OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Ch'ên P'êng-nien (陳鵬年)

​238 Ch'ên Pêng-nien 陳鵬年 (T. 北溟 and 滄洲). A.D. 1663— 1723. Graduated as chin shih in 1691, and became a District Magistrate in Chehkiang, where he soon earned the reputation of an incorrupt official. In 1704 he became Prefect of Nanking, and in 1705 he was accused of treason and imprisoned. This caused a riot, and Ch'ên was sentenced to death, but was pardoned and summoned to Peking. In 1708 he was Prefect of Soochow, but in 1709 he was again summoned to Peking, and there employed in the Imperial Library. He rose by 1723 to be Director of the Yellow River, and died at his post in consequence of illness brought on by exposure on the dykes. Wrote essays, memoirs, and some poetry. Was one of the Five Devils (see Wang Ch'in-jo). Canonised as 恪勤.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Ch'ên Shih

​243 Ch'ên Shih 陳寔 (T. 仲弓). A.D. 104-187. An official of the Han dynasty, distinguished for parity and uprightness. As Magistrate of 太丘 T'ai-ch'iu in Honan, he ruled so justly that people from neighbouring Districts flocked to his jurisdiction. Resigning office, he returned to his home in Ying-ch'uan in Anhui, where he was appealed to as arbiter in all disputes by the people, who preferred to suffer the penalties of the law. rather than incur his disapproval. On one occasion, when a thief had hidden himself among the roof-beams, he quietly called together his sons and grandsons, and after a short moral lecture pointed up at the thief, saying, "Do not imitate this 梁上君子 gentleman on the beam." The latter was so touched that he came down and asked forgiveness, promising to lead an honest life for the future, and departing joyfully with a present of money. In 168 Ho Chin in vain tried to induce him to accept high office. His funeral is said to have been attended by 80,000 persons from all parts of the empire. He and his two sons (T. 元方 and 季方), both distinguished men, were known as the 三君.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Ch'ên Shun

​247
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Ch'ên Pa-hsien

​236 Ch'ên Pa-hsien 陳霸先 (T. 興國). A.D. 503-559. A native of Ch'ang-ch'êng in Chehkiang, and a descendant of Ch'ên Shih. He was ambitious from boyhood, and a great reader of military treatises. In 527 he entered the army of the Liang dynasty, whose founder greatly esteemed him for his successful campaign in 546—47 against Cochin-China. He supported the dynasty against the rebel Hou Ching, who was utterly routed at a great battle near Wuhu in 551. After several posts as Governor, he became Minister of Works in 554, and in 555 he surprised and slew Wang Sêng-pien, the Prime Minister, who had set on the throne the Marquis of 貞陽 Chên-yang, to the exclusion of the rightful heir. The last Emperor of Liang, in grateful recognition of his aid, bestowed on him a Dukedom and the military command of the Kingdom; and he made himself Prime Minister and a Prince. He compelled his sovereign to abdicate in his favour at the end of 557, and mounted the throne as first Emperor of the Ch'ên dynasty. His short reign was without incident. A devoted Buddhist, he publicly took the vows in 558. A clever General and a mild Governor, he was personally economical and averse to splendour. Canonised as 高祖武皇帝.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Ch'ên Pin

​239 Ch'ên Pin (T. 文煥 . H. 眉山) A.D. 1655-1718. A native of Kuangtung, who graduated as chin shih in 1694, and served mostly in the provinces. He managed by frugality and abstemiousness to live on his salary, and even to save money for public works. He was Governor of Fuhkien from 1716 until his death. The Emperor K'ang Hsi, when he appeared at an audience in 1715, exclaimed: "Why, this is surely some ascetic old priest!" But he nevertheless appreciated his purity, which was free from all taint of meanness. Canonised as 淸端, and included in 1730 in the Temple of Worthies.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Twiss, Sir Travers

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​TWISS, SIR TRAVERS (1809-1897), English jurist, eldest son of the Rev. Robert Twiss, was born in London on the 19th of March 1809. At University College, Oxford, he obtained a first-class in mathematics and a second in classics in 1830, and was elected a fellow of his college, of which he was afterwards successively bursar, dean and tutor. During his connexion with Oxford he was, inter alia, a public examiner in classics and mathematics, Drummond professor of political economy (1842), and regius professor of civil law (1855). After he had forfeited his fellowship by marriage, he was elected to an honorary fellowship of University College. He published while at Oxford an epitome of Niebuhr's History of Rome, an annotated edition of Livy and other works, but his studies mainly lay in the direction of political economy, law, chiefly international law, and international politics. In 1840 he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, and became an advocate at Doctors' Commons. In the ecclesiastical courts he enjoyed a large practice, and filled many of the appointments incidental thereto, such as commissary-general of the city and diocese of Canterbury (1849), vicar-general to the archbishop (1852) and chancellor of the diocese of London (1858). He was professor of international law at King's College, London (1852-1855). In 1858, when the Probate and Divorce Acts of 1857 came into force, and the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of Doctors' Commons had passed away, Twiss, like many other leading advocates of Doctors' Commons, became a Q.C., and in the same year he was also elected a bencher of his Inn. His successful career continued in the civil courts, and in addition to his large practice he was appointed in 1862 advocate-general to the admiralty, and in 1867 queen's advocate-general. In 1867 he was also knighted. He served during his legal career upon a great number of royal commissions, such as the Maynooth commission in 1854, and others dealing with marriage law, neutrality, naturalization and allegiance. His reputation abroad led to his being invited by the king of the Belgians in 1884 to draw up the constitution of the Congo Free State. In 1871 Twiss became involved in an unpleasant scandal, occasioned by allegations against the ante-nuptial conduct of his wife, whom he had married in 1862; and he threw up all his appointments and lived in retirement in London until his death on the 14th of January 1897, devoting himself to the study of international law and kindred topics. Among his more notable publications of this period were The Law of Nations in Peace and The Law of Nations in War, two works by which his reputation as a jurist will chiefly endure.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tydeus

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​TYDEUS, in Greek legend, son of Oeneus, king of Calydon, and Periboea. Having slain his uncle (or other relatives) he fled for refuge to Argos, where Adrastus received him hospitably and purified him from the guilt of blood. Tydeus took part in the expedition of the “Seven against Thebes,” in which, although small of stature, he greatly distinguished himself. In the desperate battle under the walls of the city, he was severely wounded by Melanippus, but managed to slay his adversary. Athena, who held Tydeus in special favour, hastened to the field of battle, to heal him of his wound and bestow immortality upon him. But the sight of Tydeus, cleaving open the skull of his dead enemy and sucking out his brains, so disgusted her that she left him to his fate. Tydeus married Deipylē, the daughter of Adrastus, by whom he had a son, the famous Diomedes, frequently called Tydides.
Homer, Iliad, xiv. 114–132; Apollodorus iii. 6, 8; Schol. on Pindar, Nemea, x. 12.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Twiss, Horace

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​TWISS, HORACE (1787–1849), English writer and politician, was born at Bath, being the son of Francis Twiss (1760–1827), a Shakespearian scholar who married Mrs Siddons’s sister, Fanny Kemble, and whose brother Richard (1747–1821) made a name as a writer of travels. Horace Twiss had a pretty wit, and as a young man wrote light articles for the papers; and, ​going to the bar, he obtained a considerable practice and became a K.C. in 1827. In 1820 he was elected to parliament, where, with some interruptions, he sat till 1841, holding the office of under-secretary for war and the colonies in 1828-1830. In 1844 he was appointed vice-chancellor of the duchy of Lan- caster, a well-paid post which enabled him to enjoy his popu- larity in London society. For some years he wrote for The Times, in which he first compiled the parliamentary summary, and his daughter married first Francis Bacon (d. 1840) and then J. T. Delane, both of them editors of that paper. He was the author of the Life (1844) of Lord Eldon, and other volumes. He died suddenly in London on the 4th of May 1849.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tyler, Moses Coit

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​TYLER, MOSES COIT (1835-1900), American author, was born in Griswold, Connecticut, on the 2nd of August 1835. At an early age he removed with his parents to Detroit, Michigan. He entered the university of Michigan in 1853, but in the next year went to Yale College, from which he graduated A.B. in 1857, and received the degree of A.M. in 1863. He studied for the Congregational ministry at the Yale Divinity School (1857-1858) and at the Andover Theological Seminary (1858-1859), and held a pastorate at Owego, New York, in 1859-1860 and at Poughkeepsie in 1860-1862. Owing to ill-health, however, and a change in his theological beliefs, he left the ministry. He became interested in physical training, and for some time (partly in England) wrote and lectured on the subject, besides other journalistic work. He became professor of English language and literature in the university of Michigan in 1867, and held that position until 1881, except in 1873-1874 when he was literary editor of the Christian Union; from 1881 until his death on the 28th of December 1900 at Ithaca, New York, he was professor of American history at Cornell University. In 1881 he was ordained deacon in the Protestant Episcopal Church and in 1883 priest, but he never undertook parochial work. Most important among his works are his valuable and original History of American Literature during the Colonial Time, 1607-1765 (2 vols., 1878; revised in 1897), and Literary History of the American Revolution, 1763-1783 (2 vols., 1897). Supplementary to these two is his Three Men of Letters (1895), containing biographical and critical chapters on George Berkeley, Timothy Dwight and Joel Barlow. In addition he published The Brawnville Papers (1869), a series of essays on physical culture; a revision of Henry Morley's Manual of English Literature (1879); In Memoriam: Edgar Kelsey Apgar (1886), privately printed; Patrick Henry (1887), an excellent biography, in the “American Statesmen” series; and Glimpses of England: Social, Political, Literary (1898), a selection from his sketches written while abroad.
See “Moses Coit Tyler,” by Professor William P. Trent, in The Forum (Aug. 1901), and an article by Professor George L. Burr, in the Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1901 (vol.i.).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tyburn

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See A. Marks, Tyburn Tree, its History and Annals (London, 1908).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tyldesley with Shakerley

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​TYLDESLEY with SHAKERLEY, an urban district in the Leigh parliamentary division of Lancashire, England, 11 m. W.N.W. from Manchester by the London & North Western railway. Pop. (1901), 14,843. The town is of modern growth and depends upon its cotton mills and the large Collieries in the neighbourhood.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tyler

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See also Tyler, Texas on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TYLER, a city and the county-seat of Smith county, Texas, U.S.A., about 115 m. E. by S. of Dallas. Pop. (1890), 6908; (1900), 8069, of whom 2693 were negroes; (1910 census), 10,400. Tyler is served by the International & Great Northern and the St Louis South-Western railways. It is the seat of the Tyler Commercial College, of the East Texas Conservatory of Music and of two institutions for negroes—Texas College (1895; Colored Methodist Episcopal) and the East Texas Normal and Industrial Academy (Baptist, 1905). The principal public buildings include the city hall, the county court-house, a Carnegie library and the post office and Federal Courts building. Sessions of the United States Circuit and District Courts, and of a state district court, as well as of the county court, are held in Tyler. Tyler is situated in a prosperous agricultural region, and has various manufactures. The St Louis South-Western railway maintains general offices and machine-shops here. Tyler, named in honour of President John Tyler, was settled in 1847, was incorporated as a town in 1870 and was chartered as a city in 1907.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Santa Maria da Bocca do Monte

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​SANTA MARIA (Da Bocca do Monte), an inland town of Brazil, in Rio Grande do Sul, 162 m. by rail W. of Margem do Taquary, the railway terminus for Porto Alegre (1908), about 80 m. by water N.W. of that city. Pop. (1900) 13,628. Santa Maria, which lies 382 ft. above the sea, is the commercial centre of a rich district on the slopes of short mountain ranges, one of which, the Serra do Pinhal, forms the water parting between the eastern and western river systems of the state. There are prosperous colonies in its vicinity, including one founded by the Jewish Colonisation Association under the provisions of the Hirsch Fund. The industries of this region include the cultivation of wheat, Indian corn, rice, mandioca, beans, grapes (for wine), nuts, olives and tobacco, and stock-raising. The town derives its chief importance, however, from its becoming the junction of the Porto Alegre to Uruguayana, and the Santa Maria to Passo Fundo railways. In 1905 the national and state governments leased to the “ Compagnie Auxiliaire de Chemin de Fer au Brésil ” the Rio Grande to Bagé, the Porto Alegre to Uruguayana, the Santa Maria to Passo Fundo, and the Porto Alegre to Nova Hamburgo railways, with their branches and connexions, and it was decided to establish the general administration offices for the whole system at Santa Maria. The shops and offices of the Porto Alegre to Uruguayana line had been removed to that place in 1902.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Santa Rosa

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SANTA ROSA, a city and the county-seat of Sonoma county, California, U.S.A., situated in a broad valley (altitude about 180 ft.) among the Coast Ranges, about 52 m. N. of San Francisco. Pop. (1900) 6673, (1029 foreign-born); (1910) 7817. It is served by the North-Western Pacific and the Southern Pacific railways. Santa Rosa is in a region admirably adapted to the growing of hops—the city is an important hop market—and of fruit and grain, and the handling of these products is a leading industry. Poultry and dairying interests are also important. It was the home of Luther Burbank (b. 1849), the originator of many new flowers, fruits and vegetables, including the Burbank potato, the pineapple quince, and the stoneless prune. Santa Rosa was first settled about 1838, was laid out and incorporated in 1853, replaced Sonoma as the county-seat in 1854,
and was chartered as a city in 1867. In the earthquake of the 18th of April 1906 it suffered severely.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Santa Maria di Licodia

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​SANTA MARIA DI LICODIA, a village of Sicily, in the province of Catania, 18 m. N.W. of Catania by rail, on the S.W. slopes of Mount Etna. Pop. (1901) 4101. It is believed to occupy the site of the ancient Aetna, a settlement founded by the colonists whom Hiero I. had placed at Catania after their expulsion by the original inhabitants in 461 B.C., which absorbed or incorporated an already existing Sicel town named Inessa. Its subsequent history is uneventful, though it suffered from the ex actions of Verres; and its inscriptions are unimportant. A large hoard of coins was found here in 1891. Near it, in a district called Civita, is a large elliptical area of about 1300 by 380 yds., enclosed by a wall of masses of lava, which is about 28 ft. wide at the base, and 11 ft. high. The ground is covered with fragments of tiles and pottery of the classical period, and it is probably a hastily built encampment of historic times rather than a primitive fortification, as there are no prehistoric traces (Orsi in Notizie degli scavi, 1903, 442).
See Casagrandi, Su due antiche città sicule Vesta ed Inessa (Acireale, 1892).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Santal Parganas, The

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​SANTAL (or Sonthal) PARGANAS, THE, a district of British India, in the Bhaglalpur division of Bengal. Area 5470 sq. m. In the east a sharply defined belt of hills stretches for about IO m. from the Ganges to the river Naubil; west of this a rolling tract of long ridges with intervening depressions covers about 2500 sq. m.; while there is a narrow strip of alluvial country about 170 m. long, lying for the most part along the loop line of the East Indian railway. The Rajmahal hills occupy an area of 1366 sq. m.; they nowhere exceed 2000 ft. There are several other hill ranges which with few exceptions are covered almost to their summits with dense jungle; they are all difficult of access. There are, however, numerous passes through all the ranges. Coal and iron are found in almost all parts, but of inferior quality. The alluvial tract has the damp heat and moist soil characteristic of Bengal, while the undulating and hilly portions are swept by the hot westerly winds of Behar, and are very cool in the winter months. The annual rainfall averages 52 in. In 1901 the population was 1,809,737, showing an increase of 3% in the decade.
The Santals, who give their name to the district, are the most numerous aboriginal tribe in Bengal; they work the coal-mines of Raniganj and Karharbari and migrate to the tea-gardens of Assam. In 1832 officials were deputed to demarcate with solid masonry pillars the present area of the Daman-i-Koh, or “ skirts of the hills.” The permission to Santals to settle in the valleys and on the lower slopes stimulated Santal immigration to an enormous extent. The Hindu money-lender soon made his appearance among them, and caused the rebellion of 1855-56. The insurrection led to the establishment of a form of administration congenial to the immigrants; and a land settlement has since been carried out on conditions favourable to the occupants of the soil. The Church Missionary Society and the Scandinavian Home Mission have been very successful, especially in promoting education. The district is traversed by both the chord and loop lines of the East Indian railway. It contains the old Mahommedan city of Rajmahal and the modern commercial mart of Sahibganj, both on the Ganges; and also the Hindu place of pilgrimage of Deogarh, which is important enough to have a branch railway. The administrative headquarters are at Dumka, or Naya Dumka: pop. (1901) 5326.
See F. B. Bradley-Birt, The Story of the Indian Upland (1905).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Santa Fé (Argentine province)

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​ SANTA FÉ, a central province of Argentina, bounded N. by the Chaco territory, E. by Entre Rios and Corrientes, S. by Buenos Aires, and W. by Cordoba and Santiago del Estero. Area, 50,916 sq. m. Pop. (1895) 397,188, (1904 estimated) 640,755. Santa Fé belongs to the great pampa region of Argentina, and has no wooded districts in the south except on the river courses. In the N. which is borderland to the Gran Chaco region, there are extensive forests, intermingled with grassy campos. The surface is a level alluvial plain, with a saline substratum at no great depth. Salt is found on the surface over large areas, and throughout the province the water is brackish 15 to 20 ft. below the surface. The soil, however, produces wheat, corn, alfalfa, linseed and other crops in abundance. Stock-raising (cattle, horses, sheep and swine) is also an important industry, with the related industries of butter and cheese-making, meat-curing and lard-refining. Many colonies have been made, especially near the provincial capital. It is one of the most productive provinces in the republic, in spite of notorious misgovernment. The Paraná forms its eastern boundary for about 435 m., and provides unfailing transport facilities. The great river is broken into many channels, forming islands and sand bars which are constantly changing their outlines. It receives two large tributaries flowing across the province—the Salado, the upper course of which is called the Pasage and Juramento (the last given to commemorate the circumstance that the oath to wrest their independence from Spain was sworn on its banks in 1816), and which enters the Santa Fé channel of the Paraná near the capital; and the Carcarañá, or Carcarañal, whose sources are in the Cordoba sierras. The northern districts are well watered by numerous tributaries of the Salado. The railway communications of the province are good, comprising the trunk lines of the Buenos Aires and Rosario railway with its extension to Tucuman, which crosses the province from S.E. to N.W.; the Central Argentine from Rosario to Cordoba, and to Buenos Aires; the Cordoba Central; Santa Fé to Tucuman; and the Provincia de Santa Fé; a network of small lines connects all the important towns; and the Buenos Aires and Pacific which crosses near its southern boundary. The river ​ports having railway connexions are Reconquista, Santa Fé, Colastiné, Coronda, Puerto Gomez, San Lorenzo, Rosario and Villa Constitucién. The capital is Santa Fé, and other important towns are Rosario, Esperanza (pop. 1904 estimated 10,000), San Lorenzo (7000), Rafaela, Ocampo, Galvez, Canada de Gomez and Villa Casilda.