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# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Varnhagen, Francisco Adolpho de

Edition of 1889.
​VARNHAGEN, Francisco Adolpho de, Brazilian historian, b. in San João de Ypanema in 1816. He acquired his primary education in Rio Janeiro and went to Portugal to study in the University of Coimbra. When the ex-emperor of Brazil, Pedro I., was trying to re-establish the government of his daughter, Maria da Gloria, in 1834, Varnhagen enlisted in the constitutional army, and afterward re-entered college and completed his career as a military engineer in 1840, when he devoted himself to poetry and literature. He was appointed secretary of legation in Madrid, with the commission to revise the documents in the government archives concerning the boundaries of the empire of Brazil. In 1859 he returned to South America and was appointed minister-resident to the republic of Paraguay; but, on account of the despotic government of the dictator Lopez, he resigned his post and was commissioned to travel through Venezuela, New Granada, Ecuador, and the Antilles, and report on the agricultural progress of those countries. He executed this commission satisfactorily, presenting reports on coffee, sugar, and tobacco. Soon afterward, as minister of Brazil to Chili and Peru, he protested against the hostile attitude of the Spanish government toward the republics of the Pacific. While in Lima he began to investigate documents about Amerigo Vespucci, among which there is a letter from Peter Martyr to Columbus, in which he says that the Bay of Honduras had been visited before by others, thereby confirming Oviedo's assertion in his “Historia de las Indias.” He was sent to Vienna in 1868 as minister-resident, promoted plenipotentiary in 1871, and created in 1874 Viscount of Porto Seguro and member of the imperial council, continuing in Vienna till 1878, when he returned to Brazil. He writes equally well in French, German, and Italian as in his own language, and is the author of “Noticias do Brazil,” printed by the Royal academy of science of Lisbon (1852); “Trovas e Cantares” (Lisbon, 1853); “Historia geral do Brazil,” to the revolution against Portugal (2 vols., 1854-'8); “Os Indios bravos e o Sr. Lisboa” (Lima, 1867); “Le premier voyage de Amerigo Vespucci, définitivement expliqué dans ses détails” (Vienna, 1869); “Das wahre Guanahani des Columbus” (1869); “Sull' importanza d'un manoscritto inedito della Biblioteca imperiale di Vienna per verificare, quale fu la prima isola scoperta del Colombo, ed anche altri punti della Storia della America” (1869); “Nouvelles Recherches sur les derniers voyages du navigateur Florentin, et le reste des documents et éclaircissements sur lui, avec les textes dans les langues originelles,” with a facsimile of Ptolemy's chart of 1513 (1871); and “L'origine Touranienne des Américains Tupis-Caribes, et des anciens Egyptiens, indiquée principalement par la philologie comparée; traces d'une ancienne migration en Amérique, invasion du Brésil par les Tupis, etc.” (1876).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Varrick, James

Edition of 1889.
​VARRICK, James, A. M. E. Zion bishop, b. near Newburg, N. Y., about 1760; d. in 1836. He with eight other members of the Methodist church obtained permission from Bishop Francis Asbury to hold separate meetings for his race. They met in a shop in New York city for three years, and in 1800 the society was incorporated under the name of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion church, their first church being completed the same year. This was the origin of Zion church in this country, of which James Varrick was one of the earliest trustees. In 1820 he was elected one of the first two elders of the church, in the following year chairman of the New York conference district, and in 1822 he was made the first superintendent or bishop, his term of service expiring in 1828.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Vertin, John

Edition of 1889.
​VERTIN, John, R. C. bishop, b. in Rudolfswerth, Carniola, 17 July, 1844. He emigrated to the United States in 1863 with his father, and, having resolved to study for the priesthood, entered the theological seminary of St. Francis at Milwaukee, Wis. He was ordained a priest on 31 Aug., 1866, by Bishop Baraga, in Marquette. He was then appointed pastor at Houghton, and in 1871 transferred to Negaunee. He was consecrated bishop of Marquette on 14 Sept., 1879. The diocese has made considerable progress under his administration. It contains 40 priests, 36 churches, 4 chapels, and 68 stations. There are 11 convents, an academy, 10 parochial schools, and 2 orphan asylums. The Catholic population is about 40,000.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Viana, Francisco

Edition of 1889. No confirmation of this person's existence outside of Appletons' and derived sources has as yet been located, but there is also no verifiable source which states the person is one of Appletons' fictitious entries. Use this information with extra caution. There is a grammatical error in one of the titles of the alleged literary works.
​VIANA, Francisco de (ve-ah'-nah), Spanish mis- sionary, b. in the province of Alava about 1530 ; d. in Coban, Guatemala, in 1609. He entered the Domini- can order at Salamanca, and about 1560 went to New Spain, where he was attached to the missions of the province of Chiapa. For more than forty years he labored among the natives of the sur- rounding district, whose language he acquired, and became superior of the convent of Coban, rebuild- ing that and the one at Zacapula. He left some valuable manuscripts, which were preserved in the library of the order at Chiapa. The principal are " Arte de la Lengua de Vera Paz," " Vocabulario de la Lengua de Vera Paz," numerous religious works, sermons, and a catechism in that language, and a "Tratado de los deberes de la Justicia, para gobierno de Alcaldes mayores de Indias," all of which were translated into Quiche by Friar Dionisio Zuniga, of the province of Guatemala.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Vasey, George

Edition of 1889.
​VASEY, George, botanist, b. near Scarborough, Yorkshire, England, 28 Feb., 1822. He came to this country when a child, and was graduated at Berkshire medical college, Pittsfield, Mass., in 1848. Settling in the practice of his profession in Illinois, he continued it for twenty years. In April, 1872, he was appointed botanist to the department of agriculture in Washington. His published works, issued under government auspices, include “A Descriptive Catalogue of the Native Forest Trees of the United States” (Washington, 1876); “The Grasses of the United States, a Synopsis of the Tribes, with Descriptions of the Genera” (1883); “The Agricultural Grasses of the United States” (1884); “A Descriptive Catalogue of the Grasses of the United States” (1885); “Report of an Investigation of the Grasses of the Arid Districts” (2 parts, 1886-'7); and “Grasses of the South” (1887).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Verrill, Addison Emory

Edition of 1889.
​VERRILL, Addison Emory, naturalist, b. in Greenwood, Me., 9 Feb., 1839. He was graduated at the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard in 1862, where he specially studied natural history under Louis Agassiz. In 1864 he was called to the chair of zoölogy in Yale, which he still retains. And he was also professor of entomology and comparative anatomy in the University of Wisconsin in 1867-70. The instruction on geology in the Sheffield scientific school of Yale is under his care, and since 1867 he has been curator of zoölogy in the Peabody museum. The zoölogical collection has been created by him, and it now ranks as one of the host in this country. Since 1860 he has devoted part of every summer to collecting and studying the marine animals of the Atlantic coast, and since 1871 he has had charge of the dredging of marine invertebrates of the United States under the auspices of the U. S. fish commission, to whose reports he has annually contributed an account of his work. Prof. Verrill is a member of various scientific societies, and in 1872 was elected to the National academy of sciences. The degree of A. M. was conferred on him by Yale in 1867. He has made original investigations on corals, mollusca, annelids, echinoderms, tunicata, and bryozoa, and of the gigantic cephalopods of Newfoundland. His bibliography is quite large and includes papers in the “American Journal of Science” and the proceedings of various societies of which he is a member.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Verschoor, Julius Wilhelm Van

Edition of 1889.
​VERSCHOOR, Julius Wilhelm Van (fair-shore), Dutch navigator, b. in Dordrecht about 1575; d. there in 1640. He sailed as rear-admiral of a fleet that was equipped by order of the states-general of Holland and Prince Maurice of Nassau for an expedition against Peru, under command of Admiral Jacob L'Hermite Clerk, which left Amsterdam, 29 April, 1623. They stopped at the Cape Verde islands, where rich prizes were secured, and, on 1 Feb., 1624, made Cape Peñas on Tierra del Fuego. The admiral was already very sick, and after July, 1623, the fleet was virtually commanded by Vice-Admiral Gheen Huygen Schapenham and Verschoor. On 2 Feb. they entered the Strait of Le Maire, and, the fleet being dispersed by winds, Verschoor discovered Nassau bay, between Navarin, Hoste, and Wollaston islands. His mathematician, Johan von Walbeck, made a chart of the southeastern coast of Tierra del Fuego and the Strait of Le Maire, which was at that time the most authentic map of the extremity of South America. In March, 1624, Verschoor was detached with a division for the American coast, while the admiral sailed for Juan Fernandez. Verschoor joined him there, and the fleet attacked Callao on 12 May, burning thirty merchant vessels in the harbor. On 23 May, Verschoor was sent to attack Guayaquil, which he partly burned, but he was repelled there and again at Pisco. After Hermite's death, 2 June, 1624, Schapenham took the command-in-chief, and, in opposition to Verschoor's advice, refused to attack Callao again, which could have been easily carried, and a new expedition against Pisco was decided upon; but the Dutch were driven back on 26 Aug., owing to Schapenham's ill-concerted measures. When the fleet reached the coast of New Spain, Verschoor secured several rich prizes and was ordered to sail for the East Indies, Schapenham returning by way of Cape Horn to the Atlantic. Verschoor arrived on 2 March at Ternate, in the Moluccas, and, the vessels being assigned to other services, he returned to Holland to report to the states-general. His secretary, Hessel Gerritz, published “Journal van de Nassauche Vloot” (Amsterdam, 1626). A German version, with additional remarks, was made by Adolf Decker, who had served as captain of marines in the expedition. It is entitled “Journal oder Tag-Register der Nassauischen Flotte” (Strasburg, 1629). De Bry published a later version of it in his “Historiæ Americanæ” (1634), but the best-known version was published in French in the “Recueil des voyages de la Compagnie des Indes.” Des Brosses gave also an account of the expedition in his “Voyages aux terres australes,” and Capt. James Burney published an English translation in his “Voyages to the South Sea” (London, 1811).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Very, Jones

​VERY, Jones, poet, b. in Salem. Mass., 28 Aug., 1813; d. there, 8 May, 1880. He was graduated at Harvard in 1836. In his youth he made several voyages to Europe with his father, a sea-captain. He was a teacher of Greek at Harvard from 1836 till 1838, was licensed as a preacher by the Cambridge (Unitarian) association, and, though never ordained over a congregation, preached occasionally. He published “Essays and Poems” (Boston, 1839). A complete edition of Mr. Very's essays and poems, with a biographical notice of the author by James Freeman Clarke, was published (Boston, 1886). His poetry is characterized by remarkable purity and delicacy of thought and great ease and simplicity of style.—His brother, Washington, clergyman, b. in Salem, Mass., in 1815; d. there in 1853, wrote hymns and poems for the press.—His sister, Lydia Louisa Anna, poet, b. in Salem, Mass., 2 Nov., 1823, from 1845 till 1875 taught in the schools of her native city. She shares the poetical gift of her family, and contributed poems to various Boston and Salem newspapers while engaged in teaching. As an artist Miss Very has produced excellent pictorial illustrations for children's stories. She has published “Poems” (Andover, 1856) and children's books.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Varona, Enrique José

Edition of 1889.
​VARONA, Enrique José (vah-ro'-nah), Cuban author, b. in Puerto Principe, Cuba, in 1849. He received his education in his native city and began his literary career in 1864 as a contributor to reviews. In 1874 he fixed his residence in Havana, dividing his time between teaching and journalism. In 1885 he was elected representative for Puerto Principe in the Spanish cortes. In 1885 he founded the “Revista Cubana,” a literary, scientific, and philosophical review, which is considered one of the best in the Spanish language. His works include “Odas Anacreónticas” (Puerto Principe, 1868); “Poesías” (Havana, 1878); “Paisajes Cubanos” (1819); “Conferencias filosóficas; Lógica” (1880); “Conferencias filosóficas; Psicologia” (1881); “Estudios Literarios y filosóficos” (1883); and “Seis Conferencias” (Barcelona, 1887). His “Lógica” has been translated into French.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume I/JUSTIN MARTYR

Justin Martyr

## Contents

* Introductory Note to the Writings of Justin Martyr
* The First Apology
* The Second Apology
* Dialogue with Trypho
* The Discourse to the Greeks
* Hortatory Address to the Greeks
* On the Sole Government of God
* On the Resurrection, Fragments
* Other Fragments from the Lost Writings of Justin
* Introductory Note to the Martyrdom of Justin Martyr
* The Martyrdom of Justin Martyr
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume I/Second Epistle to St John

A Second Epistle of Ignatius to St. John.
His friend Ignatius to John the holy presbyter.
If thou wilt give me leave, I desire to go up to Jerusalem, and see the faithful saints who are there, especially Mary the mother, whom they report to be an object of admiration and of affection to all. For who would not rejoice to behold and to address her who bore the true God from her own womb, provided he is a friend of our faith and religion? And in like manner [I desire to see] the venerable James, who is surnamed Just, whom they relate to be very like Christ Jesus in appearance, in life, and in method of conduct, as if he were a twin-brother of the same womb. They say that, if I see him, I see also Jesus Himself, as to all the features and aspect of His body. Moreover, [I desire to see] the other saints, both male and female. Alas! why do I delay? Why am I kept back? Kind teacher, bid me hasten [to fulfil my wish], and fare thou well. Amen.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Literally, “his own.”
* ↑ Some omit this word.
* ↑ Literally, “of herself.” Some read, instead of “de se,” “deorum,” when the translation will be, “the true God of gods.”
* ↑ Or, “face.” Some omit the word.
* ↑ Or, “good.”
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume I/Introductory Note to the Syriac Version of the Ignatian Epistles

Introductory Note to the Syriac Version of the Ignatian Epistles
When the Syriac version of the Ignatian Epistles was introduced to the English world in 1845, by Mr. Cureton, the greatest satisfaction was expressed by many, who thought the inveterate controversy about to be settled. Lord Russell made the learned divine a canon of Westminster Abbey, and the critical Chevalier Bunsen committed himself as its patron. To the credit of the learned, in general, the work was gratefully received, and studied with scientific conscientiousness by Lightfoot and others. The literature of this period is valuable; and the result is decisive as to the Curetonian versions at least, which are fragmentary and abridged, and yet they are a valuable contribution to the study of the whole case.
The following is the original Introductory Notice:—
Some account of the discovery of the Syriac version of the Ignatian Epistles has been already given. We have simply to add here a brief description of the mss. from which the Syriac text has been printed. That which is named α by Cureton, contains only the Epistle to Polycarp, and exhibits the text of that Epistle which, after him, we have followed. He fixes its age somewhere in the first half of the sixth century, or before the year 550. The second ms., which Cureton refers to as β, is assigned by him to the seventh or eighth century. It contains the three Epistles of Ignatius, and furnishes the text here followed in the Epistles to the Ephesians and Romans. The third ms., which Cureton quotes as γ, has no date, but, as he tells us, “belonged to the collection acquired by Moses of Nisibis in a.d. 931, and was written apparently about three or four centuries earlier.” It contains the three Epistles to Polycarp, the Ephesians, and the Romans. The text of all these mss. is in several passages manifestly corrupt, and the translators appear at times to have mistaken the meaning of the Greek original.
[N.B.—Bunsen is forced to allow the fact that the discovery of the lost work of Hippolytus “throws new light on an obscure point of the Ignatian controversy,” i.e., the Sige in the Epistle to the Magnesians (cap. viii.); but his treatment of the matter is unworthy of a candid scholar.]

## Footnotes

* ↑ See the extraordinary passage and note in his Hippolytus, vol. i. p. 58, etc.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume I/PAPIAS

See also: Author:Papias
Papias

## Contents

* Introductory Note to the Fragments of Papias
* Fragments of Papias
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume I/MATHETES

Mathetes

## Contents

* Introductory Note to the Epistle of Mathetes to Diognetus
* Epistle to Diognetus
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume I/POLYCARP

Polycarp

## Contents

* Introductory Note to the Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians
* Epistle to the Philippians
* Introductory Note to the Martyrdom of Polycarp
* The Martyrdom of Polycarp
# Aquarium

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Aquarium."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Aquarium, a poem by Maurice Maeterlinck
* "Aquarium," in The New Student's Reference Work, Chicago: F.E. Compton and Co. (1914)
* "The Aquarium" by William E. Simmons Jr. in Popular Science Monthly, 5 (October 1874)
# Aquarium (Maeterlinck)

O my desires no more, alas, Summon my soul to my eyelids' brink, For with its prayers that ebb and pass It too must sink,   To lie in the depth of my closéd eyes; Only the flowers of its weary breath Like icy blooms to the surface rise, Lilies of death.   Its lips are sealed, in the depths of woe, And a world away, in the far-off gloom, They sing of azure stems that grow A mystic bloom.   But lo, its fingers I have grown Pallid beholding them, I who perceive Them traces the marks its poor unblown Lost lilies leave.   And I know it must die, for its hour is o'er; Folding its impotent hands at last, Hands too weary to pluck any more The flowers of the past
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# Aptheker v. Secretary of State/Concurrence Black

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinions Black Douglas
* Wikipedia article
United States Supreme Court
378 U.S. 500
Aptheker v. Secretary of State
Argued: April 21, 1964. --- Decided: June 22, 1964
Mr. Justice BLACK, concurring.
Section 6 of the Subversive Activities Control Act makes it a felony for a member of a 'Communist,' 'Communist-action,' or 'Communist-front' organization to apply for, use, or attempt to use a passport for travel abroad. I concur in the Court's holding that this section of the Act is unconstitutional, but not on the ground that the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, standing alone, confers on all our people a constitutional liberty to travel abroad at will. Without reference to other constitutional provisions, Congress has, in my judgment, broad powers to regulate the issuance of passports under its specific power to regulate commerce with foreign nations. The Due Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments do mean to me, however, that neither the Secretary of State nor any other government agent can deny people in this country their liberty to travel or their liberty to do anything else except in accordance with the 'law of the land' as declared by the Constitution or by valid laws made pursuant to it. For reasons stated in my dissenting opinion in Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board, 367 U.S. 1, 137, 81 S.Ct. 1357, 1431, 6 L.Ed.2d 625, I think the whole Act, including § 6, is not a valid law, that it sets up a comprehensive statutory plan which violates the Federal Constitution because (1) it constitutes a 'Bill of Attainder,' which Art. I, § 9, of the Constitution forbids Congress to pass; (2) it penalizes and punishes appellants and restricts their liberty on legislative and administrative fact-findings that they are subversives, and in effect traitors to their country, without giving them the benefit of a trial according to due process, which requires a trial by jury before an independent judge, after an indictment, and in accordance with all the other procedural protections of the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments; and (3) it denies appellants the freedom of speech, press, and association which the First Amendment guarantees.
The Subversive Activities Control Act is supposed to be designed to protect this Nation's 'internal security.' This case offers another appropriate occasion to point out that the Framers thought (and I agree) that the best way to promote the internal security of our people is to protect their First Amendment freedoms of speech, press, religion and assembly, and that we cannot take away the liberty of groups whose views most people detest without jeopardizing the liberty of all others whose views, though popular today, may themselves be detested tomorrow.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Aquilino v. United States

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## Dissenting Opinion

    Harlan
United States Supreme Court
363 U.S. 509
Robert AQUILINO and Joseph Spero, d/b/a Home Maintenance Company, and Colonial Sand and Stone Co., Inc., Petitioners, v. UNITED STATES of America, Ada Bottone, et al.
Argued: Oct. 15, 1959. --- Decided: June 20, 1960
Mr. Charles S. Friedman, Mount Vernon, for petitioners.
Mr. Howard A. Heffron, Washington, D.C., for respondents.
Mr. Chief Justice WARREN delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Apsey v. Kimball

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United States Supreme Court
221 U.S. 514
Apsey v. Kimball
Argued: April 20, 1911. --- Decided: May 29, 1911
Mr. George L. Wilson for plaintiff in error.
Messrs. Wilbur H. Powers, Henry H. Folsom, and Walter Powers for defendants in error.
Mr. Justice Day delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse