OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ascension Island

See also Ascension Island on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ascension (ăs-sĕn' shŭn) Island. Originally discovered by the Portuguese in 1501 and called Concepcion Island, its rediscovery on Ascension Day, seven years later, procured for it the name it still holds. It is a volcanic origin, 7½ miles long and with an area of 35 square miles, lying in latitude 7$^0$ 55’ south, longitude 14$^0$ 25’ west, 700 miles northwest of St. Helena. It came into possession of the British in 1815 and is under the jurisdiction of the admiralty, being used as a depot for coal, stores and provisions for ships on the South Atlantic station. It has been strongly fortified recently, and the discipline of a man-of-war is maintained. The population, including about 160 Kroomen, is 450. Georgetown, on the northwest coast, is the garrison station and there is an excellent sanitarium up Green Mountain. The island is a great resort of sea turtle, as well as of rabbits, wild goats and partridge.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ascomycetes

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Ascomycetes (ăs-kō-mi-sē′tēz). A very large group of low plants (Fungi), among which the common mildews may be taken as a type. The mildews are surface parasites and are commonly found covering the leaves of the higher plants with a whitish covering. The leaves of the lilac are very commonly infested by this parasite. To this group also belong such well-known forms as the common blue mould found on bread, fruit, etc.; the common fungus whose subterranean body produces truffles; the fungi which cause the diseases known as black knot of plum and cherry; forms which cause the witch’s broom, peach curl, etc.; while to the same group belong the common cup-fungi and the edible morels; perhaps the common yeast is an ascomycete. The name of the group is derived from the fact that the spores are developed in delicate scacs, each sac being called an ascus; while the spores within these asci are known as ascopores. See Fungi.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ascospore

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As'cospore (in plants). An asexual spore produced by the ascomycetes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ascus

See also Ascus on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
As'cus (in plants). A sac producing spores, characteristic of the ascomycetes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ashanti

See also Ashanti on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ashan'ti or Ashantee, lately a negro kingdom in western Africa, on the north of the Gold Coast. Formerly, it was shut off from the seaboard by the Gold Coast colony, eighty miles broad, an English protectorate. Since 1896, it has become part of the northern territories of the Gold Coast under a British protectorate, and is governed by a British resident agent. Its exports are gold, palm-oil and india-rubber. Its population is from one to one and one-half millions, one fifth of whom are warriors; are of Ashanti, the Gold Coast and protectorate, about 82,000 square miles. The land is tilled near the towns, but elsewhere is a dense forest. The natives manufacture beautiful cottons, earthenware and sword-blades. They have been wont to practice human sacrifice and are polygamists, the king being allowed 3,333 wives. The capital is Coomassie (Kumasi).
The people of Ashanti probably came from north of the Kong Mountains. They were first heard of in 1700, when a powerful king, Osai Tutu, conquered several neighboring states. They have fought two wars with the English and lately one with the French. In 1900, there was a serious rising at Kumasi against the English, who for a time were besieged in the city, but were relieved by a force from the coast.
Progress is going steadily on, Kumasi being linked with Obassi and the coast at Sekondi by a railway 168 miles long, built at a cost of $9,034,000. The census of 1911 estimates the population in the northern territories (those beyond the eight parallel of north latitude) at 357,569, distributed over a territory between 38,000 and 50,000 square miles in extent. They are administrated by a commissioner and commandant with headquarters at Gambaga. The revenue in 1910, derived largely from caravan taxes, was $188,105, the expenditures $586,990, and the grant in aid $68,800. Permanent roads are being made, light steamers are plying the Volta, and a silver currency has been introduced with increasing benefits. Kumasi, the chief town, had in 1905 a population of 5,940.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ascham, Roger

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Ascham (ăs' kam), Roger, a well-known scholar and teacher, was born in a small English village about 1515, and was taken into the family of a nobleman to be educated. While there he showed so much taste for study, that in 1530 he was sent to St. John’s College, Cambridge. He was specially fond of Latin and Greek, and soon became known as a scholar in those languages. Soon after his graduation he began to act as a tutor, and his success brought to him the sons of many noblemen. He was then appointed Greek lecturer at the university, and in 1544 was made university orator. He was very fond of archery, and wrote a book about the right way to use the bow. He also was quite a musician as well as an artist. In 1548 he was appointed to take charge of the education of Princess, afterward Queen, Elizabeth. After traveling on the continent for a time, he became Latin secretary for Queen Mary, and when Elizabeth became queen he spent part of each day with her, reading Latin and Greek authors, of which he was very fond. His success as a teacher led him to write his famous book called The Schoolmaster. He died at London in 1568.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ash

