OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/O'Mahony, John Francis

* related authors: John Francis O'Mahony.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
See also John O'Mahony on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ O'MAHONY, ō̇-mä′ō̇-nē̇, John Francis (1816-77). An Irish politician, born at Kilbeheny, County Limerick. He received a good education at a classical school in Cork and at Trinity College, Dublin, though he never took a degree. Early in his career he became deeply impressed with a sense of the wrongs of Ireland, and practically his whole life was devoted to efforts to free her. He was a ‘repealer,’ but was more radical than O'Connell, and in 1845 seceded with the ‘Young Irelanders.’ He joined in the insurrection of Smith O'Brien in 1848, and after its failure fled to France, where he lived for some years in great poverty. In 1852 he went to New York, and there in 1858 was a member of the committee that sent a delegate to James Stephens in Dublin with proposals for the founding of the secret society later known as the Fenian Brotherhood. O'Mahony was one of the most active and influential promoters of the organization, and was for a time its president. In his later years he had a hard struggle to secure the bare means for subsistence. He died in New York in 1877, and his body was taken back to Ireland and buried in Glasnevin Cemetery, near Dublin, with great honors. In 1857 he published The History of Ireland by Geoffrey Keating, D.D., Translated from the Gaelic and Copiously Annotated. Consult Webb, Irish Biography (Dublin, 1888), and articles in the Celtic Magazine (New York).
# The New International Encyclopædia/O'Malley, Charles

See also Charles Lever on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ O'MAL′LEY, Charles. The hero of Charles Lever's novel of the same name. The original of the character was an officer in an Irish regiment, Francis G. Keogh, who came to America after the appearance of the book, and is buried in Toronto, Canada.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Oeser, Adam Friedrich

Edition of 1905. See also Adam Friedrich Oeser on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
OESER, ẽ'zẽr, Adam Friedrich (1717-90). A German painter, etcher, and sculptor, born at Pressburg, Hungary. He was a pupil, in Vienna, of Van Schuppen and Daniel Grau at the Academy, where he was awarded the first prize in 1735, and of Raphael Donner in sculpture. In 1739 he went to Dresden, won reputation with portraits, executed mural paintings in Castle
Hubertsburg in 1749, and removed to Leipzig in 1759. Appointed director of the newly founded Academy there in 1764, he zealously opposed mannerism in art and was a stout champion of Winckelmann's advocacy of reform on antique lines. Among the numerous pupils he educated was Goethe, with whom he kept up friendly relations afterwards at Weimar. As specimens of Oeser's paintings may be mentioned “The Artist's Children” (1766, Dresden Gallery); “Marriage at Cana” (1777), and four others (Leipzig Museum); and “The Painter's Studio” (Weimar Museum). His best effort in sculpture is the monument of Elector Frederick Augustus (1780) on the Königsplatz in Leipzig. For his biography consult Dürr (Leipzig, 1879).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Oesterley, Karl Wilhelm

Edition of 1905. See also Carl Oesterley and Carl August Heinrich Ferdinand Oesterley on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
OESTERLEY, ẽ'stẽr-lî, Karl Wilhelm (1805-91). A German historical painter, born at Göttingen, where he studied art-history at the university, before taking up painting in Dresden under Matthäi. After a sojourn in Rome (1825-29), he established himself as a lecturer at Göttingen, and in 1831 was appointed professor of art-history. He supplemented his studies in painting under Schadow at Düsseldorf (1835-38), then in Munich, where he gave his attention to the frescoes of Cornelius, and 1842 in Paris. In 1845, he became Court painter at Hanover. His best works include: “Jephtha's Daughter” (1835); “Leonore with Her Mother” (1847), after Bürger's ballad; “Memling Nursed by the Nuns at Bruges” (1866), all in the Hanover Museum. He also painted altarpieces and several portraits, and in fresco an “Ascension” (1838), in the Royal Chapel, Hanover. With Otfried Müller he edited at Göttingen Denkmäler der alten Kunst (1834-39). His son Karl (1839—), born at Göttingen, became a successful landscape painter. First instructed by his father, he studied afterwards under Bendemann and Deger at the Düsseldorf Academy, but turned from religious subjects, which he essayed originally, to landscape. His frequent study trips to Norway after 1870 resulted in the depiction of such scenes from those regions as “Raft Sound” (1879, Breslau Museum); “View on Salten Fjord” (1882, Hamburg Gallery); “Oldenvand on North Fjord” (1885, National Gallery, Berlin); and “Romsdal Fjord” (1891, Leipzig, Museum); all distinguished by lofty conception, brilliant coloring, and exquisite light effects.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dallas, George Mifflin

