OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Weigl, Joseph

Edition of 1905. See also Joseph Weigl on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WEIGL, vī′g’l, Joseph (1766-1846). An Austrian composer, born at Eisenstadt, Hungary. He studied with Albrechtsberger and Salieri, and when but sixteen years of age wrote an opera, Die unnütze Vorsicht. His first opera produced, however, was Il pazzo per forza, which appeared in 1788 and was very successful. Encouraged by this, he brought out—between that year and 1825—thirty more operas, both Italian and German, besides a number of ballets. He also wrote two oratorios and many German and Italian cantatas. Upon the death of Salieri, in 1825, he received the position of second Court conductor and devoted his entire time to masses, offertories, and graduals. His opera Die Schweizer Familie, produced at Vienna in 1809, became popular.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yankton, So. Dak.

See also Yankton, South Dakota on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Yank'ton, So. Dak., county-seat of Yankton County, is beautifully located on the northern bank of Missouri River, near the mouth of the James. It formerly was the capital of Dakota Territory. Three lines of railway enter or pass through the city, which is also connected by steamer with various points on the Missouri. The state hospital for the insane and Yankton College (Congregational) are located here, as are also flouring-mills, a brewery and large works for the manufacttire of fine hydraulic cement. Artesian wells supply the city with pure water. Population 3,787.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yazoo

See also Yazoo River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Yazoo', a river of Mississippi formed by the union of the Tallahatchie and the Yallobusha, runs southwestward in a very serpentine course in a deep, narrow, sluggish channel — its length being about 300 miles — and empties into the Mississippi, ten or 12 miles above Vicksburg. In the winter of 1863-64 General William T. Sherman sailed up the Yazoo with a considerable military force for the purpose of capturing the fortified position of Haines' Bluff from the Confederates, preparatory to an attack on Vicksburg. The expedition was unsuccessful.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yeddo

See also Tokyo on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Yed'do. See Tokio.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yeast

See also Yeast on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Yeast, the common name of species of Saccharomyces, a genus of low plants (fungi) probably belonging to the Ascomycetes. The yeast-plant is a single, simple cell, which produces new cells by a peculiar budding-process. Usually the cells thus produced cling together in short chains. The most generally known of the 25 described species is S. cerevisiæ, the yeast used by brewers and bakers. The use of yeast is due to its great activity in the process of fermentation. When placed in sugar-containing solutions and exposed to a proper temperature, the cells multiply with great rapidity, and in their living cause the sugary solution to “sour.” In this “souring” process the gas — carbon dioxide — is given off, and if it is held by some tenacious substance, as dough, it will puff it up, that is, make it “light.” The process of adding yeast to dough is simply sowing yeast-plants that they may grow. See Ascomycetes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yankee Doodle

See also Yankee Doodle on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Yankee Doo'dle. This popular air was originally Nankee Doodle, and is as old as the time of Cromwell. It was known in New England before the Revolution, and is said to have been played by the English troops in derisive allusion to the then popular name of the New Englanders; and afterward the New Englanders adopted the air.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yard, The Imperial

See also Yard on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Yard, The Imperial, is the British standard of length, being the distance between two parallel lines on gold studs (or plugs) driven into a bar of bronze, deposited at the Standard's Office in London and used at a temperature of 62° F.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yates, Richard

See also Richard Yates (governor) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Yates, Richard, was born at Warsaw, Ky., Jan. 18, 1818, and after graduating at Illinois College studied law and was admitted to the bar. He served a number of terms in the Illinois legislature, and during the Civil War was governor, a position in which he won an enviable reputation for zeal and patriotism as well as for vigor and efficiency in organizing and equipping troops. So great was his popularity with the people, among whom he was familiarly known as "Dick" Yates, that, as soon as his term as governor expired, he was chosen to a seat in the United States senate, which he filled till March 4, 1871. He died at St. Louis, Nov. 27, 1873.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yankee

See also Yankee on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Yan'kee, the popular name for a New Englander in America, and in Europe often applied indiscriminately to the entire population of the United States, perhaps originated as a corruption of the word English or of French Anglais, as pronounced by the Indians — Yenghies, Yanghies, Yankees. It seems to have been first applied by British soldiers to the New Englanders as a term of reproach during the Revolutionary war. During the Civil War it was applied by the southern people to all the inhabitants of the northern states.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yates, Edmund Hodgson

See also Edmund Hodgson Yates on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Yates, Edmund Hodgson, English novelist and dramatic critic, was born at Edinburgh, July 3, 1831, and, after serving for a number of years in one of the departments of the London postoffice, retired in 1872. He successively edited Our Miscellany, Temple Bar and The World, besides writing novels and dramas. His best-known novels are Broken to Harness, Black Sheep and Kissing the Rod. He died at London, May 20, 1894.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yellow Bird

