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# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Bigelow, Erastus Brigham

Edition of 1900.
BIGELOW, Erastus Brigham, inventor, b. in West Boylston, Mass., 2 April, 1814; d. in Boston, Mass., 6 Dec., 1879. He was the son of a cotton-weaver, and it was his parents' desire that he should become a physician, but, his father's business not being successful, he was unable to continue his studies, and so turned his attention to inventing. Before he had reached the age of eighteen years he had devised a handloom for suspender-webbing, and also a machine for making piping-cord. His work on “Stenography,” a short manual on shorthand writing, was written and published about this time. In 1838 he patented an automatic loom for weaving counterpanes, which he subsequently modified so as to produce an article equal to the finest imported counterpanes. He then invented a loom for weaving coach-lace, and soon afterward turned his attention to carpet-weaving. In 1839 he contracted to produce a power-loom capable of weaving two-ply ingrain carpets, such as had been hitherto woven exclusively by the handloom, which only produced eight yards a day. With his first loom he succeeded in obtaining ten or twelve yards daily, which he increased by improvements until a product of twenty-five yards was regularly obtained. Afterward he invented a power-loom for weaving Brussels tapestry and velvet tapestry carpets, his most important invention, which attracted much attention at the World's Fair in London in 1851. The town of Clinton, Worcester co., Mass., owes its growth and manufacturing importance to him, as it contains the coach-lace works, the Lancaster Quilt Company, and the Bigelow Carpet Company, all of which are direct results of his inventive ability. In 1862 Mr. Bigelow prepared a scheme of uniform taxation throughout the United States by means of stamps, and he published “The Tariff Question, considered in regard to the Policy of England and the Interests of the United States” (Boston, 1863). Mr. Bigelow was elected a member of the Boston Historical Society in April, 1864, and in 1869 presented to that society six large volumes entitled “Inventions of Erastus Brigham Bigelow patented in England from 1837 to 1868,” in which were gathered the printed specifications of eighteen patents granted to him in England. See the memorial sketch by Robert C. Winthrop in “Winthrop's Addresses and Speeches” (Boston, 1886).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Bigelow, Frank Hagar

Edition of 1900. Supplement.
​BIGELOW, Frank Hagar, scientist, b. in Concord, Mass., 28 Aug., 1851. He was educated in the Boston Latin school of Harvard and at the Episcopal theological school in Cambridge, Mass., and has entered orders. For some years he was assistant astronomer in the Argentine national observatory in Cordoba, and afterward professor of mathematics in Racine college, Wisconsin, assistant in the National almanac office in Washington, and in 1891 he became professor of meteorology in the U. S. weather bureau in Washington, which post he now (1899) holds. He is also an assistant rector of St. John's church in that city. His name is especially associated with an instrument for the photographic record of the transit of stars and with some novel studies by which the solar corona, the aurora, and terrestrial magnetism are shown to be associated. The theory has met with a favorable reception in scientific circles. He has published many articles on these subjects and a monograph on the “Solar Corona,” published by the Smithsonian institution (1889).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Bierce, Ambrose

Edition of 1900. Supplement.
​BIERCE, Ambrose, journalist, b. in Meigs county, Ohio, 24 June, 1842. He served in the civil war as a lieutenant of volunteers, and later became a journalist, having been for many years connected with the California press, his present residence being at Los Galos, in that state. Mr. Bierce has published “Cobwebs from an Empty Skull” (London, 1874); “Tales of Soldiers and Civilians” (San Francisco, 1891); “Black Beetles in Amber” (1892); “Can such Things be?” (New York, 1893); and in collaboration with Dr. G. A. Danziger “The Monk and the Hungarian's Daughter,” an adaptation (Chicago, 1892). “The Tales of Soldiers and Civilians,” his most popular work, was republished in London and New York in 1898, under the title of “In the Midst of Life.”
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Bingham, John Armor

Edition of 1900.
​BINGHAM, John Armor, b. in Mercer, Pa., in 1815. He passed two years in a printing-office, and then entered Franklin college, Ohio, but left, on account of his health, before graduation. He was admitted to the bar in 1840, was district attorney for Tuscarawas co., Ohio, from 1846 till 1849, was elected to congress as a republican in 1854, and re-elected three times, sitting from 1855 till 1863. He prepared in the 34th congress the report on the contested Illinois elections, and in 1862 was chairman of the managers of the house in the impeachment of Judge Humphreys for high treason. He failed of re-election in 1864, and was appointed by President Lincoln judge-advocate in the army, and later the same year solicitor of the court of claims. He was special judge-advocate in the trial of the assassins of President Lincoln. In 1865 he returned to congress, and sat until 1873, serving on the committees on military affairs, freedmen, and reconstruction, and in the 40th congress as chairman of the committees on claims and judiciary, and was one of the managers in the impeachment trial of President Johnson. On 3 May, 1873, he received the appointment of minister to Japan, which post he held until 1885, when he was recalled by President Cleveland.
# Aunt Caroline's Dixieland Recipes/Cakes/Ponciania Cake

PONCIANIA CAKE
One pound of butter, One pound of sugar, One pound of flour, Juice and rind of one lemon, Nine eggs, One and one-fourth pounds of Almonds (in shell), One-half pounds of citron, One-half pound of raisins.
Cream butter and sugar and add to well beaten yolks. Next add alternately the flour and the whites beaten stiff, then the fruits, which have been cut fine and dredged with flour, and lastly the nuts. Bake in a slow oven.
# Aunt Caroline's Dixieland Recipes/Candy/After Dinner Mints

AFTER DINNER MINTS
2 cups of sugar, ⅓ cup boiling water, ¼ cup molasses, 4 drops oil of spearmint.
Put sugar and molasses into a smooth, clean saucepan, and add boiling water, heat gradually to the boiling point, and boil to 258 degrees F., or until candy becomes brittle when tested in cold water, add flavoring, pour on an oiled slab or platter and when cool enough to handle pull until nearly white; pull into long strips about half an inch in diameter, and cut in small pieces with scissors; roll in powdered sugar, and keep in a covered jar for several days before using.
# Aunt Caroline's Dixieland Recipes/Cakes/Plantation Cookies

PLANTATION COOKIES
2 eggs, 1 cupful of sugar, 1½ cupfuls of oatmeal, or Rolled Oats, ⅔ cupful of cocoanut, ¼ teaspoonful of salt, ½ teaspoonful of vanilla, 2 tablespoonsful of butter.
Cream the butter and sugar together and add the wellbeaten eggs. Add the remainder of the ingredients and drop on a well greased baking-pan. Bake in a moderate oven, from fifteen to twenty minutes.
# Aunt Caroline's Dixieland Recipes/Cakes/Tutti Frutti Cake

TUTTI FRUTTI CAKE
Two cups of sugar, One cup of milk, One cup of butter, Three cups of flour (sifted three times) One cup of cornstarch into which has been sifted three teaspoons of baking powder, One teaspoonful of almond extract.
Cream butter and sugar, add milk, flour, cornstarch and flavoring. Bake in layers in moderate oven.
# Aunt Caroline's Dixieland Recipes/Cakes/Pickaninny Cookies

PICKANINNY COOKIES
Sift one quart of flour, make a hole in the center, put in two cups of sugar, one of lard, one beaten egg, and one cup of sweet milk, into which has been stirred a half teaspoonful of soda. Work all together, roll thin and bake in a quick oven.
# Aunt Caroline's Dixieland Recipes/Cakes/Sally White Cake

SALLY WHITE CAKE
One pound of butter, One pound of flour, One and one-half pounds of sugar, One dozen eggs, Three pounds of citron chopped fine, Two small cocoanuts (grated), Two pounds of Almonds (blanched and chopped fine), One wine glass of brandy, One wine glass of wine, Three teaspoonsful of nutmeg, Two teaspoonsful of mace.
Cream butter and sugar and add to well beaten yolks. Next add flour and whites beaten stiff, the fruit, nuts, brandy, wine and spices. Bake in slow oven from four to five hours.
# Aunt Caroline's Dixieland Recipes/Candy/Almonds Creamed

ALMONDS, CREAMED
Shell and blanch burnt almonds and lay them in the open oven to dry, but do not let them brown. Put one cup of granulated sugar over the fire with a tablespoon of water; stir until it is well dissolved and comes to a boil . Drop into this the blanched almonds a few at the time and take them out immediately with a perforated spoon or candy dipper, laying them on waxed paper until they harden, or upon buttered plates.
# Aunt Caroline's Dixieland Recipes/Cakes/Pride of Kentucky Cake

PRIDE OF KENTUCKY CAKE
Four eggs, Three cups of flour, Two cups of sugar, One cup of butter, One cup of milk, Two teaspoonsful of baking powder, One teaspoonful of Vanilla.
Separate eggs leaving out two whites for filling. To beaten yolks, add butter and sugar creamed together, then the milk, flour, baking powder and vanilla and lastly whites of two eggs beaten stiff. Bake in layers in moderate oven, and put together with any kind of filling desired.
# Aunt Caroline's Dixieland Recipes/Cakes/Virginia Doughnuts

VIRGINIA DOUGHNUTS
Two eggs beaten light, Two cups of sugar, Three level tablespoonsful of melted butter, One cup of sour milk (if sweet milk is used, add one teaspoonful of cream of tartar), Four cups of flour, One-half teaspoonful of soda, One-half teaspoonful of cinnamon, One-half teaspoonful of salt.
Mix in the order given adding the dry ingredients sifted together and enough more flour to make a dough just soft enough to handle. Have the board well-floured, and the fat for frying, heating. Roll out only a little at a time, cut into rings with an open cutter. Do all the cutting before frying, as that will take your entire attention. The fat should be hot enough for the dough to rise to the top instantly.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Elliott, Susannah

Edition of 1900.
​ELLIOTT, Susannah, patriot, b. in South Carolina about 1750. Her maiden name was Smith. She was descended from one of the oldest families of the colony, left an orphan at an early age, was educated by Rebecca Brewton Motte, and married Barnard Elliott, a colonel in the Revolutionary army. On 28 June, 1776, after the battle of Fort Moultrie, she presented to Col. Moultrie's regiment two standards, embroidered by her own hands, saying that the soldiers' gallant behavior entitled them to the highest honors, and that she had no doubt they would stand by the colors as long as they should wave in the air of liberty. At her plantation she had a secret apartment in which two American officers were hidden safely from the British, who searched the house, and found neither the patriots nor the family silver, which was buried in a marsh and disinterred after the war.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ellsworth, Erastus Wolcott

Edition of 1900.
​ELLSWORTH, Erastus Wolcott, poet, b. in East Windsor, Conn., 27 Nov., 1822. He was graduated at Amherst college in 1844, and studied law, but was diverted from the profession by a taste for mechanics, and has occupied himself chiefly as an inventor. In 1845 he took out patents for a drawing or copying instrument, and for a device for making a siphon discharge a portion of its contents at the highest point. He then entered an extensive foundry. His first published poem, entitled “The Yankee,” appeared in 1849; his best and longest is “Ariadne,” originally printed in the “International Magazine” (1852); his most popular is “Tuloom.” Some of his fugitive pieces were collected and published (Hartford, 1855).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Elliott, Anna

Edition of 1900.
​ELLIOTT, Anna, patriot of the Revolution. She was a daughter of Thomas Ferguson, a patriot who was exiled after the British capture of Charleston. Her husband was Charles Elliott, of that place. American prisoners that were brought into Charleston were aided and relieved by her assiduous ministrations.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ellskwatawa

Edition of 1900.
​ELLSKWATAWA, Indian prophet, b. on the banks of the Scioto river, near what is now Chillicothe, early in 1775. The date of his death is ​unknown. He was the son of Pukeesheno, a chief of the Shawnees, and a brother of the famous Tecumseh. He possessed in 1808 a tract of country near the confluence of the Tippecanoe with the Wabash. With him was a band of about a thousand warriors belonging to various tribes. He administered the affairs of his followers so badly that in a short time he was deserted by all but about three
hundred, and these were in a most wretched state of existence. At this juncture Tecumseh appeared among them, and assumed the direction of affairs, acting, however, in the name of the prophet. In 1809 the government directed Gov. William H. Harrison to purchase of the Delawares, Miamis, and Pottawatamies a large tract of country on both sides of the Wabash, and extending up the river sixty miles beyond Vincennes. This tract included the section settled upon by the prophet and his band, and the purchase led to the famous interview between Harrison and Tecumseh. The prophet is next heard of at the battle of Tippecanoe, 4 Nov., 1811. where he directed or ordered the attack. During the action he was performing conjurations on an eminence in the vicinity, but out of the reach of danger. After the end of the war between Great Britain and the United States the prophet received a pension from the British government, and resided in Canada till 1826, when, together with the only surviving son of Tecumseh and others, he settled beyond the Mississippi. The accounts relative to his character, and his pretensions as a prophet, are conflicting. There can, however, be but little doubt that the Indians generally regarded him as possessing the gift of prescience in an eminent degree. In his fiftieth year, while in the act of lighting his pipe, he fell back upon his bed, and became apparently lifeless. Preparations were made for his interment, but during his removal for that purpose he revived. His first words were: “Don't be alarmed. I have seen heaven. Call the nation together, that I may tell them what has appeared to me.” When the people had assembled, he told them that he had been conducted to the gates of heaven by two young men sent by the Great Spirit, and that the Great Spirit was angry with them, and would destroy them unless they refrained thenceforth from drunkenness, lying, and stealing. See Edward Eggleston's “Tecumseh and the Shawnee Prophet” (New York, 1878).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ellsler, Fanny

Edition of 1900.
​ELLSLER, Fanny, dancer, b. in Vienna, Austria, 23 June, 1810; d. there, 27 Nov., 1884. She began her career at six years of age, and at the age of seventeen, with her sister, who was two years her senior, appeared on the stage at Naples. In 1830 the two performed in Berlin, afterward in Vienna, and in 1834 went to the opera-house in Paris. Fanny was much preferred for her grace, agility, and beauty, and caused an excitement among theatre-goers in the French capital. In 1840 she came to this country and appeared at the Park theatre in several ballets with immense success, finally making a general tour through the principal cities of the United States. She returned to England in 1842, visited Russia and Germany professionally, and took leave of the stage at Vienna in 1851. Most of her later years were spent in retirement at her villa near Hamburg. She was tall and slender, and her features regular, animated, and winning. In sprightliness, combined with grace, she has never been excelled.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ellsworth, Ephraim Elmer

Edition of 1900.
​ELLSWORTH, Ephraim Elmer, soldier, b. in Mechanicsville, Saratoga co., N. Y., 23 April, 1837; d. in Alexandria, Va., 24 May, 1861. After entering mercantile life in Troy and New York city, he removed at an early age to Chicago, where he studied law, and became a solicitor of patents. In 1860 he organized a regiment of zouaves, which became renowned for the perfection of their discipline, and of which he was commissioned colonel. He accompanied Lincoln to Washington in 1861, and proceeded thence to New York, where in April he organized a zouave regiment composed of firemen. Of this regiment he was appointed colonel, and sent to Alexandria, Va. Seeing a Confederate flag floating above a hotel owned by a man named Jackson, Ellsworth rushed to the roof and tore down the flag. On his way from the roof he was met and shot dead by Jackson, who in turn was immediately killed by one of Ellsworth's men, Frank E. Brownell.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ellsworth, Mary Wolcott

Edition of 1900.
​ELLSWORTH, Mary Wolcott, writer, b. in Exeter, N. H., in 1830; d. in Newton, Mass., 12 Aug., 1870. Her maiden name, under which she wrote, was Janvrin. She was educated at the Exeter female seminary, and began her literary career at eighteen years of age with a prize tale for a Boston journal. She afterward wrote both prose and verse for periodicals, and in 1858 began an engagement as a regular contributor to “Godey's Lady's Book.” Miss Janvrin edited and wrote biographical articles for “Cypress Leaves” (Boston, 1857); and published “Peace, or the Stolen Will” (Boston, 1857), and “An Hour with the Children” (Boston, 1860). She also compiled a series of books entitled “The Juvenile Miscellany” (Boston, 1858).
# Banksia Incognita

* related portals: Banksia spinulosa.
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Originally appeared in 1800 in The Naturalists' Pocket Magazine, Volume 2. The plant referred to was previously described in 1798 in Volume I, Issue 18, and is now thought to be Banksia spinulosa var. spinulosa.
Those first landfalls, gaining firm legs After months of open sea, and the creaking Of hempen rigging, can only have bewildered, And the sounds of the morning, as Banks awoke, Made him know how far from England he had strayed. Above the sea spray, the heath resounding With guttural twin notes of honeyeaters, plying The tall, nectared inflorescences, The lapping of the pigmy possum, drowned By the laughing of kookaburras And the chunter of their children— Were there echoes of these, in the herbarium, Where the pressed inflorescences were painted, And the cones, bristling with hooked beard hairs, Examined, compared with the fruits of pines?
# Bannocks O' Bear Meal

    Chorus:
    Bannocks o' bear meal,
    Bannocks o' barley,
    Here's to the Highlandman's
    Bannocks o' barley!
    Wha, in a brulyie, will
    First cry a parley?
    Never the lads wi' the
    Bannocks o' barley,
    Chorus:
    Wha, in his wae days,
    Were loyal to Charlie?
    Wha but the lads wi' the
    Bannocks o' barley!
    Chorus:
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Banks v. Wainwright/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
375 U.S. 51
Banks v. Wainwright
The motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis and the petition for a writ of certiorari are granted. The judgment is vacated and the case is remanded to the Supreme Court of Florida for further consideration in light of Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 83 S.Ct. 792, 9 L.Ed.2d 799.
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS and Mr. Justice CLARK dissent for the reason that the judgment rests on an adequate state ground.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Banning the Exportation of Arms and Munitions to Cuba

Another attempt to establish the United State's position of neutrality.
Whereas Section 1 of a joint resolution of Congress, entitled "Joint resolution to prohibit the exportation of arms or munitions of war from the United States to certain countries, and for other purposes," approved January 31, 1922, provides as follows:
"That whenever the President finds that in any American country, or in any country in which the United States exercises extraterritorial jurisdiction, conditions of domestic violence exist, which are or may be promoted by the use of arms or munitions of war procured from the United States, and makes proclamation thereof, it shall be unlawful to export, except under such limitations and exceptions as the President prescribes, any arms or munitions of war from any place in the United States to such country until otherwise ordered by the President or by Congress."
Now, Therefore, I, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States of America, acting under and by virtue of the authority conferred in me by the said joint resolution of Congress, do hereby declare and proclaim that I have found that there exist in Cuba such conditions of domestic violence which are or may be promoted by the use of arms or munitions of war procured from the United States as contemplated by the said joint resolution; and I do hereby admonish all citizens of the United States and every person to abstain from every violation of the provisions of the joint resolution above set forth, hereby made applicable to Cuba, and I do hereby warn them that all violations of such provisions will be rigorously prosecuted.
And I do hereby enjoin upon all officers of the United States, charged with the execution of the laws thereof, the utmost diligence in preventing violations of the said joint resolution and this my proclamation issued thereunder, and in bringing to trial and punishment any offenders against the same.
And I do hereby delegate to the Secretary of State the power of prescribing exceptions and limitations to the application of the said joint resolution of January 31, 1922, as made effective by this my proclamation issued thereunder.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Bannockburn

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Bannockburn."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* "Bannockburn", a poem by Robert Burns, also known as "Bruce's Address" or "Scots Wha Hae"
* "Bannockburn", a poem by Charles Sangster
# Banning Company v. California ex rel Webb

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
240 U.S. 142
Banning Company v. California ex rel Webb
Argued: January 19, 1916. --- Decided: February 21, 1916
Messrs. James A. Gibson and Edward E. Bacon for plaintiffs in error.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 143-144 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. Albert Lee Stephens, J. A. Anderson, W. H. Anderson, and Mr. U.S. Webb, Attorney General of California, for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice McKenna delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse