OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Anabasis of Alexander/Book IV/Chapter XII

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CHAPTER XII.
Callisthenes Refuses to Prostrate Himself.
By making these and other remarks of a similar kind, Callisthenes greatly annoyed Alexander, but spoke the exact sentiments of the Macedonians. When the king perceived this, he sent to prevent the Macedonians from making any farther mention of the ceremony of prostration. But after the discussion silence ensued; and then the most honourable of the Persians arose in due order and prostrated their bodies before him. But when one of the Persians seemed to have performed the ceremony in an awkward way, Leonnatus, one of the Companions, laughed at his posture as mean. Alexander at the time was angry with him for this, but was afterwards reconciled to him. The following account has also been given:— Alexander drank from a golden goblet the health of the circle of guests, and handed it first to those with whom he had concerted the ceremony of prostration. The first who drank from the goblet rose up and perforated the act of prostration, and received a kiss from him. This ceremony proceeded from one to another in due order. But when the pledging of health came to the turn of Callisthenes, he rose up and drank from the goblet, and drew near, wishing to kiss the king without performing the act of prostration. Alexander happened then to be conversing with Hephaestion, and consequently did not observe whether Callisthenes performed the ceremony properly or not. But when Callisthenes was approaching to kiss him, Demetrius, son of Pythouax, one of the Companions, said that he was doing so without having prostrated himself. So the king would not permit him to kiss him; whereupon the philosopher said:–"I ​am going away only with the loss of a kiss." I by no means approve any of these proceedings, which manifested both the insolence of Alexander on the present occasion and the churlish nature of Callisthenes. But I think that, so far as regards himself, it would have been quite sufficient if he had given his opinion discreetly, magnifying as much as possible the exploits of the king, with whom no one thought it a dishonour to associate. Therefore I consider that not without reason Callisthenes became odious to Alexander on account of the unseasonable freedom of speech in which he indulged, as well as from the egregious fatuity of his conduct. I surmise that this was the reason why such easy credit was given to those who accused him of participating in the conspiracy formed against Alexander by his pages, and to those also who affirmed that they had been incited to engage in the conspiracy by him alone. The facts of this conspiracy were as follows:—
* ↑ Curtius (viii. 20) says, that it was Polysperchon who made sport of the Persian, and incurred the king's wrath.
* ↑ Ammianus (xviii. 3) says: "Ignorans profecto vetus Aristotelis sapiens dictum, qui Callisthenem sectatorem et propinquum suum ad regem Alexandrum mittens, ei saepe mandabat, ut quam rarissime et jucunde apud hominem loqueretur, vitae potestatem et necis in acie linguae portantem."
# The Anabasis of Alexander/Book V/Chapter XXII

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CHAPTER XXII.
Invasion op the Land of the Cathaeans.
Meantime he received information that the tribe called Cathaeans and some other tribes of the independent Indians were preparing for battle, if he approached their land; and that they were summoning to the enterprise all the tribes conterminous with them who were in like manner independent. He was also informed that the city, Sangala by name, near which they were thinking of having the struggle, was a strong one. The Cathaeans themselves were considered very daring and skilful in war; and two other tribes of Indians, the Oxydracians and Mallians, were in the same temper as the Oathaeans. For a short time before it happened that Porus and Abisares had marched against them with their own forces and had roused many other tribes of the independent Indians to arms, but were forced to retreat without effecting anything worthy of the preparations they had made. When Alexander was informed of this, he made a forced march against the Cathaeans, and on the second day after starting from the river Hydraotes he arrived at a city called Pimprama, inhabited by a tribe of Indians named Adraistaeans, who yielded to him on terms of capitulation. Giving his army a rest the next day, he advanced on the third day to Sangala, where the Oathaeans and the other neighbouring tribes had assembled and marshalled themselves in front of the city upon a hill which was not precipitous on all sides. They had posted their waggons all round this hill and were
# The Anabasis of Alexander/Book V/Chapter XIV

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CHAPTER XIV.
The Battle at the Hydaspes.
Having thus arranged his army, he ordered the infantry to follow at a slow pace and in regular order, numbering as it did not much under 6,000 men; and because he thought he was superior in cavalry, he took only his horse-soldiers, who were 5,000 in number, and led them forward with speed. He also instructed Tauron, the commander of the archers, to lead them on also with speed to back up the cavalry. He had come to the conclusion that if Porus should engage him with all his forces, he would easily be able to overcome him by attacking with his cavalry, or to stand on the defensive until his infantry arrived in the course of the action; but if the Indians should be alarmed at his extraordinary audacity in making the passage of the river and take to flight, he would be able to keep close to them in their flight, so that the slaughter of them in the retreat being greater, there would be only a slight work left for him. Aristobulus says that the son of Porus arrived with about sixty chariots, before Alexander made his later passage from the large island, and that he could have hindered Alexander's crossing (for he made the passage with difficulty even when no one opposed him); if the Indians had leaped down from their chariots and assaulted those who first emerged from the water. But he passed by with the chariots and thus made the passage quite safe for Alexander; who on reaching the bank discharged his horse-archers against the Indians in the chariots, and these were easily put to rout, many of them being ​wounded. Other writers say that a battle took place between the 'Indians who came with the son of Porus and Alexander at the head of his cavalry, that the son of Porus came with a greater force, that Alexander himself was wounded by him, and that his horse Bucephalas, of which he was exceedingly fond, was killed, being wounded, like his master by the son of Porus. Bat Ptolemy, son of Lagus, with whom I agree, gives a different account. This author also says that Porus despatched his son, but not at the head of merely sixty chariots; nor is it indeed likely that Porus hearing from his scouts that either Alexander himself or at any rate a part of his army had effected the passage of the Hydaspes, would despatch his son against him with only sixty chariots. These indeed were too many to be sent out as a reconnoitring party, and not adapted for speedy retreat; but they were by no means a sufficient force to keep back those of the enemy who had not yet got across, as well as to attack those who had already landed. Ptolemy says that the son of Porus arrived at the head of 2000 cavalry and 120 chariots; but that Alexanderhad already made even the last passage from the island before he appeared.
# The Anabasis of Alexander/Book V/Chapter XVIII

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CHAPTER XVIII.
Losses Of the Combatants. — Porus Surrenders.
* ↑ Diodorus (xvii. 89) says that more than 12,000 Indians were killed in this battle, over 9,000 being captured, besides 80 elephants.
* ↑ According to Diodorus there fell of the Macedonians 280 cavalry and more than 700 infantry. Plutarch (Alex. 60) says that the battle lasted eight hours.
* ↑ Curtius (viii. 50, 51) represents Porus sinking half dead, and being protected to the last by his faithful elephant. Diodorus (xvii. 88) agrees with him.
# The Anabasis of Alexander/Book V/Chapter XXIII

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CHAPTER XXIII.
Assault upon Sangala.
* ↑ Compare Csesar (Bell. Gall., i. 26): pro vallo carros objecerant et e loco superiore in nostros venientes tela conjiciebant, et nonnulli inter carros rotasque mataras ac tragulas subjiciebant nostrosque vulnerabant.
* ↑ εγκυρειν is an epic and Ionic word rarely used in Attic; but found frequently in Herodotus, Homer, Hesiod, and Pindar.
# The Anabasis of Alexander/Book V/Chapter XV

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CHAPTER XV.
Arrangements of Porus.
Ptolemy also says that Alexander in the first place sent the horse-archers against these, and led the cavalry himself, thinking that Porus was approaching with all his forces, and that this body of cavalry was marching in front of the rest of his army, being drawn up by him as the vanguard. But as soon as he had ascertained with accuracy the number of the Indians, he immediately made a rapid charge upon them with the cavalry around him. When they perceived that Alexander himself and the ​body of cavalry around Mm had made the assault, not in line of battle regularly formed, bat by squadrons, they gave way; and 400 of their cavalry, including the son of Porus, fell in the contest. The chariots also were captured, horses and all, being heavy and slow in the retreat, and useless in the action itself on account of the clayey ground. When the horsemen who had escaped from this rout brought news to Porus that Alexander himself had crossed the river with the strongest part of his army, and that his son had been slain in the battle, he nevertheless could not make up his mind what course to take, because the men who had been left behind under Craterus were seen to be attempting to cross the river from the great camp which was directly opposite his position. However, at last he preferred to march against Alexander himself with all his army, and to come into a decisive conflict with the strongest division of the Macedonians, commanded by the king in person. But nevertheless he left a few of the elephants together with a small army there at the camp to frighten the cavalry under Craterus from the bank of the river. He then took all his cavalry to the number of 4,000 men, all his chariots to the number of 300, with 200 of his elephants and 30,000 choice infantry, and marched against Alexander. When he found a place where he saw there was no clay, but that on account of the sand the ground was all level and hard, and thus fit for the advance and retreat, of horses, he there drew up his army. First he placed the elephants in the front, each animal being not less than a plethrum apart, so that they might be extended in the front before the whole of the phalanx of infantry, and produce terror everywhere among Alexander's cavalry. Besides he thought that none of the enemy would have the audacity to push themselves into the spaces between ​the elephants, the cavalry being deterred by the fright of their horses; and still less would the infantry do so, it being likely they would be kept off in front by the heavy-armed soldiers falling upon them, and trampled down by the elephants wheeling round against them. Near these he had posted the infantry, not occupying a line on a level with the beasts, but in a second line behind them, only so far distant that the companies of foot might be pushed forward a short distance into the spaces between them. He had also bodies of infantry standing beyond the elephants on the wings; and on both sides of the infantry he had posted the cavalry, in front of which were placed the chariots on both wings of his army.
# The Anabasis of Alexander/Book V/Chapter XVI

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CHAPTER XVI.
Alexander's Tactics.
Such was the arrangement which Porus made of his forces. As soon as Alexander observed that the Indians were drawn up in order of battle, he stopped his cavalry from advancing farther, so that he might take up the infantry as it kept on arriving; and even when the phalanx in quick march had effected a junction with the cavalry, he did not at once draw it out and lead it to the attack, not wishing to hand over his men exhausted with fatigue and out of breath, to the barbarians who were fresh and untired. On the contrary, he caused his infantry to rest until their strength was recruited, riding along round the lines to inspect them. When he had surveyed the arrangement of the Indians, he resolved not to advance against the centre, in front of which the elephants had been posted, and in the gaps between them a dense phalanx of men; for he was alarmed at the very arrangements which Porus had made here with that express design. But as he was superior in the number
​of his cavalry, he took the greater part of that force, and marched along against the left wing of the enemy for the purpose of making an attack in this direction. Against the right wing he sent Coenus with his own regiment of cavalry and that of Demetrius, with instructions to keep close behind the barbarians when they, seeing the dense mass of cavalry opposed to them, should ride out to fight them. Seleucus, Antigenes, and Tauron were ordered to lead the phalanx of infantry, but not to engage in the action until they observed the enemy's cavalry and phalanx of infantry thrown into disorder by the cavalry under his own command. But when they came within range of missiles, he launched the horse-archers, 1000 in number, against the left wing of the Indians, in order to throw those of the enemy who were posted there into confusion by the incessant storm of arrows and by the charge of the horses. He himself with the Companion cavalry marched along rapidly against the left wing of the barbarians, being eager to attack them in flank while still in a state of disorder, before their cavalry could be deployed.
* ↑ See Donaldson's New Gratylus, sec. 178.
* ↑ πριν κατιδωσιν. In Attic, πριν αν is the regular form with the subjunctive; but in Homer and the Tragic writers αν is often omitted.
# The Anabasis of Alexander/Book V/Chapter XXI