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Ash, a tree common to Europe and on the North American continent, of the genus Fracinus and family Oleacea. According to its variety it is valuable economically as timber used by carpenters, coachmakers and wheelwrights, as well as picturesquely for its ornamental and shade purposes. The varieties of the ash are many, including the common ash, native to the British Isles; the white or American ash, with a light bark and pale green leaves, abundant in Canada and in the United States west to Minnesota and Texas; the red ash, met with in swampy ground in the middle states of the union: the black ash, native to New England and west to Missouri, and with its soft though tough wood, useful for barrel hoops and staves; besides the green ash, prized for its ornamental beauty in the middle states and the west; and the mountain ash or rowan tree (a species of Pyrus), allied to the ash tree proper only in its leaves. The two varieties familiar in the middle and northern states are the white and the black ash, and these are the most useful for their tough, yet easily worked wood, as well as for their ornamental purposes as a shade tree.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ash Wednesday

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Ash Wednesday, the first day in Lent; so called from the old church custom of sprinkling ashes on the head as a sign of penitence. The ashes are those of the palms consecrated on Palm Sunday. This custom was probably established by Gregory the Great (590–604). It is observed by the Roman Catholic church. The day, but not the ceremony, is observed in the Church of England.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Asheville, N. C.

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Ashe'ville, N. C., the capital of Buncombe County, North Carolina, a central railroad point in the state, 210 miles west of Raleigh. Situated in the Blue Ridge Mountains and comparatively close to the Smoky Mountains of Tennessee, it has become a noted health resort. Here is Asheville College for Women, a Methodist institution, founded in 1843. Asheville is the seat of an extensive trade in tobacco. Population, 18,762.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Asexual Spore

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Asex'ual Spore (in plants). A spore which has not been formed by the union of two cells, that is, in a sexual way. Ordinarily, the asexual spore is formed by cell division. Its power of reproduction is the same as that of the sexually formed spore, the difference between the two being simply one of origin. Asexual spores are common among all groups of plants. They are the spores most commonly seen in connection with the flowerless plants, and among the flowering plants the so-called pollen grains are asexual spores. See Spore.
# The New International Encyclopædia/India Ink

Edition of 1905. See also India ink on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ INDIA INK. A black pigment, formed by mixing lampblack and gum into a paste and then pressing it into molds where it dries into sticks of various shapes. It was originally made in China and Japan, and the best grades are still produced in those countries, the common lampblack of Occidental countries being too coarse for many purposes. It is said that the Chinese collect the lampblack used in its manufacture from the oil of sesame. In China India ink is applied with a brush, both for writing and painting. In Europe and America it is chiefly used for black-and-white drawings, it being possible to regulate the depth of the shade by the amount of water used in mixing the ink. India ink is the only true black ink produced, all other grades having a tinge of some other hue.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Indian Summer

Edition of 1905. See also Indian summer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ INDIAN SUMMER. A short season of pleasant weather in the Central and Atlantic Coast States, usually occurring in October or November, more rarely in December, and characterized by an almost cloudless sky, calm or light airs, a hazy atmosphere, and mild temperature in the daytime, but rather cool at night. It may last one or two weeks, and may recur two or three times during a season, but rarely more than twice. During Indian summer weather the barometer stands above the average, and the cloudless sky indicates that there is in general a descending tendency of the air at some distance above the earth. Balloons ascending to great heights show that there is very little horizontal movement in the air, but what there is is toward the east. At this season the leaves of most plants dry up and drop away, adding their debris to the dust in the atmosphere. Owing to the prevailing dryness, forest fires and prairie fires occur at this time, and the smoke adds to the intensity of the Indian summer haze, but is not necessarily the sole cause of it. Frequently such smoke spreads slowly eastward, gathers moisture to itself, and is followed by clouds and gentle rain. Precisely similar weather occurs in Germany, where it is known as the ‘Old Woman's Summer’ and ‘Saint Luke's Summer,’ and in England, where it is known as ‘Saint Martin's Summer,’ or ‘All Hallow Summer’; these terms being applied to it according to the various dates on which it happens to occur in October or November. There are also many indications of its existence in China and Siam. The haze attending the African Harmattan in December and January appears very similar to that of Indian summer, but the diatom dust that characterizes the former has not yet been found in the latter. As to the origin of this expression, Mr. Albert Matthews has shown that it does not occur anywhere either in printed books or manuscripts until the year 1794; but at that time it was in use throughout the Atlantic States. The popular belief that Indian summer weather was predicted by the native Indians in conversation with the first European settlers finds no documentary corroboration, and the idea that the term Indian summer was employed by the early settlers seems to be a myth. In general, neither this term nor anything corresponding to it is to be found in any Indian language. The term Indian summer in its present usage was introduced into England from America. In 1778 Horace Walpole used the same expression, but he evidently had in mind the intense heats of the midsummer weather in India and the West Indies. For full information on the whole subject, see the Monthly Weather Review, vol. xxx., pp. 19-29 and 69-79 (Washington, 1902).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Imam

Edition of 1905. See also Imam on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
IMAM, ḗ-mäm' (Ar. ’imām, leader, from ’amma, to lead, set an example). The appellation
given in general to teachers among the Mohammedans, as leaders whose example is to be followed. It is commonly employed to designate any of the persons belonging to the Mohammedan ulema (q.v.) or ‘learned’ body. They are distinguished from the laity by a turban somewhat higher than usual, and are held in great reverence by the people. Besides this general use, there are also certain specific applications of the term. Among the Shiites (i.e. the followers of Ali) the term imam is applied to the twelve legitimate successors of Ali. Among the orthodox Mohammedans the imam is properly the caliph, or leader of the entire body of Mohammedans, but the name is also extended to any authority whose views on theology and law are followed. In the course of time every Mohammedan community came to have its imam, whose chief function it was to lead the congregation in prayer. He takes his stand in front of the group of worshipers, who take up a position behind him arranged in fixed rows and imitate the genuflections and attitudes assumed by the leader in the course of the prescribed prayers.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Imamites

Edition of 1905. See also Twelver on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
IMAMITES, ḗ-mäm'ḯts. A Mohammedan sect whose members recognize the twelve imams, descendants of Mohammed's son-in-law Ali, whom they consider the first real imam or caliph. They are commonly known as Shiites.
# The New International Encyclopædia/India-Rubber

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ INDIA-RUBBER. See Rubber.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Indian Archipelago

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO, är′kĭ-pĕl′ȧ-gō. See Malay Archipelago.
# The New International Encyclopædia/India, Portuguese

Edition of 1905. See also Portuguese India on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ INDIA, Portuguese. Possessions of Portugal in India, comprising Goa, Daman, and Diu. (See these respective titles.) Area, 1558 square miles. Population, in 1881, 420,868; in 1894, 494,836. For history, see under India; East India Company; Dias; Gama; Almeida; and Castro.
# The New International Encyclopædia/India Museum

Edition of 1905. See also Victoria and Albert Museum on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ INDIA MUSEUM. A collection in London, illustrating the antiquities, history, and resources of India. In 1880 it was placed under the management of the South Kensington Museum, and has been much enlarged.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Indian Army

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ INDIAN ARMY. See Armies, section on British Empire, and East India Army.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Quit Rent

Edition of 1905. See also Quit rent on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​QUIT RENT. Originally, a fixed rent due from a freehold tenant to his feudal superior, so called because received in lieu of all other services. It was a common feature of socage tenure and came in course of time to designate any fixed rent due from a socage tenant. Quit rents were protected from abolition by the provisions of the Statute of Military Tenures. It is probable, however, that they have become entirely obsolete in the United States, excepting in Pennsylvania, where they survive to a limited extent, though there is no legal objection to their survival elsewhere in the States formerly subject to socage tenure. Quit rents still exist to a considerable extent in England, though they have largely been redeemed under the provisions of the Conveyancing Act of 1881. Wherever they exist, however (unless due to the Crown in England or to the State in America), they are of great antiquity, as they always involve a relation of dependent tenure such as could not arise in England after the Statute Quia Emptores (1290) nor in this country after the Revolution. Consult the authorities referred to under Real Property.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Quodlibet

Edition of 1905. See also Quodlibet on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​QUODLIBET (Lat., what one pleases). A humorous combination of several melodies in use extensively during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. To-day it is a favorite amusement at a ‘Commers’ (a students' gathering) in Germany to continue the singing of a popular folk or drinking song until a certain word is reached, which happens to be the first word of another well-known song. The air is then broken off suddenly and the new air begun at that word, until another word again affords an opportunity to pass into a new air. Many collections of quodlibets have been published.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Quoits

Edition of 1905. See also Quoits on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​QUOITS (from OF. coiter, coitier, quoitier, to press, incite; probably from Lat. coactare, to constrain, frequentative of coagere, cogere, to urge, from co-, together + agere, to lead). A game played on a green at each end of which, 18 yards apart, a mark is placed. At this mark the quoits, iron concave rings 8 inches in diameter (of which the rim is from one to two inches in breadth), are pitched, alternately by two players of opposite sides, and so in rotation by any number of pairs forming the opposing sides. The game is won by the side which, in a given number of pitches, gets the greatest number of quoits nearest the marks or pins. Each player at each turn has two quoits. The sport is very common in Europe, and in America it is the subject of a national contest for the Bell Quoit Medal. The rules laid down in 1899 require the heads of the pins to be one inch above the ground into which they are driven, 18 yards apart, and the player to deliver his quoit from his hand with his first step. They leave the weight of the quoit unlimited, but restrict its external diameter to 8 inches. No quoit counts unless fairly delivered on the clay, free from the outer rim, and no quoit on its back counts, unless it holds clay, or is knocked out by another quoit. No quoit rolling onto clay counts unless it has first struck another quoit or the pin. In counting, the two quoits nearest to the pin count one point each; a ‘ringer,’ that is a quoit which has been pitched so that the pin shows through the open centre of the quoit, counts two points.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rachel

