OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fornication

Edition of 1906. See also Fornication on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FORNICATION (fornicatio, from fornix, an arch-vault, and by metonymy a brothel, because brothels in Rome were in cellars and vaults under ground). The illicit carnal intercourse by an unmarried person with one of the opposite sex, whether married or unmarried. In most countries this offense has been brought within the pale of positive law at some period of their history, and prohibited by the imposition of penalties more or less severe; but it is now usually left to the restraints which public opinion imposes on it in every community which is guided by the principles of morality and religion. In England, in 1650, during the ascendency of the Puritan party, the repeated act of keeping a brothel, or committing fornication, was made felony without benefit of clergy on a second conviction. At the Restoration this enactment was not renewed; and though notorious and open lewdness, when carried to the extent of exciting public scandal, continued, as it had been before, an indictable offense at common law, the mere act of fornication itself was abandoned ‘to the feeble coercion of the spiritual court.’ In a few of the United States the offense is made a misdemeanor by statute, punishable by fine and imprisonment, but in most of the States the common-law rule prevails. Consult the authorities referred to under Criminal Law.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Foresters, Independent Order of

Edition of 1906. See also Independent Order of Foresters on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FORESTERS, Independent Order of. A fraternal and benevolent society founded at Newark, N. J., in 1874, and reorganized in 1881. The Order is general throughout the United States and Canada, and has branches in Great Britain, Norway, France, India, and Australia. Its government is vested in a Supreme Court, with delegates from all the countries represented. High Courts, corresponding to the Grand Lodges of other societies, have supervision of the Order in various States and countries. Of these High Courts there were, in 1902, 20 in the United States, 8 in the British Isles, and one in Norway. The local bodies are called courts. The Order has a membership of some 200,000, has paid more than $11,000,000 in benefits since its organization, and has a surplus fund of over $5,600,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Forskål, Peter

Edition of 1906. See also Peter Forsskål on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FORSKÅL, fṓr'ska̤l, Peter (1732-63). A Swedish botanist. He was born at Helsingfors, studied at Göttingen, and was professor at Copenhagen. In 1761 he took part in a scientific expedition to Egypt and Yemen, where he collected several hundred plants which had previously been unknown. Seized with an attack of the plague, he died on his journey in Arabia. Among his publications are: Dubia de Principiis Philosophiæ Recentioris (1756); Descriptiones Animalium, Avium, Amphibiorum, Piscium, Insectorum, Vermium, quæ in Itinere Orientali Observavit Petrus Forskal (1775); and Flora Ægyptiaco-Arabica (1775). The genus Forskalia is named in his honor.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Forssell, Hans Ludwig

Edition of 1906. See also Hans Forssell on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FORSSELL, fṓrs'sĕl, Hans Ludwig (1843-1901). A Swedish historian and statesman, born at Gefle. He was educated at the University of Upsala, where he became a lecturer in 1866. In 1875-80 he was Finance Minister in the Council of State, and from 1888 president of the Exchequer. From 1879 to 1897 he was a member of the Upper House of the Riksdag. He largely assisted in the establishment of the gold standard for Swedish currency, and wrote Studier och Kritiker (1875-88), collections of essays; Sveriges inre historia fran Gustaf I. (1869-75); and Anteckningar ur Sveriges jordbruksnäring i 16 seklet (1884).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Forestry Association, American

Edition of 1906. See also American Forests on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, American. An association to further the conservation, correct management, and renewal of forests; to collect forest statistics, and to promote legislation for those ends. The excessive waste of forests in the United States, the destructive forest fires, and the no less destructive methods of cutting, led to the formation of the Forestry Association in 1875, in the hope of correcting these evils. The
association merged in 1882 with the American Forestry Congress, organized that year in Cincinnati, Ohio, and it was incorporated in 1897. The society has had the support of the Department of Agriculture of the Federal Government, and has coöperated with various State and local forestry associations. Annual meetings are held, at which papers are read covering all aspects of the forestry question, and the Proceedings of the American Forestry Association are published annually at Washington, D. C. Forestry and Irrigation, a monthly journal, is also published.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Forney, John Weiss

Edition of 1906. See also John Weiss Forney on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FOR'NEY, John Weiss (1817-81). An American journalist and politician. He was born at Lancaster, Pa., and at the age of sixteen entered the printing-office of the Lancaster Journal. Four years later he purchased the Lancaster Intelligencer, and in 1840 he became proprietor of the Journal, and combined the two papers under the name of the Intelligencer and Journal. In 1845 his appointment by President Polk as deputy surveyor of the port of Philadelphia took him to that city, where he purchased a half interest in the Pennsylvanian, a Democratic paper of great influence, which under his editorial control attained a national importance. In 1851 he was chosen clerk of the
United States House of Representatives, serving until 1855. During his service at Washington he edited the Union, the organ of the Northern Democrats. In 1855 he headed the Pennsylvania delegation to the National Convention at Cincinnati, and was largely instrumental in securing the nomination of Pennsylvania's candidate, Buchanan. In August, 1857, he established the Philadelphia Press. Though at first a Douglas Democrat, Forney became, in the latter days of the Buchanan Administration, a pronounced Republican, and contributed largely to the organization of that party and its early successes. Elected a second time clerk of the National House of Representatives in 1859, he removed to Washington, and began the publication of the Sunday Morning Chronicle, which in 1862 was changed to a daily, and was throughout the Civil War looked upon as the particular organ of the Lincoln Administration. After serving as secretary of the United States Senate from 1861 to 1868, he disposed of his interest in the Chronicle and returned to Philadelphia, where in 1871 he was made Collector of the Port by President Grant. He was an earnest promoter of the Centennial Exposition, and visited Europe in its interest in 1875. In 1877 he sold the Press and established a weekly, the Progress, which he edited until his death. In 1880 he left the Republican Party and supported Hancock for the Presidency. He published Letters from Europe (1860); What I Saw in Texas (1872); Anecdotes of Public Men (2 vols. 1873); Forty Years of American Journalism (1877); Life of Winfield Scott Hancock (1880); and The New Nobility (1882).
# The Nibelungenlied (Shumway)/Preface

PREFACE
This work has been undertaken in the belief that a literal translation of as famous an epic as the Nibelungenlied would be acceptable to the general reading public whose interest in the story of Siegfried has been stimulated by Wagner's operas and by the reading of such poems as William Morris' Sigurd the Volsung. Prose has been selected as the medium of translation, since it is hardly possible to give an accurate rendering and at the same time to meet the demands imposed by rhyme and metre; at least, none of the verse translations made thus far have succeeded in doing this. The prose translations, on the other hand, mostly err in being too continuous and in condensing too much, so that they retell the story instead of translating it. The present translator has tried to avoid these two extremes. He has endeavored to translate literally and accurately, and to reproduce the spirit of the original, as far as a prose translation will permit. To this end the language has been made as simple and as Saxon in character as possible. An exception has been made, however, in the case of such Romance words as were in use in England during the age of the romances of chivalry, and which would help to land a Romance coloring; these have been frequently employed. Very few obsolete words have been used, and these are explained in the notes, but the language has been made to some extent archaic, especially in dialogue, in order to give the impression of age. At the request of the publishers the Introduc​tion Sketch has been shorn of the apparatus of scholarship and made as popular as a study of the poem and its sources would allow. The advanced student who may be interested in consulting authorities will find them given in the introduction to the parallel edition in the Riverside Literature Series. A short list of English works on the subject had, however, been added.
In conclusion the translator would like to thank his colleagues, C.G. Child and Cornelius Weygandt, for their helpful suggestions in starting the work, and also to acknowledge his indebtedness to the German edition of Paul Piper, especially in preparing the notes.
Daniel Bussier Shumway.
Philadelphia, February 15, 1909.
# The Nibelungenlied (Shumway)/English Bibliography

