OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Edward H. Thayer

​EDWARD H. THAYER, journalist, was born in Windham, Maine, November 27, 1832. He graduated at East Corinth Academy in 1850 and came to Cleveland, Ohio, where he attended medical lectures and paid his way by work on the daily papers. He read law and in the spring of 1853 was admitted to the bar. Coming to Iowa he located at Muscatine and began the practice of his profession and served four years as county attorney. In 1860 he was a delegate from Iowa to the Democratic National Convention at Charleston which nominated Stephen A. Douglas for President. In 1862 Judge Thayer was the Democratic candidate for Congress in the Second District against Hiram Price, but was defeated. While in Muscatine Judge Thayer acquired a taste for newspaper work and removing to Clinton in 1808 established the Clinton Age, which soon became one of the ablest Democratic journals in eastern Iowa. In 1875 Judge Thayer was elected Representative in the House of the Sixteenth General Assembly and in the following year was appointed by Governor Kirkwood trustee of the State Normal School where he served several years as president of the board. In 1876 he was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention and an earnest supporter of the nomination of Samuel J. Tilden for President. In 1880 he was the Iowa member of the Mississippi River States Commission and took an active part in the work of that body. In 1884 Judge Thayer was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention at Chicago where he was the Iowa member of the committee on resolutions and author of the tariff plank in the platform. In 1885 he was appointed postmaster at Clinton by President Cleveland. Judge Thayer has been an active promoter of numerous railroads and was for a time president of the Iowa Southwestern Railroad Company. For nearly half a century he has been one of the most influential leaders of the Democratic party in Iowa, helping to formulate its platforms and often presiding over its State Conventions.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Edward R. Mason

​ EDWARD R. MASON was born December 8, 1846, at Franklinville, Cattaraugus County, New York, and at eleven years of age came with his parents to Bentonsport, Iowa. His boyhood years were spent in Van Buren County. He took a course of medicine at the Keokuk Medical College and practiced a short time. In 1864 he enlisted in Company K, in the Forty-fifth Regiment of “hundred days men,” serving until the close of the war as corporal. In politics Mr. Mason is a Republican and in 1869 he was appointed deputy clerk of the United States District and Circuit Courts. Five years later he was promoted to clerk of these courts, serving until 1900, when he resigned as clerk of the District Court retaining the clerkship of the Circuit Court. He has long held the positions of Master of Chancery and Commissioner in the Circuit Court. His home has been in Des Moines since 1869.
# Gulf Oil Corporation v. Gilbert

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
330 U.S. 501
Gulf Oil Corporation v. Gilbert
Argued: Dec. 18, 19, 1946. --- Decided: March 10, 1947
Messrs. Bernard A. Golding and Archie D. Gray, both of Houston, Tex., for petitioner.
Mr. Max J. Gwertzman, of New York City, for respondent.
Mr. Justice JACKSON delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Gulf M&N Railroad Co. v. Helvering

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
293 U.S. 295
Gulf M&N Railroad Co. v. Helvering
No. 413 Argued: Nov. 13, 1934. --- Decided: Dec 3, 1934
Mr. George E. H. Goodner, of Washington, D.C., for petitioner.
The Attorney General and Mr. Robert N. Anderson, of Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Gulf M&N Railroad Co. v. Helvering/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
Certiorari was granted in this case 'limited to the question of the right of the taxpayer to deductions on account of amortization of bond discount.' 293 U.S. 548, 55 S.Ct. 141, 79 L.Ed. --. At various dates between 1913 and 1916, Meridian & Memphis Railway Company sold its thirty-year 5 per cent. gold bonds at a discount. During the years 1924 to 1926, inclusive, while petitioner was the owner and holder of the entire bond issue, it joined with the Meridian & Memphis in filing consolidated income tax returns as affiliated corporations. In each year the latter deducted from gross income the amortized bond discount. The deductions were disallowed by the Commissioner. His action was sustained by the Board of Tax Appeals, 22 B.T.A. 233, and by the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. 63 App.D.C. 244, 71 F.(2d) 953. The question presented is the same as that decided this day in Old Mission Portland Cement Company v. Helvering, 293 U.S. 289, 55 S.Ct. 158, 79 L.Ed. 367. the judgment of the court below was therefore right and is
Affirmed.
Mr. Justice BUTLER and Mr. Justice ROBERTS think the judgment should be reversed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Gulf Oil Corporation v. Lewellyn

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
248 U.S. 71
Gulf Oil Corporation v. Lewellyn
Argued: Nov. 4, 1918. --- Decided: Dec 9, 1918
Messrs. William A. Seifert and James H. Beal, both of Pittsburgh, Pa., for plaintiff.
Mr. William C. Herron, of Washington, D. C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice HOLMES delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Gulf Railway Company v. Ellis

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.

## Dissenting Opinion

    Gray
United States Supreme Court
165 U.S. 150
Gulf Railway Company v. Ellis
[Syllabus from pages 150-152 intentionally omitted]
E. D. Kenna and J. W. Terry, for plaintiff in error.
Mr. Justice BREWER, after stating the facts in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Warner Lewis

​ WARNER LEWIS, one of the pioneers of northern Iowa, was born in Goochland County, Virginia, in November, 1805. He emigrated to the mining region of Michigan Territory in 1827 and was appointed clerk of the United States District Court of that Territory. He served in the Black Hawk War and in 1833 removed to Dubuque. At the first session of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature Mr. Lewis served as chief clerk of the House of Representatives. Upon the creation of Iowa Territory in 1838 he was elected to the Council of the First Legislative Assembly where he took a prominent part in framing the first laws. In 1841 he was again a member of the Assembly and was chosen Speaker of the House. In 1850 ​he was elected to the State Senate where he served four years. He was appointed by Governor Lucas Major-General of the Iowa militia and assisted in its organization. In 1845 he was appointed Register of the United States Land Office at Dubuque. In 1853 he was appointed by President Pierce Surveyor-General for Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota and at the expiration of his term was reappointed by President Buchanan. He served twenty-four years as recorder of Dubuque County. Mr. Lewis was a prominent member of the Democratic party during all of his mature life and died in Dubuque, May 4, 1888, at the age of eighty-three.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Washington I. Babb

​ WASHINGTON I. BABB was born in Des Moines County, Iowa, October 2, 1844. His education was begun in the public schools and continued in the Wesleyan University at Mount Pleasant. Early in 1863 he enlisted in the Eighth Iowa Cavalry, serving with his regiment in the Army of the Cumberland until the close of the war. He took part in the Atlanta campaign, the battles of Franklin and Nashville and the Wilson expedition through Alabama and Georgia. Upon his return to Mount Pleasant, Mr. Babb reëntered the University, graduating in 1866. He studied law, was admitted to the bar and entered upon practice in 1868. He was a member of the law firm of Woolson & Babb, which for eighteen years was regarded as one of the ablest in that section of the State. Although originally a Republican, Mr. Babb differed with his party on reconstruction policy and united with the Democrats after the war. In 1883 he was elected to the House of the Twentieth General Assembly in a strong Republican county, serving as a member of the committees on judiciary and railroads. In 1890 he was chosen judge of the Second Judicial District, resuming practice upon leaving the bench in 1895. When the free silver issue became prominent Judge Babb was largely instrumental in securing the adoption of a sound money platform at the Democratic State Convention of 1895, which nominated him for Governor. In 1896 he received the Democratic vote in the General Assembly for United States Senator. He adhered to the sound money wing of the party in the campaign of 1896. Judge Babb has taken a deep interest in education, serving for more than twenty years as a trustee of the Iowa Wesleyan University, and several years as regent of the State University. The former institution has conferred upon him the degree of LL. D.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Washington L. Elliott

​WASHINGTON L. ELLIOTT was an officer in the regular army when the War of the Rebellion began. He had served in the War with Mexico and attained the rank of captain. Later he distinguished himself in the Indian wars of the West. On the 14th of September, 1861, he was commissioned colonel of the Second Iowa Cavalry. In June, 1862, Colonel Elliott was promoted to Brigadier-General and soon after was made Chief of Cavalry in the army under General Pope in his Virginia campaign. Later he was transferred to the army of the Cumberland and became Chief of Cavalry to General Thomas. After the Battle of Nashville he was promoted to brevet Major-General for distinguished services. After the close of the war he returned to the regular army as colonel of the Third Cavalry. In 1879 he was placed on the retired list and died in San Francisco on the 29th of June, 1888.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Willard Barrows

​ WILLARD BARROWS was one of the first Government surveyors of the public lands of Iowa. He was born at Munson, Massachusetts, in 1806 and received a good education. In 1832 he was employed in surveying the lands of the Choctaw Purchase and later the swamp lands of the Yazoo River. In 1837 he came to Iowa and was employed in the first surveys of the “Black Hawk Purchase,” along the Wapsipinicon River. In 1838 he located with his family at the new town of Rockingham on the Iowa side of the Mississippi River, five miles below Rock Island. In 1840 he surveyed the islands in the Mississippi between the Rock River and Quincy. In 1853 he made a careful examination of northern Iowa and published an excellent map of the State, with descriptive notes. It was by far the best map of Iowa that had been made and was adopted as the official map of the State, when published in 1854. Mr. Barrows was an extensive traveler over the American continent and an accomplished writer. He was the author of the first history of Scott County, which was published in the old Annals of Iowa.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Warren S. Dungan

