OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Jacob, Benjamin

From volume 2 of the work.
​JACOB, Benjamin, born in London in 1778, was at a very early age taught the rudiments of music by his father, an amateur violinist. When 7 years old he received lessons in singing from Robert Willoughby, a well-known chorus-singer, and became a chorister at Portland Chapel. At 8 years of age he learned to play on the harpsichord, and afterwards studied that instrument and the organ under William Shrubsole, organist of Spa Fields Chapel, and Matthew Cooke, organist of St. George, Bloomsbury. At 10 years of age he became organist of Salem Chapel, Soho, and little more than a year afterwards was appointed organist of Carlisle Chapel, Kennington Lane. Towards the latter end of 1790 he removed to Bentinck Chapel, Lisson Green, where he remained until Dec. 1794, when the Rev. Rowland Hill invited him to assume the place of organist at Surrey Chapel. In 1796 he studied harmony under Dr. Arnold. In 1800 he conducted a series of oratorios, given under the direction of Bartleman in Cross Street, Hatton Garden. As he advanced in years he became more and more distinguished as one of the best organists of his time, and in 1808 began a series of performances at Surrey Chapel, of airs, choruses, and fugues played upon the organ alone, without any interspersion of vocal pieces. In that and the following year Samuel Wesley addressed to him, as to a kindred spirit, a remarkable series of letters on the works and genius of John Sebastian Bach. These letters were published in 1875 by Miss Eliza Wesley, the writer's daughter; the originals are now in the library of the Sacred Harmonic Society. In 1809 Jacob gave an organ performance at Surrey Chapel in conjunction with Wesley, the two playing alternately the fugues of Bach and Handel and other pieces. In 1811, 1812 and 1814 Jacob repeated the performances in conjunction with Dr. Crotch. As a consequence of his high reputation he was frequently engaged to open new organs and to act as judge on trials for vacant organists' seats.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Jacquard, Léon

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Jaell, Alfred

From volume 2 of the work.
​JAELL, Alfred, pianoforte player, born March 5, 1832, at Trieste. Began his career at 11 years old as a prodigy, and seems to have acquired his great skill by constant performance in public. In 1844 he was brought to Moscheles at Vienna, who calls him a Wunderknabe. In 1845 and 6 he resided in Brussels, next in Paris, and then, after the Revolution of 1848, went to America for some years. In 1854 he returned to Europe. In 1862 he played at the Musical Union, and on June 25, 1866, at the Philharmonic Society; and since that date has divided his time between the Continent and England.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Ammonians

AMMONIANS, so called from Ammonius Saccas, who taught with the highest applause in the Alexandrian school, about the conclusion of the second century. This learned man attempted a general reconciliation of all sects, whether philosophical or religious; his creed was therefore a mixture of Christianity and oriental Philosophy, in which he was deeply skilled.
With regard to moral discipline, Ammonius permitted the people to live according to the law of their country, and the dictates of nature: but a more sublime rule was laid down for the wise. They were to raise above all terrestrial things, by the towering efforts of holy contemplation, those souls, whose origin was celestial and divine. They were ordered to extenuate, by hunger, thirst, and other mortifications, the sluggish body, which restrains the liberty of the immortal spirit, that in this life they might enjoy communion with the supreme Being, and ascend after death, active and unincumbered to the universal Parent, to live in his presence forever.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, vol i. p. 137—144.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Anabaptists

*ANABAPTISTS, (re-baptizers,) a sect which arose in the time of Luther's Reformation in Germany, and excited various insurrections, under pretence of erecting the kingdom of Christ on earth. See Fifth Monarchy Men. It is but justice to remark, that this sect agreed scarcely in any thing with the modern Baptists, except in the circumstances of rejecting infant baptism, and practising immersion. See Baptists.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Scotch Theolog. Dict.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Anchorites

*ANCHORITES, (or Anchorets,) Hermits: certain primitivc monks who chose the solitude of caves and deserts to avoid the temptations of the world.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Angelites