Edition of 1905. See also Rachel on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RA'CHEL (Heb. Rāḥēl, ewe). A daughter of Laban, the favorite wife of Jacob (Gen. xxxix. 6 sqq., 30), mother of Joseph (ib. xxx. 22 sqq.) and Benjamin (ib. xxxv. 16 sqq.). Jacob served Laban seven years for her, and then, receiving Leah in her stead, was obliged to serve seven years more for Rachel. As Rachel was barren, she gave her husband Bilhah, a servant, for concubine, and thus became the putative mother of Dan and Naphtali (ib. xxx. 1-8). Through ‘mandrakes’ obtained from Reuben her womb was finally opened (ib. xxx. 14 sqq.). She died in Canaan after giving birth to Benjamin (ib. xxxv. 18). Her tomb is said to have been at Zelzah in the border of Benjamin not far from the sacred tree of Tabor, in the neighborhood of Bethel (I. Sam. x. 2), between Bethel and Migdol Eder, which, according to Micah iv. 8, seems to have been Jerusalem (Gen. xxxv. 16), not far from Ramah (Jer. xxxi. 1.5), and ‘in the way to Ephrath which is Bethlehem’ (Gen. xlviii. 7). There must have been a tomb of Rachel in Bethlehem to account for the reference of this
passage to the massacre of infants in Matthew ii. 18. Whether the other passages all refer to the same place or to different tombs cannot easily be determined. Originally the totem of an important clan (Rachel-ewe), the divine ancestress may have been worshiped at more than one tomb, both within the territory of the tribes Joseph and Benjamin and at Bethlehem, which once seems to have belonged to Benjamin (Bĕnē Yamin—'Sons of the South'). The Rachel clan itself was probably absorbed in Joseph and Benjamin, though families in Dan and Naphtali may have claimed the same descent. There is a Kubbet 'Abd el-'Aziz north of Jerusalem also called Kubbet Rachil (tomb of Rachel); the structure at Bethlehem called Ḳubbet Rachil dates from the twelfth century A.D., but may be on the site of an earlier tomb.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Quittor

Edition of 1905. See also Quittor on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​QUITTOR (connected with LGer. kwater, kwader, rottenness). A fistulous wound at the top of the horse's foot resulting from bruises, pricks, or neglected corns.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Quorum

Edition of 1905. See also Quorum on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​QUORUM (Lat., of whom, abbreviation of the ML. phrase quorum A. B. unum esse volumus, of whom we wish A. B. to be one). A legal and parliamentary term denoting the number of members of a public or private assembly whose presence is necessary for the transaction of business. In the case of private corporations the quorum necessary to enable the directors to transact business legally is fixed by the charter. In the case of private organizations it is fixed by their constitution or by-laws. In the case of legislative assemblies and constituent bodies it is generally fixed by the constitution, but is sometimes left to the determination of the assemblies themselves. The quorum is usually fixed at a majority of the legal number of ​members elected, although there are notable exceptions to this rule. In the Parliament of Great Britain the quorum is determined by each chamber for itself. In the House of Commons it is fixed at 40 members; in the House of Lords at three. In the German Empire the Constitution fixes the quorum of the Imperial Diet at a majority of the legal number of members. The Federal Council is left to fix its own quorum and the practice requires simply the presence of the chairman, the Lord Chancellor. In France the determination of the quorum in the case of the French Parliament is left to each Chamber separately. By a rule of procedure it is fixed at a majority of the legal number of members of each House. In the United States the Federal Constitution fixes the quorum of the Senate and the House of Representatives at a majority of the whole number of members elected to each House. Until the 51st Congress (1890) it was the practice in the House of Representatives, in ascertaining the presence of a quorum, not to count those present but not voting. This enabled the minority to obstruct the legislative procedure quite frequently and the practice became so annoying to the majority that Speaker Thomas B. Reed (q.v.) introduced the policy of counting, for the purpose of making a quorum, all members present and refusing to vote. His action created something of a furor in the House, and it was denounced by the opposition as arbitrary and revolutionary, but its continued use has commended itself to the members of Congress and bids fair to be a permanent feature of the rules of procedure irrespective of the political complexion of the House.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Quixote, Don

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​QUIX′OTE, Sp. pron., kē̇-Hō′tā̇, Don. See Cervantes.