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# Callanan v. Hurley

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United States Supreme Court
93 U.S. 387
Callanan v. Hurley
APPEAL from the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Iowa.
The complainant asserts title to the lands in controversy, by virtue of his having entered them pursuant to the provisions of the act of Congress; and the defendant Callanan claims to be the owner, by force of tax-deeds of the treasurer of the county of Cass, founded on alleged sales made in January, 1864, for delinquent taxes. These deeds, having been placed upon record, are, as the plaintiff avers, a cloud upon his title, and the object of his bill is to procure their cancellation. He charges that they are void, for several reasons: First, that no taxes were levied upon the lands, or any of them, for the years for which they were pretended to be sold; second, that the taxes, if any there were, never became delinquent; third, that there was no person authorized to receive payment of the taxes; fourth, that there was no warrant or authority for the sale of the lands for the non-payment of delinquent taxes; and, fifth, that no sale of the land for the non-payment of taxes, real or pretended, ever took place, but that certificates thereof were issued, reciting, contrary to the truth, the sale of the lands conformably to the provisions of the statutes of the State, under which certificates the deeds and conveyances were respectively made. A subsequent amendment of the bill charges, sixthly, that at the time of the pretended assessments and levies the lands were not subject to taxation; and, seventhly, that two persons, Reynolds and Mead (through whom the defendant claims), at and before the issuing of the certificates of sale, unlawfully combined and confederated with the defendant for the purpose of preventing competition at the sale of lands for taxes then to be held in the county.
The court below, upon a final hearing, granted the prayer of the complainant's bill, and entered a decree accordingly; whereupon the defendant appealed to this court.
Argued by Mr. R. P. Lowe and Mr. George G. Wright for the appellant, and by Mr. Thomas J. Durant for the appellee.
MR. JUSTICE STRONG delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

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# Callanan Road Improvement Company v. United States

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## Concurring Opinion

    Black
United States Supreme Court
345 U.S. 507
Callanan Road Improvement Company v. United States
Argued: April 8, 1953. --- Decided: May 4, 1953
See 345 U.S. 978, 73 S.Ct. 1119.
Mr. William A. Roberts, Washington, D.C., for appellant.
Mr. William J. Hickey, Washington, D.C., for appellees U.S. and I.C.C.
Mr. R. Granville Curry, Washington, D.C., for appellee Cornell steamboat co.
Mr. Justice MINTON delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Callaway v. Benton

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## Dissenting Opinion

    Douglas
United States Supreme Court
336 U.S. 132
Callaway v. Benton
Argued: Oct. 19, 1948. --- Decided: Feb 7, 1949
[Syllabus from pages 132-134 intentionally omitted]
Mr. T. M. Cunningham, of Savannah, Ga., for petitioners.
Mr. Charles J. Bloch, of Macon, Ga., for respondent.
Mr. Chief Justice VINSON delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cameron v. McRoberts

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United States Supreme Court
16 U.S. 591
Cameron v. McRoberts

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cameron v. United States (231 U.S. 710)

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United States Supreme Court
231 U.S. 710
Cameron v. United States (231 U.S. 710)
Argued: October 21, 1913. --- Decided: January 5, 1914
Mr. Howard S. Gans for petitioner.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 710-712 intentionally omitted]
Massistant Attorney General Denison and Mr. Francis H. McAdoo for respondent.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 712-714 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice Day delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cameron v. United States

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Cameron v. United States."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Cameron v. United States (146 U.S. 533)
* Cameron v. United States (148 U.S. 301)
* Cameron v. United States (231 U.S. 710)
* Cameron v. United States (252 U.S. 450)
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Giacomo Antonelli