ANGELITES, a denomination which sprung up about the year 494; so called from Angelium, in Alexandria, where they held their first meetings. They were called likewise from different leaders, Serverites, Damianists and Theodosians. They denied that either of the persons of the Trinity were self-existent; but taught there is a common Deity existing in them all; and that each is God by a participation of this Deity.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Broughton, vol. i. p. 49.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Anomoeans

ANOMOEANS, a name by which the pure Arians were distinguished in the fourth century, from the Semi-Arians. The word is taken from $\mathrm {A} \nu \mathrm {o} \mu \mathrm {o} \iota \mathrm {o} \sigma$, different, dissimilar.See Arians.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Broughton, vol. i. p. 51.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/American Sect

AMERICAN SECT, New, a congregation lately arisen in Pennsylvania, among the Welsh emigrants to that country under the auspices of the late Rev. M. J. Rees, who died at Somerset, in that state, in 1804. Their tenets are comprised in the following articles of their religious constitution. The convention shall be called the Christian Church, and never by any other name. Jesus Christ is the only head: believers in him, the only members: and the New Testament, the only rule of the fraternity. In mental matters, each member shall enjoy his own sentiments, and freely discuss every subject: but in discipline, a strict conformity with the precepts of Christ is required. Every distant society shall have the same power of admitting members, electing officers, &c. Delegates from the different congregations shall meet from time to time, to consult the general interest. At every meeting for religious worship, collections shall be made for the poor, and the promulgation of the gospel among the Heathen.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Lardner's Heretics, p. 446.
* ↑ Evans' Sketch of all Religions.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Anthropomorphites

ANTHROPOMORPHITES, a sect in the tenth century; so denominated from $\mathrm {A} \nu \theta \rho \omega \pi \mathrm {o} \sigma$ man, and $\mathrm {M} \mathrm {o} \rho \phi \eta$ shape: because they maintained that the Deity was clothed with a human form, and seated like an earthly monarch upon a throne of state; and that his angelic ministers were beings arrayed in white garments, and furnished with natural wings. They take every thing spoken of God in scripture in a literal sense, particularly when it is said that God made man after his own image.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Broughton, vol. i. p. 55. Mosheim, vol. ii. p. 227.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Amsdorfians

AMSDORFIANS, the followers of Amsdorf, a kind of Antinomians in the sixteenth century, who are said to have maintained that good works were not only unprofitable, but even opposite and pernicious to salvation.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Dict. Art. Scien. vol. i. p. 131.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Antiburghers

*ANTIBURGHERS, dissenters from the Church of Scotland, chiefly in matters of church government; and from the Burgher Seceders, in refusing the Burgess oath. See Burghers and Seceders.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Scotch Theolog. Dict.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Alogians

ALOGIANS, a denomination in Asia Minor in the second century; so called because they denied the divine $\lambda \mathrm {o} \gamma \mathrm {o} \sigma$, or word, and the writings of St. John, attributing them to Cerinthus. But Dr. Lardner denies the existence of such a sect, as not being mentioned by any contemporary writer.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Broughton, vol. i. p. 33.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Burke, John Daly

also John Doly Burke'
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​Burke, John Daly, historian and dramatist, was born in Ireland. Having received his education at Trinity College, he emigrated to the United States in 1796. He conducted papers at Boston and New York, afterwards removing to Petersburg, Virginia, where he practised law. His principal works are: History of the late War in Ireland, Philadelphia, 1799; History of Virginia from its First Settlement, 3 vols. 1804. Burke was killed in a duel, in consequence of a political dispute, 11th April 1808.
Addendum
​Burke, John Doly, (page 50), not John Daly.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Burke, John

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​Burke, John, genealogist and archivist, was born, probably at Elm Hall, County of Tipperary, in 1787. He planned, in conjunction with his son, the present Sir Bernard Burke, C.B., the numerous genealogical and heraldic dictionaries, since amplified and perfected by the latter. The name Burke is now inseparably associated with all information connected with pedigrees, records, and critical and exact knowledge of the genealogy, heraldry, and family history of the United Kingdom. John Burke died at Aix-la-Chapelle, 27th March 1848, aged 61.
* ↑ Annual Register. London, 1756–1877.
* ↑ Burke, Sir Bernard: Landed Gentry. 2 vols. London, 1871.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Burke, Thomas, Bishop of Ossory

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​Burke, Thomas, Bishop of Ossory, was born of the stock of the De Burghs, in Dublin, about 1709. When quite young he was sent to Rome, and in 1724 was invested with the habit of the Dominican order. In 1741 he was commissioned by the Irish clergy to solicit from the Pope the confirmation of ten new Offices of Irish Saints; a matter in which he succeeded with Benedict XIV. In 1743 he returned to Ireland in full orders, in 1749 and 1757 was definitor of a provincial chapter, and in 1759 was promoted to the see of Ossory. His great work, Hibernia Dominicana, was printed in 1762, at Kilkenny, nominally at Cologne. A supplement was added in 1772. The whole was in 1775 publicly condemned by seven of the Irish Catholic Bishops, as tending to "weaken allegiance," "disturb the public peace," "sow the seeds of dissension," and "give a handle to those who differ in religious principles from us." Bishop Burke died at Kilkenny, 25th September 1776.(1)
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Burke, Aedanus

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​Burke, Aedanus, an American revolutionary statesman, was born in Gal way in 1743. Educated at St. Omer's for the priesthood, he afterwards studied law, and went to America, where he entered enthusiastically into the War of Independence. In 1778 he was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of South Carolina. When Charleston was taken by the British in 1780, he took a commission in the army; but resumed judicial office when the State was re-organized by the Americans in 1782. He opposed the Federal Constitution, through fear of consolidated power; but served as first United States Senator from South Carolina under that instrument. He wrote a pamphlet against the aristocratic features of the Society of the Cincinnati, which was subsequently translated by Mirabeau, and used by him with effect during the French Revolution. Judge Burke was noted for his wit and eccentricity, and was somewhat addicted to convivial habits. He died at Charleston, South Carolina, 30th March 1802, aged about 59..
* ↑ Biographical Dictionary—American Biography: Francis S. Drake. Boston, 1876.
* ↑ Biographical Division of English Cyclopædia, with Supplement: Charles Knight. 7 vols. London, 1856–'72.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Burnyeat, John

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​Burnyeat, John, was born in Cumberland in 1631. He was one of George Fox's earliest converts and coadjutors, suffered severe imprisonments, and travelled as a preacher in America and elsewhere. He settled in Dublin in 1682. Some time afterwards he would have left the country, but that he thought it his duty to remain and bear his share in the troublous times he foresaw were at hand. He was one of those mainly instrumental in introducing the doctrines of the Society of Friends into Ireland. He died at Kilconner, in the County of Carlow, 11th July 1690, aged about 59.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Burrowes, Peter

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​Burrowes, Peter, an eminent lawyer, was born at Portarlington in 1753. He entered Trinity College in 1774, and distinguished himself not only in his studies, but by his fire and eloquence in the debates of the Historical Society. In 1784 we find him a student of the Middle Temple, writing a pamphlet asserting the right of the Catholics of Ireland to parliamentary suffrage. This gained him the friendship of Flood and others of the great men of the day. Next year he was called to the Bar, where he soon took a prominent place. Among the early events of his professional career, was a duel at Kilkenny in 1794 with the Hon. Somerset Butler. His life was saved by the bullet of his antagonist flattening on some coppers in his waistcoat pocket. He ever afterwards regretted his cowardice in not refusing to fight. The antagonists became firm friends in after life. In 1790 he formed a political club, with Tone and others; and letters occasionally passed between him and Tone, who refers to Burrowes in his Memoirs as "The Czar." Although he did not share the more advanced views of the United Irishmen, such friendships impeded his promotion in life. His brother, a clergyman, residing in the County of Wexford, was murdered in the Insurrection of 1798; this, however, in no degree lessened Burrowes' detestation of the proposed measure of Union, and he was one of the fourteen King's Counsel who attended the Bar meeting in Dublin to protest against it, on 9th December 1798. In 1799 he was elected Member for Enniscorthy; and during the few remaining months of the Irish Parliament, was one of the most unwearied opponents of the Union; his speeches on the subject are models of clear and forcible reasoning. He joined in subscribing to the £100,000 fund raised for the counter-bribing of Members. An intimate friend of the Emmet family, he was Robert's counsel in 1803. Although receiving but little government patronage, his further progress at the Bar was rapid. At times his earnings reached £7,000 a year. He was trusted by all parties. He was a consistent supporter of measures for Catholic relief. In 1811 he successfully defended the Catholic Delegates against the Government of the day. Ten years afterwards Mr. Borrowes retired to the comparative repose of a judgeship in the Insolvent Debtors Court. In 1841 he went to London to consult an oculist regarding his sight. He died there in the same year, aged 88; his remains were interred in Kensal-green Cemetery. Many anecdotes are told of his activity and endurance in early life, such as his walking from Dublin to Portarlington, forty miles, in one day, and dancing all next night at a ball.
* ↑ Barrington, Sir Jonah, Personal Sketches of his own Time: Townsend Young, LL.D. 2 vols. London, 1869.
* ↑ Burrowes, Peter, Select Speeches, and Memoir: W. Burrowes. Dublin, 1850.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Bushe, Charles Kendal

Find main topic
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​Bushe, Charles Kendal, Chief-Justice of the King's Bench, son of Rev. Thomas Bushe, was born at Kilmurry, County of Tipperary, in 1767. In 1782 he entered Trinity College, where he was noted for classical scholarship, and for his eloquence at the Historical Society. "He spoke with the lips of an angel," according to Grattan. On coming of age he secured the payment of his father's heavy debts. His success at the Bar was not rapid. Entering Parliament he opposed the Union. He is said to have expressed to his dying day a continuance of his convictions against that measure. In 1805 he was appointed Solicitor-General, and in 1822 Chief-Justice of the King's Bench. "In retiring from the Bench, which he did 'while his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated,' though at the age of seventy-four or seventy-five, he probably contemplated passing a long sabbath of comparative rest;" but his health began to fail from some excitement consequent on the circumstances of his retirement, and a slight surgical operation being followed by erysipelas, he died, 10th July 1843, aged about 76. His remains were interred at Mount Jerome. "To law students we know of no books of the same value as the series of reports of judgments of the Court of King's Bench in Ireland during the period in which Bushe presided." He is described by Barrington as "Incorruptible; as nearly devoid of private or public enemies as any man; endowed with superior talents; his eloquence was of the purest kind." His
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Burke, Thomas

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​Burke, Thomas, American revolutionary patriot, was born, probably in Galway, about 1747. Emigrating to Virginia, he for some time practised medicine; and afterwards became a lawyer. Of a bold and impetuous temper, a ready writer and speaker, he was one of the leading spirits in the revolutionary war; his publications in opposition to the Stamp Act especially drew him into notice. He fought at the battle of Brandy wine; and was an efficient and active member of Congress from December 1776 until 1781, when he was ​elected Governor of North Carolina, in the formation of the constitution of which state he had a considerable share. He was taken prisoner by the Royalists in September of that year. After a detention of four months, he broke his parole, reached home, and resumed his office. He died at Hillsborough, North Carolina, 2nd December 1783, aged about 36.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ansani, Giovanni

From volume 1 of the work.
​ANSANI, Giovanni, born at Rome about the middle of the 18th century, was one of the best tenors of Italy. In 1770 he was singing at Copenhagen. About 1780 he came to London, where he at once took the first place; but, being of a most quarrelsome temper, he threw up his engagement on account of squabbles with Roncaglia. He returned the next year with his wife, Maccherini, who did not succeed. He sang at Florence in 1784, at Rome the autumn of the same year, and elsewhere in Italy; and finally retired to Naples at the age of 50, where he devoted himself to teaching singing. He was still alive in 1815. He was a spirited actor, and had a full, finely-toned, and commanding voice. Dr. Burney says it was one of the sweetest yet most powerful tenors he ever heard; to which, according to Gervasoni, he added a very rare truth of intonation, great power of expression, and the most perfect method, both of producing the voice and of vocalisation. His wife had as bad a temper as himself, and they were, therefore, the most inharmonious couple. It is said that, when singing together in Italy, if one were more applauded than the other, the unsuccessful one would hire persons to hiss the more fortunate rival.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Anna Amalia (Princess)

From volume 1 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Answer

From volume 1 of the work.
​ANSWER. An answer in music is, in strict counterpoint, the repetition by one part or instrument of a theme proposed by another. In the following chorus from Handel's 'Utrecht Jubilate'
​a and c are the theme, and b and d the successive answers. In Germany the theme and answer are known as dux and comes or as Führer and Gefährter. (See the articles Canon, Counterpoint, and Fugue.)
The word is used in looser parlance to denote such replies of one portion of a phrase to another, or one instrument to another, as occur in the second subject of the first movement of Beethoven's 'Sinfonia Eroica':—
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Antigone

From volume 1 of the work.
​ANTIGONE of Sophocles. Mendelssohn in Sept. 1841 composed music—Introduction and seven numbers (Op. 55)—to Donner's version. First performance at New Palace, Potsdam, Oct. 28, 1841; first public do. at Berlin opera, Nov. 6.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Anna Bolena

From volume 1 of the work.
​ANNA BOLENA, opera by Donizetti; libretto by Romani; produced at Milan in 1822 [App. p.523 "Dec. 26, 1830"], in Paris Sept. [App. p.523 "July 8"] 1831, and in London.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Antegnati

From volume 4 of the work.
[ V. de P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Anna Amalia (Duchess)

From volume 1 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Anticipation

From volume 1 of the work.
​ANTICIPATION is when a part of a chord about to follow is introduced beforehand. Thus it has been very customary in a perfect cadence at the end of a strain, to anticipate, before the conclusion of the dominant harmony, one of the notes of the tonic or following chord. This is very common in the old masters, as in the following example from the 'Messiah':—
It is considered a grace of style by modern singers to give the anticipated note with peculiar deliberation and emphasis.
The following passage from Handel's 'Funeral Anthem' contains an anticipation of two notes in the closing chord.
Professor Ouseley ('Harmony,' p. 204) is of opinion that the third note, G, of the first soprano is also a sort of anticipation of the succeeding chord.
Beethoven has many striking examples of anticipation of a quite different and bolder kind. Thus, in a well-known passage in the last movement of the C minor Symphony, the basses, first with the drums alone and then with the stringed instruments, anticipate the harmony of the great crash of the Allegro four bars before it breaks in (see the original 8vo score, p. 150).
There is a similar anticipation of four bars at the beginning of the last movement of the Pastoral Symphony.
In the first movement of the 'Sinfonia Eroica,' just before the reprise of the principal subject, there is an anticipation of four bars of a melody, still more daring because it is more completely separated from the part anticipated.
[ W. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Annibali, Domenico

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Jardins, Marie Catharine des

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JARDINS, MARIE CATHARINE DES.
Was born about 1640, at Alen{{subst:ç,}}on, in Normandy, where her father was provost. She went when young to Paris, where she supported herself for some time by writing novels and dramas. She was three times married; first, to M. Villedieu, a young captain of the infantry, who was only separated, not divorced, from a former wife; after his death, to the Marquis de la Chasse, who was also only parted from his wife; and, for the third time, to one of her cousins, who allowed her to resume the name of Villedieu. She soon after ​retired to a little village, called Clinchemaro, in the province of Maine, where she died in 1683.
Her works were printed in 1702, and form ten duodecimo volumes. Her compositions consisted of dramas, miscellaneous poems, fables, and romances; among which latter class are "Les Disordres de l'Amour;" "Portraits des Faiblesses Humains;" "Les Exiles de la Cour d'Auguste;" "Cleonice;" "Carmeute;" "Les Galanteries Grenadines;" "Les Amours des Grands Hommes;" "Les Memoirs du Serail;" etc.
Her style is rapid and animated; but she is often incorrect, and her incidents improbable. Her short stories certainly extinguished the taste for tedious romances, and led the way to the novel; but were by no means of such excellence as those that have since been written. Her verse is inferior to her prose. Her society was much sought by men of learning, wit, and fashion; and her conduct during her widowhood was by no means irreproachable. But good morals were not then the fashion in French society.