OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Jenkyns, Richard

​JENKYNS, RICHARD, D.D. (1782–1854), master of Balliol College, born at Evercreech, Somerset, in 1782, was eldest son of John Jenkyns, prebendary of Wells, and for forty years vicar of Evercreech. He was admitted as a commoner to Balliol College, Oxford, 27 May 1800, and was afterwards elected scholar. As soon as he reached the statutable age of twenty he was elected fellow. He graduated B.A. in 1804, M.A. in 1806, and B.D. and D.D. in 1819, and acted as public examiner in 1811–12. He was appointed tutor of his college in 1813, bursar in 1814, and in 1819 was elected master. His ability and learning were moderate, but his devotion to the college and his zeal for its interests made his mastership remarkably successful. At the beginning of the thirty-five years during which he occupied the post the position of the college was not high; at the end it could claim to rank as the first college in Oxford. The change was chiefly due to the substitution of open competition for the old system under which scholars were elected on the simple nomination of each fellow in his turn. The first election to open scholarships took place in 1828, and the new practice was confirmed by a visitatorial decree in 1834. The credit of this reform has been generally ascribed to Jenkyns, but he himself afterwards said that he had done no more than acquiesce in it with the gravest doubts as to the probability of its success. The college was, however, undoubtedly greatly benefited by his exertions in obtaining fellows and scholars of ability and in raising the standard required from commoners on admission. The assumption of severity with which he covered a kind and indulgent disposition, the pompous appearance of his short figure, his strange accent and the eccentricity of his sayings, gave him an important place in the memories of members of his college, and led to many comical anecdotes of which he was the hero. Some of these relate to the tractarian movement, which he greatly disliked. He was one of the six doctors who condemned Pusey's sermon in 1843. He was vice-chancellor from 1824 to 1828, and held the deanery of Wells along with his mastership from 1845 till his death on 6 March 1854. Under provisions of his will were founded two exhibitions of 100l. a year for four years, open to members of Balliol College who have not exceeded sixteen terms of academical standing.
[‘Personal Recollections of an Old Oxonian’ (Canon F. Oakeley), No. iii. ‘Balliol under Dr. Jenkyns,’ in The Month for January 1866, iv. 50–9; Wilfrid Ward's W. G. Ward and the Oxford Movement, 2nd edit. 1890, pp. 27, 40, 174–5, 242, 325, and Appendix D by the Master of Balliol (Professor Jowett), pp. 440–1; Times, 7 March 1854; Annual Register, 1854, p. 278; Reminiscences of William Rogers, 2nd edit. 1888, pp. 21–8; information furnished by the master of Balliol (Professor Jowett).]
E. C-n.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Jenkins, Thomas

​JENKINS, THOMAS (d. 1798), painter and dealer in antiquities, a native of Devonshire, was a pupil of Thomas Hudson [q. v.] He accompanied Richard Wilson, R.A., to Italy, and settled at Rome, before 1763. He painted portraits and historical subjects with moderate success. Two copies from paintings by him, done by N. Mosman, are in the print room at the British Museum. Jenkins became the principal English banker in Rome, and the profits of this business enabled him to take an active part in the excavations at Rome during the golden age of classical dilettantism. In ​conjunction with Gavin Hamilton [q. v.] he supplied Townley and other great English collectors with sculpture, coins, and gems. The restoration and renovation to which Jenkins subjected antiquities have lessened for posterity the reputation which he enjoyed in his own day, when Winckelmann and other archæologists acknowledged his authority. On the occupation of Rome by the French Jenkins lost all his property, and escaped to England. He died at Yarmouth in 1798.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Nagler's Künstler-Lexikon; Michaelis's Ancient Marbles in Great Britain.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Jenkinson, Charles Cecil Cope

