OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fish, Nicholas (diplomatist)

Edition of 1905. See also Nicholas Fish II on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​FISH, Nicholas (1846-1902). An American diplomatist, grandson of Col. Nicholas Fish, and son of the Secretary of State, Hamilton Fish (q.v.). Born in New York, and educated at Columbia and at Harvard Law School, he practiced law in New York City and then went into the diplomatic service. Appointed second secretary of legation at Berlin (1871), he became secretary (1874), and acted in the continued absence of his chief as chargé d'affaires; held the latter position in Switzerland (1877-81), and then served as Minister to Belgium (1882-86). He returned to New York in 1887, and became a member of the banking firm of Harriman & Co. He was president of the New York branch of the Society of the Cincinnati. He was fatally assaulted in New York City, September 16, 1902.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fish, Royal

Edition of 1905. See also Royal fish on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​FISH, Royal. Certain ‘great fish,’ as the whale and sturgeon, which by English law are the property of the Crown, when either thrown on shore or caught near the coast. “Our ancestors,” says Blackstone, “seem to have entertained a very high notion of the importance of this right, it being the prerogative of the Kings of Denmark, and the Dukes of Normandy; and from one of these it was probably derived to our princes. It is expressly claimed and allowed in the statute De Prærogativa Regis (17 Edw. II., c. 11), and the most ancient treatises of law now extant make mention of it.” Strictly, it was the head only of the whale which belonged to the King, the tail being a perquisite of the Queen Consort. In Scotland whales thrown on shore above six horse-power draught belong to the Queen or the Admiral. See Game Laws.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fish, Nicholas (soldier)

Edition of 1905. See also Nicholas Fish on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​FISH, Nicholas (1758-1833). An American Revolutionary soldier. He was born in New York City, and began the academic course at Princeton, but left before graduating to pursue the study of law in the office of John Morin Scott in New York. There he became actively interested in the organization of the Sons of Liberty (q.v.), and in 1776 was appointed by Scott, who had been commissioned brigadier-general, as aide-de-camp on his staff. At the close of the Revolutionary War he held the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He was a division inspector under Steuben in 1778, and ably seconded that officer in his attempts to drill and discipline the Continental troops. He participated in the battles of Saratoga and Monmouth, in Sullivan's expedition against the Indians in 1779, and in the Virginia and Yorktown campaigns, in which he served for a time on the staff of Lafayette. In 1786 he was appointed Adjutant-General of New York State, which position he held for many years. In 1794 he was appointed by Washington supervisor of the Federal revenue in New York City. In 1811 he was the Federalist candidate for Lieutenant-Governor of the State, and carried New York City by a large majority. During the War of 1812 he served as a member of the City Committee of Defense.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fish-Fly

Edition of 1905. See also Fishfly on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ FISH-FLY. One of a group of large neuropterous insects that pass their early stages in the water and are united into the family Sialidæ, of which the alder-flies, dobson, and similar forms are also members. The name is more particularly given to the genus Chauliodes, which are distinguished from Corydalis by the comb-like or feathery feelers, and reach a great size. The fish-flies lay their eggs upon vegetation overhanging streams, whence the larvæ, as soon as hatched, drop into the water, and go about preying upon aquatic animals. “When ready to transform to pupæ,” quoting Howard, “they crawl out upon the bank and are then found in cavities under stones or even under the bark of trees.” See Corydalis.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fish-Louse

Edition of 1905. See also Argulidae on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ FISH-LOUSE, or SEA-LOUSE. Any of various small crustaceans (copepods) which live parasitically on the outside or in the branchial chambers of marine animals, especially fishes and whales. All are of small size, and attached either temporarily or permanently to the hosts on the juices of which they live, although many species have also the power of swimming freely in the water, some of their legs being adapted to this purpose. They do not begin life as parasites, the females depositing their eggs on stones, plants, etc. They are animals of singular form and appearance. In the genus Aragulus there is a curious sucking disk on each side of the beak, or proboscis, although there are also jointed members terminated by prehensile hooks. In the genus Caligus the hooks of the anterior pairs of feet are the principal organs of adhesion to the slippery bodies of the fishes from which food is to be drawn, and the abdomen of the female is furnished with two remarkably long tubes, the functions of which are not perfectly ascertained. The bodies of all of them are transparent, or nearly so. Consult United States Fish Commission Annual Reports (Washington, 1871 et seq.) for particulars as to the extensive list of species catalogued in American waters. See Copepoda.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fish-Owl

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ FISH-OWL. See Ketupa.
# The New York Times/1918/11/11/To Parade in Washington

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TO PARADE IN WASHINGTON.
President Invited to Review the Pageant at White House.
WASHINGTON, Nov. 10.—The United war Work Campaign will be inaugurated in this city tomorrow with a parade. President Wilson has been invited to review the pageant as it passes the White House. Units of the nation's land and sea forces will march with representatives of the seven organizations and the various Government departments and contingents of Boy Scouts with their band.
Secretary Daniels spoke at Baltimore today in the interest of the drive and Secretary McAdoo issued a statement here asking the people to oversubscribe the fund.
# The New York Times/1918/11/11/To Shield Women in War

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TO SHIELD WOMEN IN WAR.
Committee Formed to Advocate International Regulations.
The Committee for the Protection of Women under International Law was organized at a meeting held yesterday in Plymough Church, Brooklyn. The Rev. Dr. Newell Dwight Hillis, pastor of the church, presided, and the Chairman of the committee is Mrs. William C. Beecher, wife of Colonel William C. Beecher, son of the Rev. Henry Ward Beecher. Mrs. Beecher said that the committee was formed at the request of a million women of France, who had already organized. The speakers included Sergeant Ruth Farnam, Mme. Avria St. Croix, Signora Amy Bernardy, and Miss Isabelle Van der Clite. In a resolution adopted it was said:
"We demand that whatever in the present war would or might stand as a precedent for these dangerous villainies in any future wars be met and broken by the counterprecedent of trial before an international tribunal and punishment as a criminal of every officer, soldier, or civilian of either of the Central Powers, or of any of their allies, who shall be accused, whether as principal or accomplice, of any offence against a woman."
# The New York Times/1918/11/11/Theatrical Notes

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THEATRICAL NOTES.
"Freedom" was withdrawn from the Century Theatre on Saturday night.
Eight players sailed for France on Saturday under the auspices of America's Over-There Theatre League. In the party were Edna Aug, Sara and Nellie Aug, Diana Kasner, Paula Temple, Williamena Wilkes, Laura Sherry, and Alice Martin.
The Hanneford family, equestrians, will join "Everything" at the Hippodrome on Monday of next week.
In addition to "Hamlet," which will be played next Friday, the Shakespeare Playhouse will give performances of "Twelfth Night," "As You Like It," "The Merchant of Venice," and "Macbeth" during their coming season at the Plymouth.
The Fowlers, a team of dancers, will make their first appearance in New York at the Ziegfeld Midnight Frolic tonight.
Alice JOhn is now Guy Bates Post's leading woman in "The Masquerader." The piece will be seen at the Shubert-Riviera Theatre this week.
The American Fund for French Wounded is arranging a war relief benefit to be given at the Hippodrome on Sunday night, Nov. 24. The feature of the program will be a pageant staged by Mrs. Benjamin Guinness.
# The New York Times/1918/11/11/The New York Times Contribution

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The New York Times Contribution.
In response to the appeals that corporations contribute from one-fourth of 1 percent. to 1 per cent. of their capital stock to the United War Work Campaign, the New York Times Company will contribute 1 per cent—$10,000—and in addition the 1,500 employes of The New York Times will contribute the full amount of one day's wages—$6,000—this making a contribution of $16,000 from The New York Times.
# The New York Times/1918/11/11/The Weather

