OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scheler, Jean Auguste Ulric

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SCHELER, JEAN AUGUSTE ULRIC (1819-1890), Belgian philologist, was born at Ebnat, Switzerland, in 1819. His father, a German, was chaplain to King Leopold I. of Belgium, and Jean Scheler, after studying at Bonn and Munich, became King's librarian and professor at the Brussels Free University. His investigations in Romance philology earned him a wide reputation. He died at Ixelles, Belgium, in 1890.
The most important of his numerous philological works are: Mémoire sur la conjugaison française considérée sous le rapport étymologique (Brussels, 1847), Dictionnaire d'étymologie française d'après les résultats de la science moderne (Brussels, 1862), Étude sur la transformation française des mots latins (Ghent, 1869). He also edited the fourth edition of Diez's Etymologisches Wörterbuch der romanischen Sprachen (Bonn, 1878), and completed Grandgagnage's Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue wallonne (Louvain, 1880). He also published several critical editions of middle ages texts, including one of Les Poésies de Froissart (Brussels, 1870-1872), and a monograph Sur le séjour de l'apôtre saint Pierre à Rome (Brussels, 1845), which was translated into German and English.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schelandre, Jean de

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​SCHELANDRE, JEAN DE (c. 1585–1635), Seigneur de Saumazènes, French poet, was born about 1585 near Verdun of a Calvinist family. He studied at the university of Paris and then joined Turenne’s army in Holland, where he gained rapid advancement. He was the author of a tragedy, Tyr et Sidon, ou les Junestes amours de Belcar et Méliane, published in 1608 under the anagram-name Daniel d’Anchères, and reprinted with numerous changes in 1628 under the author’s own name. In defiance of all rules the action proceeds alternately at Tyre, where Belcar, prince of Sidon, is a prisoner, and at Sidon where Léonte, prince of Tyre, is a prisoner and pursues his gallant adventures. The play, which was divided into two days and ten acts, had a complicated plot and contained 5000 lines. It required an immense stage on which the two towns should be represented, with a field between, where the contests should take place. It is noteworthy as an attempt to introduce the liberty of the Spanish and English drama into France, thus anticipating the romantic revolt of the 19th century. It has been suggested that Schelandre was directly acquainted with Shakespearian drama, but of this there is no direct proof, although he appears to have spent some time in England and to have seen James I. Tyr et Sidon is reprinted in the 8th volume of the Ancien Théâtre français. Schelandre was also the author of a Stuartide (1611), and of Les Sept Excellents Travaux de la pénitence de Saint Pierre (1636). He pursued his military career to the end of his life, dying at Saumazènes in 1635 from wounds received in the German campaign of Louis d’Épernon, Cardinal de la Valette.
See Ch. Asselineau, Jean de Schelandre (Paris, 1854).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schelling, Karoline

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​SCHELLING, KAROLINE (1763–1809), one of the most intellectual German women of her age, was born at Göttingen on the 2nd of September 1763, the daughter of the orientalist Michaelis. She married, in 1784, a district medical officer, one Böhmer, in Clausthal in the Harz, and after his death, in 1788, returned to Göttingen. Here she entered into close relations to the poet Gottfried August Bürger and the critic of the Romantic school, August Wilhelm Schlegel. In 1791 she took up her residence in Mainz, joined the famous society of the Clubbists (Klubbisten), and suffered a short period of imprisonment on account of her political opinions. In 1796 she married Schlegel, was divorced in 1803, and then became the wife of the philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling. She died at Maulbronn on the 7th of September 1809. Karoline Schelling played a considerable rôle in the intellectual movement of her time, and is especially remarkable for the assistance she afforded Schlegel in his translation of Shakespeare's works. She published nothing, however, in her own name.
See G. Waitz, Caroline: Briefe an ihre Geschwister, &c. (2 vols., 1871), and, by the same author, Caroline und ihre Freunde (1882); further, J. Janssen, Eine Kulturdame und ihre Freunde, Zeit- und Lebensbilder (1885), and Mrs. A. Sidgwick, Caroline Schlegel and her Friends (London, 1899).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Montalivet, Marthe-Camille Bachasson, Comte de

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​MONTALIVET, MARTHE-CAMILLE BACHASSON, Comte de (1801–1880), French statesman, was born at Valence on the 25th of April 1801, the second son of Jean Pierre Bachasson, comte de Montalivet (1766–1823), who had been made a peer of France in 1819. Both his father and his elder brother Simon Pierre Joseph (1799–1823) had been engineer officers, and he was educated at the École Polytechnique and the École des Ponts et Chaussées. Under Louis Philippe he occupied the ministry of the interior from, with short intervals, 1830 to 1840. After 1840 he was intendant of the civil list, occupying himself with the museums of Versailles and the Louvre, and the restoration of the palaces of Fontainebleau and Saint-Cloud. In 1847 he tried to induce Louis Philippe to adopt electoral reform, and after the catastrophe of the next year undertook the defence of the July monarchy in two works, Le Roi Louis Philippe et la liste civile (1851) and Rien! Dix années de gouvernement parlementaire (1862). He had become a member of the Academy of Fine Arts in 1840 and in 1843 grand cross of the Legion of Honour. The attitude of the comte de Chambord after 1870 led him to accept the republic, and he entered the Senate a year before his death, on the 4th of January 1880.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Montanelli, Giuseppe

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​MONTANELLI, GIUSEPPE (1813–1862), Italian statesman and author, was born at Fucecchio in Tuscany, and in 1840 was appointed law professor at Pisa. He contributed to the Antologia, a celebrated Florentine review, and in 1847 founded a newspaper called L’Italia, the programme of which was “Reform and Nationality.” In 1848 Montanelli served with the Tuscan student volunteers at the battle of Curtatone, where he was wounded and taken prisoner by the Austrians. On being liberated he returned to Tuscany, and the grand duke Leopold II, knowing that he was popular with the masses, sent him to Leghorn to quell the disturbances. In October, Leopold, much against his inclinations, asked him to form a ministry. He accepted, and on the 10th of January 1849, induced the grand duke to establish a national constituent assembly. But Leopold, alarmed at the turn affairs were taking, fled from Florence, and Montanelli, Guerrazzi and Mazzini were elected “triumvirs” of Tuscany. Like Mazzini, Montanelli advocated the union of Tuscany with Rome. But after the restoration of the grand duke, Montanelli, who was in Paris, was tried and condemned by default; he remained some years in France, where he became a partizan of Napoleon III. On the formation of the kingdom of Italy he returned to Tuscany and was elected member of parliament; he died in 1862. He was an enthusiastic, but a fickle and ambitious demagogue, and he achieved a better reputation as a writer.
His most important literary work is his Memorie sull’ Italia e specialmente sulla Toscana dal 1814 al 1850, in 2 vols. (Turin, 1853); he also wrote Il Partito nazionale italiano (Turin, 1856), L’Impero, il papato, e la democrazia in Italia (Florence, 1859); and Dell’ ordinamento nazionale in Italia (Florence, 1862). His dramatic poem La Tentazione and his tragedy Camma achieved some success in their day. See Assunta Marradi, G. Toscanelli e la Toscana dal 1815 al 1862 (Rome, 1909).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Montargis

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​MONTARGIS, a town of central France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Loiret, 47 m. E.N.E. of Orléans by rail. Pop. (1906), 11,038. The town is traversed by the Vernisson, by numerous arms of the Loing, and by the Briare canal, which unites with the canal of Orléans a little below it. It has a church (Ste Madeleine), dating in part from the 12th century and including a fine choir of Renaissance architecture, and still preserves portions of its once magnificent castle (12th to 15th centuries), which, previous to the erection of Fontainebleau, was a favourite residence of the royal family. A handsome modern building contains the town-hall, public library, and museum; in the courtyard is a bronze group, “The Dog of Montargis”; the town has a statue of Mirabeau, born in the neighbourhood. Montargis is the seat of a sub-prefecture, and has tribunals of first instance and of commerce and colleges for both sexes. It manufactures paper, gold chains, rubber, tar, asphalt, chemical manures, woodwork and leather. The town is an agricultural market, and its port has trade in coal, timber, sheep and farm produce.
Montargis was formerly the capital of the Gâtinais. Having passed in 1188 from the Courtenay family to Philip Augustus, it long formed part of the royal domain. In 1528 Francis I. gave it as dowry to Renée d’Este, daughter of Louis XII., the famous Huguenot princess; from her it passed to her daughter Anne, and through her to the dukes of Guise; it was repurchased for the Crown in 1612. From 1626 till the Revolution the territory was the property of the house of Orléans. Montargis was several times taken or attacked by the English in the 15th century, and is particularly noted for its successful defence in 1427. Both Charles VII. and Charles VIII. held court in the town; it was the latter who set the famous Dog of Montargis to fight a duel with his master’s murderer whom he had tracked and captured.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Montauban, Arthur de

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​MONTAUBAN, ARTHUR DE (d. 1479), French magistrate and prelate, belonged to one of the great families of Brittany. To satisfy a private grudge against Gilles, brother of Duke Francis II. of Brittany, he intrigued to such good purpose that Gilles was arraigned for treason, and finally assassinated in prison in 1450. When Montauban’s duplicity was discovered he was deprived of his office of bailli of Cotentin and banished. He then turned monk, and through the support of his brother, John de Montauban (1412–1466), Louis XI.’s favourite, obtained the archbishopric of Bordeaux in 1468. He died in Paris on the 9th of March 1479.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Taillefer

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​TAILLEFER, the surname of a bard and warrior of the 11th century, whose exact name and place of birth are unknown. He accompanied the Norman army to England in 1066, and obtained permission from William to strike the' first blow at the battle of Hastings. He fought with spirit and determination, and was killed in the battle. Mention of Taillefer is made by Guido, bishop of Amiens, in his Carmen de bella Hastingensi, v. Q31-44 (in Mon. Hist. Brit., 1848) and by Henry of Huntingdon in his Historia Anglorurn (in Rer. Brit. med. aevi script., p. 763, ed. Arnold, London, 1879); and his prowess is depicted on the Bayeux tapestry. The statement of Wace in the Roman de Rou, 3rd part, v. 8035-62, ed. Andresen (Heilbronn, 1879), that Taillefer went before the Norman army singing of Charlemagne and of Roland and the vassals who died at Roncevaux, has been considered important in demonstrating the existence of a comparatively early tradition and song of Roland.
See W. Spatz, Die Schlaeht von Hastings (Berlin, 1896); Freeman, History of the Norman Conquest.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tain

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​TAIN, a royal and police burgh of the county of Ross and Cromarty, Scotland. Pop. (1001) 2076. It is situated on rising ground within a mile of the southern shore of Dornoch Firth, 2 ss m. N.E. of Dingwall by the Highland Railway. The name, of which the Tene, Tayne and Thane are older forms, is derived from the Icelandic thing, " assembly " or " court." Among the principal buildings are the town hall, court house, public hall, Easter Ross combination poorhouse, and the academy (opened in 1812). The industries include distilling, the making of aerated waters, and woollen manufactures, and the town is important as a market and distributing centre. The rainfall is one of the lowest in the kingdom. Duthac (locally called Duthus), a saint of the 1 ith century, is believed to have been a native, and the old ruined chapel near the station is supposed to have been his shrine. To the collegiate church of St Duthus, a Decorated building, founded by James III. in 147 1, James IV. made several pilgrimages in penance for his father's death. The building was used as the parish church till 1815, when it fell into disrepair, but it was restored between 1871 and 1876. It has monuments to Patrick Hamilton, the martyr, and Thomas Hog (1628-1602), the Scottish divine, for some time a prisoner on the Bass. Three and a half miles S.E. are the remains of the Early English abbey of Fearn, founded at Edderton in 1230 by Farquhar, 1st earl of Ross, and transferred hither in 1338. The chancel, nave and two side chapels exist, and it still serves as the parish church. Patrick Hamilton became titular abbot in 1517, and after his martyr- dom the abbey was added to the bishopric of Ross.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Taglioni, Maria

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​TAGLIONI, MARIA (1804–1884), Italian ballet dancer, daughter of Filippo Taglioni (1777–1871), master of the ballet at Stockholm, Cassel, Vienna and Warsaw, was born at Stockholm on the 23rd of April 1804. She was trained by her father, who is said to have been pitilessly severe. It was to his care and her own special talent for dancing that she owed her success, for she possessed no remarkable personal attraction. Her first appearance was at Vienna on the 10th of June 1822, in a ballet of which her father was the author, La Réception d’une jeune nymphe à la cour de Terpsichore. Her success was immediate, and was repeated in the chief towns of Germany. On the 23rd of July 1827 she made her Paris debut at the Opera, in the Ballet de Sicilien, and aroused a furore of enthusiasm. Among her more remarkable performances were the dancing of the Tyrolienne in Guillaume Tell, of the pas de fascination in Meyerbeer’s Robert le Diable, and in La Fille du Danube. At this period the ballet was an important feature in opera, but with her retirement in 1847 the era of grand ballets may be said to have closed. In 1832 she married Comte Gilbert de Voisins, by whom she had two children. Losing her savings in speculation, she afterwards supported herself in London as a teacher of deportment, especially in connexion with the ceremony of presentation at court. During the last two years of her life she lived with her son at Marseilles, where she died on the 23rd of April 1884. Taglioni is frequently mentioned in the novels of Balzac; and Thackeray, in The Newcomes, says that the young men of that epoch "will never see anything so graceful as Taglioni in La Sylphide."
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Taillandier, Saint-René

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​TAILLANDIER, SAINT-RENÉ (1817-1879), French critic, whose original name was Rene Gaspard Ernest Taillandier, was born in Paris on the 16th of December 1817. He completed his studies at Heidelberg, and then became professor of literature successively at Strassburg, Montpellier and the Sorbonne, where he was nominated to the chair of French eloquence in 1868. Most of the articles included in his published volumes first appeared in the Revue des deux mondes. In January 1870 he became general secretary of the ministry of education, and continued in this office after the fall of the Empire. He became officer of the Legion of Honour in 1870, and was elected to the Academy in 1873. He died in Paris on the 22nd of February 1879.
His works include:—Allemagne et Russie, études historiques et litteraires (1856), Le Polte du Caucase . . . Michel Lermontoff (1856), Maurice de Saxe (2 vols. 1865), Tchiques et Magyars (1869), Le Gintrai Philippe de Sigur'(1875).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tagliacozzo

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​TAGLIACOZZO, a town of the Abruzzi, Italy, in the province of Aquila, 56 m. by rail E.N.E. of Rome, and 10 m. W. of Avezzano. Pop. (1901) 4517 (town), 9061 (commune). It lies 2428 ft. above sea-level, at the mouth of the deep ravine of the Imele. It contains several old churches, notably S. Francesco, with a line rose window in the façade, and medieval houses. The palace, built at the end of the 14th century by the Orsini, is fine. The place was given to the Colonna family in 1526. At the end of 1268 a battle took place here between Conradin of Hohenstaufen and Charles of Anjou, which resulted in the defeat of Conradin and his execution.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tagus

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​TAGUS (Span. Tajo, Portug. Tejo), the longest river of the Iberian Peninsula. Its length is 565 m., of which 192 are on or within the frontier of Portugal, and the area of its basin is about 31,850 sq. m. The basin is comparatively narrow, and the Tagus, like the other rivers of the Iberian tableland, generally flows in a rather confined valley, often at the bottom of a rocky gorge below the general level of the adjacent country. The river rises on the western slope of the Muela de San Juan (5225 ft.), a mountain which forms part of the Sierra de Albarracin, 88 m. E. of Madrid. Thence the Tagus flows at first north- westwards, but, after receiving the Gallo on the right, it flows west, and then south-west or west-south-west, which is its general direction for the rest of its course. Regular river navigation begins only at Abrantes, a few miles below which the Tagus is greatly widened by receiving on its right bank the impetuous Zezere from the Serra da Estrella. Passing Santarem, the highest point to which the tide ascends, and the limit of navigation for large sailing vessels and steamers, the river divides below Salvaterra into two arms, called the Tejo Novo (the only one practicable for ships) and the Mar de Pedro. These branches enclose a deltaic formation, a low tract of marshy alluvium known as the Lezirias, traversed by several minor channels. Both branches terminate in a broad tidal lake immediately above Lisbon (q.v.). The Tagus estuary, though partly blocked by a bar of sand, is one of the chief harbours of south-western Europe.
The narrower part of the Tagus basin lies to the south, and the left-hand tributaries which drain it are almost all mere brooks, dry in summer. The principal exception is the Zatas or Sorraia, which, rising in the Serra d’Ossa, flows westwards across the plateau of Alemtejo, and joins the Mar de Pedro. The principal right-hand tributaries, besides the Gallo and Zezere, are the Jarama, descending from the tableland of New Castile a little below Aranjuez, the Alberche and the Tietar, which collect their head waters from opposite sides of the Sierra de Gredos, and the Alagon, from the rough and broken country between the Sierras de Gredos and Gata.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tahr

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​TAHR, the native name of a shaggy-haired brown Himalayan wild goat characterized by its short, triangular and sharply keeled horns. Under the name of Hemitragus jemlaicus, it typifies a genus in which are included the wariatu, or Nilgiri ibex (H. hylocrius), from the Nilgiri and Anamalai hills of Southern India, and a small species, H. jayakeri, from South Arabia. Tahr frequent the worst ground of almost all ruminants.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Marion (Ohio)

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​MARION, a city and the county-seat of Marion county, Ohio, U.S.A., 44 m. N. by W. of Columbus. Pop. (1900), 11,862, including 782 foreign-born and 112 negroes; (1910), 18,232. Marion is served by the Pennsylvania, the Erie, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, and the Hocking Valley railways, and by interurban electric railway to Columbus. It is the trade centre of a rich farming district. Limestone is abundant, and the city has various manufactures, including lime, foundry and machine-shop products, agricultural implements, planing-mill products, engines, steam shovels, dredges, pianos and silks. In 1905 the value of factory products was $3,227,712, being 33.1% greater than in 1900. Marion was laid out in 1821, and was chartered as a city in 1890.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mariposan

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​MARIPOSAN, or Yokuts, a linguistic stock of North American Indians, including some 40 small tribes. Its former territory was in southern California, around Tulare lake. The Mariposans were fishers and hunters. Their villages consisted of a single row of wedge-shaped huts, with an awning of brush along the front. In 1850 they numbered some 3000; in 1905 there were 154 on the Tule river reservation.