OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Davidson, George

Edition of 1920. See also George Davidson (geographer) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DAVIDSON, George, American astronomer: b. Nottingham, England, 9 May 1825; d. 1911. He came to the United States in 1832; was graduated at the Central High School, Philadelphia, in 1845; and joined the United States Coast Survey. While in this service he was chief engineer of a party which surveyed a ship canal route across the Isthmus of Darien. He also made a geographical survey of the coast of Alaska in 1867. He traveled extensively in Egypt, China, India and Europe, for purposes of scientific study and also took charge of the telegraph-longitude work, and of the main triangulation and astronomical party carrying the geodetic work across the continent. From 1877-84 he was regent of the University of California, and for many years was president of the California Academy of Sciences. He retired from the coast survey after 50 years of distinguished service, in 1895, and became professor of geography in the University of California. He published ‘The Alaska Boundary’ (1903); ‘The Glaciers of Alaska’ (1904); ‘The Discovery of San Francisco Bay’ (1907); ‘Francis Drake on the Northwest Coast of America’ (1908); ‘Origin and Meaning of the Name California’ (1910).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Davidson, James Wood

Edition of 1920. See also James Wood Davidson on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DAVIDSON, James Wood, American author: b. Newberry County, S. C., 9 March 1829; d. 1905. He was graduated from South Carolina College (now the State University) and taught Greek at the Mount Zion Collegiate Institute. During the Civil War he fought in the Confederate army as adjutant in Stonewall Jackson's army corps under Lee in Virginia. After the war he took up journalism, was literary editor of the New York Evening Post, 1873, and American correspondent of the London Standard from 1873 to 1878. After 1887 he was employed in the Treasury Department at Washington. He wrote ‘Tne Living Writers of the South’ (1869); ‘A School History of South Carolina’ (1869); ‘The Correspondent’ (1886); ‘The Poetry of the Future’ (1888); and ‘The Florida of To-day’ (1889).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Das Kätchen von Heilbronn

Edition of 1920. See also Das Käthchen von Heilbronn on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DAS KÄTCHEN VON HEILBRONN (‘Katie of Heilbronn’). This romantic drama by Bernt Heinrich von Kleist, first produced in 1810, long remained one of the favorities in German theatrical repertory. It is the most romantic work of its author, himself perhaps the most romantic of Germany's poet-dramatists, and is a representative product of ‘Storm and Stress’ in individual and national life. Goethe, who was director of the theatre at Weimar when it was written, refused, at first, to present it, calling it “a jumble of sense and nonsense,” and an abstract criticism of the play amply justifies his judgment. Yet the work has undeniable charm and merit in spite of its faults, or perhaps because of them, since its very exaggeration of romance in situation, characterization and poetic fervor is what has given it its vogue. The quick shifts from darkness to light, from verse to prose, the contrast between the luminous Kätchen who sacrifices everything for love and her wicked rival Kunigunde are typical of Kleist, both of his work and of his life. He himself called “Kätchen von Heilbronn” the obverse of “Penthesilea,” the Amazon-feminist heroine of an earlier play, “her opposite pole, a creature as powerful through submission as Penthesilea is through action.” It is as a type like Griselda that Kätchen survives, not as a story, for the tale of her blind devotion to Graf Wetter von Strahl, of the intrigue and mystery and treachery that bar her path and of her final emergence as a lost Kaisers-tochter are too well-worn for distinction.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Dasyure

