OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao P'u

​178 Chao P'u 趙普 (T. 則平). A.D. 916-992. A native of 薊 Chi-chou in Chihli, whose family moved to Lo-yang in Honan. As a youth he was grave and reserved. In 954 he entered the service of Chao K'uang-yin, founder of the Sung dynasty, as secretary, tended the future Emperor in an illness, and became his friend. He was present when his master was invested by the army with the Imperial robes, and was left in charge of the capital while the sovereign's presence was required elsewhere. In 962 he was placed upon the Privy Council; and from that time became the trusted counsellor of the Emperor, who is said on one occasion to have visited him, unattended, in a snowstorm, so anxious was the monarch to obtain his opinion. The drastic reforms which he initiated brought him unpopularity, and intrigue caused him to fall into disfavour at Court. He was ordered to Yünnan; and although after a year or two he returned, he never completely regained his former position with the founder of the dynasty. The second Emperor, T'ai Tsung, received him back into favour, and made him a Minister; and when he was departing for a high provincial post indited to him a farewell ode. In 992, after holding a variety of posts, he was made Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent, and ennobled as Duke. He was a devoted student of the Analects of Confucius, and once said to the Emperor T'ai Tsung, "With one half of this work I helped your father to gain the empire, and now with the other half I am helping your ​Majesty to keep it." During all his years of official life, he never asked a favour for any of his own relatives. Canonised as 忠獻.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Shih

​182 Chao Shih 趙是. A.D. 1268-1278. Eldest son of Chao Ch'i. On the capture of Chao Hsien by Bayan in 1276, he was proclaimed at Foochow eighth Emperor of the Southern Sung dynasty by 陳宜中 Ch'ên I-chung, Lu Hsiu-fu, and other patriots. His mother, the concubine 楊 Yang, was entrusted with the Regency. Chang Shih-chieh, who had made the last attempt to hold the Yang-tsze with the fleet, and Wên T'ien-hsiang, also rallied to his standard; but the Mongol armies overbore all opposition, and the boy-sovereign had to be taken to sea, escaping the Mongol fleet only by a lucky fog. He wandered south along the coast, driven from refuge to refuge, until in the spring of 1277 an alarm in the north recalled the enemy's forces. Some successes now encouraged the vagabond Court; but the respite was short, and in the autumn Canton was again captured. ​Having lost half his following in a typhoon, the wretched Emperor ended his wanderings at 剛洲 Kang-chou, an islet in the 吳川 Wu-ch'uan District of Kuangtung, in 1278. Canonised as 端宗皇帝.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Shih-hsiung

​183 Chao Shih-hsiung 趙師雄. 6th cent. A.D. A native of 雎陽 Chu-yang, who stopped one evening at a wine-shop on the 羅浮 Lo-fou mountains near Canton. There he was entertained by a young lady who appeared to be the hostess, and spent the evening drinking wine with her. Next morning, however, he found himself lying under a plum-tree, stiff with cold, while a pretty blue bird was singing merrily over his head.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Pien

​176 Chao Pien 趙抃 (T. 閱道). A.D. 994-1070. An official of the Sung dynasty, celebrated for his integrity and benevolence. Graduated as chin shih in A.D. 1034. He acted fearlessly as a Censor, and later on opposed the innovations of Wang An-shih. Was popularly known as 鐵面御史 the Censor with the Iron Face. When sent as Governor to Shu (modern Ssŭch'uan), he took nothing with him but a lute and a crane. Even these were dispensed with at his next incumbency, and he was attended only by a single grey-headed servitor. When acting as Governor of ​Yüeh-chou, the region of Chehkiang was afflicted by famine caused by drought and locusts, and the price of grain went up. His brother officials forbade the raising of prices; but Chao Pien pursued a different policy. He proclaimed in his district that every one with grain to sell might raise the price as he pleased; the consequence being an influx of supplies which made provisions abundant at a low rate. His example is still appealed to as that of a saviour of the people in times of distress. It is also recorded of him that every night he was accustomed to robe himself and with offerings and incense to submit to Almighty God the events of the day. An act which he could not thus submit, he would hesitate to perform. Canonised as 清獻.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Shê

​179 Chao Shê 趙奢. 3rd cent. B.C. A collector of revenue under the Chao State. Because some members of the family of the lord of P'ing-yüan refused to contribute, he put nine of them to death. Their master was so struck by this bold proceeding that he recommended Chao Shê to the Prince of Chao for employment in connection with the State finances. Later on he was appointed to lead an army to the rescue of the Han$^a$ State, which was attacked by the aggressive Ch'in State, and gained a brilliant victory over the enemy, for which he was ennobled as Prince.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Shên

​180 Chao Shên 趙昚. A.D. 1127-1194. A descendant in the seventh generation from the founder of the Sung dynasty. He was adopted by the childless Chao Kou, and reigned from 1163 to 1189 as second Emperor of the Southern Sung dynasty. He desired to recover his ancestral possessions from the Chin$^a$ Tartars, but the impoverishment of the country forced him to accept peace in 1165. In 1189 the Emperor abdicated in favour of his third son, whom he had carefully educated. Canonised as 孝宗皇帝.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Ping

​177 Chao Ping 趙昺. A.D, 1271-1279. The youngest son of Chao Ch'i, and the ninth and last Emperor of the Southern Sung dynasty. On the death of Chao Shih in 1278, most of the officials wished to disperse and give up the hopeless struggle against the Mongols; but Lu Hsiu-fu induced them to proclaim this boy, and aided by Chang Shih-chieh, kept up some semblance of a Court. Being hard pressed at 碙洲 Kang-chou (see Chao Shih), the Sungs moved to the stronger position of Yai-shan, an islet in a bay some 30 miles south of the city of 新會 Hsin-hui in Kuangtung. They had still over 20,000 followers, and 1,000 vessels. Towards the end of 1278 Canton was abandoned, and Wên T'ien-hsiang, who had been heroically struggling in northern Kuangtung, was captured through the treachery of a subordinate. Early in 1279 the Mongols under Chang Hung-fan beleaguered the last stronghold of the Sungs by land and sea. Shut up in their ships, which they formed into a compact mass and fortified with towers and breastworks, the patriots, deprived of fresh water, harassed by attacks during the day and by fire-ships at night, maintained the unequal struggle for a month. But when, after a long day's fighting, Lu Hsiu-fu ​found himself left with only sixteen vessels, he fled up a creek. His retreat was cut off; and then at length despairing of his country, he bade his wife and children throw themselves overboard. He himself, taking the Emperor on his back, followed their example, and thus brought the great Sung dynasty to an end. Chao Ping is known in history as 帝昺, never having been canonised.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Pao

​175 Chao Pao 趙苞 (T. 威豪). Died A.D. 177. A native of 甘陵 Kan-ling in Chihli, who first distinguished himself by disowning a cousin for becoming a eunuch. Graduating as hsiao lien, he rose in the public service until he was appointed Governor of Liao-hsi, in which capacity he succeeded in keeping peace along the frontier. His mother and wife were on their way to join him when they fell into the hands of a band of Turkic marauders. Chao Pao at once led forth troops to the rescue; whereupon the brigands placed his mother and wife in their front rank. His mother however cried out that no question of ransom was to be entertained for a moment, and Chao gave the signal to attack. The brigands were overwhelmed, but the two women were killed in the fray. The Emperor in vain tried to soothe his grief by ennobling him as Marquis. As soon as the funeral was over Chao exclaimed, "To take one's pay and to shirk danger, is not loyalty; but to kill one's mother, even in the discharge of duty, is not filial piety. I can no longer face the world." He then vomited blood and died.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Shu

​184 Chao Shu 趙曙 (originally 宗寶). A.D. 1032-1067. A cousin of Chao Chên, whom he succeeded in 1063 as fifth Emperor of the Sung dynasty. The Empress Dowager 曹 Ts'ao was left with joint control, and eunuchs sowed dissension between her and the Emperor. In 1064 Han Ch'i forced her to retire, and banished all the intriguing eunuchs. Han remained in power, aided by Ou-yang Hsiu during the reign; but his love of sole control led to his downfall in 1067. A hot dispute as to the honours to be paid to the Emperor's father ended in dividing the Ministers into two hostile parties. In 1066 triennial examinations were decreed; and the 通鑑 Mirror of History was begun by Ssŭ-ma Kuang. An attempt to overawe the Hsia State, by enrolling 30 per cent of the able-bodied males in Shensi as militia, proved a failure. In 1066 the Emperor fell ill, and was compelled by Han Ch'i to abdicate in favour of his son. Canonised as 憲文肅武宣孝皇帝, with the temple name of 英宗.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Shên-ch'iao

​181 Chao Shên-ch'iao 趙申喬 (T. 慎旃 and 松伍). A.D. 1644—1720. A native of Wu-chin in Kiangnan, who graduated as chin shih in 1670, and was for many years Magistrate of 商邱 Shang-ch'iu in Honan. His administration was earnest and thorough; and in time of famine he gave all he had to the people, even selling his own clothes. By 1701 he had risen to be Lieutenant-Governor of Chehkiang, where he introduced many economies and abolished useless and burdensome fees and charges. Next year he became Governor, his baggage on removal consisting of one load of books. He improved the sea-walls, the tide continuing low for 70 days during the work, in answer to his prayers! In 1703 he was transferred to Hunan, where, after ​quelling a rising of the aborigines, he gave full play to his zeal for reform. This gained him the love of the people, and even now, after a century and a half, the women and children of Chehkiang are still familiar with the name of "Governor Chao." But his arbitrary ways kept him in perpetual trouble, and he was repeatedly impeached, until in 1709 he was transferred to Peking as President of the Censorate. In 1711 he denounced the seditious work entitled 南山集孑遺錄, and its author 戴名世 Tai Ming-shih was executed. In 1713 he became President of the Board of Revenue, but did not get on with his colleagues. In 1715 he incurred a severe rebuke over the embezzlement of public funds by one of his sons, who was beheaded. Three years later he wished to retire, but was kept in office, all the sums due by him being remitted. A record of his government, entitled 寶政錄, was published by the Hunanese, and one of his clerks also published a collection of his official writings. Canonised as 恭毅 and included in 1730 in the Temple of Worthies.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hyderabad, Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan, 7th Nizam of

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​HYDERABAD, SIR MIR OSMAN ALI KHAN, 7th Nizam of (1886–), was born April 6 1886 and succeeded his father, Sir Mir Mahbub Ali Khan, on his death on Aug. 29 1911. His education had been under an English tutor, Sir Brian Egerton, and a nobleman of the state, of scholarly attainments, Imad ul Mulk (Saiyid Husain Bilgrami). Soon after accession he abandoned the traditional system of governing through a Diwan, and for five years was his own prime minister. In 1919 he constituted an executive council, with Sir Ali Ima, a former law member of the Government of India, as president, and with eight other members, each in charge of one or more departments. This was the beginning of various constitutional reforms, including the transformation of the nominated legislature into a mainly elective body. The great services of India's premier prince in the World War maintained the fine traditions of his predecessors as the faithful allies of Britain. When Turkey joined the Central Powers the Nizam issued a proclamation enjoining on his subjects, and impressing on his Moslem co-religionists throughout India, the duty of firm and steadfast devotion to the British cause. When the Khalifat agitation respecting the peace terms with Turkey arose among the Mahommedans he prohibited anti-British propaganda in his dominions. The large body of imperial service troops maintained by the Nizam was employed at full strength throughout the war in the Eastern theatres, and he actively coöperated in recruiting work. In addition to many gifts of money, the Nizam spontaneously bore the cost of the maintenance in the field of a cavalry regiment, 20th Deccan Horse, of which he was hon. colonel, at a cost of Rs.153 lakhs. The war expenses of the State amounted to over three-fifths of the annual income. His Highness, already a G.C.S.I., was awarded the G.B.E., was promoted to hon. lieutenant-general in the British army, and in 1918 King George V. conferred upon, him the new and special title of Exalted Highness. Two features of his progressive rule must be selected for mention. To obviate possibility of repetition of the devastating floods which in 1908 caused great loss of life and property in the city of Hyderabad, and to provide adequate water supply, a great dam enclosing a lake was built across the river Musi; many fine new public buildings were erected, and the amenities of the city greatly improved. The establishment there of the Osmania University represented the first serious attempt in India to impart higher instruction through the principal vernacular, Urdu, displacing English, which was taught only as a language. (F. H. Br.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Huggins, Margaret Lindsay, Lady

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HUGGINS, MARGARET LINDSAY, Lady (1848-1915), English astronomer, was born in Dublin Aug. 14 1848, the daughter of John Murray, a Dublin solicitor, and married Sir William Huggins in 1875. From childhood she had been interested in astronomy and entered with enthusiasm into her husband's work (see 13.857). She published lives of G. P. Maggini and of Agnes and Ellen Clerke, as well as various scientific papers, both alone and in collaboration with her husband, whom she survived for nearly five years, dying in London March 24 1915.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/House, Edward Mandell

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HOUSE, EDWARD MANDELL (1858-), American politician, was born at Houston, Tex., July 26 1858. He was educated at the Hopkins grammar school, New Haven, Conn., and at Cornell University (A.B. 1877). He returned to Texas, where he became interested in politics. He never sought office, but as a trusted adviser he became influential in the Democratic party. He became a friend of President Wilson, with whose political ideals he sympathized, and after the outbreak of the World War in 1914 visited the belligerent countries as the President's personal representative, conferring with the leading diplomats informally and advising American ambassadors of the President's attitude on various questions. He himself repeatedly declared that he was not a peace envoy. In 1915 and in 1916 he was again in Europe observing conditions and from time to time making confidential reports to the President. This method of approaching foreign Governments through private personal contact instead of stereotyped diplomatic formality brought
some criticism upon the President, many believing that the powers of the recognized head of the State Department were being infringed upon. In 1917 he was elected a director of the Fort Worth (Tex.) Record. After America's entrance into the World War in 1917 Col. House was appointed to gather information which the U.S. peace representatives would need when the terms of peace should ultimately be discussed. He represented the United States at the Inter-Allied Conference in Paris, Nov. 1917. In Dec. of the same year he represented the United States in the Supreme War Council at Versailles. In 1918 he was delegated by the President to act for the United States in negotiating the Armistice and was a member of the American Peace Commission. He took a prominent part in drafting the Peace Treaty in 1919. In 1920 he joined the staff of the Philadelphia Public Ledger, and visited Europe as a correspondent of that paper.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Humperdinck, Engelbert

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​HUMPERDINCK, ENGELBERT (1854–1921), German musical composer (see 13.891), produced in 1897 the opera Konigskinder, which, with some later additions, became very popular. Another opera, Die Heirat wider Willen, appeared at Berlin in 1905, and in 1912 Humperdinck produced the incidental music for the English production of The Miracle, himself coming to England to superintend the rehearsals. His last opera, Die Marketendcrin, was played at Cologne in 1914. He died at Neu Strelitz Sept. 27 1921.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hutton, Arthur Wollaston

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HUTTON, ARTHUR WOLLASTON (1848-1912), English divine and author, was born at Spridlington, Lincs., Sept. 5 1848. A scholar of Exeter College, Oxford, he took orders in the Church of England in 1872, but under Newman's influence became a Roman Catholic, and from 1876-83 was a member of the Edgbaston Oratorian community. He changed his views, however, renounced Roman Catholicism, and became known as an agnostic and free-thinker. For some years he was librarian at the National Liberal Club in London, but in 1898 he was readmitted to the English Church, and from 1903 to his death he was rector of Bow Church, London. His absolute sincerity and great intellectual ability were recognized by all. He was the author of a Life of Manning (1892). He died at Blackheath March 25 1912.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hughes, Arthur

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HUGHES, ARTHUR (1832-1915), English painter, was born in London Jan. 27 1832. In 1846 he entered the art school at Somerset House, his first master being Alfred Stevens, and later entered the Royal Academy schools. Here he met Millais and Holman Hunt, and became one of the pre-Raphaelite group of painters. His first picture, “Musidora,” was hung at the Royal Academy when he was only 17, and henceforth he contributed almost annually not only to the Royal Academy but later also to the Grosvenor and New Gallery exhibitions. He also became widely known as an illustrator of books, his work in Good Words for the Young (1869) attracting much attention. With Morris, Rossetti and Burne-Jones he was responsible for the decorations of the hall of the Union Society at Oxford, which have now perished. He died at Kew Green Dec. 22 1915.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hughes, Charles Evans

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HUGHES, CHARLES EVANS (1862-), American statesman, was born at Glen Falls, N.Y., April 11 1862. He graduated from Brown University in 1881. He then studied law at Columbia (LL.B. 1884). He was admitted to the bar in 1884 and for seven years practised in New York City. From 1891 to 1893 he was professor of law at Cornell and then resumed practice in New York City, serving at the same time for several years as lecturer in the New York Law school. In 1905 he was counsel for a commission appointed by the New York Legislature to investigate the cost of gas, and in the same and the following year was counsel for a legislative committee for investigating life-insurance companies. This investigation revealed many irregularities in the management of the companies and led to the
passage by the Legislature of New York and of other states of remedial legislation. The same year he was nominated by the Republicans for mayor of New York City but declined to run. In 1906 he was elected governor of New York State, defeating William Randolph Hearst, and was reëlected in 1908. He resigned in Oct. 1910 after being appointed associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court by President Taft. In 1916 he resigned from the Supreme Court on being nominated for the presidency by the Republicans, but was narrowly defeated by President Woodrow Wilson, who had been renominated by the Democrats. Hughes's election was considered assured when the campaign began; but though he “stumped” the country widely he disappointed the people because he took no definite position on any of the specific questions involving the stand of America in the World War and especially as regards the sinking of the “Lusitania.” The result of the election was doubtful until a full count had been made, and eventually hinged upon Minnesota and California, normally Republican states. Hughes carried Minnesota by a few hundred votes but lost California by a few thousand. The electoral vote was 276 for Wilson against 255 for Hughes. The popular vote was 9,116,000 for Wilson against 8,547,000 for Hughes. The following year he again entered upon the practice of law in New York City. In 1917 he was appointed chairman of the Draft Appeals Board of New York City by Governor Whitman, and the following year was special assistant to the U.S. Attorney-General, in charge of the investigation of alleged waste and delay in the construction of aircraft. He was president of the New York State Bar Association in 1917-8 and of the Legal Aid Society 1917-9. He was opposed to Article X. of the League of Nations Covenant and urged special recognition of the Monroe Doctrine. He was the leader of the New York Bar Assn. in its opposition to the expulsion of the Socialists from the N.Y. State Legislature in 1920. In 1921 he entered the Cabinet of President Harding as Secretary of State. He was one of the four U.S. delegates to the Conference on Limitation of Armament, held in Washington, D.C., Nov. 1921, and was elected permanent chairman (see Washington Conference).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Howells, William Dean

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HOWELLS, WILLIAM DEAN (1837-1920), American novelist (see 13.839), died in New York May 11 1920. In 1915 he received the gold medal of the National Institute of Arts and Letters for his work in fiction. To within a short time before his death he continued to contribute to the “Editor's Easy Chair” of Harper's Monthly. His later works included My Mark Twain (1910); Imaginary Interviews (1910); Parting Friends: A Farce (1911); Familiar Spanish Travels (1913); New Leaf Mills: a Chronicle (1913); The Seen and Unseen at Stratford-on-Avon: a Fantasy (1914); The Daughter of the Storage and Other Things in Prose and Verse (1916); The Leatherwood God (1916) and Years of My Youth (1916). In 1920 he edited with an
introduction The Great Modern American Stories. He left unfinished Years of My Middle Life.