​JENKINSON, CHARLES CECIL COPE, third Earl of Liverpool (1784–1851), born 29 May 1784, was second son of Charles Jenkinson, first earl of Liverpool [q. v.], by his second wife. He went to sea before he was ten years old, and served three years in the navy, but having left the service, matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, on 23 April 1801. He did not take a degree, but entered the diplomatic service as attaché at Vienna, served as a volunteer in the Austrian army at Austerlitz, and on inheriting the estates of his cousin Ottley in Shropshire, decided to enter parliament. At the general election of 1807 he was returned for Sandwich through the influence of his half-brother, Robert Banks Jenkinson, second earl of Liverpool [q. v.], then lord warden of the Cinque ports. In 1812 he was elected for Bridgnorth, and sat for East Grinstead from 1818 to December 1828. On 10 Oct. 1807 he was appointed parliamentary under-secretary for the home department, and in 1809 under-secretary of state for war and the colonies. At the opening of the session of 1828 he moved the address. His opinions were those of a moderate tory, and before 1826 he favoured a relaxation of the corn laws. The queen, when Princess Victoria, with her mother, the Duchess of Kent, used frequently to stay with Jenkinson at Buxted Park, Sussex, or at his Shropshire seat. On 4 Dec. 1828, on the death of the second Earl of Liverpool, he succeeded as third earl. He was nominated lord steward of the household in Sir Robert Peel's administration on ​3 Sept. 1841, and sworn of the privy council. The same year (15 June) he was created D.C.L. by the university of Oxford. On 11 Dec. 1845 he was made G.C.B. Liverpool's health was not good, and he resigned office in 1846. He died very suddenly on 3 Oct. 1851 at Buxted Park. A portrait at Buxted belonged to Lady Portman, and a miniature by Ross is the property of the second earl (of the second creation). He married, on 19 July 1810, Julia Evelyn Medley (d. 1814), only child of Sir George Shuckburgh Evelyn, and by her left three daughters. The peerage became extinct on his death, but the baronetcy passed to a cousin, Sir Charles Jenkinson.
[Information kindly passed by C. G. S. Foljambe, esq., grandson of the third Earl of Liverpool; Times 6 and 7 Oct. 1851; Ann. Reg. 1851, p. 335; Gent. Mag. 1851, ii. 538; Foster's Alumni Oxon.; Burke's Extinct Peerage.]
W. A. J. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clinton, Charles John Fynes

​CLINTON, CHARLES JOHN FYNES (1799–1872), classical scholar, born 16 April 1799, was the third son of the Rev. Charles Fynes Clinton, LL.D., prebendary of Westminster, being thus a brother of Henry Fynes Clinton, the chronologist He was educated at Westminster, and at Oriel College, Oxford, graduating B.A. in 1821. Having held some parochial charges, he was appointed in 1828 to the rectory of Cromwell, Nottinghamshire. He was also vicar of Orston in the same county. In 1842 he published 'Twenty-one plain Doctrinal and Practical Sermons,' London, 1842, 12mo; and in 1853 edited and completed for publication 'An Epitome of the Civil and Literary Chronology of Rome and Constantinople,' which had been left unfinished by his brother, the chronologist. In 1864 he edited and published the 'Literary Remains' (London, 1864, 12mo) of his brother. He died in 1872.
W. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clinton, Charles (1690-1773)

​CLINTON, CHARLES (1690–1773), colonel, American colonist, was born in co. Longford, Ireland, in 1690, his grandfather, on officer of Charles I's army, having settled in Ireland. In May 1729, Charles Clinton, who was an elder and influential member of a presbyterian congregation, chartered a ship to convey a party of relatives and friends to Philadelphia, but, according to American biographers, the captain, either with a view of acquiring their belongings or to deter further emigration, conceived a plan of starving his passengers to death, and only landed them at Cape Cod after accepting a heavy ransom. Clinton's journal, as printed in 'Magazine of American History,' i. (ii.) 620-2, makes no mention of this, but shows that although the ship sailed in May, the American continent was not sighted until 9 Oct. 1729, and that a terrible mortality occurred on board, the deaths including a son and daughter of Clinton. In the spring of 1731 Clinton removed to Ulster county, New York, where he purchased a tract of land about eight miles from the Hudson, amidst the rich pasture lands of what is now Orange County, N.Y. There he followed the occupation of a farmer and land-surveyor, and became a justice of the peace, county judge, and colonel of militia. On 24 March 1758 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of De Lancy's Provincials and served in the expedition to Fort Frontenac under Bradstreet. He died in 1773, on the eve of the rupture with the mother-country, charging his sons with his latest breath 'to stand by the liberties of their country' (Bancroft, iv. 272). Of his four surviving sons, Alexander was a physician; Charles, a surgeon of the provincial troops which took part in the conquest of the Havannah in 1762; James, afterwards a major-general in the United States army, was father of De Witt Clinton, the originator of the Erie Canal; and the youngest, George, born in 1739, became a well-known soldier and statesman, and was vice-president of the United States from 1804 to his death in 1813.
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clinton, Geoffrey de