Edition of 1920. See also Dasyuridae on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DASYURE, dăs'ĭ-ūr, a mariupial native to Australasia; and belonging to the family Dasyuridæ. Dasyures are the survivors of the fossil forms found in Tertiary strata in South America, and elsewhere; and are allied to the opossum. The hind and fore legs are about equal in length, and the toes are furnished with claws; the long hairy tails are not prehensile. The teeth are fitted for tearing flesh, and there are eight upper incisors. There is no cœcum. The pouch is often rudimentary, and in Myrmecobius is absent. The dasyures are chiefly strong, fierce creatures of cat-like propensities, whose depredations have caused heavy losses in farming and ranching districts, so that the colonists of Australasia, more especially those of Tasmania, have nearly exterminated them, by persistent effort. Among them we find the Tasmanian zebra-wolf (Thylacinus cynocephalus), a wolf-like creature, rather smaller than the common wolf, with short fur, a long smooth tail and rounded ears. Its color is brownish, and it is barred at the hinder portion of the back and the roots of the tail with dark stripes. It prowls about by night, making raids upon unguarded sheep-folds. By day, it skulks in caverns among the rocks. Another foe to the flocks is the Tasmanian Devil (Sarcophilus ursinus). This creature, in size like a badger, in appearance like a bear, is ponderous, powerful, dark-colored, and covered with a coat of long fur. It sleeps by day; and, like the zebra-wolf, seeks its prey at night. It is very strong and ferocious; but despite this, has been successfully put down by the colonists; in fact, it has been nearly exterminated. Another species is the Australian “native cat,” a spotted creature, almost as large as a house-cat. It belongs to the genus Dasyurus, in which are also several other and smaller species. Perhaps the most interesting of the small Dasyures, is the banded ant-eater (Myrmecobius fasciatus) found in western and southern Australia. It is a reddish brown in color, banded posteriorly with white; is about the size of a squirrel, and has a long protrusile tongue for gathering its insect food. It is considered as a practically unmodified representative of certain extinct marsupials found in the Secondary rocks of Europe. It lives in sandy plains, where it finds food in plenty. Other species, small as rats and mice, and living chiefly on insects, birds, eggs, etc., are found in the genus Phascogale, and allied genera; and the jerboa-like creature (Antechinomys laniger) constitutes another genus, of a single species. It is native to Queensland and New South Wales, but is very rare. See Marsupials.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Dassy

Edition of 1920. See also Dassy on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DASSY, or DASSIE, the name given in South Africa to the rock-rabbit (Procavia capensis), the Dutch name for which is klipdas. The name dassy is merely a diminutive in local use, especially in Cape Colony. See Hyrax.
# The Historical, Political, and Diplomatic Writings of Niccolo Machiavelli/Volume 2/The Prince/Chapter 5

CHAPTER V.
HOW CITIES OR PRINCIPALITIES ARE TO BE GOVERNED THAT PREVIOUS TO BEING CONQUERED HAD LIVED UNDER THEIR OWN LAWS.
Conquered states that have been accustomed to liberty and the government of their own laws can be held by the conqueror in three different ways. The first is to ruin them; the second, for the conqueror to go and reside there in person; and the third is to allow them to continue to live under their own laws, subject to a regular tribute, and to create in them a government of a few, who will keep the country friendly to the conqueror. Such a government, having been established by the new prince, knows that it cannot maintain itself without the support of his power and friendship, and it becomes its interest therefore to sustain him. A city that has been accustomed to free institutions is much easier held by its own citizens than in any other way, if the conqueror desires to preserve it. The Spartans and the Romans will serve as examples of these different ways of holding a conquered state.
The Spartans held Athens and Thebes, creating there a government of a few; and yet they lost both these states again. The Romans, for the purpose of retaining Capua, Carthage, and Numantia, destroyed them, but did not lose them. They wished to preserve Greece in somewhat the same way that the Spartans had held it, by making her free and leaving her in the enjoyment of her own laws, but did not succeed; so that they were obliged to destroy many cities in that country for the purpose of holding it. In truth there was no other safe way of keeping possession of that country but to ruin it. And whoever becomes master of a city that has been accustomed to liberty, and does not destroy it, must himself expect to be ruined by it. For they will always resort to rebellion in the name of liberty and their ancient institutions, which will never be effaced from their memory, either by the lapse of time, or by benefits bestowed by the new master. No matter what he may do, or what precautions he may take, if he does not separate and disperse the inhabitants, they will on the first occasion invoke the name of liberty and the memory of their ​ancient institutions, as was done by Pisa after having been held over a hundred years in subjection by the Florentines.
But it is very different with states that have been accustomed to live under a prince. When the line of the prince is once extinguished, the inhabitants, being on the one hand accustomed to obey, and on the other having lost their ancient sovereign, can neither agree to create a new one from amongst themselves, nor do they know how to live in liberty; and thus they will be less prompt to take up arms, and the new prince will readily be able to gain their good will and to assure himself of them. But republics have more vitality, a greater spirit of resentment and desire of revenge, for the memory of their ancient liberty neither can nor will permit them to remain quiet, and therefore the surest way of holding them is either to destroy them, or for the conqueror to go and live there.
# The Historical, Political, and Diplomatic Writings of Niccolo Machiavelli/Volume 2/The Prince/Chapter 22

CHAPTER XXII.
OF THE MINISTERS OF PRINCES.
The choice of his ministers is of no slight importance to a prince; they are either good or not, according as the prince himself is sagacious or otherwise; and upon the character of the persons with whom a prince surrounds himself depends the first impression that is formed of his own ability. If his ministers and counsellors are competent and faithful, he will be reputed wise, because he had known how to discern their capacity and how to secure their fidelity; but if they prove otherwise, then the opinion formed of the prince will not be favorable, because of his want of judgment in their first selection. Every one who knew Messer Antonio di Venafro as the minister of Pandolfo Petrucci, prince of Sienna, judged Pandolfo to be a man of great sagacity in having chosen Messer Antonio for his minister. ​There are three sorts of intellect: the one understands things by its own quickness of perception; another understands them when explained by some one else; and the third understands them neither by itself nor by the explanation of others. The first is the best, the second very good, and the third useless. Now we must admit that Pandolfo did not belong to the first order, but rather to the second. For whenever a prince has the sagacity to recognize the good or the evil that is said or done, he will, even without being a genius, be able to judge whether the minister’s actions are good or bad; and he will praise the one and censure the other. And thus the minister, seeing that he cannot hope to deceive the prince, will continue to serve him faithfully. But the true way for a prince to know his minister is as follows, and never fails. Whenever he sees that the minister thinks more of himself than of the prince, and that in all his doings he seeks his own advantage more than that of the state, then the prince may be sure that that man will never be a good minister, and is not to be trusted. For a man who has the administration of a state in his hands, should never think of himself, but only of the prince, and should never bring anything to his notice that does not relate to the interest of the government.
On the other hand, the prince, by way of securing the devotion of his minister, should think of him and bind him to himself by obligations; he should bestow riches upon him, and should share the honors as well as the cares with him; so that the abundance of honors and riches conferred by the prince upon his minister may cause the latter not to desire either the one or the other from any other source, and that the weight of cares may make him dread a change, knowing that without the prince he could not sustain it. And when the relations between the prince and his minister are thus constituted, they will be able to confide in each other; but if they be otherwise, then one or the other of them will surely come to a bad end.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Albany (Georgia)

Edition of 1920. See also Albany, Georgia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ALBANY, Ga., city and county-seat of Dougherty County, on the Albany & North Seaboard Air Line, Central Ga. and Plant System railroads, at the head of navigation on the Flint River, about 175 miles west from Savannah. The city has large manufacturing interests in lumber, cotton, bricks, etc., and is the centre of one of the most productive agricultural regions in the State. It is governed by a mayor and a council and maintains municipal
gas and electric lighting plants and waterworks. Pop. (1910) 8,190; (1916) 12,500.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Akers, Peter

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
AKERS, Peter, American clergyman and educator: b. Campbell County, Va., 1 Sept. 1790; d. Jacksonville, Ill., 21 Feb. 1886. He received his education in the common schools and pursued a classical course in higher institutions of learning in Virginia and North Carolina. In 1817 he was admitted to the bar and formed a partnership with Maj. W. P. Fleming of Kentucky. In 1822 he entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He served many years as presiding elder. In 1827 and 1831 he was financial agent of Augusta College. In 1833–34, 1852–57 he was president of McKendree College, Lebanon, Ill. He was a delegate to six General Conferences of his church.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Albany (Oregon)

Edition of 1920. See also Albany, Oregon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ALBANY, Ore., city and county-seat of Linn County, on the Southern Pacific and the Cowaili & E. railroads, and the Willamette River, about 25 miles south by west from Salem. The city has good water-power from the Willamette River, and has large manufacturing interests. It ships both grain and flour. Pop. (1916) 8,000.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Albany (Australia)

Edition of 1920. See also Albany, Western Australia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ALBANY, West Australia, in Plantagenet County, on King George's Sound. It has one of the finest harbors in Australia and is a port of call for the steamers of the Peninsular & Oriental Company. It is a consular station of the United States. Pop. about 3,600.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Akenside, Mark

Edition of 1920. See also Mark Akenside on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AKENSIDE, Mark, English physician-poet: b. 9 Nov. 1721; d. 23 June 1770. He achieved literary fame at the age of 23 with his poem ‘Pleasures of the Imagination’ (3 vols., London 1744), didactic verse based largely on Addison’s essays on the imagination and on Lord Shaftesbury’s writings. Among his minor verse are ‘Ode on the Winter Solstice’ and ‘Hymn to the Naiads.’ Consult Buckle, C., ‘Life, Writings, and Genius of Akenside’ (London 1832).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Albany, Louisa Maria Caroline

* related portals: Louise Maximiliane Caroline Emanuel of Stolberg-Gedern.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
ALBANY, äl'bā-nî, Louisa Maria Caroline, or Aloysia, Countess of, a princess of the Stolberg-Gedern family: b. 1753; d. 29 Jan. 1824. She married in 1772 the English pretender, Charles Edward Stuart, after which event she bore the above title. Her marriage was unfruitful and unhappy. To escape from the barbarity of her husband she retired in 1780 to a cloister and afterward to the house of her brother-in-law at Rome where she met the poet, Alfieri, to whom, soon after the death of her husband, she was privately married. Alfieri attributed to her his poetic inspiration. (See Alfieri). She died at Florence, her usual place of residence, in her 72d year. Her ashes and those of Alfieri now repose under a common monument in the church of Santa Croce at Florence.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Aked, Charles Frederick

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
AKED, ā′kĕd, Charles Frederick, Anglo-American clergyman: b. Nottingham, England, 27 Aug. 1864. He began his career as auctioneer to the sheriff of Derbyshire, but later entered as a student in the Midland Baptist College. He first attracted attention in Liverpool as a speaker and his congregation there became one of the largest in England. During the Boer war he was one of those who founded the Passive Resistance League whose object was to put an end to that war, and this made him, for a time, very unpopular. In 1907, through the influence of John D. Rockefeller, he received a call to the pastorate of the Fifth Avenue Baptist Church, New York. In 1911 he went to San Francisco, where he became pastor of the First Congregational Church. In 1913 he became a citizen of the United States. Among his published writings are ‘The Courage of the Coward’ (1905); ‘A Ministry of Reconciliation’ (1907); ‘Mercies New Every Morning’ (1907); ‘Wells and Palm Trees’ (1908); ‘Old Events and Modern Meanings’ (1908); ‘The Lord’s Prayer; Its Meaning and Message for To-day’ (1910).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Albany (Missouri)

Edition of 1920. See also Albany, Missouri on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ALBANY, Mo., city and county-seat of Gentry County, on the Chicago, B. & Q. Railway, about 82 miles northeast from Kansas City. The Central Christian College and the Northwest Missouri College are situated there. The city, first settled in 1845, is governed by a mayor and council. Pop. 2,000.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Akee

Edition of 1920. See also Ackee on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AKEE (Blighia sopida), fruit tree of the family Sapindaceæ. It is a native of tropical Africa, reaches a height of 25 feet or more, with numerous branches. Its leaves resemble those of the ash. The fruit is about the size of a goose’s egg, contains three seeds, and has a grateful flavor. With sugar and cinnamon it is used as a remedy for diarrhœa. The distilled water of the flowers is sometimes used as a cosmetic. Sometimes by cramping the roots in pots the akee produces fruit in hot-houses.
# The Essays of Montaigne/Book II/Chapter XXII
### Chapter XXII. Of Posting.

I have been none of the least able in this exercise, which is proper for men of my pitch, well-knit and short; but I give it over; it shakes us too much to continue it long. I was at this moment reading, that King Cyrus, the better to have news brought him from all parts of the empire, which was of a vast extent, caused it to be tried how far a horse could go in a day without baiting, and at that distance appointed men, whose business it was to have horses always in readiness, to mount those who were despatched to him; and some say, that this swift way of posting is equal to that of the flight of cranes.
Caesar says, that Lucius Vibullius Rufus, being in great haste to carry intelligence to Pompey, rode night and day, still taking fresh horses for the greater diligence and speed; and he himself, as Suetonius reports, travelled a hundred miles a day in a hired coach; but he was a furious courier, for where the rivers stopped his way he passed them by swimming, without turning out of his way to look for either bridge or ford. Tiberius Nero, going to see his brother Drusus, who was sick in Germany, travelled two hundred miles in four-and-twenty hours, having three coaches. In the war of the Romans against King Antiochus, T. Sempronius Gracchus, says Livy:
 "Per dispositos equos prope incredibili celeritate  ab Amphissa tertio die Pellam pervenit."
 ["By pre-arranged relays of horses, he, with an almost incredible  speed, rode in three days from Amphissa to Pella."  —Livy, xxxvii. 7.]
And it appears that they were established posts, and not horses purposely laid in upon this occasion.
Cecina's invention to send back news to his family was much more quick, for he took swallows along with him from home, and turned them out towards their nests when he would send back any news; setting a mark of some colour upon them to signify his meaning, according to what he and his people had before agreed upon.
At the theatre at Rome masters of families carried pigeons in their bosoms to which they tied letters when they had a mind to send any orders to their people at home; and the pigeons were trained up to bring back an answer. D. Brutus made use of the same device when besieged in Modena, and others elsewhere have done the same.
In Peru they rode post upon men, who took them upon their shoulders in a certain kind of litters made for that purpose, and ran with such agility that, in their full speed, the first couriers transferred their load to the second without making any stop.
I understand that the Wallachians, the grand Signior's couriers, perform wonderful journeys, by reason they have liberty to dismount the first person they meet upon the road, giving him their own tired horses; and that to preserve themselves from being weary, they gird themselves straight about the middle with a broad girdle; but I could never find any benefit from this.
# The English and Scottish Popular Ballads/Part 6

The English and Scottish Popular Ballads
Edited by Francis James Child
Part VI
Boston Houghton, Mifflin and Company New York: 11 East Seventeenth Street The Riverside Press, Cambridge London: Henry Stevens & Son, 115 St. Martin's Lane, Charing Cross
One Thousand Copies Printed.
No. 233
Copyright, 1889, by F. J. Child.
The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. Electrotyped and printed by H. O. Houghton and Company.
Mr Macmath has helped me in many ways in the preparation of this Sixth Part, and, as before, has been prodigal of time and pains. I am under particular obligations to Mr Robert Bruce Armstrong, of Edinburgh, for his communications concerning the ballad-folk of the Scottish border, and to Dr Wilhelm Wollner, of the University of Leipsic, and Mr George Lyman Kittredge, my colleague in Harvard College, for contributions (indicated by the initials of their names) which will be found in the Additions and Corrections. Dr Wollner will continue his services. Mr John Karłowicz, of Warsaw, purposes to review in 'Wisła' all the English ballads which have Polish affinities, and Professor Alexander Vesselofsky has allowed me to hope for his assistance; so that there is a gratifying prospect that the points of contact between the English and the Slavic popular ballads will in the end be amply brought out. Thanks are due and are proffered, for favors of various kinds, to Lieutenant-Colonel Lumsden, of London, Lieutenant-Colonel Prideaux, of Calcutta, Professor Skeat, Miss Isabel Florence Hapgood, Professor Vinogradof, of Moscow, Professor George Stephens, Mr Axel Olrik, of Copenhagen (to whom the completion of Sven Grundtvig's great work has been entrusted), Mr James Barclay Murdoch, of Glasgow, Dr F. J. Furnivall, Professor C. R. Lanman, Mr P. Z. Round. and Mr W. W. Newell.
F. J. C.
July, 1889.