OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fogg, Laurence

​FOGG, LAURENCE (1623–1718), dean of Chester, son of Robert Fogg (who was an active worker for the parliament, rector of Bangor-is-y-Coed, Flintshire, ejected 1662, died 1676), was born at Darcy Lever, in the parish of Bolton, in 1623, and educated at Bolton grammar school and at Cambridge. He was admitted pensioner of Emmanuel College on 28 Sept. 1644, and was afterwards of St. John's College. He held the office of taxor of the university in 1657. The degree of S.T.P. was granted to him in 1679. He was appointed rector of Hawarden, Flintshire, in 1655 or 1656, and was among the first who restored the public use of the liturgy. In 1662 he resigned his living, owing to an apparent ambiguity in an act of parliament relating to subscription, but he afterwards conformed. He preached at Oldham on 20 May 1666, being then curate of Prestwich, and described as theol. baccal. In 1672 he was appointed vicar of St. Oswald's, Chester, and on 4 Oct. 1673 was inducted prebendary of Chester Cathedral. In the latter year he became vicar of Plemonstall, Cheshire, on the presentation of the lord keeper Bridgeman, and on 14 Nov. 1691 was installed dean of Chester. He was a candid, sober-minded churchman, and much esteemed by the more moderate and pious dissenters, with whom he was on intimate terms. Philip and Matthew Henry both refer to him with appreciation. The latter in 1698 listened to one of Fogg's sermons with ‘singular delight.’ ‘I have from my heart forgiven,’ he writes, ‘so I will endeavour to forget all that the dean has at any time said against dissenters, and against me in particular.’ He wrote: 1. ‘Two Treatises; i. A General View of the Christian Religion; ii. An Entrance into the Doctrine of Christianity by Catechistical Instruction,’ Chester, 1712, 8vo. 2. ‘Theologiæ Speculativæ Schema,’ Lond. 1712, 8vo. 3. ‘God's Infinite Grace in Election, and Impartial Equity in Preterition Vindicated,’ Chester, 1713, 8vo. He died on 27 Feb. 1717–18, and was buried in Chester Cathedral, where a monument to his memory was erected by his son Arthur (1668–1738), prebendary of Chester, but, although it was extant in Ormerod's time, it is no longer to be found there.
C. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foillan

​FOILLAN, Saint and Bishop (d. 655), brother of Fursa [q. v.], left Ireland with his brother, and passing through Wales settled in East Anglia, where he was received by King Sigebert. When Fursa, having completed his monastery of Cnoberesburgh, was about to retire to the hermitage of his brother Ultan, he placed the monastery in charge of Foillan and two others. Fursa, some time after, was driven abroad by the disturbed state of the country, and settled in the territory of Neustria. Foillan some time later left Cnoberesburgh, and with Ultan followed Fursa to the continent. Here they were invited to settle in Brabant, to the north of Peronne, by Gertrude, daughter of Pepin, abbess of Nivelles. She wished them to instruct her community, especially in music, for which the Irish were famous. With the aid of Gertrude they erected a monastery at Fosse, not far from Nivelles, over which Ultan was placed, Foillan remaining in charge of the establishment at Nivelles. Foillan, when travelling through the forest of Soignies in Hainault with three of his disciples, was set upon by robbers and slain on 31 Oct., and probably in 655. The bodies were not discovered until 16 Jan. following. This day was afterwards observed as that of the Invention of St. Foillan. He was buried at Fosse, and in the calendar of Œngus and other authorities is accounted a martyr, doubtless because he was killed in the discharge of his duty. He appears to have been a bishop, but the story of his having been consecrated by Pope Martin I seems to have no better foundation than the idea which possessed many mediæval writers that every one ought to have gone to Rome. The monasteries of Fosse and Peronne, with that of St. Quinton, formed one of those groups of Irish monasteries which were so frequent on the continent in that age, and performed an important part in sowing the seeds of religion and civilisation among barbarian tribes.
T. O.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Folcard

