OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Moraine

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​MORAINE, a term adopted from the French for the rocky material carried downwards on the outside of a glacier, and deposited at its sides and foot. The position of the moraine with regard to the glacier is indicated by the names applied to it. The lateral moraine is the fringe of rock fragments at the glacier side. The glacier is always slowly moving down the valley. There are always points in the valley where rock falls are more frequent than in other places. The glacier as it moves forward catches this material and carries it onward in a long heaped line distributing it evenly all down the valley sides. When two glacial valleys converge into one valley two. lateral moraines unite at the point of junction and form a median moraine in the resultant broader glacier, which now has two lateral moraines and one median. All this material carried by the glacier is deposited where the glacier ends, and forms the terminal moraine, frequently in the form of a crescentic dam across the valley. This material is carried farther downwards by stream action and distributed; otherwise the end of all glacier valleys would be blocked with debris against which the ice would be piled to a great height, and the glacier would finally become stationary. The material pushed forward beneath the glacier is sometimes called the ground moraine, the part left beneath the ice the lodge moraine, that carried to the edge and dropped the dump moraine, and that carried forward the push moraine. (See Glacier.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Moplah

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​MOPLAH (Malayalam mappila), a fanatical Mahommedan sect found in Malabar. The Moplahs, who number upwards of a million, are believed to be descended from Arab immigrants, who landed on the western coast of India in the 3rd century after the Hegira. They are remarkable for the fanaticism displayed in successive attacks upon the Hindus, and they have several times resisted British troops. A regiment of the Indian army was recruited among them, but the experiment proved a failure, and the Moplah Rifles were disbanded in April 1907.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mopsus

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​MOPSUS, in Greek legend, the name of two seers. (1) Son of Ampyx (or Ampycus) and the nymph Chloris, a Lapith of Oechalia in Thessaly. He took part in the Calydonian boar hunt and accompanied the Argonauts as their prophet. He died from the bite of a serpent which sprang from the blood of the Gorgon Medusa. He is represented on the chest of Cypselus as boxing with Admetus. He was afterwards worshipped as a hero and an oracle was consecrated to him. (2) Son of Rhacius (or Apollo) and Manto, daughter of Teiresias. The rival seer Calchas is said to have died of chagrin because the predictions of Mopsus were fulfilled, while his own proved incorrect. Together with another seer, Amphilochus, Mopsus founded Mallus in Cilicia after the return from Troy; and in a quarrel for its possession both lost their lives. According to Pausanias (vii. 3, 2) Mopsus expelled the native inhabitants of Caria, and built the town of Colophon. Mopsus was worshipped as a god by the Cilicians, and had two famous oracles at Colophon and Mallus. His name survives in the town of Mopsuestia (Μόψου Ἑστία) and the spring of Mopsucrene. Mopsus appears to be the incarnation of Apollo of Claros.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mora

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​MORA, or Morra (Ital. delay), a game, universally popular in Italy, in which one player endeavours to guess instantly the number of fingers held up by the other. Ancient Egyptian sculptors represent a game of this kind, and it was played by the Romans, who called it micare digitis, or finger-flashing. It is known to the Chinese and to certain tribes of the Pacific Islands. There are several methods of playing mora, but in the one most common in Italy the two players, placed face to face, throw out at the same instant one or more fingers of one hand, each crying out simultaneously a number guessed to be that of his adversary’s exposed fingers. A correct guess counts one; if both guess correctly or wrongly there is no score. The game, which is generally five or nine points, is played for stakes, and with extraordinary swiftness.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Moradabad

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​MORADABAD, a city and district of British India, in the Bareilly division of the United Provinces. The city is on the ​right bank of the river Ramganga, 655 ft. above sea-level, and has a station on the Oudh & Rohilkhand railway, 868 miles from Calcutta. Pop. (1901), 75,128. It was founded in 1625 by Rustam Khan, who built the fort which overhangs the river bank, and the fine Jama Masjid or great mosque (1631). The town forms a large centre of trade in country produce. It has a special industry in ornamental brassware, sometimes plated with lac or tin, which is then engraved. Cotton weaving and printing is also carried on.
The District of Moradabad lies east of the Ganges and west of the native state of Rampur. Area, 2285 sq. m. It lies within the great Gangetic plain, and is demarcated into three subdivisions by the rivers Ramganga and Sot. The eastern tract consists of a submontane country, with an elevation slightly greater than the plain below, and is traversed by numerous streams descending from the Himalayas. The central portion consists of a level central plain descending at each end into the valleys of the Ramganga and Sot. The western section has a gentle slope towards the Ganges, with a rapid dip into the lowlands a few miles from the bank of the great river. In addition to Moradabad the principal towns are Amroha (q.v.), Sambhal (39,715) and Chaudansi (25,711).
For the early history of Moradabad see Bareilly. It passed into the possession of the British in 1801. The population in 1901 was 1,191,993, showing an increase of 1·1% in the decade. Mahommedans are more numerous than in any other district of the province, forming more than one-third of the total. The principal crops are wheat, rice, millet, pulse, sugar-cane and cotton. The main line of the Oudh & Rohilkhand railway traverses the district from south to north, with branches towards Aligarh and Rampur. A third branch from Moradabad city towards Delhi crosses the Ganges at Garhmukhteshwar by a bridge of eleven spans of 200 ft. each.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Moquegua

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​MOQUEGUA, a maritime province of southern Peru, bounded N. by the departments of Arequipa and Puno, and S. by the republic of Chile. Area, 5550 sq. m.; pop. (1906 estimate), 31,920. The province extends from the Pacific coast eastward to the Cordillera Occidental, which forms the boundary line with Puno and the republic of Bolivia. Eastern Moquegua is volcanic, and is broken by the high range that forms the Western rim of the Titicaca basin. Among the volcanoes in the province are Tutupacu, the last eruption of which occurred in 1802, Huaynaputina and Hachalayhua, which were in violent eruption in 1606, Coropuna, Omate, Ubinas and Candarave—the last three still showing signs of activity. This region is also subject to severe earthquake shocks. On the lower slopes of the Cordillera there are fertile irrigated valleys which produce grapes and olives for commercial purposes, and a considerable variety of fruits, cereals and vegetables for local consumption. The best-known grape-producing districts are Moquegua (capital) and Locumba—the product being converted into wine and brandy for export. The capital is Moquegua (pop. about 5000 in 1906), in the upper valley of the Ilo River, 4500 ft. above sea-level, and 65 m. by rail from the small port of Ilo on the Pacific coast.
Moquegua was formerly one of the three provinces forming a department of the same name. The other two provinces (Tacna and Arica) were held for indemnity by Chile after the war of 1879—1883 with the understanding (treaty of Ancon, March 8, 1884) that at the expiration of ten years a plébiscite should be taken in the two provinces to determine whether they should remain with Chile, or return to Peru—the country to which they should be annexed to pay the other 10,000,000 pesos. Chile did not comply with this treaty agreement, and in 1910 still held both provinces.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mora, José

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​MORA, JOSÉ (1638–1725), Spanish sculptor, was a pupil of Alonzo Cano. He died in Granada in 1725 and was buried in ​the Albaicin church. His work can be usefully studied in the eight statues in the Capella del Cardenal in the Cordova Cathedral and in the figures of St Bruno and St Joseph in the Cartuja near Granada.
See B. Haendeke, Studien zur Geschichte der spanischen Plastik (Strassburg, 1900).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Moran, Edward

