OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Constitution Fifth Amendment Act of 1999

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The Constitution Fifth Amendment Act of 1999 is an Act of the Parliament of South Africa amending the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. It came into effect on 19 March 1999 and made two technical changes to the constitution:
* Allowing elections to the National Assembly to be called before or after the expiry of the term of the assembly.
* Allowing the chairperson and deputy chairperson of the Financial and Fiscal Commission to be part-time members.
The act was originally known as the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Second Amendment Act, 1999, but was renamed by the Citation of Constitutional Laws Act, 2005.
Note that [words in bold type in square brackets] indicate omissions from existing enactments, while words underlined with a solid line indicate insertions in existing enactments.
(English text signed by the Acting President.) (Assented to 17 March 1999.)
Act
To amend the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, so as to allow a proclamation calling and setting dates for an election of the National Assembly to be issued either before or after the expiry of the term of the National Assembly; and to dispense with the requirement that the chairperson and deputy chairperson of the Financial and Fiscal Commission must be full-time members of the Commission; and to provide for matters connected therewith.
as amended by
Citation of Constitutional Laws Act, No. 5 of 2005
Be it enacted by the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, as follows:—
Amendment of section 49 of Act 108 of 1996
1. Section 49 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (hereinafter referred to as the principal Act), is hereby amended by the substitution for subsection (2) of the following subsection:
“(2) If the National Assembly is dissolved in terms of section 50, or when its term expires, the President, by proclamation must call and set dates for an election, which must be held within 90 days of the date the Assembly was dissolved or its term expired. A proclamation calling and setting dates for an election may be issued before or after the expiry of the term of the National Assembly.”.
Amendment of section 221 of Act 108 of 1996
2. Section 221 of the principal Act is hereby amended by the substitution in subsection (1) for paragraph (a) of the following paragraph:
“(a)
Short title
3. This Act is called the Constitution Fifth Amendment Act of 1999.
This work is in the public domain because it was created and first published in South Africa and it is an official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or an official translation of such a text.
According to the Copyright Act, 1978, § 12 (8) (a), "No copyright shall subsist in official texts of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or in official translations of such texts."
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Chicago Company v. Pontius

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
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United States Supreme Court
157 U.S. 209
Chicago Company v. Pontius
Pontius brought an action against the railroad company in the district court of Dickinson county, Kan., to recover for injuries sustained by him while in the employment of the company, and obtained judgment for $2,000. The case was taken on error to the supreme court of the state, and the judgment affirmed, whereupon a writ of error was allowed from this court, and, the cause having been docketed, a motion to dismiss the writ or affirm the judgment was submitted.
In the opinion of the supreme court of Kansas, reported 52 Kan. 264, 34 Pac. 739, the case is stated thus: 'Clifford R. Pontius was employed by the defendant company as a bridge carpenter, and worked in that capacity at various points on the line of defendant's road. A bridge was constructed across the Verdigris river in Greenwood county. The false work used for support in its construction was taken down, and the timbers of which it was composed were hoisted and loaded into cars on the bridge, to be transported to some other point on defendant's road. The timbers were muddy and slippery. The mode of hoisting them was to attach a rope or chain to the timbers, and to raise them by means of a pile driver. When a stick was raised to a sufficient height, a rope was thrown around the lower end of it, and a number of men, of whom plaintiff was one, would pull it out on the car. A chain had been used on the end of the rope to hold timbers which were being hoisted, and several pieces had been raised in that way. The chain, however, was thrown aside, and one piece was raised with the rope. When the men undertook to pull it back on the car, the rope slipped off, the timber fell, and caused the injury for which the plaintiff sues.' Geo. R. Peck, A. T. Britton, and A. B. Browne, for plaintiff in error.
John H. Mahan, for defendant in error.
Mr. Chief Justice FULLER, after stating the facts in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Chicago Company v. Wiggins Ferry Company