Edition of 1905. See also George M. Dallas on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DALLAS, George Mifflin (1792-1864). An American statesman and diplomat. He was born in Philadelphia, the son of Alexander J. Dallas; graduated at Princeton in 1810; and accompanied Mr. Gallatin in his special embassy to Saint Petersburg, as private secretary. On his return he practiced law and successively filled, for his native city, the offices of deputy attorney-general, mayor, and district attorney. From 1831 to 1833 he represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate, and from 1833 to 1835 was Attorney-General of Pennsylvania. In 1837 he was appointed American Minister at Saint Petersburg, but was recalled at his own request in 1839. From 1845 to 1849 he was Vice-President of the United States, and as such cast the deciding vote for the tariff bill of 1846. From 1856 to 1861 he was Minister to the Court of Saint James, where he was called upon to deal with two matters of importance, the Central American question and the recall of the British Minister at Washington, Sir John Crampton, both of which threatened for a time to cause considerable friction between the British and the American governments.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dartmoor

Edition of 1905. See also Dartmoor on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DART'MOOR (named from the river Dart, which rises in the region). A granitic tableland in the southwest of Devonshire, England, remarkable for its wild, rugged scenery and cyclopean relics of aboriginal inhabitants (Map: England, C 6). Dartmoor proper (or the ancient forest of that name) and the outlying common lands are about 20 miles square. This moorland region, encircled by a natural rampart, and moated by deep valleys, has a considerable elevation above the surrounding country, and culminates in Yes Tor, 2040 feet above the sea-level. Copper is found, and at Wheal, Duchy, and Birch Tor are productive tin-mines. The largest kaolin-works in England are at Lee Moor, which is also the seat of a meteorological observatory. The soil is composed chiefly of peat, which in the bottoms has accumulated in some places to the depth of 25 feet, and it rests on a subsoil of fine sand. Many of the well-watered dells and ravines are fertile, while the whole moor affords pasturage for cattle, sheep, and horses. The antiquities include the Gray Wethers, a fine specimen below
Sittaford Tor, of what is now styled a Druidical temple, the vestiges of a large aboriginal village at Grimspound, the cromlech at Drewsteignton, logans, stone avenues, dolmens, barrows, cairns, rock-pillars, and ancient trackways.
During the long war with Napoleon, a prison, now used for convicts, was erected in western Dartmoor for French captives. Prince Town sprang up close by, and soon became a thriving place. During the war with the United States (1812-15), many captured Americans were confined at Dartmoor. See Dartmoor Massacre.
The castle, manor, and forest of Dartmoor were granted by Henry III. to his brother Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and since 1337 Dartmoor has been, in part, permanently annexed to the Duchy of Cornwall. Dartmoor figures conspicuously in poetry and romance. Consult Rowe, A Perambulation of the Ancient and Royal Forest of Dartmoor, etc. (Plymouth and London, 3d ed., 1896).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dartmouth College Case

Edition of 1905. See also Dartmouth College v. Woodward on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DARTMOUTH COLLEGE CASE. One of the most important cases in constitutional law ever decided by the United States Supreme Court. The charter of Dartmouth College was granted by the British Crown in 1769, incorporating twelve persons by the name of the
Trustees of Dartmouth College, and giving them full power to govern the college and to fill all vacancies in their body. In 1816 the Legislature of New Hampshire passed an act amending the original charter, providing for the appointment of eleven new trustees by the Governor of the State, and for a board of overseers to inspect and control the conduct of the trustees. The old trustees refused to accept the amended charter, and brought suit against the officers of the new board who had obtained possession of the college property. The Supreme Court of New Hampshire upheld the constitutionality of the statute, and the case was then taken on writ of error to the Supreme Court of the United States. For the plaintiffs the main argument was made by Daniel Webster (q.v.), and for the defendants by William Wirt (q.v.), Attorney-General of the United States. In its decision, handed down in 1819, and in which all but one of the justices concurred, the court held, through Chief Justice Marshall, that the acts of the New Hampshire Legislature in question were unconstitutional and void. The college was declared to be a private and not a public corporation; the charter of such a corporation was declared to be a contract between the Crown (to whose obligations the State of New Hampshire had succeeded) and the corporators and their successors, and the State statute which attempted to change the charter without the consent of the corporation was held to be within the prohibition of the Federal Constitution, that “no State shall . . . pass any . . . law impairing the obligation of contracts.” The consequences of this decision have been very far-reaching, both in securing the inviolability of private trusts, and in limiting State sovereignty and extending, through the Federal courts, the authority of the Federal Constitution. The principles of the decision have been applied frequently both by Federal and State courts. The case is reported in 1 New Hampshire Reports, 111., and 4 Wheaton (United States) Reports, 518. For favorable comments on the decision, consult: Kent, Commentaries on American Law, vol. i. (Boston, 1884), Lect. xix.; Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, vol. ii. (Boston, 1891): Pomeroy, Introduction to the Constitutional Law of the United States (9th ed., Boston, 1886); Maine, Popular Government (London, 1885). For a searching criticism of the case, consult Shirley, The Dartmouth College Causes (Saint Louis, 1879).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dallas (Texas)

Edition of 1905. See also Dallas on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DALLAS. A city and the county-seat of Dallas County, Tex., 33 miles east of Fort Worth, on Trinity River, and on the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fé, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, the Texas and Pacific, the Houston and Texas Central, and the Texas and New Orleans railroads (Map: Texas, F 3). It is in the great grain belt of the State, and has large manufacturing and commercial interests. The industrial establishments include many factories of cotton-gin machinery, saddlery and harness, cotton and woolen mills, grain-elevators, flour-mills, meat-packing plant, lumber and planing mills, cotton-compresses, cottonseed-oil mills, nurseries, etc. Dallas is one of the largest distributing centres of farming implements and machinery in the United States. The city contains the Roman Catholic Pro-Cathedral of the Sacred Heart, the Protestant Episcopal Cathedral of Saint Matthew, Saint Paul's Sanitarium, with accommodations for 200 patients, a city hospital, Carnegie Public Library, a court-house, erected at a cost of $300,000, a Confederate monument, and numerous public and private educational institutions. Dallas has a number of public parks, City Park and Oak Cliff being of notable beauty. The State Fair and Dallas Exposition is an annual event of more than State-wide reputation. The city is governed by a mayor, elected every two years, and a city council, in which rest the appointments of auditor, city engineer, city secretary, secretary of water-works, and city electrician; all other important offices are filled by popular election. The city's annual income amounts to about $750,000; expenditures to $575,000, the main items being about $40,000 each for the departments of police, fire, and water-works, and about $90,000 for schools. Population, in 1890, 38,067; in 1900, 42,638.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dana, Charles Anderson

Edition of 1905. See also Charles Anderson Dana on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DA′NA, Charles Anderson (1819-97). An American journalist, born at Hinsdale, N. H.,
August 8, 1819. He studied at Harvard, but, owing to defective eyesight, did not graduate. He joined the Brook Farm Association in 1841, edited in its interest The Harbinger, oontributed to the Boston Chronotype, and, after the failure of Brook Farm, was, with its founder, Ripley (q.v.), connected with the New York Tribune (1847-62). Disagreement with Horace Greeley in war politics, proclaimed in a once-famous editorial, “On to Richmond,” forced his resignation. He was Assistant Secretary of War in 1863-64. After the war he edited the Chicago Republican, which failed. He then returned to New York and became part proprietor and editor-in-chief of the New York Sun — a position which he held from 1868 to his death. With George Ripley he planned and edited the New American Cyclopædia (1857-63), and its successor, the American Cyclopædia (1873-76). He compiled also the well-known Household Book of Poetry (1857), and collaborated in a Life of Grant (1868). Other works are: The Art of Newspaper Making (1895); Lincoln and His Cabinet (1896); and Recollections (1897). At the time of his death at Glen Cove, L. I., on October 17, 1897, Mr. Dana was in many ways the most noted journalist in the country. He had a brilliant intellect and understood every detail of the art of making a good newspaper, but he was generally believed to be so intense in his prejudices that he failed to acquire the authority to which his talents entitled him.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dallas (Georgia)

Edition of 1905. See also Dallas, Georgia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ DAL′LAS. A town and the county-seat of Paulding County, Ga., about 35 miles west by north of Atlanta; on the Southern Railway. New Hope Church, four miles from Dallas, was the scene of a sharp conflict (May 25-28, 1864) between the armies of General Sherman and General Johnston. Population, in 1890, 455; in 1900, 644.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dartmoor Massacre, The

Edition of 1905. See also HM Prison Dartmoor on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DARTMOOR MASSACRE, The. The killing (April 6, 1815) by a company of English soldiers of some American prisoners, who, together with 6000 others, had been confined in the Dartmoor (England) prison for several months after the close of the War of 1812 between England and the United States. To quell what they regarded as a mutiny and to thwart an apparent effort at escape, the prison guard, probably under orders from Capt. T. G. Shortland, their commanding officer, fired upon the prisoners, killing seven and wounding about sixty—thirty of them dangerously. The Americans at the time regarded this as an act of wanton murder, but it was pronounced justifiable by a joint commission, which, however, acquitted the prisoners of the charge of organizing a mutiny or of planning an escape. The British Government soon afterwards promoted Shortland, but made liberal provision for the families of those who had been killed or permanently disabled. Consult: Andrews, The Prisoners' Memoirs: or, Dartmoor Prison (New York, 1852); and Cobb, A Green Hand's First Cruise, Together with Five Months in Dartmoor (Boston. 1841).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dallas (Oregon)

Edition of 1905. See also Dallas, Oregon on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ DALLAS. A city and the county-seat of Polk County, Ore., 63 miles southwest of Portland; on La Creole Creek and on the Southern Pacific Railroad (Map: Oregon, B 5). It is situated in the fertile Willamette Valley, and has considerable trade, and manufactures flour, woolen goods, lumber, sashes and doors, organs, foundry-products, and tanned leather, the industrial interests being promoted by good water-power. Sandstone is quarried in the vicinity. Dallas was settled in 1849, and in 1891 was chartered as a city. Population, in 1890, 848; in 1900, 1271.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Oldcastle, John

Edition of 1905. See also John Oldcastle on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
OLDCASTLE, John (?-1417). An English nobleman, who suffered death as a Lollard. He was born about the time of the accession of Richard II. (1377), probably in the Manor of Almeley, near Weobley, Western Herefordshire. He acquired the title of Lord Cobham by marriage (1409), and later signalized himself by the ardor of his attachment to the doctrines of Wiclif. He took part in the presentation of a remonstrance to the English Commons on the subject of the corruptions of the Church. At his own expense he had the work of Wiclif transcribed and widely disseminated among the people, and paid a large body of preachers to propagate the views of the reformer throughout the country. During the
reign of Henry IV. (1399-1413) he commanded an English army in France, and forced the Duke of Orleans to raise the siege of Paris; but in the first year of the reign of Henry V. (1413) he was accused of heresy and was imprisoned in the Tower, whence after some time he escaped and concealed himself in Wales. A bill of attainder was passed against him and 1000 marks set upon his head. After four years' hiding he was captured, brought to London, and, being reckoned a traitor as well as a heretic, he was hanged and his body consumed as it hung in chains over a fire, December 14, 1417. He is said to have been the original of Shakespeare's Falstaff, as he was believed to have been in his youth the boon companion of Henry V. in his early days. Consult his Life by Gilpin (London, 1765), Gaspey (ib., 1843). Brown (ib., 1848), and in Maurice's English Popular Leaders (ib., 1872).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Om Mani Padme Hum

Edition of 1905. See also Om mani padme hum on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
OM MANI PADME HUM, ōm mä'nḗ pȧd'mḗ hōōm. A sacred formula in Buddhism, the so-called formula of six syllables, well known from the part which it plays in the Buddhist religion, and especially in that form of it called Lamaism. The reputed author of this formula is the Dhyana-Bodhisattva, or deified saint, Avalokiteśvara, or, as the Tibetans call him, Padmapani, the lotus-handed, or Amitabha. He is the Buddha of Eternal Light, the heavenly ruler of the Western paradise. Like Buddha, he is represented as sitting or standing within a lotus, and apparently there is an allusion to this in the sacred formula itself, Om mani padme hum, ‘O, the Jewel in the Lotus, Amen!’ The sacredness of this formula is sufficient when recited to secure exemption from the cycle of reincarnation, and final rebirth in the celestial paradise over which Amitabha rules. It would appear not to belong to the earliest stage of Buddhism, or to the oldest Buddhistic works of the north of India, or to those of Ceylon. Consult: Burnouf, Introduction à l'histoire du Buddhisme indien (Paris, 1844); Koeppen, Die Religion des Buddha (Berlin, 1857-59); Schlagintweit, Buddhism in Thibet (Leipzig, 1863); Waddell, The Buddhism of Tibet, or Lamaism (London, 1895).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Olshausen, Hermann

Edition of 1905. See also Hermann Olshausen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
OLSHAUSEN, ōls′hou′zen, Hermann (1796-1839). A German theologian. He was born at Oldesloe, in Holstein, entered the University of Kiel in 1814, and two years later went to the University of Berlin, where the teaching of Schleiermacher and Neander gave direction to his life studies and writings. In 1817 he was awarded the prize at the festival of the Reformation for an essay, Melanchthons Charakteristik aus seinen Briefen dargestellt (1818). This essay brought him to the notice of the Prussian Minister of Public Worship, and he was made privat-docent at Berlin in 1820, passing the next year to Königsberg as professor extraordinary, and in 1827 was elected full professor. He removed from Königsberg to Erlangen in 1834. His most notable work is his Kommentar über sämmtliche Schriften des Neuen Testaments (4 vols., 1830; completed and revised by Ebrard and Wiesinger; Eng. trans., 1847-49). An earlier work adducing from the writings of the first two centuries historical proofs of the genuineness of the Gospels is Die Echtheit der vier kanonischen Evangelien, aus der Geschichte der zwei ersten Jahrhunderte erwiesen (1823). His method of exegesis is presented in Ein Wort über tieferen Schriftsinn (1824), and Die biblische Schriftauslegung. In these latter works he rejects the doctrine of verbal inspiration.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Olshausen, Justus

Edition of 1905. See also Justus Olshausen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
OLSHAUSEN, Justus (1800-82). A German Orientalist, brother of the preceding, who made contributions to Semitic and Iranian philology. He was born at Hohenfelde; studied at Kiel, Berlin, and Paris (under De Sacy); and from 1830 to 1852 was professor at Kiel. Removed in the latter year by the Danish Government, which he had energetically opposed, he became professor at Königsberg (1853-58), then councilor in the Ministry of Education, and retired in 1874. Olshausen's more important works are: Emendationen zum Alten Testament (1826); Fragments relatifs à la religion de Zoroastre (1829), written in collaboration with Julius von Mohl (q.v.); Die Pehlewi-Legenden auf den Münzen der letzten Sassaniden (1843); Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache (1864); Prüfung des Charakters der in den assyrischen Keilinschriften enthaltenen semitischen Sprache (1864). Consult Schrader, Gedächtnisrede auf Justus Olshausen (Berlin, 1883).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Olshausen, Theodor

Edition of 1905. See also Theodor Olshausen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
OLSHAUSEN, Theodor (1802-69). A German author and politician, prominent in the Patriotic Party in Schleswig-Holstein, brother of Justus Olshausen. He was born at Glückstadt, studied law at Kiel and Jena, and, for his part in the demagogic disturbances, was forced to live in France and Switzerland until 1830. Then he settled in Kiel, and became an ardent advocate of the independence of the provinces. He was imprisoned in 1846 for his bold opposition, but his influence was all the stronger in the Revolution of 1848, and he became a member of the provisional Government, resigning to enter the Diet. In 1851
he was excluded from the amnesty, went to America, and lived in New York City and Saint Louis until 1865, when he returned to Hamburg. He wrote two popular works on America, Geographisch-statistische Beschreibung der Vereinigten Staaten (1853-55, incomplete), and Geschichte der Mormonen (1856).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Olsson, Olof

Edition of 1905. See also Olof Olsson (theologian) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
OLSSON, ōl'son, Olof (1841-1900). An American theologian and educator, born in Vermland, Sweden. He studied at Upsala, became a Lutheran minister in 1863, and in 1869 came to the United States and received a charge in McPherson County, Kan. In 1891, Olsson left his congregation at Woodhull, Ill., to return to Augustana College, Rock Island, Ill., in which he had been professor (1877-88), and of which he now became president.