OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 159

Chap. CLIX.—The Representation of an Orator and his Audience.
If you have to represent a man who is speaking to a large assembly of people, you are to consider the subject matter of his discourse, and to adapt his attitude to such subject. If he means to persuade, let it be known by his gesture. If he is giving an explanation, deduced from several reasons, let him put two fingers of the right hand within one of the left, having the other two bent close, his face turned towards the audience, with the mouth half open, seeming to speak. If he is sitting, let him appear as going to raise himself up a little, and his head be forward. But if he is represented standing, let him bend his chest and his head forward towards the people.
The auditory are to appear silent and attentive, with their eyes upon the speaker, in the act of admiration. There should be some old men, with their mouths close shut, in token of approbation, and their lips pressed together, so as to form wrinkles at the corners of the mouth, and about the cheeks, and forming others about the forehead, by raising the eyebrows, as if struck with astonishment. Some others of those sitting by, should be seated with their hands within each other, round one of their knees; some with one knee upon the other, and upon that, one hand receiving the elbow, the other supporting the chin, covered with a venerable beard.
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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 160

Chap. CLX.—Of demonstrative Gestures.
The action by which a figure points at any thing near, either in regard to time or situation, is to be expressed by the hand very little removed from the body. But if the same thing is far distant, the hand must also be far removed from the body, and the face of the figure pointing, must be turned towards those to whom he is pointing it out.
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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 162

Chap. CLXII.—How to represent Night.
Those objects which are entirely deprived of light, are lost to the sight, as in the night; therefore if you mean to paint a history under those circumstances, you must suppose a large fire, and those objects that are near it to be tinged with its colour, and the nearer they are the more they will partake of it. The fire being red, all those objects which receive light from it will appear of a reddish colour, and those that are most distant from it will partake of the darkness that surrounds them. The figures which are represented before the fire will appear dark in proportion to the brightness of the fire, because those parts of them which we see, are tinged by that darkness of the night, and not by the light of the fire, which they intercept. Those that are on either side of the fire, will be half in the shade of night, and half in the red light. Those seen beyond the extent of the flames, will be all of a reddish light upon a black ground. In regard to their attitudes, let those who are nearest the fire, make screens of their hands and cloaks, against the scorching heat, with their faces turned on the contrary side, as if ready to run away from it. The most remote will only be shading their eyes with their hands, as if hurt by the too great glare.
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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 164

Chap. CLXIV.—Of Composition in History.
When the painter has only a single figure to represent, he must avoid any shortening whatever, as well of any particular member, as of the whole figure, because he would have to contend with the prejudices of those who have no knowledge in that branch of the art. But in subjects of history, composed of many figures, shortenings may be introduced with great propriety, nay, they are indispensable, and ought to be used without reserve, as the subject may require; particularly in battles, where of course many shortenings and contortions of figures happen, amongst such an enraged multitude of actors, possessed, as it were, of a brutal madness.
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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 163

Chap. CLXIII.—The Method of awakening the Mind to a Variety of Inventions.
I will not omit to introduce among these precepts a new kind of speculative invention, which though apparently trifling, and almost laughable, is nevertheless of great utility in assisting the genius to find variety for composition.
By looking attentively at old and smeared walls, or stones and veined marble of various colours, you may fancy that you see in them several compositions, landscapes, battles, figures in quick motion, strange countenances, and dresses, with an infinity of other objects. By these confused lines the inventive genius is excited to new exertions.
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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 166

Chap. CLXVI.—How to paint Children.
Children are to be represented with quick and contorted motions, when they are sitting; but when standing, with fearful and timid motions.
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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 161

Chap. CLXI.—Of the Attitudes of the By-standers at some remarkable Event.
All those who are present at some event deserving notice, express their admiration, but in various manners. As when the hand of justice punishes some malefactor. If the subject be an act of devotion, the eyes of all present should be directed towards the object of their adoration, aided by a variety of pious actions with the other members; as at the elevation of the host at mass, and other similar ceremonies. If it be a laughable subject, or one exciting compassion and moving to tears, in those cases it will not be necessary for all to have their eyes turned towards the object, but they will express their feelings by different actions; and let there be several assembled in groups, to rejoice or lament together. If the event be terrific, let the faces of those who run away from the fight, be strongly expressive of fright, with various motions; as shall be described in the tract on Motion.
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# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Wildey, Henry

