# Niger Delta Ecosystems: the ERA Handbook/Subject index A-L

​INDEX
* A
* Aba................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................245, 246, 247, 257, 258
* Acrosticum aureum................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................91
* Adventitious................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................91
* Adverse environmental impacts of projects................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................164
* Aerial Roots................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................70
* Afara................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................84
* African Charter of Human and People's Rights................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................30
* African Rice................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................135
* Afzelia africana................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74
* Age of tropical rainforest trees................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................75
* Agenda 21................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................31
* Agip................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................157, 160, 222, 223, 224, 233, 236,
* 240
* Agroforestry................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................138, 140
* Agroforestry, traditional................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................138
* Agro-industry................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................144
* Akassa................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................40, 41, 54, 62, 146, 147, 148,
* 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224,
* 225, 226, 228, 229
* Akassa, modern society................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................222
* Akassa, natural ecosystem................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................219
* Akassa, soils................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................218
* Akassa, topography................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................217
* Akintola weed................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................136
* Akwa Ibom................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................175, 178, 193, 250
* Albizzia zygia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74
* Algae................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................103
* Alley cropping................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................140
* Alstonia boonei................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74, 84, 228
* Amphibians................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................95
* Amphimas pterocarpoides................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74
* Anaerobic................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................53
* Animal communities................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................38
* Anomalurus beecrofti................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Anomalurus derbianus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Anthocleista nobilis................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................84
* Anthocleista spp................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................136
* Anthocleista vogelli................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74
* Anyama District................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................211
* Anyama District, economy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................215
* Anyama District, modern society................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................214
* Anyama District, soils................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................212
* Anyama District, topography................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................211
* Aonyx capensis................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* Aonyx spp................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................95
* Aquatic animals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43
* Aquatic ecosystems................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................120
* Arable crops................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................134
* Arable farming................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................148
* Artherurus africanus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Arthropods................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................57, 58, 75
* Artiodactyla................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Associated Gas................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................152, 158
* Atoms................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................106
* Autotrophs................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43
* Avicennia germinans................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................91
* Avicennia nitida................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................91
* Avicennia spp................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................92, 96
* Awolowa Weed................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................136, 232
* B
* Back-swamps................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................228, 229
* Balance................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................46
* Bamboo................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................83, 85, 91
* Bananas................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................135
* Bassambiri................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................117, 225
* Bats................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................95
* Bauchi State................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................156
* Bayelsa................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................170, 211, 216
* Beach Strand................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................100
* Beecroft’s flying squirrel................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Bekekiri................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................147
* Benin Estuary................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................89, 222
* Benue Basin................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................49
* Bight of Benin................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................36, 50
* Bight of Biafra................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................50
* Bight of Guinea................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................94, 110, 113, 115
* Bilharzia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................119
* Bioactivity................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................46, 57, 73, 83, 103, 139
* Biodiversity................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................41, 72, 120, 127
* Biogeographical Regions................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................40
* Biomass................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................45, 83, 140
* Biomes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................40
* Biosphere................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................31, 40, 44, 46, 47, 107, 110,
* 112, 185
* Birds................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................87, 88, 95, 101, 105
* Bitumen................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................153
* Black duiker................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Black fly................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................118
* Black-bellied pangolin................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Black-water................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................51, 86
* Blue duiker................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Bonga................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................104
* Bonny................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................173, 194, 245, 247
* Bonny Island................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................173
* Bonny river................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................49, 50, 90, 129, 146, 147,
* 151, 188, 200, 202, 203, 220, 222,
* 229, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 256
* Bosman's potto................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* Botam................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................200, 208
* Brachystegia eurycoma................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................82
* Brackish water................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................51
* Brackish-water................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................89
* Brass island................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................50, 62, 99, 117, 147, 161,
* 194, 217, 219, 222, 224, 225, 229,
* 236
* Brass river................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................49, 51, 146, 217, 220, 222,
* 225
* Brush-tailed porcupine................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Buffalo................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Bulinus truncatus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................119
* Bush Mango................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................82, 127, 142
* see also Irvingia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................206
* Bush Meat................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................126
* Bushbuck................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Bushcow................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Bushpig................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Butane................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................152
* C
* Cadmium................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................188, 254
* Calabar................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................194
* Calamus deerratus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................82
* Cameroon................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................89
* Camwood................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74
* Canals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................120
* see also Slots................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................175
* Canals, environmental impact................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................176
* Canoes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................84
* Capillary Moisture................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................67
* Carbohydrates................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................135
* Carbon cycle, the................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................108
* Carbon dioxide................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................53, 108, 111, 158, 185,
* 186, 253
* Carnivores................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43, 76
* Cassava................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................134
* Casuarina trees................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42, 221
* Catfish................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................104, 121
* Cauliflory................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................71
* Ceiba pendantra................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................71, 73, 84
* Ceiba pentandra................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................202, 213
* see also Silk Cotton Tree................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................213
* Celtis zenkeri................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74
* Cephalophus jentinki................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Cephalophus maxwelli................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Cephalophus niger................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Cephalophus rufitatus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Cephalophus sylvicultor................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Cercocebus spp.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* Cercopithecidae................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* Cercopithecoidae................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* Cercopithecus erythrogaster................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* Cercopithecus mona................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76, 95
* Cercopithecus nictitans................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* CFCs................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................112
* Chevron................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................157, 160, 231
* Chewing sticks................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................84
* Chicoco................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................55, 90, 93, 95, 117, 145
* Chimpanzee................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76, 87
* Chloroflurocarbons................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................112
* Chlorophora excelsa................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74, 84, 130
* Cholera................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................118
* Chromalaena odorata................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................204, 232
* Chromalina................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................136
* Chromalina ordorata................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................136
* Chromium................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................188
* Civets................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* Clay................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................161
* Cleistopholis patens................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................84
* Cleitopholis patens................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................82
* Climate................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................36, 50, 54, 62
* Climate change................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................186
* Climatic Stability................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................56
* Cocoa................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................140, 171, 194, 206, 232
* Cocoyams................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................135
* Cola acuminata................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................127
* Cola laurifolia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................82
* Colacasia spp................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................135
* Colobus monkeys................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* Colobus Monkeys................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* Colobus spp.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* Coloidae................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* Colonisation................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42
* Combretodendron africana................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74
* Communities communities................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................85
* Communities, animal................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................57, 58, 94, 96
* Communities, animals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................86, 101
* Communities, plant................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................61, 83, 92
* Community Resource Centres................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................32
* Compound farming................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................139
* Condensation................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................66
* Conocarpus erectus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................100
* Conservation................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42
* Continental Shelf................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................97
* Copper................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................188
* Cost Benefit Analyses................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................131
* Crabs................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................95, 96, 100
* Crassostrea gasar................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................94
* Crested porcupine................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Cricetomys ugambianus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Croaker................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................104
* Cross river................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................50, 57, 90, 129, 194, 202, 229
* Cross River State................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* Crossarchus obscurus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Crustaceans................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................95, 103
* Cusimanse................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Cyclicodiscus gabunensis................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74
* Cynometra hankei................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74
* Cynometra vogelli................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................82
* Cyperus spp.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................85
* D
* Dahomey Gap................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................48, 57, 63
* Dams................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................172
* Decomposers................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43
* Dendrohyrax dorsalis................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Dependency ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................45
* Depobelts ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................151
* Derrick................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................154
* Desertifcation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................109
* Detritus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43, 44, 94
* Diarrhoea ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................118, 178
* Dicotyledons ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................81
* Diesel ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................153
* Diobu................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................245, 247, 248, 258
* Dioscorea spp.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................135
* Diospyros mespiliformis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74
* Distemonathus benthamianus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74
* Disturbed forest................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................62
* diversity................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................41, 57, 69, 104, 212,
* 213, 219, 220, 228
* Diversity ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................37, 38, 42, 56, 61, 73,
* 87, 94, 101, 127, 214
* Dolphins................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................105
* Dracunculatus dedinesis................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................118
* Dragonflies ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................85
* Dredging,environmental impact ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................176
* Drilling ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................172
* Drilling Bit................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................154
* Drilling fluids................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................154
* Drilling for oil ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................154
* Drilling for oil, Directional ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................155
* Drilling Line ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................154
* Drilling string ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................154
* Drill monkeys ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* Drypetes gossweileri................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74
* Dysentery ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................118
* E
* Earthworm Ridges................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................84
* Ebubu................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................177
* Ecological history ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................170
* Economic Activity, local ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................206
* Economic Impact ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................192
* Economic trees................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................142
* Economy, local................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................215, 223, 231
* Economy, the global ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................110
* Ecosystem ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................60
* ecosystems ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................64
* Ecosystems ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................35, 39, 40, 42, 43,
* 44, 45, 47, 48, 51
* Ecotone ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................41
* Ecozone ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................41
* Ecozones of the Niger Delta, Natural ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................59
* EIA................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................163, 164, 165
* EIA - what is it?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................162
* EIA, Macro-EIA................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................166
* Ekole Creek................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................211, 213, 214
* Elaeis guineensis................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................81
* Electric eel ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................86
* Elements ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................107
* Elephants ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77, 139
* Elephants of Ogoni ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Elf Oil ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................157, 160
* Empowerment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................33
* Endemic ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................81
* Energy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................44, 45, 53, 141, 153, 196, 198
* Entandophragma macrophylum................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74
* Entandrophragma angolensis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................75
* Entandrophragma utile................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................75
* Environmental Impact Assessment (also see EIA)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................162
* Epiphytes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................61
* Epixerus spp.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................95
* ERA................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 56, 58, 79, 89,
* 111, 114, 139, 159, 162, 171, 176,
* 178, 179, 183, 198, 199, 200, 209,
* 215, 216, 225, 234, 236, 238, 239,
* 240, 242, 243, 248, 249
* Eremospatha laurentii................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................82
* Eremospatha wendlandiana................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................82
* Erosion by rivers................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................98
* Erosion in estuaries ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................99
* Estuaries ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................102
* Euphobic Layer ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................65
* Euphotic ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................85
* Evaporation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................66
* Evapotranspiration ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................66
* Evolution................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42, 56, 72
* Extinction................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................109
* F
* Faeces ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................94
* Fagara................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74
* Fair Trade ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................32
* Farmers................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................86
* Farming ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................134, 136, 142, 143, 145, 146,
* 148, 187, 203, 204, 205, 206, 214,
* 215, 221, 222, 229, 232, 239, 240,
* 249
* Farming, small farmer ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................144
* Ferns ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................85, 91
* Fertiliser ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................141
* Fish................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................57, 95, 104, 120, 121
* Fish catch, marine................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................123
* Fishing ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................95, 121, 122, 123, 148, 195,
* 222, 223
* Flaring (see gas) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................155
* Floating grass ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................85
* Flow lines ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................155
* Flow station ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................155
* Food Chains................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................93
* Forcados river ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................49, 90, 99
* Forcardos estuary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................222
* Forcardos river ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................86
* Forest classification................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................125
* Forest clearance ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................98
* Forest elephant................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Forest resources ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................125, 126
* Forest sponge effect ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................98
* Freshwater ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................50, 51
* Frogs................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................85
* Fufu ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................135
* Fulani ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................109
* Futuma elastica................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74
* G
* Galago demidovii................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* Gamete................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................72
* Garcinia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................84
* Garri................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................134
* Gas................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................152, 157, 158
* see Natural Gas also................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................157
* Gas flaring................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................159, 160, 168, 183
* Gas flaring - legislation................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................167
* Gas flaring,environmental impact................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................185
* Gas liquefaction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................173
* Gas processing ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................159, 160
* Gas Processing................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................155, 173
* Gas production ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................159
* Gas Re-injection ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................155
* Gas reserves................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................159
* Gas, associated................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................152
* Gas, economic importance................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................159
* Gas, re-injecting ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................155
* Gas, trace elements in ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................158
* Gashua ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................109
* Gathering................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................95, 195
* GDP................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................171
* Genes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................72
* Genet................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................87
* Genetic Mutation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................72
* Genets ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* Genetta spp.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* Geology ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................36, 49
* Geology of Oil................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................151
* Geology of the Niger Delta................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................151
* Geophone................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................153
* Giant forest squirrel ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Giant pangolin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Giant rat................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Gills ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................120
* Gin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................126, 128, 142, 147, 194, 204, 206,
* 215, 221, 223, 232
* Global warming................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111,186
* Gorillas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* Grass-cutter................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Greenhouse Effect ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................185
* Green-House Effect................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111
* Greenhouse gases ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................186
* Greenpeace................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................177
* Grewia coriacea................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................84
* Gross Domestic Product................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
* see GDP ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................171
* Grouper ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................104
* Guara cedrata ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................75
* Guara thomsonii ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................75
* Guenons ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76, 87
* Guinea Abyssal Plain ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................151
* Guinea Worm ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................118
* H
* Habitat................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42, 56
* Habitats................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................38
* Hargrove Agreement................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................244
* Harrier hawk................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................87
* Hausa, the................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................109
* Heliophilic plants ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................65
* Herbivores ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43
* Herpestes spp.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* Herring or Bonga................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................104
* Heterotrophs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43
* Hevea; see Rubber ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................232
* Hibiscus tiliaceus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................91, 100
* Hippopotamus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77, 87, 105
* Hippopotamus amphibius................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Homestead farming................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................139
* Hominidae ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* Hominoidea ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* Housing in Port Harcourt................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................252
* Housing in Urban Areas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................179
* Human Activity ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................165
* Human society ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................46
* Hunting................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................58, 95, 195, 202, 206
* Hydrocoidea ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Hydrology................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................36, 50, 54
* Hypodaphnis zenkeri ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74
* Hystrix cristata................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* I
* Ibibio ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................202, 215
* Imo river................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................51, 77, 90, 97, 200,
* 202, 203, 208, 246, 247, 259
* Inceptisol aquept soils................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................133
* Income ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................178
* Inheritance ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................72
* Insects ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................58, 85
* Inshore Waters................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................102
* Interested Parties ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................165
* Invertebrates ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................103
* Ipomea pes-carpea ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................100
* Iroko ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74, 84, 130
* Iron Pyrites ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................145
* Ironwood ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................71,73,84, 219, 229
* see also Lophora procera ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................229
* Irvingia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................127
* Irvingia gabonensis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................142, 206, 229
* Irvingia grandifolia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................82
* Irvingia smithii ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................82
* J
* Jaja, King ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................194
* Jentink's duiker ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Jungle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................62
* K
* Kai-kai ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................142, 147, 221
* Kainji dam ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................192
* Kainji Dam................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................222
* Kaolinite................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................54, 55, 161
* Kerosene................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................152
* Khaya grandiflora ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................82
* Khaya grandifolia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74
* Khaya ivorensis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................75
* Kingdoms of Life................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................38
* Kola Nut................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................127, 139, 142, 206
* Korokoro ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................208
* L
* Lagoon ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................93
* Lake Chad Basin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................156
* Lakes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................85
* Land ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................116
* Land tenure ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................140
* Landscape................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 49, 63,
* 93, 99, 136, 137, 138, 179, 191, 192,
* 193, 199, 200, 203, 205, 207, 211, 212,
* 213, 216, 225, 226, 227, 233
* Language ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................200, 202, 211, 217, 220, 229
* Larvae ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................85
* Lead ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................188, 254
* Legumes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42,67
* Leopards ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* Lepidoptera ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................85
* Lesser Bush Baby ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* Levees................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................212, 214, 225, 226, 229, 230
* Lianas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................84
* Light................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................120
* Liquefied Natural Gas................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................160
* Liquefied Natural Gas project................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................158
* Liquid Petroleum Gases................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................158
* Littoral................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................101, 147
* Littoral Forest ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................101
* Liver fluke ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................119
* Lizards................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................87
* Local people ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................165, 166, 167, 170, 174,
* 175, 177, 178, 182, 183, 189, 190,
* 197, 201, 203, 207, 209, 210, 214,
* 215, 218, 222, 223, 230, 231, 232,
* 234, 239, 240, 242, 244, 249, 254, 257
* Local People................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................34, 207, 216, 234
* Long-shore Drift................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................97
* Lophira procera ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................71, 73, 84
* Lophora procera, see also Ironwood................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................229
* Lovoa trichiliodes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74
* Loxodonta africana ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Lugard, Lord ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................244