WARREN S. DUNGAN
​ WARREN S. DUNGAN was born at Frankfort Springs, Beaver County, Pennsylvania, on the 12th of September, 1822. He was reared on a farm, attending school in the winter months and assisting in the work of the farm during the summers. When eighteen years of age he entered Frankfort Academy. He taught school winters, after leaving the academy, until he was twenty-eight, earning money to enable him to study law. He was admitted to the bar in 1856 and came to Iowa, locating at Chariton. where he opened a law office. In 1861 he was elected on the Republican ticket to the State Senate for four years. When the war began he was active in raising troops for the Union armies and in the organization of the Thirty-fourth Infantry, was appointed lieutenant-colonel, ​sharing all of the perils and glories of that regiment throughout its term of service. During the last year he was on the staff of Major-General C. C. Andrews, as Inspector-General. At the close of the war Colonel Dungan returned to Chariton and resumed the practice of law. In 1872 he was a delegate to the National Republican Convention which nominated General Grant for a second term and was one of the presidential electors chosen in November. In 1880 he was a member of the Eighteenth General Assembly and was reëlected to the House of the Nineteenth General Assembly. In 1887 he was again elected to the Senate and served a full term of four years. In 1893 Colonel Dungan was nominated by the Republican State Convention for Lieutenant-Governor and elected by a plurality over Bestow, Democrat, of 36,904. His long legislative experience made him an accomplished President of the Senate.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Washington Galland

​ WASHINGTON GALLAND was born June 20, 1827, near Nauvoo, Illinois. He grew to manhood among the half-breed Indians and early pioneers of the Mississippi valley, hunting, fishing and boating. He was a pupil of Berryman Jennings who taught the first school in Iowa in a rude log cabin. He acquired a good education in later years and in 1856 entered the law office of Rankin and Miller and was admitted to practice in 1859. In 1863 he was elected to the Legislature from Lee County where he had settled. When but nineteen years of age he enlisted with a Missouri cavalry regiment in the Mexican War, serving until its close. When the Civil War began Mr. Galland raised a company for the Sixth Iowa Infantry of which he was commissioned captain. He was taken prisoner at the Battle of Shiloh and was released after seven months. He has been a prominent member of the Pioneer Lawmakers' Association, to which he has contributed valuable papers.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Welker Given

​ WELKER GIVEN was born at Millersburg, Ohio, on the 18th of May, 1853, and is the son of Judge Josiah Given. He received a thorough education in Ohio and Iowa, as his father and family emigrated to the latter State in 1868. He served as private secretary to Governor Sherman and was, for several years, editor of the Peoria Daily Transcript and for a long time an editorial writer on the Chicago Tribune. He became one of the proprietors and editor of the Marshalltown Times, in which he first suggested the “Mulct Liquor Law” which was enacted by the Republicans upon the abandonment of prohibition. He has long been an accomplished writer and is the author of the “Tariff Riddle.” He is widely known as a Shakespearean scholar and recently published a work called “A Study of Othello.”
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Wilbur A. Reaser

​ WILBUR A. REASER, figure and portrait painter, was born at Antwerp, Ohio, in 1860. He came to Iowa with his father's family in 1866, locating at Homer, in Hamilton County. Mr. Reaser was educated in the public schools of Fort Dodge and when eighteen taught music and made crayon portraits. At the age of twenty he removed to Oakland, California, and studied in the art schools of San Francisco for four years, supporting himself by teaching music for which he had decided talent. About 1887 Mr. Reaser went to Europe where he spent nearly ten years in the study of art. Since returning to America he has made his home at Rockland Lake, New York. His most noted picture is “Mother and Child” for which he received the first Hallgarten prize in New York, and which was afterwards purchased by Andrew Carnegie for the permanent collection at Pittsburg. Mr. Reaser has painted a number of Iowa landscapes and of late many portraits of Iowa people.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Walter I. Smith

​ WALTER I. SMITH is a native of Council Bluffs, where he was born July 10, 1862. He received a public school education, taught school and studied law in the office of D. B. Dailey. In December, 1882, he was admitted to the bar. He was elected on the Republican ticket in 1890 judge of the Fifteenth Judicial District, which position he held by reëlections until September, 1900, when he resigned, having been nominated by the Republicans of the Ninth Congressional District for Representative in Congress to fill a vacancy. He was elected, serving in the Fifty-sixth Congress, was reëlected to the Fifty-seventh, where he was a member of the special committee to investigate “hazing” at the West Point Military Academy. Mr. Smith was a member of the committee on banking and currency, and also on elections. He was reëlected to the Fifty-eighth Congress; and in 1902 presided over the Republican State Convention at Des Moines where he made the opening address which sounded the keynote of the campaign.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Welcome Mowry

