OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Wheaton College

Edition of 1920. See also Wheaton College (Massachusetts) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHEATON COLLEGE, located at Norton, Mass., was one of the pioneer schools for the education of women. It was founded as Norton Female Seminary by Judge Wheaton in 1834 and organized by Mary Lyon. The school was opened for students in 1835 and incorporated by an act of the General Court in 1837. The name was changed to Wheaton Female Seminary in 1839, but the institution was commonly known as Wheaton Seminary until by an act of the legislature of Massachusetts in 1912, the name was changed to Wheaton College and it was authorized to grant degrees. The school was never coeducational. Wheaton College is situated on a slight elevation and in a healthful pine-tree region. The extensive grounds include more than 100 acres of land, diversified by gardens, lawns, hedges, trees and meadows, containing an athletic field, tennis courts, basket-ball standards and other equipment for outdoor sports. The college has 20 buildings, nine of which are new brick buildings in the colonial style of architecture and six are dwelling-houses just outside the campus. The college has an endowment of about $1,000,000. Wheaton recognizes the new intellectual needs of the home without lessening the opportunities for those who aim at professional work. It is the only small separate college for women in Massachusetts. It allows for personal association, especially between student and teacher, and for the development of individuality. It is democratic in spirit and unsectarian but thoroughly Christian. There are no secret societies. The faculty is composed of both men and women, selected not alone for their ability in research work, but primarily for their efficiency as teachers. The curriculum is carefully planned, and a matter of considerable importance is the organization of the studies of the curriculum into a group system. This affords a well-rounded course of instruction for each student and at the same time allows room for the exercise of individual taste. Wheaton College admits students on three years of Latin, the fourth year to be taken in college. With this exception all courses in Latin are elective. College mathematics is also elective. Wheaton offers a limited number of assistantships which yield various sums annually up to $100 each, according to the service rendered.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Wheatstone, Charles

Edition of 1920. See also Charles Wheatstone on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHEATSTONE, hwēt'stȯn, Sir Charles, English physicist: b. Gloucester, February 1802; d. Paris, 19 Oct. 1875. He commenced business for himself in London as a maker of musical instruments and in 1823 attracted the attention of scientists by the publication in ‘Thomson's Annals of Philosophy’ of a paper entitled “New Experiments on Sound.” In 1834 he was appointed professor of experimental philosophy in King's College, London, and in 1836 exhibited at King's College experiments showing the velocity of electricity. For this purpose he used a circuit of four miles of copper wire. These experiments suggested to him the idea of applying his apparatus to telegraphing. In 1837 with W. F. Cooke, he took out the first patent for magnetic telegraph, but no practical application of this was made till after
the Morse telegraph had been operated. Another subject that engaged much of his attention was vision, on which he published various papers, among them a memoir contributed to the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ in 1848, “On some Remarkable and Hitherto Unobserved Phenomena of Binocular Vision.” He was knighted in 1868; was a Fellow of the Royal Society from the year 1836, and was also a corresponding member of the French Institute and honorary member of the principal academies of science in Europe. He wrote no considerable work, but was the author of numerous papers chiefly contributed to the Philosophical Magazine and the Journal of the Royal Institution.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/White, Horace

Edition of 1920. See also Horace White (writer) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHITE, Horace, American editor: b. Colebrook, N. H., 1834; d. New York City, Sept. 1916. He was graduated from Beloit College, Wisconsin, and from Brown University. Entering upon the career of journalism, he became city editor of the Chicago Evening Journal, correspondent of the Associated Press, and assistant secretary of the National Kansas Committee. As correspondent for the Chicago Tribune, he accompanied Abraham Lincoln on his political campaign against Douglas. He headed a syndicate for the publication of Civil War news during 1864, and from 1865-74 was editor-in-chief of the Chicago Tribune. Leaving this post, he went to New York in the capacity of treasurer of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company. He was one of the founders of the New York Evening Post, acting first as head of the company, and later (1899-1903) as editor-in-chief, retiring as editor emeritus. In 1909 he was appointed by Governor Hughes to serve on the New York State Commission on Speculation in Securities and Commodities. As an author he published several noteworthy works, including ‘Money and Banking’ (1895); ‘Life of Lyman Trumbull’ (1913), and edited several French and Italian works on finance.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Wheaton, Frank

Edition of 1920. See also Frank Wheaton on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHEATON, hwē'tȯn, Frank, American military officer: b. Providence, R. I., 8 May 1833; d. Washington, D. C., 18 June 1903. He was educated at Brown University, went to California in 1852 and studied law at Poitiers, France; lieutenant in the United States cavalry, subsequently participated in various Indian campaigns, and at the outbreak of the Civil War was promoted captain. He served with the Army of the Potomac through the war, was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers in 1862, commanded a division at Gettysburg and in the Shenandoah, and was engaged in other famous movements. He was made colonel in 1874, brigadier-general in 1892 and major-general in 1897. He was retired in the year last named.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Wheaton, Henry