ENGLISH BIBLIOGRAPHY
A complete bibliography of English works dealing with the Nibelungenlied will be found in F. E. Sandbach, The Nibelungenlied and Gudrun in England and America, London, 1904, pp. 82-117. For the convenience of the reader a short list of some of the best English accounts is given here.
G. T. Dippold.— The Great Epics of Medieval Germany. (Boston, 1882.)
F. H. Hedge. — Hours with German Classics. (Boston, 1886.)
Jessie L. Weston, Legends of the Wagner Drama. (London, 1896.)
Gustay Gruener.— The Nibelungenlied and Saga in Modern Poetry, in the Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, xi, 220-257. (Baltimore, 1896.)
C. H. Genung. — The Nibelungenlied, in Warner’s “Library of the World’s Best Literature,” xviii, 10,627 ff. (New York, 1897.)
Camillo von Klenze. — The Sigfrid Stories, in the Nibelungenlied and Elsewhere, in Poet Lore, x, 543 ff. (Boston, 1898.)
John Clarke, M. A.— A History of Epic Poetry. (Edinburgh, 1900.)
J. G. Robertson.— A History of German Literature, pp. 59-71. (Edinburgh and London, 1902.)
Winifred Faraday. — The Edda. (Nutt’s Popular Studies in Mythology, Romance and Folklore. London, 1902.)
The best translations into English verse are those by W. N. Lettson, The Fall of the Nibelungers, London, 1874, and by Alice Horton, The Lay of the Nibelungs, London, 1898.
# The Nuestra Senora De Regla/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
84 U.S. 29
The Nuestra Senora De Regla
1st. Whether the court had jurisdiction?
2d. If it had, how the case stood on merits?
Mr. G. H. Williams, Attorney-General, and Mr. C. H. Hill, Assistant Attorney-General, for the appellants; Mr. W. M. Evarts and C. Donohue, contra.
The CHIEF JUSTICE delivered the opinion of the court.
In prize cases, wherever it appears that notice of appeal, or of intention to appeal, to this court was filed with the clerk of the District Court within thirty days next after the final decree therein, an appeal will be allowed to this court whenever the purposes of justice require it. An appeal is accordingly allowed in this case, under the second section of the act of March 3d, 1873, making appropriations for the naval service, and for other purposes.
The decree of the District Court included the sum of $5000, for counsel fees. We think that the amount was greatly excessive, and the allowance of counsel fees wholly unwarranted.
It is clear that the vessel was not lawful prize of war or subject of capture, and the corporation which owned her is doubtless entitled to fair indemnity for the losses sustained by the seizure and employment of the vessel; but it may be well doubted whether it is not more properly a subject of diplomatic adjustment than of determination by the courts.
For the errors in the decree already indicated, it is REVERSED, and the cause is
REMANDED FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Novels and Other Works of Lyof N. Tolstoï/Volume 18

New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1902
​Page:The Novels and Other Works of Lyof N. Tolstoï-v18.djvu/17 ​Page:The Novels and Other Works of Lyof N. Tolstoï-v18.djvu/18 ​Page:The Novels and Other Works of Lyof N. Tolstoï-v18.djvu/19
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1938, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 85 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Nuestra Senora De Regla

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
84 U.S. 29
The Nuestra Senora De Regla
APPEAL from the District Court for the Southern District of New York.
The steamer Nuestra Senora de Regla, then recently built in New York for a Spanish corporation doing business in Cuba, and owned by it, was on her way, November, 1861, to Havana. On her voyage thither, being in distress and want of coal, she put into Port Royal, near Charleston, S.C.. (then in rebellion against the United States, and blockaded by a government squadron), under permission of the admiral in command. She was here seized November 29th, 1861, as prize of war, and used by the government till June, 1862, when she was brought to New York and cendemned in prize. On the 20th of June, however, in the following year (the United States in the meantime using the vessel), a decree of restitution was ordered. The vessel, however, never was restored. The case being referred to a commissioner to ascertain the damages for the seizure and detention, he made a report on the 10th of May, 1871, in which he awarded—
For the use of the vessel from November 29th, 1861, up to and including June 20th, 1863, being 568 days, with interest at the rate of six per cent. per annum to the date of his report, $167,370 66 2/3
For expenses and services of claimant's agent in remaining with and attending to said vessel, 5,680 00
For counsel fees in defending the proceedings, 5,000 00
For the value of the vessel when she shall have been restored, at the rate of six per cent., with interest, 36,833 33 1/3
Total, $214,884 00
Several exceptions (not necessary to be specified, as they were not passed on by this court) were taken to this report by the government, but on the 28th of October, 1871, the exceptions were overruled and the report confirmed, and final judgment rendered against the libellants and captors for said sum, together with $6086.84, interest thereon from the date of the report to the date of this decree, the sum as finally decreed amounting, in all, to $220,970.84.
On the 7th of November, 1871, the United States filed with the clerk of the District Court at New York, notice that the libellant 'appeals to the Supreme Court of the United States from the decree made in the said action on the 28th of October, 1871,' and and case was now here, and a notice of the appeal served by copy on the proctor for the claimants, on the 17th of the same month. On the 17th of February, 1872, the appeal was allowed by Mr. Justice Swayne, of the Supreme Court, at Washington, and the claimants cited to appear before said court on the 21st of March, 1872.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Novels of Ivan Turgenev

* Volume I: Rudin
* Volume II: A House of Gentlefolk
* Volume III: On the Eve
* Volume IV: Fathers and Children
* Volume V: Smoke
* Volumes VI and VII: Virgin Soil
* Volumes VIII and IX: A Sportsman's Sketches
* Volume X: Dream Tales and Prose Poems
* Volume XI: The Torrents of Spring
* Volume XII: A Lear of the Steppes and Other Stories
* Volume XIII: The Diary of a Superfluous Man and Other Stories
* Volume XIV: A Desperate Character and Other Stories
* Volume XV: The Jew and Other Stories

## Transcription projects

vol. I — vol. II — vol. III — vol. IV — vol. V — vol. VI — vol. VII — vol. VIII — vol. IX — vol. X — vol. XI — vol. XII — vol. XIII — vol. XIV — vol. XV
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New Student's Reference Work/Campbell, Alexander

See also Alexander Campbell (clergyman) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Campbell (kăm′bel), Alexander, an American theologian, was born at Shane's Castle, Ireland, in June, 1788. After attending Glasgow University, he came to the United States and served as pastor of a Presbyterian church in Washington County, Pa. Later he became a Baptist, and as early as 1810 he adopted the Bible as the sole recognized creed of his church. But it was not till 1827 that he founded the Disciples of Christ, a church that grew rapidly and now has a large membership in America and foreign countries. His followers are also known as Christians, Church of Christ and Campbellites. In 1841 Mr. Campbell founded and became the first president of Bethany College, at Bethany, W. Va., which has 280 students. Besides his work as pastor and teacher, he founded and edited the denominational organ of his church. He died March 4, 1866.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Canadian Pacific Railway, The

See also Canadian Pacific Railway on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Canadian Pacific Railway, The, crosses Canada from east to west. Its completion saw the beginning of the real development of Canada. It enabled those who lived in eastern Canada to realize that our western prairies and unexplored northwest comprise a rich tract of about 600,000 square miles. The train of inflowing settlement since 1900 has become a rush. Each year thousands of well-to-do immigrants from all lands reach this great fertile country via the C. P. R. Along its main line are rapidly growing cities, and its branch lines are bordered with thrifty and growing settlements. In three provinces alone crossed by this road, viz. Manitoba, Alberta and Saskatchewan, the population has grown from 420,000 in 1901 to 1,322,000 in 1911. The railway management is enterprising and progressive. Some years ago its directors decided to undertake the irrigation of a tract 30,000,000 acres in extent, 40 miles wide and extending 150 miles east of Calgary (Alberta). Construction was well-begun in 1904 on this work which, when completed, will be the largest irrigation system on the American continent. The settler pays 50 cents an acre for the water his land requires. About one third of the work is now satisfactorily completed. Along the main line of this road we reach North Bay, Port Arthur, Fort William, Kenora, Winnipeg, Brandon, Portage La Prairie, Banff, Regina, Kamloops, Medicine Hat and Vancouver and other well-known prosperous places.
The Canadian Pacific also has a magnificent steamship service on both oceans (Atlantic and Pacific). Its steamships on the Montreal-Liverpool route are palatial. It furnishes a highway round the world.
It has a coast fleet including 15 vessels plying between coast points from Victoria, Vancouver, Seattle, Nanaimo, Ladysmith, Crofton and Comox to northern British Columbia and Alaskan ports. Its royal-mail “Empress” liners make regular trips from British Columbia to China and Japan, and its Canadian-Australian boats serve Hawaii, Fiji, New Zealand and Australia.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Canton (China)

See also Guangzhou on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Can′ton, called also Yang-Ching, "the city of rams," a large city in the south of China and capital of the province of Kwang-Tung, lies on the bank of the Shu-Kiang or Pearl River. The city is surrounded by walls from twenty-five to forty feet high, twenty feet thick and six miles around. A wall running east and west divides it into the old and the new city. There are many gates shut and guarded by night, named Peace Gate, Eternal Rest Gate, etc. Across the river are the hongs or European quarter, separated from the river by a quay, 100 yards wide. There are more than 600 streets, generally less than eight feet wide and very crooked. Ancient barricades inclose each street, and in the principal streets night watchmen in watchtowers, proclaim the hours and sound fire-alarms. Property is so insecure that every shop which contains anything valuable must be barricaded at dusk, so that it can stand a siege, and all business must cease at sunset. There are two pagodas, one erected ten centuries ago, the other over thirteen centuries ago, and nearly 150 other temples or joss-houses. One of the largest temples covers with its grounds seven acres and has 175 priests attached, and the temple of "Filial Duty" has 200 priests. The priests and nuns together in Canton number over 2,000, most of them being Buddhists. The "Temple of Five Hundred Genii" has 500 statues in honor of the Buddha and his disciples. Examination Hall covers sixteen acres, and has 8,653 cells. Nearly half the craft on the river are utilized as fixed residences, with a floating population estimated at 200,000. Tea, silk, sugar and cassia are the chief articles of export, and the chief imports are cotton, wool, metal goods, food stuffs, opium, kerosene, etc. Over 3,000 ships enter and clear the port yearly. Canton has long been a favorite port with foreign merchants. Its earliest annals date back to 200 B. C. In 700 A. D., a regular market was opened and a collector of customs appointed, and 200 years later the Arabs made regular voyages thither. The Portuguese found their way to it in the 16th century, and the Dutch 100 years later. These in turn were overtaken and overthrown by the English before the close of the 17th century, and an immense trade was carried on by the agents of the East India Company. The city was captured by French and English forces in 1857, and was garrisoned by them until 1861. The exports of Canton (chiefly of tea, silk and sugar) were valued in 1905 at 37 million taels. (The tael is about $1.40.) Estimated population, about one million.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Campbell-Bannerman, Right Hon. Sir Henry

See also Henry Campbell-Bannerman on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Campbell-Bannerman, Right Hon. Sir Henry, G.C.B., M.P., head of the Liberal ministry in the British Parliament, was born in Scotland in 1836, and educated at Glasgow and Cambridge. He entered Parliament in 1868, and served for a time as financial secretary at the war office, and in Mr. Gladstone's administration was chief secretary for Ireland and secretary of state for war. In 1894-95 he filled the latter post, also, under Lord Rosebery; and in February, 1898, on the retirement of Sir Wm. Vernon Harcourt as leader of the Liberal party in the house of commons, Sir Henry was chosen to succeed him. In Dec. 1905, he became Liberal Prime Minister. His death occurred April 22, 1908.