OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Amos

See also Amos on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ A′mos, one of the minor Hebrew prophets, lived about 800 B. C. He was a herdsman and a dresser of sycamore trees in the region of Tekoa, a fortified town south of Judah. He vigorously denounced the idolatry of the Jews, and prophesied the anger of God against idolatrous nations. His language is remarkable for its simplicity and clearness.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Amphitheater

See also Amphitheatre on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Amphithe′ater. See Colosseum.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ammon

See also Amun on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Am'mon, an Egyptian god, connected by the Greeks and Romans with Zeus or Jupiter. The Egyptians called him Amen, the hidden god, and in the earliest times represented him as a man, but in later times as a ram or a man with a ram's head. He had famous temples in Thebes, Egypt, and on the oasis of Ammon in the Libyan desert and in many other places.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Amphibia

See also Amphibian on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Amphibia (ăm-fĭb′ e-a), a natural class of vertebrate animals including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, etc. The peculiarity about the amphibia is that they pass through a tadpole state. They are at first adapted to living in the water and breathe by gills and have no legs; but they gradually change; usually the gills disappear, and lungs and legs are developed. They are in a way intermediate between fishes and land animals. Sometimes the gills are retained throughout life, as in the mud-puppy (Necturus) and Mexican axolott. These forms have both lungs and gills. The salamanders are like lizards in form but are different in structure and development. Fossil amphibia are found imbedded in the rocks with a body as large as an ox. See Frog, Toad, Salamander, etc.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ami, Henry M.

See also Henri-Marc Ami on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ami (ä' mee), Henry M. M. A., D. Sc., F. G. S. and F. R. S. of Canada, was born at Belle Riviére, near Montreal, Nov. 23, 1858. He is the son of the late Rev. Marc Ami of Geneva, Switzerland. He was educated in the Ottawa public and grammar schools and at McGill University, where he took high honors, and in 1903 was awarded the Bigsby medal by the Geological society of London, Eng. He has been the paleontologist of the geological survey of Canada since 1882, and is the author of many papers on the paleontology and chronological geology of Canada. His home is in Ottawa, and there he edited the Naturalist, from 1895 to 1900.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Amiens

See also Amiens on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Amiens (ä' mē-ăn'), a manufacturing city of France, formerly the most important in Picardy. It possesses a venerable and famous cathedral. Population, 93,207. The well-known treaty of Amiens, which ended a war that had lasted ten years, was made by Great Britain with France, Holland and Spain in 1802. England gave up all of its conquests of the war, except Ceylon and Trinidad. France gave up Naples, and Egypt was restored to Turkey. In the Franco-German War, Amiens fell for a time into the hands of the Germans (November 1870), while the latter gained a great victory over the French Army of the Loire.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ammen, Daniel

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Am'men, Daniel, was born May 15, 1820, in Ohio, and entered the navy as midshipman in 1836. During the Civil War he took part in the battle of Port Royal, and in the attacks on Fort Fisher and Fort Sumter. He became commodore and afterward rear-admiral, retiring in 1878. He died July 11, 1898.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Amoor

See also Amur on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Amoor′ or Amur, a river of eastern Asia, 1,800 miles long. It forms a part of the boundary between Siberia and China, and flows into the Sea of Okhotsk. Length of river, including its chief tributary, the Argun, 2,800 miles, of which over 2,000 are navigable. In 1858, Russia had ceded to her the whole of the left bank of the Amur; since then, in taking possession of the Amur Valley, she has occupied much also of the right bank of the river. Amur is also a Russian province in Siberia, area 172,826 square miles; population, 119,909.
# The New Student's Reference Work/El Paso, Texas

See also El Paso, Texas on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​El Paso, Texas, the county-seat of El Paso County and the northwestern gateway into Mexico, is situated on the Rio Grande River, on the southern boundary of New Mexico. Five of the great lines of railway-travel center here, but connect with the Pacific coast and the Mexican capital. The city has a high elevation and a mean annual temperature of 63° F. Near by are extensive salt-deposits as well as minerals. The United States government maintains a military post here. The population, which is a mixed one, including a number of Mexicans, Indian half-breeds, etc., numbers 39,279.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Eldon, John Scott

See also John Scott, 1st Earl of Eldon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​El′don, John Scott, an English lord-chancellor, better known as Lord Eldon, was born in 1751. After studying at Oxford University for some years, he took to the law and soon gained great success as a lawyer. He entered the house of commons in 1783, was knighted and appointed solicitor-general in 1788, and made attorney-general in 1793. In 1799 he was appointed chief-justice of the court of common pleas, and in 1801, as Baron Eldon, he became lord-chancellor, a position he held, with only a short intermission, for twenty-six years. He died in 1838.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Electric Welding

