OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Picene

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​PICENE, C$_{22}$H$_{14}$, a hydrocarbon found in the pitchy residue obtained in the distillation of peat-tar and of petroleum. This is distilled to dryness and the distillate repeatedly recrystallized from cymene It may be synthetically prepared by the action of anhydrous aluminium chloride on a mixture of naphthalene and ethylene dibromide (R. Lespieau, Bull. soc. chim., 1891, (3), 6, p. 238), or by distilling α-dinaphthostilbene (T. Hirn, Ber., 1800, 32, p. 3341). It crystallizes in large colourless plates which possess a blue fluorescence It is soluble in concentrated sulphuric acid with a green colour. Chromic acid in glacial acetic acid solution oxidizes it to picene-quinone, picene-quinone carboxylic acid, and finally to phthalic acid. When heated with hydriodic acid and phosphorus it forms hydrides of composition C$_{22}$H$_{34}$ and C$_{22}$H$_{36}$ (see F. Bamberger and F.D. Chattaway, Ann., 1805, 284, p. 61).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pickens, Andrew

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​PICKENS, ANDREW (1739–1817), American soldier in the War of Independence, was born in Paxton, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, on the 19111 of September 1739. His family settled at the Waxhaws (in what is now Lancaster county), South Carol1na, in 1752. He fought against the Cherokees in 1761 as a lieutenant. In the War of Independence he rose to brigadier-general (after Cowpens) in the South Carolina militia. He was a captain among the American troops which surrendered at Ninety Six in November 1775. On the 14th of February 1779, with 300-400 men, he surprised and defeated about 700 Loyalists under Colonel Boyd on Kettle Creek, Wilkes county, Georgia; on the 20th of June he fought at Stono Ferry, and later in the same year at Tomassee defeated the Cherokees, who were all1ed with the British. Upon the surrender of Charleston (May 1780) he became a prisoner on parole, which he observed rigidly until, contrary to the promises made to him, Major James Dunlap plundered his plantation; he then returned to active service. His command (about 150 men) joined General Daniel Morgan immediately before the battle of Cowpens, in which Pickens commanded an advance guard (270-3 50 men from Georgia and North Carolina) and twice rallied the broken American militia; for his services Congress gave him a sword. With Colonel Henry Lee he harassed Lieut.-Colonel Banastre Tarleton, who was attempting to gather a Loyalist force just before the battle of Guilford Court House; and with Lee and others, he captured Augusta (June 5, 1781) after a siege. At Eutaw Springs (Sept. 8, 1781) he commanded the left wing and was wounded. In 1782 he defeated the Cherokees again and forced them to surrender all lands south of the Savannah and east of the Chattahoochee. After the war he was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives for a number of years, of the state Constitutional Convention in 1790, and of the National House of Representatives in 1793–1795. He died in Pendleton district, South Carolina, on the 17th of August 1817. He had married in 1765 Rebecca Calhoun, an aunt of John C. Calhoun. Their son, Andrew Pickens (1779–1838), served as a lieutenant-colonel in the War of 1812, and was governor of South Carolina in 1816–1818.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Novomoskovsk

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​NOVOMOSKOVSK, a town of Russia, in the government of Ekaterinoslav, 16 m. N.E. of the town of Ekaterinoslav. Including several villages which have been incorporated with it, it extends for nearly 7 m. along the right bank of the Samara, a tributary of the Dnieper. In the 17th century the site was occupied by several villages of Zaporogian Cossacks, known under the name of Samarchik. In 1687 Prince Golitsuin founded here the Ust-Samara fort, which was destroyed after the treaty of the Pruth (1711), but rebuilt in 1736, and the settlement of Novoselitsy established. The inhabitants of Novomoskovsk, who numbered 23,381 in 1900, are chiefly engaged in agriculture, though some are employed in tanneries, and there is a trade in horses, cattle, tallow, skins, tar and pitch. In the immediate neighbourhood is the Samarsko-Nikolayevskiy monastery, which is visited by many pilgrims.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nowell, Alexander

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​NOWELL, ALEXANDER (c. 1507–1602), dean of St Paul’s, London, was the eldest son of John Nowell of Read Hall, Whalley, Lancashire, by his second wife Elizabeth Kay of Rochdale. He was educated at Middleton, Lancashire, and at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he is said to have shared rooms with John Foxe the martyrologist. He was elected fellow of Brasenose in 1526. In 1543 he was appointed master of Westminster school, and in December 1551 prebendary of Westminster. He was elected in September 1553 member of parliament for Looe in Cornwall in Queen Mary’s first parliament, but in October 1553 a committee of the house reported that, having as prebendary of Westminster a seat in convocation, he could not sit in the House of Commons. He was also deprived of his prebend, probably as being a married man, before May 1554, and sought refuge at Strassburg and Frankfort, where he developed puritan and almost Presbyterian views. He submitted, however, to the Elizabethan settlement of religion, and was rewarded with the archdeaconry of Middlesex, a canonry at Canterbury and in 1560 with the deanery of St Paul’s. His sermons occasionally created some stir, and on one occasion Elizabeth interrupted his sermon, telling him to stick to his text and cease slighting the crucifix. He held the deanery of St Paul’s for forty-two years, surviving until the 13th of February 1602. Nowell is believed to have composed the Catechism inserted before the Order of Confirmation in the Prayer Book of 1549, which was supplemented in 1604 and is still in use; but the evidence is not conclusive. Early in Elizabeth’s reign, however, he wrote a larger catechism, to serve as a statement of Protestant principles; it was printed in 1570, and in the same year appeared his “middle” catechism, designed it would seem for the instruction of “simple curates.” Nowell also established a free school at Middleton and made other benefactions for educational purposes. He was twice married, but left no children.
See Ralph Churton, Life of Alexander Nowell (Oxford, 1809); G. Burnet, History of the Reformation (new ed., Oxford, 1865); and R. W. Dixon, History of the Church of England. Also the Works of John Strype; the Publications of the Parker Society; the Calendar of State Papers, Domestic; and the Dict. Nat. Biog., vol. lv.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nowgong (Chhatarpur)

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​NOWGONG, a town of India, headquarters of the Bundelkhand agency and a military cantonment, in the native state of Chhatarpur, on the border of the British district of Jhansi. Pop. (1901) 11,507. It has accommodation for a force of all arms. The college for the education of the sons of chiefs in Central India, opened here in 1872, was abolished in 1898, owing to the small attendance.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Novice

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​NOVICE (through French from Lat. novicius or notitius, one who has newly arrived, novus, new), a person who joins a religious order on probation. He or she is subject to the authority of the superior, wears the dress of the order, and obeys the rules. At the end of the “novitiate,” which must last at least one year, the novice is free to leave without taking the vows, and the order is free to refuse to allow him or her to take them. The word was early used of a beginner in any art or science, hence an inexperienced person.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Novo-Bayazet

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​NOVO-BAYAZET, a town of Russian Transcaucasia, in the government of Erivan, 35 m. E.N.E. of the town of Erivan, and 4 m. W. of Gok-chai Lake, 5870 ft. above the sea. Pop. 8507 in 1897, mainly Armenians. An Armenian village which stood here was destroyed by Nadir Shah of Persia in 1736, and it was not till the Turkish War of 1828–29 that the site was again occupied by Armenian refugees from the Turkish town of Bayazet or Bayazid.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Novo-Radomsk

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​NOVO-RADOMSK, or Radomsko, a town of Russian Poland, in the government of Piotrków, 28 m. by rail S.S.W. of the town of Piotrków. It has factories for bentwood furniture, woollens and cloth, tanneries, ironworks and sawmills, and is the centre of a very active trade. Pop. (1900) 14,464, many being Jews.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nowgong (Bengal and Assam)

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​NOWGONG, a town and district of British India, in the Brahmaputra Valley division of eastern Bengal and Assam. The town is situated on the Kalang river. Pop. (1901) 4430. The district of Nowgong has an area of 3843 sq. m. It consists of a wide plain overgrown with jungle and canebrakes, intersected by numerous tributaries of the Brahmaputra, and dotted with shallow marshes. The Mikir hills cover an area of about 65 m. by 35 in the S. of the district; the highest peak is about 3500 ft. The slopes are very steep, and are covered with dense forest. ​The Kamakhya hills near the bank of the Brahmaputra, are about 1500 ft. high. On the summit of the highest peak is a celebrated temple of Kamakhya, the local goddess of love, where three annual festivals are held. The staple crop is rice. Tea cultivation and manufacture are carried on by European capital and under European supervision, though the soil and climate are not so favourable as in Upper Assam. The population in 1901 was 261,160, showing a decrease of 24·8% in the decade, due to the extreme unhealthiness of the climate. In the previous ten years the number of deaths recorded from fever and kala azar was 93,824. The section of the Assam-Bengal railway from Gauhati to the hills passes through part of the district, but not very near Nowgong town; and feeder roads to the stations lead from the main road that runs parallel to the Kalang river.
See Nowgong District Gazetteer (Calcutta, 1905).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Novocherkassk

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​NOVOCHERKASSK, a town of Russia, capital of the Don Cossacks territory, situated on a hill 400 ft. above the plain, at the confluence of the Don with the Aksai, 45 m. from the Sea of Azov, and 32 m. by rail N.E. from Rostov. Pop. (1897) 52,005. It was founded in 1805, when the inhabitants of the Cherkassk stanitsa (now Old Cherkassk) were compelled to leave their abodes on the banks of the Don on account of the frequent inundations. The town is an archiepiscopal see of the Orthodox Greek Church, and possesses a cathedral (1904), a museum, the palace of the ataman (chief) of the Cossacks, and monuments to M. I. Platov (a Cossack chief) and T. Yermak (1904), the conqueror of West Siberia. Wide suburbs extend to the S.W., and the right bank of the Aksai is dotted with the villas of the Cossack officials. Manufactures make slow progress. An active trade is carried on in corn, wine and timber (exports), and manufactures and grocery wares (imports).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Novogeorgievsk

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​NOVOGEORGIEVSK. (1) A town of Russia, usually known under the name of Krylov, in the government of Kherson, at the confluence of the Tyasmin with the Dnieper, 17 m. W.N.W. of Kremenchug. Its fort was erected by the Poles in 1615. The inhabitants carry on a lively trade in timber, grain and cattle, and have a few flourmills and candle-works. Pop. (1897) 11,214. (2) A first-class fortress of Russian Poland (called Modlin till 1831), at the confluence of the Narev (Bug) with the Vistula, 23 m. by rail N.W. of Warsaw. Modlin was first fortified under the Napoleonic régime in 1807, and in the wars of 1813 and 1830–31 underwent several sieges. Since that time the Russians have made many additions to the works, and the place now forms, with Warsaw, Ivangorod and Brest-Litovsk, the so-called Polish Quadrilateral. The strength of Novogeorgievsk lies mainly in the new circle of eight powerful forts, erected at a mean distance of 10 m. from the enceinte. The importance of the fortress lies in the fact that it prevents Warsaw from being turned by a force on the lower Vistula and commands the railway between Danzig and Warsaw.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Novorossiysk

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​NOVOROSSIYSK, a seaport town of S. Russia, in the Chernomorsk or Black Sea territory, on a bay of the same name (also named Tsemes), on the N.E. coast of the Black Sea. Pop. (1900) 40,384. The bay, nearly 3 m. wide at its entrance on the E., and 5 m. deep from E. to W., is exposed to the N.E. wind (bora), which sweeps down from the Caucasus Mountains with great violence. There is an artificial harbour (1893) protected by a mole. Novorossiysk is connected by a branch railway to Tikhoryetskaya (169 m.) with the main Caucasian line, which crosses the Volga near Tsaritsyn, and has become an important centre for the export of corn, and since the petroleum wells of Groznyi in northern Caucasia were tapped it has become an entrepôt for the export of petroleum. Cement is manufactured. Large grain elevators have been built, and a new commercial town has grown up. Besides cereals, which amount to 69% of the whole, the exports consist of petroleum and petroleum waste, oilcake, linseed, timber, bran, millet seed, wool, potash, zinc ore and liquorice, the total annual value ranging between 31/2 and 51/4 millions sterling. The imports are small. Some 1500 acres in the vicinity of the town are planted with vines. Novorossiysk has belonged to Russia since 1829.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Luttrell, Henry

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​LUTTRELL, HENRY (c. 1765–1851), English wit and writer of society verse, was the illegitimate son of Henry Lawes Luttrell, 2nd earl of Carhampton (1743–1821), a grandson of Colonel Henry Luttrell (c. 1655–1717), who served James II. in Ireland in 1689 and 1690, and afterwards deserted him, being murdered in Dublin in November 1717. Colonel Luttrell’s son Simon (1713–1787) was created earl of Carhampton in 1785, and the latter’s son was Henry Lawes Luttrell. Before succeeding to the peerage, the 2nd earl, then Colonel Luttrell, had won notoriety by opposing John Wilkes at the Middlesex election of 1769. He was beaten at the poll, but the House of Commons declared that he and not Wilkes had been elected. In 1796 he was made commander of the forces in Ireland and in 1798 he became a general. Being an Irish peer, Carhampton was able to sit in the English parliament until his death in April 1821. The earldom became extinct on the death of his brother John, the 3rd earl, in 1829.
Henry Luttrell secured a seat in the Irish parliament in 1798 and a post in the Irish government, which he commuted for a pension. Introduced into London society by the duchess of Devonshire, his wit made him popular. Soon he began to write verse, in which the foibles of fashionable people were outlined. In 1820 he published his Advice to Julia, of which a second edition, altered and amplified, appeared in 1823 as Letters to Julia in Rhyme. This poem, suggested by the ode to Lydia in the first book of Horace’s Odes, was his most important work. His more serious literary contemporaries nicknamed it “Letters of a Dandy to a Dolly.” In 1827 in Crockford House he wrote a satire on the high play then in vogue. Byron characterized him as “the best sayer of good things, and the most epigrammatic conversationist I ever met”; Sir Walter Scott wrote of him as “the great London wit,” and Lady Blessington described him as the one talker “who always makes me think.” Luttrell died in London on the 19th of December 1851.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Luther League

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​LUTHER LEAGUE, a religious association for young people in the United States of America. It began with a local society founded by delegates of six Lutheran church societies in New York City in 1888. The first national convention was held at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, on the 30th and 31st of October 1895. The basis of the league is the Augsburg Confession. Its membership is open to “any society of whatever name connected with a Lutheran congregation or a Lutheran institution of learning.” According to the constitution its objects are “to encourage the formation of the young people’s societies in all Lutheran congregations in America, to urge their affiliation with their respective state or territorial leagues, and with this league to stimulate the various young people’s societies to greater Christian activity and to foster the spirit of loyalty to the church.” The league publishes a monthly paper, The Luther League Review, in Washington. According to its official report it had 70,000 members in 1906, which had increased to more than 100,000 in 1910.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lutterworth

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​LUTTERWORTH, a market town in the Harborough parliamentary division of Leicestershire, England; 90 m. N.N.W. from London by the Great Central railway. Pop. (1901) 1734. It lies in a pleasant undulating country on the small river Swift, an affluent of the Avon. The church of St Mary is a fine building, ​mainly Decorated and Perpendicular, wherein are preserved relics of John Wycliffe, who was rector here from 1374 until his death in 1384. The exhumation and burning of his body in 1428, when the ashes were cast into the Swift, gave rise to the saying that their distribution by the river to the ocean resembled that of Wycliffe’s doctrines over the world. Wycliffe is further commemorated by a modern obelisk in the town. Trade is principally agricultural.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Luton

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​LUTON, a market town and municipal borough in the southern or Luton parliamentary division of Bedfordshire, England, 30 m. N.W. by N. of London by the Midland railway, served also by a branch of the Great Northern. Pop. (1901) 36,404. It lies in a narrow valley on the south flank of the Chiltern Hills, on the upper part of the river Lea. The church of St Mary is mainly Decorated, but has portions of Early English and Perpendicular work. It has brasses and monuments of interest and a late Decorated baptistery of stone, an ornate roofed structure, octagonal in form. The font within it is Early English. Luton is the principal seat in England of the straw-plait manufacture, and large quantities of hats and other straw goods have been exported, though in recent years the industry has suffered from increased foreign competition. The industry originated with the colony of straw-plaiters transplanted by James I. from Scotland, whither they had been brought from Lorraine by Queen Mary. The town has also foundries, motor car works and other manufactures. The borough is under a mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors. Area, 3133 acres.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lutsk

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​LUTSK (Polish, Luck), a town of southern Russia, in the government of Volhynia, on the Styr, 51 m. by rail N.W. of Kovel. Pop. (1900) 17,701. It is supposed to have been founded in the 7th century; in the 11th century it was known as Luchesk, and was the chief town of an independent principality. In the 15th century it was the seat of a bishop and became wealthy, but during the wars between Russia and Poland in the second half of the 16th century, and especially after the extermination of its 40,000 inhabitants, it lost its importance. In 1791 it was taken by Russia. Its inhabitants, many of them Jews, live mainly by shipping goods on the Styr. Among its buildings is a 16th-century castle. Lutsk is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Luthardt, Christoph Ernst

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​LUTHARDT, CHRISTOPH ERNST (1823–1902), German Lutheran theologian, was born at Maroldsweisach, Bavaria, on the 22nd of March 1823. He studied theology at Erlangen and Berlin, and in 1856 became professor ordinarius of systematic theology and New Testament exegesis at Leipzig. In 1865 he was made a counsellor to the consistory, in 1871 canon of Meissen cathedral, and in 1887 a privy councillor to the church. He died at Leipzig on the 21st of September 1902. A strictly orthodox theologian, and a clear writer, though not a very profound scholar, Luthardt became widely appreciated as the author of apologetic lectures. These were collected under the title Apologie des Christentums (vol. i., 1864, 14th ed. 1896; vol. ii. 7th ed., 1901; vol. iii. 7th ed., 1898; vol. iv. 2nd ed., 1880), a work of which the first three volumes have been translated into English. In 1868 he founded and edited the Allgemeine evang.-lutherische Kirchenzeitung, with its supplement the Theologisches Litteraturblatt, and in 1880 became editor of the Zeitschrift für kirchl. Wissenschaft und kirchl. Leben.
His other works include Das Johanneische Evangelium . . . erklärt (1852–1853; 2nd ed. in 2 vols., 1875–1876), Offenbarung Johannis erklärt (1861), Lehre von den letzten Dingen (1861; 3rd ed. 1885); Kompendium der Dogmatik (1865; 9th ed., 1893), Geschichte der christlichen Ethik (2 vols., 1888–1893), Gnade und Wahrheit (1874), Das Wort des Lebens (1877) and Gnade und Frieden (1880). His autobiography was published with the title Erinnerungen aus vergangenen Tagen (1889; 2nd ed., 1891).