[Welcome Mowry]
​ WELCOME MOWRY was born in Putnam County, Illinois, April 3, 1842, and was educated in the common schools and Dover Academy. In 1861 he enlisted in Company D, Seventh Kansas Cavalry, and participated in the battles of Corinth, Cotfeyville, Tupelo, Iuka, Coldwater, Holly Springs, Oxford and Jackson. Mr. Mowry with four companions was sent to reconnoiter the position of the army of General Price at Abbyville and running into the camp guard, fell back in the darkness. The enemy alarmed at the encounter and ignorant of the size of the forces near at hand, hastily evacuated the town. This is probably the only instance on record where five men stampeded an army. One of Mr. Mowry's commanders has said of him:
“He was frequently on duty as scout in hazardous expeditious where his unflinching bravery, quick intelligence and sound judgment were signally displayed. He was an ideal soldier.”
Mr. Mowry was mustered out in September, 1864, but soon reenlisted in the One Hundred Fifty-first Illinois Infantry, serving until February, 1866, and as sergeant was in command of General Judea's headquarter guards. In 1867 he removed to Iowa, locating on a farm in Tama County, which became his permanent home where he has held many official positions. In 1883 he was elected Representative in the House of the Twentieth General Assembly, taking an active part in the business of the session. In 1896 he was one of the Republican presidential electors, and in 1898 he was elected Railroad Commissioner.
# Heavenly Father, Sovereign Lord

Heavenly Father, sovereign Lord, Ever faithful to Thy word, Humbly we our seal set to, Testify that Thou art true. Lo! for us the wilds are glad, All in cheerful green arrayed, Opening sweets they all disclose, Bud and blossom as the rose.
Hark! the wastes have found a voice, Lonely deserts now rejoice, Gladsome hallelujahs sing, All around with praises ring. Lo! abundantly they bloom, Lebanon is hither come, Carmel’s stores the heavens dispense, Sharon’s fertile excellence.
See, these barren souls of ours Bloom, and put forth fruits and flowers, Flowers of Eden, fruits of grace, Peace, and joy, and righteousness. We behold (the abjects we!) Christ, the incarnate Deity, Christ, in whom Thy glories shine, Excellence of strength divine.
Ye that tremble at his frown, He shall lift your hands cast down; Christ, who all your weakness sees, He shall prop your feeble knees. Ye of fearful hearts, be strong; Jesus will not tarry long; Fear not lest his truth should fail, Jesus is unchangeable.
God, your God, shall surely come, Quell your foes, and seal their doom, He shall come and save you too; We, O Lord, have found thee true! Blind we were, but now we see, Deal; we hearken now to thee, Dumb, for thee our tongues employ, Lame, and, lo! we leap for joy.
Faint we were, and parched with drought, Water at Thy word gushed out, Streams of grace our thirst repress, Starting from the wilderness; Still we gasp Thy grace to know, Here for ever let it flow, Make the thirsty land a pool; Fix the Spirit in our soul.
# Hirabayashi v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Hirabayashi v. United States, 320 U.S. 81 (1943), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that the application of curfews against members of a minority group were constitutional when the nation was at war with the country from which that group originated. Yasui v. United States was a companion case decided the same day. Warning: template has been deprecated.

## Concurring Opinions

    Douglas
    Murphy
    Rutledge
United States Supreme Court
320 U.S. 81
Hirabayashi v. United States
Argued: May 10, 11, 1943. --- Decided: June 21, 1943
Messrs. Frank L. Walters, of Seattle, Wash., and Harold Evans, of Philadelphia, Pa., for Hirabayashi.
Mr. Charles Fahy, Sol. Gen., of Washington, D.C., for the United States.
[Argument of Counsel from page 82 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Chief Justice STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Hong Kong Annual Report, 1956/Chapter 26

The weights and measures used in the Colony consist of the standards in use in the United Kingdom, and the following Chinese weights and measures, given with their equivalents in avoirdupois:
| 1 fan (candareen) | = | .0133 ounces |
| 1 ts'in (mace) | = | .133 ounces |
| 1 leung (tael) | = | 1.33 ounces |
| 1 kan (catty = 16 taels) | = | 1.33 pounds |
| 1 tam (picul = 100 catties) | = | 133.33 pounds |
| 1 tam (picul = 100 catties) | = | 1.19 cwts. |
| 1 tam (picul = 100 catties) | = | 0.0595 tons |
| 1 ch'ek (foot) | = | Statutory equivalent 14⅝ inches. The ch'ek is divided into 10 ts'un (inches), and each ts'un into ten fan, or tenths. |
In practice the equivalent length of a ch'ek varies, according to the trade in which it is used, from 14⅝ inches to 11½ inches, the commonest equivalent being 14.14 inches.