OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Bronze

Edition of 1802.
​BRONZE, a metallic compound of copper and tin, to which zinc and other substances are sometimes added. It is hard, brittle, sonorous, and specifically heavier than the metals of which it is composed.
M. Tillet, in his memoir concerning the ductility of metals, observes, that in bronze the colour of the copper is totally disguised by that of the tin, even though the proportion of the former be four-fifths to that of the latter. This compound is much more fusible ​than copper alone, and less liable to be covered with verdigrise.
From the properties here enumerated it appears, that bronze is well calculated for the casting of bells, cannons, statues, and other works exposed to the air and weather.
Bronze-colour, in imitation of the metal, is much used by the colourmen of Paris, who prepare two sorts of it, namely, the red bronze, and the yellow or golden: the latter is made solely of the very finest and brightest copper-dust; the former is prepared of the same material, by adding a small proportion of well pulverized red ochre. Both are applied, with varnishes, to the outside of substances, as gold leaves are in gilding. But, to prevent it from turning green, the bronzed work should, as soon as laid on, be carefully dried over a chafing-dish.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Brook-lime

Edition of 1802.
​BROOK-LIME, the Veronica Beccabunga, L. a species of Speedwell, growing in slow, shallow streams, and near springs that seldom freeze. The whole of this perennial plant is smooth and succulent; the stem creeping; the leaves are egg-shaped, flat, serrated with glands; the blossoms, which are blue, appear in June and July.—We have mentioned it as one of the neglected vegetables, which may occasionally be used for culinary purposes, and particularly as a salad.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Brome-grass

Edition of 1802.
​BROME-GRASS, or Bromus, L. a genus of plants comprehending forty-six species, of which, according to Dr. Withering, only ​nine, but, according to Dr. Smith, twelve, are indigenous: the following three are the principal:
1. The Secalinus, or Smooth Rye Brome-grass; the Polymorphus of Withering; which is not rare in Norfolk, and grows near Edwin's Ford, Caermarthenshire, among the winter corn; with panicle expanding, husks naked, seeds distinct, awns shorter than the blossom, not quite straight; it flowers in July. Cattle are fond of this grass, the seeds of which are prevalent among rye, in a considerable proportion, and when ground with the latter for bread, not only render it blackish, but produce a narcotic or stupifying effect.—From its flower-bundles, as Bechstein informs us, a beautiful green dye may be easily extracted.
2. The mollis, or Soft Brome-grass, Lob-grass or Oat-grass, is mostly found growing in corn-fields, though sometimes in meadows, pastures, hedge-banks, and even on walls: panicle rather upright; leaves very soft and woolly; awn about the length of the blossom; flowers in May and June.—Bechstein affirms that this plant affords a very agreeable fodder to all kinds of cattle, and that it deserves to be cultivated on sandy lands, as being well adapted to consolidate the soil. But its merits and demerits, in an agricultural view, are not sufficiently ascertained. Mr. Swayne says, that it is a troublesome weed in corn-fields, and therefore disliked by farmers; while it is of little value in pastures and mowing grounds, where it generally sheds its seed before the time of mowing, and produces very few root-leaves.
3. The pinnatus (Festuca pinnata, L.) or Spiked Heath Brome-grass, is found growing on heaths, and fields of a calcareous soil, particularly in Yorkshire, Oxfordshire, and Kent: its straw undivided, spikets alternate, nearly sitting; cylindrical, somewhat awned: it flowers in July.—This grass is much relished by cattle of every description, but especially by sheep and goats.
It deserves to be remarked, with respect to the different species of brome-grass, that, though they may be allowed to grow in meadows and pasture-grounds, their seeds should not be suffered to mingle with corn. To extirpate this noxious weed from rye and wheat-grounds, the farmer will find it his interest to employ (as is frequently done on the Continent) young people, or even children, in early weeding. Such an expedient should be particularly adopted, when the crop of a promising field of wheat is intended for seed-corn; as, by this precaution, not only the land may be cleared of the pernicious roots, but the farther propagation of this weed will be effectually prevented. Lastly, the seeds of brome-grass, when mixed with corn, render it much lighter, and consequently of less value to those who purchase and sell grain by weight.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/An-tsung Chien Huang-ti

Layout 2
​AN-tsung Chien Huang-ti, temple and posthumous names of Chu Yu-sung [q. v.].
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Anfiyanggû

