OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Strettell, John

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​STRETTELL. (Lieut., 1841. f-p., 17; h-p., 6.)
John Strettell entered the Navy, 18 Aug. 1824, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Prince Regent 120, Capt. Wm. Henry Webley Parry, flag-ship of Sir Benj. Hallowell at Chatham; and in the following Sept. joined the Cambrian 48, Capt. Gawen Wm. Hamilton; in which frigate, after he had fought as Midshipman at the battle of Navarin, he was wrecked during an attack made upon a nest of pirates at Carabusa 31 Jan. 1828. From Sept. in the latter year until April, 1831, he again served in the Mediterranean in the Revenge 78, Capt. Norbome Thompson, and Rattlesnake 28, Capts. Sir Thos. Sabine Pasley and Chas. Graham. Having passed his examination 14 Feb. 1831, he was next employed in the capacity of Mate – from 21 March until 26 July, 1834, in the President 52 and Vernon 50, both commanded by Capt. John M‘Kerlie on the coast of North America – from 29 Aug. 1834 until 28 March, 1837, again with Capt. M‘Kerlie in the Vernon, on the Mediterranean station – and from 7 July, 1837, until 2 Jan. 1841, in the Wellesley 72, Capt. Thos. Maitland. While in the ship last mentioned, which bore the flags of Sir Fred. Lewis Maitland and Sir Jas. John Gordon Bremer, he assisted in 1838 in quelling an insurrection on the coast of Malabar, participated in 1839 in various operations on the coast of Sinde and in the Persian Gulf, and was present, at the commencement of the war in China, at the capture, in July, l840, of the island of Chusan. Being nominated, 3 Jan. 1841, Acting-Lieutenant of the Herald 26, Capt. Joseph Nias, he contributed to the destruction, 26 Feb. following, of the Bogue forts. He landed also, the next day, at the storming of the enemy’s works close to Whampoa Reach, where 54 pieces of cannon were taken; he served in the boats, on 13 March, at the capture of several rafts and of the last fort protecting the approaches to Canton; and he took a similar part at the ensuing reduction of that city. He was confirmed a Lieutenant 8 June, 1841; and was subsequently appointed – 15 April, 1842, as Additional, two months after he had left the Herald, to the Illustrious 72, flag-ship of Sir Chas. Adam in North America and the West Indies – 31 Dec. 1842, to the Tweed 20, Capt. Hugh. Donald Cameron Douglas, on the same station, whence he returned in Oct. 1843 – 18 May, 1844, for about 12 months, to the Prometheus steam-sloop, Capt. John Hay, on the coast of Africa – and 29 Dec. 1846, as First- Lieutenant (a post he had latterly filled on board the Prometheus), to the Bulldog steam-sloop of 500 horse-power, Capt, Geo. Evan Davis, employed on particular service. He has been qn half-pay since April, 1846. Agents – Messrs. Chard.
* ↑ Vide Gaz. 1841, p. 1501.
* ↑ Vide Gaz. 1841, p. 1503.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Strettell, William Thomas

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​STRETTELL. (Lieut., 1815. f-p., 17; h-p., 24.)
William Thomas Strettell entered the Navy, in May, 1806, as a Volunteer, on board the Royal William, Capt. Hon. Courtenay Boyle, lying at Portsmouth. From May, 1808, until Aug. 1811, he served in La Chiffonne 36, Capt. John Wainwright, on the East India station; and between Jan. 1812 and the date of his promotion to the rank of Lieutenant, 24 Feb. 1815, he was employed in the North Sea and on the coasts of Ireland and North America, in the Elephant 74, Capt. Fras. Wm. Austen, Tartarus 20, Capt. John Pasco, Spencer 74, Capt. Rich. Raggett, and Asia 74, Capt. Alex. Skene. In La Chiffonne he accompanied, in 1809, an expedition against the pirates of the Persian Gulf, where he assisted at the destruction of the strong town of Ras-al-Khyma and of more than 80 vessels. He has been in charge, since 1 March, 1838, of a station in the Coast Guard.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Strickland, Walter

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​STRICKLAND. (Lieutenant, 1847.)
Walter Strickland passed his examination 10 Feb. 1845; was appointed, 11 July, 1846, Mate of the Excellent gunnery-ship at Portsmouth, Capt. Hen. Ducie Chads; obtained his commission 17 April, 1847; and, since 16 July following, has been serving in the Amphitrite 24, Capt. Thos. Rodney Eden, now in the Pacific.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Strong, Charles Burrough (b)

