OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dodgson, George Haydock

​DODGSON, GEORGE HAYDOCK (1811–1880), water-colour painter, was born at Liverpool, 16 Aug. 1811. After receiving the usual middle-class education he was apprenticed to George Stephenson, the celebrated engineer, who employed him in surveying and drawing up specifications. Among other work he prepared the plans for the Whitby and Pickering railway. In 1836 appeared ‘Illustrations of the Scenery on the Line of the Whitby and Pickering Railway,’ from drawings made by him, and engraved by J. T. Willmore, Challis, Stephenson, and others. Before long his health gave way, and he gratified his youthful ambition by abandoning the desk for the easel. Removing to London about 1835, he turned to account his architectural knowledge in making picturesque drawings for several eminent architects. One of these, a ‘Tribute to the Memory of Sir Christopher Wren,’ being a group of Wren's principal works arranged by Charles Robert Cockerell, R.A., was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1838, and afterwards engraved. He also made drawings on wood for the ‘Illustrated London News’ and other publications. His love for the beauties of nature, however, led him by degrees to devote his whole attention to landscape-painting, and in 1842 he was elected an associate of the New Society of Painters in Water-colours, of which he became a full member in 1844; but this position he resigned in 1847, in order that he might be eligible for the older Society of Painters in Water-colours, of which he was elected an associate in 1848, and a full member in 1852. He was never out of England, and returned again and again to paint at Whitby and Richmond in Yorkshire; Gower Swansea, and the Mumbles in South Wales, ​the Lake district, Haddon Hall, Knole, and the Thames. Beech trees were objects of great attraction to him, and a special favourite at Knole was known as ‘Dodgson's Beech.’ He exhibited occasionally at the Royal Academy between 1838 and 1850, and sent a few drawings to the British Institution and Society of British Artists. He died in London on 4 June 1880. There are two drawings by Dodgson in the South Kensington Museum, an ‘Interior of a Cathedral’ and ‘Solitude,’ a scene in Newgate Street, with a figure of a tired-out tramp crouching on the pavement.
R. E. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Accum, Friedrich Christian

​ACCUM, FRIEDRICH CHRISTIAN (1769–1838), chemist, was born in Buckebourg, in Westphalia, in 1769. In 1793 he came to London, and engaged in some science work, which led to the delivery of a course of lectures on chemistry and physics in 1803 at the Surrey Institute, and to the publication in that and the following years of several treatises on chemistry and mineralogy, including a ‘System of Chemistry’ in 1803, an ‘Essay on the Analysis of Minerals’ in 1804, and a ‘Manual of Analytical Mineralogy’ in 1808. He afterwards associated himself with Ackermann, the art publisher, in order to introduce into England the lighting of towns by gas; and in 1810, when the London Chartered Gaslight and Coke Company was formed, Accum was nominated one of its engineers. It is said that the prompt adoption of this mode of lighting in London and other large cities was greatly due to his ‘Practical Treatise on Gas Light,’ which was published in London in 1815 (3rd edit. 1816), and speedily translated into German, French, and Italian. A second work by Accum on the same subject, entitled ‘Description of the Process of manufacturing Coal Gas,’ appeared in 1819 (2nd edit. 1820). He was made librarian of the Royal Institution in Albemarle Street, but a charge of embezzlement was brought against him shortly afterwards, and he was dismissed. On being brought to trial, he was acquitted; but he immediately left England for Berlin. There, in 1822, he obtained a professorship at the Technical Institute, which he retained till his death on 28 June 1838. Accum published ‘Chemical Amusement’ (London, 1817, 4th edit. 1819), which was translated into German in 1824, and into French in 1827; and ‘Adulterations of Food and Culinary Poisons’ (London, 1820, 2nd edit. 1820), which was translated into German in 1822. In 1826 he published a work in two volumes at Berlin on the physical and chemical qualities of building materials (Physische und chemische Beschaffenheit der Baumaterialen). He also wrote on ‘Crystallography’ (London, 1813); on ‘Chemical Reagents’ (London, 1816), translated into Italian in 1819; on the ‘Chalybeate Spring at Thetford’ (1819); on ‘Brewing’ (London, 1820); on the ‘Art of making Wine’ (London, 1820), translated into French in 1821; on ‘Culinary Chemistry’ (London, 1821); and on the ‘Art of making wholesome Bread’ (London, 1821).
[Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (1875); Meusel's Das gelehrte Teutschland; Neuer Nekrolog der Deutschen, xvi. 628.]
G. F. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Abinger, Baron

​ ABINGER, Baron. [See Scarlett.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Abraham, Robert

​ABRAHAM, ROBERT (1773–1850), a London architect, was the son of a builder, and educated as a surveyor. At the conclusion of the war in 1815, when an impetus was given to architecture by Nash in his projected plans for the improvement of the metropolis, Abraham placed himself in a high position as an architect. He obtained an introduction to some of the chief Roman catholic families in England, and much valuable private connection. Among his works may be mentioned the conservatories and garden buildings for the Earl of Shrewsbury at Alton Towers, the works at Arundel Castle, Worksop, Farnham, and Norfolk House, for the Duke of Norfolk, the Synagogue near the Haymarket, and the Westminster Bridewell. Abraham died 11 Dec. 1850.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Abington

​ ABINGTON. [See Habington.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Abney, Thomas (d.1750)

1904 Errata appended.
​ABNEY, Sir THOMAS (d. 1750), justice of the common pleas, was the younger son of Sir Edward Abney, elder brother of Sir Thomas Abney [q. v.], lord mayor of London, by his second wife, Judith, daughter and co-heir of Peter Barr, of London. He became K.C. and attorney-general for the duchy of Lancaster in 1733, steward of the Marshalsea court in 1736, in November 1740 a baron of the exchequer, and in February 1743 a justice of the common pleas. Abney fell a victim to the gaol distemper at the ‘Black Sessions’ at the Old Bailey in May 1750, when, ‘of the judges in the commission, only the chief justice (Lee) and the recorder (Adams) escaped. Those who fell a sacrifice to the pestilence were Mr. Justice Abney, who died 19 May; Mr. Baron Clarke, who died on the 17th; Sir Samuel Pennant, lord mayor; and ​alderman Sir Daniel Lambert; besides several of the counsel and jurymen.’
A. H. G.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.2 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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| | ii | 12 f.e. | Abney, Sir Thomas (d. 1750): after became insert K.C. and attorney-general for the duchy of Lancaster in 1733, steward of the Marshalsea Court in 1736 |
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Androcydes 2.

​ANDROCY′DES (Ἀνδροκύδης), a Greek physician, who lived in the reign of Alexander the Great, B. C. 336—323. There is a story told of him by Pliny (H. N. xiv. 7), that he wrote a letter to that prince cautioning him against the immoderate use of wine, which he called "the blood of the earth." It is mentioned also by the same author (xvii. 37. §10), that he ordered his patients to eat a radish as a preservative against intoxication, from having observed (it is said) that the vine always turned away from a radish if growing near it. It is very possible that this Androcydes may be the same person who is mentioned by Theophrastus (Hist. Plant. iv. 16 [al. 20] 20), and also by Athenaeus. (vi. p. 258, b.)
[W. A. G.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Anchises

ANCHI'SES ( Ἀγχίσης), a son of Capys and Themis, the daughter of Ilus. His descent is traced by Aeneas, his son (Hom. Il. xx. 208, &c.), from Zeus himself. (Comp. Apollod. iii. 12. § 2; Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 1232.) Hyginus (Fab. 94) makes him a son of Assaracus and grandson of Capys. Anchises was related to the royal house of Troy and king of Dardanus on mount Ida. In beauty he equalled the immortal gods, and was beloved by Aphrodite, by whom he became the father of Aeneas. (Hom. Il. ii. 820; Hes. Theog. 1008; Apollod. Hygin. ll. cc.) According to the Homeric hymn on Aphrodite (45, &c.), the goddess had visited him in the disguise of a daughter of the Phrygian king Otreus. On parting from him, she made herself known, and announced to him that he would be the father of a son, Aeneas, but she commanded him to give out that the child was a son of a nymph, and added the threat that Zeus would destroy him with a flash of lightning if he should ever betray the real mother. When, therefore, on one occasion Anchises lost controul over his tongue and boasted of his intercourse with the goddess, he was struck by a flash of lightning, which according to some traditions killed, but according to others only blinded or lamed him. (Hygin. l.c.; Serv. ad Aen. ii. 648.) Virgil in his Aeneid makes Anchises survive the capture of Troy, and Aeneas carries his father oil his shoulders from the burning city, that he might be assisted by his wise counsel during the voyage, for Virgil, after the example of Ennius, attributes prophetic powers to Anchises. (Aen. ii. 687, with Serv. note.) According to Virgil, Anchises died soon after the first arrival of Aeneas in Sicily, and was buried on mount Eryx. (Aen. iii. 710, v. 759, &c.) This tradition seems to have been firmly believed in Sicily, and not to have been merely an invention of the poet, for Dionysius of Halicarnassus (i. 53) states, that Anchises had a sanctuary at Egesta, and the funeral games celebrated in Sicily in honour of Anchises seem to have continued down to a late period. (Ov. Fast. iii. 543.) According to other traditions Anchises died and was buried in Italy. (Dionys. i. 64; Strab. v. p. 229; Aurel. Vict. De Orig. Gent. Rom. 10, &c.) A tradition preserved in Pausanias (viii. 12. § 5) states, that Anchises died in Arcadia, and was buried there by his son at the foot of a hill, which received from him the name of Anchisia. There were, however, some other places besides which boasted of possessing the tomb of Anchises; for some said, that he was buried on mount Ida, in accordance with the tradition that he was killed there by Zeus (Eustath. ad Hom. p. 894), and others, that he was interred in a place on the gulf of Thermus near the Hellespont. (Conon 46.) According to Apollodorus (iii. 12. § 2), Anchises had by Aphrodite a second son, Lyrus or Lyrnus, and Homer (Hom. Il. xiii. 429) calls Hippodameia the eldest of the daughters of Anchises, but does not mention her mother's name. An Anchises of Sicyon occurs in Il. xxiii. 296. [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Andronicus (macedonian)

​ANDRONI'CUS (Ἀνδρόνικος), a Macedonian, is first mentioned in the war against Antiochus, B.C. 190, as the governor of Ephesus. (Liv. xxxvii. 13.) He is spoken of in B.C. 169 as one of the generals of Perseus, king of Macedonia, and was sent by him to burn the dock-yards at Thessalonica, which he delayed doing, wishing to gratify the Romans, according to Diodorus, or thinking that the king would repent of his purpose, as Livy states. He was shortly afterwards put to death by Perseus. (Liv. xliv, 10; Diod. Exc. p. 579, Wess.; Appian, de Reb. Mac 14.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Anaxippus

​ANAXIPPUS (Ἀνάξιππος), an Athenian comic poet of the new comedy, was contemporary with Antigonus and Demetrius Poliorcetes, and flourished about B. C. 303. (Suidas, s. v.) We have the titles of four of his plays, and perhaps of one more. (Meineke, i. pp. 469–70.)
[P. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Androgeus

​ANDRO′GEUS (Ἀνδρόγεως), a son of Minos and Pasiphaë, or Crete, who is said to have conquered all his opponents in the games of the Panathenaea at Athens. This extraordinary good luck, however, became the cause of his destruction, though the mode of his death is related differently. According to some accounts Aegeus sent the man he dreaded to fight against the Marathonian bull, who killed him; according to others, he was assassinated by his defeated rivals on his road to Thebes, whither he was going to take part in a solemn contest. (Apollod. iii. 1. §2, 15. §7 ; Paus. i. 27. §9.) According to Diodorus (iv. 60) it was Aegeus himself who had him murdered near Oenoe, on the road to Thebes, because he feared lest Androgeus should support the sons of Pallas against him. Hyginus (Fab. 41) makes him fall in a battle during the war of his father Minos against the Athenians. (See some different accounts in Plut. Thes. 15; Serv. ad Aen. vi. 14.) But the common tradition is, that Minos made war on the Athenians in consequence of the death of his son. Propertius (ii. 1. 64) relates that Androgeus was restored to life by Aesculapius. He was worshipped in Attica as a hero, an altar was erected to him in the port of Phalerus (Paus. i. 1. §4), and games, ἀνδρογεώνια, were celebrated in his honour every year in the Cerameicus. (Dict. of Ant. s. v. Ἀνδρογεώνια.) He was also worshipped under the name Εὐρυγύης, i. e. he who ploughs or possesses extensive fields, whence it has been inferred that originally Androgeus was worshipped as the introducer of agriculture into Attica.
[L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Andromachus 1.

​ANDRO′MACHUS (Ἀνδρόμαχος). 1. Commander of the Eleans in B. C. 364, was defeated by the Arcadians and killed himself in consequence. (Xen. Hell. vii. 4. §19.)
2. Ruler of Tauromenium in the middle of the fourth century B. C., and the father of the historian Timaeus, is said to have been by far the best of the rulers of Sicily at that time. He assisted Timoleon in his expedition against Dionysius, B. C. 344. (Diod. xvi. 7, 68; Plut. Timol. 10.) Respecting the statement of Diodorus that he founded Tauromenium, see Wcsseling, ad Diod. xiv, 59.
3. The commander of the Cyprian fleet at the siege of Tyre by Alexander, B. C. 332. (Arrian, Anab. ii. 20.) He may have been the same Andromachus who was shortly afterwards appointed governor of Coele-Syria, and was burnt to death by the Samaritans. (Curt. iv. 5, 8.)
4. The father of Achaeus [see p. 8, a], and the brother of Laodice, Avho married Seleucus Callinicus, was detained as a prisoner by Ptolemy at Alexandria, but was liberated about B. C. 320 on the intercession of the Rhodians. (Polyb. iv. 51, viii. 22.)
5. Of Aspendus, one of Ptolemy Philopator's commanders at the battle of Raphia, in which Antiochus the Great was defeated, B. C. 217. After the battle Ptolemy left Andromachus in command of Coele-Svria and Phoenicia, (Polyb. V. 64, 83, 85, 87.)
​6. An ambassjidor of Ptolemy Philomctnr, sent to Konie B. c. 154. (Polyb. xxxiii. 5.)
7. A Greek gramnuuian, quoted in the Scholia r.pon Homer (//. v. 130), whom Corsini {Fast. Att. i. Diss. vi. p. u86), without sufficient reasons, supposed to be the author of the Etymologicum jMagnum. (Fabric, liibl. Graec. vi. p. 601.)
8. A Greek rhetorician, who taught at Niconie- ilcia in the reign of Domitian. (Eudoc. p. 58 ; Suid. s. V. liiftixos.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Anaxilaus 4.

ANAXILA'US
(*)Anaci/laos), a physician and Pythagorean philosopher, was born at Larissa, but at which city of that name is not certain. He was banished by the Emperor Augustus from Rome and Italy, BC 28, on account of his being accused of being a magician (Euseb. Chron. ad Olymp. clxxxviii.), which charge, it appears, originated in his possessing superior skill in natural philosophy, and thus performing by natural means certain wonderful things, which by the ignorant and credulous were ascribed to magic. These tricks are mentioned by St. Irenaeus (1.13.1, p. 60, ed. Paris, 1710) and St. Epiphanius (Adv. Haeres. lib. i. tom. iii. Haer. 14, vol. i. p. 232. ed. Colon. 1682), and several specimens are given by Pliny (NaItalic textt. 19.4, 25.95, 28.49, 32.52, 35.50), which, however, need not be here mentioned, as some are quite incredible, and the others may be easily explained. (Cagnati, Variae Observat. 3.10, p. 213, &c., ed. Rom. 1587.) [W.A.G]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Androetas

​ANDROETAS (Ἀνδροίτας), of Tenedos, the author of a Περίπλους τῆς Προποντίδος. (Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. ii. 159.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Andromache

* related portals: Andromache.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
​ANDRO′MACHE (Ἀνδρομάχη), a daughter of Eetion, king of the Cilician Thebae, and one of the noblest and most amiable female characters in the Iliad. Her father and her seven brothers were slain by Achilles at the taking of Thebae, and her mother, who had purchased her freedom by a large ransom, was killed by Artemis. She was married to Hector, by whom she had a son, Scamandrius (Astyanax), and for whom she entertained the most tender love. (Apollod. iii. 11. §6.) See the beautiful passage in Homer, Il. vi. 390—502, where she takes leave of Hector when he is going to battle, and her lamentations about his fall, xxii. 460, &c.; xxiv. 725, &c. On the taking of Troy her son was hurled from the wall of the city, and she herself fell to the share of Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus), the son of Achilles, who took her to Epeirus, and to whom she bore three sons, Molossus, Pielus, and Pergamus. Here she was found by Aeneas on his landing in Epeirus, at the moment she was offering up a sacrifice at the tomb of her beloved Hector. (Virg. Aen. iii. 295, &c.; comp. Paus. i. 11. §1 ; Pind. Nem. iv. 82, vii. 50.) After the death of Neoptolemus, or according to others, after his marriage with Hermione, the daughter of Menelaus and Helen, Andromache became the wife of Helenus, a brother of her first husband, Hector, who is described as a king of Chaonia, a part of Epeirus, and by whom she became the mother of Cestrinus. (Virg. l. c.; Paus. l. c., ii. 23. §6.) After the death of Helenus, who left his kingdom to Molossus, Andromache followed her son Pergamus to Asia. She was supposed to have died at Pergamus, where in after times a heroum was erected to her memory. (Paus. i. 11. §2; comp. Dictys Cret. vi. 7, &c.; Eurip. Andromache.) Andromache and her son Scamandrius were painted in the Lesche at Delphi by Polygnotus. (Paus. x. 25, in fin.)
[L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Androcydes 1.

​ANDROCY′DES (Ἀνδροκύδης), of Cyzicus, a Greek painter, a contemporary and rival of Zeuxis, flourished from 400 to 377 B. C. (Plin. xxxv. 36. §3.) He painted, partly on the spot and partly in Thebes, a skirmish of horse which took place near Plataeae shortly before the battle of Leuctra (Plut. Pelop. 25), and a picture of Scylla surrounded by fishes. The latter picture was much praised for the beauty of the fishes, on which the artist was supposed to have bestowed the more pains, on account of his being fond of fish. (Plut. Quaest. Conv. iv. 4. §2; Polemo, ap. Athen. viii. p. 341, a.)
[P. S.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bonville, Anthony

article appears duplicated at Terill, Anthony 1904 Errata appended.
​BONVILLE, ANTHONY (1621–1676), otherwise called Terrill, a jesuit father, son of Humphrey Bonville of Canford, Dorsetshire, by Maria, his wife, was born at Canford in 1621. His mother, being strongly attached ​to the Roman creeds and ritual, seems to have early given a bias to her son's religious sentiments; and though his father was a protestant, Anthony was allowed to fall under the influence of Father Thomas Bennet (alias Blackfan), who had been an active missioner in the Hampshire district since 1634. He was soon persuaded by the practised disputant, and left England to be educated at St. Omer when in his fifteenth year. Thence he set out for Rome in 1640, and entered at the English college on 4 Dec. He was ordained priest in March 1647, and in the following June was received into the Society of Jesus at Rome. He was successively penitentiary at Loreto, professor of philosophy at Florence and Parma, and professor of theology and mathematics at Liège, where he died on 11 Oct. 1676. Father John Greaves, who died professor of Hebrew at Liège in 1652, was connected with Bonville on his mother's side. His published works were: 1. ‘Conclusiones Philosophicæ,’ Parma, 12mo, 1657. 2. ‘Problema Mathematico-philosophicum tripartitum, de termino magnitudinis ac virium in animalibus,’ Parma, 12mo, 1660. 3. ‘Fundamentum totius Theologiæ Moralis, seu Tractatus de Conscientia probabili … auctore R. P. Antonio Terillo, Anglo, Soc. Jesu Sacerd. … In hoc tractatu … errores Jansenii circa ignorantiam invincibilem refutantur’ … Liège, 4to, 1668. 4. ‘Regula Morum sive tractatus bipartitus de sufficienti ad conscientiam rite formandam regula … Auctore R. P. Antonio Terillo … Opus posthumum,’ Liège, fol. 1678.
[Foley's Records of the Society of Jesus, iii. (i.e. ser. v.–viii.), pp. 410, 420; Diary and Pilgrim Book, p. 353; De Backer's Bibliothèque des Ecrivains de la Comp. de Jésus (fol. Louvain, 1876) sub voc. Terill.]
A. J.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.31 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bonnor, Thomas

​BONNOR, THOMAS (fl. 1763–1807), topographical draughtsman and engraver, was a native of Gloucestershire. In 1763 he was awarded a premium by the Society of Arts, and he became one of the ablest topographical artists of his time. There are many plates of mansions, churches, and monuments drawn and engraved by him in Nash’s 'Collections for the History of Worcestershire,' published in 1781-2 ; Collinson’s ‘History and Antiquities of the County of Somerset,' 1791; Bigland’s ‘Historical, Monumental, and Genealogical Collections relative to the County of Gloucester,' 1791-2; and Polwhele’s ‘History of Devonshire,' 1793-1806. He also designed some illustrations to the works of Richardson, Smollett, and Fielding, and in 1799 published four numbers of the ‘Copperplate Perspective Itinerary,' containing views of Gloucester Cathedral and Goodrich Castle, for which he also wrote the descriptive text. He exhibited some drawings of architectural remains at the Royal Academy in 1807, and died between that date and the year 1812.
[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists of the English School, 1878.]
R. E. G.