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CHAPTER XXI.
Advance Beyond the Hydraotes.
* ↑ Diodorus (xvii. 95) says that Alexander received a reinforcement from Greece at this river of more than 30,000 infantry and nearly 6,000 cavalry; also suits of armour for 25,000 infantry, and 100 talents of medical drugs.
* ↑ Μέλλειν is usually connected with the future infinitive; but Arrian frequently uses it with the present.
* ↑ Now called the Ravi.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Arnold, Benedict (governor of Rhode Island)

​ARNOLD, Benedict, governor of Rhode Island, was born in England, Dec. 21, 1615. He came to America and settled in Providence some time previous to 1636. In 1637 was one of the original thirteen heads of families who signed the agreement for majority rule. He made a study of the Indian languages, which enabled him to conduct negotiations with the savages, and in 1645 he was appointed as emissary for that purpose. In 1654 he was made assistant for Newport, to which town he had removed the previous year, and in 1657 he purchased with Coddington the island of Quondnoquat, afterwards Jamestown. In that same year he was elected president of Rhode Island, to succeed Roger Williams, who had resigned. In 1660 he was made assistant, and in 1662 was re-elected to the presidency. The following year the royal charter was issued, under which he was made first governor of Rhode Island, and to this office he was four times re-elected. His efforts secured the re-establishment of friendly relations and final union between Rhode Island and her sister colony, the Providence plantations. He died June 20, 1678.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Arnold, George

​ARNOLD, George, author, was born in New York city, June 24, 1834. Before he arrived at school age his parents removed to Illinois, where he attended the public schools until his fifteenth year; they then settled at Strawberry Farms, N. J. Having a talent for drawing, he entered the studio of a painter in New York, but soon abandoned his purpose of becoming an artist and devoted himself to literature. His contributions to Vanity Fair and the New York Leader soon brought him into popular favor, and a series of articles, entitled the "McArone Papers," added to his reputation, and established his fame as a humorist. His poems are remarkable for their sweetness and delicacy of sentiment. His works were collected after his death by William Winter, and published in two duodecimo volumes. "The Jolly Old Pedagogue" is his best-known poem. He died Nov. 3, 1865.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Arnold, Abraham B.

​ARNOLD, ABRAHAM B., physician, was born at Jebenhausen, Wurtemburg, Feb. 4, 1820. He came to America when fourteen years of age, and entered the college at Mercersburg, Pa., where he was graduated in 1838. He then studied medicine in New York city, attending at the same time the lectures of the medical department of the university of Pennsylvania. He was graduated from the medical department of the Washington university at Baltimore in 1848. He then established himself in practice in Baltimore, and in 1872 was elected professor of the theory and practice of medicine in the medical department of Washington university, and when this school was consolidated with the college of physicians and surgeons in 1877 he was appointed to the chair of clinical medicine, and diseases of the nervous system. In 1877 he was elected president of the medical and chirurgical faculty of Maryland. He was a delegate to the medical congress held at Philadelphia in 1876, and also a member of the American medical association.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Arnold, Isaac Newton

​ARNOLD, Isaac Newton, statesman, was born at Hartwick, Otsego county, N. Y., Nov. 30, 1815, son of George W. Arnold, physician, who emigrated from Rhode Island in 1800 and settled in the wilderness of western New York. In 1835 he ​was admitted to the bar, and the following year removed to the village of Chicago, Ill. When Chicago was organized as a city, he was elected city clerk and subsequently held other municipal offices. He was a representative in the Illinois state legislature, 1842-'43, and in 1856; a presidential elector in 1844, and was elected to the 37th and 38th congresses, serving, 1861-'65. He was appointed an auditor of the U.S. treasury in 1865, and was president of the Chicago historical society for several years. He lectured before literary societies in England and America and published "Life of Abraham Lincoln and the Overthrow of Slavery" (1867), and "Life of Benedict Arnold" (1880). He died April 24, 1884.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Arnold, Jonathan

​ARNOLD, Jonathan, delegate, was born in Providence, R.I., Dec. 14, 1741. He studied medicine and engaged in practice in Providence. He became a charter member of the Providence grenadiers in 1774, represented his native place in the state assembly in 1776, where he was the originator of the act repealing the laws providing for the oath of allegiance to the mother country. He served as surgeon in the Revolutionary army and was director of the army hospital at Providence during the war. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress, 1782-'84; removed to St. Johnsbury, Vt., and was county judge until his death. He died in St. Johnsbury, Vt., Feb. 2, 1798.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Arnold, Lauren Briggs

​ARNOLD, Lauren Briggs, agriculturist, was born in Herkimer county, N. Y., Aug. 31, 1814. He received an academical education and was graduated from Union college in 1843, and in 1857 he organized one of the earliest farmers' clubs in western New York, and read to it his first essay on dairying. In 1868 he built a model cheese factory, where he had a perfect dairy laboratory, which enabled him to make several valuable discoveries in the chemistry of cheesemaking. In 1874, his health having failed, he took a five-acre farm in Rochester, N. Y. He lectured upon dairy husbandry at Cornell university and before farmers' organizations, and wrote largely for the agricultural press. In 1886 he was sent by the government to represent the United States at the annual meeting of the British dairy association in London. He died March 8, 1888.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Armstrong, Samuel Chapman

​ARMSTRONG, Samuel Chapman, educator, was born at Wailuku, Island of Maui, Hawaii, Jan. 26, 1839, son of Richard and Clarissa (Dhapman) Armstrong, who were among the first missionaries to that group of islands. Shortly after Samuel's birth his father was appointed minister ​of public instruction under the government, in which position he had charge of the entire school system, and controlled the educational facilities of a population of 65,000 people. Samuel was trained in this atmosphere till his father's death in 1860, when he removed to the United States, entered William's college, Williamstown, Mass., and was graduated in 1862. He then volunteered in the Union army, raised a company of infantry in Troy, N. Y., and went to the field as captain of the 125th N. Y. volunteers. He was captured at Harper's Ferry, exchanged in three months, attached to the army of the Potomac, and received the famous charge of Pickett's cordons on the third day at Gettysburg. He was promoted major in July, 1863, and appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 9th U. S. colored infantry, subsequently being promoted colonel and transferred to the 8th U. S. colored troops composed of northern negroes. With a division of the 24th army corps he followed the Confederates under Lee to the surrender at Appomattox, after which, at the request of General Birney, he was promoted brevet brigadier-general, and ordered to garrison duty on the Rio Grande frontier, Texas. Four months later he was mustered out of the service, but was almost immediately employed by General Howard of the Freedman's bureau, to settle the race troubles that had sprung up at Hampton, Va., between refugee negroes and returned Confederate families. He was put in charge of the work of the bureau at that point, with the supervision of ten counties in eastern Virginia. While so engaged he planned the establishment of a thorough educational system in that locality, which was adopted by the American missionary association, and in 1868 the Hampton normal and agricultural institute for negroes was opened, with General Armstrong as principal. Afterwards his life was wholly identified with that of this humane enterprise, of which he was really the founder. His successful management was complimented by the government in 1878, when he was urged to admit a number of Indian children, although such a feature had not been contemplated in the original plan of the school, which at the time of his death numbered nearly eight hundred pupils, — about two hundred Indians and six hundred negroes. He died May 11, 1893.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Armstrong, Samuel T.

​ARMSTRONG, Samuel T., governor of Massachusetts, was born in that state in 1784. When a young man he went into business as a bookseller in Boston, where he met with great success and became influential in public matters. Buchanan's "Researches in Asia" and Scott's "Commentary on the Bible" were both published by him, and though the expense was large for the time the books proved profitable. He held the offices of mayor of Boston and lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, acting as governor during the unexpired term of John Davis. He was a member of the American board of commissioners for foreign missions. He died March 26, 1850.