insects are well known, and their distinctions given in the specific character, it will be only necessary to observe, that the under surfaces of the wings in both sexes vary much both in the density of the minute dots, and short undulated stripes that spread over their surface; and that the silvery spots in some males are strongly marked, and in others quite obsolete: there is, in very fine individuals of this sex, a faint bloom of pink spread on the orange of the upper surface, which heightens the vivid yet chaste beauty of the insect. The females are not so common. I met with them both in northern and southern Brazil, and have seen them in collections from Parà directly under the equinoctial line.
# Zoological Illustrations/VolI-Pl47

BULIMUS citrinus (var. perversu).
Reverse, banded Citron Bulimus.
Generic Character.—See Pl. 4.
Specific Character.—See Pl. 46.
    Synonyms.
    Martini, vol. 9. tab. 934 & 5. Knorr, 4. tab. 28. fig. 4, 5. (bad.)
    Bulimus citrinus, var. B. Bruguiere, 314. 27.
A fine pair of this beautiful and rare variety is in the collection of Mr. C. Dubois, to whom I am indebted on this and many other occasions, for the facilities he has afforded me in prosecuting the present work: one of these is now figured; it differs in no respect from that in the last plate, except in being reversed and having the umbilicus not so completely closed; a character which, perhaps, exists only in very old shells. The other specimen is also reversed and banded, though in a different manner.
BULIMUS aureus.
Golden Bulimus.—upper and lower figures.
Specific Character.
    B. testâ obovatâ, spirâ conicâ, anfractibus 5 convexis, suturâ simplici, umbilico aperto.
    Shell obovate; spire conic, of five convex volutions; suture simple; umbilicus open.
    Lister 34. 33. Martini 9. tab. 110. 928. 929?
    Obs. Bulimus aureus, in Mr. Spurrett's valuable cabinet is another specimen of this shell minutely agreeing with that here described.
Having seen but a single specimen of this shell, I have placed it as a distinct species, not without some doubts, and principally for the purpose of calling the attention of conchologists to a more rigid examination of the specific distinctions of this family (unconnected with colour) than has heretofore been done. The regular convexity of the whorls, not in any degree compressed at the suture, the want of that thickened appearance on the spire, and of the contraction at the base of the mouth (all which characters I have found in the varieties of B. citrinus to be constant), afford a specific distinction which future observations must confirm or annul. Bruguiere notices a variety of B. citrinus which is entirely yellow, a most beautiful specimen of which is in the British Museum, and which possesses (as well as the excellent figure of Gualtieri) all the specific characters I have given to B. citrinus, but not of the present shell. Lister's figure, on the contrary, is rude, though very characteristic of this; and Martini's representation, here cited, also appears the same.
Mr. Dubois, in whose collection this specimen exists, is unacquainted with its locality.
# Woman of the Century/Mary Ryerson Butin

​MARY RYERSON BUTIN. BUTIN, Mrs. Mary Ryerson, physician, born near Wilton, Iowa, 17th August, 1857. She lived on a farm until her eighteenth year, and then took up her residence in the village of Wilton Junction. There, with alternate schooling and teaching, she succeeded in nearly completing the course in the academy in that place, when its financial embarrassments necessitated the closing of its doors. Entering the high school, in one year she was graduated therefrom with the highest honors. At the age of twenty-one she felt the responsibility of choosing her life work. From her earliest remembrance she had heard her mother say that she was to be a doctor. The mother was far-seeing and discerned that opening for woman and her fitness for her work. Though timid and sensitive as to the opinions of others, after deliberation she decided that her duty lay in that direction. She turned with keen perception of its responsibilities from the pleasures of a young girl's life and began the study of medicine, with the help and encouragement of the family physician and his partners. She entered the medical college in Iowa, City, a co-educational institution, which at that time had enrolled a membership of ninety men and ten women. From that college she came forth a firm opponent of co-education in medical colleges. The following year she attended the Woman's Medical College in Chicago, Ill., from which she was graduated, in the spring of 1881, afterwards entering the South Side Hospital as resident physician. Her duties were so arduous, the lack of nurses making it necessary for her to supply that position sometimes, that, after four months' service, she resigned and returned home for rest. While on a visit to her brother in Dorchester. Neb., her practice became so extensive as to cause her to settle there, where she gradually overcame all opposition among physicians and people to women practitioners. There she met and became the wife, in May, 1883, of Dr. J. L. Butin. a rising young physician. Before she had been in the State a year, she became a member of the Nebraska State Medical Society. She was the first woman to enter that society and was received in Hastings, in 1882. Placed upon the programme for a paper the next year, she has ever since been a contributor to some section of that society. She was elected first vice-president in 1889. She has been a contributor to the Omaha "Clinic" and other medical journals, and was State superintendent of hygiene and heredity for the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, county and local. Untiring in devotion to her profession, she has been ready to lend her aid to all progressive movements, and she has battled and conquered much of the prejudice against woman in the field of medical science.
# Woman of the Century/Mary S. Fawcett