​CLINTON, GEOFFREY de (fl. 1130), chamberlain and treasurer to Henry I, appears to have been the founder of the great Clinton family, and was probably the creator of his own fortunes, though attempts have been made to show that he was descended from William de Tankerville, chamberlain of Normandy (Duedale, Baronage, i. 528). His name seems to occur for the first time in a charter of Henry I to Westminster Abbey—a document that cannot, from the names of the co-signatories, be dated later than 1123 {Monast. Anglic. i. 308). Foss assigns it to 1121 or 1122. Probably before 1136 Clinton founded the Benedictine priory of Kenilworth; his second charter to this establishment is witnessed by Simon, bishop of Worcester, who was consecrated in 1125 (Stubbs, Reg. Sacr.) In the charter to Kenilworth, Clinton styles himself respectively as chamberlain and treasurer to Henry I. In the 'Pipe Roll' of 30-I Henry I is is found holding pleas in no less than eighteen counties, and appears to have still retained the treasurership (Pipe Roll, 30-1 Henry I; Foss). About the same time (Easter 1130) we read that he was unjustly accused of treason, and was brought to trial at Woodstock. On this occasion David I, king of Scotland, sat in judgment as an English peer (Ord. Vit. viii. c. 22). There does not seem to be any satisfactory evidence as to the date of Clinton's death. According to Madox, a Geoffrey de Clinton was a baron of the exchequer in Stephen's reign ; but there is nothing to show whether this was our Geoffrey or his son. The direct descendants of Clinton (in the male line) seem to have become extinct in the reign of Henry III (Dugdale); but from his nephew Osbert were descended the Earls of Lincoln in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Earl Clinton of the eighteenth, and the Duke of Newcastle in the nineteenth (Nicolas). Clinton himself is included by Orderic ​Vitalis among the number of those 'men of ignoble stock' whom Henry I, 'so to speak, lifted up from the dust and exalted above earls and burghers.' As his name appears first on this list, it would seem that the historian intended the full force of his remarks to apply to Geoffrey, even to the charges of unjustly gotten wealth, and oppression (Ord. Vit. xl. c. 1). A second nephew, Robert, was ordained priest (21 Dec. 1129 a.D.) and next day consecrated bishop of the Mercians. He died in 1148 at Antioch.
T. A. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clinton, Henry Fiennes

​CLINTON, HENRY FIENNES, ninth Earl of Lincoln and second Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne (1720–1794), was the second son of Henry Clinton, seventh earl of Lincoln, K.G., P.O., paymaster-general of the forces, cofferer of the household, and constable of the Tower, by Lucy Pelham, daughter of Thomas, first lord Pelham, and sister of Thomas, duke of Newcastle, and the Right Honourable Henry Pelham, prime ministers of England. He was born on 24 April 1720, and educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, and succeeded his brother George as ninth earl of Lincoln on 30 April 1730. Soon after coming of age, in 1742, he was appointed a lord of the bedchamber by his uncle, Henry Pelham, the prime minister, whose elder daughter, Catherine Pelham, he married on 16 Oct. 1744. This marriage and his relationship to the Pelhams secured him further advancement; he was made lord-lieutenant of the counties of Cambridgeshire in 1742 and Nottinghamshire in 1768, was sworn of the privy council, and appointed cofferer of the household in 1746, received two lucrative sinecures, the offices of auditor of the exchequer, and comptroller of the customs in the port of London; was made a knight of the Garter in 1751, and appointed high steward of Westminster in 1759. His relationship to the Pelhams brought him still higher rank, and on 17 Nov. 1768 he succeeded his uncle, Thomas Pelham, as second duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, under a special patent, dated 13 Nov. 1756, by which Thomas Pelham, duke of Newcastle-on-Tyne, was created Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, with remainder to his nephew, the Earl of Lincoln, when he resigned the prime ministership. The second Duke of Newcastle, who added the name of Pelham to his own by royal license, did not play any very great part in politics, though his great borough influence made his assistance eagerly sought by every section of the whig party. He kept himself, however, free from political life, and preferred the pleasures of the country and of sport. He died on 22 Feb. 1794, and was succeeded by his only surviving son, Thomas Pelham Clinton, a major-general in the army, as third duke of Newcastle.
[Collins's Peerage of England, ed. Brydges, vol. ii.; Foster's Peerage; Gent. Mag. March 1794.]
H. M. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/McCausland, Dominick

