OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Woodpecker

See also Woodpecker on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* HAIRY WOODPECKER
Wood′peck′er, the name for any member of the family Picidæ. This includes birds with stout bills with which they peck wood to obtain insects. Their long tongue is barbed at the end and capable of being greatly protruded. It is in every way adapted for piercing and securing insect larvæ. These birds are of great service to the farmer. Professor Beal declares that they are the “only agents which can successfully cope with the insects of forest and partly of fruit-trees, and for this reason if for no other they should be protected in every possible way.” As a family they are black and white, stiff quills and pointed tails helping them to brace against tree-trunks. Though not songsters, they have loud calls and communicate by drumming. They nest in holes in trees, sometimes in telegraph poles.
* The woodpecker is hard at work —
* A carpenter is he —
* And you may hear him hammering
* His nest high up a tree.
There are about 350 species found in all parts of the world, except the Australian region and Madagascar. Nearly half of the entire number occur in the New World, and about 25 species are found in North America. Their colors generally are bright, and the males usually have some red on the head. Among the species of the United States the flicker or golden-winged woodpecker is one of the best known. It feeds mainly on ants, and therefore is frequently seen on the ground. The other woodpeckers almost always are seen on trees. The redheaded woodpecker is abundant in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. The downy and hairy woodpeckers are smaller birds, both being common. The ivory-billed woodpecker, with a length of 21 inches, is the most magnificent of North American woodpeckers. It is black, with white on the shoulders and wings and, in the males, a scarlet crest. This bird is found in the south and formerly ranged as far north as southern Illinois. The pileated woodpecker also is one of the giants of the family; it has a blackish-brown body and a scarlet head and crest. It is very wild, rare, save in deep forest far from haunt of man. The yellow-bellied woodpecker is the one real sap-sucker. Consult Eckstrom's The Woodpeckers. See Flicker and Sapsucker.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Woodstock, Can.

See also Woodstock, Ontario on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Wood′stock, Can., in Oxford County, Ontario. It has excellent railway accommodation by the Canadian Pacific and the Grand Trunk and electric railway communication with adjacent towns. It is the center of a rich dairying country. Its furniture, wagon and piano factories do a large epxport business. It owns its own electric plant. The province maintains an epileptic hospital here.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wool

See also Wool on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Wool, one of the most important of all animal substances, ranks next to cotton in its use in the manufacture of clothing. It is a sort of hair, growing on sheep and on goats. The fiber differs from a hair in being crinkly or wavy and in having very minute scales, both of which properties fit it for its uses. The wavy twist keeps it from unwinding when made into yarn, and the scales make the threads catch each other, a process known as felting. Wool varies in quality with different species of sheep and also with the food, shelter and climate. The Saxon wool has the most of the felting property, and the wool of the Angora goat, called mohair, is the whitest, while that of the Kashmir goat is very soft and rich though short. The merino sheep furnishes one of the best varieties of wool, a single fleece usually weighing about four or five pounds. In the manufacture of woolen goods the wool is sorted into different grades, washed, scoured and dried. It is then dyed, if to be dyed in the wool, and carded or made into threads, ready for weaving. After weaving, the cloth is scoured to remove the oil and dust, dyed, if dyed in the piece, and dried on stretchers. It is then fulled, a process that shrinks the cloth and makes it more compact. Teasling, a process to raise the threads, and shearing, which cuts them the right length to form the nap, follow, shearing often being repeated several times. The boiling of the ​cloth, which prevents spotting and gives a luster, brushing, pressing and folding finish the work. Broadcloths, cassimeres and beavers are strictly woolen goods, while merinoes, bombazines, delaines etc. are worsted goods, named from the town of Worsted, England, in which the processes of manufacture are somewhat different, the wool being combed, which prevents its felting as closely, and also differently spun. The introduction of machinery and steam-power revolutionized the manufacture of woolen goods. A woman could card one pound of wool a day by hand, spin two skeins of yarn, and weave two or three yards of cloth. Now, by the use of machinery, one worker can card 150 pounds of wool, spin 500 pounds and weave from 35 to 50 yards of cloth in a day. The amount of wool produced throughout the world one year was estimated at 2,643,533,794 pounds, nearly half of which came from Australasia, South America and South Africa. Australasia then produced 400,000,000 pounds; Argentina 370,000,000; Russia 361,100,000; the United States 291,783,032; Great Britain and Ireland 133,124,762; Spain 102,600,000; and South Africa 100,000,000. Great Britain has been the largest producer of woolen goods, but the manufacture is growing rapidly in the United States both in extent and in the quality of the goods.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Woonsocket, R. I.

See also Woonsocket, Rhode Island on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Woon′sock′et, R. I., a city on Blackstone River, 16 miles northwest of Providence. Woonsocket Hill, 580 feet high, the highest point in Rhode Island, is next to the town. It has good schools and a free library, but principally is a manufacturing town, especially of cotton, woolen and rubber goods; it also has a large wringing-machine factory, and ranks as the third manufacturing city of Rhode Island. Population 38,125.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wooster, O.

See also Wooster, Ohio on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Woos′ter, O., a city, county-seat of Wayne County, 80 miles northeast of Columbus. It is a well-built town, standing on high ground, in a rich farming region. It has factories of agricultural implements, strawboard, whips, organs, furniture, flour, doors, sash and blinds, boilers and engines. Wooster University, founded by Presbyterians in 1866, has three departments, including its medical school at Cleveland, with 41 instructors and 640 students. Other educational institutions are Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, a high school, elementary school and two libraries. Population 6,136.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Woolen Manufacture

See also Wool on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Wool′en Manufacture. With the introduction of power-machinery and the factory-system a great impetus has been given to the manufacture of woolens as well as worsteds in this and other countries; while in recent years there has also been a large increase in the wool-crop and other raw material, raised not only on the North American continent but in other continents and countries, as Australia, South Africa and South America. As the material of which articles of clothing are made, the use of wool dates from early historic times. It is known to have entered into fabrics worn by the ancient Jews as well as by the Greeks and Romans. To-day woolen manufacture is an extensive industry in this and European nations. Early in the 18th century it found seat in Yorkshire, England, where carding, knitting, spinning, weaving and the various processes of cloth-finishing were actively and profitably engaged in. In the production of woolen goods in the United States we have the advantage not only of possessing, annually, large crops of wool besides extensive importations from abroad (the total available United States wool-product, domestic and foreign, amounted in 1905 to about 500 millions pounds' weight, the domestic production in 1906—7 being 298,715,130 pounds), but of having well-nigh numberless looms, with improved and often ingeniously devised machinery for the now vast local production and the utilizing of what is termed waste.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Woolsey, Theodore Dwight

See also Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Woolsey (wo͝ol′sĭ), Theodore Dwight, an American scholar, was born at New York City on Oct. 31, 1801. He studied at Yale, at Princeton and for three years in Germany. He became professor of Greek at Yale College in 1830, and from 1846 to 1871 was president. He was an authority on questions of international law, on which he published a volume. He also edited in Greek a number of Greek plays, and wrote several religious works. The American company of revisers of the New Testament selected him as their president. He died at New Haven, Conn., July 1, 1889.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Woolwich

See also Woolwich on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Woolwich (wo͝ol′ĭch or ĭj), a town in Kent, England, on Thames River, about nine miles east of London. It is the seat of the principal arsenal of Great Britain, and has the government's factories for producing war-material of all sorts, except gunpowder. The dockyards have existed since 1515, and some of the largest ships of the English navy have been built here. The royal artillery barracks and the Royal Military Academy are also at Woolwich. Population 117,175.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wooster, David

See also David Wooster on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Wooster, David, an American general, was born at Stratford, Conn., March 2, 1710. He was in the naval service in command of a vessel to protect the coast in the war between England and Spain, and had ​ ​ ​ ​ ​command of a war vessel on the expedition to Louisburg. He was in active service during the French and Indian War, and in the Revolutionary War had command in Canada after the death of Montgomery. When the British invaded Connecticut in 1777, Wooster attacked them at Danbury and was mortally wounded on April 27, and died on May 2, 1777. Wooster, O., was named for him. A monument to him was built by Connecticut.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Worcester

See also Worcester on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Worcester (wo͝os′tẽr), a city of England, is on Severn River, about 26 miles from Birmingham. It is an old town, smelting-works in the neighborhood being thought to date back to the time of the Romans. The cathedral, one of the noted ones of England, dates from 1084. It was much injured in the Civil War, but has been restored at great cost. Of the industries the most important are glove-making and the manufacture of porcelain, royal Worcester ware being celebrated for fine designs and beautiful execution. Other manufactures are those of leather, horse-hair weaving, vinegar, wine and engines. Population 46,624.
# The Personal Life of David Livingstone

THE PERSONAL LIFE
OF
DAVID LIVINGSTONE
LL.D., D.C.L.
CHIEFLY FROM HIS UNPUBLISHED JOURNALS AND CORRESPONDENCE IN THE POSSESSION OF HIS FAMILY
BY
W. GARDEN BLAIKIE, D.D., LLD. _Author of "Heroes of Israel," etc._
* PREFACE.
* CONTENTS.
* CHAPTER I.
* CHAPTER II.
* CHAPTER III.
* CHAPTER IV.
* CHAPTER V.
* CHAPTER VI.
* CHAPTER VII.
* CHAPTER VIII.
* CHAPTER IX.
* CHAPTER X.
* CHAPTER XI.
* CHAPTER XII.
* CHAPTER XIII.
* CHAPTER XIV.
* CHAPTER XV.
* CHAPTER XVI.
* CHAPTER XVII.
* CHAPTER XVIII.
* CHAPTER XIX.
* CHAPTER XX.
* CHAPTER XXI.
* CHAPTER XXII.
* CHAPTER XXIII.
* APPENDIX.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Persistence of Social Groups

Published in three parts.

