OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ladyman, Samuel

​LADYMAN, SAMUEL, D.D. (1625–1684), divine, son of John Ladyman of Dinton, Buckinghamshire, was born in 1625. He entered Corpus Christi College, Oxford, as a servitor 3 March 1642–3, graduated B.A. on 13 July 1647, was made fellow by the parliamentary visitors in 1648, and graduated M.A. on 21 June 1649. He became a frequent preacher and, according to Wood, was ‘a noted person among the presbyterians.’ This seems an error; he became an independent, and in this capacity was placed as minister at Clonmel, co. Tipperary, with a salary of 170l. under the civil establishment of 1655. In May 1658 he was one of some thirty ministers summoned to Dublin by Henry Cromwell, for consultation on church finance and other matters; he signed the submissive address presented to Cromwell by nineteen of them. At the Restoration he conformed, and received the vicarage of Clonmel. He was prebendary of Cashel in 1677; subsequently he became archdeacon of Limerick and D.D. He died in February 1683–4, and was buried in the chancel of St. Mary's, Clonmel, where there is a tablet to his memory. By his will (dated 1683) he left 5l. per annum for educating ten poor children, and 5l. to be given annually in alms. He married Grace (d. March 1663 or 1664), daughter of Dr. William Hutchinson of Oxford, and had several children, of whom Samuel, Francis, and Grace died in infancy; John died on 9 Dec. 1675, aged 20; and Jane died on 27 Sept. 1681, aged 21. John Ladyman of Knockgraffon, buried at Cashel on 2 Oct. 1731, was probably his grandson.
He published ‘The Dangerous Rule,’ &c., 1658, 12mo (sermon before the judges at Clonmel).
[Wood's Fasti (Bliss), ii. 121; Reid's Hist. Presb. Church in Ireland (Killen), 1867, ii. 558 sq.; information from the Dean of Cashel and from the rector of Clonmel, with copy of monumental inscription.]
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Marten, Maria

​MARTEN, MARIA. [See under Corder, William, 1804–1828, murderer.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Marshe, George

​MARSHE, GEORGE (1515-1555), protestant martyr. [See Marsh.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Martial, Richard

Born in 1517, died in or after 1575, according to the ODNB.
​MARTIAL or MARSHALL, RICHARD (d. 1563), dean of Christ Church, Oxford, possibly son of William Marshall (fl. 1535) [q. v.], was said to be from Kent, and was a scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, from 1532 till 1538. He graduated B.A. 5 Dec. 1537, and his subsequent degrees were M.A. 5 Oct. 1540, B.D. October 1544, and D.D. 18 July 1552. He became fellow of his college in 1 538, but migrated to Christ Church about 1540, becoming a student there. At Corpus he was Greek lecturer, and noted as a strong Roman catholic of the old school. He was one of the witnesses against John Dunne in October 1538. In Edward's reign he is said to have turned protestant, and was vice-chancellor in 1552, but he 'returned to his vomit' under Mary. He also dug up the body of Peter Martyr's wife in Christ Church, and had it cast on his dunghill. In consequence of his activity he became dean of Christ Church in 1553, and is probably the Marshall or Martial who held prebends at St. Paul's and Winchester during Mary's reign. In 1554 he took part in the Oxford disputation on transubstantiation, and he was one of the witnesses against Cranmer, aided in the degradation of Ridley, and almost caught Jewel when he fled from Oxford after his recantation in the autumn of 1555. But at Elizabeth's accession he lost his preferments. He had, however, powerful friends, as he had been domestic chaplain to Lord Arundell. He is included in a list of persons in hiding early in Elizabeth's reign, and is supposed to have found refuge either with the Earl of Cumberland or Mr. Metcalf in the north. He was captured and brought to London, and signed a fresh recantation, which Strype prints, and was ready, it is said, to repeat it in public, but died, presumably in prison, some time in 1563.
[Welch's Alumni Westmon. p. 5; Strype's Annals, 1. ii. 48, 49; Cranmer, pp. 480, 536; Zurich Letters, 1st ser. p. 12, 3rd ser p. 373; Jewel's Works, p. xi; Ridley's Works, pp. 286, 295; Cranmer's Works, ii. 382, 543, &c, all in the Parker Society's publications; Cal. of State Papers, Dom. 1647-65, Add. p. 524.]
W. A. J. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Macdonald, Patrick

​MACDONALD, PATRICK (1729–1824), amateur musician, eldest son of Murdoch Macdonald, minister of Durness, Sutherlandshire, was born on 22 April 1729. He studied for the ministry at Aberdeen University, and, after acting for some time as a private tutor, was in 1756 licensed by the presbytery of Edinburgh, and ordained as missionary at Strontian, Argyllshire. In 1757 he became minister of Kilmore, Argyllshire, where he died, ‘father of the church,' on 26 Sept. 1824. He married Barbara Macdonald, a Roman catholic, ‘who attended neither public nor family worship with her husband’ (Soon), and by her had nine sons and four daughters. He was a well-informed writer on Scottish music, a composer, and a player of various instruments. He wrote the account of his for Sinclair's ‘Statistical Account,’ but his claim to remembrance rests on ‘A Collection of Highland Vocal Airs never hitherto published, etc.’ (Edinburgh. 1784), which he edited with the assistance of his brother, Joseph Macdonald and the Rev. Walter Young, who composed the basses and wrote the preliminary dissertation.’ This work, which was published by subscription and is now scarce, is valuable, both for its musical contents and the materials it offers to the historian of national melody.
[Scott's Fasti Eccl. Scot. ‘Synod of Argyll’, p. 50; Presbytery Registers; Johnson’s Scots’ Musical Museum. ed. 1853, i. 51; Glen's Coll. of Scottish Dance Music, Introd., Edinb. 1891.]
J. C. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Macdonald, Ranald

​MACDONALD, RANALD, D.D. (1755–1832), Scottish catholic prelate, born at Edinburgh, of highland peasants, in 1766, received his education in the Scots College at Douay, and after being ordained priest returned to Scotland in 1782. He was first stationed in Glengairn, Aberdeenshire; after some years he was transferred to Glengarry; and thence was sent to the island of Uist. He succeeded Dr. Æneas Chisholm [q. v.] as vicar apostolic of the highland district, his brief to the vicariate, and see of 'Æryndela, sub archiepiscopo Tarsen., in partibus infidelium,' being dated 24 Aug. 1819. In 1827 he became the ﬁrst vicar-apostolic of the newly created western district of Scotland. He died at Fort William on 30 Sept. 1832.
[Brady's Episcopal Succession. iii. 437, 471; Catholic Directory, 1892, p. 81: Edinburgh Catholic Mag. 1832–3, i. 192; London and Dublin Orthodox Journal, 1837. iv. 121; Stothert's Catholic Mission in Scotland, p. 464.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Macdonald, Lawrence

​MACDONALD, LAWRENCE (1799–1878), sculptor, born at Boneyview, Findo-Gask, Perthshire, 15 Feb. 1799 (baptism register of Findo-Gask parish), was son of Alexander Macdonald, a poor violinist (Irving, Eminent Scotsmen), and Margaret Morison, his wife. He was apprenticed as a mason with Thomas Gibson, who was then building Murray's Royal Asylum, Perth, and about this time he carved the arms of Robert Graeme on the front of Garvock House. Coming to Edinburgh with an introduction to James Gillespie Graham the architect [q. v.], who proved a helpful patron, he worked as an ornamental sculptor, and on 26 Feb. 1822 entered the Trustees' Academy, Edinburgh (minute-book of the board of trustees). Early in the winter of the same year he went to study in Rome, where he executed several busts, among others that of the Duke of Atholl; and in 1823, along with Gibson, Severn, and other artists, founded the British Academy of Arts in Rome, of which he continued a trustee till his death. In about four years he returned to Edinburgh, and there produced busts of Professor John Wilson and George Combe, the phrenologist. In 1829 he sent his bust of John Marshall, M.P., to the Royal Academy, and he was a frequent contributor to the ​succeeding exhibitions. In the autumn of 1829 he exhibited in the Royal Institution, Edinburgh, his colossal group of ‘Ajax bearing the dead body of Patroclus and combating a Trojan warrior’ (see Scotsman, 28 and 31 Oct. 1829, where the group is engraved in outline) and other works; and he was second to his friend Charles Maclaren, editor of the ‘Scotsman,‘ in his bloodless duel with Dr. James Browne, editor of the ‘Caledonian Mercury,’ fought near Edinburgh on 12 Nov. 1829 (see ib. 11 and 14 Nov.), which arose partly out of an article in the ‘Mercury’ (6 Nov.) on Macdonald's works and the ‘Scotsman's’ criticisms upon them. In the same year he was elected a member of the Scottish Academy, where in 1832 he exhibited several busts, including those of J. Gibson Lochkart and the Earl Erroll; but he seldom contributed here, and resigned his membership in 1858. He appeared in the list of honorary members in 1867. In 1832 he returned to Rome, where he occupied a leading position as a sculptor, chiefly producing portrait busts, aided by his elder brother, John, and his son, Alexander. His bust of Philip Henry, ﬁfth Earl Stanhope, is now at Chevening, Kent, and a copy is in the National Portrait Gallery, London. He also executed busts of Walter Scott (1831), Fanny Kemble, Sir David Baird. and James Gillespie Graham. Among his ideal works are ‘A Girl and a Carrier Pigeon,’ 1835, and ‘Eurydice,’ 1849. His ‘Ulysses recognised by his dog,’ shown in the Paris Exhibition of 1855, was much admired, and became the property of Lord Kilmorey. Macdonald died in Rome, 4 March 1878.
Redgrave's Dict.; Brydall's Art in Scotland; Catalogues of Royal Academy, Royal Scottish Academy, and Nat. Portrait Gallery: Drummond's Perthshire in Bygone Days.]
J. M. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Macdonald, William Bell