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​WILDEY. (Retired Captain, 1840.)
Henry Wildey entered the Navy, 4 March, 1790, as Midshipman, on board the Colossus 74, Capt. Hugh Cloberry Christian, lying at Portsmouth. He served in 1791 in the Porcupine 24, Capt. Geo. Martin, off Belfast; and in the following year he joined the Hussar 28, Capt. Rupert George, on the Halifax station; where he removed as Acting-Lieutenant, in 1795, to La Raison of 30 guns and 195 men, Capt. John Poo Beresford. He was present, 25 Aug. 1796, in the latter ship when she effected her escape from the French 40-gun frigate La Vengeance, after a running fight maintained with much gallantry for two hours, in which the British sustained a loss of 3 men killed and 6 wounded, and had their rigging and sails much damaged. He was confirmed a Lieutenant, 3 Nov. 1797, into the Plover sloop, Capt. John Chesshyre, in the Downs; and was appointed next – 11 Oct. 1798, to the command of the Camperdown hired cutter, on the same station, where he made prize, 26 Nov. 1799, of the French lugger-privateer Républicain of 20 men – 15 May, 1801, to the Jason frigate, Capt. Hon. John Murray, off Guernsey – in the course of the same year, to the Seahorse 38, Capt. Edw. Jas. Foote, with whom he proceeded in escort of 10 sail of Indiamen to Calcutta, returning to England in 1802 – 23 March, 1804, to the Queen 98, Capts. Theophilus Jones, Manley Dixon, and Fras. Pender, in which ship we find him, until he invalided in May, 1807, employed in the Channel and Mediterranean, and off the Port of Cadiz – and 13 Jan. 1808, to the command, for two years, of the Whiting schooner, on the Home station. In the latter vessel, which had been fitted for throwing rockets, he assisted in Lord Cochrane’s attack upon the French squadron in Aix Roads 11 April, 1809. He was promoted to the rank of Commander 3 May, 1810; and was for some time in 1812 employed in that capacity in the Rover sloop in the Channel. He was placed on the list of Retired Captains 10 Sept. 1840. Agents – Hallett and Robinson.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Wilkinson, Frederick Augustus

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​WILKINSON. (Commander, 1824. f-p., 10; h-p., 23.)
Frederick Augustus Wilkinson, born 29 April, 1798, at Drinkstone, Suffolk, is second son of the Rev. W. Wilkinson, Rector of Redgrave, in that co.; and nephew of Sir John Osborne, Bart., formerly a Lord of the Admiralty and M.P. for Bedfordshire.
This officer entered the Navy, 16 Nov. 1814 (after having studied for two years at the Royal Naval College), on board the Berwick 74, Capt. Edw. Brace, under whom he co-operated, in 1815, in the reduction of Gaeta, and visited, in the spring of 1816, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, for purposes connected with the abolition of Christian slavery. On 27 Aug. in the latter year, having removed to the Superb 74, Capt. Chas. Ekins, he assisted at the bombardment of Algiers. He next, in Feb. 1817, joined the Conqueror 74, fitting for the flag of Rear-Admiral Robt. Plampin, Commander-in-Chief at St. Helena, where he was for four months lent to the Hyaena. In the summer of 1819 he came home in the Podargus 14, Capt. Hon. Henry John Rous; but returning soon to the Conqueror, he continued in her, employed in guarding the person of Napoleon Buonaparte, until Jan. 1820, when, having been advanced to the rank of Lieutenant 5 Oct. preceding, he again left for England in the Sappho 18, Capt. Jas. Hanway Plumridge. His last appointments were – 26 July, 1820, 25 April, 1823, and 30 April, 1824, to the Cambrian 48, Dispatch 18, and Chanticleer 10, Capts. Gawen Wm. Hamilton, Wm. Clarke Jervoise, and Burton Macnamara, all in the Mediterranean; where, during the war between the Greeks and Turks, he aided, in the Cambrian, in saving the lives of 3000 of the contending parties. On leaving the Chanticleer, in Aug. 1824, he took up a Commander’s commission bearing date 31 March in that year.
Commander Wilkinson married, 9 Feb. 1830, Emma Maria, third daughter of the late Henry Bowles, Esq., of Cuckfield, Sussex.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Wilbraham, Richard

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​WILBRAHAM. (Commander, 1814. f-p., 18; h-p., 53.)
Richard Wilbraham died in 1848.
This officer entered the Navy, in Dec. 1776, as A.B., on board the Augusta 64, Capt. Fras. Reynolds; and was Midshipman of that ship when she was blown up in action with the enemy on the coast of North America in Oct. 1777. Between Feb. 1779 and 1781 he was employed in the Channel in the Blenheim 90, Capts. Lord Shuldham and Fras. J. Hartwell, Cambridge 74, Capt. Lord Shuldham, and, as Acting-Lieutenant, in the Fox frigate, Capt. Thos. Windsor. He joined next, in 1795, the Melpomène 38, Capt. Sir Chas. Hamilton; and after serving for five years as Master’s Mate in the Agincourt 64, Capt. John Williamson, as Acting-Lieutenant in the Apollo frigate, Capts. Manby and Peter Halkett, again as Master’s Mate in the Firm, Capt. Campbell, and as A.B. in the Bristol and Wolf gun-brig, Lieut.-Commanders Hutchinson, Withers, and Robinson, he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant 8 Oct. 1801, and appointed to the command, for a brief period, of the Blessing gun-brig at Sheerness. From Feb. 1804 until 1806 he commanded the Borer in the North Sea; and from 1807 until 1814 he was employed in the Transport service, three years of the time on shore in cooperation with the army in Spain and Portugal. His promotion to the rank of Commander took place 15 June, 1814. He remained thenceforward on half-pay.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Wilkinson, George William

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​WILKINSON. (Lieutenant, 1841.)
George William Wilkinson was born 31 March, 1806. He is the son of a Master R.N.
This officer entered the Navy, in March, 1814, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Edinburgh 74, Capt. Hon. Geo. Heneage Lawrence Dundas, and in the ​following month was present at the reduction of Genoa and its dependencies. Being paid off from the Edinburgh in Jan. 1815, he did not again go afloat until Nov. 1819; from which period until Jan. 1823 we find him employed in the Brazen 26, off St. Helena, for the security of Napoleon Buonaparte, and on the coast of Ireland. He served next, until Aug. 1827, the greater part of the time as Midshipman and Mate (he passed his examination 5 April, 1826), in the Gannet 18, Wellesley 74, Spartiate 76, and Wellesley again. On first joining the Wellesley, commanded by Capt. Graham Eden Hamond, he sailed with the present Lord Stuart de Rothesay for South America; whence he returned in the Spartiate to England, touching en route at Lisbon for the purpose of delivering to the King the treaty of separation between Brazil and Portugal. After serving for some time in the Repulse and Adder Revenue-cruizers (in the former as First-Mate), he was appointed, in April, 1829, to the Atholl 28, Capt. Alex. Gordon, fitting for the coast of Africa. He was employed, while there, up the different rivers in the suppression of the slave trade; and was Acting-Lieutenant of the Eden 26, Capt. Wm. Fitzwilliam Owen, at a period when the climate made fearful ravages among the crew of that ship. His own health being at length impaired, he returned to England an invalid in the Sybille 48, but without reaping the promotion which was fairly his claim. In Aug. 1830 he joined the Galatea 42; from the following month until Feb. 1839 he was employed in the Sprightly and Hornet Revenue-cruizers; and he was afterwards, until promoted at last to the rank of Lieutenant, 23 Nov. 1841, employed as a Chief-officer in the Coast Guard at the Old Head of Kinsale, in Ireland. During the whole of the time he belonged to the Sprightly, which vessel was stationed on the coast of Ireland, he performed the duties of First Mate; and so great was his experience that he acted latterly too as Pilot. He was nominated Additional-Lieutenant of the St. Vincent 120, flag-ship of Sir Edw. Codrington at Portsmouth, 15 Dec. 1841; was appointed, 15 March, 1842, to the Ringdove 16, Capt. Sir Wm. Daniell, fltting at Portsmouth; and from 18 May, 1842 (he had been obliged by an attack of rheumatism to leave the Ringdove, and be sent to the hospital at Haslar), until 1848 again, we believe, had charge of a station in the Coast Guard.
Lieut. Wilkinson married, in Aug. 1827, Miss Stowe, the daughter of a Purser R.N. Agents – Messrs. Stilwell.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Wilkinson, Stephen

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​WILKINSON. (Lieut., 1815. f-p., 23; h-p., 17.)
Stephen Wilkinson entered the Navy, 21 Oct. 1807, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the York 74, Capt. Robt. Barton. In the following Dec. he was present at the occupation of Madeira; and in the course of 1809 he assisted at the capture of Martinique, the Saintes, the 74-gun ship D’Haupoult, and Flushing. He served afterwards in th« Mediterranean; whence, towards the close of 1810 (he had previously attained the rating of Midshipman), he returned to England. In Dec. 1813, at which period he had been for two years and eight months employed in the Baltic, in the Bay of Biscay, on the north coast of Spain, and in the Channel, in the Ardent 64, Hannibal 74, Christian VII. 80, and Bulwark 74, all flag-ships of Rear-Admiral Philip Chas. Durham, Despatch 18, Capt. Jas. Galloway, and Bulwark again, he followed Rear-Admiral Durham into the Venerable 74, and sailed for the West Indies. During the passage he contributed to the capture, 16 and 20 Jan. 1814, of the Alcmène and Iphigènie French frigates, of 44 guns each. He was nominated Acting-Lieutenant of the Venerable 28 April, 1814; and between the following May and March, 1815, was employed in a similar capacity and as a Supernumerary in the Pique 36, Capt. Hon. Anthony Maitland, Palma 38, Capt. Jas. Andrew Worth, Barrosa 36, Capt. Wm. M‘Culloch, Venerable again, and Barbadoes 16, Capt. John Fleming, on the West India and North American stations. He then returned to England in the Niemen 38, Capt. Sam. Pym; and on 19 Sept. following he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant. From 13 Aug. 1822 until the early part of 1838 he filled an appointment in the Coast Guard. Agents – Messrs. Chard.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Wildey, John

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​WILDEY. (Lieut., 1817. f-p., 22; h-p., 21.)
John Wildey entered the Navy, 1 April, 1804, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Queen 98, Capts. Manley Dixon and Fras. Pender, employed in the Channel and Mediterranean. In the following Sept. he attained the rating of Midshipman. On his return to England with Capt. Pender in Jan. 1806 in the Royal Sovereign 100, he joined the Renown 74, Capt. Philip Chas. Durham, with whom he served in the Channel until Jan. 1807. He was next, in Nov. 1814, placed under the command of Capt. Sir Jas. Athol Wood, on board the Pompée 74, again in the Mediterranean. In Dec. of the following year, five months after he had left the Pompée, he was appointed Admiralty-Midshipman of the Magicienne 42, Capt. John Brett Purvis; under whom we find him conveying Sir Rich. King, the Commander-in-Chief, to the East Indies. On 21 July, 1817, having returned to England in the Volage 22, Capt. John Reynolds, he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant. From 29 March, 1827, until 30 March, 1832, from 22 Nov. 1834 until 31 Dec. 1839, and from 25 Oct. 1841 until 1848, he had charge of the Semaphore stations on Haste Hill, Compton Down, and Portsdown Hill.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Shaw, Henry Wheeler

Shaw, Henry Wheeler ("JOSH Billings") (1818-1885). -- Humorist, b. in Massachusetts. After working on steam-boats and farming, he became an auctioneer, and settled at Poughkeepsie. Stripped of the fantastic spelling by which he first succeeded in catching the public attention, the shrewd and droll maxims of his Farmers' Allminax have something in common with Franklin's Poor Richard. Other books with the same features are Josh Billings' Sayings, Everybody's Friend, Josh Billings' Trump Kards, etc.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Sempill, Robert

Sempill, Robert (1530?-1595), Sempill, Robert (1595?-1659?), Sempill, Francis (1616?-1682). -- Scottish poets, all belonging to the same family, the last two being f. and s. The first was mainly a satirist, was in Paris at the massacre of St. Bartholomew, and belonged to the extremist division of the Reforming party, The Regente's Tragedy laments the death of Murray, Ane Complaint upon Fortoun, the fall of Morton. The second Robert wrote The Life and Death of Habbie Simson, the Piper, a humorous description of old Scottish life. Francis wrote occasional pieces. The song She Rose and let me in, formerly attributed to him, is now known to be by Tom D'Urfey (q.v.).
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Senior, Nassau William

Senior, Nassau William (1790-1864). -- Economist and essayist, s. of a clergyman, was b. at Compton Beauchamp, Berks, ed. at Eton and Oxf., studied law, and was called to the Bar in 1819. He twice held the Professorship of Political Economy at Oxf., 1825-30 and 1847-52, rendered important service as a member of the Poor Law Commission of 1833, and wrote its Report. S. holds a high position among English economists, and made many contributions to the literature of the science, including Outline of the Science of Political Economy (1836). He was, moreover, a writer of considerable versatility, his works in general literature including Essays on Fiction (1864), Historical and Philosophical Essays (1865), and specially his page 334notes of conversations with many eminent persons, chiefly political, e.g., De Tocqueville, Thiers, and Guizot, which combine fulness of information with discretion; he also pub. journals of his travels in Turkey, Greece, Egypt, etc.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of

Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of (1671-1713). -- Philosopher, b. in London, grandson of the 1st Earl, the eminent statesman, the "Achitophel" of Dryden. After a private education under the supervision of Locke, and a short experience of Winchester School, he travelled much on the Continent. On succeeding to the earldom in 1699 he took a prominent part in the debates of the House of Lords, but devoted himself mainly to philosophical and literary pursuits. His coll. writings were pub. in 1711 under the title of Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, and Times. In his philosophy he maintains, as against Hobbes, the existence of a moral sense, a view subsequently developed by the Scottish school of philosophy. The style of S. is stately and sonorous but laboured. He d. at Naples, whither he had gone in search of health, at the early age of 42. Though his writings are directed strongly against Atheism, they have been held to be hostile to a belief in revelation.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Shairp, John Campbell

Shairp, John Campbell (1819-1885). -- Poet and critic, ed. at Glasgow and Oxf., became Prof. of Latin at St. Andrews 1861. Principal of the United Coll. there 1868, and Prof. of Poetry at Oxf.page 335 1877-87. Among his writings are Kilmahoe and other Poems (1864), Studies in Poetry and Philosophy (1868), Culture and Religion (1870), and a Life of Burns in the English Men of Letters Series. He also collaborated with Prof. Tait in writing the Life of Principal Forbes (q.v.), and ed. the Journal of Dorothy Wordsworth.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Sharp, William

Sharp, William ("FIONA Macleod") (1856-1905). -- Wrote under this pseudonym a remarkable series of Celtic tales, novels, and poems, including Pharais, a Romance of the Isles, The Mountain Lovers, The Sin-Eater (1895), The Washer of the Ford, andpage 340 Green Fire (1896), The Laughter of Peterkin (1897), The Dominion of Dreams (1899), The Divine Adventure (1900), Drostan and Iseult (1902). He was one of the earliest and most gifted promoters of the Celtic revival. In verse are From the Hills of Dream, Through the Ivory Gate, and The Immortal Hour (drama). Under his own name he wrote Earth's Voices, Sospiri di Roma, Sospiri d'Italia, poems, and books on Rossetti, Shelley, Browning, and Heine; also a few novels.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Settle, Elkanah

Settle, Elkanah (1648-1724). -- Poet and dramatist, ed. at Oxf., was the author of a number of turgid dramas, now unreadable and unread, but which in their day were held to rival Dryden, who pilloried S. as Doeg in the second part of Absalom and Achitophel. S. essayed a reply in Absalom Senior. He wrote against the Papists, but recanted, and made amends by a Narrative of the Popish Plot, in which he exposed the perjuries of Titus Oates. He was appointed City Poet. Latterly he had a booth in Bartholomew Fair. He d. in the Charterhouse. His plays include Cambyses (1666), Empress of Morocco (1671), Love and Revenge (1675), The Female Prelate, Distressed Innocence (1691), and the Ladies' Triumph (1718).
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Shadwell, Thomas

Shadwell, Thomas (1640 or 1642-1692). -- Dramatist and poet, belonged to a good Staffordshire family, was b. in Norfolk, ed. at Camb., and after studying law travelled, and on his return became a popular dramatist. Among his comedies, in which he displayed considerable comic power and truth to nature, may be mentioned The Sullen Lovers (1668), Royal Shepherdess (1668), The Humourists (1671), and The Miser (1672). He attached himself to the Whigs, and when Dryden attacked them in Absalom and Achitophel and The Medal, had the temerity to assail him scurrilously in The Medal of John Bayes (1682). The castigation which this evoked in MacFlecknoe and in the second part of Absalom and Achitophel, in which S. figures as "Og," has conferred upon him an unenviable immortality. He may have found some consolation in his succession to Dryden as Poet Laureate when, at the Revolution, the latter was deprived of the office.
Other plays are Epsom Wells (1673), The Virtuoso (1676), Lancashire Witches (1681), The Volunteers (1693), etc.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Outram, George

Outram, George (1805-1856). -- Humorous poet, was a Scottish advocate, a friend of Prof. Wilson, and for some time ed. of the Glasgow Herald. He printed privately in 1851 Lyrics, Legal and Miscellaneous, which were pub. with a memoir in 1874. Many of his pieces are highly amusing, the Annuity being the best.