OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Michmash

Edition of 1905. See also Michmash on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MICHMASH, mĭk′măsh. The site of the camp of the Philistines in the war at the beginning of Saul's reign, connected with the notable exploit of Jonathan (q.v.) related in I. Sam. xiv. It was a town of Benjamin, about seven miles north of Jerusalem. Its importance arose from its position on one of the two main roads from Jerusalem northward, at a point where the road descends into a steep and rugged valley. Josephus (Ant., vi. 6, 2) gives a detailed account of Jonathan's exploit, which tallies well with the features of the locality to-day. Men of Michmash returned with Zerubbabel (Ezra ii. 27; Neh. vii. 31). It is mentioned in the fictitious invasion of the Assyrians in Isaiah x. 28 sqq. In the time of the Maccabees it became the headquarters of Jonathan (I. Macc. ix. 73), and was a large village in the time of Eusebius. It is the modern Muhmas.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Michie, Peter Smith

Edition of 1905. See also Peter Smith Michie on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MICHIE, mĭK′ĭ, Peter Smith (1839-1901). An American educator and soldier. He was born in Brechin, Scotland, came to the United States in 1843, and was brought up in Cincinnati. He graduated second in the class of 1863 at West Point and entered the engineer corps; served in the campaign of 1864 against Richmond; was chief engineer of the Army of the James (1865); and was at the head of all engineering operations of the left column at Hatcher's Run and in the pursuit of Lee's army. After the war, having attained brevet rank of brigadier in 1865, he was for a year engaged in the Government survey of the theatre of the war; from 1867 to 1869 he taught various branches at West Point; was member of a coastal fortification commission which visited Europe in 1870; and for the last thirty years of his life was professor of natural and experimental philosophy at West Point. He wrote: Elements of Wave Motion Relating to Sound and Light (1882); Life of General Upton (1885); The Personnel of the Seacoast Defense (1887); Analytical Mechanics (1887); Hydrodynamics (1888); and General McClellan (New York, 1901), in the “Great Commanders Series.”
# The New International Encyclopædia/Michigan, Lake

Edition of 1905. See also Lake Michigan on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MICHIGAN, Lake. The second in size of the great fresh-water lakes of the North American continent, and the only one lying wholly in the United States, bounded on the north and east by Michigan, on the south by Indiana, and on the west by Illinois and Wisconsin (Map: United States, H 2). It contains an area of 22,450 square miles. It is over 300 miles long, and its mean breadth is about 75 miles; the mean depth is about 870 feet. It is 581 feet above the level of the sea, and has been found by accurate observations to have a slight lunar tidal wave. Its banks are low and sandy, containing rocky sections of sandstone and limestone, but few high bluffs. Inland the sand-hills rise to the height of 150 feet. On the Wisconsin side the land is being gradually worn away, while a gain is noticeable on the Michigan side. The lake communicates with Lake Huron through the Straits of Mackinac, and is connected with the Mississippi, supposed to have been its ancient outlet, by the old Illinois and Michigan Canal and the new Chicago Drainage Canal (q.v.) at Chicago. Like all the Great Lakes, it is subject to violent storms, and its shores are guarded by twenty-three light-houses. The best harbors are at the mouths of tributary rivers; the chief ones are Chicago, Milwaukee, Escanaba, and Grand Haven. Its islands are in the northern portion, forming the Manitou group; the largest, Beaver Island, is 50 miles long. It has two large bays—Green Bay, 100 miles long, and Grand Traverse Bay, 30 miles long—and three of lesser dimensions, Little Traverse Bay, Little Bay of Noquet, and Big Bay of Noquet. Ice remains longer in the Straits of Mackinac than elsewhere, and navigation is usually closed for four consecutive months. Lake Michigan has important fisheries; white-fish and lake trout are taken and exported in large quantities, fresh and canned. The largest rivers which empty into it are the Saint Joseph, Muskegon, Grand, Kalamazoo, and Manistee, all in Michigan; the Fox in Wisconsin, emptying into Green Bay; and the Menominee on the borders of Michigan and Wisconsin, also discharging into Green Bay. The lake forms, with the Saint Lawrence and the Lower Lakes, a natural outlet for one of the richest grain-growing regions in the world.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Michigan State Agricultural College