See the modern Wikipedia entry at Carduelis and Warbler.
Yel′low Bird, the name in general use for two different birds of the United States. One of them is the goldfinch, which is one of our most attractive birds. It is about five inches long, and in the summer has a yellow body, with black on the crown and black and white on the wings and tail. It also is a winter resident, but the winter dress is different, being grayish-brown, with a yellowish crown and soiled white below and a yellowish throat. The name is also given to the yellow warbler, which is also locally called the wild canary. See Goldfinch and Warbler.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Adams, Henry

See also Henry Adams on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Adams, Henry (1838), LL.D., American historical writer, third son of the late Charles Francis Adams, was born in Boston, Mass., and educated at Harvard, where he graduated in 1858. Three years later he accompanied his father as private secretary when that diplomat was appointed American Minister to England, and on his return to this country he was for several years instructor at Harvard. During the years 1875–76 he edited The North American Review, and in the latter year he published a work on Anglo-Saxon Courts at Law. Later on he took up his residence at Washington, and there devoted himself to historical research, writing Lives of Albert Gallatin and John Randolph, and an important History of the United States, in nine volumes, treating of the period 1801–17, the administrations of Jefferson and Madison. The latter work was published in 1889–91.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Adams, John

See also the disclaimer.
* JOHN ADAMS
Ad′ams, John, second President of the United States, was born at Braintree, Mass., Oct. 19, 1735. The father of John Adams was a farmer of small means, to which he added the occupation of shoemaking. He gave a classical education to his son John, who graduated at Harvard in 1755. In 1764 he married Abigail Smith, a daughter of the minister of Weymouth. He took part in the measures against the Stamp Act, and was prominent in all the steps which brought about the war of the Revolution. He was one of the five delegates from Massachusetts to the congress which met in Philadelphia in 1774, and also a member of the Continental Congress of 1775. Here, with Lee and Jefferson, he boldly advocated separation from the mother country. Of the three committees appointed, on the Declaration of Independence, on a confederation and on foreign relations, Adams was a member of the first and third. The Declaration of Independence was drawn up by Jefferson, but on Adams devolved the task of battling it through Congress in a three-days’ debate. The plan of a treaty reported by the third committee was drawn up by Adams. The preparation of articles of war for the government of the army was given to Adams and Jefferson, but Jefferson left the task to Adams, who drew up the articles and argued them through Congress. Thus occupied for nearly two years he gained the reputation “of having the clearest head and firmest heart of any man in Congress.” In 1777 he was appointed a commissioner to France; in 1779 he was appointed minister to treat with Great Britain for peace and commerce; and in 1782 he helped in settling the conditions of peace with England. In 1789 he was the first ambassador of the United States to Great Britain. When George III expressed his pleasure in receiving an ambassador who had no prejudices in favor of France, the enemy of the English Crown, Adams replied: “I have no prejudices but in favor of my native land.” On his return to the United States he was elected Vice-president, and in 1797, was made President. In 1801 his opponent, Jefferson, was elected by a majority of one in the electoral college. Adams died July 4, 1826, on the fiftieth anniversary of the independence of the United States. See Morse’s Life, in American Statesmen Series.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Adams, John Quincy

See also John Quincy Adams on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* JOHN Q. ADAMS
Ad′ams, John Quincy, sixth President of the United States and eldest son of John Adams, was born July 11, 1767, at Braintree, Mass. He graduated at Harvard College in 1788. Washington appointed him minister to The Hague in 1794, and later on minister to Portugal, but his father, becoming President, changed his destination to Berlin. In this promotion of his own son John Adams acted on the written advice of Washington, who said that young Adams was the ablest person in the American diplomatic service, and merited promotion ought not to be withheld from him because he was the son of the President. He soon became a leader of the Federal party, but separated from them on the question of the embargo. He was sent as minister to Russia and to England by Madison. He was secretary of state under Monroe. In the presidential contest of 1824 he was the candidate of the Whig party. As no one of the candidates secured a majority of the electors chosen by the states the election went to the House of Representatives, where Adams was chosen. His administration was marked by few events of importance, though it was a period of general progress and prosperity. In 1830 he was elected to Congress, where he continued to represent his district until his death. Here he rendered perhaps the most important service in his political life, becoming conspicuous and influential in shaping tariff legislation, in arguing for the right of petition to Congress and in organizing and leading the opposition to slavery. He was stricken with paralysis while occupying his seat in the House of Representatives, and died Feb. 23, 1848. See Morse's Life, in American Statesmen Series.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Adami, John George

See also John George Adami on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Adami (ä-dä′mee), John George, M.A., M.D., F.R.S.S., LL.D., was born in Manchester, Eng., Jan. 12, 1862, son of the late John George Adami. He was educated at Owen College, Manchester, and at Christ’s College, Cambridge, studying afterward in Breslau and Paris. He took distinguished honors at Cambridge in natural science, was Darwin prizeman in 1885, M.R.C.S., and was appointed demonstrator of pathology in Cambridge University in 1887. Elected fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge, in 1891, he soon after became head of the pathological department of the Royal Victoria Hospital. Since 1892 he has been professor of pathology in McGill University, Canada. He is the author of numerous monographs upon subjects relating to pathology in French, German, English and American medical journals, and of many papers read before medical societies.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Adams, Charles Francis

See also Charles Francis Adams, Sr. on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS
Ad′ams, Charles Francis, the son of John Quincy Adams, was born in Boston, Aug. 18, 1807. He graduated at Harvard College in 1825, and studied law with Daniel Webster. He was for five years a member of the Massachusetts legislature; in 1848 he was the Free Soil candidate for Vice-president, and was elected congressman in 1858, joining the Republican party. He came into great prominence as American minister to England (1861-1868), the same office formerly held by his father and grandfather. He found the great body of Englishmen hostile or indifferent to the United States. His position was one of the greatest responsibility and delicacy. In discharging its duties he showed ability and tact of the first order, and made a reputation as one of the most brilliant diplomatists ever sent out from Washington. He died at Boston, Nov. 21, 1886.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Adams, Charles Kendall

See also Charles Kendall Adams on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ad′ams, Charles Kendall, LL.D., president of the University of Wisconsin, was born at Derby, Vermont, Jan. 24, 1835, and educated at the University of Michigan. He also studied in Germany, France and Italy. From 1867 to 1885 was professor of history in the University of Michigan, and from the latter year until 1892 was president of Cornell University. In 1892 he was elected president of the University of Wisconsin. He was the author, among other writings, of Democracy and Monarchy in France; of a Manual of Historical Literature; and of a monograph on Christopher Columbus. From 1892 to 1895 he acted as editor-in-chief of Johnson’s Universal Cyclopaedia. He died July 25, 1902.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Adams, Mass.

See also Adams, Massachusetts on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ad′ams, Mass., a town in Berkshire county, on the Hoosac River. It includes the villages of Maple Grove, Zylonite, Renfrew and South Adams, and contains Greylock Mountain, the highest point in the state. It manufactures paper, cotton and woolen goods, does foundry work, etc., and has a public library. Population, 13,026.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Adam

See also Adam and Eve on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ad′am, the first man, the father of the human race. His sons were Cain, Abel and Seth. He lived to be 930 years old, and through his son Seth was the direct ancestor of the Hebrew nation.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Adam, Graeme Mercer

See also Graeme Mercer Adam on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Adam, Graeme Mercer. Born in Midlothian, Scotland, 1839. Educated at Edinburgh. Came to Toronto in 1858. Engaged in publishing and as bookseller (wholesale). In 1861 published the British American Magazine. From 1869 to 1872, edited the Canada Bookseller. In 1872 with Professor Goldwin Smith and others, he established the Canadian Monthly. Sole editor of it from 1879 to 1883. Established the Canadian Educational Monthly and so ably edited it for five years that it was recognized as one of the best of the kind on the Continent. For some time editor and manager of the Bystander, assisting Professor Goldwin Smith. In 1883 edited the Royal Canadian Readers. Wrote Illustrated Quebec, Illustrated Toronto, Canada from Sea to Sea, Scenic America and several similar volumes. Contributor to Picturesque Canada, which was edited by Principal Grant. Revised Collins’ Life of Sir John A. Macdonald. Became editor in 1896 of Self-Culture, a new magazine published in Chicago. A volunteer officer. Commanded a company at Ridgeway, and was on that occasion presented with an address and a sword.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Adams, Herbert Baxter

See also Herbert Baxter Adams on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Adams, Herbert Baxter (1850–1901), American historian and educator, born at Amherst, Mass., and educated at Amherst College and at Heidelberg, Germany, obtaining at the latter the degree of Ph.D. Returning to the United States about the era when Johns Hopkins University was founded Dr. Adams became associate professor in that institute and subsequently was appointed full professor. He also became historical lecturer at Smith College, Northampton, Mass., and for a time lectured at Chautauqua. He took part in the inception of the American Historical Association and acted as its first secretary, subsequently becoming first vice-president. ​He edited an important series of educational monographs issued by the U. S. Bureau of Education, and was editor also of the Johns Hopkins Studies in History and Political Science. His other published work embraces, besides his two volume Life and Writings of Jared Sparks, issued in 1893, monographs on Maryland’s Influence in Founding a National Commonwealth, on The College of William and Mary, on The Study of History in American Colleges and Universities, on Thomas Jefferson and the University of Virginia, and a work on the History of the United States Constitution. Dr. Adams died in 1901.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Finns