​FOLCARD or FOULCARD (fl. 1066), hagiographer, a Fleming by race and birth, was a monk of St. Bertin's in Flanders, who is supposed to have come over to England in the reign of Edward the Confessor. He entered the monastery of the Holy Trinity or Christ Church, Canterbury, and was renowned for his learning, and especially for his knowledge of grammar and music; his manners were affable and his temper cheerful. Soon after the Conquest the king set him over the abbey of Thorney, Cambridgeshire; but he was never strictly abbot, for he did not receive the benediction. After holding the abbey about sixteen years he retired, owing to a dispute with the Bishop of Lincoln, evidently Remigius, and returned, as may be fairly inferred from Orderic, to his own land. The statement in the ‘Monasticon’ that he was deposed by Lanfranc at the council of Gloucester in 1084 seems to lack foundation. Either while he was a monk at Canterbury, or during his residence at Thorney, which seems more probable, he and his monastery were in some trouble, and were helped by Aldred [q. v.], archbishop of York, who persuaded the queen either of the Confessor or of the Conqueror to interest herself in their cause. In return Folcard wrote the ‘Life of Archbishop John of Beverley’ for Aldred. His works are: 1. ‘Vita S. Bertini,’ dedicated to Bovo, abbot of St. Bertin's from 1043 to 1065, and printed in Mabillon's ‘Acta SS. O. S. B.’ III. ii. 104, and in Migne's ‘Patrologia,’ cxlvii. 1082. 2. ‘Vita Audomari,’ in Mabillon, ii. 557, and Migne. 3. A poem ‘in honorem ​S. Vigoris Episcopi,’ written between 1045 and 1074, in Achery's ‘Spicilegium,’ iv. 576, and Migne. 4. ‘Vita S. Oswaldi’ in Mabillon, i. 727, the Bollandists' ‘Acta SS.,’ Capgrave, and Migne. 5. ‘Responsoria for the Festival of St. John of Beverley,’ composed before ‘Vita S. Johannis Episcopi Eboracensis,’ which was written before 1070, and is printed in the Bollandists' ‘Acta SS.’ May, ii. 165, Migne, and ‘Historians of York’ (Rolls Ser.), i. 238. 6. ‘Vita S. Botulfi,’ suggested by the fact that the relics of the saint were at Thorney, dedicated to Walkelin, bishop of Winchester, and therefore written in or after 1070, in Mabillon, III. 1, the Bollandists' ‘Acta SS.’ June iv. 324, and Migne.
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foldsone, John

​FOLDSONE, JOHN (d. 1784?), painter, obtained some note as a painter of small portraits, which he executed with great rapidity. He used to attend his sitters at their dwellings in the morning, dine with them if they lived at a distance, and finish his work before evening. His portraits, though naturally of no great merit, had sufficient likeness to gain him employment. Two portraits by him of Miss Elizabeth Haffey, a child, and her brother, John Burges Haffey, were engraved in mezzotint by Robert Laurie, and a picture by him, entitled ‘Female Lucubration,’ was similarly engraved by P. Dawe. Foldsone exhibited first at the Society of Artists in 1769 and 1770, and afterwards at the Royal Academy from 1771 to 1783, shortly after which date he died. He painted madonnas, mythology, history, and portraits, but his artistic productions seem to have been indifferent and on a par with his general character. He left a wife and family; his eldest daughter, Sarah, attained some note as a miniature-painter [see Mee, Sarah].
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fludyer, Samuel

​FLUDYER, Sir SAMUEL (1705–1768), lord mayor of London, born in 1705, was the son of Samuel Fludyer, a clothier in the city of London. His mother was Elizabeth Monsallier, and her sister Judith was grandmother of the eminent legist, Sir Samuel Romilly. ‘The Fludyers (i.e. Samuel and his brother Thomas) began their career in very narrow circumstances, but by extraordinary industry, activity, enterprise, and good fortune they acquired inordinate wealth’ (Romilly, Memoirs). Romilly would have become a clerk in their counting-house had not their deaths put an end to the scheme. In due course the brothers became common councillors in the city of London, Samuel for Bassishaw ward, Thomas for Aldgate. In 1751 Samuel was elected alderman of Cheap ward. Three years later he served the office of sheriff, was elected M.P. for Chippenham in 1754, was knighted in 1755 by George II, made a baronet in 1759, and became lord mayor in 1761. On this occasion George III attended the inauguration dinner, while the queen and royal family witnessed the lord mayor's show from David Barclay's house opposite Bow Church in Cheapside. This 9 Nov. was also distinguished by the last known exhibition of a play written expressly for the day by the ‘city poet’ (Nichols, Anecd. i. 44). Fludyer failed in an attempt to represent the city of London at the election of 1761, but was then re-elected for Chippenham. He was deputy-governor of the Bank of England at the time of his death, which took place, of apoplexy, on 18 Jan. 1768. His fortune was estimated at 900,000l. (Gent. Mag.) Sir Thomas, who succeeded his brother in the representation of Chippenham, died in March 1769.
R. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Folbury, George

​FOLBURY, GEORGE (d. 1540), master of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, graduated B.A. at Cambridge in 1514, was preacher to the university in 1519, took the degree of B.D. in 1524, was presented to a canonry and to the prebend of North Newbald in his church of York in March 1531, to the rectory of Maidwell, Northamptonshire, on 20 Feb. 1533-4, elected master of Pembroke Hall in 1537, and died between 10 July and 10 Nov. 1540. He is said to have been for a time tutor to Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond, natural son of Henry VIII, but this is not confirmed by the memoir of the duke published in 'Camden Miscellany,' vol. iii. Bale states that he took the degree of D.D. at Montpelier, and that he was a poet, orator, and epigrammatist. His works seem to have perished.
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foggo, George

​FOGGO, GEORGE (1793–1869), historical painter, younger brother of James Foggo [q. v.], born in London 14 April 1793, received his early education with his brother at Paris, and joined him in London in 1819, after which date he was inseparably associated with him in his works and life. With his brother he founded the society for obtaining free access to our museums, public edifices, and works of art, of which the Duke of Sussex was president, Joseph Hume chairman of committees, and George Foggo honorary secretary. He worked as a lithographer also with his brother, and they lithographed their large picture of ‘Parga’ and other original works; in 1828 he published by himself a set of large lithographs from the cartoons by Raphael. Foggo published in 1844 a catalogue of the pictures of the National Gallery, with critical remarks, the first attempt to make the collection intelligible to the public. Together with his brother, he was an unsparing critic of the Royal Academy and its system of education, and published some pamphlets on the subject. He was associated with other plans for the advancement of art, and was a man of great energy. He also published in 1853 the ‘Adventures of Sir J. Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak.’ He died in London 26 Sept. 1869, aged 76.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crawfurd, Archibald

​CRAWFURD, ARCHIBALD (1785–1843), Scottish poet, was born of humble parents in Ayr in 1785. In his ninth year he was left an orphan, and after receiving a very limited school education in Ayr went, in his thirteenth year, to London to learn the trade of a baker with his sister's husband. After eight years' absence he returned to Ayr, where at the age of twenty-two he attended the ​writing classes in Ayr academy for a quarter of a year. Proceeding then to Edinburgh, he was for some time employed in the house of Charles Hay, after which he obtained an engagement in the family of General Hay of Rannes, in honour of whose daughter, who had nursed him while suffering from typhus fever, he composed the well-known song, ‘Bonnie Mary Hay,’ which originally appeared in the ‘Ayr and Wigtownshire Courier.’ Returning to Ayr with his earnings in 1811, he entered into business as a grocer, but this not proving successful he became an auctioneer, and also took a small shop for the sale of furniture. Having been indulged by his employers with the use of their libraries, Crawford had found the means of cultivating his literary tastes, and in 1819 ventured on authorship, by publishing anonymously ‘St. James's in an Uproar,’ of which three thousand copies were sold in Ayr alone, and for which the printer was apprehended and compelled to give bail for his appearance. In the same year Crawford began to contribute to the ‘Ayr and Wigtownshire Courier’ a number of pieces in prose and verse. They included a series of sketches founded on traditions in the west of Scotland, which in 1824 were published by subscription in a volume under the title ‘Tales of a Grandfather,’ new and enlarged edition in two volumes, by Archibald Constable & Co. in 1825. Shortly afterwards, in conjunction with one or two friends, he commenced a weekly serial in Ayr entitled ‘The Correspondent,’ which, however, on account of a disagreement between the originators, was only continued for a short time. Subsequently he brought out, on his own account, ‘The Gaberlunzie,’ which extended to sixteen numbers. To the publication he contributed a number of tales and poems, among the latter of which ‘Scotland, I have no home but thee,’ was set to music and soon became popular. In his later years he contributed articles in prose and verse to the ‘Ayr Advertiser.’ He died at Ayr 6 Jan. 1843.
[Charles Rogers's Modern Scottish Minstrel, vi. 31–3; Anderson's Scottish Nation.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crawfurd, George

