OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Tancred

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
TANCRED, a hero of the first crusade; son of the Marquis Odo the Good and of Emma, Robert Guiscard's sister; born in Sicily in 1078; in 1098 assumed the cross, and with his cousin Bohemond set out on the crusade. Through the Byzantine empire they marched to Constantinople, whence Tancred crossed the Bosporus disguised as a common soldier, that so he might escape from swearing allegiance to the emperor. Alexios followed the Crusaders, and Tancred reluctantly, yielding to Bohemond's counsel, took the required oath. At Dorylaion (July 4, 1097) his bravery saved the camp of priests and women; his banner was the first to float from the towers of Tarsus, though Baldwin's jealousy dislodged it thence. In the siege of Antioch he slew, say chroniclers, 700 infidels; with Robert of Normandy he first set foot in the Holy City July 15, 1099. Appointed by Godfrey de Bouillon prince of Galilee, he founded churches in Nazareth, in Tiberias, and on Mount Tabor, and helped at Ascalon to guard the new Christian kingdom against the Fatimite caliph. His efforts on Godfrey's death (1100) to secure the crown of Jerusalem to Bohemond only roused Baldwin's jealousy again; but his own principality he held successfully against both Turks and Greeks, even Edessa owning his supremacy. He was busy with plans for bringing the Syrian chieftains under his sway, when he died in Antioch of a wound received in battle (1112).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Taney, Roger Brooke

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
TANEY, ROGER BROOKE, an American statesman; born in Calvert co., Md., March 17, 1777; was graduated at Dickinson College in 1795; admitted to the bar in 1799, and elected to the house of delegates in the autumn of the same year. During the war with Great Britain he led the wing of the Federal party that upheld the policy of the government. In 1816 he was sent to the State senate; in 1827 became attorney-general of Maryland and in December, 1831, succeeded John M. Berrien as attorney-general of the United States. He was appointed Secretary of the Treasury under President Jackson on Sept. 24, 1833, but was forced to resign the next year, owing to his action with regard to the removal of the treasury deposits. On Dec. 26, 1835, however, he was nominated Chief-Justice of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate on March 15, 1836. While in this office he rendered decisions on many important cases, notably those of Dred Scott, and Sherman M. Booth, both bearing on the Fugitive Slave Law. He died in Washington, D. C, Oct. 12, 1864.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Tangent

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
TANGENT, in geometry, a straight line which meets or touches a circle or curve in one point, and which, being produced, will not cut it. In Euclid (III. 16, Cor.) it is proved that any line drawn at right angles to the diameter of a circle at its extremity is a tangent to the circle.
In trigonometry, the tangent of an arc or angle is a straight line, touching the circle of which the arc is a part at one extremity of the arc, and meeting the diameter passing through the other extremity; or it is that portion of a tangent drawn at the first extremity of an arc, and limited by a secant drawn through the second extremity. The tangent is always drawn through the initial extremity of the arc, and is reckoned positive upward, and consequently, negative downward. The tangent of an arc or angle is also the tangent of its supplement. The arc and its tangent have always a certain relation to each other, and when the one is given in parts of the radius, the other can always be computed by means of an infinite series. Tables of tangents for every arc from 0° to 99°, as well as of sines, cosines, etc., are computed and formed into tables for trigonometrical purposes. Two curves are tangent to each other at a common point, when they have a common rectilinear tangent at this point. A tangent plane to a curved surface is the limit of all secant planes to the surface through the point. The point is called the point of contact. Two surfaces are tangent to each other when they have, at least, one point in common; through which, if any number of planes be passed, the sections cut out by each plane will be tangent to each other at the point. This point is called the point of contact. Another definition is this: Two surfaces
are tangent to each other when they have a common tangent plane at a common point. This point is the point of contact.
Artificial tangents, tangents expressed by logarithms. Methods of tangents, the name given to the calculus in its early period. When the equation of a curve is given, and it is required to determine the tangent at any point, this is called the direct method of tangents, and when the subtangent to a curve at any point is given, and it is required to determine the equation of the curve, this is termed the inverse method of tangents. These terms are synonymous with the differential and integral calculus. Natural tangents, tangents expressed by natural numbers. To go (or fly) off at a tangent, to break off suddenly from one course of action, line of thought, or the like, and go on to something else.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Xaver Ehrenbert Fridelli

From volume 6 of the work.
(Properly FRIEDEL.)
Jesuit missioner and cartographer, b. at Linz, Austria, 11 March, 1673; d. at Peking, 4 June, 1743. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1688 and in 1705 arrived in China. Fridelli was an important contributor to the cartographical survey of the Chinese empire, begun in 1708 and completed in 1718 (according to others, 1715). Baron Ricthofen says this is "the most comprehensive cartographic feat ever performed in so short a space of time (China, Berlin, 1877, I, 661, see 631 sq.). Together with Fathers Régis, Jartoux, and others, he designed the maps of Chi-li, the Amur district, Kahlkas (Mongolia), Sze-ch'wan, Yun-nan, Kwei-chou, and Hu-kwang (Hu-nan and Hu-pe), for which purpose the traversed the whole empire from south to north. At the time of his death Fridelli had been rector for many years of the Southern or Portuguese church (Nan-t'ang), one of the four Jesuit churches at Peking.
Five letters in N. Welt-Bott (Augsbirg, 1726, and Vienna, 1758), nos. 103, 106, 194, 589, 674; MSS report in the Vienna state library, no, 1117; Du Halde, Description de l'Empire de la Chine (the Hague, 1736), I, preface; Huonder, Deustche Jesuitenmissionäre (Freiburg im Br., 1899), 87, 186.
A. HUONDER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Xantes Mariales

From volume 9 of the work.
A Dominican, born about 1580; died at Venice in April, 1660. He was of a noble Venetian family. At an early age he entered the Dominican convent of Sts. John and Paul. Remarkable for his versatility and prodigious memory, he was soon sent to Spain, where he completed his studies. He first taught at Venice, then at Padua where he thrice exercised the office of regent. From 1624 onwards he led a most retired life at Venice, devoting his time exclusively to prayer, reading, and study. He possessed in a high degree the more kindly and winsome external accomplishments. In his writings he displayed such zeal for the Holy See that he was twice exiled by the Venetian senate. At Milan, Ferrara, and Bologna where he took refuge, he was greatly esteemed for his learning and holiness. He died at Venice from a stroke of apoplexy. The obsequies were honoured by the presence of the Venetian nobility. Among his works the following are noteworthy: "Controversiæ ad universam Summam theol. S. Th. Aq." (Venice, 1624); "Amplissimum artium scientiarumque omnium amphitheatrum" (Bologna, 1658).
HURTER, Nomenclator, who summarizes "Scriptores O. P.", II (Paris, 1721), 600; "Elogium" in "Acta Capituli Generalis O. P." (Rome, 1670).
Thos. À. K. Reilly.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Xavier de Maistre

From volume 9 of the work.
French romance writer, younger brother of Joseph-Marie, Comte de Maistre, b. at Chambery, Savoy, in 1763; d. at St. Petershurg, 12 June, 1852. Being an officer in the Sardinian Army when Savoy was reunited to France in 1792, he became expatriated like his brother. In 1799 he was in the Austro-Russian army in Italy. He followed General Suvaroff to Russia, but, his protector having fallen into disgrace, was reduced to earn his living by painting, being a landscape artist of great ability. The arrival of his brother Joseph as envoy extraordinary of the King of Sardinia, changed his situation. He entered the Admiralty Office and became in 1805, librarian of the Admiralty Museum; he was then named to the staff of the army, took part in the Caucasian War, was made a general, and married a lady-in-waiting of the Empress. From that time he looked on himself as a Russian subject. He did not visit Savoy again till 1825. After a short stay in Paris in 1839; he returned to St. Petersburg, where he died at the age of eighty-nine.
It may be said that de Maistre became a writer by chance. When a young officer at Alexandria, in Piedmont, he was arrested for duelling. Having been sentenced to remain in his quarters for forty-two days he composed his "Voyage autour de ma chambre". He added some chapters later, but did not judge the work worthy of being published; but his brother, however, having read the manuscript, had it printed (1794). It is a delightful chat with the reader, filled with delicate observations, in which an artless grace, humour, and spontaneous wit are wedded to a gentle and somewhat dreamy philosophy. In 1811 appeared "Le Lépreux de la cité d'Aoste". This little dialogue, of about thirty pages, between an isolated leper and a passing soldier (the author), breathes of touching spirit of resignation, and unites an impressive simplicity of form with suppressed emotion and exalted moral and religious ideas. It is a little gem, a masterpiece. The same must be said of the two novels published some years later: "Les prisonniers du Caucase" and "La jeune Sibérienne". In the former the author relates the vicissitudes of the captivity of Major Kascambo, who has fallen, with his ordnance, into an ambuscade. "La jeune Sibérienne" is the story of a young girl who comes from Siberia to St. Petersburg to ask for the pardon of her parents. It is the fact round which Madame Cottin has woven her romance "Elisabeth, ou les exilés de la Sibérie", but the story of Xavier de Maistre is by far the truer to life and more pathetic. In 1825 de Maistre wrote, as a pendant to his first work, in the same vein, and with the same charm, the "Expédition nocturne autour de ma chambre."
Xavier de Maistre, it is true, has written only booklets, but these booklets are masterpieces of their kind. His style is ingenious, graceful, and brilliant, while its simplicity, lucidity, and rhythm wonderfully enhance its charm for readers. He may be regarded as one of the first among French authors of the second rank.
SAINTE-BEUVE, Portraits contemporains.
GEORGES BERTRIN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Words (in Canon Law)

From volume 15 of the work.
To give the right value to words is a very important factor in the proper interpretation of law, and hence canonists give many rules for the exact acceptation of words, in order that decrees may be correctly understood and the extent of their obligation determined. In general, the authentic interpretation of a law may be made by the legislator, or his successor or superior, but when this is not the case recourse must be had to what is called magisterial, or doctrinal, interpretation. It is for this latter mode that rules have been formed. The words of a law must be understood according to their usual signification, unless it is certain that the legislator intended them to be taken in another sense. When the words are not ambiguous, they must not be twisted into some far-fetched meaning. If the intention of the legislator is known, the interpretation must be according to that, rather than according to the words of a law, even though they seem to have another sense, because the words are then said not to be nude, but clothed with the will of the lawgiver. When a law is conceived in general terms, it is presumed that no exception was intended; that is, where the law makes no exception, interpreters are not allowed to distinguish. In al interpretations, however, that meaning of the words is to be preferred which favours equity rather than strict justice. An argument can be drawn from the contrary sense of he words, provided that nothing follows which is absurd, inappropriate, or contradicted by another law. The provisions of a previous statue are not presumed to be changed beyond the express meaning of the words of a new law.
When a law is penal, its words are to be taken in their strictest sense and not to be extended to their cases beyond those explicitly mentioned; but when a law concedes favours, its words are to be interpreted according to their widest sense. "In contracts, words are to be taken in their full [plena] meaning, in last wills in a wider [plenior] sense, and in grants of favours in their widest [plenissimi] interpretation" (c. Cum Dilecti, 6 de donat.). When there is a doubt as to the meaning of the words, that sense is to be preferred which does not prejudice the rights of a third person. No words of a law are ever presumed to be superfluous. In interpreting a law the words must be considered in their context. To give a meaning to words that would render a law useless is a false interpretation. When the words of a law are in the future tense, and even when they are in the imperative mood concerning the judge, but not concerning the crime, the penalty is understood to be incurred, not ipso facto, but only after judicial sentence. When the words of a law are doubtful the presumption is in favour of the subjects, not of the lawgiver.
TAUNTON, The Law of the Church (London, 1906), s.v.; FERRARIS, Bibl. can., V (Rome, 1889), s.v. Lex.
WILLIAM H.W. FANNING
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Xavier Barbier de Montault

From volume 10 of the work.
Born at Loudun, 6 February, 1830; died at Blaslay, Vienne (France), 29 March, 1901. He came of a noble and large family, and, when only eight years old, was confided to the care of his great-uncle, Mgr Montault des Isles, Bishop of Angers. He studied theology at the Seminary of St. Sulpice, and went to Rome to continue his studies in theology and archæology at the Sapienza and the Roman College. After four years his health obliged him to return to France (1857), where he was appointed historiographer of the Diocese of Angers. He searched the archives of the diocese with great diligence, studied its inscriptions and monuments, and founded a diocesan museum, a project in which de Caumont took a lively interest. Another sojourn of fourteen years in Rome (1861-75) enabled him to augment his already extensive knowledge of liturgy and Christian antiquities. Meanwhile he was of great service to different French bishops as canonical consultor, and at the Vatican Council acted as theologian to Mgr Desflèches, Bishop of Angers. His first archæological study appeared in 1851 in the "Annales archéologiques", and Didron assigned him the task of making an index for this publication. Mgr Barbier de Montault was one of the most prolific contributors to the "Revue de l'art chrétien" from the inception of this periodical, his articles continuing to appear until 1903 (two years after his death). He also wrote numerous articles for other reviews as well as several separate works on iconography, ecclesiastical furniture, liturgy, canon law, etc. In 1889 he began to reprint his scattered works, classifying them according to subjects. This publication was to comprise sixty volumes, but went no further than the sixteenth, and is to be recommended more for its erudition than for its critical value. Works: "Œuvres complètes" (unfinished): I. "Inventaires ecclésiastiques"; II. "Le Vatican"; III. "Le Pape"; IV-V. "Droit papal"; VI-VIII. "Dévotions populaires"; IX-XVI. "Hagiographie" (Rome, 1889-1902); "Traité d'iconographie chrétienne" (2vols., Paris, 1890); "Collection des décrets authentiques des ss. congregations romaines" (8 vols., Rome, 1872).
HELBIG, Mgr Xavier Barbier de Montault in Revue de l'art chrétien, (1901), 357-60; GIRON, Mgr X. B. de Montault, bio-bibl., Hommes (1910).
R. Maere.
# Colorado Department of State v. Baca

Per Curiam
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the preliminary print of the United States Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Washington, D. C. 20543, of any typographical or other formal errors, in order that corrections may be made before the preliminary print goes to press.
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
No. 19-518
COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF STATE, PETITIONER v. MICHEAL BACA, et al.
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
[July 6, 2020]
Per Curiam.
The judgment of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit is reversed for the reasons stated in Chiafalo v. Washington, ante, p. ___.
It is so ordered.
Justice Sotomayor took no part in the decision of this case.
Justice Thomas concurs in the judgment for the reasons stated in his separate opinion in Chiafalo v. Washington, ante, p. ___.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Colorado Interstate Gas Company v. Federal Power Commission

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
324 U.S. 581
Colorado Interstate Gas Company v. Federal Power Commission
Argued: Jan. 29, 30, 1945. --- Decided: April 2, 1945
Motion to Dismiss Writ of Certiorari Denied April 23, 1945.
See 324 U.S. 831, 65 S.Ct. 1019.
[Syllabus from pages 581-583 intentionally omitted]
In No. 379:
Mr. William A. Dougherty, of New York City, for petitioner.
Mr. Charles V. Shannon, of Washington, D.C., for respondents.
In No. 380:
Messrs. John P. Akolt, of Denver, Colo., and Charles H. Keffer, of Amarillo, Tex., for petitioner.
Messrs. Chester T. Lane and Charles U. Shannon, both of Washington, D.C., for respondents.
Mr. Carl J. Wheat, of San Francisco, Cal., for Independent Natural Gas Ass'n of America, as amicus curiae by special leave of court.
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Colorado Interstate Gas Company v. State Corporation Commission of Kansas

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
379 U.S. 131
Colorado Interstate Gas Company v. State Corporation Commission of Kansas
NORTHERN NATURAL GAS CO. et al.
v.
STATE CORPORATION COMMISSION OF KANSAS et al.
No. 83. KANSAS-NEBRASKA NATURAL GAS CO., Inc.
v.
STATE CORPORATION COMMISSION OF KANSAS et al.
No. 140. Supreme Court of the United States
November 23, 1964
Lewis M. Poe, Jr., James Lawrence White and Malcolm Miller, for Colorado Interstate Gas Co.
F. Vinson Roach, Patrick J. McCarthy, Mark H. Adams, Mark H. Adams II, Joe. Rolston, Conrad C. Mount and Charles V. Wheeler, for Northern Natural Gas Co. and others.
James D. Conway, Mark H. Adams, Mark H. Adams II, Joe Rolston and Douglas Gleason, for Kansas-Nebraska Natural Gas Co., Inc.
Richard C. Byrd and Dale M. Stucky, for State Corporation Commission of Kansas and others.
Wendell J. Doggett, Jeff A. Robertson, G. R. Redding and Thomas M. Lofton, for Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Co.
Solicitor General Cox, Richard A. Solomon, Howard E. Wahrenbrock and Peter H. Schiff, for the Federal Power Commission, as amicus curae.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Biscrome

Biscrome. (L) A semiquaver.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Bisgargui

Bisgargui. See VISCARQUI.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Bishop, John

Bishop, John, a scholar of Rosingrave, was organist of the cathedral at Winchester early in the last century. He published a collection of airs for two flutes, and composed some church music. His "Hymnus Matutinus" is even now elegant.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Biscaccianti, Signora

Biscaccianti, Signora. Miss Eliza Ostinelli was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1825. Her father, Louis Ostinelli, a talented Italian musician, was for many years a resident of Boston, and leader of the orchestra in the principal theatres. Her mother was a native of New York, and a pianist of rare excellence for that time. Her voice in her girlhood was remarkable for its richness, beauty, and great compass, embracing more than two octaves and a half. With a quick ear and impassioned brilliant style, she sang the English and Italian songs that were in vogue, and which she caught pretty much by ear, to the great admiration of her friends, who anticipated in her a distinguished singer, and were anxious that she should cultivate the rare gift which she possessed without musical knowledge or habits of application. A subscription was easily raised, and in the latter part of the year 1843, at the age of eighteen, she left America in company with her father, for the direct purpose of cultivating her voice under the best Italian masters. An introduction from the American consul at Leghorn brought her to the notice of Giuditta Pasta, then in Como, the native city of Signor Ostinelli. She continued to receive instruction from Madame Pasta for ten months, and subsequently became a pupil of Vaccai, Nani, and Lamberti, three of the most celebrated masters of Italy. In May, 1847, Miss Ostinelli, who by this time had changed her name for that of Biscaccianti, a distinguished family of Milan, made her first public appearance in the difficult character of Elvira, in Verdi's "Ernani," at the Carcano, the same theatre at which Pasta, who, up to this time, had continued to evince the greatest interest in her success, had made, many years before, her debut. Her success was complete. She returned to America in the summer of the same year, had an enthusiastic welcome in her native city, and sang, with great success, in opera and concert, in all the principal cities of the Union. A few years since, Mme. Biscaccianti visited Europe a second time, sang several times, if we mistake not, in the opera at London, and then withdrew from the public for a year or more, which period she devoted to the most earnest studies, under the best teachers in Lon-don and Paris. On her return to the United States, a marvellous improvement appeared in the finish, style, and sentiment of her singing. She was in every sense an accomplished, refined artist, alike admirable for voice, method, execution, style, and expression. During the past year, Mme. Biscaccianti has been exciting great enthusiasm by her concerts in the principal cities of California. She was the first great singer that visited that golden land.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Bischoff, Jean Georges

Bischoff, Jean Georges, was born at Nuremburg in 1733. He was a skilful performer on several instruments, and composer of some violin music.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Bisciola, Lelio

Bisciola, Lelio, a learned Jesuit, wrote on the subject of music at the beginning of the seventeenth century.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Bisdiapason

Bisdiapason. (L.) A double octave.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Bisch, Jean

Bisch, Jean. Author of "Elements of Music," published in 1802. This is probably the same Bisch, a German by birth, who published some military music at Paris, in 1794.