See also Finnish people on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Finns. See Finland.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Finch

See also Finch on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Finch, is the popular name for a large variety of birds, which for the most part belong to the scientific family Fringillidae. The birds called finches are for the most part small, often beautifully colored and not seldom endowed with the gift of song. In the United States and Canada there are said to be 135 kinds of finches; and there, indeed, is no tropical or temperate country in which finches are not found, although some scientists have wrongly excepted Australia, where, in fact, finches are plentiful. The indigo-bird, purple finch, horse-finch, American goldfinch, pine-finch, grass-finch and rosy finch are among the best-known species in this country. Canaries and sparrows are also classed as finches.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Findlay

See also Findlay, Ohio on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Findlay, the county-seat of Hancock County, in northwestern Ohio, in 1885 received a considerable impetus from the discovery of extensive supplies of natural gas. Besides, there are oil, rich deposits of gravel and sand and beds of clay. Of late it has not grown much, though it has a number of industries, including glassworks, pressed-brick works, potteries, foundries, machine-shops, carriage, tool, furniture, and wooden-implement factories, rail and rolling-mills and an oil-refinery. The city has some fine civic buildings and a number of churches; it contains Findlay College and has excellent public schools. It is served by three railroads, and has all the adjuncts of a modern city. Population 14,858.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Finland, Gulf of

See also Gulf of Finland on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Finland, Gulf of, the eastern arm of the Baltic Sea. It receives the waters of the great lakes, Onega and Ladoga. Navigation is dangerous, on account of numerous islands and shoals.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Filter

See also Water filter on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Fil'ter, a vessel arranged for purifying water or other liquids. When water or some other liquid is passed through a substance, the pores or openings of which are too small to allow the solid particles to go through, they, of course, are kept back and the water is cleared. The familiar process of straining is a good illustration of the principle of a filter. For home use, a simple water filter is often made by stuffing a sponge in the hole of a flower-pot, then a layer of pebbles, then one of coarse sand and one three or four inches deep of powdered charcoal, with a second layer of pebbles on top. The pebbles and gravel form the strainers, while the charcoal purifies by absorbing impurities, for which it has a special affinity. The charcoal needs to be renewed occasionally, as it loses its power, and the sand and gravel need cleansing. All filters, therefore, made on this principle, should be easily opened, so as to reach all parts. Water is often filtered, before entering a cistern, by an external filter, or in the cistern itself by means of a division-wall of brick, the water passing through the pores of the bricks. An excellent method of filtering water, devised by Pasteur, consists in forcing the liquid through unglazed porcelain. The process is slow but very effective. Special filters are required for syrups, oils and the like. Oil is passed through bags made of horsehair or canton-flannels; syrups through bags of flannel. Ale, beer and such liquids are difficult to filter, and usually need an addition of some clearing substance, as gelatine. The use of filters in the laboratory is important and extensive. Here the material used for filtering is usually paper which is manufactured for the purpose.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fir

See also Fir on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Fir, a name applied to the true pines, larches and other small evergreens, more properly used to denominate the Norway spruce, the silver fir and their kind. There are about 12 species of the Norway spruce and about 25 or 30 of the silver fir. They are all evergreen-trees. The finest of European firs is the Norway spruce, which attains a height of from 80 to 150 feet. It yields resin, turpentine, tar and lampblack. In Sweden and Norway the inner bark is made into baskets, and the long, slender roots, after being boiled with alkali and sea-salt, are twisted into ropes. The wood is known in the market as the white Christiania deal and the Dantsic deal. Other well-known varieties are the black spruce, white spruce, red spruce and oriental fir. The hemlock spruce of North America is also well known. Its wood is not much prized, but the bark is valued for tanning. The Douglas fir attains a height of 250 feet, and forms immense forests in the northwest of America. The common silver-fir abounds upon the mountains of Central Europe and the north of Asia, and attains a height of 150 to 180 feet and an age of 300 years. It yields the clear turpentine known as Strassburg turpentine. The balm-of-Gilead fir is a native of North America, yielding Canada balsam. Spruce-beer is made from the small branches of the black spruce, and the thread used by the Indians in sewing their birch-bark canoes is made from the roots of the white spruce.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fillmore, Millard

See also Millard Fillmore on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Fill'more, Millard, thirteenth president of the United States, was born at Summer Hill, N. Y., on Feb. 7, 1800. In 1819 he began the study of law; in 1823 he was admitted to the Buffalo bar; in 1828 he began his political career. In 1848 he was made Whig vice-president of the United States, and upon the unexpected death of President Taylor, in July, 1850, succeeded to the presidency, which he held until 1853. In 1856 he was nominated for the presidency by the American party, but received the electoral vote of Maryland only. He died at Buffalo, N. Y., on March 7, 1874.
MILLARD FILLMORE