​McCAUSLAND, DOMINICK (1806–1873), religious writer, born on 20 Aug. 1806, was third of four sons of Marcus Langford McCausland of Roe Park, co. Londonderry, by his wife, a daughter of John Kennedy of Cultra, co. Down, and aunt of Sir Arthur Edward Kennedy [q, v.] The father died in his son's infancy. Dominick was educated successively at the school of the Rev. Dr. Moore of Parkhill, Gloucestershire, and for two years under Dr. Dowdale at the Royal School, Dungannon. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 1822, and graduated B.A. in 1827, taking the highest distinction of the university, the gold medal for science, of his year. He proceeded LL.D. in 1859. He 'sat' for a fellowship, but his health failed, and he spent two years on a continental tour.
On his return McCausland studied law, and was called to the Irish bar in 1835. He selected the north-western circuit, and became Q.C. in 1860, In the second administration of Lord Derby (1858-9) McCausland was appointed crown prosecutor, and immediately afterwards was elected 'father,' or president of the circuit bar. He died 28 June 1873. In the midst of a busy practice he found time to write several religious works. Their titles are: 1. 'On the Latter Days of Jewish Church and Nation, as revealed in Apocalypse,' 8vo, Dublin, 1841. 2. 'The Times of the Gentiles as revealed in the Apocalypse,' 8vo, Dublin, 1852; reissued in 1857, These two were subsequently combined in a second edition, and published as 3. 'The Latter Days of Jerusalem and Rome as revealed in the Apocalypse.' 4. 'Sermons in Stones,' 8vo, London, 1856, which reached a thirteen edition, just revised before his death, in 1873 5. 'Adam and the Adamite,' 8vo, London, 1864; 2nd edit. 1868 [i.e. 1867]. 6. 'Shinar,' 8vo, London, 1867. 7. 'The Builders of Babel,' 8vo, London, 1871.
[Memoir by W. D. Ferguson; Sermons in Stones, 13th edit.; Athenæum, 5 July 1878 Dublin Univ. Cat. of Graduates.]
B. B. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/McCluer, John

​McCLUER, JOHN (d. 1794?), commander in the Bombay marine and hydrographer, obtained a high reputation as a surveyor while still a lieutenant in the marine. In 1785, in the intervals of his regular duty, he made a survey of the Persian Gulf. It was rough work, but by far the best then existing, and the results were incorporated by James Horsburgh [q. v.] in his 'East India Directory.' In 1787 he was ordered to survey the bank of soundings off Bombay, which he did so thoroughly that his charts remained practically as he left them for nearly seventy years. In 1790 he was appointed to command a small expedition to the Pelew Islands, with the double object of surveying and establishing friendly relations with the natives. He carried out the survey with his accustomed ability, and between January 1791 and January 1793 examined the Pelew Islands, the Sulu Archipelago, and a great part of the coast of New Guinea, On returning to the Pelew Islands from New Guinea in January 1793, McCluer suddenly announced to Wedgeborough, his first lieutenant, his intention of resigning the command and settling there. On 2 Feb. he formally wrote, desiring Wedgeborough take the command. 'I will write,' he said, 'to the Bombay Presidency the cause I have for remaining at this place. It will be sufficient vindication for you and the rest of the ​gentlemen belonging to the vessel for me here to acknowledge that you have used every argument in your power to persuade me from this uncommon and unprecedented step. … It is nothing but my zeal for my country that prompts me.’ Wedgeborough finally supplied him with arms and other necessaries from the ship's stores, and left him. It would seem that the long and arduous work in New Guinea had weakened his mind, and that he was unable to resist the fascinations of the dusky beauties of the islands. It is only by a species of insanity that his extraordinary conduct and breach of all rules of naval discipline can be explained.
After fifteen months' residence on the island McCluer tired of his solitude, and resolved to go to Ternate ‘to hear the news.’ As bad weather came on he changed his mind and steered for China, reaching Macao after a perilous navigation in a native boat, without compass or other instruments, and with no provisions except cocoa-nuts and water. He had five men in the boat with him, who seem to have all arrived safe, though McCluer himself was afterwards laid up with a severe attack of fever and ague. On recovering he purchased a vessel, by means of a bill drawn on Bombay, and returned to the Pelew Islands, where he embarked his family and property, with men servants and women servants, after the manner of the patriarchs of old. He then sailed for Calcutta, and meeting on the way the Bombay frigate, bound to Bombay, he sent some of his family on by her. He himself, with the rest, went on to Calcutta, and sailing thence was never heard of again.
[Dawson's Memoirs of Hydrography, i. 15; Low's History of the Indian Navy, i. 188 et seq.; Hockin's Supplement to the Account of the Pelew Islands; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. i. 353, 442.]
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/McComb, William

​McCOMB, WILLIAM (1793–1873), poet, son of Thomas McComb, a draper, was born at Coleraine, county Londonderry, on 17 Aug. 1793. His mother's name was Foster. After receiving a fair education in his native town, he was apprenticed to Thomas O'Neill, a Belfast wholesale draper, but in a short time left him, and, after undergoing a course of training in connection with the Kildare Place Society, Dublin, became teacher of Brown Street daily school in Belfast. In 1828 he abandoned teaching and commenced business as a bookseller in High Street, Belfast, where he soon had a thriving trade. In 1840 he established ‘McComb's Presbyterian Almanac,’ which became a favourite annual in the north of Ireland. He took a deep interest in many of the charitable institutions of Belfast, and was one of the founders and the first treasurer of the Ulster Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind. In 1864 he retired from business, and on 13 Sept. 1873 died at his residence, Colin View Terrace, Belfast. He was interred in Hillsborough churchyard.
Early in life McComb began to write poetry, his first effusions appearing in local newspapers. In 1817 his ‘Dirge of O'Neill’ was published, ‘The School of the Sabbath’ in 1822, ‘The Voice of a Year, or Recollections of 1848, with other Poems,’ in 1849, and a collected edition of his ‘Poetical Works’ in 1864. He was also author of many fugitive pieces which appeared in his ‘Almanac,’ in the newspapers, and elsewhere. He wrote gracefully and with taste and feeling.
He was twice married, first in 1816 to Sarah Johnson of Hillsborough, who died in 1827, and secondly in 1830 to Eliza Barkley, widow of Captain Robert Walkinshaw Campbell of Belfast, who survived him. He had several children.
[Sketch in McComb's Almanac for 1874; information supplied by Mr. James Cleeland of Belfast, McComb's successor in business; personal knowledge.]
T. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/McAuley, Catharine

​McAULEY, CATHERINE (1787–1841), foundress of the Order of Mercy, born at Stormanstown House, in the neighbourhood of Dublin, on 29 Sept. 1787, was the daughter of James and Eleanor McAuley, who were descended from ancient catholic families. Losing her parents in her childhood, she was educated in the household of Surgeon Conway, a rigid protestant, and ‘grew up without fixed religious principles,’ though she stubbornly refused to join in protestant worship. At the age of eighteen she was adopted by Mr. and Mrs. Callahan of Coolock House and demesne, a few miles north of Dublin. She converted them both to the Roman catholic religion, and Callahan, on his death in 1822, left her his immense wealth. Resolving to establish some permanent institution for the relief of the destitute poor, she purchased a site in Lower Baggot Street, Dublin, and there erected the ‘House of our Blessed Lady of Mercy,’ which was completed in 1827. Miss McAuley and two companions entered the Presentation convent of George's Hill, Dublin, and received the religious dress in December 1829. They returned to Baggot Street in December ​1830, and in January 1831 the religious dress was given to the six sisters who had been conducting the establishment in their absence. In this way the important and flourishing order of Sisters of Mercy was founded, with the approbation of Archbishop Murray. The institute was extended to England in 1839, to Newfoundland in 1842, to the United States in 1843, to Australia in 1845, to Scotland and to New Zealand in 1849, and to South America in 1856. The foundress took the title of her order from that of St. Peter Nolasco; its rule, with some slight modifications, from that of the Presentation nuns. Besides the three essential vows, the sisters take a fourth—to devote themselves for life to the service of the poor, sick, and ignorant. In 1887 the order had 115 establishments in Ireland and sixty in Great Britain. Its foundress died in Dublin on 11 Nov. 1841, and was buried in the cemetery adjoining the Baggot Street convent. Her portrait was engraved by A. G. Campbell.
[Life, by a Member of the Order of Mercy, New York, 1866; The First Sister of Mercy, Lond. 1866; Dean Gaffney in Dubl. Rev. March 1847, pp. 1–25; Catholic Opinion, 8 June 1867, p. 181; Addis and Arnold's Catholic Dictionary, p. 766; Religious Houses of the United Kingdom. 1887, p. 179.]
T. C.