​CRAWFURD, GEORGE (d. 1748), genealogist and historian, was the third son of Thomas Crawfurd of Cartsburn. He was the author of a ‘Genealogical History of the Royal and Illustrious Family of the Stewarts from the year 1034 to the year 1710; to which are added the Acts of Sederunt and Articles of Regulation relating to them; to which is prefixed a General Description of the Shire of Renfrew,’ Edinburgh, 1710; ‘The Peerage of Scotland, containing an Historical and Genealogical Account of the Nobility of that Kingdom,’ Edinburgh, 1716; and ‘Lives and Characters of the Crown Officers of Scotland, from the Reign of King David I to the Union of the two Kingdoms, with an Appendix of Original Papers,’ vol. i. 1726. The ‘Description of the Shire of Renfrew’ was published separately, with a continuation by Semple, at Paisley in 1788, and a second edition, with a continuation by Robertson, also at Paisley, 1818. The works, though now practically superseded, display considerable learning and industry. When Simon Fraser resolved to lay claim to the barony of Lovat, he employed Crawfurd to investigate the case, and to supply materials to support his pretensions. It is said to have been chiefly due to the researches of Crawfurd that Fraser obtained a favourable decision, but he nevertheless declined to pay Crawfurd anything for his trouble. Justly indignant at his meanness, Crawfurd used to call him one of the greatest scoundrels in the world, and threaten if he met him to break every bone in his body. The ‘Letters of Simon, Lord Fraser, to George Crawfurd, 1728–30,’ while the case was in progress, are published in the ‘Spottiswoode Miscellany,’ 400–9. He died at Glasgow, 24 Dec. 1748. By his wife, Mary, daughter of James Anderson, author of ‘Diplomata Scotiæ,’ he had four daughters.
[Scots Mag. x. 614; Spottiswoode Miscellany as above; Anderson's Scottish Nation; Cat. of the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crawley, Francis

​CRAWLEY, Sir FRANCIS (1584–1649), judge, was born, according to Lloyd (Memoirs of those that Suffered for the Protestant Religion, 1668, p. 290), at Luton, Bedfordshire, on 6 April 1584. Lloyd adds that ‘his dexterity in logic at the university promised him an able pleader at the Inns of Court.’ There is no trace of him at the universities, however. He studied law first at Staple Inn and then at Gray's Inn, to which he was admitted 26 May 1598. He was called to the degree of serjeant-at-law on 26 June 1623, and elected reader at Gray's Inn in the following autumn. In 1626 he was among the counsel whom the Earl of Bristol petitioned to have assigned him on his impeachment. He was appointed to a puisne judgeship in the common pleas on 11 Oct. 1632, and knighted. In November 1635 he advised the king that corn fell within the purview of the statute 25 Hen. VIII, c. 2, which regulated the price of ‘victuals,’ and that a maximum price might be fixed for it under that statute, the king's object being to fix such a maximum and then raise money by selling licenses to charge a higher price. He subscribed the resolution in favour of the legality of ship-money drawn up in answer to the case laid before the judges by the king in February 1636. He subsequently gave judgment in the king's favour in the exchequer chamber in Hampden's case (27 Jan. 1637–8), and publicly asserted the incompetence of parliament to limit the royal prerogative in that matter. He was impeached for these actions in July 1641, the proceedings being opened by Waller, who compared his ‘progress through the law’ to ‘that of a diligent spy through a country into which he meant to conduct an enemy.’ He was restrained from going circuit (5 Aug.). Probably he joined the king on or before the outbreak of hostilities, for in 1643 he was at Oxford, where he received the degree of D.C.L. on 21 Jan. He died on 13 Feb. 1649, and was buried at Luton. By his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Rotherham, knight, of Luton, he had two sons, who survived him, of whom the elder, John, died without issue, and the younger, Francis, who appears as the holder of an estate at Luton in 1660, entered Gray's Inn on 7 Aug. 1623, was called to the bar in February 1638, appointed cursitor baron of the exchequer in 1679, and died in 1682–3.
[Philips's Grandeur of the Law (1685), p. 212; Dugdale's Orig. 296; Chron. Ser. 107, 108; Cobbett's State Trials, ii. 1300, iii. 843, 1078–87, 1305; Cal. State Papers (Dom. 1637–8), p. 540; Parl. Hist. 847; Whitelocke's Mem. 47; Wood's Fasti (Bliss), ii. 44; Foss's Lives of the Judges; Rushworth, pt. iii. vol. i. p. 329.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Creagh, Richard

​CREAGH, RICHARD (1525?–1585), catholic archbishop of Armagh, called also Crvagh, Crewe, and in Irish O'Mulchreibe, was born about 1525, being the son of Nicholas Creagh, a merchant of the city of Limerick, and Johanna [White], his wife. Having obtained a free bourse from the almoner of Charles V, he went to the university of Louvain, where he studied arts as a convictor ‘in domo Standonica,’ and afterwards theology in the Pontifical College. He proceeded B.D. in 1555.
In or about 1557 he returned to Limerick, and in August 1562 he left that city for Rome by direction of the nuncio, David Wolfe. At this period he had a strong desire to enter the order of Theatines, but the pope dissuaded him from carrying out his intention. On 23 March 1563–4 he was appointed archbishop of Armagh. In October 1564 he reached London. Towards the close of that year he landed in Ireland, probably at Drogheda, and almost immediately afterwards he was arrested while celebrating mass in a monastery. He was sent in chains to London and committed to the Tower on 18 Jan. 1564–5. On 22 Feb. he was interrogated at great length by Sir William Cecil in Westminster Hall; and he was again examined before the recorder of London on 17 March, and a third time on 23 March. On the octave of Easter he escaped from the Tower and proceeded to Louvain, where he was received with great kindness by Michael Banis, president of the Pontifical College. After a short stay there he went to Spain, and about the beginning of 1566 he returned to Ireland. In August that year he had an interview with Shan O'Neil at Irish Darell, near Clondarell, in the county of Armagh.
On 8 May 1567 he was arrested in Connaught, and in August was tried for high treason in Dublin. Though acquitted, he ​was detained in prison, but he escaped soon afterwards. Before the end of the year he was recaptured, sent to London, and lodged in the Tower, where, after enduring severe privations, he died on 14 Oct. 1585, not without suspicion of poison.
He wrote:
* ‘De Linguâ Hibernicâ.’ Some collections from this work are among the manuscripts in the library of Trinity College, Dublin.
* An Ecclesiastical History. A portion of this work was, in Sir James Ware's time, in the possession of Thomas Arthur, M.D.
* A Catechism in Irish, 1560.
* Account, in Latin, of his escape from the Tower of London, 1565. In Cardinal Moran's ‘Spicilegium Ossoriense,’ i. 40.
* ‘De Controversiis Fidei.’
* ‘Topographia Hiberniæ.’
* ‘Vitæ Sanctorum Hiberniæ.’
[Brady's Episcopal Succession, i. 220, ii. 336; Brenan's Eccl. Hist. of Ireland, p. 416; Lenihan's Limerick, p. 117; Moran's Spicilegium Ossoriense, i. 38–58; O'Reilly's Memorials of those who suffered for the Catholic Faith in Ireland, pp. 88–116; Rambler, May 1853, p. 366; Renehan's Collections on Irish Church Hist. i. 9; Rothe's Analecta, pp. 1–48; Shirley's Original Letters; Stanyhurst's De Rebus in Hiberniâ gestis; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. p. 208; Ware's Writers of Ireland (Harris), p. 97.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Creagh, Peter

​CREAGH, PETER (d. 1707), catholic prelate, was probably a relative of Sir Michael Creagh, who was lord mayor of Dublin in 1688. On 4 May 1676 he was nominated by the propaganda to the united bishoprics of Cork and Cloyne, and on 9 March 1692–1693 he was, on the recommendation of James II, translated to the archbishopric of Dublin. He encountered great difficulties and troubles, was obliged to fly to France, and died at Strasburg in 1707.
T. C.