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​MORAN, EDWARD (1829–1901), American artist, was born at Bolton, Lancashire, England, on the 19th of August 1829. He emigrated with his family to America at the age of fifteen, and subsequently settled in Philadelphia, where after having followed his father’s trade of weaver, he became a pupil of James Hamilton and Paul Weber. In 1862 he became a pupil of the Royal Academy in London; he established a studio in New York in 1872, and for many years after 1877 lived in Paris. He was a painter of marine subjects and examples of his work are in many prominent collections. Among his canvases are thirteen historical paintings, intended to illustrate the marine history of America from the time of Leif Ericsson to the return of Admiral Dewey’s fleet from the Philippines in 1899. He died in New York City on the 9th of June 1901. His sons (Edward) Percy Moran (b. 1862) and Léon Moran (b. 1864), and his brothers Peter Moran (b. 1842) and Thomas Moran (q.v.), also became prominent American artists.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mount Gambier

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​MOUNT GAMBIER, a town of Grey county, South Australia, 305 m. by rail S.E. of Adelaide. It stands on the northern base of the mountain of the same name, an extinct volcano. It is a handsome town with many fine buildings of white limestone and grey and red dolomite, which abound in the neighbourhood, the church of St Paul being the finest edifice of its kind outside Adelaide. The agricultural society has a good showground where two shows are held annually. Two splendid lakes lie near the town—Blue Lake, 160 acres in extent, and Valley Lake, 97 acres, from the first of which the water-supply of the town is derived. Mount Gambier is the centre of one of the richest grain-growing districts in Australia. Pop. (1901), 3162; and including the suburbs, about 8000.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mount-Temple, William Francis Cowper-Temple, Baron

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​MOUNT-TEMPLE, WILLIAM FRANCIS COWPER-TEMPLE, Baron (1811–1888), English politician, second son or the 5th Earl Cowper, was born at Brocket Hall, Hertfordshire, on the 13th of December 1811. He was educated at Eton, and entered the Royal Horse Guards, attaining the rank of brevet-major in 1852. His mother, Emily Mary, was sister to the prime minister, Lord Melbourne, whose secretary William Cowper became in 1835; in this year he entered parliament as member for Hertford, which he continued to represent until 1863. As commissioner of works (1860–1866) he carried the bills for the Thames Embankment (1862), and for the new law courts (1863); but he is best known for the amendment, known as the “Cowper-Temple clause,” which he introduced into the second reading of the Education Bill of 1870, that no catechism nor denominational teaching of any kind should be included in the religious instruction given in rate-aided schools. His mother, who married Lord Palmerston as her second husband, died in 1869, and under his stepfather’s will William Cowper succeeded to some of the Palmerston estates in Ireland and Hampshire, and assumed the additional name of Temple. He was M.P. for South Hampshire from 1868 until 1880 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Mount-Temple of Mount-Temple, Sligo. He died at Broadlands, near Romsey, on the 16th of October 1888. He was twice married, but left no children, the Palmerston estates descending to the Right Hon. Evelyn Ashley (1836–1907), who was under-secretary of state for the colonies from 1882 to 1885.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mount Desert

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​MOUNT DESERT, an island in Hancock county, Maine, U.S.A. It is about 16 m. long and 10 m. wide in its widest part, with an approximate area of 100 sq. m. and a population (1910) of 8014. The Maine Central railroad runs a ferry from its nearest station on the mainland (Mount Desert Ferry), and the island is also accessible during the warmer months by steamship lines from New York, Boston, Portland, and several other ports. On the north across Mount Desert Narrows, a bridge connects the island with the mainland. Eagle Lake, at the north-east base of Green Mountain, is a beautiful sheet of water about 21/2 m. long, and 1/2 m. wide, and Great Pond, 4 m. long, lies near Somesville between Beech Hill and Western Mountain. There are numerous outlying rocky islets. The surface of Mount Desert is generally so rocky that the greater part of it has never been inhabited or cultivated, but wherever there is a thin soil the hills are wooded with spruce, alder, birch, maple and mountain ash. The hilly scenery, the cool summer climate, and the facilities for boating and fishing attract many thousands of visitors each summer, and the maintenance of the permanent population is derived very largely from the summer residents. The Penobscot and Passamaquoddy Indians come here in the season to sell their basket-work, toy canoes, moccasins, bows and arrows, &c. The villages most frequented by summer visitors are Bar Harbor (q.v.) on the north-east coast; Northeast Harbor, Southwest Harbor and Seal Harbor on the south coast; and Somesville, at the head of Somes Sound. Along the western shore are several quaint old hamlets.
Mount Desert Island was discovered and named by Samuel de Champlain on the 5th of September 1604. French Jesuits established a settlement, St Sauveur, at the entrance to Somes Sound in 1609, but this was destroyed four years later by Samuel Argall. In 1688 the island was granted by Louis XIV. to Sieur de la Mothe Cadillac, but no permanent settlement was established until 1762, when the general court of Massachusetts granted one-half of the island to Governor Francis Bernard and under his encouragement a settlement was begun at Southwest Harbor. During the War of Independence all the American estates of Bernard were confiscated, but in 1785 his former interest in Mount Desert was conveyed to his son, John, and two years later heirs of Cadillac, among them his granddaughter, Mme de Gregoire, who had come to Maine in 1786, received from the general court a grant for the remaining portion. Until the summer visitors came, the settlers gained only a scanty livelihood, chiefly by fishing, lumbering, boat building and farming. Practically all of them lived along the shore; they had boats, but few horses, and the roads were only rough trails. There is no record of any mail service until 1820, and as late as 1870 the only means of reaching the island was by stage from Bangor or by steamboat twice a week from Portland.
See George E. Street, Mount Desert, a History (Boston, 1905).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mount Morgan

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​MOUNT MORGAN, a municipality of Raglan county, Queensland, Australia, 28 m. by rail S.S.W. of Rockhampton. Pop. (1901), 6280. Railway communication was opened in 1898. The town has been considered to stand on the richest gold site in Australia, the gold being very fine and pure.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mount Clemens

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​MOUNT CLEMENS, a city and the county seat of Macomb county, Michigan, U.S.A., on Clinton river, about 5 m. (about 2 m. in direct line) from its entrance into Lake Saint Clair, and 20 m. N. by E. of Detroit. Pop. (1890) 4748; (1900) 6576 (1194 foreign-born); (1904, state census) 7108; (1910) 7707. It is served by the Grand Trunk railway and by two electric lines to Detroit. The mineral waters of Mount Clemens are beneficial to patients suffering from rheumatism, blood diseases and nervous disorders. The city’s principal manufactures are beet sugar, barrels and other cooperage products, wagons, carriages, sleighs and agricultural implements. Mount Clemens was settled in 1802, was incorporated as a village in 1837, and was chartered as a city in 1879.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mount Holyoke College

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​MOUNT HOLYOKE COLLEGE, the pioneer institution in America for the higher education of women, situated in the village of South Hadley, Massachusetts, near Mount Holyoke. It was founded by Mary Lyon (q.v.), and was chartered as Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in 1836 (opened in 1837), but the name was changed to Mount Holyoke College in 1893. Besides the recitation halls and laboratories there are the Dwight Memorial art building (1901), a library building (1905), the John Payson Williston observatory, botanical gardens (1901), a gymnasium, a hospital, and seven residence halls. For undergraduates the college offers two years of work in prescribed courses in Latin, Greek, French, German, English, history, Biblical literature, profane literature, physics, and chemistry, and two years of work in elective courses; for graduates it offers one year of advanced work, including courses in education designed for those preparing to teach. To make college expenses ​lighter and to “promote a spirit of democracy and of consideration for others” every student helps either in housework or in the academic departments. In 1908–1909 the college had 110 instructors and 748 students.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mount Vernon (Illinois)

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​MOUNT VERNON, a city and the county-seat of Jefferson county, Illinois, U.S.A., about 75 m. E. by S. of St Louis. Pop. (1890), 3233; (1900), 5216 (111 foreign-born); (1910), 8007. It is served by the Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Louisville & Nashville, the Wabash, Chester & Western, and the Southern railways. It is the headquarters of the fourth appellate court district of the state. Mount Vernon was settled in 1819, incorporated as a village in 1837 and chartered as a city in 1872. Many of its buildings were destroyed by a cyclone on the 19th of February 1888.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mount Carmel

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​MOUNT CARMEL, a borough of Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., at the head of Shamokin Creek, about 50 m. N.N.E. of Harrisburg. Pop. (1890), 8254; (1900), 13,179, of whom 3772 were foreign-born; (1910 census) 17,532. It is served by the Lehigh Valley, the Philadelphia & Reading, and the Shamokin Division of the Northern Central (Pennsylvania system) railways. Anthracite coal abounds here, and the mining and shipping of it, together with the manufacture of mining machinery and miners’ supplies are the borough’s principal industries. This locality was settled late in the 18th century. About 1848 Mount Carmel was laid out as a town, and in 1862 was chartered as a borough.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mount Sorrel

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​MOUNT SORREL, a market town in the Loughborough (Mid) parliamentary division of Leicestershire, on the river Soar, 7 m. N. of Leicester. Pop. (1901), 2417. The Sileby station on the Midland main line lies 11/2 m. E. The position is beautiful, a steep hill, once crowned by a castle, rising above the well-wooded valley. At Barrow-upon-Soar, 21/2 m. N. (pop. 2409; Barrow and Quorn railway station), lime is worked extensively. The village of Quorndon or Quorn, 11/2 m. N.W., is the headquarters of the well-known Quorn hunt. Quorndon is an urban district (pop. 2173).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mount Barker

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​MOUNT BARKER, a town of Hindmarsh county, South Australia, at the foot of the mountain of the same name, 341/2 m. by rail E. of Adelaide. It has an extremely fine climate and is much frequented as a health resort in summer. It is the centre of a populous and fertile district producing quantities of fruit, wheat and dairy produce; important cattle sales are held weekly, and there are several engineering works, flour mills and tanneries in the town, which also is the seat of a wattle-bark industry. Pop. about 2000; but the inhabitants of the Mount Barker district number over 34,000.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Incest

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​INCEST (Lat. incestus, unchaste), sexual intercourse between persons so related by kindred or affinity that legal marriage cannot take place between them (see Marriage, especially the section Canon Law). In England incest formerly was not generally treated as a crime, although, along with other offences against morals, it was made punishable by death in 1650. Since the Restoration it had, to use Blackstone’s phrase, been left to the “feeble coercion of the spiritual courts,” but bills to make it a criminal offence have at various times been unsuccessfully introduced in Parliament. In 1908 however, an act (The Punishment of Incest Act 1908) was passed, under which sexual intercourse of a male with his grand-daughter, daughter, sister or mother is made punishable with penal servitude for not less than 3 or more than 7 years, or with imprisonment for not more than two years with or without hard labour. It is immaterial that the sexual intercourse was had with the consent of the female; indeed, by s. 2 a female who consents is on conviction liable to the same punishment as the male. The act also makes an attempt to commit the offence of incest a misdemeanour, punishable by imprisonment for not more than two years with or without hard labour. The terms “brother” and “sister” include half-brother and half-sister, whether the relationship is or is not traced through lawful wedlock. All proceedings under the act are held in camera (s. 5). The act does not apply to Scotland, incest being punishable in Scots law. Under the Matrimonial Causes Act 1857, s. 27, incestuous adultery is per se sufficient ground to entitle a wife to divorce her husband. The Deceased Wife’s Sister’s Marriage Act 1907, s. 3, retained wives’ sisters in the class of persons with whom adultery is incestuous. In the law of Scotland, it was, until the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1887, a crime nominally punishable with death, but the penalty usually inflicted was penal servitude for life. This sentence was actually pronounced on a man in 1855. In the United States incest is not an indictable offence at common law, but, generally speaking, it has been made punishable by fine and imprisonment by state legislation. It is also a punishable offence in some European countries, notably Germany, Austria and Italy.