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​STRONG. (Lieutenant, 1846.)
Charles Burrough Strong is nephew of the late Capt. C. B. Strong, R.N.
This officer passed his examination 25 Nov. 1839; and on his return from the North America and West India station, where he had been serving as Mate in the Racehorse 18, Capt. John Coghlan Fitzgerald, was appointed in that capacity, towards the close of 1841, to the Queen 110, fitting for the flag of Sir Edw. W. C. R. Owen, Commander-in-Chief in the Mediterranean, where he continued employed as Lieutenant (commission dated 26 Dec. 1842) until about Jan. 1844; when he was sentenced by court-martial to be dismissed his ship, and to lose two years’ service, for having twice absented himself without leave. His seniority now dates from 11 Jan. 1846. Agent – Joseph Woodhead.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Major

From volume 2 of the work.
​MAJOR. When intervals have two forms which are alike consonant or alike dissonant, these are distinguished as major and minor, the former being always a semitone greater than the latter. Thus thirds and sixths have two forms, which are both consonant, and are respectively called major and minor. Seconds, sevenths, and ninths have each two forms, which are dissonant, and are similarly distinguished as major and minor. The major however is not always the greatest form of an interval, for, under certain circumstances, some intervals are capable of further extension, and are then described as 'augmented' or 'superfluous,' as augmented seconds or augmented or superfluous sixths. The major forms of concords are such as contain a major third from the root note, and these are both more harmonious and better defined than the minor concords; for, in the first place, the major third agrees with the fourth harmonic of the fundamental tone, and, in the second, the combinational tones of the chord for the most part only double notes already existing in the chord. Whereas in the minor concords the minor third does not correspond with any of the really perceptible harmonics of the root note, and the triad cannot in any position be free from false combinational tones. It is mainly for these reasons that the major chord is so often found at the conclusion of a piece of music in a minor mode in the works of the earlier masters, from Josquin des Prés up to Mozart. [See Harmony, vol. i. pp. 671, 2.]
The most important and best defined scale of modern music is called 'major,' because it has a major third from the tonic in the ascending series; whence in former times it was common to distinguish the scale or mode by the terms 'greater' or 'lesser' third, as, 'in the key of G with the greater third,' where one would now say 'G major.' This major scale is the natural diatonic series of modern music, represented by the series starting from C. It is fundamentally the most perfect for harmonic purposes, as it presents the greatest number of concords, and the larger proportion of these in their most harmonious form; and it also provides most perfectly and simply the means of making the tonal relationship intelligible; since, as Helmholtz points out, 'the tones (of the scale) are constituents of the compound tone of the tonic, or the fifth above or the fifth below it. By which means all the relations of tones are reduced to the simplest and closest relationship existing in any musical system—that of the fifth.' This scale corresponds to the Greek Lydian and the Ecclesiastical Ionic.
[ C. H. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Malbrough

From volume 2 of the work.
​MALBROUGH, or MALBROOK. The date of this celebrated French song, and the names of the authors of both words and music, are doubtful; but there is reason to believe that the couplets called 'Mort et convoi de l'invincible Malbrough' were improvised on the night after the battle of Malplaquet (Sept. 11, 1709), in the bivouack of Maréchal de Villars, at Quesnoy, three miles from the field of battle. The name of the soldier, who perhaps satirised the English general as a relief to his hunger, has not been preserved, but in all probability he was well acquainted with the lament on the death of the Duke of Guise, published in 1566. In fact, the idea, the construction, and many details in the two songs are very similar, though the rhythm and position of the rhymes are different, and they cannot be sung to the same music. The following is the air, admirably adapted to the words:—
​Chateaubriand, hearing the tune sung by Arabs in Palestine, suggested that it had been carried there by the Crusaders, either in the time of Godfrey de Bouillon, or in that of Louis IX. and Joinville; but no musician can entertain this idea for a moment. The breadth of the phrasing, the major mode, and the close on the dominant, are as characteristic of the popular tunes of the time of Louis XIV. as they are unlike the unrhythmical melodies of the middle ages.
It is not surprising that neither words nor music are to be found in the many collections of both: nowadays the merest trifles appear in print, then all songs were sung from memory. It would probably have died out had not Madame Poitrine used it as a lullaby for the infant dauphin in 1781. Marie Antoinette took a fancy to her baby's cradle-song, and sang it herself, and 'Malbrough s'en va-t-en guerre' was soon heard in Versailles, Paris, and at length throughout France. Beaumarchais introduced it into his 'Mariage de Figaro' (1784), which still further contributed to its popularity. It then became a favourite air for couplets in French vaudevilles; and Beethoven brings it into his 'Battle Symphony' (1813) as the symbol of the French army. The air is now equally popular on both sides of the Channel. Many an Englishman who would be puzzled to recognise Marlborough under the guise of Malbrook is familiar with the tune to the convivial words, 'We won't go home till morning' and 'For he's a jolly good fellow.'
[ G. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Mallinger, Mathilde