​MACDONALD, WILLIAM BELL (1807–1862), linguist, eldest son of Donald Macdonald, by Mary, daughter of William Bell of Rammerscales, near Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire, was born in Scotland in 1807, and was educated at the university of Glasgow, where he graduated B.A. 1827. After studying medicine he served as surgeon in Sir Pulteney Malcolm's flagship in the Mediterranean from 1828 to 1831, and was afterwards a commissioner of supply.
He was one of the greatest linguists of his time, making a special study of Coptic, and could translate an old Scottish song into German, Latin, Greek, or Hebrew. On the death of an uncle named Bell he succeeded to the estate of Rammerscales, where he collected a large and valuable library. For some years he represented the burgh of Lochmaben in the general assembly of the church of Scotland. He died at 114 West Campbell Street, Glasgow, 5 Dec. 1862, and was buried in Dalton churchyard. He mar​ried in 1839 Helen, third daughter of Thomas Johnstone of Underwood.
Macdonald published: 1. ‘Lusus Philologici. Ex Museo Gul. B. Macdonald,’ Rammerscales, 1851. 2. ‘Ten Scottish Songs rendered into German,’ 1854. 3. ‘Sketch of a Coptic Grammar adapted for Self-Tuition,’ 1856. To the Ray Society in 1846 he communicated reports on zoology and botany translated from the German.
[Gent. Mag. March 1863, p. 390; Inglis's Dramatic Writers of Scotland, 1868, p. 71; Dumfries and Galloway Standard, 17 Dec. 1862, p. 64.]
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Macdonell, James (1841-1879)

1904 Errata appended.
​MACDONELL, JAMES (1841–1879), journalist, born in 1841 at Dyce in Aberdeenshire, was eldest son of James Macdonell by his wife, Rachel Allardyce of Dyce. The father was of a Roman catholic family, which came originally from Glengarry in Inverness-shire. James, who showed intellectual gifts and predilections at an early age, was educated at Bell's school, Inverness, and at the parish schools of Dufftown and Rhynie. Owing to the death of his father (1858) he entered a mercantile office as clerk at the age of sixteen, but soon obtained other employment as a writer of leading articles in the ‘Aberdeen Free Press.’ In 1862 he went to Edinburgh on the staff of the ‘Daily Review.’ The brilliancy of his literary style attracted attention, and he was shortly afterwards invited to Newcastle to become, in spite of what he himself called his ‘extreme youthfulness,’ editor of the ‘Northern Daily Express.’ The newspaper rose rapidly under his guidance, and at twenty-two he found his services sought by two powerful editors—one of the ‘Scotsman,’ the other of the ‘Daily Telegraph.’ He joined ​ the latter, and for ten years (1865–75) he was member of its staff, and was sent to act as special correspondent to France in 1870 and in 1871.
In 1875 he joined the staff of the ‘Times’ as a leader writer. One of his colleagues spoke of his leaders as ‘complete and finished essays, perfectly polished literary gems.’ Another says: ‘His style was at once fluent and incisive. He had keen, analytical perception. His meaning was never obscure, and his information was peculiarly accurate. Not a constitutional problem could be mooted on either side of the Atlantic of which he did not seem to have made an especial study. Of French politics, in particular, he had a real mastery.’ Macdonell died suddenly, at his house in London, 2 March 1879, at the early age of thirty-seven.
He married in 1870 Annie Harrison, a niece of Mary Howitt, and there were three sons of the marriage. Their house became a meeting-place of the best representatives of liberal journalism. As a conversationalist Macdonell was both brilliant and instructive.
Between 1865 and 1875 Macdonell wrote frequently for ‘Fraser's Magazine,’ ‘North British Review,’ and ‘Macmillan's.’ An article in the ‘North British Review’ (December 1867) on the ‘Natural History of Morals,’ designed to refute Buckle's theory as to the stationary nature of morals, excited unusual attention. His last work, edited by his wife and published after his death (1880), ‘France since the First Empire,’ is only a brilliant fragment; but it remains one of the most accurate and discriminating works on modern French politics.
[Private information; James Macdonell, Journalist, by W. R. Nicoll, M.A., 1890; Daily Telegraph, 1865–75; Times, 1875–9.]
A. M.-l.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.189 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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| 52 | i | 5 | for 1873 read 1875 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Macdonald, William Russell

​MACDONALD, WILLIAM RUSSELL (1787–1854), miscellaneous writer, was born in 1787. In early life he was editor and part proprietor of ‘Bell’s Life in London,’ the ‘Sunday Herald,’ the ‘British Drama,’ and the 'Literary Humourist,’ besides contributing largely to other periodicals. ‘An entire change of opinion and sentiment,’ as his biography, ‘subsequently induced him to seek other channels for the exercise of his varied literary talents.’ He wrote ‘Christianity, Protestantism, and Popery, compared and contrasted,’ 8vo, London, 1829 [anon.], and the following: ‘A Paraphrase of Dodsley's “Economy of Human Life,”' 1817; ‘Mechanical Tales;’ ‘Fudges in Ireland,’ ‘Fables of the Day;' ‘The Comic A1phabet;’ and many others of an ephemeral character. But the most useful of Donald's productions were numerous books for the young, to which labour of love he devoted the latter period of his life until prevented by the loss of sight. Among them were ‘The Book of Quadrupeds,' 1838; ‘The Nursery Book;’ ‘First and Second Lessons for the Nursery;’ ‘Simple Tales;’ ‘Parley's First Present,' and ‘The Child's Cheerful Companion.’ Macdonald died on 30 Dec. 1854 in Great James Street, Bedford Row, London, leaving a widow and two sons.
[Gent. Mag. 1865. pt. i. p. 211.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Charleton, Robert

​CHARLETON, ROBERT (1809–1872), a Friend, the eldest son of James Charleton, who died at Ashley Hill, Bristol, in 1847, was born in Bristol on 15 April 1809, and after a business training under H. F. Cotterell, a land surveyor at Bath, became the proprietor of a pin manufactory at Kingswood, near Bristol, in 1833, and continued that business until his retirement in 1852. He was one of the earliest of the advocates of total abstinence. He lectured on that subject in England in 1836, and in 1842 with his friend Samuel Capper in Ireland. At the same time he advocated the doctrines of the Friends, and in 1849 accompanied Capper in his tent-meeting tour in Oxfordshire and the neighbouring counties. His philanthropic labours were very numerous. The schools at Kingswood and Oldland Common were mainly dependent on his support and superintendence, also the large British school in Redcross Street, Bristol. The Peace Society was another institution which engaged his attention; and in 1854, on the prospect of a war with Russia, he was a member of a deputation of three persons sent from London to present an address to the Emperor Nicholas at St. Petersburg against the war. This address was graciously received by the emperor on 10 Feb. (Illust. London News, 4 and 11 March 1854). Again in 1858, in company with Robert Forster, he presented to the northern powers of Europe the plea for liberty of conscience issued by the Society of Friends. At the commencement of 1860 he was unanimously recorded by the monthly meeting of Bristol ‘as an approved minister of the Gospel.’ Henceforth his time was chiefly occupied in lecturing throughout England and Ireland. He was an advocate of the Permissive Bill, and much averse to the Contagious Diseases Acts. He died at his residence, Ashley Down, near Bristol, on 5 Dec. 1872. He married, on 13 Dec. 1849, Catherine Brewster, the eldest daughter of Thomas Fox of Ipswich. He was the author of: 1. ‘Opposition to the War;’ an address, 1855. 2. ‘A Lecture on the Protestant Reformation in England,’ 1863. 3. ‘A Brief Memoir of William Forster,’ 1867. 4. ‘Thoughts on Barclay's Apology,’ 1868. 5. ‘Thoughts on the Atonement,’ 1869.
[Anna F. Fox's Memoir of Robert Charleton, 1873, with portrait; Times, 7 Dec. 1872, p. 12.]
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Charlesworth, Edward Parker

​CHARLESWORTH, EDWARD PARKER (1783–1853), physician, was son of John Charlesworth, rector of Ossington, Nottinghamshire, whose father was a medical man and was brother of another John ​Charlesworth, a well-known clergyman [see under Charlesworth, Maria Louisa]. After a pupilage with Dr. E. Harrison of Horncastle, he went to Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. in 1807. He married a daughter of Dr. Rockcliffe of Horncastle, and settled at Lincoln, where he acquired a large practice. He became physician to the Lincoln county hospital, and from 1820 visiting physician to the Lincoln asylum for the insane. Having become conversant in Dr. Harrison's private asylum with the extremely coercive methods of treating the insane then in vogue, Charlesworth devoted his energies for many years to improving the system at Lincoln, and very early secured the issue of an order forbidding attendants to use restraint or violence without the consent of the directors. He brought about successive improvements of the structure and arrangements of the asylum, and secured in 1821 a classification of patients and opportunities for their full exercise in the open air. In 1828 he obtained an order 'that every instrument of restraint when not in use be hung up in a place distinctly appropriated to that purpose, so that the number and nature of such instrument in use at any time may appear.' Various more objectionable instruments were destroyed, and the house surgeon was ordered to record every case of coercion. Finally, when a house surgeon named Hadwen was in office in 1834, for some weeks no single patient was under restraint. While Mr. Gardiner Hill was house surgeon from 1835 onwards, mechanical restraint was practically abolished, and the experience of this asylum powerfully influenced Dr. Conolly in resolving to abolish restraint at Hanwell. Mr. Hill afterwards claimed the sole merit of this result; but Charlesworth's long uphill fight for many years was undoubtedly the main factor in producing it (Lancet, 6 Nov. 1863, pp. 439–42).
Charlesworth was a most capable physician, devoted to the poor, accomplishing much by rigid economy of time, very practical in everything, a strict disciplinarian, yet zealous in wise reforms. He died of paralysis on 20 Feb. 1853.
[Lancet, 12 March 1853, p. 255; Extract from Lecture by Dr. Conolly, Lancet, 14 May 1853, p. 458; Lancet, 5 Nov. 1853, pp. 439–42; Medical Times and Gazette, 19 March 1853; Conolly's Treatment of the Insane, 1856; Sir J. Clark's Memoir of John Conolly, 1869; Charlesworth's Remarks on the Treatment of the Insane, 1828.]
G. T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Charleton, Rice

​CHARLETON, RICE, M.D. (1710–1789), physician, was educated at Oxford, where he took the degrees of M.A., M.B., and ​M.D. He paid some attention to chemistry, and was elected F.R.S. 3 Nov. 1747. He settled in practice at Bath, and in 1750 published ‘A Chemical Analysis of Bath Waters.’ The book describes a series of experiments to determine the mineral constituents of the thermal springs at Bath. The chemical system of Boerhaave is followed, and the inquiry is carefully conducted on scientific principles. Charleton was elected physician to the Bath General Hospital 2 June 1757, and then lived in Alfred Street. He published a second tract, ‘An Inquiry into the Efficacy of Bath Waters in Palsies,’ and reprinted it in 1774, with his first publication and ‘Tract the Third, containing Cases of Patients admitted into the Hospital at Bath under the care of the late Mr. Oliver, with some additional Cases and Notes,’ the whole making an octavo of 258 pages. The volume is dedicated to Thomas, duke of Leeds, who was one of the editor's patients. It contains some interesting cases, and demonstrates that part of the reputation of the Bath waters as a cure for palsy was due to the large number of cases of paralysis from lead poisoning who arrived with useless limbs, and were cured by abstinence from cyder having lead in solution, and by frequent bathing. Under the head of palsies ‘from cyder and bilious cholics’ Charleton has 237 cases, of which only five are classed as ‘no better.’ He belonged to the London College of Physicians, and retired from the Royal Society in 1754. He seems to have given up his chemical pursuits and to have devoted himself to practice. He resigned his post at the hospital 1 May 1781, and died in 1789.
[Works; Stranger’s Guide to Bath. 1773; Thomson's History of Royal Society, 1812; MS. Records of Bath Mineral Water Hospital.]
N. M.