OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Kerr, John

​KERR, JOHN (1824–1907), physicist, born on 17 Dec. 1824 at Ardrossan, Ayrshire, was second son of Thomas Kerr, a fish-dealer. He was educated at a village school in Skye, and proceeded to the University of Glasgow, attending classes from 1841 to 1849. From 1846 he studied under William Thomson, afterwards Lord Kelvin [q. v. Suppl. II], and on graduation in 1849 he obtained Lord Eglinton's prize as the most distinguished student in mathematics and natural philosophy. Although a divinity student, he was one of the earliest to engage in research work in the 'coalhole' in which Thomson had set up the first physical laboratory in Great Britain. After some time spent in teaching, Kerr was ordained a minister of the Free church, but did not take clerical duty. In 1857 he was appointed lecturer in mathematics to the Glasgow Free Church Training College for Teachers. This post he held for forty-four years, until his retirement in 1901. Here he set up a small laboratory, spending all his spare time in research. His name is associated with two great discoveries affecting the nature of light — the bi-refringence caused in glass and other insulators when placed in an intense electric field, and the change produced in polarised light by reflection from the polished pole of an electromagnet. The series of papers describing the first of these phenomena appeared in the 'Philosophical Magazine' from 1875 onwards; the second discovery was communicated to the British Association at its Glasgow meeting in 1876, and caused intense excitement among the physicists there. The mathematical theory of this 'Kerr effect' was first worked out by George Francis FitzGerald [q. v. Suppl. II], and more recently by Sir Joseph Larmor. Kerr's only independently published works are 'The Metric System' (1863) and 'An Elementary Treatise on Rational Mechanics' (1867). The latter of these procured him the honorary degree of LL.D. from his university. He was elected F.R.S. in 1890, and received the royal medal in 1898. He continued to publish the results of his researches in the 'Philosophical Transactions' till near his death. He was awarded in 1902 a civil list pension of l00l. a year. He died at Glasgow on 18 Aug. 1907. He married Marion, daughter of Col. Balfour of Orkney, and had three sons and four daughters.
[Proc. Roy. Soc, 82a, 1909, p. 1; The Times, 19 Aug. 1907; Nature, 3 Oct. 1907; Who's Who, 1907.]
R. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Kinahan, George Henry

​KINAHAN, GEORGE HENRY (1829–1908), geologist, born in Dublin on 19 Dec. 1829, was one of the fifteen children of Daniel Kinahan, barrister-at-law, by his wife Louisa Stuart Millar. Passing out from Trinity College, Dublin, with an engineering diploma in 1853, he was employed as an assistant on the construction of the railway viaduct over the Boyne at Drogheda. In 1854 he entered the Irish branch of the geological survey, under J. Beete Jukes [q. v.], and gained an intimate acquaintance with the geology of Ireland during thirty-six years of energetic work. He became district surveyor in 1869, and a large part of the geological map on the scale of one inch to one mile is due to his personal investigation. At his death no one had so wide a knowledge of local facts of Irish geological structure, or of the history of mining and kindred enterprises in the country. Kinahan was interested also in Irish archaeology. He was a member of the Royal Irish Academy, and served long upon its council.
Kinahan was eminent in geology as a field-worker rather than as a writer; but his books and his contributions to the 'Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland' and to scientific periodicals in Ireland and England are mines of information. His style, especially in controversy, was often more vigorous than precise. His 'Manual of the Geology of Ireland' (1878) contains the results of much original observation. The classification adopted for the palaeozoic strata was modelled on certain suggestions of Jukes, and has ceased to meet with acceptance. An important compilation, largely from his own notes, entitled 'Economic Geology of Ireland,' which appeared as a series of papers in the Journal of the Royal ​Geological Society of Ireland, was issued separately in 1889.
Kinahan was of strong and massive build; he died at his residence, Woodlands, Clontarf, Dublin, on 5 Dec. 1908, being buried in the Protestant churchyard at Ovoca, co. Wicklow. He married Harriet Ann, daughter of Capt. Samuel Gerrard, 3rd King's own dragoon guards, and had by her three sons and five daughters.
Kinahan's smaller works are: 1. (With Maxwell Henry Close [q. v. Suppl. II]) 'The General Glaciation of Iar-Connaught,' 1872. 2. 'Handy-book of Rock-names,' 1873. 3. 'Valleys and their Relation to Fissures, Fractures, and Faults,' 1875. 4. (With A. McHenry) 'Reclamation of Waste Lands in Ireland,' 1882. 5. 'Superficial and Agricultural Geology, Ireland, 2 pts. 1908.
[Abstract of Minutes, Royal Irish Acad., 16 Mar. 1909; Geol. Mag. 1909, p. 142 (with portrait); Irish Naturalist, 1909, p. 29 (with portrait); personal knowledge.]
G. A. J. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/King, Haynes

​KING, HAYNES (1831–1904), genre painter, born at Barbados in Dec. 1831, was son of Robert M. King by his wife Maria. Coming to London in 1854, he became a student at Leigh's (afterwards Heatherley's) Academy in Newman Street, London. He first exhibited in 1857 at the Society of British Artists, of which he was elected a member in 1864; many of his works appeared at its exhibitions, and forty-eight were shown at the Royal Academy between 1860 and 1904. He worked at one period with Thomas Faed, R.A. [q. v.], whose influence is shown in his work. He painted efficiently, if without original power, genre subjects, interiors, landscapes, and coast scenes with figures. Among his works were 'Looking Out' (1860), 'The Lace Maker' (1866), 'A Water-Carrier, Rome' (1869), 'Homeless' (1872), 'News from the Cape' (1879), 'Approaching Footsteps' (1883), 'Getting Granny's Advice' (1890), 'The New Gown (1892), and 'Latest Intelligence,' which appeared at the Royal Academy in 1904. His 'Jealousy and Flirtation' (a cottage interior dated 1874) is at the Bethnal Green Museum, and 'An Interesting Paragraph' is at the City Art Gallery, Leeds.
King resided latterly at 103 Finchley Road, N.W. After long months of ill-health he committed suicide on 17 May 1904 at the Swiss Cottage station of the Metropolitan railway, London. He married in 1866 Annie Elizabeth Wilson, a widow, and left no family.
[Information kindly supplied by Mr. Yeend King. V.P.R.I.; The Times. 18 and 21 May 1904; Art Journal, 1904. p. 272; H. Blackburn, English Art in 1884, p. 228 (reproduction); Graves. Dict. of Artists and Roy. Acad. Exhibitors; Cats. of R.B.A. (some containing reproductions), Victoria and Albert Museum (oil paintings), and City Art Gallery.]
B. S. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Watson, Peter William

​WATSON, PETER WILLIAM (1761–1830), botanist, was born at Hull in 1761, being baptised at Holy Trinity Church on 26 Aug. in that year. Educated at the grammar school under Joseph Milner [q. v.], and occupied in early life in trade; he was an enthusiastic student of botany, entomology, chemistry, and mineralogy, and a skilful landscape-painter. In 1812 he took an active part in the establishment of the Hull botanic garden. In his ‘Dendrologia Britannica’ he alludes (p. xii) to his ‘own endeavours to furnish the institution with many indigenous plants, which I collected at considerable expense and labour, by traversing the whole East Riding … in my gig, with proper apparatus for cutting up roots, collecting seeds, &c. of the rarer sorts, whose habitats had been rendered familiar to me from numerous previous herborisations.’ In 1824 and the following year he issued, in twenty-four parts, his ‘Dendrologia Britannica; or Trees and Shrubs that will live in the Open Air of Britain throughout the year.’ This work, which Loudon describes (Arboretum Britannicum, p. 188) as ‘the most scientific work devoted exclusively to trees which has hitherto been published in England,’ was completed in two octavo volumes, printed in Hull and published in London in 1825. It contains an introduction to descriptive botany, occupying seventy-two pages and 172 excellent coloured plates of exotic trees and shrubs, each accompanied by a page of technical description. Watson died at Cottingham, near Hull, on 1 Sept. 1830. He was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1824.
[R. W. Corlass's Sketches of Hull Authors, 1879.]
G. S. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Watson, Rundle Burges

​WATSON, RUNDLE BURGES (1809–1860), captain R.N., eldest son of Captain Joshua Rowley Watson (1772–1810), was born in 1809. He entered the navy in November 1821, and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant on 7 Oct. 1829. He afterwards served on the coast of Portugal and on the ​North American station, till in November 1837 he was appointed to the Calliope frigate, with Captain (afterwards Sir Thomas) Herbert (1793–1861) [q. v.] After two years on the coast of Brazil the Calliope was sent to China, where she was actively employed during the first Chinese war. On 6 May 1841 Watson was promoted to the rank of commander, and was moved with Herbert to the Blenheim; and while in her was repeatedly engaged with the enemy, either in command of boats or landing parties. On 23 Dec. 1842 he was advanced to post rank, and the next day, 24 Dec., was nominated a C.B. From February 1846 to October 1849 he commanded the Brilliant, a small frigate, on the Cape of Good Hope station; and in December 1852 was appointed to the Impérieuse, a new 50-gun steam frigate, then, and for some years later, considered one of the finest ships in the navy. In 1854 she was sent up the Baltic in advance of the fleet, Watson being senior officer of the squadron of small vessels appointed to watch the breaking up of the ice, and to see that no Russian ships of war got to sea. It was an arduous service well performed. The Impérieuse continued with the flying squadron in the Baltic during the campaigns of 1854 and 1855. After the peace she was sent to the North American station, and returned to England and was paid off early in 1857. In June 1859 Watson was appointed captain-superintendent of Sheerness dockyard, where he died on 5 July 1860. He was married and left issue; his son, Captain Burges Watson, R.N., is now (1899) superintendent of Pembroke Dockyard.
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Watson, Robert (fl.1555)

​WATSON, ROBERT (fl. 1555), protestant, was born in the city of Norwich. Under Edward VI he attained considerable fame as a civilian, and became steward to Archbishop Cranmer. On the accession of Mary he was deprived of his post and returned to Norwich. There he was arrested for his opinions, and, after a month's imprisonment, sent to London to appear before the council, by whom he was sent back to be confined in the bishop's palace. After an imprisonment of a year and four months he was examined on his views concerning the eucharist. He was set at liberty through the good offices of John Barret (d. 1563) [q. v.], on declaring that he held the doctrine of transubstantiation as far as it was expounded in scripture and understood by the catholic church and the fathers. John Christopherson [q. v.], the dean of Norwich, regarding this profession as equivocal, endeavoured again to lay hands on him, but he succeeded in escaping to the continent. While in exile he published an account of his trial and his controversy with his examiners, entitled ‘Ætiologia Roberti Watsoni Angli,’ 1556, 8vo. The preface is dated 1 Nov. 1555, but the place of publication is unknown.
[Watson's Ætiologia; Strype's Memorials of Cranmer, 1812, pp. 450, 610.]
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Watson, Robert (fl.1581-1605)

​WATSON, ROBERT (fl. 1581–1605), almanac-maker, matriculated as a sizar of Queens' College, Cambridge, on 22 Nov. 1581, and proceeded B.A. from Clare Hall in 1584–5. He had returned to Queens' College by 1589, in which year he was licensed by the university to practise physic. He pursued his profession at Braintree in Essex, and combined the study of medicine with that of astrology. He published for several years an almanac containing a forecast for the year. The earliest extant appeared in 1595, entitled ‘Watsonn. 1595. A new Almanacke and Prognostication for … 1595. … By Robert Watson. Imprinted at London by Richarde Watkins and James Robertes,’ 8vo. There is a copy at Lambeth; copies in the British Museum are dated respectively 1598 and 1605, the latter copy being among the Bagford papers.
[Cooper's Athenæ Cantabr. iii. 310; Gray's Index to Hazlitt's Collections.]
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Watson, Robert (1730?-1781)

​WATSON, ROBERT (1730?–1781), historian, son of an apothecary and brewer in St. Andrews, was born there about 1730. After studying at St. Andrews, Glasgow, and Edinburgh, he was licensed as a preacher of the Gospel; but having failed to obtain a presentation to one of the churches in St. Andrews, he was shortly afterwards appointed professor of logic in St. Salvator's College, of which he was promoted to be principal in 1777. The same year he was also presented by George III to the church and parish of St. Leonard. In 1777 he published, at London, in two volumes quarto, a ‘History of Philip II of Spain [1548–1598],’ which was praised by Horace Walpole, and had a great temporary popularity, being translated into French, German, and Dutch, and reaching a seventh edition by 1812; the work was subsequently superseded by that of the American historian Prescott. At the time of his death, on 31 March 1781, he was engaged on a ‘History of the Reign of Philip III, King of Spain [1598–1621],’ which was completed by Dr. William ​Thomson, and published in 1783 (London, 4to; revised edition 1808 and 1839; French translation 1809). This remains useful as filling a gap between Prescott and Coxe.
Watson married, on 29 June 1757, Margaret Shaw, by whom he left five daughters.
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Smith, William Saumarez

​SMITH, WILLIAM SAUMAREZ (1836–1909), archbishop of Sydney, born at St. Helier's, Jersey, on 14 Jan. 1836, was son of Richard Snowden Smith, prebendary of Chichester, by his wife Anne, daughter of Thomas Robin of Jersey. He entered Marlborough College in 1846, and obtained a scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1855. In 1857 he won the Carus Greek Testament (undergraduate's) prize; in 1858 he graduated B.A. (first class, classical tripos); in 1859 was placed in the first class (middle bachelors) of the theological examination, won the Scholefield prize, the Carus Greek Testament (bachelor's) prize, and Crosse scholarship. In 1860 he won the Tyrwhitt Hebrew scholarship and was elected fellow of his college. He proceeded M.A. in 1862, and won the Seatonian prize for an English sacred poem in 1864 and 1866.
Ordained deacon in 1859, priest in 1860, he was curate of St. Paul's, Cambridge (1859–61). In 1861 he went out to India as chaplain to Frederick Gell, bishop of Madras, and remained there till 1865, learning Tamil, and associating himself with missionary work. Returning to Cambridge as curate of Trumpington (1866), he became vicar there in 1867, and was awarded the Maitland prize for an essay on ‘Obstacles to Missionary Success.’ In 1869 he accepted the principalship of St. Aidan's, Birkenhead, a theological college then at a low ebb. He raised it to prosperity, wiping out a heavy debt and creating an endowment fund. He also served from 1869 to 1890 as examining chaplain to the bishop of Norwich, and in 1880 was made hon. canon of Chester. ​In 1889, on the retirement of Bishop Alfred Barry [q. v. Suppl. II] from the see of Sydney, Smith was elected his successor by the Australian bishops when nomination had been declined by Handley Carr Glyn Moule, afterwards bishop of Durham. He was consecrated at St. Paul's Cathedral on 24 June 1890. He was made D.D. at Cambridge in that year and at Oxford in 1897. As metropolitan of New South Wales and primate of Australia, Smith, with the approval of the Lambeth conference, assumed in 1897 the title of archbishop. His Austrahan rule was useful rather than eventful. An evangelical of wide sympathies, a hard worker, and a firm though kind administrator, he died at Sydney on 18 April 1909.
Smith married in 1870 Florence, daughter of Lewis Deedes, rector of Braintfield, Hertfordshire; she died in 1890, leaving one son and seven daughters. Smith was a contributor of biblical articles to the 'Encyclopædia Britannica' (8th edit.) and published : 1. 'Obstacles to Missionary Success' (Maitland prize essay), 1868. 2. 'Christian Faith: Five Sermons preached before the University of Cambridge,' 1869. 3. 'Lessons on the Book of Genesis,' 1879. 4. 'The Blood of the Covenant,' 1889. A posthumous volume, 'Capernaum and other Poems,' appeared in 1911.
[Record, 23 and 30 April 1909; Guardian, 21 April 1909; Cambridge University Calendar; personal knowledge.]
A. R. B.
# Dundas v. Hitchcock

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
53 U.S. 256
Dundas v. Hitchcock

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dundee and Courier Argus/1897/Obituary: William Galloway

The Dundee Courier & Argus (Dundee, Scotland), Thursday, September 16, 1897; pg. 3; Issue 13797.
Death of a Galloway Antiquary and Poet. —Mr William Galloway, who has been employed for the last twelve or thirteen years in excavating the foundations of the old Cathedral at Whithorn, died in Saturday evening after a short illness. Mr Galloway, who was about sixty-five years of age, was born in Edinburgh, educated at the High School there, and afterwards apprenticed to Mr Patrick Wilson, architect, Queen Street, Edinburgh. He was a great reader of all kinds of literature, and early took to painting, and has executed some very fine paintings. He turned is mind early to ecclesiastical architecture. Old monuments of all kinds had a strong attraction for him, and his skill in seeing the significant marks and deciphering characters on old stones was very great and exact. He was well versed in several languages, including Hebrew and Greek. Mr Galloway was a man of broad philosophic mind, and was a poet of some eminence.
This work was published in 1897 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 126 years or less since publication.
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# Dunes and Dreams: A History of White Sands National Monument

​INTERMOUNTAIN FIELD AREA INTERMOUNTAIN CULTURAL RESOURCE CENTER, DIVISION OF HISTORY
Dunes and Dreams: A History of White Sands National Monument
ADMINISTRATIVE HISTORY WHITE SANDS NATIONAL MONUMENT NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
by Michael Welsh
Intermountain Cultural Resource Center Professional Paper No. 55
page
The cover photograph is courtesy of Michael Collier.
Division of History Intermountain Cultural Resource Center Intermountain Field Area National Park Service Department of the Interior
As the nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has basic responsibilities to protect and conserve our land and water, energy and minerals, fish and wildlife, parks and recreation areas, and to ensure the wise use of all these resources. The Department also has major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for the people who live in island territories under U. S. administration.
page
Dunes and Dreams: A History of White Sands National Monument
Michael Welsh
Intermountain Cultural Resource Center Professional Paper No. 55
Santa Fe, New Mexico 1995
page
Table of Contents
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dunes and Dreams: A History of White Sands National Monument/Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank the many individuals and organizations that expedited the research and writing of this manuscript. These include Dennis Ditmanson, superintendent of White Sands National Monument, and staff members Bill Fuchs, John Mangimeli, Paul Menard, and Jerry Yarbrough (now superintendent of Fort Davis National Historic Site). In the Southwest Region of the NPS, Santa Fe, the author wishes to thank Neil Mangum, Regional Historian, his assistant Art Gomez, his secretary Jo Ann Ortiz, Stella Moya, and Amalin Ferguson, Regional Librarian. At the New Mexico State Records Center and Archives, Santa Fe, thanks go to Richard Salazar and Alvin Regensberg. Austin Hoover, director of the Rio Grande Collections at the New Mexico State University Library, also provided valuable assistance. The National Archives and Records Administration staff in Denver is to be thanked, including Joel Barker, Eileen Bolger, and Joan Howard of the Archives, and Robert Svenningsen of the Federal Records Center. Valuable assistance also came from staffers at the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, DC, especially Robert Kvasnicka. Finally, thanks go to my wife, Cynthia, and daughter, Jacquie, whose patience and good cheer made research and writing much more enjoyable.
Michael Welsh Greeley, Colorado April 1995
# Duncan v. United States (493 U.S. 906)/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Dissenting Opinion White
United States Supreme Court
493 U.S. 906
Ovie L. Duncan v. The United States
No. 88-7294.
Denied.
Justice WHITE, dissenting.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dundee Mortgage Trust Investment Company v. Hughes

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
124 U.S. 157
Dundee Mortgage Trust Investment Company v. Hughes
Thos. De Witt Cuyler and Geo. F. Edmunds, for plaintiff in error.
J. N. Dolph, for defendant in error.
WAITE, C. J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse