OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rachel, Mlle.

Edition of 1905. See also Rachel (actress) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RACHEL, rȧ'shĕl', Mlle. (1821-58). A celebrated French tragic actress, whose real name was Elisabeth Rachel-Félix. She was born of Jewish parents at an inn in the Swiss village of Mumpf. Her father was a peddler. The family settled for a time at Lyons, where she and her elder sister Sarah used to sing in the streets and cafés. In 1830 they came to Paris. There her singing attracted the attention of Choron, an eminent teacher of music, and he took her as a pupil. Her voice after all proved not very promising, but her dramatic gifts were evident, and she began studying under Saint-Aulaire, the actor. Later she was a pupil in the Conservatoire. In 1837 she secured a position at the Gymnase and made a début which excited no great attention. A few critics, however, perceived her genius, among them Jules Janin, and Mlle. Mars (q.v.) likewise foresaw her future greatness. On June 12, 1838, she made her appearance upon the stage of the Comédie Française, as Camille in Corneille's tragedy of Horace. In this rôle and in a series of other impersonations from the classic repertory she achieved great success, and popular admiration of her performances grew to such enthusiasm that for years she was without a rival in the great tragic rôles of Corneille, Racine, and Voltaire. It was in Racine's Phèdre that the zenith of her artistic career was reached (1843). Another of her triumphs was in Adrienne Lecouvreur, which was written for her by Scribe and Legouvé, but in other modern rôles she was less fortunate. Her relations with her colleagues at the Théâtre Français were by no means always pleasant. Her caprices were without number. In her tours abroad she met with great success, especially in England in 1841 and later, and in Russia in 1852. Her health and popularity in Paris were both failing when in 1855, the year of Adelaide Ristori's first Parisian appearance, Rachel undertook a tour to America with her brother Raphael as manager. She was warmly greeted, though the returns were disappointing, and she soon went back to France in utter physical prostration. A visit to Egypt failed to restore her, and she died of consumption at Canet, near Toulon, January 3, 1858.
Of the details of her private life, which was not exemplary, little need be said. She was constant to her family and helped her sisters who went upon the stage. As an artist, within the limits prescribed by her genius, she was perhaps never equaled. “She does not act—she suffers,”
one said of her. Her Phèdre was a portrayal of human agony never to be forgotten.
Matthew Arnold's three sonnets upon her are well known. Consult the Memoirs of Rachel, by Madame de B—— (Eng. trans., New York, 1858), which are not, however, altogether reliable; Janin, Rachel et la tragédie (Paris, 1858); D'Heylli, Rachel d'après sa correspondance (Paris, 1882); Kennard, Rachel (Boston, 1888); De Mireoourt, “Rachel,” in Les contemporains (Paris, 1854).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Quo Warranto

Edition of 1905. See also Quo warranto on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​QUO WARRANTO (Lat., by what warrant). A legal action or proceeding brought to determine the right of an individual or corporation to a public office, franchise, or privilege, and to have a usurper removed by order of a court of competent jurisdiction. This remedy is said to have originated in the twelfth century in England, and was originally commenced by a writ of quo warranto in the name of the Crown, and commanding the alleged usurper to show ‘by what warrant’ he claimed the right or privilege in question. The inquiry was made by a royal commission, and the person named in the writ was often deprived of the rights he claimed without judicial proceedings. To remedy this a statute was enacted in the reign of Edward I. requiring that such cases should be tried by the action of quo warranto. This was begun by an ‘information in the nature of a quo warranto’ being filed by a public prosecutor on behalf of the Crown. By a statute in the reign of Anne, private individuals were permitted, on obtaining leave from a court, to file these ‘informations.’
In most of the United States such proceedings are brought in the name of the Attorney-General of the State in his official capacity, or in his name ‘on relation of’ a private individual. These proceedings can only be brought in the highest courts of original jurisdiction or appellate courts. In most States quo warranto proceedings may be brought against persons wrongfully claiming to occupy public offices; against the officers of private corporations where the latter assume unlawful privileges and powers; against the officers of public or municipal corporations, where franchises are unlawfully exercised by them; or against any person unlawfully claiming and exercising control over a public franchise or privilege such as a ferry franchise or banking privileges. The right of a foreign corporation to do business in a State may be questioned in this manner. Defeated candidates sometimes cause an investigation into the election returns and the rights of their successful opponents by quo warranto proceedings, but many States have provided special statutory proceedings for determining contested elections. A quo warranto proceeding can only be brought to try a right or eligibility to an office, and not to remove a lawful incumbent for official misconduct. The statutes of the various States should be consulted for the details of procedure. Consult also: High, Treatise on Extraordinary Legal Remedies (3d ed., Chicago, 1896); Spelling, A Treatise on Extraordinary Relief (2d ed., Boston, 1901).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Quotidian Fever

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​QUOTIDIAN FEVER. See Ague; Malaria and Malarial Fever.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Virginius

Edition of 1905. See also James Sheridan Knowles on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ VIRGIN′IUS. A tragedy by James Sheridan Knowles, produced first at Glasgow, and then at Covent Garden, May 17, 1820, with Macready as Virginius, Miss Foote as Virginia, and Charles Kemble as Icilius. The author received a poem of congratulation from Charles Lamb. The subject had been suggested to Knowles by Kean; but when the drama was completed, Kean found himself unable to produce it.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Vizagapatam

Edition of 1905. See also Vizagapatam on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VIZAGAPATAM, ve-zagu-pu-tam'. A sea-port and capital of a district in Madras, British India. 178 miles northeast of Masulipatam, at the mouth of a small estuary, on an inlet of the Bay of Bengal (Map: India, D 5). The harbor is shallow and small. Panjam cloth, bags, and carved and other fancy wares are extensively manufactured. The population in 1901 was 40,892, including a large number of Europeans who reside in the suburb of Waltair. Vizagapatam came under control of the English in 1768.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Vizzini

Edition of 1905. See also Vizzini on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VIZZINI, vet-se'ne. A town of the Province of Catania, in Sicily, Italy, 41 miles by rail southwest of Catania (Map: Italy, -J 10). It has a large fruit industry. Population (commune), in 1901, 17,704.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Vizcaino, Sebastian

Edition of 1905. See also Sebastián Vizcaíno on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VIZCAINO, veth'ka-e'no, Sebastian (e.1550-1615). A. Spanish explorer, born in Huelva. He became chief pilot of New Spain, and in 1596-97 attempted unsuccessfully to explore Lower California. In 1602-03 he explored and carefully surveyed the coast north of Cape Mendocino, discovered a bay, which he named Monterey in honor of the Viceroy, and dispatched northward from Cape Orford a vessel which sailed to 46° north latitude, and reached the mouth of a large river, probably the Columbia. The observations made by him on the California coast were used by Enrico Martinez in constructing thirty-two charts, which are still preserved in the archives of the Council of the Indies. His reports on his two voyages to California were published by Torque-mada in Monarquia Indiana (Madrid, 1615), and the greater part of them can be found in Burney's Collection of Voyages to the South Sea (London, 1811).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Vlaardingen

Edition of 1905. See also Vlaardingen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VLAARDINGEN, vlar'ding-en. A quaint old town of the Province of South Holland, Netherlands, at the mouth of the Meuse. five miles west of Rotterdam (Map: Netherlands, C 3). There are a handsome church and town hall. It is a centre for the cod and herring fishery of the Netherlands, more than 125 boats and 1500 men being engaged in that occupation. Population, in 1899, 16,661.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Volk, Douglas

Edition of 1905. See also Douglas Volk on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
VOLK, Douglas (1856—). An American figure painter, born in Pittsfield, Mass. He studied in Paris under Gérôme, and in Italy. After his return to America he taught at the Cooper Institute, New York City (1879-84), organized the Minneapolis School of Fine Arts (1886), and again taught at the Cooper Union and the Art Students' League. His paintings, which usually combine figure and landscape, exhibit good drawing and fine color. Notable among them is “The Arrow,” which won the Carnegie prize at the Society of American Artists in 1903. Other works include “In Brittany” (1876); “Domestic Life in Normandy” (1878); “Puritan Girl” (1881); and “A Girl of the Colonies” (1903). He was elected to the National Academy of Design in 1899.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Vizier

