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# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Banim, John

​Banim, John (1798-1842).—Novelist, began life as a miniature painter, but was led by the success of his first book, Tales of the O'Hara Family, to devote himself to literature. The object which he set before himself was to become to Ireland what Scott has been to Scotland, and the influence of his model is distinctly traceable in his writings. His strength lies in the delineation of the characters of the Irish lower classes, and the impulses, often misguided and criminal, by which they are influenced, and in this he has shown remarkable power. The first series of the O'Hara Tales appeared in 1825, the second in 1826. Other works are The Croppy (1828), The Denounced (1830), The Smuggler (1831), The Mayor of Windgap, and his last, Father Connell. Most of these deal with the darker and more painful phases of life, but the feeling shown in the last-named is brighter and tenderer. B. latterly suffered from illness and consequent poverty, which were alleviated by a pension from Government. He also wrote some poems, including The Celt's Paradise, and one or two plays. In the O'Hara Tales, he was assisted by his brother, Michael Banim (1796-1874), and there is difficulty in allocating their respective contributions. After the death of John, Michael wrote Clough Fionn (1852), and The Town of the Cascades (1864).
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Bale, John

​Bale, John (1495-1563).—Historian and controversialist, b. at Cove, Suffolk, and ed. as a Carmelite friar, but becoming a Protestant, engaged in violent controversy with the Roman Catholics. After undergoing persecution and flying to Flanders, he was brought back by Edward VI. and made Bishop of Ossory. On the death of Edward he was again persecuted, and had to escape from Ireland to Holland, but returned on the accession of Elizabeth, who made him a Prebendary of Canterbury. His chief work is a Latin Account of the Lives of Eminent Writers of Great Britain. Besides this he wrote some dramas on scriptural subjects, and an account of the trial and death of Sir John Oldcastle. He wrote in all 22 plays, of which only 5 have come down, the names of certain of which give some idea of their nature, e.g., The Three Leaves of Nature, Moses and Christ, and The Temptacyon of Our Lord.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Baker, Sir Samuel White

​Baker, Sir Samuel White (1821-1893).—Traveller, b. in London, and after being a planter in Ceylon, and superintending the construction of a railway between the Danube and the Black Sea, went with his wife, a Hungarian lady, in search of the sources of the Nile, and discovered the great lake, Albert Nyanza. B. was knighted in 1866, and was for 4 years Governor-General of the Equatorial Nile Basin. His books, which are all on travel and sport, are well written and include Albert Nyanza (1866), Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia (1867).
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Ballantyne, Robert Michael

​Ballantyne, Robert Michael (1825-1894).—Writer of tales for boys, b. in Edinburgh, was a connection of the well-known printers. As a youth he spent some years in the service of the Hudson's Bay Co., and was then a member of Constable's printing firm. In 1856 he took to literature as a profession, and pub. about 80 tales, which, abounding in interesting adventure and information, and characterised by a thoroughly healthy tone, had ​great popularity. Among them are The Young Fur Traders (1856), The Coral Island, Fighting the Flames, Martin Rattler, The World of Ice, The Dog Crusoe, Erling the Bold, and Black Ivory. B. was also an accomplished water-colour artist, and in all respects lived up to the ideals he sought to instil into his readers. He d. at Rome.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Baker, Sir Richard

​Baker, Sir Richard (1568-1645).—Historian and religious writer, studied law, was knighted in 1603, and was High Sheriff of Oxfordshire 1620. B. was the author of The Chronicle of the Kings of England (1643), which was for long held as a great authority among the country gentlemen. It has, however, many errors. B. fell on evil days, was thrown into the Fleet for debt incurred by others, for which he had made himself responsible, and d. there. It was during his durance that the Chronicle and some religious treatises were composed. The Chronicle was continued by Edward Phillips, Milton's nephew, who became a strong Royalist.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Bancroft, George

​Bancroft, George (1800-1891).—American historian, b. at Worcester, Massachusetts, and after grad. at Harvard, studied in Germany, where he became acquainted and corresponded with Goethe, Hegel, and other leaders of German thought. Returning to America he began his History of the United States (1834-74). The work covers the period from the discovery of the Continent to the conclusion of the Revolutionary War in 1782. His other great work is The History of the Formation of the Constitution of the United States (1882). B. filled various political offices, and was in 1846 Minister Plenipotentiary to England, and in 1867 Minister to Prussia. His writing is clear and vigorous, and his facts generally accurate, but he is a good deal of a partisan.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Bannatyne, Richard

​Bannatyne, Richard (d. 1605).—Secretary to John Knox, compiled Memorials of Transactions in Scotland from 1569 to 1573.
# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 311

Chap. CCCXI.—Of Buildings seen in a thick Air.
That part of a building seen through a thick air, will appear less distinct than another part seen through a thinner air. Therefore the eye, N, looking at the
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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 312

Chap. CCCXII.—Of Towns and other Objects seen through a thick Air.
Buildings or towns seen through a fog, or the air made thick by smoke or other vapours, will appear less distinct the lower they are; and, vice versâ, they will be sharper and more visible in proportion as they are higher. We have said, in Chapter cccxxi. that the air is thicker the lower it is, and thinner as it is higher. It is demonstrated also by the cut, where the tower, A F, is seen by the eye N,
in a thick air, from B to F, which is divided into four degrees, growing thicker as they are nearer the bottom. The less the quantity of air interposed between the eye and its object is, the less also will the colour of the object participate of the colour of that air. It ​follows, that the greater the quantity of the air interposed between the eye and the object seen, is, the more this object will participate of the colour of the air. It is demonstrated thus: N being the eye looking at the five parts of the tower A F, viz. A B C D E, I say, that if the air were of the same thickness, there would be the same proportion between the colour of the air at the bottom of the tower and the colour of the air that the same tower has at the place B, as there is in length between the line M and F. As, however, we have supposed that the air is not of equal thickness, but, on the contrary, thicker as it is lower, it follows, that the proportion by which the air tinges the different elevations of the tower B C F, exceeds the proportion of the lines; because the line M F, besides its being longer than the line S B, passes by unequal degrees through a quality of air which is unequal in thickness.
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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 318

Chap. CCCXVIII.—Of the Height of Buildings seen in a Fog.
Of a building near the eye the top parts will appear more confused than the bottom, because there is more fog between the eye and the top than at the base. And a square tower, seen at a great distance through a fog, will appear narrower at the base than at the summit. This is accounted for in Chapter cccxiii. which says, that the fog will appear whiter and thicker as it approaches the ground; ​and as it is said before, that a dark object will appear smaller in proportion as it is placed on a whiter ground. Therefore the fog being whiter at bottom than at top, it follows that the tower (being darkish) will appear narrower at the base than at the summit.
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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 317

Chap. CCCXVII.—Of Towns and other Buildings seen through a Fog in the Morning or Evening.
Buildings seen afar off in the morning or in the evening, when there is a fog, or thick air, shew only those parts distinctly which are enlightened by the sun towards the horizon; and the parts of those buildings which are not turned towards the sun remain confused and almost of the colour of the fog.
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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 313

Chap. CCCXIII.—Of the inferior Extremities of distant Objects.
The inferior or lower extremities of distant objects are not so apparent as the upper extremities. This is observable in mountains and hills, the tops of which detach from the sides of other mountains behind. We see the tops of these more determined and distinctly than their bases; because the upper extremities are darker, being less encompassed by thick air, which always remains in the lower regions, and makes them appear dim and confused. It is the ​same with trees, buildings, and other objects high up. From this effect it often happens that a high tower, seen at a great distance, will appear broad at top, and narrow at bottom; because the thin air towards the top does not prevent the angles on the sides and other different parts of the tower from being seen, as the thick air does at bottom. This is demonstrated by the seventh proposition, which says, that the thick air interposed between the eye and the sun, is lighter below than above, and where the air is whiteish, it confuses the dark objects more than if such air were blueish or thinner, as it is higher up. The battlements of a fortress have the spaces between equal to the breadth of the battlement, and yet the space will appear wider; at a great distance the battlements will appear very much diminished, and being removed still farther, will disappear entirely, and the fort shew only the straight wall, as if there were no battlements.
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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 314

Chap. CCCXIV.—Which Parts of Objects disappear first by being removed farther from the Eye, and which preserve their Appearance.
The smallest parts are those which, by being removed, lose their appearance first; this may be observed in the gloss upon spherical bodies, or columns, and the slender parts of animals; as in a stag, the first sight of which does not discover its legs and horns so soon as its body, which, being ​broader, will be perceived from a greater distance. But the parts which disappear the very first, are the lines which describe the members, and terminate the surface and shape of bodies.
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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 316

Chap. CCCXVI.—Why Faces appear dark at a Distance.
It is evident that the similitude of all objects placed before us, large as well as small, is perceptible to our senses through the iris of the eye. If through so small an entrance the immensity of the sky and of the earth is admitted, the faces of men (which are scarcely any thing in comparison of such large objects), being still diminished by the distance, will occupy so little of the eye, that they become almost imperceptible. Besides, having to pass through a dark medium from the surface to the Retina in the ​inside, where the impression is made, the colour of faces (not being very strong, and rendered still more obscure by the darkness of the tube) when arrived at the focus appears dark. No other reason can be given on that point, except that the speck in the middle of the apple of the eye is black, and, being full of a transparent fluid like air, performs the same office as a hole in a board, which on looking into it appears black; and that those things which are seen through both a light and dark air, become confused and obscure.
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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 310

Chap. CCCX.—Of distant Objects.
That part of any object which is nearest to the luminary from which it receives the light, will be the lightest.
The representation of an object in every degree of distance, loses degrees of its strength; that is, in proportion as the object is more remote from the eye it will be less perceivable through the air in its representation.
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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 315

Chap. CCCXV.—Why Objects are less distinguished in proportion as they are farther removed from the Eye.
This happens because the smallest parts are lost first; the second, in point of size, are also lost at a somewhat greater distance, and so on successively; the parts by degrees melting away, the perception of the object is diminished; and at last all the parts, and the whole, are entirely lost to the sight. Colours also disappear on account of the density of the air interposed between the eye and the object.
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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 319

Chap. CCCXIX.—Why Objects which are high, appear darker at a Distance than those which are low, though the Fog be uniform, and of equal Thickness.
Amongst objects situated in a fog, thick air, vapour, smoke, or at a distance, the highest will be the most distinctly seen: and amongst objects equal in height, that placed in the darkest fog, will be most confused and dark. As it happens to the eye H,
looking at A B C, three towers of equal height; it sees the top C as low as R, in two degrees of thickness; and the top B, in one degree only; therefore the top C will appear darker than the top of the tower B.
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# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Schultz, George Augustus

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​SCHULTZ. (Retired Commander, 1839. f-p., 16; h-p., 35.)
George Augustus Schultz was born 26 June 1785.
This officer entered the Navy, 1 Sept. 1796, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Sandwich 98, Capt. Jas. ​Robt. Mosse, guard-ship at the Nore; where he removed, in Sept. 1797, to the Zealand 64, Capt. Thos. Parr. Becoming Midshipman, in the early part of 1799, of the Madras 54, Capts. John Dilkes and Chas. Hare, he sailed in that ship with convoy for China. He subsequently, in the Asia 64, Capt. John Dawson, accompanied the expedition sent to the Baltic for the purpose of breaking the Northern Confederacy. From Sept. 1802 (four months after he had been discharged from the latter ship) until promoted to the rank of Lieutenant 22 Jan. 1806, we find him employed in the North Sea in the Diligence 12, Capt. Alex. Robt. Kerr, and Princess of Orange 74, Capts. Chas. Cunningham and Thos. Rogers. His last appointments afloat were – 3 March, 1806, to the Nassau 64, Capt. Robt. Campbell – 31 May, 1808, to the Parthian 10, Capts. Geo. Balderston, Rich. Harward, Hon. Henry Dawson, and Tomkinson, with whom he served in the Mediterranean and North Sea, until obliged by ill health to invalid in Oct. 1811 – and 28 Feb. 1812, to the Venerable 74, Capts. Jas. Whitley Deans Dundas, Sir Home Popham, and David Milne, stationed, chiefly, on the north coast of Spain. While in the Nassau, which ship was for a long time employed in blockading the Texel, and formed part of the expedition to Copenhagen in Aug. and Sept. 1807, Mr. Schultz (on her being extricated from a mass of ice in which she had been blocked up during the whole winter) assisted, 22 March, 1808, in company with the Stately 64, at the capture and destruction, on the coast of Zealand, of the Danish 74-gun ship Prindts Christian Frederic, after a running fight of great length and obstinacy, in which the Nassau sustained a loss of 2 men killed and 16 wounded. In the Parthian he fought in an action with three French ships-of-war, and accompanied the expedition to the Walcheren in 1809. He left the Venerable 9 June, 1813, and accepted his present rank 5 Jan. 1839.
Commander Schultz holds an appointment in the Stamp Office at Wisbech, in Cambridgeshire. He married 26 Nov. 1811, and has issue four children.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Scott, Henry William

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​SCOTT. (Commander, 1815. f-p., 19; h-p., 33.)
Henry William Scott (whose name had been borne in 1795-6 on the books of the Repulse 64, Capts. Wm. Geo. Fairfax and Jas. Alms) entered the Royal Naval Academy 1 March, 1797, and embarked, 5 Nov. 1800, as Midshipman, on board the Desirée 36, Capt. Rich. Dacres, lying at Portsmouth. After serving in the Channel in the Windsor Castle 98, flag-ship of Sir Andrew Mitchell, he joined, in June, 1802, the Leander 50, bearing the flag of that officer at Halifax; where he continued chiefly employed in the Mermaid 32, Capt. Aiskew Paffard Hollis, Leopard 50, Capt. Salusbury Pryce Humphreys, Mullet schooner, commanded by himself in the capacity of Acting-Lieutenant and by Lieut. Drury, Observateur brig, Capts. W. R. Smith, Chas. Claridge, John Lawrence, and Fred. Aug. Wetherall, and Furieuse 36, Capt. John Simpson, until Nov. 1809. He was officially promoted into the Observateur by a commission bearing date 26 May, 1807. From Nov. 1809 until advanced to the rank of Commander, 13 June, 1815, he was employed, on the West India, Home, and North American stations, in the Julia, Capt. Pechell, Neptune 98, flag-ship of Hon. Sir Alex. Cochrane, Crane sloop, Capt. Jas. Stuart, Arab 16, Capt. Henry Jane, Armide 38, Capt. Sir Edw. Thos. Troubridge, and Tonnant 80, bearing the flag of Sir A. Cochrane. He has since been on half-pay.
Commander Scott, who had issue by a former wife, married, 9 June, 1830, Ann, eldest daughter of the late Isaac Lane, Esq., of Ewell, co. Surrey. His eldest daughter is married to Lieut. Osmond Bourdillon, 25th Bombay Native Infantry, son of Brownlow Bourdillon, Esq., of Bath. Agents – Burnett and Holmes.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Scott, Edward Forlow

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​SCOTT. (Commander, 1815.)
Edward Forlow Scott entered the Navy, 3 Feb. 1799, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Stag 32, Capt. Joseph Sydney Yorke. After serving with that officer on the Home station in the same ship and, as Midshipman and Master’s Mate, in the Jason 36 and Canada 74, he became attached, about the end of 1801, to the Saturn 74, bearing the flag of Rear-Admiral Thos. Totty in the West Indies. He next, in 1802, joined the Apollo 36, Capt. John Wm. Taylor Dixon, which frigate was wrecked off the coast of Portugal 1 April, 1804; and, in 1806, the Prince George 98, Capt. J. S. Yorke, and Hibernia 120, flag-ship of Lord St. Vincent, stationed in the Channel; where he subsequently acted as Lieutenant in the St. George 98, Capt. Thos. Bertie, and San Josef 110, and Bellerophon 74, flag-ships of Admirals Sir Chas. Cotton and Albemarle Bertie. He was confirmed in that rank 16 March, 1808; and was afterwards appointed – 14 May, 1808, 12 June and 24 Nov. 1810, and 17 Oct. 1811, to the Christian VII. 80, Capt. J. S. Yorke, Macedonian 38, Capt. Lord Wm. FitzRoy, Hannibal 74, flag-ship of Admirals Sir Thos. Williams and Philip Chas. Durham, and Berwick 74, Capt. Edw. Brace, on the Channel, Lisbon, North Sea, and Mediterranean stations – 4 Aug. 1813, after eight months of half-pay, to the charge of a Signal-station on the coast of Kent – and, 28 Nov. 1814, to the Niger 38, Capt. Peter Rainier, at the Cape of Good Hope. He attained his present rank 20 Sept. 1815; and has since been on half-pay.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Scott, Francis

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​SCOTT. (Captain, 1848.)
Francis Scott is son of the Rev. Alex. Scott, Rector of Bootle, co. Cumberland, whose grandfather, the Hon. Walter Scott (second son of the Earl of Tarras) was himself the great-grandfather of the present Lord Polwarth. He is nephew, by marriage, of Rear-Admiral Thos. Folliott Baugh.
This officer entered the Navy 11 July, 1822; passed his examination in 1829; obtained his first commission 11 Feb. 1835; and was appointed, 21 May following, to the Clio 16, Capt. Wm. Richardson, on the Mediterranean station; where, from 10 Nov. 1836 until promoted to the rank of Commander, 2 July, 1841, he served in the Rodney 92, Capts. Hyde Parker and Robt. Maunsell. From 9 Sept. 1843 until paid off in 1847, he commanded the Hyacinth 18 on the African and North America and West India stations. He attained his present rank 12 Aug. 1848.
Capt. Scott married, 3 Aug. 1842, Frances Magdalene, second daughter of Henry Harvey, Esq., of Hill House, Streatham. Agent – John P. Muspratt.
# Abide and Abide and Better Abide

I abide and abide and better abide, And after the old proverb, the happy day; And ever my lady to me doth say, "Let me alone and I will provide." I abide and abide and tarry the tide, And with abiding speed well ye may. Thus do I abide I wot alway, Nother obtaining nor yet denied. Ay me! this long abiding Seemeth to me, as who sayeth, A prolonging of a dying death, Or a refusing of a desir'd thing. Much were it better for to be plain Than to say "abide" and yet shall not obtain.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Abie State Bank v. Weaver

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
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United States Supreme Court
282 U.S. 765
Abie State Bank v. Weaver
Argued: Jan. 30, 1931. --- Decided: Feb 25, 1931
[Syllabus from pages 765-767 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. Leonard A. Flansburg, of Lincoln, Neb., and Frank H. Gaines, of Omaha, Neb., for appellant.
Messrs. C. A. Sorensen, of Lincoln, Neb., and Charles E. Abbott, of Fremont, Neb., for appellees Bryan, Governor, et al.
Mr. Wm. J. Hotz, of Omaha, Neb., for intervening appellees Mary E. Gandy et al.
Mr. Chief Justice HUGHES delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Abide with Me (Illustrated Victorian Songbook)

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A Christian hymn written by Henry Francis Lyte. He wrote it in 1847 while he lay dying from tuberculosis; he survived only a further three weeks after its completion.
ABIDE with me; fast falls the eventide; The darkness deepens; Lord, with me abide; When other helpers fail, and comforts flee, Help of the helpless, oh abide with me.
Swift to its close ebbs out life's little day; Earth's joys grow dim, its glories pass away; Change and decay in all around I see; O Thou, Who changest not, abide with me.
Not a brief glance I beg, a passing word; But as Thou dwell'st with Thy disciples, Lord, Familiar, condescending, patient, free. Come not to sojourn, but abide with me.
Come not in terrors, as the King of kings, But kind and good, with healing in Thy wings, Tears for all woes, a heart for every plea— Come, Friend of sinners, and thus bide with me.
Thou on my head in early youth didst smile; And, though rebellious and perverse meanwhile, Thou hast not left me, oft as I left Thee, On to the close, O Lord, abide with me.
I need Thy Presence every passing hour; What but Thy grace can foil the tempter's power? Who like Thyself, my guide and stay can be? Through cloud and sunshine, Lord, abide with me.
I fear no foe with Thee at hand to bless; Ills have no weight, and tears no bitterness; Where is death's sting? Where, Grave, thy victory? I triumph still, if Thou abide with me.
Hold Thou Thy Cross before my closing eyes; Shine through the gloom, and point me to the skies. Heav'n's morning breaks, and earth's vain shadows flee; In life, in death, O Lord, abide with me.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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