Layout 2
​ANFIYANGGÛ 安費揚古 (武), 1559–1622, Aug. 7, was one of the earliest companions of Nurhaci [q. v.]. His biographers state that he belonged to the Giolca 覺爾察, clan and that his father Wambulu 完布祿, remained loyal to Nurhaci despite efforts of the Janggiya 竟嘉 and Nimala (尼瑪蘭) people to tempt him to rebel. Behind this statement lies a bitter dissention in Nurhaci's own clan which the official Ch'ing historians tried to conceal. There is no clan named Giolca among the 641 listed in the Genealogy of the Manchu Clans, 八旗滿洲氏族通譜 Pa-ch'i Man-chou shih-tsu t'ung-p'u, 80 + 2 chüan, completed early in 1745. Giolca was the place in which Nurhaci's granduncle, Desiku 德世庫, had settled, and it seems probable that Anfiyanggû was one of Desiku's descendants. Janggiya and Nimala were similarly the homes of two other of Nurhaci's granduncles whose descendants were hostile to Nurhaci's plans for conquest. Anfiyanggû, who was the same age as Nurhaci, joined the latter in all the expeditions by which between 1583 and 1593 he subdued the smaller tribes round him and crushed his hostile relatives at Janggiya and Nimala. During a battle with Hada forces (see under Wan) in 1593 Anfiyanggû saved Nurhaci's life, for which the title Songkoro Baturu, "eagle-like conquering hero", was conferred upon him. Attached to the Bordered Blue Banner, he took part in all of the larger campaigns of the next twenty years, and in 1615 was appointed one of the five chief councilors in the newly organized administration, the other four being Eidu, Hûrhan, Fiongdon, and Hohori [qq. v.]. He died one year after he had assisted in the capture of Shên-yang and Liao-yang. In 1659 the posthumous name, Min-chuang 敏壯, was conferred upon him and a tablet was erected in memory of his services to the founding of the dynasty.
Anfiyanggû, and his descendants held the hereditary captaincy of four companies in the first division of the Bordered Blue Banner. In memory of Anfiyanggû's exploits, the minor hereditary rank of Ch'ing-ch'ê tu-yü was conferred on one of his sons (1650) and on a great-grandson (1713). Another son was killed in battle and was rewarded with the hereditary Ch'ing-ch'ê tu-yü. A grandson, named Sun-t'a 孫 (遜) 塔 (d. 1666), was onetime president of the Board of Works (1656-60) and in 1664 was made a first class baron.
[1/231/7a; 3/261/23a; 4/3/11b; 11/1/16b; 34/16/1a; 34/178/1a; 34/276/1a; 34/292/3b, 17a.]
George A. Kennedy
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Abahai (Empress)

Layout 2
​ABAHAI (Empress). See under Hsiao-lieh.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Ai Nan-ying

Layout 2
​AI Nan-ying 艾南英 (T. 千子, H. 天傭子), Dec. 30, 1583–1646, Sept. 19?, scholar, was a native of Tung-hsiang, Kiangsi, and a chü-jên of 1624. Because of statements in his examination papers which were taken as ridiculing the eunuch, Wei Chung-hsien [q. v.], he was debarred for three successive periods (nine years) from competing in the Metropolitan examinations. Three years later (1627), when the eunuch was deprived of power, Ai was permitted to participate, but without success. In 1645, when Nanking fell and Kiangsi was over-run by the Manchus, he raised a small army to block the invaders. Failing in this, he fled to Fukien and joined the court of the Prince of T'ang (see under Chu Yü-chien) at Yen-p'ing where he died the following year. His collected works, in ten chüan, 天傭子集, T'ien-yung-tzǔ chi, were published in 1699 by his grandson, Ai Wei-kuang (艾爲珖, b. 1632). A geographical work by Ai Nan-ying, entitled 禹貢圖注, Yü-kung-t'u chu, is given notice in the Imperial Catalogue. Both works were placed in the category of prohibited books, but both are extant—the latter appearing in the Hsüeh-hai lei-pien (see under Ts'ao Jung). Ai Nan-ying is said to have written many other works which were lost in the turmoil of the time. He achieved a reputation in his day as a master of the prevailing examination essay known as pa-ku 八股.
[M. 1/288/16b; M. 41/13/6a; M. 59/55/1a; Tung-hsiang hsien chih' (1805) 11/26a, 21/31a; T'ien-yung-tzǔ chi, with portrait and nien-p'u; Ssǔ-k'u (see under Chi Yün), 14/2b, 49/8b; Goodrich, L. C., Literary Inquisition of Ch'ien-lung p. 219.]
L. Carrington Goodrich
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/An, Prince