Edition of 1905. See also Vizier on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VIZIER, viz'yer, or VIZIR, vi-zer' (Arab. wazir, carrier of burdens, counselor, from wazara, to bear burdens). A title of State functionaries in the Ottoman Empire and other Mohammedan States. It was first employed by Abul Abbas, the first Abbasside caliph, about 750; in the Ottoman realm it was introduced by the Sultan Orkhan (1326-59). Originally used as a designation of the Prime Minister, the title was conferred in 1386 by Amurath I. on his victorious general, Timur-tash. From this period the number of viziers was gradually increased. The Grand Vizier is, after the Sultan, the most important personage of the Turkish Empire: he unites in his own person the whole powers of the State, and is charged with a corresponding responsibility.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Vizetelly, Henry Richard

Edition of 1905. See also Henry Vizetelly on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VIZETELLY, Henry Richard (1820-1894). An English printer, publisher, and author, born in the parish of Saint Botolph, London. As an engraver he worked under John William Bonnar and Orrin Smith, and his best work was for an edition of Longfellow's Poems. With Herbert Ingram, the founder, Vizetelly was prominent in establishing the Illustrated London News in 1842. In 1852 he began the publication of books, and about this time he issued a reprint of Uncle Tom's Cabin, which was very successful. He vigorously opposed the newspaper stamp duty and was sued for penalties amounting to $60,000 for publishing his newspaper, the Illustrated Times (founded 1855), without the stamp; his example was followed by other newspaper proprietors, the duty was abolished, and the penalties were not enforced. He was in Paris throughout its siege by the Germans, and subsequently published a description of events in that city entitled Paris in Peril (1882). Afterwards he established a publishing house in London. He issued translations of Zola's novels, and, on the ground that these were 'obscene libels,' he was fined and imprisoned for three months. His brother Frank, illustrator and war correspondent, born 1830, was with the army of Hicks Pasha at El-Obcid in November, 1883, and probably perished in the Kashgil massacre. Several sons of Henry Richard Vizetelly achieved prominence: Edward Henry (1848-1903), journalist, war correspondent, and author; Ernest Alfred (1853— ), journalist, war correspondent, and translator, particularly of Zola; Arthur (1853— ), editor and translator; and Frank Horace (1864 — ). author and encyclopaedist.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Vizianagram

Edition of 1905. See also Vizianagram on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VIZIANAGRAM, ve'ze'-u-nu-gram'. A town in the Vizagapatam district, Madras, British India, 30 miles north by east of the city of Vizagapatam (Map: India, D 5). It has a Maharaja College and a library. The city is the residence of a Zamindar or Raja, who controls one of the largest and most ancient estates in India. Population, in 1901, 37,270.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Vogel, Eduard

Edition of 1905. See also Eduard Vogel on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
VOGEL, fō'gel, Eduard (1829-56). A German explorer, born at Crefeld. He was educated at Leipzig and at Berlin, where he studied with Encke; and was attached for two years to Bishop's Observatory in London. In 1853 he was commissioned by the British Government to assist Overweg and Barth in their explorations of Central Africa. Passing through Tripoli, he reached Murzuk in August, 1853, Kuka in January of 1854, and in December met Barth near Bundi. Returning with the latter to Kuka, on Lake Chad, he then proceeded southward alone to Yakuba, and was the first white man ever seen in that region. The remainder of 1855 he spent in the vicinity of Yakuba and the Benue River. In November and December he went back to Bornu and Kuka. Early in 1856 he started eastward for the Nile, and penetrated as far as Wadai. But in Wara he was apprehended by the Sultan and killed, probably about February 8th. Several expeditions were undertaken in search of him, the most noteworthy of which was that of Heuglin in 1860. It was not until 1873, however, that his fate was finally ascertained by Nachtigal. His sister, Elise Polko, published his notes in her Erinnerungen an einen Verschollenen (1863). Consult Pahde, Der Afrikaforscher Eduard Vogel (Hamburg, 1889).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fort Smith, Ark.

See also Fort Smith, Arkansas on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Fort Smith, Ark., a city on the Arkansas River, on the western confines of the state and adjoining Oklahoma. Here is a United States military reservation devoted to educational purposes, and the city school system consists of nine schools with 85 teachers and 3,500 pupils. It lies 160 miles northwest of Little Rock, and is the seat of the United States district-court of the western district of Arkansas. Its factories include mills, iron-foundries, machine-shops, furniture and wagon-factories etc. It is served by seven railway-systems. Population 23,975.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fort Wayne

See also Fort Wayne, Indiana on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Fort Wayne, the county-seat of Allen County, in northeastern Indiana, is 148 miles southeast of Chicago. It is situated at the head of Maumee River, covers nearly 15 square miles, and is the third city of Indiana in population. It is an important steam and interurban railway-center, has a large number of manufactures, including knitting-mills, car-wheel and machine-shops, agricultural implements and electrical apparatus, shirt waist and glove-manufactories, steam-engine works etc. The public buildings are exceptionally fine. It has many school-buildings and churches, and is the seat of a Catholic bishopric. Concordia College, a nourishing institution of the German Lutheran church, is located in Fort Wayne. Its population in 1900 was 45,115, and it has a present population of 63,933.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fort Moultrie

See also Fort Moultrie on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Fort Moultrie is on Sullivan's Island, situated at the entrance to Charleston harbor, South Carolina. It was first built of palmetto-logs and earth, mounting 26 guns, and was unsuccessfully attacked by a British fleet of nine vessels, mounting 270 guns, in 1776. It was afterward rebuilt in masonry. In the Civil War it fell into the hands of the Confederates, when Major Anderson abandoned it for Fort Sumter in December of 1860.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fort Scott, Kan.

See also Fort Scott, Kansas on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Fort Scott, Kan., the capital of Bourbon County, on Marmaton River in southeastern Kansas, 96 miles south of Kansas City, is the center of a region rich in bituminous coal, cement-rock deposits and extensive flagstone-quarries. The chief revenue is derived from its two railroad-shops, which employ more than 1,000 hands. Besides, there are manufactories of brick, machinery and syrup. Fort Scott is the largest horse and mule-market of the state. The buildings, chiefly those of the national and county governments, are substantial and commodious, and the city is attractively situated. For some reason, however, its population has not grown in the past decade: it now numbers 10,463 inhabitants.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fortress Monroe

See also Fortress Monroe on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Fortress Monroe, a fort built on Old Point Comfort, Virginia, to defend Hampton Roads and the approach to Norfolk. It has within it detached buildings for officers' quarters, barracks, storehouses, arsenal, workshops, the artillery school, etc. It can mount 187 guns. The fortress is six-sided, and is surrounded by a wet ditch, outside of which are batteries. It covers 80 acres, and cost $2,818,000. It is the largest fort in the United States.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fort Sumter

See also Fort Sumter on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Fort Sumter, a fort built on an island near the entrance to the harbor of Charleston, S. C. When fully equipped, it was to have 140 guns in three tiers; but at the close of 1860 it had not been finished. In December of that year Major Robert Anderson, who was in command, transferred the garrison of Fort Moultrie, only 109 men, to the new fort, on learning that he was unsafe from attack in the old fort. He could mount only 52 light guns. From January to April, 1861, the fort was, in fact, besieged, as President Buchanan had refused to hand over the South Carolina forts to the state government. On April 11 the South Carolinians demanded the surrender of Sumter; and, on this being refused, notice was given that the bombardment would commence at four o'clock the next morning. The fort was seriously damaged by the firing from the shore, which lasted for several hours, but no one was hurt. As provisions and ammunition had given out, Anderson agreed to abandon the works, which he did on April 14. The firing on Fort Sumter was the beginning of the Civil War. The works were stubbornly held by the Confederates till Charleston itself was abandoned in February, 1865, and during the war they were the city's chief defense. The fort was, however, bombarded by a Federal monitor fleet, and later by batteries on Morris Island, and shot into a shapeless ruin.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fort William

See also Fort William, Ontario on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Fort William, situated on the north shore of Lake Superior, is four hundred and twenty-seven miles east of Winnipeg, at the mouth of Kaministiquia River. The river affords a natural harbor where vessels drawing twenty feet of water can sail for five miles, and both of its banks can be used for manufacturing sites. The city's population is about 10,000. It is the lake terminus of the Canadian Pacific and of the Grand Trunk. It also is on the Canadian Northern. The whole northwest is dependent on Fort William for the outlet of its products. Its growth is rapid and safe. Large sums are being spent by the government for improving its harbor, to better the facilities for handling the ever increasing business of the Canadian marine. The Olgilvie Flour-Mills Co., the Canadian Iron and Foundry Co. and other large industrial concerns are located here. The amount of merchandise brought into Fort William by vessel for transshipment is immense.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fort Worth

See also Fort Worth on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Fort Worth, a city and important railroad center in northern Texas, county-seat of Tarrant County, lies where the West and Clear Forks of Trinity River flow together, about 170 miles north of Austin. It is, next to Dallas, the most important railroad-center in northern Texas, and is the greatest horse and mule-market of the southwest. The country surrounding it is a rich farming region, producing cotton, grain and fruits. The water-supply is obtained from Clear River and two hundred artesian wells. In 1907 it had 60 miles of electric railways. The court-house, city-hall, chamber of commerce and high-school buildings are noteworthy, as are also several of the churches. The swimming-school, costing $70,000, is one of the institutions of the city. Besides large stock-yards and meat-packing establishments, here are the car-works and shops of the Fort Worth and Denver, Texas Pacific and Rio Grande railroads. The Roman Catholics have an academy, and Fort Worth University is located here, as is also a Polytechnic College. The city possesses an excellent public-school system, several business colleges and a medical school. There are rolling-mills, iron-foundries, a jute-factory, a woven-wire factory and manufactories of flour, cotton and woolen goods, leather etc. There was but one house within the city-limits in 1872; the number of its inhabitants in 1876 was only a little over 1,000. The population, which in 1900 was 26,688, is at present 73,312.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Forth

See also River Forth on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Forth, a river and firth of Scotland. The river is formed by two head-streams, the Duchray and the Dhu, rising within a mile of Aberfoyle and not far from Ben Lomond. The Firth of Forth extends 51 miles eastward from Alloa to the German Ocean. Its waters are from three to thirty-seven fathoms deep. In 1882-89 a great railway bridge was built across the firth at Queens-ferry, being one and a quarter miles in length.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Michigan City

Edition of 1905. See also Michigan City, Indiana on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ ​MICHIGAN CITY. A city in Laporte County, Ind., 50 miles east of Chicago, Ill.; on Lake Michigan, and on the Lake Erie and Western, the Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville, and the Michigan Central railroads (Map: Indiana, C 1). It is the seat of the Northern Indiana State Prison, and has a public library, a United States life-saving station, a public park on the lake front, and a soldiers' monument. There are good transportation facilities, to which are due the city's large commercial interests, the trade being principally in lumber, salt, and iron ore. The manufactures of railroad cars, chairs, hosiery and knit goods, lumber and products of lumber are important. The government, as provided by the charter of 1867 and numerous amendments thereto, is vested in a mayor, who holds office for two years, and a common council, which elects all administrative officials, excepting the statutory municipal officers, who are chosen by popular vote. The city owns and operates the water-works. Michigan City was laid out in 1832 and settled in the following year. It was incorporated in 1837. Population, in 1890, 10,776; in 1900, 14,850.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Michigan Herring

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ ​MICHIGAN HERRING. The cisco (q.v.).