​FAWCETT, Mrs. Mary S., temperance reformer, born near Burlington, Ontario, Canada, 22nd February, 1829. In 1852 she became the wife of an older brother of Rev. D. V. Lucas, of the Montreal Methodist Conference. She was a worthy helpmate to her husband. Together they labored in church and Sabbath-school work and were equally useful in the neighborhood in which they resided At the end of six years her husband lost his health. His death in 1862 left her alone and childless. For the next six years she devoted herself to the welfare of others, using her means as well as giving her time. She labored in the Sabbath-school and was most successful as a Bible-class teacher. In 1868 she became the wife of Rev. M. Fawcett, an honored minister of the Toronto Methodist Conference, and for years shared with him the life of an itinerant. Four years of that time, from 1872 to 1876, he labored as a missionary in Manitoba, and, as the country was then comparatively new, there were hardships and privations to endure which are unknown in older countries. There, as elsewhere, Mrs. Fawcett MARY S. FAWCETT. found a field of labor. While in that distant province, she first read of the woman's Crusade, and her heart went out for the women engaged in it. About the time of their return, the first union in Canada was organized, and in a short time organizations sprang up in many of the towns and villages. She became interested, and from that time has been connected with it, first as corresponding secretary of the Ontario Woman's Christian Temperance Union, which office she filled for eight years, but. her husband being at the time in poor health, she refused office for a year. When his health was restored, she again took up the work and since then has filled the position of provincial and dominion president of the Canadian Woman's Christian Temperance Union. She is at present vice-president of the Provincial, but can not work as in former years. Her health began to fail in 1890 from overwork, and she is now obliged to rest.
# Woman of the Century/Mary Sheldon Barnes

​BARNES, Mrs. Mary Sheldon, educator and historian, born in Oswego, N. Y., 15th September, 1850. Her father was E. A. Sheldon, the principal of the Oswego Normal School. As a child she had a passion for study. After going through the high and normal schools and preparing for college with boys and girls who were bound for Harvard and Yale, she decided to go to college, and Michigan University was her choice. She entered that institution in 1871, as a classical sophomore in a class of eighty boys and eight girls. She MARY SHELDON BARNES. was graduated in the classical course in 1874. She then went to teach history, Latin and Greek in the Oswego State Normal School, but was soon called to Wellesley College, where she organized the department of history. She was at the head of that department from 1st January, 1877, to June, 1870. She next went to Europe for two years' study and travel, each of which had for her a strictly historical aim. She visited France, Italy, Egypt and Germany. The second year she spent as a student in Newnham College, Cambridge University, England, where she devoted the time to the study of modern history, under the direction of Prof J. R. Seeley, regius professor of modern history. On her return to the United States she taught history and literature in the Normal School in Oswego, Ni Y. Meanwhile she had been gathering materials for a text-book on general history which should present the subject on a more scientific method than the mere giving of a narrative. While in that school she met Earl Barnes. In 1885 they were married, and in that year her first book was published, under the title "Studies in General History" (Boston). It met an immediate and sympathetic welcome from those who understood her plan. It has come rather slowly into popular use, on account of its originality. Her publishers, however, felt warranted in urging her to make an American history on the same plan, which she accordingly undertook. In 1888 that work was interrupted by a literary engagement which took her husband and herself to Europe, where they spent a year in the libraries of London, Paris and Zurich, collecting historical materials. The second book has recently been published under the title "Studies in American History" (Boston, 1892), and is the joint work of herself and her husband. In 1892 Mr. Barnes was called to the Leland Stanford Junior University, at the head of the department of education. Mrs. Barnes has received an appointment as assistant professor of modern history, an appointment obtained without any sort of solicitation, and it is one of the first appointments of the kind made in an institution of that rank. Her "Studies in American History " is having an immediate success. The home of Mrs. Barnes is now in Palo Alto, Santa Clara county. Cal.
# Woman of the Century/Mary Rogers Gregory

​GREGORY, Mrs. Mary Ropers, artist, born in Apalachicola, Fla.. 6th May, 1846. Her maiden name was Mary Bland Rogers. Her father, Charles Rogers, was a prominent cotton merchant of Columbus, Ga. Her paternal ancestors were distinguished Revolutionary heroes. Among them were the celebrated Platt family of Dutchess county. New York. One of them, Zephadiah Platt, was the first Senator elected by the State of New York to the first Congress of the United States. Another, Richard Piatt, was aid-de-camp to General Montgomery at the fall of Quebec. On her mother's side she belongs to the Virginia families of Bland and Spottswood, and she is closely connected with the family of the artist Rembrandt Peele. She became the wife, at an early age, of Dr. John R. Gregory, of a well known Tallahassee, Fla., family. Mrs. Gregory is one of the most distinguished artists of ​the South. She has painted many portraits of prominent men and women. Among her best-known works are portraits of Hon. Ben. H. Hill, Judge James Jackson, Henry Grady and Mary E. MARY ROGERS GREGORY. Bryan. The legislature of Georgia paid her the high honor of appointing her to paint the full-length portraits of Hon. Alex. Stephens and Hon. Herschel V. Johnson. These pictures adorn the walls of the new capitol in Atlanta. She holds a life membership in the Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia, where she studied for several years. She also worked in Cooper Institute and has had training under several noted European artists.