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Chicago Company v. Wiggins Ferry Company."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Chicago Company v. Wiggins Ferry Company (108 U.S. 18)
* Chicago Company v. Wiggins Ferry Company (119 U.S. 615)
# Chicago Company v. Wells-Dickey Trust Company

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United States Supreme Court
275 U.S. 161
Chicago Company v. Wells-Dickey Trust Company
Argued: Nov. 21, 1927. ---
Messrs. J. C. James and R. Bruce Scott, both of Chicago, Ill., for petitioner.
Messrs. F. M. Miner and Robert J. McDonald, both of Minneapolis, Minn., for respondent.
Mr. Justice BRANDEIS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Chicago Company v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
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United States Supreme Court
247 U.S. 197
Chicago Company v. United States
Argued: April 18, 1918. --- Decided: May 20, 1918
Messrs. Silas H. Strawn, of Chicago, Ill., and William L. Patton, of Springfield, Ill., for petitioner.
Mr. Assistant Attorney General Frierson, for the United States.
Mr. Justice McREYNOLDS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Galveston

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
GALVESTON, city and county-seat of Galveston co., Tex., on Galveston Island, between Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, and on the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, the International and Great Northern, and several other large railroads; and having steamship lines connecting with New York, New Orleans, Vera Cruz, Liverpool, and nearly all South American and West Indian ports. It has the largest and deepest harbor on the Gulf coast, with two miles of wharf front. Following the great flood of 1900 a great sea-wall covering the entire frontage of the city was constructed at a cost of $2,000,000. The harbor was also improved by the United States Government and was made accessible for the largest steamers.
Public Interests.—Galveston is the second largest city and the commercial
metropolis of the State, and is regularly laid out, with wide streets and handsome buildings. The public buildings include the United States Government Building, County Court House, City Hall, Supreme Court House, Cotton Exchange, Masonic Temple, and several club houses. Among the more noted educational institutions are the University of St. Mary, Medical School of the University of Texas, Ursuline Convent, Convent of the Sacred Heart, Ball High School, and the Rosenberg School. The city has electric lights, and street railroads, water-works, a public library, and several magnificent parks.
Business Interests.—The commerce of the city is very extensive. In the fiscal year 1920 exports were valued at $598,239,227, and imports at $16,287,637. In value of exports it was second only to New York. It is the first city in the United States in the export of cotton. The industries include cotton pressing, milling and manufacturing of cotton goods, bagging and cordage. In 1919 there were 2 National banks and several private banking institutions.
History.—Galveston was settled in 1837; captured by the Federal forces in 1862; and retaken by the Confederates in 1863. It was nearly destroyed by fire in 1885, and on Sept. 8, 1900, was visited by a violent tornado and flood, causing the loss of 7,000 lives and the destruction of property to the value of $20,000,000. Pop. (1910) 36,981; (1920) 44,255.
GALVESTON SEA WALL
© Keystone View Co. :
THE GALVESTON SEA WALL AFTER A STORM :
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ganges

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
GANGES (gan'jēz), a river of Hindustan, one of the greatest rivers of Asia, rising in the Himalaya Mountains, in Garhwál state, and formed by the junction of two head streams, the Bhagirathi and the Alaknanda, which unite at Deoprag, 10 miles below Srinagar, 1,500 feet above sea-level. The Bhagirathi, as being a sacred stream, is usually considered the source of the Ganges, rising at the height of 13,800 feet, but the Alaknanda flows farther and brings a larger volume of water to the junction. At Hardwar, about 30 miles below Deoprag, the river fairly enters the great valley of Hindustan, and flows in a S. E. direction till it discharges itself by numerous mouths into the Bay of Bengal, after a course of about 1,500 miles. During its course it is joined by 11 large rivers, the chief being the Jumna, Son, Ramganga, Gumti, Gogra, Gandak and Kusi. In the rainy season the flat country of Bengal is overflowed to the extent of 100 miles in breadth, the water beginning to recede after the middle of August. The Ganges delta has the Hugli on the W., the Meghna on the E. and commences about 200 miles, or 300 by the course of the river, from the sea. Along the sea it forms an uninhabited swampy waste, called Sunderbunds, or Sundarbans, and the whole coast of the delta is a mass of shifting mud banks. The W. branch, the Hugli, is the only branch commonly navigated by ships. The Meghna, or main branch, on the E. is joined by a branch of the Brahmaputra. Some of the principal cities on the Ganges and its branches, ascending the stream, are Calcutta, Murshedabad, Bahar, Patna, Benares, Allahabad, Cawnpur, and Faruckabad. The Ganges is navigable for boats of a large size nearly 1,500 miles from its mouths, and it forms a great channel for traffic.
It is an imperative duty of the Hindus
to bathe in the Ganges, or at least to wash themselves with its waters, and to distribute alms, on certain days. The Hindus believe that whoever dies on its banks, and drinks of its waters before death, is exempted from the necessity of returning into this world and commencing a new life. The sick are therefore carried to the bank of the Ganges, and its water is a considerable article of commerce in the remoter parts of India.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Funk, Isaac Kauffman

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
FUNK, ISAAC KAUFFMAN, an American editor and publisher, born at Clifton, Ohio, in 1839. He was educated at Wittenberg College, Ohio. For several years he was a pastor in Brooklyn, N. Y. In 1878 he formed the publishing house of Funk and Wagnalls and published many reprints of English books. In 1889 the Literary Digest was established and in 1898 the Standard Dictionary was published. This was revised in 1913. He was an active Pronibitionist and founded in 1880 the “Voice” as an organ of that party. In his later years he became interested in psychical research and wrote “The Next Step in Evolution” (1902); and “The Psychic Riddle” (1907). He died in 1912.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Gandak

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
GANDAK (gun-dak') (the Great Gandak; the Little Gandak being an unimportant tributary of the Gogra) a river of India, rising in the Nepal Himalayas, in lat. 30° 56' N. and lon. 79° 7' E., flowing S. W. to British territory, and then S. E., forming for some distance the boundary between the Northwest provinces and Bengal, and entering the Ganges opposite Patna.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Garfield, Harry Augustus

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
GARFIELD, HARRY AUGUSTUS, an American educator and public official. Born in 1863 in Ohio, the son of James Abram Garfield, twentieth President of the United States. After graduating from Williams College in 1885, he studied law at Columbia University and at Oxford, England. From 1888 to 1903, he practiced law in Cleveland, Ohio, and in the latter year became professor of politics in Princeton University. In 1908 he became president of Williams College. When the United States entered the World War, President Wilson appointed him Fuel Administrator.
His duties gave him practically unlimited control over the enormous fuel supplies of the United States and made him an important official in the Government. He resigned his position a few months after the armistice in 1918, to return to the presidency of Williams College.
HARRY A. GARFIELD
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Garfish

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
GARFISH, SEAPIKE, or GARPIKE (Belone vulgaris), a fish, known also as the sea needle, making its appearance a short time before the mackerel in their annual visit for spawning. It is long and slender, sometimes 2 or 3 feet in length. The name garfish, or garpike, is also given to other species of Belone, and to a ganoid fish of the genus Lepidosteus, found in the fresh waters of America.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Gandamak

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
GANDAMAK (gun-da-muk') , a village of Afghanistan, between Cabul and Peshawar, where, during the retreat from Kabul in 1842, the last remnant of the British force was massacred, only one man making his escape. Here also a treaty was signed with Yakub Khan in 1879. See Afghanistan.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Garfield

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
GARFIELD, a borough of New Jersey, in Bergen co. It is on the Erie railroad, and on the Passaic river. It has industries of great importance, including woolen mills, knitting mills, stone works, a machine shop, and manufactures of clothing, chemicals, rubber goods, cigars, paper boxes, etc. Pop. (1910) 10,213; (1920) 19,381.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Garfield, James Abram

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
GARFIELD, JAMES ABRAM, an American statesman, 20th President of the United States; born in Orange, O., Nov. 19, 1831. The family home was a small log cabin in the Ohio “wilderness,” a region now known as the Western Reserve. He went to school winters, and became an omnivorous reader, especially of the Bible. In the winter of 1849-1850 he attended a seminary at
Chester, O., learned the trade of a carpenter during vacations, and was able to support himself in school from that time by his own exertions. In 1851 he entered an institute at Hiram, O. (now Hiram College), and went thence in 1854 to Williams College, and graduated in 1856. In 1857 he was made president of Hiram College, where he won reputation as an educator. In 1859 he was elected to the Ohio State Senate. In 1861 he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 42d regiment of Ohio Volunteers, and was made a Brigadier in a few months. During the war he distinguished himself more or less at Middle Creek, Shiloh, Corinth, and Chickamauga. In 1863 he left the army to enter Congress, declining the offer of a division command under Thomas. He remained in Congress 16 years. In 1880 he was elected United States Senator from Ohio, but in June the Republican National Convention nominated him to the presidency, and he was elected in November. A controversy arose early in his administration over the Federal offices in New York, especially the office of collector of the port of New York City, which led to the resignation from the United States Senate of Roscoe Conkling and Thomas C. Piatt, of New York, after a bitter and heated contest in the Senate over the confirmation of Garfield's appointees. On July 2, 1881, when passing through the Baltimore and Potomac passenger station in Washington, in company with Mr. J. G. Blaine, to go on board a train, Garfield
was shot by Charles J. Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker. Garfield lived till Sept. 19, being cared for in a seaside residence at Elberon, N. J. His funeral was a state affair of great solemnity and pomp. A beautiful monument was raised over his remains in a cemetery overlooking Lake Erie, at Cleveland, O.
JAMES A. GARFIELD
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Garfield, James Rudolph

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
GARFIELD, JAMES RUDOLPH, an American public official. Born at Hiram, Ohio, in 1865, the son of President Garfield, of the United States. After graduating from Williams College in 1885, he studied law at Columbia University and was admitted to the bar in 1888. After serving as a member of the Ohio Senate he became in 1903, Commissioner of Corporations in the United States Department of the Interior. In 1907 President Roosevelt appointed him Secretary of the Interior, a position he held until the close of Roosevelt's administration. He took a prominent part in formulating and carrying out the President's conservation policies. Upon leaving the cabinet he took up the practice of law in Cleveland, Ohio.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Walafrid

From volume 15 of the work.
(Walahfrid; surnamed Strabo — "the Squinter").
German poet and theologian of the ninth century, born in Swabia or poor parents; studied at Tatto, Erlebold, and Wettin, and later at Fulda under the famous Rabanus Maurus. In 829 he became precepter of the young Prince Charles (the Bald) at the Court of Louis the Pious. In 838 he succeeded Erlebold as abbot of Reichenau; but , as he sided with Lothair in the war between the sons of Louis, he was driven from Reichenau and fled to Speyer. He was soon reconciled with Louis the German, and reinstated in his dignity, which he held until his death. Walafrid's works, written in a fluent, elegant Latin, consist of poems and of theological treatises in prose. The "Visio Wettini" is his most remarkable poem. It describes a journey through the other world in the form of a vision vouchsafed to the monk Wettin a few days before he died (824), and is the earliest example of that type of literature which culminated in Dante's "Divine Comedy." The "Versus de imagine Tetrici," in the form of a dialogue between the poet and his genius, were inspired by the equestrian statue of Theodoric which Charlemagne had brought from Ravenna and place before the palace at Aachen. While the Gothic king is denounced as a heretic and tyrant, occasion is found for paying homage to Louis the Pious and the Empress Judith. In the "Hortulus" the poet lovingly describes the plants and flowers of his cloister-garden. Walafrid also wrote hymns and epistles in verse, but of these only a portion is preserved. Of his prose-works the most famous is the "Glossa ordinaria," a commentary on the Scriptures, compiled from various sources. The work enjoyed the highest repute throughout the Middle Ages. The "Liber de exordiis et incrementis quarundam in observationibus ecclesiasticis rerum" is valuable as a history of the cult of the Church. Walafrid also wrote in prose the lives of St. Gall and St. Othmar, and in verse the lives of St. Blaitmaicus, abbot of Iona, and of St. Mammas, the martyr. His works are edited in P. L., CXIII, XIV; the poems also separately by Dümmler, "Poetæ latini ævi Carolini," in "Mon. Germ. Hist.," II (Berlin, 1884), 259-473.
ARTHUR F.J. REMY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Walkenried