## Contents

* "The Persistence of Social Groups I" in The American Journal of Sociology, 03 (5) (March, 1898), pp. 662-698.
* "The Persistence of Social Groups II" in The American Journal of Sociology, 03 (6) (May, 1898), pp. 829-836.
* "The Persistence of Social Groups III" in The American Journal of Sociology, 04 (1) (July, 1898), pp. 35-50.
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# The Philosophical Review/Volume 1/Index - Volume 1

INDEX.
[N.B. — (a) stands for original articles, (d) for discussions, (r) for book-reviews, and (s) for summaries.]
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Kant, What He Should Not Be to us, (s) 123; Ernst Platner's Relation to, ​(s) 479; His and Platner's Epistemology, (s) 591; His Principles of Politics, (r) 659; His Epistemology, (s) 699; The Thing-in-itself in, (s) 355.
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
# The Philosophical Review

* Volume 1 (1892) (external scan)
* Volume 2 (1893) (external scan)
* Volume 3 (1894) (external scan)
* Volume 4 (1895) (external scan)
* Volume 5 (1896) (external scan)
* Volume 6 (1897) (external scan)
* Volume 7 (1898) (external scan)
* Volume 8 (1899) (external scan)
* Volume 9 (1900) (external scan)
* Volume 10 (1901) (external scan)
* Volume 11 (1902) (external scan)
* Volume 12 (1903) (external scan)
* Volume 13 (1904) (external scan)
* Volume 14 (1905) (external scan)
* Volume 15 (1906) (external scan)
* Volume 16 (1907) (external scan)
* Volume 17 (1908) (external scan)
* Volume 18 (1909) (external scan)
* Volume 19 (1910) (external scan)
* Volume 20 (1911) (external scan)
* Volume 21 (1912) (external scan)
* Volume 22 (1913) (external scan)
* Volume 23 (1914) (external scan)
* Volume 24 (1915) (external scan)
* Volume 25 (1916) (external scan)
* Volume 26 (1917) (external scan)
* Volume 27 (1918) (external scan)
* Volume 28 (1919) (external scan)
* Volume 29 (1920) (external scan)
* Volume 30 (1921) (external scan)
* Volume 31 (1922) (external scan)
* Volume 32 (1923)
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Reminiscences Of James Burrill Angell

* Chapter I: From Birth To Graduation. 1829-1849
* Chapter II: The Southern Journey
* Chapter III: Civil Engineering And Study In Europe
* Chapter IV: Professorship In Brown University
* Chapter V: Presidency Of The University Of Vermont
* Chapter VI: Mission To China
* Chapter VII: The Canadian Fisheries Commission
* Chapter VIII: Summer Trips To Europe
* Chapter IX: Mission To The Ottoman Empire
* Chapter X: Presidency Of The University Of Michigan
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Remarkable Case of Davidson's Eyes

* "The Remarkable Case of Davidson's Eyes" in The Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents (1895)
* "The Remarkable Case of Davidson's Eyes" in Tales of the Unexpected (1924)
* "The Remarkable Case of Davidson's Eyes" in The Works of H. G. Wells (Atlantic Edition) (1924)
# The Remembrancer

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* sister projects: Wikidata item.
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| Date | Title | Author |
| 1778-06-26May 6, 1907 | Particulars of the engagement between the French frigate La Belle-Poule, and an English frigate | |
# The Philosophical Review/Volume 1/Summary: Angell and Pierce - Experimental Research upon the Phenomena of Attention

Am. J. Ps. = American Journal of Psychology
In the experiments considered, Wundt's question is whether disparate simultaneous impressions can be interpreted as simultaneous, and, if not, how errors should be explained. A bell is rung mechanically at adjustable positions of a pointer moving over a dial, and the subject fixes the location of the hand when the sound is heard. The results are called correct, positive displacements, or negative displacements according as the pointer is seen at, beyond, or before the correct position when the sound is heard. Wundt recorded least errors when the revolutions occurred once a second; faster rate giving a predominance of positive, slower rate, of negative errors. The variations he explains by the changing relation of the rate to the ripening of apperception peculiar to the subject. James interprets the results differently. The subject has to interrupt a continuous sensation of motion by a fleeting perception of ​position, while he gets simultaneously a third sensation of sound. It is harder to 'fix' the index at the instant the sound is caught than to note it a moment before, if the impressions come slowly and attention is ready in advance; a moment after, if the case is reversed. In the Harvard experiments, made with an improved machine, Messrs. Angell and Pierce find a preponderance of positive errors without any constant influence due to alterations of speed. Differing from both Wundt and James, they base their interpretation on the vibratory movement of attention. The experiment assumes the form of apperceptive reaction, in which the positive errors are due to the time consumed in transforming the auditory sensation into a motor act. Negative errors are referred to several causes, viz.: unconscious correction through experience become automatic; attention transferred from visual element to auditory without being shifted back, the sound occurring so soon as to be supposed simultaneous with the position just noted; effect due to hearing being more rapid than sight. Correct results are ascribed to chance arrangement of the heterogeneous factors involved, which may at any time so combine as to produce either sort of error. The mind has apparently no criterion by which to distinguish coincidence of disparate stimulations from rapid sequence of the same.
# The Philosophical Review/Volume 1/Summary: Baeumker - Eine bisher unbekannte mittelalterliche lateinische Uebersetzung

Ar. f. G. Ph. = Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie
A hitherto unknown translation of the Πυρρώνειοι ὑποτυπώσεις has lately been discovered by Baeumker amongst certain Mss. belonging to the National Library at Paris. It came to the Paris Library from St. Victor, and is registered fonds latin No. 14700. The Ms. belongs to the latter part of the thirteenth century, and shows the same general characteristics as the translations of William of Moerbecke. The close adherence to the Greek order of words shows it to have been made from a Greek original. Baeumker makes no conjecture as to the author of the translation.
# The Philosophical Review/Volume 1/Summary: Bastian - On the Neural Processes underlying Attention and Volition

After a short statement of the doctrines of attention advanced by British philosophers, the author discusses the "essential nature of attention." He does not find himself able to give any new explanation of the nature of attention in cases of sudden impressions, but quotes approvingly Maudsley's dictum that "Attention is the arrest of the transformation of energy for a moment, the maintenance of a particular tension." Voluntary attention is a complex process, and includes volition. The "motor" processes of attention are due to associations of sensations; attention as such belongs to sensor processes, but the molecular activities of the sensor element well over into the motor mechanism. Wundt's view that the frontal lobes are apperception centres is fanciful and speculative. The process of attention takes place in each of the cortical sensorial centres, and attention is accordingly visual, auditory, kinesthetic, etc. In voluntary attention, often called internal volition, it may be said that the thoughts invariably follow one another according to laws of habit or association. When one train of thought supersedes another, we call the sequence an effort of will; but here, as in regular association, one thought supersedes another in virtue of its superior force. The occasions for exercise of voluntary movements spring up as ordinary links in the chain formed by an association of ideas. Between the cerebral reflexes known as ideo-motor acts and simple ​voluntary acts there is no line to be drawn. In deliberative acts the sense of effort is associated with the conflict of ideas and motives, and belongs to the sensor centres. The act of willing consists essentially in a consent to the occurrence of a movement, the movement itself being prefigured by certain revived impressions, visual, or auditory, or kinesthetic. The activity of these sensor centres awakes a corresponding activity in the motor centres of the bulb or spinal cord. There is no reason for postulating motor centres in the cortex; the so-called motor centres of the Rolandic tract are of the kinesthetic type and intimately connected with visual, auditory, and other sensor centres. The process of attention is accordingly essentially sensory, and volition, representing certain phases in the association of ideas, is likewise sensory. The motor processes taking place in the bulb and spinal cord are, however, outside of consciousness.
# The Philosophical Review/Volume 1/Summary: Brodhun - Ueber die Empfindlichkeit des grünblinden

Z. f. Ps. u. Phys. d. Sinn. = Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane
The earliest investigators had found that the eye was most sensitive to change of color near the D line of the spectrum (yellow). Next to this came the region near the F line (blue). Later, König and Dieterici found the maximum sensitiveness just left of the F line. Using an apparatus in which the adjacent spectra compared were produced by an equilateral flint-glass prism, the author compares his green-blind eye with A. König's normal eye. The method of mean errors was used, and for each region of the spectrum investigated fifty adjustments were made. B. found first that the greatest sensitiveness to difference for his green-blind eye was slightly to the left of the maximum for normal eyes, i.e. to the left of F; left from the maximum, the green-blind eye shows more sensitiveness than the normal, but then decreases rapidly, while the normal eye shows a second maximum in the yellow. Surmising that another small increase in the curve of sensitiveness beyond the F line was due to change in intensity rather than quality of light, B. varied the brightness of the fields of color. For both the normal and the green-blind eye the slight increase beyond F disappeared, while throughout the observed range of colors the sensitiveness became somewhat less. Similar results were found by W. Uthoff (Gräfes Archiv, 1888, Bd. 34), who used the method of minimal changes.