See also Electric resistance welding and Arc welding on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Electric Welding, the process of welding two pieces of metal together by using the heat produced by an electric current. The process developed by Elihu Thomson is practically the only one used. In this the pieces to be welded are held in proper supports, and a large electric current at a very low pressure is sent through the joint from piece to piece. The passage of a large current causes a local production of heat in the metals on each side of the joint, and the metals are pressed together when at the proper temperature, a perfect weld being formed. Practically all kinds of metals can be welded in this way, and even different metals can be welded together, as copper and brass. Welds can also be made by this method in pieces whose shape would prevent welding by ordinary processes. The current used is an alternating current, often of thirty or forty thousand amperes and of correspondingly low pressure. Welding-currents are produced by a special transformer which forms part of the apparatus. The apparatus takes different forms, depending on the shape and size of the work to be handled. For joining two wires it has a very simple form, but for welding pipe or welding artillery-projectiles machines of special form are required.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Eliot, George

See also George Eliot on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* GEORGE ELIOT
Eliot, George, the name by which the great English novelist, Marian Evans, is known. She was born in Warwickshire, Nov. 22, 1819. Her father was a man of strong character, and after her mother's death in 1836 Marian took charge of the house. She was well-educated, and was a wide reader. When she was just of age, her father removed to Faleshill Road on the outskirts of Coventry. Here she became acquainted with Charles Bray, the author of several works in philosophy, and formed a close friendship with his wife and her sister and brother, Sarah and Charles Hennell. Through their influence she began to give up her early belief in Christianity. In 1846 she published a translation of the German writer Strauss' Life of Jesus, and she later translated other philosophical works. In 1850 she began to write for the Edinburgh Review, and next year became its assistant-editor. Her first stories, Scenes from Clerical Life, appeared in Blackwoods' Magazine in 1857, and at once gave her a wide reputation. Two years later she published Adam Bede, which fixed her place among the greatest English novelists. This was followed by The Mill on the Floss, Silas Marner, Romola, Felix Holt, Middlemarch and Daniel Deronda. Of her poetry, The Spanish Gypsy and The Legend of Jubal are well-known, though they do not rank with her prose-works. As a novelist George Eliot is specially noted for power in describing the growth of character. Her subjects are all representatives of distinct traits of character. Her first husband, the author G. H. Lewes (q.v.), died in 1878. She married John Cross in 1880, but died December 22nd of the same year. See Life of George Eliot by J. W. Cross and R. H. Hutton's Modern Guides of English Thought.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Elbe

See also Elbe on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Elbe, a large river of northern Europe, takes its rise from the flowing together of many small streams which have their origin on the southern side of the Giants' Mountains on the northern border of Bohemia. Its total length is about 725 miles, and it is navigable for 525 miles, but for sea-vessels only up to Hamburg (84 miles). Of its many tributaries the most important are the Moldau, Eger, Mulde, Saale and Havel, and in connection with these is a fine system of canals. The general direction of the river is northwestward, and it empties into the North Sea at Cuxhaven, where its mouth is ten miles wide. Within the mouth, which really is an arm of the sea, the tide rises about ten feet. The numerous islands between Hamburg and Harburg divide the river into several branches, and between Hamburg and the sea the sandbanks and shoals leave only a very narrow channel. The navigation was formerly hindered by all sorts of tolls, but these were all abolished in 1870.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Elves

See also the disclaimer.
​Elves. See Fairies.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Elba

See also Elba on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Elba. See Napoleon.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Electoral College

See also Electoral college on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Electoral College. The persons who, according to the political system of the United States, are chosen by the people ​of the different states to elect the president and vice-president are called electors, and the electors of all the states form the electoral college. Each state chooses a number of electors equal to the number of members it sends to both houses of Congress; but no member of Congress or person holding civil office under the United States can serve as an elector. The electors are chosen on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November in every fourth year preceding the year in which the presidential term expires. They meet in their respective states on the second Monday in January, and cast their votes. They were originally intended to use their own judgment in casting their votes, but now they simply vote for the candidates nominated by the party by which they have been chosen as electors. The votes are then opened and counted by both houses of Congress, in joint session, on the second Wednesday of February. If no candidate has a majority of all the votes, the house of representatives chooses the president by ballot from the three who have the highest number of votes, each state having one vote; the vice-president is similarly chosen by the senate. See Johnson's American Politics and Andrews' Manual of the Constitution.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Metamorphosis

See also Metamorphosis on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Metamorphosis (mĕt′ ȧ-môr′-fō̇-sĭs), change of form in the life of an animal following the embryo-stage. It may be complete or incomplete; in the former there is change of form and habit, as with toads and frogs; in the latter the newly-hatched young closely resemble the parent, as with grasshoppers, the young differing from adults only in absence of wings. Owing to metamorphosis species are protected. While one form may suffer from certain causes, another form survives and carries on the race. See Larva, Nymph and Pupa.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Meridian

See also Meridian (geography) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Merid′ian, from meridies, midday, noon, is the great circle passing through the earth's surface and the celestial sphere, which passes through both poles of the heavens and the zenith and nadir of any place on the earth's surface. Every place, therefore, on the earth's surface has its own meridian. When the center of the sun comes upon the meridian of any place it is midday or noon there. But, as it is midday at all places directly under that meridian, it is midnight at all places directly opposite upon the other side of the globe. All places under the same meridian therefore have the same longitude. Stars are measured as to their distance from the celestial meridian. In making a map some place is arbitrarily chosen, as Greenwich or Washington, from which longitude is computed by measuring the distances in degrees of their meridians from each other. Since the vast development of railways in the United States it has become more and more important to have all watches mark the same time within certain geographical limits. In consequence, certain meridians have been chosen by the railway authorities as standards of time; and all watches between such meridians, one hour of the sun's journey apart, are set alike. When the distance between two such standard meridians has been traversed, timepieces are so reset as take up or strike off an hour.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Merivale, Charles

See also Charles Merivale on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Mer′ivale, Charles, an English divine and historian, was born in Devonshire in 1808; and died on Dec. 27, 1893. He was educated at Cambridge, where he became both fellow and tutor. He was the preacher for the university from 1838 to 1850, and delivered lectures there in 1861 and in 1864. In 1869 he was appointed dean of Ely. His chief works are Fall of the Roman Republic and History of the Romans under the Empire. He has also written a General History of Rome, Early Church History and Contrast between Pagan and Christian Society, and translated Homer's Iliad. See his Autobiography.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Meridian, Miss.

See also Meridian, Mississippi on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Meridian, Miss., a town in the cotton-belt, capital of Lauderdale County in east-central Mississippi, is 85 miles east of Jackson and 135 northwest of Mobile, Ala. It has a number of educational institutions, including Meridian Academy (Methodist); Lincoln School (Congregational), both for colored students; Meridian Normal College; and East Mississippi Female College (Southern Methodist). Its commerce is chiefly in corn and cotton, and it has steam corn-mills and establishments for the manufacture of cotton-yarn, cottonseed-oil, plows, doors, sashes, blinds and furniture, besides cotton-compresses, cottongins and railroad-shops. Population 23,285.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Meristem

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​ Meristem (mĕr′ĭ-stĕm) (in plants), young tissue whose cells are capable of division, which results in a multiplication of cells. The growing points of stems and roots consist of meristem or meristematic tissue, which produces all the tissues which appear in the mature stems and roots. The cambium (which see) in stems is a kind of meristem, which has the power of forming new wood on one side and new bast on the other. All growing organs are meristematic throughout or in some special part until they are fully grown. An appropriate phrase describing meristem is formative tissue.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Metals

See also the disclaimer.
​Met′als. See Gold, Silver, Lead, Iron etc.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Meteors

See also Meteor on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Me′teors are small bodies traveling in large numbers and in many directions through space. They are known as aërolites, fireballs and shooting stars, and may be seen every clear night, sometimes few only, but at other times in showers. The whole number which the earth meets in one day’s travel is estimated at 7,500,000, but as this large number weighs in all only 100 tons, many of the meteors must be very small. The air acts as a shield, and offers so much frictional resistance that the meteor generally burns. The aërolites are the large masses which actually fall to the earth. Some of them are of iron, some of stone, some of stone and iron. When their fall is noted, there always are a noise, as of an explosion, and a cloud or smoke and a melting of the mass, at least on the surface, showing the action of heat. The iron is combined with nickel, cobalt, copper etc. in a way different from any combination found on the earth, though no new element has been discovered. The falls of aërolites have been more numerous than might be supposed, the British Museum having over 300 specimens of them. The fireballs are brightly-shining bodies seen crossing the sky, and are considered to be aërolites before their explosion and fall. Many hundreds have been observed, Arago giving a list of over 800. They are of all sizes, and travel about 26 miles a second. Shooting-stars may be seen on almost any evening, and if carefully watched will seem to come from the same point in the sky. These points are called radiants, and are named for the constellation in which they are found — as the Leonids, a group whose radiant is in the constellation Leo. When there is a meteoric shower, the earth is passing through a group or swarm of these meteors, which are also moving, as the earth does, each in an orbit of its own. The Leonids, which are seen in November, are calculated to move round the sun once in 33¼ years, the earth crossing their track every year, but only meeting the main swarm when this reaches the point of crossing at the same time as the earth. When this happens, there is a meteoric shower, such as took place on Nov. 13, 1833, when the stars fell like snowflakes and fireballs darted back and forth, making the most wonderful display of the kind ever seen. Astronomers predicted another shower in 1866, and it came within a few hours of the time agreed upon. The latest investigations point to a common origin for these meteors and the comets, or rather indicate that meteoric swarms are composed of disintegrated comets. Besides the great November group, other groups are active in August, April, September and October. See Young’s General Astronomy.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Messiah

See also Messiah (Handel) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Messi′ah. The best known and most popular of all oratorios. Composed to biblical text by George Frederick Händel (1685-1759) in 24 days. First performed in Dublin on Apr. 13, 1742. This work has the advantage arising from the use of some of the most impressive passages of Scripture, upon which it is a true musical commentary. Some of its airs are unequalled for the expression of religious emotion, and many of its choruses are overpowering in upon the hearer who to musical taste unites devotional spirit.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Meteorology

See also Meteorology on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Meteorology (mĕ′ tē̇-ẽr-ŏl′ō̇-jy), the science which deals with the phenomena of the earth’s atmosphere. These phenomena may be grouped under three different heads: aërial phenomena, including winds, cyclones etc.; aqueous phenomena, as rain, fogs, clouds etc.; and luminous phenomena, as lightning, the aurora borealis etc. This science, which is of enormous importance to our race, is universally recognized as yet in en embryonic state. For subjects ordinarily grouped under this head the student is referred to such individual articles as Fog, Cloud, Cyclone, Lightning.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Malakka

See also Malay Peninsula on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Malakka (mȧ-lăk′ȧ) or the Malay Peninsula is the long strip extending from Indo-China southward toward Sumatra. The peninsula begins at the head of the Gulf of Siam, and includes parts of Siam and Burma, covering 75,000 square miles. There are mountain-ranges, covered with forests, running the entire length of the peninsula, with peaks from 6,000 to 8,000 feet in height. The camphor, ebony, teak, sandalwood, cinnamon, rattan, cocoa and nutmeg are the more valuable trees. Malakka is the largest tin-yielding region in the world, and gold, silver, iron and coal are found, though the mines are not much developed. The crops are rice, sugarcane, cotton, tobacco, yams and cocoanuts. Population 95,657. Malakka is the name also of the British settlement in the southwestern part of the peninsula and of its capital. In 1867 Malakka (with Penang) and the island of Singapore were transferred from the Indian government of Britain to the control of the British secretary of state for the colonies, under the designation of the Straits Settlement, and erected into a crown colony. The seat of government is the town of Singapore. Christmas Island and Cocos Islands have since been attached to the Straits Settlements.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Malt

See also Malt on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Malt is made from barley by steeping the grain during about 80 hours, "couching" it until the seed germinates, which may occupy some 12 days, and then drying it in a kiln at a temperature which may vary greatly, but often is from 100° to 150°. See Brewing.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Majorca

See also Majorca on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Majorca (mȧ-jôr′kȧ), the largest of the Balearic Isles; area, 1,310 square miles. In the north are mountains 3,500 to 5,000 feet in height. Olive-groves abound everywhere, and almond, orange, fig and other fruit-trees are common. A London company in 1871 drained 5,000 acres of marsh-lands, which are of extraordinary fertility. Majolica ware is still made here to a small extent. Majorca, with Minorca and Ivica, all lying in the Mediterranean off the coast of Valencia, forms a province of Spain, called Baleáres (or in English the Balearic Isles); total area 1,935 square miles; population 311,649. The chief town is Palma on the southwestern coast (population 63,937). See Balearic Isles.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Malaga

See also Málaga on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Malaga (măl′a-gȧ), a seaport in the south of Spain, on the Mediterranean. It has a wonderfully equable and uniform climate, of which dryness and constant sunshine are the characteristics. It is one of the most important seaports of Spain, yet its trade has been declining since 1878. Diseases have ravaged the vines, the orange and the lemon groves. The United States, its great customer for Malaga raisins, now uses California raisins. Population 133,045. The town was founded by the Phœnicians; hence it is very old. A Moorish castle is one of its few noted buildings. Ferdinand and Isabella captured it from the Moors in 1487.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Managua

See also Managua on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Managua (mä-nȧ′gwȧ), capital of Nicaragua and the seat of government, lies in a fertile district on the southern shore of Lake Managua. Population about 30,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Manchester, Conn.

See also Manchester, Connecticut on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Manchester, Conn., town in Hartford County, on Hockanum River, about eight miles from Hartford. It has extensive manufacturing plants, which produce cotton and woolen goods, paper, needles and electrical goods. It also manufactures much tinware, but its most important plant is the Cheney Silk-Mills. The town has two public libraries, one in Manchester and one in South Manchester, each village being incorporated in the town. It has the service of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. Population 13,641.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mainz

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​Mainz. See Mayence.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Maize

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​Maize. See Corn.