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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sancti Spiritus

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​SANCTI SPIRITUS, an old Cuban city in Santa Clara province, situated on a sandy plain in an angle of the Yayabo river, which winds through the city. Pop. (1907) 17,440. It is connected by railway with Zaza del Medio, on the main railway line of the island, and with its port, Tunas de Zaza, 30 m. (by rail) to the S. The hill called Pan de Azucar (Sugar-loaf) is S.W. of the city. One church is said to be as old as the city, and others date from 1699, 1716, 1717, &c. The surrounding country is devoted principally to grazing. Sancti Spiritus was one of the seven cities founded by Diego Valasquez. Its settlement was ordered in 1514 and accomplished in 1516, and it is the fifth town of the island in age. The present city is about two leagues from the original site (Pueblo Viejo). In 1518, as a result of the war of the Comunidades of Castille, a mimic war broke out in Sancti Spiritus among its two score villagers. The place was sacked by French and English corsairs in 1719. Illicit trade with Jamaica was the basis of local prosperity in the 18th century.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sanatruces

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​SANATRUCES (Sinatruces, Pers. Sanatruk), Parthian king. In the troublous times after the death of Mithradates II. (c. 88 B.C.) he was made king by the Sacaraucae, a Mongolian tribe who had invaded Iran in 76 B.C. He was eighty years old and reigned seven years; his successor was his son Phraates III. (Lucian, Macrob. 15; Phlegon, fr. 12 ap. Phot. cod. 97; Appian, Mithr. 104; Dio Cass. xxxvi. 45). Another Sanatruces (Sanatrucius) is mentioned as an ephemeral Parthian king in A.D. 115 (Malalas, Chron. p. 270, 273). (Ed. M.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sancroft, William

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​SANCROFT, WILLIAM (1616–1693), archbishop of Canterbury, was born at Fressingfield in Suffolk 30th January 1616, and entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in July 1634. He became M.A. in 1641 and fellow in 1642, but was ejected in 1649 for refusing to accept the “Engagement.” He then remained abroad till the Restoration, after which he was chosen one of the university preachers, and in 1663 was nominated to the deanery of York. In 1664 he was installed dean of St Paul's. In this situation he set himself to repair the cathedral, till the fire of London in 1666 necessitated the rebuilding of it, towards which he gave, £1400. He also rebuilt the deanery, and improved its revenue. In 1668 he was admitted archdeacon of Canterbury upon the king's presentation, but he resigned the post in 1670. In 1677, being now prolocutor of the Convocation, he was unexpectedly advanced to the archbishopric of Canterbury. He attended Charles II. upon his deathbed, and “made to him a very weighty exhortation, in which he used a good degree of freedom.” He wrote with his own hand the petition presented in 1687 against the reading of the Declaration of Indulgence, which was signed by himself and six of his suffragans. For this they were all committed to the Tower, but were acquitted. Upon the withdrawal of James II. he concurred with the Lords in a declaration to the prince of Orange for a free parliament, and due indulgence to the Protestant dissenters. But, when that prince and his consort were declared king and queen, he refused to take the oath to them, and was accordingly suspended and deprived. From 5th August 1691 till his death on the 24th of November 1693, he lived a very retired life in his native place. He was buried in the churchyard of Fressingfield, where there is a Latin epitaph to his memory. Sancroft was a patron of Henry Wharton (1664–1695), the divine and church historian, to whom on his deathbed he entrusted his manuscripts and the remains of Archbishop Laud (published in 1695).
He published Fur praedestinatus (1651), Modern Politics (1652), and Three Sermons (1694). Nineteen Familiar Letters to Mr North (afterwards Sir Henry North) appeared in 1757.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 15:1

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| Italy Item Ithaca Ithaca (New York) Itinerarium Itius Portus Ito, Hirobumi, Prince Itri Iturbide, Augustin de Itza Itzehoe Iuka Iulus Ivan Ivangorod Ivanovo-Voznesensk Ivarr, Beinlausi Iviza Ivory, Sir James Ivory Ivory Coast Ivrea Ivry-sur-Seine Ivy Iwakura, Tomomi | Ixion Ixtaccihuatl Iyrcae Izbarta Izhevsk Izmail Izu-no-Shichi-Tō J Jā'alin Jabiru Jablochkov, Paul Jablonski, Daniel Ernst Jaborandi Jaca Jacamar Jaçaná Jacini, Stefano, Count Jack Jackal Jackdaw Jackson, Andrew Jackson, Cyril Jackson, Frederick George Jackson, Helen Maria Jackson, Mason | Jackson, Thomas Jackson, Thomas Jonathan Jackson, William Jackson (Michigan) Jackson (Mississippi) Jackson (Tennessee) Jacksonville (Florida) Jacksonville (Illinois) Jacob Jacob, John Jacob ben Asher Jacob of Edessa Jacob of Jüterbogk Jacob of Sĕrūgh Jacoba Jacobabad Jacobean Style Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, Johann Georg Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jacob Jacobins, The Jacobite Church Jacobites Jacobs, Christian Friedrich Wilhelm Jacobs Cavern | Jacobsen, Jens Peter Jacob's Well Jacobus de Voragine Jacotot, Joseph Jacquard, Joseph Marie Jacquerie, The Jactitation Jade (bay) Jade Jaen (province) Jaen (town) Jafarabad Jaffna Jäger, Gustav Jägerndorf Jagersfontein Jago, Richard Jaguar Jaguarondi Jahanabad Jahangir Jāḥiẓ Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, Johann Jahn, Otto |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 15:10

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| Kecskemét Keddah Kedgeree Keel Keeley, Mary Anne Keeling Islands Keel-Moulding Keene, Charles Samuel Keene, Laura Keene Keep, Robert Porter Keep Keewatin Kef Kehl Keighley Kei Islands Keim, Karl Theodor Keith (family) Keith, Francis Edward James Keith, George Keith, George Keith Elphinstone, Viscount Keith (burgh) Kej Kekulé, Friedrich August | Keller, Albert Keller, Gottfried Keller, Helen Adams Kellermann, François Christophe de Kellgren, Johan Henrik Kellogg, Clara Louise Kells Kelly, Edward Kelly, Sir Fitzroy Kelly, Hugh Kelly, Michael Kelp Kelso Kelvin, William Thomson, Baron Kemble Kemble, John Mitchell Kemény, Zsigmond, Baron Kemp, William Kempe, John Kempen Kempenfelt, Richard Kempt, Sir James Kempten Ken, Thomas Ken | Kena Kendal, Dukedom of Kendal, William Hunter Kendal Kendall, Henry Clarence Kenealy, Edward Vaughan Hyde Kēng Tūng Kenilworth Kenites Kenmore Kenmure, William Gordon, 6th Viscount Kennedy Kennedy, Benjamin Hall Kennedy, Thomas Francis Kennedy, Walter Kennel Kenneth Kennett, White Kenney, James Kenngott, Gustav Adolph Kennicott, Benjamin Kennington Kenora Kenosha Kensett, John Frederick | Kensington Kent, Earls and Dukes of Kent, James Kent, William Kent (kingdom) Kent (county) Kentigern, St Kenton Kent's Cavern Kentucky Kenya Kenyon, Lloyd Kenyon, 1st Baron Keokuk Keonjhar Keonthal Kepler, Johann Keppel, Augustus Keppel, Viscount Keppel, Sir Henry Ker, John Kerak Kerala Kerasund Kératry, Auguste Hilarion, Comte de Kerbela Kerch |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 15:12

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 15:15

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| Koprülü Kora Koran Korat Kordofan Korea Korea (India) Koreshan Ecclesia, The Kōrin, Ogata Korkus Körmöczbánya Körner, Karl Theodor Korneuburg Korocha Korsör Kortcha Koryaks Kosciusco Kosciuszko, Tadeusz Andrzej Bonawentura Kösen Kosher Köslin Kossovo Kossuth, Ferencz Lajos Akos Kossuth, Lajos | Koster, Laurens Kostroma (government) Kostroma (town) Köszeg Kotah Kotas Kotka Kotri Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand von Kotzebue, Otto von Koumiss Koumoundouros, Alexandros Kousso Kovalevsky, Sophie Kovno (government) Kovno (town) Kovrov Kowtow Kozlov Kraal Krafft, Adam Kraguyevats Krakatoa Kraken Kralyevo | Krantz, Albert Krasnovodsk Krasnoyarsk Kraszewski, Joseph Ignatius Krause, Karl Christian Friedrich Krawang Kray von Krajova, Paul, Freiherr Kremenchug Kremenets Krems Kremsier Kreutzer, Konradin Kreutzer, Rudolph Kreuzburg Kreuznach Kriegspiel Kriemhild Kriloff, Ivan Andreevich Krishna Krishnagar Kristianstad Krivoy Rog Krochmal, Naḥman Kronenberg Kronstadt | Kroonstad Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivich Krotoschin Krüdener, Barbara Juliana, Baroness von Krug, Wilhelm Traugott Kruger, Stephanus Johannes Paulus Krugersdorp Krumau Krumbacher, Carl Krumen Krummacher, Friedrich Adolf Krupp, Alfred Krusenstern, Adam Ivan Krushevats Kshattriya Kuban (river) Kubañ (province) Kubelik, Jan Kubera Kublai Khan Kubus Kuchān Kuch Behar Kudu Kuenen, Abraham |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 15:2

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| Jahrum — James II. of Scotland | James III. of Scotland — Jāmī | Jamieson — Janus | Jaora — Jātaka |
| Jahrum Jains Jaipur Jaisalmer Jajce Jājpur Jakob, Ludwig Heinrich von Jakova Jakuns Jalalabad Jalap Jalapa Jalaun Jalisco Jalna Jalpaiguri Jamaica Jamaica (New York) Jamb James James (New Testament) James I. of Great Britain and Ireland James II. of Great Britain and Ireland James I. of Scotland James II. of Scotland | James III. of Scotland James IV. of Scotland James V. of Scotland James I. of Aragon James II. of Aragon James II. of Majorca James III. of Majorca James (the Pretender) James, David James, George Payne Rainsford James, Henry James, John Angell James, Thomas James, William (historian) James, William (philosopher) James of Hereford, Henry James, 1st Baron James, Epistle of Jameson, Anna Brownell Jameson, George Jameson, Leander Starr Jameson, Robert Jamestown (North Dakota) Jamestown (New York) Jamestown (Virginia) Jāmī | Jamieson, John Jamieson, Robert Jamkhandi Jammu Jamnia Jamrud Jams and Jellies Janesville Janet, Paul Jangipur Janin, Jules Gabriel Janissaries Janiuay Janjira Jan Mayen Jansen, Cornelius Jansenism Janssen, Cornelius Janssen, Johannes Janssen, Pierre Jules César Janssens, Victor Honorius Janssens van Nuyssen, Abraham Januarius, St January Janus | Jaora Japan Japanning Japheth Jar Jargon Jargoon Jarīr Ibn 'Atīyya ul-Khatfī Jarkent Jarnac Jaro Jarosite Jarrah Wood Jarrow Jarry, Nicolas Jarvis, John Wesley Jashar, Book of Jashpur Jasmin, Jacques Jasmine Jason Jason of Cyrene Jasper Jassy Jātaka |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 15:11

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| Kerckhoven, Jan Polyander van den Kerguelen Island Kerguelen's Land Cabbage Kerkuk Kermadec Kerman (province) Kerman (town) Kermanshah (province) Kermanshah (town) Kermes Kermesse Kern, Jan Hendrik Kernel Kerner, Justinus Andreas Christian Kerry Kersaint, Armand Guy Simon de Coetnempren, Comte de Kervyn de Lettenhove, Constantine Bruno, Baron Keshub Chunder Sen Késmárk Kestrel Keswick Keswick Convention Ket, Robert Ketch, John Ketchup | Ketenes Keti Ketones Ketteler, Wilhelm Emmanuel, Baron von Kettering Kettle, Sir Rupert Alfred Kettledrum Keuper Kew Kewanee Key, Sir Astley Cooper Key, Thomas Hewitt Key Keyboard Keystone Key West Khabarovsk Khairagarh Khaireddin Khairpur Khajraho Khaki Khalifa, The Khalīl Ibn Aḥmad Khamgaon | Khamseh Khamsin Khamtis Khan Khandesh, East and West Khandwa Khansā Khar Kharaghoda Kharga Kharkov (government) Kharkov (town) Kharput Kharsawan Khartum Khasi and Jaintia Hills Khaskoy Khattak Khazars Khedive Kheri Kherson (government) Kherson (town) Khevenhüller, Ludwig Andreas Khevsurs | Khilchipur Khingan Khiva (khanate) Khiva (town) Khnopff, Fernand Edmond Jean Marie Khoi Khojent Khokand Kholm Khonds Khorasan Khorremabad Khorsabad Khotan Khotin Khulna Khunsar Khurja Khyber Pass Kiakhta Kiang-Si Kiang-Su Kiaochow Bay Kickapoo Kidd, John |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 15:14

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| Knebel — Knox | Knox — Koksharov | Kokstad — Konarak | Kong — Kopp |
| Knebel, Karl Ludwig von Knee Kneller, Sir Godfrey Knickerbocker, Harmen Jansen Knife Knigge, Adolf Franz Friedrich Knight, Charles Knight, Daniel Ridgway Knight, John Buxton Knighthood and Chivalry Knight-Service Knights of the Golden Circle Knipperdollinck, Bernt Knitting Knobkerrie Knolles, Richard Knolles, Sir Robert Knollys Knot (bird) Knot Knout Knowles, Sir James Knowles, James Sheridan Know Nothing Party Knox, Henry | Knox, John Knox, Philander Chase Knoxville Knuckle Knucklebones Knutsford Koala Kobdo Kobell, Wolfgang Xaver Franz, Baron von Koch, Robert Koch Kock, Charles Paul de Kodaikanal Kodama, Gentaro, Count Kodungalur Koenig, Karl Dietrich Eberhard Koesfeld Kohat Kohat Pass Kohistan Kohl Kohlhase, Hans Kokomo Koko-Nor Koksharov, Nīkolai Īvanovich von | Kokstad Kola Kolaba Kolar Kolbe, Adolphe Wilhelm Hermann Kolberg Kölcsey, Ferencz Kolding Kolguev Kolhapur Kolin Kolis Kölliker, Rudolph Albert von Kollontaj, Hugo Kolomea Kolomna Kolozsvár Kolpino Kols Kolyvañ Komárom Komati Komotau Komura, Jutaro, Count Konarak | Kong Kongsberg Konia Koniecpolski, Stanislaus König, Karl Rudolph Königgrätz Königinhof Königsberg Königsborn Königshütte Königslutter Königsmark, Maria Aurora, Countess of Königsmark, Philipp Christoph, Count of Königssee Königstein Königswinter Koninck, Laurent Guillaume de Koninck, Philip de Konitz Konkan Kontagora Kooringa Köpenick Kopisch, August Kopp, Hermann Franz Moritz |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 15:16

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| Kuen-lun — Kunbis | Kundt — Kuropatkin | Kuro Siwo — Kuttenberg | Kutusov — Kyshtym |
| Kuen-lun Kufa Kuhn, Franz Felix Adalbert Kühne, Willy Kuka Ku Klux Klan Kuku Khoto Kulja Kulm Kulmbach Kulmsee Kulp Kulu Kum Kumait Ibn Zaid Kumaon Kumasi Kumishah Kumquat Kumta Kumyks Kunar Kunbis | Kundt, August Adolph Eduard Eberhard Kunduz Kunene Kunersdorf Kungrad Kungur Kunkel von Lowenstjern, Johann Kunlong Kunzite Kuopio (province) Kuopio (town) Kuprili Kurakin, Boris Ivanovich, Prince Kurbash Kūrdistān Kūrdistān (Persia) Kurgan Kuria Muria Islands Kuriles Kurisches Haff Kurnool Kuroki, Itei Kuropatkin, Alexei Nikolaievich | Kuro Siwo Kurram Kurseong Kursk (government) Kursk (town) Kurtz, Johann Heinrich Kuruman Kurumbas and Kurubas Kurunegala Kuruntwad Kurz, Hermann Kusan Kushalgarh Kushk Kustanaisk Küstenland Kutaiah Kutais (government) Kutais (town) Kut-el-Amara Kutenai Kuttalam Kuttenberg | Kutusov, Mikhail Larionovich Kuwēt Kuznetsk Kvass Kwakiutl Kwangchow Bay Kwang-Si Kwang-Tung Kwanza Kwei-Chow Kyaukpyu Kyauksē Kyd, Thomas Kyffhäuser Kynaston, Edward Kyneton Kyōsai, Sho-Fu Kyrie Kyrle, John Kyshtym |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 15:13

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| Kingston-upon-Hull — Kirghiz | Kirin — Kismet | Kiss — Kjerulf | Kjerulf — Knave |
| Kingston-upon-Hull, Earls and Dukes of Kingstown King-tê Chên Kingussie King William's Town Kinkajou Kinkel, Johann Gottfried Kinning Park Kinnor Kino Kinorhyncha Kinross-shire Kinsale Kintore Kioto Kiowas Kipling, Rudyard Kipper Kippis, Andrew Kirby, William Kircher, Athanasius Kirchheim-unter-Teck Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, Johann Wilhelm Adolf Kirghiz | Kirin Kirk, Sir John Kirkby, John Kirkcaldy Kirkcaldy of Grange, Sir William Kirkcudbright Kirkcudbrightshire Kirke, Percy Kirkee Kirkintilloch Kirk-Kilisseh Kirksville Kirkwall Kirriemuir Kirsch Kir-Sheher Kirwan, Richard Kisfaludy, Károly Kīsh Kishangarh Kishinev Kishm Kiskunfélegyháza Kislovodsk Kismet | Kiss Kissar Kissingen Kistna (river) Kistna (district) Kit Kitazato, Shibasaburo Kit-Cat Club Kitchen Kitchener, Horatio Herbert Kitchener, Viscount Kite Kite-flying Kit-fox Kitto, John Kittur Kitzingen Kiu-Kiang Fu Kiustendil Kivu Kiwi Kizilbashes Kizil Irmak Kizlyar Kizyl-Kum Kjerulf, Halfdan | Kjerulf, Theodor Kladno Klafsky, Katharina Klagenfurt Klaj, Johann Klamath Klapka, Georg Klaproth, Heinrich Julius Klaproth, Martin Heinrich Kléber, Jean Baptiste Klein, Julius Leopold Kleist, Bernd Heinrich Wilhelm von Kleist, Ewald Christian von Klerksdorp Klesl, Melchior Klinger, Friedrich Maximilian von Klinger, Max Klipspringer Klondike Klopp, Onno Klopstock, Gottlieb Friedrich Klosterneuburg Klotz, Reinhold Knaresborough Knave |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 15:3

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| Jath — Jean d'Arras | Jean de Meun — Jellachich | Jellinek — Jeremy | Jeréz de la Frontera — Jesup |
| Jath Játiva Jāts Jaubert, Pierre Amédée Émilien Probe Jaucourt, Arnail François, Marquis de Jauer Jauharī Jaundice Jaunpur Jaunting-Car Jauregui, Juan Jauréguiberry, Jean Bernard Jáuregui y Aguilar, Juan Martínez de Jaurès, Jean Léon Java Javelin Jaw Jawālīqī Jawhar Jaworów Jay, John Jay, William Jay Jealousy Jean d'Arras | Jean de Meun Jeannette Jeannin, Pierre Jebb, John Jebb, Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebeil Jebel Jedburgh Jeejeebhoy, Sir Jamsetjee Jefferies, Richard Jefferson, Joseph Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson City Jeffersonville Jeffrey, Francis Jeffrey, Lord Jeffreys, George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jehoiachin Jehoiakim Jehol Jehoram Jehoshaphat Jehovah Jehu Jekyll, Sir Joseph Jellachich, Josef, Count | Jellinek, Adolf Jemappes Jena Jenatsch, Georg Jenghiz Khan Jenkin, Henry Charles Fleeming Jenkins, Sir Leoline Jenkins, Robert Jenks, Jeremiah Whipple Jenné Jenner, Edward Jenner, Sir William Jennet Jenolan Caves Jensen, Wilhelm Jenyns, Soame Jeopardy Jephson, Robert Jephthah Jerahmeel Jerba Jerboa Jerdan, William Jeremiah Jeremy, Epistle of | Jeréz de la Frontera Jeréz de Los Caballeros Jericho Jerkin Jeroboam Jerome, St Jerome, Jerome Klapka Jerome of Prague Jerrold, Douglas William Jerry Jersey, Earls of Jersey Jersey City Jerusalem Jerusalem, Synod of Jesi Jesse Jesse, Edward Jesse, John Heneage Jessel, Sir George Jessore Jester Jesuati Jesuits Jesup, Morris Ketchum |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scavenger

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​SCAVENGER, now one who cleans the streets, removes refuse, generally a workman employed by the local public health authority (see Public Health). The name is properly “scavager” or “scaveger” (the n being intrusive as in “passenger” and “messenger”), an official who was concerned with the receipt of custom duties and the inspection (scavage) of imported goods. The “scavagers” are found with such officials of the City of London as aleconners, beadles, &c., in the Liber Albus (Munimenta Gildhallae Londoniensis, ed. Riley). These officials seem to have been charged also with the cleaning of the streets, and the name superseded the older rakyer for those who performed this duty. Skeat takes “scavage” to be a Low French corruption of “showage," spelled variously as schewage, scevage, &c., and, therefore, to be derived from “show,” to exhibit for inspection.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scarlet

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​SCARLET, a vivid, bright red colour, somewhat, inclined to orange. The word appears in most European languages; cf. Ger. Scharlach, Swed. skarlakan, Ital. scarlatto, &c.; the English form is an adaptation of the O. Fr. escarlate, mod. écarlate. The origin of these is to be found in the Persian raglan, meaning “ broad-cloth.” There are various forms, sagalāt, sigalāt, suglāt; this cloth was chiefly used for dresses, flags, large tents and trappings, and was frequently scarlet in colour, and hence its name became applied to the colour.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scarlett, Sir James Yorke

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​SCARLETT, SIR JAMES YORKE (1799–1871), British general, was the second son of the 1st Baron Abinger. Educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. He entered the army as a Cornet in 1818, and in 1830 became major in the 5th Dragoon Guards. From 1836 until 1841 he was Conservative member of Parliament for Guildford. In 1840 he obtained the command of his regiment, which he held for nearly fourteen years. In the Crimean War the 5th Dragoon Guards formed part of the Heavy Cavalry Brigade (of which Scarlett was appointed brigadier); it was sent to the Black Sea in 1854, and suffered very heavily from cholera in the camps of Varna. Scarlett underwent his baptism of fire before Sebastopol. On the 25th of October 1854 occurred the battle of Balaklava, at which the Heavy Brigade achieved a magnificent success against the Russian cavalry, and had the brigadier (who in the previous charge had been in the thickest of the mêlée) been allowed to advance as he wished, might have converted the disastrous charge of the Light Brigade into a substantial success (see Balaklava and Crimean War). For his services on this day Scarlett was promoted major-general, and in 1855 was made K.C.B. After a short absence in England he returned to the Crimea. with the local rank of lieutenant-general to command the British cavalry. After the Peace of Paris Sir James Scarlett commanded the cavalry at Aldershot until 1860, and was adjutant-general of the army from 1860 to 1865. In the latter year he became commander of the Aldershot Camp, a post which he held until his retirement in 1870. He died in 1871. In 1869 he had been made G.C.B.