Edition of 1905. See also Michigan State University on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ ​MICHIGAN STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. A coeducational State institution at Lansing, Mich., the oldest institution of its kind in the country. It was established in pursuance of a constitutional provision in 1855, and was opened in 1857. Its endowment consists of a fund of $800,000 derived from the sale of part of the lands (235,673 acres) given by the General Government through the act of 1862. There are three courses, agricultural, mechanical, and women's or domestic science, which were attended in 1902 by 850 students under a faculty of 60. The library contained 23,000 volumes. Farmers' institutes are carried on annually in each county of the State, the total attendance at these instruction schools in 1902 being about 100,000. The income from the endowment fund, with other Government grants and State appropriations, amounted in 1902 to $225,000. In that year the buildings and grounds were valued at $700,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Michoacán

Edition of 1905. See also Michoacán on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MICHOACÁN, mē̇-chō′ȧ-kän′. A Pacific Coast State of Mexico, bounded by the States of Jalisco and Guanajuato on the north, Mexico on the east, Guerrero and the Pacific Ocean on the south, and Colima and Jalisco on the west (Map: Mexico, H 8). Area, 22,874 square miles. The surface is generally mountainous, although its highest elevations are below 13,000 feet. The northern part is the more elevated, being in general over 6000 feet above the sea, with a few peaks exceeding 10,000 feet. The southern part slopes toward the coast, which is mostly low. The extreme northern part is rather flat and interspersed with a number of lakes. With the exception of the large rivers Lerma and Las Balsas, forming part of the boundaries, and the Tepalcatepec, a tributary of Las Balsas, crossing the State from east to west, the rivers are small, but lakes are abundant, and some of them, such as Cuitzeo, are of considerable size. The climate is on the whole healthful, except in the southern part, where fever prevails to some extent. The soil is of remarkable fertility; the principal products are cereals in the more elevated parts, and sugar, coffee, vanilla, tobacco, and other tropical plants in the valleys. Stock-raising and mining are also important industries, and trade is considerable. The province is crossed by the Mexican National and the Mexican Central railway lines. Population, in 1895, 896,495. Capital, Morelia (q.v.). Michoacán was inhabited by the Tarascos, who had successfully resisted the domination of the Aztecs up to the time of the Conquest.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Michiels, Alfred

Edition of 1905. See also Alfred Michiels on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MICHIELS, mē̇′shē̇′ĕl′, Alfred (1813-92). A French historian and writer on art and literature, born in Rome of Dutch-Burgundian parents. He began his law studies at Strassburg (1834), but made his home in Paris. His publications include: Études sur l'Allemagne (1830); Histoire des idées littéraires en France au XIXe siècle et de leur origines dans les siècles antérieurs (1842); Angleterre (1844), of which a fourth edition (1872) was called Voyage d'un amateur: Histoire de la peinture flamande et hollandaise (1845, new ed., enl., 1865-76), and its sequel, L'art flamand dans l'est et le midi de la France (1877); L'architecture et la peinture en Europe depuis le IVe au XVIe siècle (3d ed. 1873); Rubens et l'école d'Anvers (4th ed. 1877); Histoire secrète du gouvernement autrichien (4th ed. 1879); Le comte de Bismarck (1871); Histoire de la guerre franco-prussienne (1872); Van Dyck et ses éleves (1880); Le monde du comique et du rire (1887).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Raupp, Karl

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Raupp on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RAUPP, roup, Karl (1837—). A German landscape and genre painter, born at Darmstadt. After studying under Jakob Becker at the Städel Institute in Frankfort, he became a pupil and zealous follower of Piloty in Munich (1860-65),
where he soon gathered a small school. From 1868 to 1878 he was professor at the School of Arts in Nuremberg, and after that at the Academy in Munich. His finely colored scenes from fishermen's and peasant life around Chiem Lake, which form his favorite subjects, show equal devotedness in the treatment of landscape and figures, and include: “In the Face of the Storm” (1885, Dresden Gallery); “Peace” (1889, National Gallery, Berlin); “Serious Meeting” (1889, Münster Gallery); and “Chiem Lake” (1898, Reichstags-Gebäude, Berlin). He published a Katechismus der Malerei (3d ed, 1898).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ratzeburg, Julius Theodor

Edition of 1905. See also Julius Theodor Christian Ratzeburg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​RATZEBURG, rät′se-bo͞orK, Julius Theodor (1801-71). A German entomologist. He was born and educated in Berlin, where in 1828 he became privat-docent at the university. Two years afterwards, upon the removal of the Berlin Forestry School to Eberswalde, Ratzeburg became its professor of natural science. By his work there as a teacher and his publications, he ranks as the founder of the scientific treatment of entomology as related to forestry. Among his more important writings are: Die Forstinsekten (1837-44; 2d ed. 1885); Die Waldverderber und ihre Feinde (1842); Die Ichneumonen der Forstinsekten (1844); Waldverderbnis durch Insektenfrass (1866-68); some botanical treatises, and a Forstwissenschaftliches Schriftsteller-Lexikon, completed by Acherson and containing an autobiography (1874).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rauhes Haus

Edition of 1905. See also Rauhes Haus on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ RAUHES HAUS, rou′es hous. One of the earliest industrial institutions for poor boys, founded by Wichern at Horn, near Hamburg, November 1, 1833, in an old house called by its former occupant ‘Ruges Hus,’ which by a mistranslation into high German became Rauhes Haus. There are now about 25 buildings occupied by the boys, who live in groups (families) of 12 or 15 under the charge of a brother. The scope of the school has widened with its growth, and now comprises: (1) Department for neglected children who receive a common school education and are trained for handwork, and later on are apprenticed or employed in the institution, (2) Department for trades instruction, (3) Boarding department for boys of better families, (4) A training school, begun in 1845, for workers in charitable societies and institutions. The men are called brothers, and most of them have found service under the Innere Mission (q.v.) (5) Book department, including a printing office, started in 1844. The oversight and care of the children falls largely on the assistants, who are training for work in other institutions. The Rauhes Haus with the institution at Mettray, France, have been widely and favorably known. Consult Wichern, Das Rauhe Haus von 1833-83 (Hamburg, 1883).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Raupach, Ernst

Edition of 1905. See also Ernst Raupach on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RAUPACH, rou'päG, Ernst (1784-1852). A German dramatist. He was born at Straupitz, Silesia; studied theology at Halle; was for ten years tutor in Russia, and was subsequently (1816) appointed professor of philosophy, German literature, and history in the University of Saint Petersburg. Raupach left Russia in 1822, and, after a visit to Italy, settled in Berlin, where he devoted the remainder of his life chiefly to writing for the stage. His facility was remarkable, and he wrote in all about eighty plays, besides letters and poems. Among his early pieces the following are noteworthy: Die Gefesselten (1821); Die Freunde (1825); and Isidor und Olga (1826). Among his comedies may be mentioned Die Schleichhändler; Der Zeitgeist; and the farces, Denk' an Cäsar and Schelle im Monde. Of his posthumous works are: Der Kegelspieler (1853); the tragi-comedy, Mulier Taceat in Ecclesia (1853); and Saat und Frucht (1854). The popular drama Der Müller und sein Kind still holds the stage: He collected his earlier plays in two volumes, Dramatische Werke komischer Gattung (1829-35), and Dramatische Werke ernster Gattung (1830-43). Raupach's writings display great knowledge of stage effect, a happy talent for the invention of new and interesting situations, and a fine play of verbal wit. Consult Pauline Raupach, Raupach, eine biographische Skizze (Berlin, 1853).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ratzel, Friedrich

Edition of 1905. See also Friedrich Ratzel on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer. Die Erde und das Leben was actually published in 1902.
​RATZEL, rät′sel, Friedrich (1844-1904). A German geographer and traveler, born at Karlsruhe, and educated in science at Karlsruhe, Heidelberg, Jena, Berlin, and elsewhere. As correspondent of the Kölnische Zeitung he traveled in 1869 in Italy, Sicily, and Southern France, and in 1872-75 in the United States, Mexico, and Cuba. In 1876 he became professor of geography at the Polytechnic School of Munich, and in 1886 was appointed to a similar position at the University of Leipzig. Among his printed works are: Sein und Werden der organischen Welt (1868); Wandertage eines Naturforschers (1873-74); Vorgeschichte des europäischen Menschen (1875); Städte- und Kulturbilder aus Nordamerika (1876); Die Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika (1878-80); Die Erde, in 24 Vorträgen (1881); Völkerkunde (1895); and Die Erde und das Leben (1802). With Schweinfurth he edited Emin Pasha's letters of travel and reports (Leipzig, 1888).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rau, Karl Heinrich

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Heinrich Rau on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​RAU, rou, Karl Heinrich (1792-1870). A German economist, born at Erlangen. He studied at the University of Erlangen, where he became privat-docent in 1812, professor extraordinary in 1816, and in 1818 full professor of political economy. In 1822 he was called to the chair of political economy at Heidelberg University. His principal works are: Ueber das Zunftwesen und die Folgen seiner Aufhebung (1816); Grundriss der Kameralwissenschaft oder Wirtschaftslehre (1823); and Lehrbuch der politischen Oekonomie (1826-37). Rau was at first an adherent of the views of the earlier German economic writers, and defended the policy of the guild regulations and of mercantilism. In his Lehrbuch, which was long considered the classical German work on economies, he adopts the ​general position of Adam Smith and Say, but retains a tendency to advocate the extension of the economic functions of the State. He founded in 1835 the Archiv der politischen Oekonomie und Polizeiwissenschaft.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Raumer, Karl Georg von

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Georg von Raumer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RAUMER, Karl Georg von (1783-1865). A German geologist and educator, born at Wörlitz, brother of the preceding. After studying at several German universities, and at the mining academy at Freiberg, in 1811 he became professor of mineralogy at Breslau, and in 1819 at Halle, whence in 1823 he went to the Dittmar training school in Nuremberg, and in 1827 he was appointed professor of natural history at Erlangen. Among his works are: Geognostische Fragmente (1811); ABC-Buch der Kristallkunde (1820-21); and Lehrhuch der allgemeinen Geographie (1832; 3d ed. 1848). On education he wrote an important Geschichte der Pädagogik (1843-51), which has been translated into English and published in America. Raumer's autobiography was published at Stuttgart in 1866.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Raumer, Friedrich Ludwig Georg von

Edition of 1905. See also Friedrich Ludwig Georg von Raumer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RAUMER, rou′mẽr, Friedrich Ludwig Georg von (1781-1873), A German historian, born at Wörlitz, near Dessau, He studied at Berlin, Halle, and Göttingen, and held government appointments from 1806 to 1811, In that year he was made professor of political science at Breslau, and in 1819 was called to Berlin, He traveled widely during the years from 1827 to 1843, and the results of his observations were embodied in several works. He was secretary of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, but resigned in 1847. He was a member of the German National Assembly of 1848-49 at Frankfort. Subsequently he became a member of the Upper House of the Prussian Diet. His more important works are: Geschichte der Hohenstaufen und ihrer Zeit (1823-25, 5th ed., 1878), a
standard work on that period; Ueber die geschichtliche Entwickelung der Begriffe von Recht, Staat und Politik (2d ed., 1826); Geschichte Europas seit dem Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts (1832-50); Beiträge zur neuern Geschichte aus dem Britischen Museum, etc. (1836-39); Die vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika (1845); Antiquarische Briefe (1851); Handbuch zur Geschichte der Litteratur (1864-66). With F. A. Brockhaus he founded in 1830, and until 1867 also edited the Historisches Taschenbuch.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Raupenleim

Edition of 1905. See also Raupenleim on Wiktionary; and the disclaimer.
RAUPENLEIM, rou'pen-līm (Ger., caterpillar lime). A crude petroleum product resembling an impure vaseline, more or less greasy, smooth, of a butter like consistency at ordinary temperatures, and absolutely resisting wash by rains, which is frequently used to form a band about trees to keep certain insects from climbing to the branches.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Salt of Tartar