[ A. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Malcolm, Alexander

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Malek Adel

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Mancando

From volume 2 of the work.
[ J. A. F. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Majorano

From volume 2 of the work.
​MAJORANO. [See Caffarelli.]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Malinconia, La

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Malten, Thérèse

​MALTEN, Thérèse, born at Insterburg, Eastern Prussia, was taught singing by Gustav ​Engel of Berlin. She made her début as Pamina and Agatha at Dresden in 1873, where she has been engaged ever since. Her parts also include Armida, Iphigenia, Fidelio, Jessonda, Genoveva, Leonora ('Trovatore'), Margaret; the heroines of Wagner; the Queen of Sheba in Goldmark's opera of that name; the Princess Marie in Kretschmer's 'Folkunger' on its production in 1874; Fulvia on the production of Hofmann's 'Arminius' in 1877, etc. On leave of absence she has played in London, Berlin, Vienna, etc. In August 1882 she appeared at Bayreuth as Kundry, at the instance of Wagner, who had a very high opinion of her ability, again in 1884, and at Munich, where she played the same part in private before the late King, from whom she received the gold medal of Arts and Science.
She made a great impression on her début at Drury Lane under Richter as Fidelio, May 24, 1882, and during the season as Elsa, May 27; Elizabeth, June 3, and Eva, June 7. She reappeared in England at the Albert Hall on the production of 'Parsifal,' Nov. 10 and 15, 1884.
[ A. C. ]
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Edwards, Henry

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​EDWARDS. (Captain, 1826. f-p., 16; h-p., 35.)
Henry Edwards entered the Navy, 19 Nov. 1796, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Impétueux 78, Capt. John Willet Payne, on the Home station, where, and in the West Indies, he afterwards served, as Midshipman, in the Beaulieu 40 and Terrible 74, both commanded by Capt. Fras. Fayerman, Theseus 74, flag-ship of Lord Badstock, Topaze 38, Capt. Robt. Honyman, and Leviathan 74, bearing the flag of Sir John Thos. Duckworth. Being promoted to a Lieutenancy, 2 Nov. 1802, in the Ganges 74, Capt. Geo. M‘Kinley, Mr. Edwards, after serving for some time at Portsmouth and in the North Sea on board the Courageux 74, flag-ship of Rear-Admiral Jas. Rich. Dacres, and Africaine 38, Capt. Thos. Manby, returned to the West Indies; on which station he appears to have been appointed – 21 Aug. 1805, to the Atlas 74, Capt. Sam. Pym, under whom he bore a part in the action off St. Domingo, 6 Feb. 1806 – 12 March and 7 Aug. in the latter year, to the Success 32, and Hebe 38, Capts. John Ayscough, Micajah Malbon, and John Fyffe – and, 30 Sept. 1809, to the command of the Haddock schooner, in which vessel he was unfortunately captured on his passage home with despatches 12 Nov. following. On regaining his liberty, he further served for a few months, in 1810-11, on board the Hibernia 120, and Centaur 74, both commanded by Capt. John Chambers White, and, for a short period in 1813, on board the Benbow 74, Capt. Rich. Harrison Pearson, in the Mediterranean and river Thames. On 29 June in the last-mentioned year he was awarded a Commander’s commission; and, on 25 Aug. 1825, he was appointed to the Doterel 18. Since his advancement to his present rank, which took place while he was on the Halifax station, 2 Aug. 1826, Capt. Edwards has been on half-pay. Agents – Messrs. Halford and Co.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Edwards, Nathaniel Frederick

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​EDWARDS. (Commander, 1841.)
Nathaniel Frederick Edwards is son of the late John Edwards, Esq., of Worting House, Hants. This officer entered the Navy 13 Feb. 1813; passed his examination in 1819; and, after acting in the Bustard and Pylades, was officially promoted to a Lieutenancy, 12 Feb. 1827, in the Beaver 10, Capt. Joseph O’Brien, on the Jamaica station, he was subsequently appointed – 4 Feb. 1830, and 28 March, 1832, as First, to the Meteor surveying-vessel, Capt. Rich. Copeland, and Raleigh 18, Capt. Abraham Mills Hawkins, employed in the Mediterranean – 25 Jan. 1834, for a short period, to the St. Vincent 120, Capt. Humphrey Fleming Senhouse, on the same station – 31 March, 5 May, and 15 Nov. 1836, to the Howe 120, Bellerophon 74, and Thunderer 84, Capts. Alex. Ellice, Sam. Jackson, and Wm. Furlong Wise – Jan. 1839, to the Powerful 84, Capt. Chas. Napier – and, 19 April, 1839, 1 Oct. 1840, and 1 Oct. 1841, to the Britannia 120, Queen 110, and St. Vincent 120, flag-ships at Portsmouth of Admirals Hon. Chas. Elphinstone Fleeming and Sir Edw. Codrington. Since the date of his last promotion, 23 Nov. 1841, Commander Edwards has been unemployed.
He married, 11 May, 1837, Mary, youngest daughter of the late W. Cotton, Esq., of Balham Hill, co. Surrey, by whom he has issue. Agents – Messrs. Stilwell.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Edwards, Adams