From volume 15 of the work.
Formerly one of the most celebrated Cistercian abbeys of Germany, situated in the Duchy of Brunswick between Lauterberg and Nordhausen. Founded in 1127 by Countess Adelheid of Klettenberg, it was confirmed in 1137 by Innocent II. The first monks came form the monastery of Altfeld or Camp in the Archdiocese of Cologne. In the time of the first abbot, Henry I (1127-28), two branch monasteries were founded: Pforta (in 1132) and Sichem, or Sittichenbach (in 1141) in the Countship of Mansfeld. Walkenried grew rich and owned lands as far as the Rhine and Pomerania. The monks gave much attention to mining, smelting, and fishing. In the fifteenth century the abbey began to decay, and the Peasants' War brought it to the verge of destruction. About Easter, 1525, a mob of 800 peasants of the southern Harz region marched against Walkenried. Abbot Paulus (1520-36) and the monks fled, carrying off the archives. The abbey was plundered and the tower of the church torn down. The next abbot, John VIII (1530-59), was very worldly and extravagant; in 1546 he and his monks became Lutherans. Thereupon Count Ernst of Honstein, as patron of the abbey, laid a complaint before Charles V. In 1548 the emperor ordered that everything in the abbey should be restored to its former condition, but his command was unheeded. After the count's death the entire Countship of Honstein became Lutheran, and in 1557 a Protestant school was opened at Walkenried. Up to 1578 four Protestant abbots had directed the abbey. The Court of Honstein now made his son administrator, and after the son's death Walkenried fell to the Duchy of Brunswick. During the Thirty Years War the abbey for a short time (1629-31) was restored to the Cistercians. The Peace of Westphalia put an end to the shadowy existence of the Protestant monastery and the abbey was secularized. In 1668 the school was closed. Since then Walkenried has been state property of Brunswick. The Gothic church, built during the years 1210-1290, was greatly damaged by the destruction of the tower by the peasants in 1525; to-day only a few picturesque remains are still in existence. The monastery was somewhat later in date than the church; its cloister is well preserved. The chapter hall has served since 1570 as a Lutheran church. The library was destroyed by the peasants, but the archives are preserved at Wolfenhuttel.
Die Urkunden des Klosters Walkenried, I, II (Hanover, 1852-55); LEUCKFELD, Antiq. Walckenredenses (Leipzig, 1706); GIRSCHNER, Die vormalige Reichsabtei Walkenried (Nordhausen, 1870); LEMCKE, Gesch. von Walkenried (2nd. ed., Leipzig, 1909).
Klemens Löffler.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Blimbing

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
BLIMBING, the Indian name of the fruit of averrhoa bilimbi, a small tree, family oxalidaceæ, called also cucumber tree, the fruit being acid and resembling a small cucumber. The carambola belongs to the same genus.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Blümlisalp

Edition of 1921; disclaimer. The pronunciation respelling slipped here by using ü instead of ụ.
BLÜMLISALP (blüm'lēs-älp), a group of mountain peaks in the Bernese Oberland in the S. of Switzerland, S. W. of the Jungfrau. The highest peak, the Blümlisalphorn, is about 12,000 feet in altitude.