Layout 2
​AN, Prince. See under Yolo.
# Earthquake Phenomena

* "Earthquake-Phenomena" in Popular Science Monthly, 2 (March 1873) by Elias Lewis Jr.
* "Earthquake Phenomena" in Popular Science Monthly, 27 (July 1885) by Ralph Stockman Tarr
* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Earthquake Phenomena."
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
# East Alabama Railway Company v. Doe Visscher

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
114 U.S. 340
East Alabama Railway Company v. Doe Visscher
Edward Patterson and H. C. Semple, for plaintiff in error.
Sam. F. Rice, for defendants in error.
BLATCHFORD, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Earth?

English-language translations of Zem? include:
# Easley v. Kellom/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
81 U.S. 279
Easley v. Kellom
It seems difficult to find any ground for sustaining this appeal. Conceding that the deed of trust held by the complainants would have been valid as against Johnson and his assigns, had his pre-emption right been sustained; still, this right was not sustained. He had nothing that he could mortgage or convey. The subsequent sale by the government agents conveyed a good title to the purchasers, clear of the mortgage. The other ground on which the appellants relied, namely, that at the public sale Johnson had made some reservations in his own favor, in his agreement with the other creditors, for the purpose of enabling him to settle with the appellants, is taken away by the discovery of a copy of that agreement. It contains no such provision whatever. On the contrary it is a mutual agreement made for the sole benefit of those who executed it.
No question arises here, in reference to the eighty acres purchased by Johnson's mother. The original decree did not embrace any portion of that, and no appeal from that decree was taken by the complainants.
Some observations were made in reference to the provision of the agreement, looking to a combination to prevent competition in bidding at the government sale; but that objection, if valid, could only be taken by the government itself.
To conclude, the copy of the agreement which was discovered, and which laid the foundation for the bill of review, is sufficiently proved; and its absence at the former trial is satisfactorily accounted for.
DECREE AFFIRMED.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Earthly Pomp

Oh, earthly pomp is but a dream, And like a meteor's short-lived gleam; And all the sons of glory soon Will rest beneath the mould'ring stone. And Genius is a star whose light Is soon to sink in endless night, And heavenly beauty's angel form Will bend like flower in winter's storm.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Angoulême

See also Angoulême on Wikipedia; Angoulême on Wikipedia, Angoulême in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
elevated plateau, 221 feet above the river, at the foot of which, in the suburb of Houmeau, there is a station of the Paris and Bordeaux railway, 66 miles north-east of the latter town. The situation of Angouleme is very delight ful, and the city itself is in general well built, although in the old quarter many of the streets are narrow and irregu lar. The chief public buildings are the cathedral of St Peter, rebuilt in 1120, but founded at a much earlier period ; the remains of the old castle in the centre of the town, the birth-place of the celebrated Margaret of Valois, sister of Francis I. ; the courthouse, and the town-hall. The town is the seat of a bishop, and has a court of primary jurisdiction, a lyceum, two normal, and several ordinary schools, an hospital, a theatre, and a public library. Angou leme is an important manufacturing city ; its paper-mills produce large quantities of paper that is highly esteemed throughout France ; and there are also distilleries, pot teries, a cannon foundry, a powder mill, linen and serge factories, as well as a considerable trade in grain, fruit, and salt. Angouleme, the ancient Iculisma, was taken by Clovis from the Visigoths in 507 ; it was repeatedly plun dered by the Normans in the 9th century, and was long subject to the counts of Angouleme, and also for a con siderable period to the kings of England; but in 1303 Philip the Fair added it to the royal domain of France. In 1360 it was again surrendered to the English, who were, however, finally expelled in 1369. During the war of the Huguenots it was twice taken by the Protestants, in 1562
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Anguilla

See also Anguilla on Wikipedia; Anguilla on Wikipedia, Anguilla in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Angoumois

See also Angoumois on Wikipedia; Angoumois on Wikipedia, Angoumois in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ANGOUMOIS, an old province of France, nearly corresponding to the department of Charente. Its capital was Angoulême.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Angri

See also Angri on Wikipedia; Angri on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ANGRI, a town of Italy, in the province of Salerno, situated 11½ miles N.W. of the town of Salerno, in a country which produces large quantities of grapes, cotton, and tobacco. Narses defeated Teias, the last king of the Goths, not far from Angri in 553 A.D. Population, 10,332.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Angra

See also Angra do Heroísmo on Wikipedia; Angra do Heroísmo, Monte Brasil, Sé Cathedral & Diocese of Angra at Wikipedia; Angra in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ANGRA, a city on the south coast of Terceira, one of the Azores, the capital of the island and of one of the three civil districts into which the Azores are divided, as well as the residence of the military governor of the whole group, and of the Roman Catholic bishops. It is a well-built, strongly fortified town, containing an arsenal for the Portugal royal navy, a cathedral, and several churches, monasteries, and nunneries. The harbour is sheltered on the west and south-west by the promontory of Mount Brazil, and if this natural protection were supplemented by a breakwater on the south-east, the town would possess a secure and commodious anchorage; as it is, vessels during certain seasons are safer in the open sea. The chief exports are wine and grain; but foreign trade is not large. Population, 11,281.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Empoli

See also Empoli on Wikipedia; Empoli on Wikipedia; Empoli in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
EMPOLI, a town of Italy, in the province of Florence and district of San Miniato, is situated in a fertile plain on the river Arno, 6 miles from Florence, with which it is connected by railway. Its principal industries are the manufacture of cotton cloth, tanning, straw-plaiting, and the manufacture of macaroni. It has a collegiate church, founded in 1093, and containing some ﬁne statuary and paintings by Giotto and others. The population in 1871 was 5919.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Emphysema

See also Emphysema on Wikipedia; Emphysema on Wikipedia; Emphysema in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
EMPHYSEMA (from ἐμφυσάω, to inflate), in medicine, means an abnormal presence of air in certain parts of the body. In its restricted sense, however, it is generally employed to designate a peculiar affection of the lungs, of which there are two forms. In one of these there is over-distension of the air-cells of these organs (see Anatomy), and in parts destruction of their walls, giving rise to the formation of large sacs, from the rupture and running together of a number of contiguous air-vesicles. This is termed vesicular emphysema. In the other form the air is inﬁltrated into the connective tissue beneath the pleura and between the pulmonary air-cells, constituting what is known as interlobular emphysema.
The former variety is by far the more common, and appears to be capable of being produced by various causes, the chief of which are the following:—
1. Where a portion of the lung has become wasted, or its vesicular structure permanently obliterated by disease, without corresponding falling in of the chest wall, the neighbouring air vesicles or some of them undergo dilatation to ﬁll the vacuum.
2. In some cases of bronchitis, where numbers of the smaller bronchial tubes become obstructed, the air in the pulmonary vesicles remains imprisoned, the force of expiration being insufﬁcient to expel it; while, on the other hand, the stronger force of inspiration being adequate to overcome the resistance, the air-cells tend to become more and more distended, and permanent alterations in their structure, including emphysema, are the result.
3. Emphysema also arises from exertion involving violent expiratory efforts, during which the glottis is constricted, as in paroxysms of coughing, in straining, and in lifting heavy weights. Hooping cough is well known as the exciting cause of emphysema in many persons.
The main element in the treatment of emphysema consists in attention to the general condition of the health, and in the avoidance of all causes likely to aggravate the disease or induce its complications. The same general plan of treatment as that recommended in asthma and bronchitis is applicable in emphysema. During attacks of urgent breathlessness antispasmodic remedies should be had recourse to, while the employment of dry cupping over the lungs, and even of moderate wet cupping over the precordium, will often afford marked and speedy relief.
Interlobular emphysema, arising from the rupture of air-cells in the immediate neighbourhood of the pleura, may occur as a complication of the vesicular form, or separately as the result of some sudden expulsive effort, such as a ﬁt of coughing, or, as has frequently happened, in parturition. Occasionally the air infiltrates the cellular tissue of the mediastinum, and thence comes to distend the integument of the whole surface of the body. When occurring suddenly and extensively, this has been known to produce death by asphyxia.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Empyema

See also Empyema on Wikipedia; Empyema on Wikipedia; Empyema in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
EMPYEMA (from ἐν, within, and πῦον, pus), a term in medicine applied to an accumulation of purulent ﬂuid within the cavity of the pleura (see Pleurisy).
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Ems

See also Bad Ems on Wikipedia; Bad Ems and Ems Dispatch on Wikipedia; Ems in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
EMS, a watering place of Prussia, in the district of Wiesbaden, province of Hesse-Nassau, is situated on the Lahn, 7 miles S.E. of Coblentz, in a beautiful valley surrounded by wooded mountains and vine-clad hills. It possesses alkaline hot springs, which are used both for drinking and for bathing, and are considered of great efficacy as a remedy for chronic nervous diseases and affections of the liver and respiratory organs. About 15,000 persons frequent them annually. In Ems, on July 13th, 1870, took place the famous interview between King William of Prussia and the French ambassador Benedetti, which resulted in the French and German war of 1870–71. The population of Ems in 1875 was 6104.
Plan of Ems. 1. Evangelical Church 7. Police Ofﬁce 2. Synagogue. 8. New Baths. 3. Gas Works. 9. Catholic Church 4. Baths. 10. Catholic Cemetery 5. Curhaus 11 English Church. 6. Cursaal
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Enrique Florez

See also Enrique Flórez on Wikipedia; Enrique Flórez on Wikipedia; Enrique Florez in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
FLOREZ, Enrique (1701–1773), a Spanish historical scholar, was born at Valladolid in 1701. In his fifteenth year he entered the order of St Augustine, professed theology at the university of Alcala, and published a Cursus Theologiæ in 5 vols. 4to (1732–1738). He afterwards devoted himself exclusively to historical studies. Of these the first fruit was his Clave Historial, a work of the same class as the French Art de Vérifier les Dates, and preceding it by several years. It appeared in 1743, and passed through many editions. In 1747 was published the first volume of La España Sagrada, a vast compilation of local ecclesiastical history which obtained a European reputation, and of which 29 volumes appeared in the author’s lifetime. It was continued after his death by Fathers Risco and Fernandez, and further additions have been made at the expense of the Spanish Government. The value of the work is considerably increased by the insertion of ancient chronicles and documents not easily accessible elsewhere. Florez was a good numismatist, and published España Carpetana: Medallas de las Colonias, in 2 vols. 4to (1757–1758). A third volume appeared in 1773. His last work was the Memorias de las reynas Catolicas, 2 vols. 4to (1770). Florez led a retired, studious, and unambitious life, and died at Madrid in May or August 1773.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Epistle to Titus

See also Epistle to Titus on Wikipedia; The Epistle to Titus in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TITUS, Epistle to. See Pastoral Epistles, vol. xviii. p. 348 sq.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zeal

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* Y
* Z
* Gen
* Ex
* Lev
* Num
* Dt
* Jos
* Jdg
* Ru
* 1-2 Sam
* 1-2 Ki
* 1-2 Chr
* Ezra
* Neh
* Est
* Psm
* Prv
* Job
* Song
* Ecc
* Isa
* Jer
* Lam
* Ezek
* Dan
* Hos
* Joel
* Am
* Ob
* Jnh
* Mic
* Nah
* Habk
* Zeph
* Hag
* Zech
* Mal
* Mt
* Mk
* Lk
* Jn
* Act
* Rom
* 1Cor
* 2Cor
* Gal
* Eph
* Philp
* Col
* 1-2Thes
* 1Tim
* 2Tim
* Titus
* Phim
* Hebr
* Jam
* 1Pet
* 2Pet
* 1Jn
* 2Jn
* 3Jn
* Ju
* Rev
Zeal
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zebul

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* Y
* Z
* Gen
* Ex
* Lev
* Num
* Dt
* Jos
* Jdg
* Ru
* 1-2 Sam
* 1-2 Ki
* 1-2 Chr
* Ezra
* Neh
* Est
* Psm
* Prv
* Job
* Song
* Ecc
* Isa
* Jer
* Lam
* Ezek
* Dan
* Hos
* Joel
* Am
* Ob
* Jnh
* Mic
* Nah
* Habk
* Zeph
* Hag
* Zech
* Mal
* Mt
* Mk
* Lk
* Jn
* Act
* Rom
* 1Cor
* 2Cor
* Gal
* Eph
* Philp
* Col
* 1-2Thes
* 1Tim
* 2Tim
* Titus
* Phim
* Hebr
* Jam
* 1Pet
* 2Pet
* 1Jn
* 2Jn
* 3Jn
* Ju
* Rev
Zebul