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​EDWARDS. (Lieut., 1815. f-p., 21; h-p., 22.)
Adams Edwards entered the Navy, 6 Nov. 1804, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Courageux 74, Capt. Chas. Boyles; on accompanying Whom into the Windsor Castle 98, he bore a part in Sir Robt. Calder’s action, 22 July, 1805, witnessed Sir Sam. Hood’s capture of four French frigates near Rochefort, 25 Sept. 1806, and passed the Dardanells in Feb. 1807. Shortly after his removal to the Amethyst, of 42 guns and 261 men, Capt. Mich. Seymour, he assisted at the capture, 11 Nov. 1808, off L’Orient, of the French frigate La Thetis, of 44 guns and 436 men, including soldiers, which was boarded and carried at the close of a furious contest of more than three hours, in which the British lost 19 men killed and 51 wounded, and the enemy 135 killed and 102 wounded. On 6 April, 1809, he also shared in a severe intermittent action of about four hours, which terminated in the capture, with a loss to the Amethyst of 8 men killed and 37 wounded, of another of the enemy’s frigates, Le Niemen, of 46 guns and 339 men, of whom 47 were slain and 73 wounded. After attending the expedition to Flushing, Mr. Edwards followed Capt. Seymour, in Sept. 1809, into his prize, the Niemen, which had been added to the British Navy as a 38-gun frigate. With the exception of about two months, from April to June 1811, during which we find him officiating as Acting-Lieutenant of the Jalouse 18, Capt. Henry Gage Morris, he continued to serve with Capt. Seymour, latterly in the Hannibal 74, on the Home station, until 1812. He obtained his commission 13 March, 1815; and since 10 March, 1835, has been employed in the Coast Guard.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Edwards, David (b)

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​EDWARDS. (Lieut., 1837. f-p., 15; h-p., 12.)
David Edwards, born 6 Jan. 1803, is only son of the late David Edwards, Esq., of Monmouth House, Chelsea, by Sarah, third daughter of Robt. Mourton Wood, Esq., of Newton Hall, Cheshire.
This officer entered the Navy, 25 July, 1820, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Camelion 10, Capt.Wm. Jas. Mingaye, on the Home station, and, after serving for some time also in the Phaeton 46, Capt. Wm. Augustus Montagu, became successively Midshipman, in 1823, of the Ramillies 74, and Ganges 84, guard-ships at Portsmouth, commanded by Capt. Edw. Brace, by whom he was for some time detached into the Viper tender, for the purpose of cruizing in the Channel. From 1823 until Feb. 1827, when he passed his examination, Mr. Edwards was next employed in South America on board the Mersey 26, Capt. John Macpherson Ferguson. He soon afterwards joined the Coast Blockade, as Mate of the Hyperion 42, Capt. Wm. Jas. ​Mingaye, and, from June, 1828, until Oct. 1833, served in the Victory 104, flag-ship at Portsmouth of Sir Robt. Stopford, the Spartiate 76, and Ocean 80, commanded on the Mediterranean station by Capts. Frederic Warren and Patk. Campbell, and the Stag 46, Capt. Nich. Lockyer, employed in the North Sea and off Lisbon. Obtaining his commission 10 Jan. 1837, he joined, in the course, we believe, of the following month, the Samarang 28, Capt. Wm. Broughton, on the South American station, whence, however, his health obliged him to return in Feb. 1838. On 30 March, 1839, the subject of this sketch was next appointed to the Powerful 84, Capt. Chas. Napier, under whom he served throughout the various operations on the coast of Syria in 1840, including the bombardment of St. Jean d’Acre. He invalided from cataract in Nov. of the latter year; and has not since been afloat.
Lieut. Edwards married, in 1842, Fanny, grand-daughter of the late Rev. John Simons, LL.B., rector of Paul’s Cray, co. Kent.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Edwards, Richard Venn

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​EDWARDS. (Lieut., 1814. f-p., 9; h-p., 32.)
Richard Venn Edwards entered the Navy, 8 Aug. 1806, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Canopus 84, Capt. Thos. Geo. Shortland, bearing the flag of Sir Thos. Louis, in which ship he witnessed the capture, 27 Sept. following, of Le Président, French frigate, of 44 guns and 330 men, and was present at the passage of the Dardanells in Feb. 1807. In Aug. ot the latter year, he removed, as Midshipman, to the Hind 28, Capt. Fras. Wm. Fane; and on afterwards accompanying that officer into the Cambrian 40, he warmly co-operated with the patriots on the coast of Catalonia. Mr. Edwards, who subsequently served in the Tigre 80, Capts. Benj. Hallowell and John Halliday, and Pomone 38, Capts. Fras. Wm. Fane and Philip Carteret, on the Mediterranean, Home, and Lisbon stations, was confirmed to a Lieutenancy, 15 Sept. 1814, in the Philomel 18, Capt. Jas. Hanway Plumridge. We also find him attached, for a few months in 1815, to the San Josef 110, flag-ship at Plymouth of Sir Rich. John Strachan; since Aug. in which year, however, he has been on half-pay.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Edridge, John

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​EDRIDGE. (Lieutenant, 1810.)
John Edridge obtained his commission 23 Oct. 1810; and since the peace has been on half-pay.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Edwardes, William

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​EDWARDES. (Commander, 1827. f-p., 12; h-p., 21.)
The Honourable William Edwardes, born 3 Feb. 1801, is eldest surviving son of Lord Kensington, by Dorothy, daughter of Rich. Thomas, Esq.; and brother-in-law of Sir Edw. Cholmeley Dering, Bart.
This officer entered the Navy, 13 Feb. 1814, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Bellerophon 74, Capt. Edw. Hawker, flag-ship at Newfoundland of Sir Rich. Goodwin Keats; served afterwards, as Midshipman of 11 different men-of-war, chiefly on the Mediterranean station; and obtained his first commission 2 Aug. 1823. He was appointed, 6 Oct. 1826, to the Asia 84, bearing the flag of Sir Edw. Codrington in the Mediterranean, and, for his conduct at the battle of Navarin, was invested on the following day, 21 Oct. 1827, with the acting-command of the Gannet 18. He returned to England in 1828, having been confirmed to the rank of Commander by commission dated 22 Oct. 1827; and has not since been employed.
He married, 12 Oct. 1833, Laura Jane, fourth daughter of Cuthbert Ellison, Esq., of Hepburn, co. Durham, and has issue two sons and five daughters. Agents – Messrs. Halford and Co.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Edwards, David (a)

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​EDWARDS. (Commander, 1827. f-p., 15; h-p., 37.)
David Edwards entered the Navy, 31 July, 1795, as a Volunteer, on board the San Fiorenzo of 42 guns, Capts. Sir Harry Burrard Neale and Wm. Chas. Paterson. While in that ship, besides being much in attendance on the King off Weymouth, he assisted, in company with La Nymphe, at the capture of La Résistance of 48, and La Constance of 24 guns, 9 March, 1797 – passed, soon afterwards, through the mutinous fleet at the Nore – took part in a very warm conflict of nearly two hours, which terminated in the defeat, by the San Fiorenzo and her consort, the Amelia 38, of a French squadron, consisting of three frigates and a gun-vessel, 9 April, 1799 – and was present, 2 July following, in an attack made by Rear-Admiral Chas. Morice Pole on a Spanish squadron lying in Aix Roads. Towards the close of 1801 Mr. Edwards proceeded to the West Indies, as Master’s Mate of the Centaur 74, Capt. Bendall Robt. Littlehales, and, on 5 Sept. 1803, was there promoted to a Lieutenancy in the Ulysses 44, Capt. Edwin Henry Columbine. From 27 Oct. 1804, to 24 June, 1806, he next served in the Mediterranean with Capt. Geo. Digby, on board the Beagle 18, and Swiftsure 74, one of the prizes taken at Trafalgar; and in July, 1809, he assumed command, under Capt. Philip Carteret, of the first division of gun-boats employed on the Walcheren expedition. During the two last years of the war Mr. Edwards appears to have been attached, on the Leith station, to the Adamant 50, and Latona 38, Capts. Matthew Buckle and Andrew Smith. He was advanced to the command, 11 May, 1827, of the Barham 50, Capt. Sir John Louis, on the Jamaica station, where he removed, on 12 Sept. in the same year, to the Fairy sloop. He returned to England in 1828; and has since been on half-pay.