OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Detroit Edison Company v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue

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United States Supreme Court
319 U.S. 98
Detroit Edison Company v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue
Argued: April 13, 1943. --- Decided: May 3, 1943
Mr. Norris Darrell, of New York City, for petitioner.
Mr. Arnold Raum, of Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice JACKSON delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Detroit Free Press/1915/Detroit Free Press statement by Henry Ford II

Published September 5, 1915 in the Detroit Free Press
"The working man is beginning to realize that it is not the rulers of the nations who make war, be they presidents, kings or emperors. It is the military cliques that surround and sway them it has always been these same parasites, these sloths and lunatics. For I firmly believe that every man who delib- erately devotes his life to the trade of a soldier is either lazy or crazy, and, unhappily, most of them are merely lazy, so we are not permitted to put them in asylums.
"Nor is it always the fault of the young men who go into the army or navy that they do so. In many cases it is the last choice. If the large manufacturers and business men of the world would make it their duty and religion to see that their men are paid a wage that will make them contented, and assure them of steady employment, then the recruiting officers for the militarists would have even a harder job to get disciples.
"Instead, many of these business men are working hand in glove with the military men who start, drive and end the wars. And they are in it for what they can get out of the murder to fatten their wallets. They work for the very conditions that pre- vent good wages and steady work for willing men. What will they do with their surplus of munition-makers when the war is ended? "
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Hilarianus (1) Quintus Julius, Latin Chiliast writer

Hilarianus (1) Quintus Julius (Hilarion), a Latin Chiliast writer c. 397, author of two extant treatises. The first, Expositum de Die Paschae et Mensis, after having disappeared for several centuries, was printed in 1712, with a dissertation by Pfaffius to prove that it was written A.D. 397. Hilarian supports the Latins against the Greeks, in agreement with pope Victor and the council of Nicaea.
The second treatise, Chronologia sive Libellus de Mundi Duratione, is founded on a dispute about the date of the end of the world. The author counts 5,530 years from the Creation to the Passion; gives the world 6,000; and would therefore end it c. 498.
The following is a sketch of his chronology:
| From the Creation to the Deluge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 2237 years. |
| ";  "; Deluge to the Call of Abraham . . . . . . . | 1012 " |
| ";  "; thence to the Exodus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 430 " |
| ";  "; "; Samuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 450 " |
| ";  "; "; Zedekiah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 514 " |
| The Captivity lasted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 70 " |
| Thence to the Passion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 887 " |
He believes that after the close of the apocalyptic thousand years will come the loosing of Satan, the seducing of the nations Gog and Magog, the descent of fire from heaven upon their armies; then the second resurrection, the judgment, the passing away of the old things and the bringing in of the new heavens and new earth; "impii in ambustione aeterna; justi autem cum Deo in vita aeterna" (c. 19). His style is b arbarous. La Bigne, Biblioth. Vet. Patr. 1609, t. vii.; 1618, t. v. pt. i.; 1654, t. vii.; 1677, t. vii. Migne, Patr. Lat. xiii. col. 1094–1114; Cave, i. 252; Ceillier, vi. 288. A new ed. of de Mundi Duratione was pub. by C. Frisk in Chronica Minora (Leipz. 1892).
[W.M.S. AND J.G.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Hippolytus (5), an apocryphal martyr

Hippolytus (5): Aug. 10 (Bas: Men.), Aug. 13 (Mart. Vet. Rom. Usuard.). An apocryphal martyr, first mentioned in the 5th or 6th cent. His story, as given in the martyrology of Ado, is taken from the spurious acts of St. Laurentius the Roman archdeacon, where we are told that that saint, when arrested, was delivered by the prefect Valerian into the custody of Hippolytus, a high military officer, who was converted and at once baptized by him, and thereupon sentenced to be torn asunder by wild horses. Döllinger, in Hippolytus and Callistus (Plummer's trans.), pp. 28–39 and 51–60, discusses the rise and development of this legend, which has largely helped to confuse the story of the genuine Hippolytus, the Roman presbyter and writer of the 3rd cent. (q.v.) (cf. Bunsen's Christianity and Mankind, i. 426). Döllinger fixes the composition of this story between the time of pope Liberius and that of Leo the Great, a period of about 70 years. The whole subject is in a state of great confusion in the martyrologies, which Döllinger has striven, with his usual critical power and vast knowledge, to arrange in some consistent order. Yet the impartial reader must feel sorely perplexed between the opposing theories of Döllinger and Bunsen. (Cf. for the more modern traditions regarding this martyr, Aug. Hare's Walks in Rome, ii. 139.)
[G.T.S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Hierotheus, a writer

Hierotheus, a writer whose works are quoted by the Pseudo-Dionysius, who styles him his teacher. Two long extracts are preserved in the de Divinis Nominibus of the Pseudo-Dionysius (c. 2, §§ 9, 10; c. 4, §§ 15–17), and there are incidental references to him elsewhere. In the first extract (c. 2, § 9 fin.) his Theological Institutes (θεολογικαί στοιχειώσεις) are cited; in the second his Amatory Hymns (ἐρωτικοι ὕμνοι). His writings most probably belong to the school of Edessa, and should be dated about the middle or end of 5th cent. In confirmation of this view Dr. Westcott has noted a statement in Assemani (Biblioth. Orient. ii. 290, 291) that Stephen Bar-Sudaili, abbat of a monastery at Edessa, published a book under the name of Hierotheus to support his own mystic doctrines. Assemani says that this abbat held the doctrine of final restoration as taught by Origen, and was abused for it by Xenaias and James of Sarug, bp. of Batnae (Bibl. Or. i. 303 ii. 30–33; Ceillier, x. 641; Westcott on Dionys. Areop. in Contemporary Rev. May, 1867). The mystical views in the works of Hierotheus and Dionysius easily lend themselves to the support of that theory. According to Assemani (ii. 291), Bar-Sudaili wrote under the name of Hierotheus to prove "finem poenarum aliquando futurum, nec impios in saeculum saeculorum puniendos fore, sed per ignem purgandos; atque ita et malos daemones misericordiam consequuturos esse, et cuncta in divinam naturam transmutanda, juxta illud Pauli, ut sit Deus omnia in omnibus." In Mai's Spicilegium Romanum (iii. 704–707) will be found other fragments of this writer, translated from some Arabic MSS. Their theology savours, however, more of the 4th and 5th cents. than of the 1st. But see A. L. Frothingham, Stephen Bar-Sudaili and the Book of Hierotheos (Leyden, 1886).
[G.T.S.]
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Alberti

Alberti. A celebrated professor of the violin, engaged by Francis I. of France, in 1630.
ALBERTI, a composer and guitarist at Paris, was living in 1796.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Alberti, J. F

Alberti, J. F., organist of the court of Saxony, composed some chefs-d'oeuvres for the church. He died in 1710.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Albertini, F

Albertini, F., doctor of the canon law, was born at Florence, and wrote a treatise on music about the year 1510.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Albert, Madame

Albert, Madame. Principal singer at the great opera of Paris. She appeared for a few months at the opera in London, in 1821, but was not very successful ; was a fine actress, but a moderate singer.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Albert, Prince

Albert, Prince. Soon after he married Queen Victoria, he was appointed the director et the Society for the Performance of Ancient Music, and is spoken of as being familiar with the compositions of the classical masters of every school. The society of which he was director consisted of 170 performers.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Alberti, Dominico

Alberti, Dominico. A Venetian amateur, pupil of Biffi and of Lotti. He astonished Farinelli, in Spain, by his talent in singing. In 1737, he set to music the "Eadymion" of Metastasio, and, a short time after, the "Galatea" of the same author. He died at Rome very young. He was also the composer of thirty-six sonatas in a new style. Dr. Burney highly valued the vocal compositions of Alberti, which are little known in England, and were, indeed, scarce every where, even at the time the doctor was on the continent
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Alberti, Giuseppe Matteo

Alberti, Giuseppe Matteo. A composer and violinist at Bologna, at the beginning of the last century. He published twelve symphonies, which, being light and easy, were formerly much played in England. He also published, in 1713, ten concertos, in six parts, for violins.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Alberti, J

Alberti, J., composer and court musician at Ferrara, lived at the beginning of the last century.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Alberti, P

Alberti, P., a composer, lived at the beginning of the last century.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Albertini, I

Albertini, I., an instrumental composer, flourished towards the end of the seventeenth century. He composed twelve sonatas, and dedicated them to Leopold. I.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/List of coins engraved in the first volume

LIST OF COINS ENGRAVED IN THE FIRST VOLUME.
In the following list AV indicates that the coin is of gold, AR of silver, Æ of copper, 1Æ first bronze Roman, 2Æ second bronze Roman, 3Æ third bronze Roman. The weight of all gold and silver coins is given, with the exception of the aurei and denarii, which are for the most part of nearly the same weight respectively. When a coin has been reduced or enlarged in the drawing, the diameter of the original coin is given in the last column, the numbers in which refer to the subjoined scale: those which have no numbers affixed to them are of the same size in the drawing as the originals.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/M. Bambalio

​M. BAMBA'LIO, a man of no account, the father-in-law of M. Antonius, the triumvir, who received the nickname of Bambalio on account of a hesitancy in his speech. His full name was M. Fulvius Bambalio, and his daughter was Fulvia: he must not be confounded with Q. Fadius, whose daughter Fadia was Antony's first wife. (Cic. Phil. ii. 36, iii. 6.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Magia gens

​MA'GIA GENS, plebeian, was of Campanian origin, and one of the most distinguished houses at Capua in the time of the second Punic war. (Comp. Cic. de Leg. Agr. ii. 34, in Pison. 11.) At Rome none of its members ever obtained any of the higher offices of the state. Chilo or Cilo is the only cognomen which occurs in the gens in the time of the republic.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/M. Arethusius

​M. ARETHU'SIUS (Ἄρεθούσιος), the author of a confession of faith, promulgated in the third council of Sirmium, a. d. 359, and was subsequently a martyr under Julian. (Socrat. H. E. ii. 30, with Valesius' note ; Nazian. Orat. 48 ; Tillemont, vii. p. 726.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/List of Tables

LIST OF TABLES
* Chronological Tables of Greek History (from the first Olympiad to the Fall of Corinth, B. C. 146)
* Chronological Tables of Roman History (from the Foundation of the City, B. C. 753, to the Fall of the Western Empire, A. D. 476)
* List of the Genealogical Tables
* Parallel Years
* The Athenian Archons Eponymi (from B. C. 496, to B. C. 292)
* Lists of Kings:
* Kings of Egypt
* Kings of Media
* Kings of Lydia
* Kings of Persia
* Kings of Sparta
* Kings of Macedonia
* Kings of Syria
* Kings of Egypt (Ptolemaeus)
* Kings of Pergamus
* Kings of Bithynia
* Kings of Pontus
* Kings of Cappadocia
* Kings of Parthia
* Kings of Persia (Sassanidte)
* Kings of Rome
* Emperors of Rome
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Machaereus

​MACHAEREUS (Μαχαιρεύς), i.e. the swords- man, a son of Daetas of Delphi, who is said to have slain Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles, in a quarrel about the sacrificial meat at Delphi. (Strab. ix. p. 421 ; Pind. Nem. vii. 62, with the scholiast.) [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Magentenus

​MAGENTE'NUS, or MAGENTI'NUS LEO. [Leo, p. 744, No. 17.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Lepidus 9.

​9. M. Aemilius Lepidus, the son of No. 7, tribune of the soldiers in the war against Antiochus the Great, b. c. 190. (Liv. xxxvii. 43.)
# Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan/Preamble

بِسْمِ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ
(In the name of Allah, the most Beneficent,
the most Merciful.)
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE ISLAMIC
REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN
[12TH APRIL, 1973]
Preamble
Whereas sovereignty over the entire Universe belongs to Almighty Allah alone, and the authority to be exercised by the people of Pakistan within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust;
And whereas it is the will of the people of Pakistan to establish an order;
Wherein the State shall exercise its powers and authority through the chosen representatives of the people;
Wherein the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by Islam, shall be fully observed;
Wherein the Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accordance with the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Quran and Sunnah;
Wherein adequate provision shall be made for the minorities freely to profess and practise their religions and develop their cultures;
Wherein the territories now included in or in accession with Pakistan and such other territories as may hereafter be included in or accede to Pakistan shall form a Federation wherein the units will be autonomous with such boundaries and limitations on their powers and authority as may be prescribed;
Wherein shall be guaranteed fundamental rights, including equality of status, of opportunity and before law, social, economic and political justice, and freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith, worship and association, subject to law and public morality;
Wherein adequate provision shall be made to safeguard the legitimate interests of minorities and backward and depressed classes; Wherein the independence of the judiciary shall be fully secured; ​
Wherein the integrity of the territories of the Federation, its independence and all its rights, including its sovereign rights on land, sea and air, shall be safeguarded;
So that the people of Pakistan may prosper and attain their rightful and honoured place amongst the nations of the World and make their full contribution towards international peace and progress and happiness of humanity;
Now, therefore, we, the people of Pakistan;
Conscious of our responsibility before Almighty Allah and men;
Cognisant of the sacrifices made by the people in the cause of Pakistan;
Faithful to the declaration made by the Founder of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, that Pakistan would be a democratic State based on Islamic principles of social justice;
Dedicated to the preservation of democracy achieved by the unremitting struggle of the people against oppression and tyranny;
Inspired by the resolve to protect our national and political unity and solidarity by creating an egalitarian society through a new order;
Do hereby, through our representatives in the National Assembly, adopt, enact and give to ourselves, this Constitution.
______________
# Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan/Part IX
### Article 227: Provisions relating to the Holy Quran and Sunnah

(1) All existing laws shall be brought in conformity with the Injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Holy Quran and Sunnah, in this part referred to as the Injunctions of Islam, and no law shall be enacted which is repugnant to such Injunctions.
    [Explanation: In the application of this clause to the personal law of any Muslim sect, the expression "Quran and Sunnah" shall mean the Quran and Sunnah as interpreted by the sect.]
(2) Effect shall be given to the provisions of clause (1) only in the manner provided in this Part.
(3) Nothing in this Part shall affect the personal laws of non-Muslim citizens or their status as citizens.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Aggas, Edward

​ AGGAS, EDWARD (fl. 1564–1601), bookseller and printer, son of Robert Aggas, of Stoke-near-Nayland, in Suffolk, and most likely a relative of Ralph Aggas [see Agas, Ralph], who was a native of the same place. He was apprenticed to Humphrey Toy, stationer and citizen of London, for nine years, from Easter 1564, and probably took his freedom of the company about the period covered by the break in the records. We find him taking apprentices himself in 1577 and 1580, and down to 1601 his name appears from ​time to time in the registers (Arber's Transcript, vols. ii. and iii.). He brought out many theological works and translations from the French; to some of the latter the letters E. A. are affixed, giving rise to the opinion that they were translated by Aggas himself. Ames says that he was more of a bookseller than printer (Typogr. Antiq., ed. Herbert, p. 1167), and dwelt at the sign of the Dragon in the west end of St. Paul's Churchyard. His device was a wyvern rising out of a ducal coronet, being the arms of the Cliffords, earls of Cumberland. His son, Elmore Aggas, was apprenticed to Gregory Seton for eight years, from 1 Nov. 1603 (Arber, ii. 274).
H. R. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Aglio, Augustine

​AGLIO, AUGUSTINE (1777–1857), painter, decorator, and lithographer, was born at Cremona and educated at Milan. About 1801 William Wilkins, the architect, afterwards R.A., made his acquaintance abroad, and travelled with him in Italy and Greece. Aglio executed in aquatint the illustrations to Wilkins's ‘Magna Græcia.’ He returned to Rome in 1802, and afterwards came to England, where he settled and spent the remainder of his life. He decorated the Opera House in 1804, Drury Lane Theatre in 1806, and the Pantheon in 1811. In 1819 he painted the ceiling and altar-piece of the Roman catholic chapel in Moorfields, and he decorated the summer-house in the gardens of Buckingham Palace and the Olympic Theatre. From 1807 to 1846 he was a frequent exhibitor at the Royal Academy, and sent many works to the exhibitions of the Society of British Artists. His contributions to the Academy were principally landscapes, but to the society he sent many scriptural pieces. A portrait of George IV as a Knight of the Garter was lithographed by Aglio in 1823. In 1840 he exhibited at the Royal Academy a picture of ‘The Enthronisation of Queen Victoria,’ which, with two portraits of the queen and others of his works, have been engraved. In 1844 and 1847 he competed unsuccessfully for the decoration of the Houses of Parliament, sending on the first occasion a large landscape with figures in fresco, and on the second a large oil picture of Rebecca. He was an artist of much industry and versatility, but of no great talent. His most extensive performance was a work called ‘Antiquities of Mexico,’ illustrated with a thousand lithographic plates from ancient Mexican paintings and hieroglyphics in the royal libraries of Europe. This work was executed at the expense of Lord Kingsborough. Nine volumes out of ten projected were finished and issued in folio (1830–48). A set at the British Museum contains sixty pages of the tenth volume. Aglio also published ‘Twelve Pictures of Killarney,’ ‘A Collection of Capitals and Friezes, drawn from the Antique’ (1820), ‘Sketches of the Decorations in Woolley Hall, Yorkshire’ (1821), and ‘Studies of various Trees and Forest Scenery’ (two numbers only, 1831). Aglio died 30 Jan. 1859, and was buried in Highgate Cemetery.
C. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Aggas, Robert

​AGGAS, or ANGUS, ROBERT (d. 1679), landscape and scene painter, was considered a good landscape painter, both in oil and in distemper, and skilful in introducing architecture into his compositions. He was employed by Charles II as a scene-painter for the theatre in Dorset Garden. He was also employed at the Blackfriars and Phœnix Theatres. A landscape by him is preserved in Painter-Stainers' Hall. He died in London in 1679, aged about 60.
C. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Aglionby, John

​AGLIONBY, JOHN, D.D. (d. 1611), a native of Cumberland, was sent to Queen's College, Oxford, in 1583, where in due time he became a fellow, and after he was ordained became a distinguished preacher. Whilst travelling abroad he made the acquaintance of the celebrated Bellarmine. He took the degree of D.D. on 17 June 1600, and became rector of Islip, where he died on 6 Feb. 1610–11; he held the office of principal of St. Edmund Hall, which is still in the gift of Queen's College, since 4 April 1601. He was chaplain in ordinary to Elizabeth as well as to James I, and is said to have been a man of great learning, but has left no publication, though he is said by Anthony à Wood to have had a considerable share in the authorised version of the New Testament, which was published the year after his death.
[Wood's Athenæ and Hist. Antiq. Univ. Oxon.]
N. P.