OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lesson

Edition of 1905. See also Lection on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​LESSON (OF., Fr. leçon, It. lezione, from Lat. lectio, reading, lesson, from legere, to read, Gk. λέγειν, legein, to say). In the liturgical sense, a portion of the Church service appointed to be read, chiefly with a view to instruction and exhortation, as distinguished from prayer and praise addressed to God. In this sense it includes the epistle and gospel (qq.v.), but the term is more commonly applied to the selections read in the ancient breviary office of matins and in the morning and evening prayer of the Anglican churches. The earliest notices we have of services of the first Christians describe them as maintaining a practice which had been traditional for centuries in the Jewish synagogues. Besides what we now know as the Old and New Testaments, the letters of various bishops, especially those of Saint Clement, the Shepherd of Hermas, and other edifying writings were read. When the canon of Scripture came to be definitely fixed, the reading during divine service was usually restricted to it. At first books were read continuously from beginning to end; but with the gradual development of the liturgical year selections were made in order to have the reading appropriate to the mystery or event commemorated. The arrangement of this order is commonly attributed to Saint Jerome.
The lessons in the breviary (q.v.) for matins on Sundays and greater festivals are nine—the first three from Scripture, the next three usually from the lives of the saints or some historical matter, and the last from a homily of one of the fathers on the gospel for the day. On smaller festivals and ordinary week-days only three are read. Some monastic rites have four lessons in each nocturne. In the Anglican Prayer-Book two lessons, much longer than those in the breviary, and of course in English, are appointed for morning and for evening prayer on each Sunday, festival, or week-day; the first is always taken from the Old Testament, and the second from the New.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lesley, John

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
LES'LEY, or LESLIE, John (1527-96). A Scotch prelate, statesman, and historian, the natural son of the parish priest of Kingussie, Inverness-shire. He graduated M.A. at King's College, Aberdeen, and in 1547, in his twentieth year, became a canon of Aberdeen Cathedral. In 1549 he went to France, where he studied canon and civil law at the universities of Poitiers and Paris. He returned to Scotland in 1554 to take up an appointment as professor of canon law in his alma mater, and in 1559 he was appointed Canon and Prebendary of Oyne. He was a strenuous opponent of Knox and of the introduction of Protestantism into Scotland, and was one of the commissioners sent to invite Queen Mary to Scotland; on her accession he became her chief ecclesiastical adviser, and in 1566 was made Abbot of Lindores and in the same year Bishop of Ross. His loyalty to his Queen subjected him to much dangerous intrigue, and after her imprisonment in Bolton Castle, in 1568, he went to plead her cause at the Court of Elizabeth. In 1571 he was imprisoned in the Tower of London for complicity in the projected marriage of Mary to the Duke of Norfolk, for his share in the resulting uprisings in the north of England, and for his attempts to secure Spanish intervention. The confession extorted from him led to Norfolk's execution. In 1573 he was released by Elizabeth, but was banished from the Kingdom. He went to France, and continued to intercede, but unsuccessfully, for his Queen at various Continental courts until her death. He visited Rome and received several traveling commissions from the Pope. In 1579 he was appointed Suffragan and Vicar-General of the Diocese of Rouen, where in 1591 his efforts in stimulating the citizens to resist successfully the siege during the Civil War were rewarded by Clement VIII., who appointed him Bishop of Coutances. The disturbed state of the country, however, prevented him from proceeding to his see, and he retired to the Augustinian Monastery of Guirtenburg, near Brussels, where he died. He was the author of several Latin and English publications, many of them written in defense of Queen Mary. His most important work is De Origine, Moribus et Rebus Gestis Scotorum (Rome, 10 vols., 1578), a Latin abridgment in seven volumes of the work of Boëthius, with three original volumes in the Scotch dialect, dealing with the period from the death of James I. in 1437 to the return of Queen Mary to Scotland in 1561.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lesquereux, Leo

