OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tonty, Henri de

See also Henri de Tonti on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ton′ty, Henri de, an Italian explorer of great resolution and courage and a companion of La Salle, was born about the middle of the 17th century and died at Fort Louis (Mobile) in 1704. He served both in the French army and the navy, was with La Salle in Canada, effected the first settlement in what now is Illinois, and accompanied La Salle on his famous voyage down the Mississippi to its mouth. He returned for supplies; and in 1686 again descended the Mississippi in search of La Salle. He is identified with the early history of Illinois (until 1702) and of Louisiana. His memoirs were published in Paris in 1897. Consult Parkman's Discovery of the Great West.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Titans, The

See also Titan (mythology) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Titans (tī′ tanz), The, in Greek story, were the sons of Uranus (Heaven) and Gsea (Earth). Urged by their mother, the Titans, headed by Kronos, rose against their father, dethroned him, and set free from Tartarus their brothers the Hekatoncheires (hundred-handed) and the Cyclopes. Kronos made himself king, and for fear he should be dethroned by one of his children as it was foretold he would be, he swallowed each as soon as it was born. The only son to escape was Zeus, who was saved by his mother causing Kronos to swallow a stone wrapped in a cloth, believing it to be his child. Zeus at the end of a ten years’ war conquered the Titans and hurled them into a dungeon below Tartarus, surrounded by a brazen wall and guarded by the hundred-handed.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Jin-Riki-Sha

Edition of 1905. See also Pulled rickshaw on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
JIN-RIKI-SHA, jĭn-rĭk'ē-shȧ (Sinico-Japanese, man-power vehicle). A light two-wheeled hooded carriage, much resembling a miniature hansom cab without the driver's seat at the back. It is drawn by a man, however, instead of a horse. Near the outer end of the shafts is a cross-piece used by the runner in pulling the carriage. With a cord attached to the cross-bar, one or two or more out-runners can assist when extra speed is needed or the burden is
especially heavy, though ordinarily the jin-riki-sha is almost wholly a single or double passenger vehicle only. The hiki, or puller, is not usually troubled with very much clothing in summer time. He can go at a great pace for long distances, frequently from 30 to 40 miles a day, arriving at his destination apparently as fresh as when he started. An American Baptist missionary named Goble claimed the invention of the jin-riki-sha, in 1869; but Takayama Kosuka of Tokio was the first to obtain Government permission to run the new vehicles, early in the same year, and another Japanese improved the rude original by supplying springs and designing the hood or calash top, adding wheel-guards. Then followed a period of lavish decoration. The change from the kago, or palanquin, was easily made, the bearers becoming pullers. At present the decoration is very simple, generally confined to the family crest or to a single symbol. The jin-riki-sha has been introduced into several Asiatic countries, and in India is vulgarly called ‘rickshaw,’ and has even found a place in literature. Useful applications of this vehicle have been made in the army.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Jewish Art

Edition of 1905. See also Jewish culture on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
JEWISH ART. A term properly applied to art as practiced by the Jews in Palestine, before
the capture of Jerusalem by Titus, as the conditions of the dispersion afterwards did not allow of any independent art. The earliest archæological material known is their pottery, which has been found in considerable quantities, especially at Tell-el-Hesy, where Professor Petrie's systematic excavations have enabled him to distinguish several periods marked by superimposed strata of ruins. His periods are: (1) An Amorite; (2) a Phœnician; and (3) a Jewish period. Jewish designs seem mainly to be copies of Phœnician models, which were themselves copies of other Oriental arts. In the same way the Jewish glyptics were remotely derived, through the Canaanites and Phœnicians, from the glyptics of Babylonia and Assyria; the Hebrew seals, few of which are earlier than the Maccabean age, varying only by the predominance of floral and geometric design, owing to the aversion of the Jews to reproducing the human figure. Nothing remains of Jewish metalwork; carving in wood and ivory and overlaying with metal were practiced, but no works are extant; nor do we know anything of the artistic character of Jewish pictorial decoration, weaving, or erobroidery. The tombs near Jerusalem (Tombs of the Kings, etc.) and scattered throughout Palestine are similar to the late Hellenistic and Roman works of their class throughout Syria (see Tomb), and Herod, when reviving the prosperity of Palestine, rebuilding the temple and founding Cæsarea, with its magnificent structures, frankly adopted the style of Roman art. To this time and to the succeeding century belong the few remaining ancient synagogues in Galilee. Consult: Bliss, Tell-el-Hesy (London, 1894); De Sauley, L'art Judaïque (Paris, 1858); Perrot and Chipiez, Histoire de l'art dans l'antiquité, vol. iv. (Paris. 1882-98). See Synagogue.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Jewish Chautauqua Society, The

Edition of 1905. See also Jewish Chautauqua Society on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
JEWISH CHAUTAUQUA (shȧ-ta̤'kwȧ) SOCIETY, The. Conceived and founded in 1893 by its chancellor, Dr. Henry Berkowitz, of Philadelphia, this society is modeled on the mother Chautauqua of New York. In 1897 the first assembly was held in Atlantic City, and this focusing of the work has so greatly prospered that the original session of two weeks has now been extended to three. Here the creation of departments for study and entertainment is similar to those of other Chautauquas. More than this, the influence of the society has resulted in the London ‘Jewish Study Society.’ The official organ is the Menorah Magazine of New York, and there is also an Assembly Record, published at Philadelphia, besides special series of various publications. The society was incorporated in 1899, and is administered by the following officers: a chancellor, a president, a treasurer, a secretary and director, a field secretary, a board of trustees, and an educational council. Consult: Special Series No. 7 of the Jewish Publication Society of America (Philadelphia, 1902); the Menorah Magazine (New York, since 1897); Reports of the United States Commissioner of Education.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Jewish Language and Literature

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
JEWISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. See Jews.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Jew Lizard

Edition of 1905. See also Eastern bearded dragon on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
JEW LIZARD. An agamoid lizard of Australia, which when excited expands the pouch of its throat into the appearance of a beard: hence often called ‘bearded lizard.’
# The New International Encyclopædia/Jew of Malta, The

Edition of 1905. See also The Jew of Malta on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
JEW OF MALTA, ma̤l'tȧ, The. A tragedy by Marlowe, written at a date which is uncertain, but must have been subsequent to 1588. It was acted between 1591 and 1596, and was first published in 1633, edited by Thomas Heywood. Shakespeare was indebted to Marlowe's play for suggestions in the Merchant of Venice, though the plot was mainly taken from other sources.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Heliopolis

See also Heliopolis (ancient Egypt) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Heliopolis (hē-lĭ-ŏp′ō-lĭs) (city of the sun), one of the most ancient and important Egyptian cities, stood on the Pelusiac branch of the Nile. The obelisk now standing in Central Park, in New York, was first brought from this city to Alexandria. Heliopolis was the great seat of learning in ancient Egypt.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Helium

See also the disclaimer.
​He′lium. See Argon.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hell Gate

See also Hell Gate on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hell Gate is a pass in East River between Long Island and New York, for a long time dangerous to the passage of vessels, but in 1885 the obstruction was removed by blasting. See Blasting.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Heliotaxis

See also the disclaimer.
​He′liotax′is (in plants). See Phototaxis.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hellespont

See also the disclaimer.
​Hel′lespont. See Dardanelles.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Heliotrope (Heliotropium)

See also Heliotropium on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Heliotrope the common name of species of the genus Heliotropium, which contains about 115 species widely distributed in warm regions, nearly 15 of which occur in North America. They are recognized by their spreading and one-sided clusters of flowers, which in the cultivated forms have a characteristic fragrance. The forms of cultivation are probably all derived from two species, the leading one being H. Peruvianum, native to Peru. The other species is H. corymbosum, also from Peru. The original color of both of these species is violet, but the colors of cultivation are various shades of purple to white.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Heliograph

See also Heliograph on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​He′liograph, an instrument chiefly used in military operations in signaling messages from one station to another by means of a small mirror, which reflects to a distant point the rays of the sun cast upon it. The instrument is simple and portable, and when used is made to send messages to a distant point by the use of long and short flashes, thus spelling out words and sentences by the use of the dot-and-dash or Morse alphabet. The essential difference between messages by the heliograph and by the ordinary telegraph “sounder” is that in the first case the message is read by sight and across the distance at the station sending the same, and in the latter by sound and at the station to which it is sent.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Heliotrope (Bloodstone)

See also Heliotrope (mineral) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Heliotrope or Bloodstone is a variety of chalcedony or jasper. It is found in almost all parts of the world, but the finest specimens are brought from Asia.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Heliotropism

See also Heliotropism on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Heliot′ropism (in plants) is the sensitiveness of a plant to a change in the direction of
A young plant of mustard grown in water, showing heliotropic curvature caused by one-sided illumination. n, n, level of water; b, older part of stem; a, younger part where curvature occurs; c, c, primary leaves; d, sharp curve of root; e, the growing point. The arrows show the direction of the light.
light, to which it responds by placing its organs again in a definite position with respect to it. In many plants this is accomplished by a change in the rate of growth of some part, producing curvature and carrying attached parts into the new position. Thus, if a geranium plant be taken from a greenhouse and set before a window, the leaves are carried into a position facing the window by curvature of their stalks. This is the usual response of leaves of this kind, while radial leaves, as those of the onion, direct their tips toward the light. Some stems bend so as to direct the apex toward the light, and some roots turn away from it. Other plants accomplish like changes by means of the motor organs (which see), in which changes of turgor (which see) produce the curvatures that move the attached parts.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hellmuth, Right Rev. Isaac

See also Isaac Hellmuth on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hell′muth, Right Rev. Isaac, was born near Warsaw, Poland, in 1820, of Jewish extraction. Educated at the University of Breslau, in 1841 he made a public profession of Christianity, and came to Canada in 1844. Ordained by the Bishop of Quebec in 1846, he was a professor in the University of Bishop's College, Lenoxville, for eight years. Later he became archdeacon, dean of Huron and rector of St. Paul's Cathedral, London (Ontario). He was elected coadjutor-bishop of the diocese of Huron, and made bishop with the title of Bishop of Norfolk. The same year he succeeded Bishop Cronyn, who died in 1871. His most enduring work was education. With Bishop Cronyn he established Huron Theological College (1863), Hellmuth Boys' College (1865) and Hellmuth Ladies' College (1869). He aided in establishing Western University, contributing largely to it from his private funds. These institutions are all doing excellent work at the present time. While they flourish, he will never need a monument. His son, Isidore Hellmuth, is a graduate of ​bridge, and practices law in Toronto. Bishop Hellmuth died in 1901.
# The Norka

This story was taken from Russian Folk-Tales by W.R.S. Ralston, who translated it from the Belorussian text included in Afanasyev's Народные Русские Сказки.
# The New York Times/1891/2/1/Canada's Strong Man