From volume 1 of the work.
Cardinal; Secretary of State to Pius IX, b. at Sonnino, in the Papal States, 2 April 1806; d. in Rome, 6 November, 1876. Of well-to-do parents later ennobled by Gregory XVI, he made his preliminary studies at the Roman Seminary and took up the law course at the Sapienza, obtaining the degree of Doctor of both Laws in his twenty-first year. On entering the diplomatic service of the Holy See he was appointed by Gregory XVI successively secular prelate (1830), referendary of the superior law court, assessor of the criminal tribunal, delegate to Orvieto, Viterbo, and Macerata, canon of St. Peter's (made deacon, 1840). In 1841 he was made Minister of the Interior and in 1845 Treasurer of the Apostolic Camera. Pius IX on his accession to the pontifical throne (1846) made him cardinal with the diaconal title of St. Agatha alla Suburra (1847), and later the title of St. Maria in Viâ latâ. The Pope created him in turn Minister of Finance in the first ministerial council; president of the newly-organized Council of State; member of the ecclesiastical commission for civil reform (February, 1848), and premier of his first constitutional ministry (10 March, 1848), in which there was a preponderance of the lay element. Resigning this office (3 May, 1848) to Count Mamiani, who organized a new liberal ministry, Antonelli became Prefect of Sacred Palaces, and after the death of Rossi arranged the flight of the Pope to Gaeta, where he was made Secretary of State and conducted the negotiations for the restoration of papal rule. Returning to Rome with the Pope (12 April, 1850), he retained the reins of power which he held until his death, twenty-seven years later. His life during this period is inextricably bound up with the history of the reign of Pius IX. Until 1870 he was practically the temporal ruler of Rome, being charged by Pius IX with the care of public interests, that the Pontiff might devote himself more exclusively to his spiritual duties. It is impossible as yet to form a just estimate of the works of Antonelli, or to reconcile the extravagant praise of his admirers with the vituperations of his enemies. It must be said that he defended vigorously the rights of the Holy See, won the respect of princes and statesmen for his diplomatic ability, and showed himself fearless, braving alike public opinion and private jealousy. In extenuation of the charge that his aim was to a large extent personal aggrandizement, it must be recalled that he was a statesman rather than a prelate, and that he was not a priest, although most assiduous in the discharge of his religious duties.
DE WAAL in Kirchenlex.
F.M. RUDGE
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Giacomo Maria Airoli

From volume 1 of the work.
​Airoli (or Ayroli), Giacomo Maria, a Jesuit Orientalist and Scriptural commentator; b. at Genoa, 1660; d. in Rome, 27 March, 1721. He was professor of Hebrew in the Roman College, and later succeeded Cardinal Tolomei in the chair of controversy. His knowledge of Hebrew is shown by his Hebrew translation of a homily of Pope Clement XI. He is the author of a number of dissertations on Scriptural subjects, mostly chronological, which were highly thought of. Sommorvogel enumerates fourteen, chief among which are: (1) "Dissertatio Biblica in quâ Scripturæ textus aliquot insigniores, adhibitis Unguis hebræa, syriaca, chaldaica, arabica, græca, … dilucidantur" (Rome, 1704); (2) "Liber LXX hebdomadum resignatus, seu in cap. IX Danielis dissertatio" (Rome, 1713), several times reprinted; (3) "Dissertatio chronologica de anno, mense, et die mortis Domini Nostri Jesus Christi" (Rome, 1718).
A full list of his works is found in Sommervogel, Bibl. de la C. de J. (Paris. 1890), I, 717.
F. Bechtel.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Giacopo Belgrado

From volume 2 of the work.
Italian Jesuit and natural philosopher, born at Udine, 16 November, 1704; died in the same city, 26 March, 1789. He belonged to a noble family and received his education at Padua. He entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus 16 October, 1723, and showed marked talent, studying mathematics and philosophy at Bologna, under Father Luigi Marchenti, a former pupil of Varignon at Paris. After completing his philosophical studies he taught letters for several years at Venice, where he won the affection of his students as well as the esteem and friendship of the scholars of that city. He studied theology at Parma and then became professor of mathematics and physics at the university, holding this position for twelve years. While at Parma he did much experimental work in physics with apparatus specially constructed by two of his assistants. After pronouncing his solemn vows on 2 February, 1742, Belgrado was summoned to the court, where he was appointed confessor, first to the Duchess, and later to the Duke Don Philippo, The title of mathematician of the court was also bestowed on him. He 1757 he erected an observatory on one of the towers of the college of Parma and furnished it with the necessary instruments. In 1773, he became rector of the college at Bologna. He was a member of most of the academies of Italy and a corresponding member of the Academie des Sciences of Paris. He was likewise one of the founders of the Arcadian colony of Parma. He wrote on a variety of subjects, among his works being "I Fenomeni Elettrici" (1749); "Della riflessione de' corpi dall' acqua e della diminuzione della mole de' sassi ne torrebti e ne' fiumi" (1755); "De analyseos vulgaris usu in re physica" (1761-62); "Delle sensazioni del freddo e del calore" (1764); "Theoria Cochleae Archimedis" (1967); "Dell' esistenza di Dio da' teoremi geometrici" (1777), etc.
Mazzuchelli, Gli Scrittori d'Italia (Brescia, 1760), II, ii; Sommervogel, Bibliotheque de la c. de J. (new ed., Paris, 1890).
H.M. BROCK
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Giacomo della Porta

From volume 12 of the work.
Architect and sculptor, b. at Porlizza on Lake Lugano 1541; d. 1604. He was a pupil of Michelangelo and succeeded Vignola as architect of St. Peter's. Here he removed the temporary choir built by Bramante and with the aid of Domenico Fontana finished the dome and lantern by 1590 or 1592. He completed the plan of Il Gesu, the ground-plan and other chief architectural features of which are the work of Vignola, departing somewhat from his predecessor. Della Porta's façade was, in connection with Vignola's work, an authoritative model for large numbers of buildings in the Baroque style. The façade, fairly simple in design, is built in two stories, is topped by a gable, and is divided by half-pillars and pilasters, panels and niches. It can hardly be said to possess a clearly defined ecclesiastical character; the windows and entrances recall rather the style of a palace. In Santa Maria ai monti, he followed the ground-plan of the church of Il Gesu. He made the façade of San Luigi de' francesi a piece of decorative work entirely independent of the body of the structure, a method much copied later. Another architectural work is Santa Catarina de' funari at Roma. With Carlo Maderna he built the church of San Giovanni de' Fiorentini from the designs of Sansovino. Sometimes the Sapienza at Rome is ascribed to Michelangelo; however, della Porta had charge of the erection and work on the interior of the building although he did not complete it. In constructing an addition to Maria Maggiore he altered the plans of Michelangelo. He had something of the spirit of this great master, although he had neither the ability nor the desire to follow him in everything; yet he did not fall into the uncouth exaggerations of the later period. In the Palazzo Farnese his work is associated with that of Sangallo and Michelangelo. The Villa Aldobrandini with its superb gardens shows what beautiful work della Porta could construct when free to follow his own ideas. At Genoa he built the Annuziata, not with pilasters, a method much admired in the Baroque style, but as a columned basilica, without, however, infringing on the spacious width customary in this style. This is one of the most beautiful churches of the period. This is one of the most beautiful churches of the period. As a sculptor della Porta worked on the Certosa of Pavia. He has left some fine groups for fountains, especially the fountains at the Capitol and on the Piazza Mattei. In sculpture his teacher was il Gobbo.
Becker, Kunst u. Kunstler d. 16., 17. U. 18. Jahrh. (Leipzig, 1863-65); Burckhardt, Cicerone, 7th ed., Bode (Leipzig, 1898); Quatremere de Quincy, Hist. des architectes (Paris, 1830); Gurlitt, Gesch. D. Barockstils in Italien (Stuttgart, 1887).
G. GIETMANN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola

From volume 15 of the work.
A theoretical and practical architect of the Transition Period between the Renaissance and Baroque styles; b. at Vignola in 1507; d. in 1573. He was the pupil and successor of Michelangelo. His two books, "Regole delle cinque ordini d'architettura" (1563) and the posthumous "Due regole della prospettiva pratica", had great influence for centuries. This is partly because he presents with skill the rigid sequence and the beautiful relation of parts in ancient architecture, and partly because his writings present a standard for work easily grasped by amateurs and persons of small ability. These writings place him in the same class with Serlio and Palladio. He built near the Piazza Navona a small palace in strict accordance with his own rules. The lowest story was embellished with Doric columns beneath a vigorous Doric frieze; the middle story with Ionic columns; while above the top story was a cornice with brackets, the whole forming a simple and graceful façade. The most celebrated of his secular buildings was the Farnese castle at Viterbo, which shows the impressions made upon him during a visit to France: the exterior is a pentagonal fortress; within is a fine circular court in the Renaissance style. The first Jesuit church at Rome, the famous Gesu, built by him, although itself restrained in manner, prepared the way for the Baroque style. Here Vignola connected the dome with a nave, giving he latter such breadth and height, in contrast with the very narrow aisles, that the central space produces a preponderating effect, the aisles showing as mere rows of chapels. Appropriately furnished and decorated, such a structure is well adapted to the services of the Church. The plan has been frequently repeated both in Jesuit and other churches. The porch of the Gesu was built by Giacomo dela Porta; its uniting volutes between the stories and the ornamentation around the doorway also became models for the succeeding period. Maderna was one of the first who, in the completion of St. Peter's, was strongly influenced by Vignola. From 1564 Vignola carried on Michangelo's work at St. Peter's and constructed the two subordinate domes according to Michelangelo's plans, yet with a successful independence. Besides buildings erected at an earlier date at Bologna and Montepulciano, mention should be made of his work in the Villa Giulio for Pope Julius II, the Church of the Angels at Assisi, and lastly the much-admired little Church of Sant' Andrea at Rome on the Pontemolle road, a square structure with a cupola.
WILLICH, Monographie (Strasburg, 1906). See also the well-known works of VASARI and QUATREMERE DE QUINCY.
G. GIETMANN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Giacomo Rho

From volume 13 of the work.
Missionary, born at Milan, 1593; died at Peking 27 April, 1638. He was the son of a noble and learned jurist, and at the age of twenty entered the Society of Jesus. While poor success attended his early studies, he was later very proficient in mathematics. After his ordination at Rome by Cardinal Bellarmine, he sailed in 1617 for the Far East with forty-four companions. After a brief stay at Goa he proceeded to Macao where, during the siege of that city by the Dutch, he taught the inhabitants the use of artillery and thus brought about its deliverance. This service opened China to him. He rapidly acquired the knowledge of the native language and was summoned in 1631 by the emperor to Peking for the reform of the Chinese calendar. With Father Schall he worked to the end of his life at this difficult task. When he died, amidst circumstances exceptionally favourable to the Catholic mission, numerous Chinese officials attended his funeral. He left works relative to the correction of the Chinese calendar, to astronomical and theological questions.
DE BACKER-SOMMERVOGEL, Biblioth. de la Comp. de Jésus, VI (9 vols., Brussels and Paris, 1890-1900), 1709-11; HUC, Christianity in China, Tartary and Thibet, II (tr. New York, 1884), 265-66.
N. A. WEBER.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Giacomo Carissimi

From volume 3 of the work.
The most influential and prolific Italian composer of his time, b. in 1604 at Marino in the Papal States; d. 12 Jan., 1674, in Rome. After completing his musical education in Rome, Carissimi became choirmaster at Assisi, and, in 1628, he was appointed to a like position at the church of St. Apollinaris in Rome. He is considered the father of the modern oratorio form, which had its origin in the simple laudi sacri composed by Palestrina and Annimuccia for St. Philip Neri's meetings of young people, held in his oratorio or place of prayer. By imparting a lyric quality to the recitative, lending variety to the orchestral accompaniments, and dramatic movement to the whole, he developed this form to the point where it was taken up and carried to its perfection by Händel and Bach. Although many of Carissimi's oratorios and other works have been lost, the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris contains the following oratorios in manuscript: "La plainte des damnés", "L'histoire de Job", "Ezéchias", "Baltazar", "David et Jonathan", "Abraham et Isaac", "Jephté", "Le jugement dernier", "Le mauvais riche", "Jonas". An almost complete collection of the works of this master made by Dr. Henry Aldrich (1647-1710) is found in the library of Christ Church College, Oxford. Of Carissimi's settings to liturgical texts two printed collections of motets for two, three, and four voices, and masses for five and nine voices are mentioned. An eight-part "Nisi Dominus" and a "Lauda Sion" in manuscript are preserved in the Santini Library in Rome. Among Carissimi's pupils were Alessandro Scarlatti, J.K. Kerll, Johann Ph. Krieger, Chr. Bernard, and M.A. Charpentier.
AMBROS, Gesch. der Musik (Leipzig, 1881); MENDEL, Musikalisches Lexikon (Leipzig, 1870).
JOSEPH OTTEN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Giacomo Nacchiante

From volume 10 of the work.
(Naclantus).
Dominican theologian, born at Florence; died at Chioggia, 6 May, 1569; he studied at Bologna, where Michael Ghislieri, afterwards Pius V, was his fellow-student. He subsequently taught philosophy and theology for a number of years, in the college of St. Thomas of Minerva, Rome. Paul III, struck with his talents, made him Bishop of Chioggia (3 June, 1544). At the Council of Trent his vigorous protest against the words of the decree of the IV Session (8 April, 1546), which asserts that the traditions of the Church are to be received with the same reverence and piety as the Scriptures, cast some suspicions on his orthodoxy; but he gave a reverent assent to the decree, when he saw it confirmed by the authority of so great an assembly. Other serious suspicions of his orthodoxy seem afterwards to have arisen, but as Pallavicini remarks, his memory is vindicated from such charges by the grave affairs of trust which were assigned him under Pius IV. His works were published by Pietro Fratino at Venice in 1567. Among the more important are "Enarrationes . . . in ep. D. Pauli ad Ephesios"; "Inep. ad Romanos"; "S. Scripturæ medulla"; "Tractationes XVIII theologales"; "Theoremata metaphysica"; "Theoremata theologica".
Edward F. Garesche.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kalkatta

​Kalkatta.— An occupation name for stone-masons in South Canara.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kalkatti

​Kalkatti.— Kalkatti, denoting, it has been suggested, those who wear glass beads, is a sub-division of Idaiyan. The Lingāyats among Badagas of the Nīlgiri hills are called Kalkatti, because they hang a stone (the lingam) from their necks in a casket. Some Irulas of the same hills are also said to go by the name Kalkatti.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kallamu

​Kallamu (threshing-floor). — An exogamous sept of Panta Reddi.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kallankanadōru

​Kallankanadōru (stone). — A sub-division of Kōmati, said to be descended from those who sat on the stone (kallu) mantapa outside the Penukonda Kanyakamma temple, when the question whether to enter the fire-pits or not was being discussed by the caste elders.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kallasāri

​Kallasāri (stone-workers). — The occupational name of a sub-division of Malayālam Kammālans.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kalladi Siddhan

​Kalladi Siddhan.— The name, meaning a beggar who beats himself with a stone, of a class of Telugu mendicants, who are very clamorous and persistent in their demands for alms. The name is applied as a term of contempt for any obstinate and troublesome individual. These beggars carry with them a gourd, have tortoise and cowry shells tied on their elbows, and carry an iron rod, with which they beat an iron ring worn on the hand. They present a very revolting spectacle, as they smear their bodies with rice done up so as to resemble vomit, and with the juice of the prickly-pear (Opuntia Dillenii), to make people believe that it is blood oozing from cuts made with a knife. They are said to be very fond of eating crows, which they catch with nets. (See Mondi.)
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kallangi

​Kallangi. — Kallangi and Kallavēli (Kallan's fence) are fanciful names, returned by Pallis at times of census.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kalla

​Kalla.——— Recorded as a sub-division of Shānān, and of Idaiyans in localities where Kallans are most numerous.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kallan Mūppan

​Kallan Mūppan.— In the Madras Census Report, 1901, Kallan Mūppan is returned as "a sub-caste of the Malabar Kammālans, the members of which are stone-workers." A correspondent writes to me that, "while the Kammālans are a polluting and polyandrous class, the Kallan Mūppans are allowed to enter the outside enclosure of temples. They do not remarry their widows, and are strictly monogamous. Their purōhits are Tamil barbers, who officiate at their marriages. The barber shaves the bridegroom before the wedding ceremony. The purōhit has also to blow the conch-shell all the way from the bridegroom's house to that of the bride." ​The names Kallan and KalkōttI are also those by which the Malabar stone-masons are known.