Edition of 1905. See also Leo Lesquereux on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​LESQUEREUX, lā̇′ke-rẽ′, Leo (1806-89). An American botanist, born at Fleurier, Switzerland, of French Huguenot ancestry. After several years at the academy of Neuchâtel, he went to Eisenach as a teacher of French. Upon his return to Switzerland he became principal in a school at La Chaux de Fonds, but, owing to deafness, he had to give up teaching. His old love of plants led him to study botany as opportunity came, and he published a catalogue of mosses, and later won a prize for a treatise on peat-bogs. These monographs won him the friendship of Louis Agassiz, and enabled him to travel over Northern Europe studying the formation of peat and of coal. In 1848 he went to the United States, lived with Agassiz at Cambridge for a time, and then became the assistant of William S. Sullivant. The two, after expeditions into the mountains of the South, published Museci Americani Exsiccati (1856) and Icones Muscarum (1864). Afterwards Lesquereux again took up his study of coal formation, traveled in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Illinois, and Arkansas, and worked on the geological surveys of these States. Among his reports the “Catalogue of the Fossil Plants which have been named or described from the Coal Measures of North America,” the first and the second reports of the Pennsylvania Geological Survey (1880), is the most important work in this field. He also wrote: Contributions to the Fossil Flora of the Western Territories (1874-83); The Flora of the Dakota Group, edited by V. H. Knowlton (1891); and, with Thomas P. James, the continuation of Sullivant's work, Manual of the Mosses of North America (1884). He became entirely deaf in middle life, but was an expert lip-reader.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lesser Celandine

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​LESSER CEL′ANDINE. A plant related to buttercup. See Ranunculus.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Leslie, Frank

Edition of 1905. See also Frank Leslie and Miriam Leslie on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LESLIE, Frank (1821-80). The name assumed by Henry Carter, an American publisher and journalist, born in Ipswich, England. Son of a glove manufacturer, educated in Ipswich, trained to commerce in London, he showed a natural bent for art, and contributed sketches to the Illustrated London News, signing them Frank Leslie. These were so cordially welcomed that he gave up commerce and was made superintendent of engraving on that journal. He made himself an expert and inventor in his new work, and in 1848 came to the United States, and in 1854 began publishing the first of his many illustrated journalistic ventures, The Gazette of Fashion, The New York Journal soon followed with Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper (1855) (now Leslie's Weekly), The Boy's and Girl's Weekly, The Budget of Fun, and many others. He was commissioner to the Paris Exposition of 1867, and received a prize there for his artistic services. His wife, Miriam Florence (Folline), a French Creole of Louisiana, on his death took, by legislative act, the name “Frank Leslie,” and for some years conducted the business with conspicuous success.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Leslie, Charles

Edition of 1905. See also Charles Leslie (nonjuror) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LESLIE, Charles (1650-1722). A British Jacobite non-juror and controversialist. He was born in Dublin, Ireland, graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, removed to England in 1671, and began the study of law at the Temple, but soon abandoned this for divinity, and was admitted to orders in the Church of England in 1680. Returning to Ireland, he was appointed, in 1687, Chancellor of Connor. Living in Ireland at the time of the Revolution, he distinguished himself in disputations with the Roman Catholics in defense of Protestantism. Though a zealous Protestant, he adhered to King James, refusing to acknowledge William as his rightful sovereign. After the death of James II. he transferred his allegiance to his son, the Pretender, and was sent by some opulent Jacobite gentlemen, in 1709, to Bar-le-Duc to convert him; when the Pretender removed to Italy he accompanied him. In 1721 he obtained permission from George I. to return to his native land, and took up his abode at Glaslough, Ireland, where he died on April 13, 1722. His theological works excited much attention and have been frequently reprinted. The most prominent are: Gallienus Redivivus (1695), which gives the facts of the massacre of Glencoe; The Snake in the Grass (1696); A Short and Easy Method with the Deists (1698); A Short and Easy Method with
the Jews (1699); The Truth of Christianity Demonstrated (1711). In his political controversies he was the advocate of high monarchical principles. His collected works were published in two volumes (London, 1721), and reprinted in seven volumes (Oxford, 1832).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lesseps, Ferdinand, Vicomte de

Edition of 1905. See also Ferdinand de Lesseps on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​LES′SEPS, Fr. pron. lā̇′sĕps′, Ferdinand, Vicomte de (1805-94). A French diplomat, celebrated for the promotion and construction of the Suez Canal. He was born in Versailles; was early employed in the consular service, and served as consul at Cairo, Rotterdam, Malaga, and Barcelona. In 1848-49 he was Minister to Spain. In 1854 M. de Lesseps went to Egypt and, securing the concurrence of the Viceroy, Said-Pasha, projected the construction of the great interoceanic canal of Suez. In 1856 he published his plans and projects, under the title of Percement de l'Isthme de Suez. But the Turkish Government, at the instigation of England, refused its authorization. In spite of many obstructions, M. de Lesseps won the Government to his support, and secured $40,000,000 in subscription to the capital stock required for the construction of the canal. Work was actually begun in 1859. On November 20, 1869, the completion was celebrated with imposing ceremonies. See Suez Canal.
The success of the enterprise determined M. de Lesseps to undertake the cutting of an interoceanic canal across the Isthmus of Panama. A company was organized in Paris in 1876, which procured from the Government of the United States of Colombia a concession to construct a canal on its territory. M. de Lesseps secured to himself the privileges and assumed the conditions of that grant. In 1880 he came from Aspinwall to New York and submitted to American capitalists a matured and detailed plan, etc. He became the president of the company for the construction of the ship-canal, the capital stock of which was 600,000,000 francs. The work was begun in 1881 after a series of difficulties in administration and construction (described under Panama Canal). In December, 1888, De Lesseps and his colleagues resigned, and judicial liquidators were appointed by the Government. In 1893, after a judicial investigation, M. de Lesseps and his son Charles were convicted of misappropriation of the funds of the company, and sentenced to fine and imprisonment; the sentence, however, was never executed.
A record of De Lesseps's many activities will be found in the following published works: Lettres, journal et documents relatifs à l'histoire du canal de Suez (1875-81); Souvenirs de quarante ans (1887); Origines du Canal de Suez (1890). For biographies of De Lesseps consult: Bertrand and Ferrier, Ferdinand de Lesseps (Paris, 1887), and Smith, Life and Enterprises of Ferdinand de Lesseps (London, 2d ed., 1895). See Suez Canal; Panama Canal.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Arndt, Ernest Moritz

See also Ernst Moritz Arndt on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Arndt (ärnt), Ernest Moritz, a German poet and patriot, was born in 1769 on the island of Rügen. The son of a former serf, he yet received a good education with a view of entering the ministry; but after traveling over a great part of Europe he became professor of history at Greifswald. He assisted in the abolition of serfdom by his writings; and an attack on Napoleon in another work compelled Arndt to flee to Stockholm after the battle of Jena. Returning after a few years to Germany, he was active in stirring up the national feeling of his countrymen and in preparing them to throw off the foreign yoke. His songs, poems and other writings kept up the spirit of the Germans during the war of liberation. His famous song, Was ist das Deutschen Vaterland (What is the German Fatherland), is sung wherever German is spoken. In January 1818, he became professor of history in the then new University of Bonn, from which position he was suspended because of his energy and reforms, but restored in 1840. He was at one time a member of the national assembly. Vigorous in mind and body, beloved by the whole German nation as Father Arndt, he died at the age of 90 in January, 1860.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Arnold, Sir Edwin

See also Edwin Arnold on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ar'nold, Sir Edwin, an English poet, scholar and journalist, was born June 10 1832, the son of a Sussex magistrate. He studied at Rochester and at King's College, London; was elected to a scholarship at University College, Oxford, where he won the Newdigate prize by a poem on Belshazzar's Feast. He taught at Birmingham, and was principal of the government Sanskrit College, at Poona, India. In 1861 he became one of the editors of the Daily Telegraph, London; and in connection with it, to him was largely due the sending of Mr. George Smith to Assyria for exploratory purposes and of Stanley to Lake Victoria and down the Congo. His writings, chiefly poems, include: The Indian Song of Songs, Indian Poetry, Pearls of the Faith, The Song Celestial, The Light of Asia and The Light of the World. He died March 24, 1904.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Armstrong, Samuel Chapman

See also Samuel C. Armstrong on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Armstrong, Samuel Chapman, an educational philanthropist, was born in 1839 in the Hawaiian Islands, where his father was a missionary, and died at Hampton, Va., May 11, 1893. In 1862 he entered the Union army and rose to the rank of brigadier-general. During the war he took a hearty interest in the Freedmen's Bureau, and in 1868 he founded and became principal of the Hampton Institute of Virginia for the education of negroes and Indians.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Arnold, Benedict

See also Benedict Arnold on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ar'nold, Benedict, a brilliant and dashing American general, but a traitor to his country. He was born in Norwich, Conn., January 14, 1741. Reckless and fond of adventure, he ran away from home when fifteen years old, and joined the American forces in the French and Indian War but soon deserted. On the breaking out of the Revolutionary War, he helped Ethan Allen and his Green Mountain Boys to capture Fort Ticonderoga; took a gallant part in the disastrous siege of Quebec, where he was wounded and for his bravery was made a brigadier-general; and handled with skill a flotilla in the battle of Valcour Island. Arnold had a violent temper, and when, in 1777, five of his inferiors in rank were made major-generals, he was very angry, but kept on fighting in the colonial cause showing his usual skill and bravery in the battle of Ridgefield, where his conduct gained him the rank of major-general, and in the battle of Saratoga, where his horse was killed under him and he himself was severely wounded. Disabled by his wound, he spent much of the winter of 1777-78 in the hospital at Albany, and the next spring was placed in command of Philadelphia. Here he met Major André, with whom he formed an acquaintance which ended disastrously for both. In 1780 Arnold, at his own request, was given command of West Point on the Hudson, one of the most important points in the colonies, which he traitorously agreed to betray into the hands of the British. After his secret interview with André, and the capture of that officer, Arnold fled to the British army, in which he was given a command. In the latter part of the war he led an attack against his native state, and when peace was declared, went to London, where he lived in obscurity until his death on June 14, 1801.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Arnold, Matthew

See also Matthew Arnold on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Arnold, Matthew, an eminent English poet, essayist and critic. He was born at Laleham, December 24, 1822, the eldest son of Dr. Arnold of Rugby. He studied at Winchester, Rugby and Balliol College, Oxford, and was made a fellow of Oriel. After acting for some years as a private secretary, he was made government inspector of schools. In 1857 he was elected professor of poetry at Oxford. In 1883 he lectured in the United States. Arnold's poetical works place him in the front rank of modern poets. As a critic his literary judgments have long been received by the literary world with a higher respect that is given to the criticism of most other writers. His prose works include Essays in Criticism, Irish Essays and Last Essays on Church and Religion. He died suddenly at Liverpool on April 15, 1888. See Letters of M. Arnold (1848-88), collected by G. W. E. Russel and the monograph by George Saintsbury.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Army-Worm

See also the disclaimer.
Army-Worm, the larva of a very common destructive moth. It appears every year in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, but attracts attention only when it appears in great numbers. Then it marches, like an army, from one field to another, destroying the crops in its path. The worm is one and one-half inches long when full grown, and striped with black, yellow and green. Fields of grain are protected by surrounding them with ditches with vertical sides, into which the worms fall and cannot get out. Their numbers are largely kept down by fungous diseases and parasitic insects.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Arnim, Bettina von

See also Bettina von Arnim on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Arnim, Bettina von, famous for her acquaintance and correspondence with Goethe, was born at Frankfort, April 4, 1785. Her intimacy with Goethe lasted from 1807 to 1811. Shortly after his death she published a mass of correspondence said to have passed between them. There is no doubt that Bettina put a large amount of new matter into Goethe's letters, and some of them he never wrote at all. However, Bettina's freshness and power as a writer make them interesting and valuable. Her correspondence with the friend of her youth, Caroline von Günderode, and with her brother Clemens Brentano, probably equally fictitious, while not as famous as her correspondence with Goethe, is for high value. She died in 1859.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Arno

See also Arno River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ar'no, next to the Tiber the most important river of Central Italy, rises on Mount Falterona, at a height of 4,444 feet above the sea. It flows westward 140 miles and empties into the sea, eleven miles below Pisa. At Florence it is 400 feet wide, but can be forded in summer; at other times it can be navigated by barges thus far. It is noted for its rapid and destructive floods.
# The Lives and Characters of the English Dramatick Poets/Nahum Tate

T
Nahum Tate, Esq;
Our present Poet Laureat, a Person of great Probity of Manners, Learning, and good Nature: His Birth and Education (as I have been told) he owes to the Kingdom of Ireland: He has, for several Years, had the Patronage of the present Earl of Dorset, and has Merit to deserve more than he has met with from others: He is guilty of Modesty, of which few of his Profession know much; and it is the noisy pushing Man in Poetry, as well as other things, that prevails with Fame as well as Fortune. But now to his Drammatick Composures.
Brutus of Alba, an Opera, 4to. 1678. acted at the Duke's Theatre; it is dedicated to the Right Honourable, Charles, Earl of Dorset and Middlesex. Plot from Virgil's Æneids, Book 4.
The Cuckold's Haven; or, An Alderman no Conjurer, a Farce, 4to. 1685. acted at the Queen's Theatre in Dorset-Garden; and dedicated to Col. Edmund Ashton. Plot from Eastward Hoe, and The Devil's an Ass.
A Duke and no Duke, a Farce, 4to. 1685. acted by their Majesties Servants; and dedicated to the Right Honourable, Sir John Hewyt. In this Play are divers Songs set to Musick with thorough Basses for the Theorbo or Bass-Viol. Plot from Trappolin supposed a Prince.
The Ingratitude of a Common-Wealth; or, The Fall of Caius Martius Coriolanus; a Tragi-Comedy, 4to. 1682. acted at the Theatre Royal; and dedicated to the Right Honourable, Charles, Lord Herbert, Marquess of Worcester. Part of this Play borrowed from Shakespear's Coriolanus.
​The Island Princess, a Tragi-Comedy, 4 to. 1687. and dedicated to the Right Honourable, Henry, Lord Walgrave. Reviv’d with Alterations from Fletcher.
The Loyal General, a Tragedy, 4 to. 1680. acted at the Duke’s Theatre; and is dedicated to Edward Taylor, Esq;
Lear, King of England, and his Three Daughters; an Historical Play, 4 to. 1687. acted at the Duke’s Theatre; it is Dedicated to Thomas Boteler, Esq; and reviv’d with Alterations from Shakespear; and now call’d, The Ancient History of King Lear, &c.
Richard the Third; or, The Sicilian Usurper; a History, 4 to. 1681. acted at the Theatre Royal, and dedicated to George Raynsford, Esq; with a Prefatory Epistle in Vindication of the Author by Reason of the Prohibition of this Play on the Stage, Reviv’d from Shakespear.
This our Author has publish’d divers Poems on several Occasions, some of them printed 8 vo. one Volume whereof are all his own, another Volume by several Hands.
# The Lives and Characters of the English Dramatick Poets/Nathaniel Field

Nathaniel Field.
This Poet Liv'd in the time of King James I. and King Charles I. he was assistant to old Massenger in the writing a Play call'd, The Fatal Dowry, and commonly call'd Son by Mr. Chapman, who, as well as most of the then Poets, had our Author in good Esteem, he was an Actor, and writ himself two Plays, (viz.)
Amends for Ladies, with the merry Pranks of Moll Cut-purse, or the Humour of Roaring, a Comedy, 4to. 1639. Acted at the Black Fryars, by the Prince's and Lady Elizabeth's Servants. This Play the Author writ to please the Ladies whom he had offended by his other Play. The Plot in part taken from the Novel of the Curious Impertinent in Don Quixot.
Woman's a Weather-Cock, a Comedy, 4to. 1612. Acted before the King at Whitehall, and several times privately at the White Fryars by the Children of her Majesty's Revels. This Play pleas'd much in those Days, and highly commended by Mr. Chapman.
# The Lives and Characters of the English Dramatick Poets/Nicholas Trot

Nicholas Trot.
He writ one Play, call’d,
Arthur, a Tragedy.