Published February 1, 1891
Source: nytimes.com
Canada's Strong Man.
The French Canadian who has Beaten the World at Lifting.
From the Montreal (Canada) Witness, Jan. 26.
Louis Cyr, who has beaten the world at heavy-weight lifting, is to receive a magnificent championship belt at the Queen's Hall to-night, presented by appreciative citizens. Cyr is a French Canadian. He was born in St. Johns, Quebec, twenty-seven years ago. He is a large man, lacking but an inch and a half of six feet, and weighing 318 pounds. His last and biggest lift was 3,993 pounds. "My first lift," he told a reporter, "was in this way: There was a load of bricks—over a ton, I guess—stuck in a hole in the road and the horse couldn't pull it out. I was only seventeen, but was a big fellow, weighed 240 pounds, and I got underneath the cart and lifted it off the ground and got it out.
"Then I tried to see what I could do, and have never had any difficulty in lifting 2,500 pounds since then. My mother was very strong. She could always carry a barrel of flour up stairs to the second flat. She weighed 265 pounds. My father weighed 220, but could not lift more than other men. My temperance principles? I abstained two years ago from liquor and tobacco; before that, used to take them regularly. I am three times better off since then. I gained in strength enough to lift 700 pounds more in these two years. Liquor is a bad habit, anyway. Tobacco, too much of it, is bad. I am three times better off since I gave them both up.
"I eat five or six pounds of meat a day; eat as much as three woodchoppers. It would make you hungry, perhaps, to see me at dinner. They charge me double board; never mind, I pay it. I am always gaining in strength—I guess I was born that way—and I guess I will lift 4,500 before I get through. The record for lifting? Well, you know, I lift everything without a harness; that is, just with my hands, and not with a strap slung over my back. The record for lifting with a harness is 3,239 pounds, made my W. B. Curtis of New-York in 1862. You see I got ahead of that even without a harness. I have lifted 535 pounds with my forefinger and have put a barrel of cement, over 300 pounds, on my shoulder with one hand."
The champion wears his hair long. It is yellow and curly. Asked whether he believed as much in the value of hair as the ancient Samson, he replied, "No, but it is attractive when exhibiting." When not on show, Mr. Cyr makes a neat Psyche knot of the hair, using hairpins liberally, and with his hat over it he looks exactly like the ordinary, innocent fat man.
# The New York Times/1892

Content exists for this periodical, though at this stage it is not specifically organised beyond a basic hierarchy.
The pages listed below are an automatically generated listing.
Special:PrefixIndex/The New York Times/1892/
# The New York Times/1893

Content exists for this periodical, though at this stage it is not specifically organised beyond a basic hierarchy.
The pages listed below are an automatically generated listing.
Special:PrefixIndex/The New York Times/1893/
# The New York Times/1890/3/5/John J. Crane, M.D.

The New York Times, March 5, 1890, Wednesday. page 5
JOHN J. CRANE, M. D.
Dr. John J. Crane died yesterday at his residence, "Ivy Nook," near Lake Whitney, Connecticut, in his seventieth year. A severe cold, lasting two weeks, aggravated an old complaint (diabetes) and brought about his death. Dr. Crane was a native of Middletown, Conn., and a graduate of Princeton College. For thirty years he practiced medicine in this city. Long before his retirement he was recognized as one of the most eminent and skillful physicians in New York. His annual income at the time when he relinquished his practice was very large.
For the last fifteen years Dr. Crane lived quietly at "Ivy Nook." save while traveling in Europe. His second wife was Mrs. Caroline Suydan, widow of Ferdinand Suydan, and a daughter of Eli Whitney. "Ivy Nook," their residence, is one of the most elegantly laid-out homes in this country. The combined wealth of Dr. and Mrs. Crane is not less than $6,000,000.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New York Times/1891

Content exists for this periodical, though at this stage it is not specifically organised beyond a basic hierarchy.
The pages listed below are an automatically generated listing.
Special:PrefixIndex/The New York Times/1891/
# The New York Times/1891/9/27/Steamship Officers Resign

From The New York Times of September 27, 1891.
STEAMSHIP OFFICERS RESIGN.
CHANGES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE HAMBURG-AMERICAN LINE.
Rumors of an important change in the management of one of the big steamship lines took substance yesterday when a tug, having on board the Hon. Carl Schurz, American Director of the Hamburg-American Packet Company; Mr. R. J. Cortis, the American agent of the line, and Mr. Oscar L. Richard, the company's passenger agent, steamed down the bay and met the Hamburg-American liner Columbia at Quarantine.
On board that vessel was Mr. Woldemer Nissen, the President of the company, whose office is in Hamburg. It was then announced that the resignation of Mr. Schurz as Director of the line and that of Messrs. C. B. Richard & Co. as passenger agents had been tendered and accepted, to go into effect Jan. 1, 1892.
It was subsequently learned that both resignations had been handed in last April, and that the company had expressed much regret in accepting them. The reason assigned by Mr. Schurz for severing his relations with the company is given as a desire to retire from active business life. Business reasons influenced the other change.
The firm of C. B. Richard & Co. is one of the oldest and best known in steamship circles. Since 1847 the firm has been in charge of the passenger department of the Hamburg-American Line, but has had no official connection with it other than that of agents who have sold tickets for the line on commission. R. J. Cortis, who will have sole control of the passenger and freight departments after the current year, has been and is the general American agent of the line. With an increased clerical force he will conduct both departments at 37 Broadway.
Since the death of his father eleven years ago, Mr. Oscar L. Richard has been the head of the firm of C. B. Richard & Co. In conjunction with E. H. Richard, who will become the junior partner, the firm will conduct an exchange, commission, and Custom House business at 61 Broadway. It is reported that it will also take a passenger agency for some of the other big lines.
Mr. Nissen, the President of the company, is accompanied by his wife. This is his first visit to America, and it will combine business with pleasure. He comes to inspect the local offices of the company and will superintend the projected changes.
It is understood that the office of the American Director of the company, made vacant by the resignation of Mr. Schurz, will be abolished.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New York Times/1890/2/22/Cannot Grant the Pension; Virginia Too Poor to Aid a Blind Confederate General

Appeared on the front page of the February 22, 1890 issue.
CANNOT GRANT THE PENSION
RICHMOND, Va., Feb. 21. -- The wife of Gen. A. L. Long, the blind Confederate officer who is petitioning the Virginia Legislature to allow him an annual pension of $300. is in the city to-day. This lady, who is the daughter of Gen. Sumner, a distinguished Federal officer, is now and has been for some years past the Postmistress of the town of Charlottesville, in this State. Soon after Arthur became President, Mahone made a determined but unsuccessful effort to secure Mrs. Long's position for a zealous henchman. Such a howl was raised against this attempt to oust a lady, and the wife of a blind and gallant ex-Confederate, that she was not removed.
During President Cleveland's Administration some Democrat, it is said, was equally unsuccessful in his efforts to procure the Charlottesville Postmastership for a political friend. Notwithstanding the experience of the politicians with Mr. Harrison's two predecessors, an effort has recently been made by an office-seeking Republican to secure Mrs. Long's place. It is understood, though, that this brilliant lady has again been victorious, and for the third time vanquished those of the other sex who have been ungallant enough to seek her removal. Mrs. Long is a lady of rare culture, and, it is said, has made a splendid officer. Her salary is probably about $1,000 a year.
A member of the legislative Finance Committee says that the body would gladly allow the pension to Gen. Long if they could, but the financial condition of Virginia will not admit such a thing.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fish-Crow

Edition of 1905. See also Fish crow on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​FISH-CROW. A small crow (Corvus ossifragus), common along the eastern coast of the United States, from the Hudson River to Mexico. It is about sixteen inches in length, and the plumage is glossed with violet blue on the back, changing to a more greenish tinge on the head and lower parts. It rarely leaves the coast and margins of tidal rivers—where it feeds on small animals and carrion found on the beaches and mud flats, or dexterously seizes floating morsels—except to make excursions in the spring to neighboring woods and fields in search of birds' nests, of which it is a persistent robber. It ascends the Mississippi and other large rivers long distances. Its flight and cry are easily distinguished from those of the common crow, and it does not form ​great flocks and move regularly to and from the shore, as does that species. It nests in trees, preferring pines. A similar but somewhat smaller and blacker species (Corvus minutus) inhabits Cuba. Compare Crow.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fish-Hawk

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ FISH-HAWK. The popular name in North America of the osprey (Pandion haliaetus), of which it is considered a geographical race distinguished as variety Carolinensis. See Osprey, and Plate of Eagles and Hawks.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fish, Hamilton, Jr.

Edition of 1905. See also Hamilton Fish II on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​FISH, Hamilton, Jr. (1849—). An American lawyer and politician, born in Albany, N. Y., the son of Hamilton Fish. He was educated at Columbia College, acted as private secretary to his father, and after his graduation at Columbia Law School (1873) was aide de camp to Governor Dix; he was Republican leader in the Assembly in 1890, and its Speaker in 1895. After the death of his wife he lived abroad for several years, and, on his return to this country, at Garrison, N. Y.