OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Turner, Daniel (1667-1741)

​TURNER, DANIEL (1667–1741), physician, born in London in 1667, became a member of the Barber-Surgeons' Company. He practised as a surgeon, and describes consultations with Charles Bernard [q. v.] ​(Skin Diseases, pp. 24, 32). In 1695 he published ‘Apologia Chyrurgica, a Vindication of the Noble Art of Chyrurgery,’ and in 1709 ‘A Remarkable Case in Surgery.’ On 16 Aug. 1711 he was permitted to retire from the Barber-Surgeons' Company on payment of a fine of 50l. (Young, Annals, p. 349), and on 22 Dec. 1711 he was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians. He published in 1714 ‘De Morbis Cutaneis, a Treatise of Diseases incident to the Skin,’ a book containing many interesting cases and examples of popular usages, such as the treatment of shingles by the application of blood from the tail of a black cat. The fourth edition appeared in 1731. In 1717 he published ‘Syphilis’ in two parts, and about 1721 ‘The Art of Surgery’ in two volumes, of which the sixth edition appeared in 1741. He asserted in 1726, in a short treatise, his disbelief in the occurrence of maternal impressions on the unborn child, an opinion which he had already advanced in ‘De Morbis Cutaneis;’ and he maintained the same view in two pamphlets in 1729 and 1730. His ‘Discourse concerning Fevers’ appeared in 1727 (3rd edit. 1739), and ‘A Discourse on Gleets’ in 1729. In 1730 he issued ‘De Morbo Gallico,’ an edition of the former English translation of Ulrich von Hutten's book, published in 1533 by Thomas Paynell [q. v.]; and in 1736 he brought out his ‘Aphrodisiacus,’ a summary of the writings of ancient authors on venereal diseases. In 1733 he published an attack on Thomas Dover [q. v.], ‘The Ancient Physician's Legacy impartially surveyed,’ which contains an account of the illness and death of Barton Booth [q. v.], who had been treated with mercury by Dover, then prescribed for by Sir Hans Sloane [q. v.], and finally examined post mortem by Alexander Small, who found half a pound of mercury in his intestines, a dilated gall-bladder, and several gall-stones, and wrote a description of the case to Turner as an example of the ill effects of Dover's mercurial method. In 1735 Turner published ‘The Drop and Pill of Mr. Ward considered’ [see Ward, Joshua]. A cerate in the ‘London Pharmacopœia’ (ed. 1851, p. 57) made of seven and a half ounces each of calamine and wax, added to a pint of olive oil, is said to have been first composed by him, and was long called Turner's cerate. He died on 13 March 1740–1 in Devonshire Square, near Bishopsgate, London, where he had a house for many years, and was buried in the parish church of Watton-at-Stone, Hertfordshire. His portrait was painted by Richardson and engraved by Vertue in 1723, and he was engraved from life by the younger Faber in 1734. His medical attainments were small, and the records of cases are the only parts of his works of any permanent value.
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Turner, Edward

​TURNER, EDWARD (1798–1837), chemist, was born in Jamaica in 1798, and was brought at an early age to Edinburgh, where he received his education. After graduating M.D. at Edinburgh in 1819, he studied for two years at Göttingen under Stromeyer, paying chief attention to chemistry and mineralogy. In 1824 he returned to Edinburgh, where he instituted a course of lectures on chemistry; and in 1828, on the opening of University College, London, he was appointed to the new chair of chemistry, which he continued to occupy until his death. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London about 1831, and was also a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Turner was the author of a short but clearly expressed ‘Introduction to the Study of the Laws of Chemical Combination and the Atomic Theory’ (1825), the matter of ​which was afterwards included in his ‘Elements of Chemistry’ (1827), a work which ran through eight editions. As an investigator he was very active, and published some forty papers and memoirs, a list of which is given in the Royal Society's ‘Catalogue of Scientific Papers.’ Most of these deal with the analysis of minerals and salts, and Turner succeeded in throwing much light on the constitution of many of these compounds, especially the ores and oxides of manganese. His most important scientific work, however, was that on the atomic weights of the elements. Stimulated by the hypothesis put forward by William Prout [q. v.], and by the experimental work by which Thomas Thomson (1773–1852) [q. v.] in 1825 sought to confirm it, Turner examined the question for himself. In two papers published in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ (1829 p. 291, and 1833 p. 523) he pointed out many sources of error in Thomson's work, and attained results which agreed with those of Berzelius, his conclusion being that ‘Dr. Prout's hypothesis, as advocated by Dr. Thomson—that all atomic weights are simple multiples of that of hydrogen—can no longer be maintained.’ He died on 13 Feb. 1837 at his residence at Hampstead, and was buried on 18 Feb. at Kensal Green cemetery. A marble bust of him was placed in the library of University College by his pupils.
A. H.-n.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Turner, Charles Tennyson

​TURNER, CHARLES TENNYSON (1808–1879), poet, born at Somersby, Lincolnshire, on 4 July 1808, was second son of the Rev. George Clayton Tennyson, rector of Somersby, and elder brother of Alfred Tennyson [q. v.] He was educated at the grammar school of Louth, and afterwards at home under his father's tuition, until he went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he matriculated on the same day as his brother Alfred, on 20 Feb. 1828. He there won the ‘Bell scholarship’ (open to the sons of clergymen) in 1829. He had already given proof of the poetic faculty he shared with so many of his family by joint authorship with his brother Alfred of the ‘Poems by Two Brothers,’ published by them anonymously in 1827. He graduated B.A. in 1832, and was ordained in 1835 to the curacy of Tealby, Lincolnshire, and after about two years was appointed vicar of Grasby, Lincolnshire. Meantime he had changed his name to ‘Turner,’ on succeeding to a small property by the death of a great-uncle, Samuel Turner of Caistor. In later life his health compelled the resignation of his living, and he died at Cheltenham on 25 April 1879. In 1836 he married Louisa Sellwood, the youngest sister of the lady who became later the wife of his brother Alfred. His wife survived him less than a month. They had no children.
His nephew Hallam (the second Lord Tennyson), writing of his uncle in the year following his death, tells of the charm of his personality, his fondness for flowers and for dogs and horses, and all living things, and his sweetness and gentleness of character. As early as 1830 he had published a small volume of some fifty sonnets, which attracted the attention of the discerning few, and among them of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who made some extant notes and criticisms upon them, showing a genuine appreciation. The poet did not again appeal to the public until 1864, when a further collection of nearly a hundred sonnets was published, dedicated to his brother Alfred. Subsequent volumes appeared in 1868 and 1873. In 1880, after his death, the whole of the foregoing were reissued in one volume, with additions, under the title of ‘Collected Sonnets, Old and New,’ with a brief biographical sketch by his nephew Hallam, a prefatory poem by his brother Alfred, and a critical introduction by James Spedding [q. v.] This volume contains in all nearly 350 sonnets, and half a dozen short lyrics in other forms. Like the only other master of the sonnet with whom he can be compared, Wordsworth, he wrote, or rather printed, too many for his fame. Some are on topics such as the questions at issue between orthodoxy and scepticism, which are wholly unfitted for declamatory treatment in the sonnet form, while others are of inadequate interest or workmanship. But when all deductions are made there remains a considerable body of sonnets of rare distinction for delicate and spiritual beauty, combined with real imagination. Alfred Tennyson reckoned some among the finest in the language, and the judgment of the best critics will coincide.
[Authorities referred to above; Life of Alfred Tennyson, by his son.]
A. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Turner, Daniel (1710-1798)

​TURNER, DANIEL (1710–1798), hymn-writer, was born at Blackwater Farm, near St. Albans, on 1 March 1709–10. He kept a boarding-school at Hemel Hempstead, but at the same time made a reputation as an occasional preacher in baptist chapels. In 1741 he was chosen pastor of the baptist church in Reading. Thence he removed in 1748 to Abingdon, and held the pastorate there until his death on 5 Sept. 1798. He was buried in the baptist cemetery at Abingdon.
Turner received the honorary degree of M.A. from the baptist college, Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A. He was a friend and correspondent of Robert Robinson [q. v.], John Rippon [q. v.], Dr. Watts, and others. He was twice married: first, to Miss Fanch, by whom he had two sons, who both predeceased him; secondly, to Mrs. Lucas, a widow, of Reading, by whom he had no issue. Perhaps his best known hymn is ‘Jesus, full of all compassion,’ which appeared in the Bristol ‘Baptist Collection,’ 1769. Another, ‘Beyond the glittering starry skies,’ was published by his brother-in-law, James Fanch, baptist minister of Rumsey, in the ‘Gospel Magazine,’ June 1776. Turner expanded it by twenty-one stanzas, and included it in his ‘Poems,’ 1794. Besides many pamphlets and separate sermons, Turner published: 1. ‘An Introduction to Psalmody,’ 1737. 2. ‘An Abstract of English Grammar and Rhetoric,’ London, 1739, 8vo. 3. ‘Divine Songs, Hymns, and other Poems,’ Reading, 1747, 12mo. 4. ‘A Compendium of Social Religion,’ 1758, 8vo; 2nd edit. Bristol, 1778, 8vo. 5. ‘Letters Religious and Moral,’ London, 1766, 8vo; 2nd edit., Henley, 1793, 8vo. 6. ‘Short Meditations on Select Portions of Scripture,’ Abingdon, 1771, 16mo; 3rd edit. 1803. 7. ‘Devotional Poetry vindicated against Dr. Johnson,’ Oxford, 1785, 8vo. 8. ‘Essays on Important Subjects,’ Oxford, 1787, 16mo. 9. ‘Poems Devotional and Moral,’ privately printed, 1794. 10. ‘Common Sense, or the Plain Man's Answer to the Question, Whether Christianity be a Religion worthy of our choice?’ 1797.
C. F. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Faed, Thomas

​FAED, THOMAS (1826–1900), painter, third son of James Faed, an engineer and millwright, by Mary McGeoch, his wife, was born at Barlay Mill, Kirkcudbrightshire, on 8 June 1826. He studied under Sir William Allan and Thomas Duncan at the Edinburgh School of Design, where he gained many prizes, and for some years assisted his brother John, who was already a painter of repute. He commenced exhibiting at Edinburgh at an early age, and in 1849 was elected an associate of the Scottish Academy. In 1850 he produced his ‘Scott and his Friends at Abbotsford,’ which attracted much attention, and was engraved by his brother James. In 1851 he exhibited for the first time at the London Royal Academy, and in the following year removed to the metropolis, where he settled permanently. His reputation was established by his ‘The Mitherless Bairn,’ exhibited in 1855, and from that time almost to the end of his career he was one of the most popular of British painters. His subjects were usually pathetic or sentimental incidents in humble Scottish life, and the sincerity and dramatic skill with which he told his story appealed strongly to the public taste. He was also an excellent draughtsman, and his pictures were always solidly and conscientiously painted. Among the most successful were: ‘Home and the Homeless,’ 1856; ‘The First Break in the Family,’ 1857; ‘From Dawn to Sunset,’ 1861; ‘Baith Faither and Mither,’ 1864; ‘The Last of the Clan,’ 1865; ‘Ere Care begins,’ 1866; and ‘A Wee Bit Fractious,’ 1871. Faed's works have been largely engraved by W. H. Simmons, H. Lemon, S. Cousins, C. W. Sharpe, J. B. Pratt, and others. His ‘Bo Peep’ and ‘First Letter from the Emigrant’ were published by the Royal Association of Fine Arts, Scotland, in 1849 and 1850, and several have appeared in the ‘Art Journal.’ He was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1861 and a full member in 1864, and was a constant exhibitor until 1892, when failure of his eyesight compelled him to abandon his profession, and in 1893 he was placed on the list of retired academicians. He was elected an honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Vienna in 1875. He died at his house in St. John's Wood, London, on 17 Aug. 1900. His remaining works were sold at Christie's on 16 Feb. 1901. By his wife, Fanny Rantz, Faed left a son, John Francis, who became a marine painter. His elder brothers, John Faed, retired R.S.A., and James Faed the engraver, survived him.
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Fane, Francis William Henry

​FANE, FRANCIS WILLIAM HENRY, twelfth Earl of Westmorland (1825–1891), born in Hill Street, Berkeley Square, on 19 Nov. 1825, was the fourth but eldest surviving son of John Fane, eleventh earl of Westmorland [q. v.], by his wife, Priscilla Anne, daughter of William Wellesley Pole, fourth earl of Mornington. He was admitted at Westminster School on 18 Sept. 1837, and proceeded thence to Sandhurst. He was gazetted ensign on 24 Feb. 1843, lieutenant on 26 July 1844, and served in the Punjab campaign of 1846. On 1 Aug. 1848 he was promoted captain and made aide-de-camp to Viscount Hardinge, the governor-general of India. He served under Lord Gough in the following winter, received a medal for bravery at the battle of Gujerat on 21 Feb. 1849, and obtained his majority on 7 June following. On the conclusion of the Sikh war he returned to England and exchanged into the Coldstream guards. On the outbreak of the Crimean war he went out as aide-de-camp to Lord Raglan (his uncle by marriage), and served with distinction at Alma (20 Sept. 1854), bringing home Raglan's despatches. He was appointed brevet lieutenant-colonel on the day of the battle, and lieutenant-colonel on 12 Dec. following. Subsequently he was present at Raglan's death on 28 June 1855 (Kinglake, Crimea, xiv. 148); he was made C.B. on 10 July 1855, and knight of the legion of honour on 30 April 1857; he also received the Crimean medal and the fifth-class order of Medjidié on 2 March 1858, and in 1856 became aide-de-camp to the Duke of Cambridge.
Since the death of his elder brother in 1851 Fane had been styled Lord Burghersh, and on 16 Oct. 1859 he succeeded his father as twelfth earl of Westmorland. He retired from the army in 1860 with the rank of colonel, and devoted himself to the turf. He won many victories in the handicaps, but never succeeded in any of the great races for three-year-olds. Eventually heavy and unsuccessful betting compelled him to give up racing on his own account, but for some time he looked after the present Duke of Devonshire's horses (Black, Jockey Club, pp. 279-80). He died at 34 Brook Street on 3 Aug. 1891, and was buried at Apethorpe, Northamptonshire, his principal seat, on the 5th. He married at St. George's, Hanover Square, on 16 July 1857, Adelaide Ida (b. 12 July 1835), second daughter of Richard William Curzon, first earl Howe. He was succeeded by his only surviving son, Anthony Mildmay Julian, thirteenth and present earl of Westmorland.
[Burke's, Foster's, and G. E. C[okayne]'s Peerages; Army List, 1860, pp. 49, 125, 163; Barker and Stenning's Westm. School Reg. p. 78; Times, 4 and 6 Aug. 1891; Black's Hist. of the Jockey Club.]
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Eveleigh, John

​EVELEIGH, JOHN (1748–1814), provost of Oriel College, Oxford, and prebendary of Rochester Cathedral, son of John Eveleigh (1716?–1770), rector of Winkley, Devonshire, by his wife Martha, daughter of John Scobell of Nutcombe in the same county, was born on 22 Feb. 1747–8, and educated at Wadham College, Oxford, where he matriculated on 15 May 1766. In the same year he was elected Goodridge and Pigott exhibitioner of his college; he was again elected Goodridge exhibitioner in 1767 and 1769, and was Hody exhibitioner from 1767 to 1770. He was also admitted scholar on 25 Sept. 1767, and graduated B.A. on 19 Jan. 1770. He was elected fellow of Oriel on 30 March following, and graduated M.A. on 25 Nov. 1772, B.D. on 17 Nov. 1782, and D.D. on 7 May 1783. He was junior treasurer of Oriel in 1772, senior treasurer in 1773, and dean from 1775 to 1781. From 1778 to 1781 he was also vicar of St. Mary's, Oxford, and from 1782 to 1792 vicar of Aylesford. On 5 Dec. 1781 he was elected provost of Oriel in succession to John Clarke, becoming at the same time prebendary of Rochester Cathedral. He was Bampton lecturer in 1792, and published his lectures as 'Eight Sermons' in the same year; a second edition with four additional sermons also appeared in 1792, and a third edition in two volumes in 1815. He brought out a work on 'The Doctrine of the Holy Trinity,' Oxford, 1791, 8vo, and separate sermons in 1797 and 1806.
As provost of Oriel Eveleigh was highly successful, and he did much to raise the college to the high position it held in the first half of the nineteenth century; during his provostship Keble was elected fellow of Oriel (cf. W. J. Coppleston, Memoir of Edward Copleston, 1851, pp. 62-3; Mark Pattison, Mem. pp. 76, 88). He was also a vigorous university reformer, and 'one of the most strenuous originators of the present system of classes and honours' established in 1800 (Colpeston, pp. 7, 28; cf. Colleges of Oxford, ed. Clark, p. 122). He died at Oxford on 10 Dec. 1814, was buried in St. Mary's, Oxford, and was succeeded by Edward Copleston [q. v.] His portrait, by Hoppner, hangs over the fireplace in Oriel common room, 'the face full of dignity and intelligence' (Burgon, Twelve Good Men, i. 383). He married Dorothy, daughter of William Sandford, fellow of All Souls' and rector of Hatherop, co. Gloucester, and left an only daughter, Jane, who married John Heathcote Wyndham, rector of Gorton.
[Authorities cited; works in Brit. Mus. Libr.; G. F. A[rmstrong]'s Savages of the Ards, 1888, pp. 382-3; Vivian's Visitations of Devon, p. 336; Gent. Mag. 1814, ii. 676; Shindler's Registers of Rochester, p. 81; Gardiner's Reg. of Wadham; Burgon's Lives of Twelve Good Men, 1888, i. 50, 383, 386; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715-1886.]
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Fane, Edmund Douglas Veitch

​FANE, Sir EDMUND DOUGLAS VEITCH (1837–1900), diplomatist, eldest son of Arthur Fane (d. 1872) of Boyton, Wiltshire, prebendary of Salisbury, by Lucy, daughter of J. Benett of Peyt House, Wiltshire, was born in 1837. He matriculated at Oxford, from Merton College, on 28 May 1855, but did not graduate, and, having entered the diplomatic service, was appointed in 1858 attache at Teheran. Thence in 1863 he was transferred to Turin, and from Turin in 1866 to St. Petersburg as second secretary. During the years 1867–78 his course of employment was extremely varied, involving sojourns of brief duration at Washington, Florence, Munich, Brussels, Vienna, and Berne. He was secretary of legation at Copenhagen 1880–1, secretary of embassy at Madrid 1882–5, and at Constantinople 1886–93, and minister at Belgrade from 1893 until his death on 20 March 1900. He negotiated the treaty of commerce with ​Servia of 10 July 1893. In 1897 he received the jubilee medal, and in 1899 was created K.C.M.G. He was lord of the manor of Boyton, Wiltshire, and a deputy lieutenant and justice of the peace for the county. He married, in 1875, Constantia Eleanor, daughter of General R. Blucher Wood.
[Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715–1886; Clergy List, 1872; Royal Kalendars, 1880–93; Times, 21 March 1900.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Everdon, Silvester de

​EVERDON, SILVESTER de (d. 1254), bishop of Carlisle, was possibly the Silvester who was one of the king's chaplains in 1206, and received in succession the livings of Bulwell, Fremesfield, and Tatham. The bishop is rarely called anything else than Silvester simply. In 1219 he was incumbent of Potterspury in Northamptonshire, and before 1224 he held the living of ​Everdon in the same county, whence he probably derived his name (Bridges, Northamptonshire, i. 59, 62, 317, 531). He was at this time a king's clerk, probably in chancery, in the rules of which he was said to be particularly skilled (Matt. Paris, iv. 569). In 1242 he appears to have had the custody of the great seal during Henry III's absence in Gascony, and two years later he is said to have been appointed chancellor or keeper; Matthew Paris, however, only speaks of him as 'vices agens cancellarii,' though the 'Annales Monastici' (iii. 337) style him 'cancellarius.' He seems to have had charge of the great seal until his appointment to the bishopric of Carlisle. He was archdeacon of Chester in February 1244-5, and about the feast of St. Giles (1 Sept. 1246) he was elected bishop of Carlisle in succession to Walter Mauclerk [q. v.]; at first he refused the honour, either, says Matthew Paris, because the revenues were too small or because he feared the burden. He accepted it, however, soon afterwards, and on 9 Nov. received the royal assent; he was consecrated on 5 Feb. 1246-7. As bishop of Carlisle Silvester attended the parliament of 1248, and in 1251 and 1252 he was acting as justice itinerant in the counties of York, Nottingham, Derby, Warwick, and Leicester. In April 1253 he was one of the bishops deputed to request Henry III to observe the liberties of the church, whereupon the king overwhelmed him with reproaches and abuse. In the same month he joined with other bishops in ex-communicating all who violated the provisions of Magna Carta. On 13 March 1254 (Matt. Paris, v. 431, says 13 May, and so Foss, but cf. Annales Mon. i. 317, iv. 104) he was thrown from his horse, and he died of his injuries four days later.
Two later Everdons, John de Everdon (d. 1336) and William de Everdon (d. 1340?), were judges under Edward I and Edward II, but they are not known to have been related to Silvester.
[Matthew Paris, Annales Monastici, and Letters of Henry III (Rolls Ser.); Cal. Rot. Pat. and Cal. Rot. Claus. (Record Publ.); Bridges's Northamptonshire; Hutchinson's Cumberland, ii. 622; Nicolson and Burn's Cumberland, ii. 256-7; Foss's Lives of the Judges; R. S. Ferguson's Diocese of Carlisle, 1889. p. 75.]
A. F. P.