Edition of 1905. See also Potassium carbonate on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SALT OF TARTAR. A commercial name for crude potassium carbonate.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Samaritan Language and Literature

Edition of 1905. See also Samaritan Hebrew on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SAMARITAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. The Samaritan belongs to the Semitic languages and may be grouped with the western Aramaic dialects, although it contains strong admixtures of Hebrew. It is no longer spoken, but is still studied by a few priests in the small Samaritan community (see Samaritans) at Nabulus, where the common speech is now Arabic, The dialect is interesting from a philological point of view, both because of its antiquity and of its ‘mixed’ character. Its history may be traced back to the fourth century B.C., but its beginnings belong to a still earlier date. That it survived the Arabic conquest is due to the sacred character which it acquired in the eyes of the Samaritans by virtue of the translation of the Pentateuch into their dialect. The alphabet is a direct derivation of the Phoenician and more antique in character than the ordinary Hebrew letters. Its phonology presents some peculiar characteristics, the most pronounced being the practical loss of guttural sounds, which leads to considerable confusion in the writing of words containing guttural letters. Its morphology presents no unique features, while its vocabulary contains many foreign words borrowed from Arabic, Latin, and Greek. The literature is of small extent and of little value. Besides the Samaritan Pentateuch and Targum (see
Samaritan Pentateuch), it consists of chronicles, liturgies, and hymns. The chronicles include: (1) The Samaritan Book of Joshua, an Arabic chronicle, ascribed by critics to the thirteenth century, taken in part from the canonical Book of Joshua, with legendary additions, that charge the Jews with being oppressors of the Samaritans, and, after the time of Eli, apostates from the faith. The narrative is continued to A.D. 350, when it abruptly ends. (2) The Chronicle of the Generations, professedly written by Eleazer ben Amram, 1142, and afterwards continued by many hands; it gives a calculation of sacred times, the age of patriarchs, and a list of high priests. (3) The Chronicle of Abulfath, written about the middle of the fourteenth century, is drawn from the two previous works, with additional legendary matter. The liturgies and hynms belong to different periods. The Samaritans have also produced a number of commentaries, theological tracts, and grammatical works, written in Arabic. Consult: Petermann, Brevis Linguæ Samaritanæ Grammatica (Berlin, 1873); Kohn, Zur Sprache, Litterratur und Dogmatik der Samaritaner (Leipzig, 1876); id., Samaritanische Studien (Breslau, 1868); Nutt, Fragments of a Samaritan Pentateuch (London, 1874).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Salta (capital)

Edition of 1905. See also Salta on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SALTA. The capital of the Province of Salta, Argentina, situated among the mountains, 135 miles northwest of Tucumán (Map: Argentina, D 8). The town is well built with paved streets, and has a cathedral, a national college, and a normal school. A railroad runs to Buenos Ayres and an important trade is carried on with Bolivia. Population, in 1895, 16,672; in 1901 (estimated), 17,500.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Salto

Edition of 1905. See also Salto, Uruguay on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SALTO, säl′tō̇. The capital of the department of the same name, Uruguay, on the left bank of the River Uruguay, 260 miles northwest of Montevideo, with which it has railway connection (Map: Uruguay, F 10). Here steamers from Montevideo and Buenos Ayres transship their cargoes for Southern Brazil, either by rail or river transportation. The chief industries are leather manufacturing, the salting of meats, and boat-building. Commercially Salto ranks second to Montevideo in the Republic. It was founded in 1817, and its present population is about 13,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Saltonstall, Gurdon

Edition of 1905. See also Gurdon Saltonstall on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SALTONSTALL, sa̤l′ton-sta̤l, Gurdon (1660-1724). A colonial Governor of Connecticut, born at Haverhill, Mass. He graduated at Harvard in 1684, and in 1691 was ordained pastor of the First Church (Congregational), at New London, Conn. He soon became prominent in politics and was elected Governor of Connecticut in 1707, to fill the unexpired term of Governor Winthrop, and was thereafter reëlected until his death. It was largely due to him that Yale was removed from Saybrook to New Haven.