Edition of 1920. See also Henry Wheaton on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHEATON, Henry, American jurist: b. Providence. R. I., 27 Nov. 1785; d. Dorchester, Mass., 11 March 1848. He was graduated from
Rhode Island College (now Brown University) in 1802, and studied law at Poitiers, France; he then took up the practice of law in Providence and later served as an editor and a justice; and in 1816 became reporter for the United States Supreme Court; his reports, which were published in 12 volumes, are exceptionally complete and valuable. In 1827 he was appointed chargé d'affaires to Denmark, being the first regular diplomatic agent from the United States to that country, and resided at Copenhagen until 1835, when he was appointed Minister Resident to the court of Prussia. Two years later he was made Minister Plenipotentiary by President Van Buren, which office he retained until 1846. His diplomatic work was most successful; in 1844 he negotiated a treaty with Germany, which, though rejected by the United States Senate, served as a basis for subsequent treaties. In 1843 he was elected a corresponding member of the French Institute, and in the following year a foreign member of the Royal Academy of Science of Berlin. He returned to the United States in 1847. His most important work is his ‘Elements of International Law,’ published in 1836, which has always been regarded as a standard authority on the subject; numerous editions have appeared in the United States, including one by Lawrence (1855) and one by Dana (1866); there is also an English edition and a French translation. His other writings include ‘Digest of the Law of Maritime Captures or Prizes’ (1815); ‘Life of William Pinkney’ (1826); 'History of the Northmen' (1831); ‘Histoire du Droit du Gens en Europe, depuis la Paix de Westphalie jusqu'au Congrès de Vienne’ (1841), translated into English in 1846; and ‘An Inquiry into the British Claim of a Right of Search of American Vessels’ (1842).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/White, Edward Douglass

Edition of 1920. See also Edward Douglass White on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHITE, Edward Douglass, American jurist: b. parish of Lafourche, La., 3 Nov. 1845. He was educated at Mount Saint Mary's College, Maryland, and at the Jesuit College in New Orleans and during the Civil War served in the Confederate army. He subsequently studied law and was admitted to the Louisiana bar. He was State senator in 1874; associate justice of the Supreme Court in Louisiana in 1878, and United States senator in 1889-94. While still a member of the Senate he was appointed an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court, and 12 Dec. 1910 he was created chief justice. His opinions on trust cases and the Sherman law added much to his reputation. He owed his position to his ability, being advanced first by President Cleveland and later by President Taft.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Wheeler, William Adolphus

Edition of 1920. See also William Adolphus Wheeler on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHEELER, William Adolphus, American lexicographer: h. Leicester, Mass., 14 Nov. 1833; d. Roxbury, Mass., 28 Oct. 1874. He was graduated from Bowdoin in 1853, was engaged in teaching for several years, and subsequently assisted Joseph E. Worcester (q.v.) in the preparation of his ‘Dictionary’ (1856-59). He was afterward occupied with the revised edition of Webster's ‘Dictionary’ (1864) for which he compiled ‘Explanatory and Pronouncing Vocabulary of the Names of Noted Fictitious Persons and Places, including Familiar Pseudonyms, Surnames, etc.,’ which was issued separately in 1863. In 1867 he was appointed assistant superintendent of the Boston Public Library. He left unfinished an encyclopedia of Shakespearean literature and an index to anonymous literature entitled ‘Who Wrote It?’ The latter, completed by C. G. Wheeler, was published in 1881. He edited Hole's ‘Brief Biographical Dictionary’ (1866); a ‘Dickens Dictionary’ (1873); and also ‘Familiar Allusions’ (1882).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/White, Andrew Dickson

Edition of 1920. See also Andrew Dickson White on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHITE, Andrew Dickson, American diplomat, educator and author: b. Homer, N. Y., 7 Nov. 1832; d. Ithaca, N. Y., 4 Nov. 1918. He was graduated from Yale in 1853 and studied at the College of France, Paris, and at the University uf Berlin. He was attaché of the American legation at Saint Petersburg in 1854-55 at the time of the Crimean War, and in 1857, shortly after his return to the United States, became professor of history and English literature at the University of Michigan. In 1863 he returned to Syracuse and was elected to the New York State senate, where he was especially interested in educational legislation, obtaining the passage of bills organizing the State normal system and providing for the codifying of the educational laws. He also had an important part in the founding and organization of Cornell University, contributing $300,000 for the purpose, and also procuring for that institution the national land grant for agricultural colleges; in 1867 he became president of the university and was also professor of history. He maintained his connection with Cornell until 1885, when he resigned both presidency and professorship. He gave to the university his excellent historical library of about 30,000 volumes, and on the acceptance of this gift the departments of history and economics were reorganized as the White School of History and Political Science. While president of Cornell, he was also active in public affairs; in 1871 was one of a commission to study and report on the desirability of annexing Santo Domingo; in 1878 was honorary commissioner to the Paris Exposition, and in 1879-81 Minister to Germany, during which time he had leave of absence from the university. In 1892-94 he was Minister to Russia; in 1896 was one of the commissioners to investigate the Venezuela boundary question, and in 1897-1902 was Ambassador to Germany, holding that position longer than any other American Minister. Before his retirement from the German Ambassadorship he was elected a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. In 1899 he was president of the United States delegation to The Hague Peace Conference. He retired from public life in 1902 and passed his
remaining years at Ithaca. His published works include ‘History of the Warfare of Science against Theology’ (1898), an enlargement of his ‘Warfare of Science’ (1876); ‘Studies in General History’; ‘The New Germany’; ‘European Schools of History’; ‘Paper Money Inflation in France’ (1876); ‘Chapters from My Diplomatic Life’ (Century Magazine, 1903); ‘Autobiography’ (1905); ‘Seven Great Statesmen in the Warfare of Humanity with Unreason’ (1911).
# The Doctor’s Dilemma/Biometrika

Another difficulty about statistics is the technical difficulty of calculation. Before you can even make a mistake in drawing your conclusion from the correlations established by your statistics you must ascertain the correlations. When I turn over the pages of Biometrika, a quarterly journal in which is recorded the work done in the field of biological statistics by Professor Karl Pearson and his colleagues, I am out of my depth at the first line, because mathematics are to me only a concept: I never used a logarithm in my life, and could not undertake to extract the square root of four without misgiving. I am therefore unable to deny that the statistical ascertainment of the correlations between one thing and another must be a very complicated and difficult technical business, not to be tackled successfully except by high mathematicians; and I cannot resist Professor Karl Pearson's immense contempt for, and indignant sense of grave social danger in, the unskilled guesses of the ordinary sociologist.
Now the man in the street knows nothing of Biometrika: all he knows is that "you can prove anything by figures," though he forgets this the moment figures are used to prove anything he wants to believe. If he did take in Biometrika he would probably become abjectly credulous as to all the conclusions drawn in it from the correlations so learnedly worked out; though the mathematician whose correlations would fill a Newton with admiration may, in collecting and accepting data and drawing conclusions from them, fall into quite crude errors by just such popular oversights as I have been describing.
# The Doctor’s Dilemma/Credulity and Chloroform

There is no harder scientific fact in the world than the fact that belief can be produced in practically unlimited quantity and intensity, without observation or reasoning, and even in defiance of both, by the simple desire to believe founded on a strong interest in believing. Everybody recognizes this in the case of the amatory infatuations of the adolescents who see angels and heroes in obviously (to others) commonplace and even objectionable maidens and youths. But it holds good over the entire field of human activity. The hardest-headed materialist will become a consulter of table-rappers and slate-writers if he loses a child or a wife so beloved that the desire to revive and communicate with them becomes irresistible. The cobbler believes that there is nothing like leather. The Imperialist who regards the conquest of England by a foreign power as the worst of political misfortunes believes that the conquest of a foreign power by England would be a boon to the conquered. Doctors are no more proof against such illusions than other men. Can anyone then doubt that under existing conditions a great deal of unnecessary and mischievous operating is bound to go on, and that patients are encouraged to imagine that modern surgery and anesthesia have made operations much less serious matters than they really are? When doctors write or speak to the public about operations, they imply, and often say in so many words, that chloroform has made surgery painless. People who have been operated on know better. The patient does not feel the knife, and the operation is therefore enormously facilitated for the surgeon; but the patient pays for the anesthesia with hours of wretched sickness; and when that is over there is the pain of the wound made by the surgeon, which has to heal like any other wound. This is why operating surgeons, who are usually out of the house with their fee in their pockets before the patient has recovered consciousness, and who therefore see nothing of the suffering witnessed by the general practitioner and the nurse, occasionally talk of operations very much as the hangman in Barnaby Rudge talked of executions, as if being operated on were a luxury in sensation as well as in price.
# The Doctor’s Dilemma/Cruelty for Its Own Sake

It will now, I hope, be clear why the attack on vivisection is not an attack on the right to knowledge: why, indeed, those who have the deepest conviction of the sacredness of that right are the leaders of the attack. No knowledge is finally impossible of human attainment; for even though it may be beyond our present capacity, the needed capacity is not unattainable. Consequently no method of investigation is the only method; and no law forbidding any particular method can cut us off from the knowledge we hope to gain by it. The only knowledge we lose by forbidding cruelty is knowledge at first hand of cruelty itself, which is precisely the knowledge humane people wish to be spared.
But the question remains: Do we all really wish to be spared that knowledge? Are humane methods really to be preferred to cruel ones? Even if the experiments come to nothing, may not their cruelty be enjoyed for its own sake, as a sensational luxury? Let us face these questions boldly, not shrinking from the fact that cruelty is one of the primitive pleasures of mankind, and that the detection of its Protean disguises as law, education, medicine, discipline, sport and so forth, is one of the most difficult of the unending tasks of the legislator.
# The Doctor’s Dilemma/Doctor's Consciences

There is another difficulty in trusting to the honor and conscience of a doctor. Doctors are just like other Englishmen: most of them have no honor and no conscience: what they commonly mistake for these is sentimentality and an intense dread of doing anything that everybody else does not do, or omitting to do anything that everybody else does. This of course does amount to a sort of working or rule-of-thumb conscience; but it means that you will do anything, good or bad, provided you get enough people to keep you in countenance by doing it also. It is the sort of conscience that makes it possible to keep order on a pirate ship, or in a troop of brigands. It may be said that in the last analysis there is no other sort of honor or conscience in existence--that the assent of the majority is the only sanction known to ethics. No doubt this holds good in political practice. If mankind knew the facts, and agreed with the doctors, then the doctors would be in the right; and any person who thought otherwise would be a lunatic. But mankind does not agree, and does not know the facts. All that can be said for medical popularity is that until there is a practicable alternative to blind trust in the doctor, the truth about the doctor is so terrible that we dare not face it. Moliere saw through the doctors; but he had to call them in just the same. Napoleon had no illusions about them; but he had to die under their treatment just as much as the most credulous ignoramus that ever paid sixpence for a bottle of strong medicine. In this predicament most people, to save themselves from unbearable mistrust and misery, or from being driven by their conscience into actual conflict with the law, fall back on the old rule that if you cannot have what you believe in you must believe in what you have. When your child is ill or your wife dying, and you happen to be very fond of them, or even when, if you are not fond of them, you are human enough to forget every personal grudge before the spectacle of a fellow creature in pain or peril, what you want is comfort, reassurance, something to clutch at, were it but a straw. This the doctor brings you. You have a wildly urgent feeling that something must be done; and the doctor does something. Sometimes what he does kills the patient; but you do not know that; and the doctor assures you that all that human skill could do has been done. And nobody has the brutality to say to the newly bereft father, mother, husband, wife, brother, or sister, "You have killed your lost darling by your credulity."
# The Country of the Knife
## Contents

* Chapter I: A Cry Out of the East
* Chapter II: The Road to Rub El Harami
* Chapter III: Shirkuh's Jest
* Chapter IV: Crooked Paths
* Chapter V: Swords in the "Suk"
* Chapter VI: The Executioner
* Chapter VII: In the Prison
* Chapter VIII: The Pass of Swords
# The Country of the Book and the Cup

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* "The Country of the Book and the Cup" by Čeněk Dušek in Bohemian Section at the Austrian Exhibition, Earl's Court London 1906
* "The country of the book and the cup" by Čeněk Dušek in Bohemia's claim for freedom (1915)
# The Diary of a Superfluous Man and Other Stories

1899.
* The Diary of a Superfluous Man
* A Tour in the Forest
* Yakov Pasinkov
* Andrei Kolosov
* A Correspondence
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# The Dice

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* "The Dice" (1823), a short story by Friedrich August Schulze, translated by Thomas De Quincey
* "The Dice" (1907), a short story by Perceval Gibbon
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Abbott, Hon. Sir Joseph Palmer

Layout 2
​Abbott, Hon. Sir Joseph Palmer, M.L.A., Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, New South Wales, was born at Muswellbrook, N.S.W., on Sep. 29th, 1842. From his youth Mr. Abbott has been engaged in pastoral pursuits; but he is also a solicitor by profession. He was M.L.A. for the district of Gunnedah from 1880 to 1885, and has since represented Wentworth. Mr. Abbott was Secretary for Mines in the Stuart Government from Jan. 7th, 1883, to Oct. 7th, 1885; and held the post of Secretary for Lands in the Dibbs Ministry from Nov. 7th to Dec. 22nd, 1885. Subsequently Mr. Abbott sat with Mr. Dibbs in Opposition. He, however, found occasion to take an independent stand, and separated himself from the main body of protectionists, and was looked upon as leader of the Third Party in the Assembly—a section also known as the Independent and the “Law and Order” party. He was a member of the New South Wales Commission for the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition of 1888; and in Oct. 1890 he was elected Speaker of the Legislative Assembly on the retirement of Mr. Young. He was one of the delegates of New South Wales to the Federation Convention held in Sydney in 1891. During the shearers’ strike in 1891 he offered his intervention. He was re-elected Speaker later in the year, and was gazetted to a knighthood on May 25th, 1892.