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THE WEATHER.
WASHINGTON, Nov. 10.—The weather has been fair in all parts of the country, except in the North Pacific Coast States and the North Rocky Mountain region, where rain has set in during the last twenty-four hours.
It is colder in the lower lake region, the Middle Atlantic and New England States, and warmer in the Missouri Valley and the Canadian Northwest.
Fair weather will continue in the Washington forecast district Monday and Tuesday, with little change in temperature, except in the Ohio Valley and the upper lake region, where it will be somewhat warmer Tuesday.
Winds for Monday and Tuesday along the North Atlantic and Middle Atlantic Coasts will be moderate northwest; fair.
FORECAST TODAY AND TUESDAY.
Easter New York, New England, New Jersey, and Eastern Pennsylvania—Fair Monday and Tuesday; not much change in temperature.
Western Pennsylvania—Fair Monday and Tuesday; warmer Tuesday.
Western New York—Fair Monday and Tuesday; warmer in west Tuesday.
The temperature record for the twenty-four hours ended at 11 P.M., taken from the thermometer at the local office of the United States Weather Bureau, is as follows:
| | 1917. | 1918. |
| 3 A.M. | 45 | 56 |
| 6 A.M. | 43 | 55 |
| 9 A.M. | 59 | 56 |
| 12 M. | 58 | 60 |
| 4 P.M. | 57 | 51 |
| 6 P.M. | 54 | 49 |
| 9 A.M. | 47 | 44 |
| 11 P.M. | 45 | 42 |
This thermometer is 414 feet above the street level. The average temperature yesterday was 52; average on the corresponding date for the last thirty-three years, 46. The temperature at 8 A.M., yesterday was 54; at 9 P.M., it was 46. Maximum temperature, 60 degrees at noon; minimum 42 degrees at 11 P.M. Humidity 88 per cent. at 8 A.M.; 52 per cent. at 8 P.M.
The barometer at 8 A.M. yesterday registered 30.11 inches; at 8 P.M., it stood at 30.26 inches.
Weather in Cotton and Grain States Special to The New York Times.
WASHINGTON, D.C., Nov. 10.—Forecast:
N. C., S. C., and Ga.—Fair Mon. and Tues., continued cool.
Fla., Ala., and Miss.—Fair Mon. and Tues.
Tenn. and Ky.—Fair Mon. and Tues.; warmer Tues.
Ohio and Ind.—Fair Mon. and Tues.; warmer Tues.
Lower Mich.—Fair and slightly warmer Mon. and Tues.
Upper Mich.—Fair and slightly warmer Mon.; Tues. partly cloudy, probably rain.
# The New York Times/1918/11/11/To Sell Antique for Soldier Fund

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To Sell Antique for Soldier Fund.
The British and Canadian Patriotic Fund Society has announced that its efforts in recruiting ceased with the closing of the official mission here and that its efforts would be devoted now to the raising of funds for the relief of the families of the men who were recruited through the mission. It announced also that it had received as a bequest from a California estate an antique Italian lace coverlet, made about 1490. In accordance with the wishes of the former owner, it is to be sold, and offers are being received in Washington by Leonard Wilson, the Treasurer of the fund.
# The New York Times/1918/11/11/To Tell of Columbia's War Activities

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To Tell of Columbia's War Activities
Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, President of Columbia University, and Major Herbert C. Earnshaw, Commandant of the Students' Army Training Camp there, will be the speakers tonight at the annual meeting of the Columbia College Alumni Association, to be held in the Columbia University Club at 4 West Forty-third Street. The war activities of the college will be the subject.
# The New York Times/1918/11/11/Townshend Reaches Paris

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TOWNSHEND REACHES PARIS
British General Captured at Kut Shows Signs of Privations.
Copyright, 1918, by The New York Times Company.
Special Cable to The New York Times.
PARIS, Nov. 10.—General Townshend, the British commander captured by the Turks at Kut, arrived in Paris today. He will remain here for some time. He shows signs of the severe treatment he experienced, together with his fellow-prisoners, at the hands of the Turks.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Reinkens, Joseph Hubert

Edition of 1905. See also Joseph Hubert Reinkens on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​REINKENS, rin'kens, Joseph Hubert (1821–96). The first Old Catholic bishop. He was born at Burtscheid, near Aix-la-Chapelle; studied theology at Bonn; was ordained priest of the Roman Catholic Church; and in 1853 was appointed professor of Church history at Breslau. In 1870 he united with Dollinger in the Old Catholic movement, was suspended by the Bishop of Breslau, and the students were forbidden to attend his lectures. In 1873 he was consecrated Bishop at Rotterdam by the Jansenist Bishop of Deventer. He soon took the oath of allegiance to the Government and was recognized by Prussia as a Catholic bishop, with his residence at Bonn, and remained there in this capacity till his death. His publications include: Hilarius von Poitiers (1864); Martin von Tours (1866); Revolution und Kirche (1876); Melchior von Diepenbrock (1881); Lessing über Tolcranz (1883). See Old Catholics.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Reinthaler, Karl Martin

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Martin Reinthaler on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​REINTHALER, rïn'ta-lèr, Karl Martin (1822-96). A German composer, born at Erfurt. He studied music under A. B. Marx, and, later, in both Paris and Rome. In 1853 he was appointed teacher at the Cologne Conservatory, and in 1858 became municipal music director and cathedral organist at Bremen, where he also conducted the cathedral choir, the Singakademie, and the concert society. He retired in 1893. His best known works are the oratorio Jephtha, the Bismarck-Hymne, the choral works In der Wüste, and Das Madchen von Kolah, and the operas Edda (1875) and Kätchen von Heilbronn, which gained a prize at Frankfort in 1881.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rennie, George

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​REN'NIE, George (1791-1866). An English civil engineer. He was born in Surrey, the eldest son of John Rennie (q.v.), and at the ago of sixteen entered Edinburgh University. He returned to London in 1811, and began the practical study of engineering under his father. In 1818 he was appointed superintendent of the machinery of the mint, and at the same time aided his father in the planning and designing of several of his later works. After his father's death, in 1821, Rennie entered into partnership with his younger brother, John (afterwards Sir John Rennie), as engineer and machinery constructor. Their operations included the construction of bridges, harbors, docks, ship-yards, and dredging machinery, steam factories, both in Great Britain and on the Continent, and the furnishing of engines for warships of England, Russia, France, Italy, Mexico. etc. Rennie in addition was engaged in the drainage of large tracts in the midland counties of England and the construction of several Continental railways. He was greatly interested in the development of the screw propeller, and after building the engines for the Archimedes boat with a novel form of screw, constructed the Dwarf, the first screw vessel in the British Navy. He was the author of various papers published in the Philosophical Transactions.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Reis, Philipp

Edition of 1905. See also Philipp Reis on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​REIS, ris, Philipp (1834-74). A German physicist, born at Gelnhausen. In 1858 he became a teacher in the Garnier Institute, near Homburg, and there, after two or three years of research, in 1860 he produced the first telephone. It transmitted musical tone, but not the intelligible utterances of the voice. Reis gained no benefit from his invention. In 1885 a monument was erected to him in his native town. Consult Thomson's English version of the biographical sketch by Schenk (London, 1883).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Reis Effendi

Edition of 1905. See also Reis ül-Küttab on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​REIS EFFENDI, ra'is ef-fen'di (Turk., presiding official). A title formerly given to an officer of State in the Ottoman Empire. He was the Chancellor of the Empire, and Minister of Foreign Affairs. His duties in the first-mentioned capacity was to confer with the Grand Vizier regarding the orders and instructions to be sent to the different provinces and regarding the proper decision on any subject affecting the Empire, whether internal or external; and in the latter capacity he had the sole and exclusive charge of the relations of the Porte with foreign courts.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Reisebilder

Edition of 1905. See also Reisebilder on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​REISEBILDER, rï'ze-bil'der (Ger., pictures of travel). A work by Heinrich Heine in four volumes (1826-31), in which poetie descriptions of nature and powerful delineations of character are mingled with scoffs at the institutions of the age, political, religious, and social. The wit and irreverence of these attacks, which respected nothing, together with the real beauties of the work, won for it an immediate success and brought the author into popular favor. Some of the poems interspersed through the work were published later with others under the title of Buch der Lieder.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Reiske, Johann Jakob

Edition of 1905. See also Johann Jakob Reiske on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​REISKE, ri'ske, Johann Jakob (1716-74). A celebrated German philologist and Oriental scholar. He was born at Zörbig, Prussian Saxony, and was educated at the University of Leipzig, where he devoted much attention to the study of the Semitic languages, especially Arabic. In 1758, after living in abject indigence, he obtained the rectorship of the Nikolai Gynmasium, in Leipzig, and he retained the post till his death. From 1758 he devoted his attention chiefly to Greek literature, in which he became a recognized authority. His works, which are very numerous and are remarkable for their learning, include his Animadversiones in Græcos Auctores (1757-66), and editions of Theocritus (1765-66); of the Greek orators (1770-75); of Maximus Tyrius (1774-75); of Dionysius of Halicarnassus (1774–77); of Plutarch, with notes and translations (12 vols., 1774-82); Dio Chrysostom (1784-98); and Libanius (1791-94). Reiske was also the first to call attention to the historical and æsthetic value of Arabic literature. His chief work in this field was his Latin translation of the Annales Moslemici of Abulfeda (1754; frequently reëdited). Some of these works, and his correspondence with Moses Mendelssohn and Lessing, were published after his death, by his wife, Ernestine Christine Reiske (1735-98). Consult: Morus, Vita Reiskii (Leipzig. 1777): Reiske, Selbstbiographie (Leipzig, 1793); and Haupt's Opuscula (Leipzig, 1875-76).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Reinmar von Hagenau

Edition of 1905. See also Reinmar von Hagenau on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​REINMAR VON HAGENAU, rin'mär fōn hä'ge-nou (?–c.1210). A German poet, one of the first of the minnesingers, usually called Reinmar the Old. From Hagenau he went to Vienna and there taught Walther von der Vogelweide, with whom he may have made the Crusade of 1190. His poetry, artificial, sad, and 'pale-hued,' won him the title of the 'Nightingale of Hagenau' from Gottfried von Strassburg, a panegyric from his pupil Walther, and from Uhland high praise for its sentiment and diction. It is published in Lachmann and Haupt's Des Minnesangs Frühling. Consult: Schmidt, Reinmar der Hagenau (Strassburg, 1874); and Burdach, Reinmar der Alte und Walther von der Vogelweide (Leipzig, 1880).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Reinsch, Paul Samuel

Edition of 1905. See also Paul Samuel Reinsch on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​REINMAR VON HAGENAU, rin'mär fōn hä'ge-nou (?–c.1210). A German poet, one of the first of the minnesingers, usually called Reinmar the Old. From Hagenau he went to Vienna and there taught Walther von der Vogelweide, with whom he may have made the Crusade of 1190. His poetry, artificial, sad, and 'pale-hued,' won him the title of the 'Nightingale of Hagenau' from Gottfried von Strassburg, a panegyric from his pupil Walther, and from Uhland high praise for its sentiment and diction. It is published in Lachmann and Haupt's Des Minnesangs Frühling. Consult: Schmidt, Reinmar der Hagenau (Strassburg, 1874); and Burdach, Reinmar der Alte und Walther von der Vogelweide (Leipzig, 1880).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm

See also Robert Bunsen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Bun′sen (bo͞on′sen), Robert Wilhelm, a distinguished German physicist and chemist, born at Göttingen, March 31, 1811. He received his university training at Göttingen, where he took his doctor's degree at the age of 20. His education was continued at Paris, Berlin and Vienna. At the age of 22 he began, with a privat-docentship at Göttingen, that marvelous career of teacher and investigator destined to extend over more than half a century and to make his name beloved by his own students and a household word for all others. The years from 1851 to 1899 were spent at the University of Heidelberg.
In addition to his more technical chemical investigations, the following may be mentioned as his most important contributions to science:
1. The invention of the Bunsen battery which replaced the expensive platinum plate of the Grove cell by a cheap carbon rod.
2. The invention of the Bunsen burner now in use everywhere from the kitchen to the research laboratory.
3. A satisfactory explanation of the phenomenon of the geyser, given after a trip to Iceland in 1847.
4. Precise methods for analyzing gases.
5. The chemical action of light.
6. His well-known ice-calorimeter for measuring quantities of heat.
7. His most important contribution, however, is that which he, in conjunction with Kirchoff, published in 1860 and 1861, namely, the establishment of the foundation of spectrum analysis. These two men showed that the prism is a reliable and delicate method for detecting the presence of any particular element in a chemical compound. And in their second paper they exemplified this fact by the discovery of two new elements, namely, cæsium and rubidium.
During the last ten years of his life Bunsen was not engaged in active teaching, but held an emeritus professorship at Heidelberg, where he died August 16, 1899.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Burgoyne, John

See also John Burgoyne on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Burgoyne (bûr-goin′), John, an English general during the American Revolution. His surrender to the Americans, Oct. 7, 1777, at Saratoga, (q. v.) was one of the most important victories of the war. Entering the army as a subordinate he had risen by distinguished service in Portugal before being sent to America. On returning to England he wrote an account of ​ ​his American campaign in his own defense, throwing the blame for his failure on the British cabinet. He also wrote several dramas. He died at London in 1792.