OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Mêng-chien

​172 Chao Mêng-chien 趙孟堅 (T. 子固. H. 彝齊居士). 13th cent. A.D. A scion of the Imperial House of Sung, who graduated in 1226, and about 1260 was a Fellow of the Han-lin College. After the fall of the Sung dynasty, he lived in seclusion at 秀 Hsiu-chou in Chehkiang until his death at the age of ninety-seven. A deep student and a fair poet, he is famous for his landscapes and flowers drawn in black and white. Author of the 梅譜, a treatise on the plum-tree.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Liang-tung

​171 Chao Liang-tung 趙良棟 (T. 擎字 and 西華). A.D. 1620—1697. A successful military officer during the reign of the Emperor K'ang Hsi. In 1676 be quelled the mutiny of the troops in Shensi, and took a prominent part in recovering Ssŭch'uan in 1679. For the latter service he was made President of the Board of War and Viceroy of the Yün-Kuei provinces. In 1681 he was sent to Yünnan, to aid in stamping out the last traces of the rebellion of Wu San-kuei. His plans were adopted; the provincial ​capital fell, and 吳世璠 Wu Shih-fan committed suicide. Owing to jealousies, it was not until 1694 that he was ennobled and received a present of Tls. 2,000. He is stated to have owed his successes to his strict discipline and sympathy with his soldiers, whose hardships he invariably shared. Canonised as 襄忠, and in 1730 included in the Temple of Worthies.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Lieh Ti

​Chao Lieh Ti. See Liu Pei.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao K'uo

​170 Chao K'uo 趙擴. A.D. 1168-1224. Third son of Chao Tun. He reigned from 1194 to 1224 as fourth Emperor of the Southern Sung dynasty. A good-hearted but feeble ruler, he fell under the domination first of Han T'o-chou, whose niece he married, and on his assassination in 1207, under that of Shih Mi-yüan. Han T'o-chou, by accusing his opponents of caballing, and stigmatising as false learning the teachings of the two Ch'êngs and their followers, was enabled to fill all offices with his own creatures, and to enter upon a war with the Chin$^a$ Tartars in 1206. The war proved disastrous, and ended in the assassination of Han and the acceptance of burdensome conditions of peace in 1208. The Mongols, however, were now penetrating into northern China, and in 1214 the annual tribute was stopped; yet no preparations were made by the short-sighted rulers of the House of Sung against the rising power that was to overwhelm them. A desultory war with the Chins$^a$ ensued, but few engagements took place. On the Emperor's death, the Empress and the all-powerful Shih Mi-yüan passed over the Heir Apparent, who had rashly disclosed his hostility towards the latter, and set up a descendant of the founder of the Sung dynasty. Canonised as 寧宗皇帝.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Kua

​167 Chao Kua 趙括. Son of Chao Shê. From his youth upwards he thought and spoke of nothing but war and military matters, to the dismay of his father, who prophesied that he would bring ruin upon the Chao State. After the death of his father, war broke out with the Ch'in State, and he was appointed to the command. His mother, however, was anxious for him not to go, and petitioned the Prince of Chao to that effect, quoting also his father's prophecy. He was sent in spite of her; the result being that he himself was slain, and his whole army, amounting to 450,000 men, was destroyed.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao O

​174 Chao O 趙娥. A filial daughter, who lived about B.C. 150. Her father having been falsely accused and executed, and his goods confiscated, by a corrupt official named 季壽 Chi Shou, she set to work to avenge his death. She practised until she became an adept at the use of the sword; and at length, after ten years of ​watching and waiting, she found her opportunity, and laid Chi Shou dead at her feet. Carrying his bleeding head in her hand, she at once gave herself up to justice; but the official who reported the case to the Emperor obtained for her a full pardon, and shortly afterwards married her.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Kuo

​169 Chao Kuo 趙遏. 2nd. cent. B.C. An official under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty, who is said by some to have been the first to substitute oxen for human labour in ploughing.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Mêng-fu

​173 Chao Mêng-fu 趙孟頫 (T. 子昂 H. 松雪). A.D. 1254-1322. A lineal descendant of the founder of the Sung dynasty, and an hereditary official. Upon the fall of the House of Sung he retired into private life until 1286, when he was summoned to Court and appointed secretary in the Board of War. By 1316 he had risen to a high post in the Han-lin College, and was highly esteemed by the Emperor, who always addressed him by his style, Tzu-ang, instead of using his official name, Meng-fu. He was distinguished as a calligraphist, and as a painter of landscapes, flowers, men, and horses. His wife, 管夫人 the Lady Kuan, was also an artist of considerable talent. Canonised as 文敏.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Beralta

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Berceuse

From volume 1 of the work.
​BERCEUSE, a cradle song. A piano piece consisting of a melody with a lulling rocking accompaniment. Chopin's Op. 57 is a well-known example. Schumann has a 'Wiegenliedchen'—which is the same thing—in the Albumblätter (Op. 124), and his 'Schlummerlied' is a berceuse in all but the name.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Berenstadt, Gaetan

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Berger, Ludwig

From volume 1 of the work.
[ A. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Berchem, Jacques

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. R. S. B. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Berbiguier, Benoit

From volume 1 of the work.
[ A. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Berg, George

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bergamasca

From volume 1 of the work.
​BERGAMASCA—in the 'Midsummer Nights Dream,' a 'Bergomask.' An Italian dance, deriving its name from Bergamo, the well-known city of Tasso, Donizetti, and other eminent Italians. It is said to exist in old Italian suites de pièces.
According to Signor Piatti, himself a native of Bergamo, the characteristic dance of that district is of the following measure, like a country-dance, but quicker, with a strong accent on the second half of the bar:—
Signor Piatti has himself published a Bergamasca for Cello and Pianoforte (op. 14) which partakes of this character. Mendelssohn, however, in setting Shakspeare's 'Bergomask dance ​between two of our company,' has given the measure an entirely different turn:—
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Berg, Johann

From volume 1 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Grandsire

From volume 1 of the work.
[ C. A. W. T. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Grasset, Jean-Jacques

From volume 1 of the work.
[ P. D. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Grand

From volume 1 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Gras, Julie

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Grancino, Paolo

From volume 1 of the work.
[ P. D. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Granjon, Robert

From volume 1 of the work.
​GRANJON, Robert. Born about the beginning of the 16th century at Paris, a type-founder who was one of the first to introduce round notes instead of square and lozenge-shaped ones, and at the same time to suppress the ligatures and signs of proportion, which made the notation of the old music so difficult to read—and thus to simplify the art. His efforts, however, appear to have met with little or no success. His first publications are said to be dated 1523, and the first work printed on his new system, 1559, at which time he had left Paris for Lyons; he was at Rome in 1582, where he printed the first edition of Guidetti's Directorium, having been called to Rome by the Pope in order to out the capital letters of a Greek alphabet.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Granom, Lewis

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽⁿua
### Chʽⁿua.
#### 閂$^{3-}$

    To shut; bar a door; to fasten.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽát
### Chʽát.
#### 賊$^{-4}$

    To rob; plunder; kill; a robber.

#### 察$^4$

    To investigate; examine; to judge; to manifest; careful. ​

#### 擦$^4$

    To examine with the hand; to feel; to rub.

#### 漆$^4$

    Resin; varnish; lacker.

#### 㯃$^4$

    The varnish tree.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽù
### Chʽù.
#### 慈$^{-1}$

    Love; compassion; kind; compassionate.

#### 玼$^{-1}$

    Fresh and good; a fresh stone.

#### 疵$^{-1}$

    Disease; fault of temper; contracted feeling.

#### 磁$^{-1}$

    Name of a stone.

#### 訾$^{-1}$

    To slander; dislike; animosity; licentious; to think.

#### 雌$^{-1}$䳄$^{-1}$

    The female of birds and fowls.

#### 徐$^{-1}$

    A dignified walk; leisurely; tranquil; sedate.

#### 此$^1$

    This; these; here; now.

#### 鼠$^1$

    A mouse; rat.

#### 次$^{3-}$

    Second to; next in order; inferior; a place; an inn.

#### 茨$^{3-}$

    Thatch; thorns; to collect; accumulate.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽⁿe
### Chʽⁿe.
#### 靑$^1$

    A light green; azure; pale.

#### 蜻$^1$

    Name of an insect.

#### 星$^1$

    A star.

#### 腥$^1$

    Raw meat; fat.

#### 菁$^1$

    A kind of plant and flower.

#### 惺$^2$

    Fear; a tranquil, intelligent mind.

#### 醒$^2$

    To awaken or arouse, as from sleep, intoxication or stupidity.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽⁿi
### Chʽⁿi.
#### 鮮$^1$

    Fresh; not tainted nor salted.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽⁿie
### Chʽⁿie.
#### 墻$^{-1}$牆$^{-1}$

    A wall; that which defends.

#### 鎗$^1$

    A spear; lance; a tripod; a wine vessel.

#### 匠$^1$

    A mechanic; artificer.

#### 搶$^2$

    To seize by violence; to plunder. ​

#### 象$^{-3}$

    An elephant.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽⁿoi
### Chʽⁿoi.
#### 蠶$^{-1}$

    Silkworms. ​

#### 千$^1$

    A thousand; very many.

#### 筅$^2$

    A scrubber for cleaning rice; a broom.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽó
### Chʽó.
#### 剉$^{-1}$

    To trim off; chop to pieces; a mode of punishment.

#### 挫$^{-1}$

    To push down; break in pieces; maltreat.

#### 脞$^{-1}$

    Minced meat; minute; small bits.

#### 鋤$^{-1}$

    A hoe or iron instrument for turning up the ground.

#### 初$^1$

    The first; beginning; to begin.

#### 楚$^2$

    Brambles; a cluster of trees; sharp; painful.

#### 礎$^2$

    The stone base of a pillar.

#### 磋$^{3-}$

    To rub and polish.

#### 鎈$^{3-}$

    Copper coin; money.

#### 銼$^{3-}$

    A file; to rub.

#### 錯$^{3-}$

    Mixed; confused; erroneous; mistaken.

#### 𱗸$^4$

    A lump; small quantity.

#### 撮$^4$

    To take with the fingers; to snatch; a small quantity.

#### 蕞$^4$

    A bundle of reeds; to sprinkle wine in sacrifice, small.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chᵘng
### Chᵘng.
#### 庄$^1$

    A farm-house; cottage; a country village.

#### 粧$^1$

    Ornamented; painted face; dowry; a lady's toilet.

#### 莊$^1$

    Grave; stern; firm; sedate.

#### 妝$^1$

    Dressed; ornamented; face painted; dowry.

#### 磚$^1$

    Brick; tile; square earthern ware.

#### 狀$^{3-}$

    To declare; accuse; a letter; petition.

#### 鑽$^{3-}$

    To bore into; search out; an instrument to bore with.

#### 葬$^{3-}$

    To inter the dead; bury.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽᵘng
### Chʽᵘng.
#### 床$^{-1}$

    A bed or couch; to res; eight cubits.

#### 倉$^1$

    A granary; storehouse; the overseer.

#### 瘡$^1$

    An ulcer; sore.

#### 村$^1$

    A hamlet; a village.

#### 刺$^{3-}$

    To pierce; stab; to reprehend; satirise; to work with a needle; embroider.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tokelau

See also Tokelau on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TOKELAU (or Union Islands), a group of three atolls in the Pacific Ocean, about 350 m. N.E. of Samoa, belonging to Britain. Atafu consists of 63 islets, Nukunau of 93 and Fakaafo of 62. They produce little but copra. The natives are all Christians, and in type and speech are akin to the Samoans. They number about 500.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Toggenburg, The

See also Toggenburg on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ ​of the horde of tourists. At Wildhaus, the highest village (3632 ft.), the house wherein Huldreich Zwingli, the Swiss Reformer, was born in 1484, is still shown. The chief village is Lichtensteig (1387 inhab.), but those of Kirchberg (5025 inhab.) and of Wattwil (4971 inhab. are the most populous. On the extinction of the main line of the local counts (1436), this portion of their dominions passed to the lord of Raron (in the Valais), who sold it in 1468 to the abbot of St Gall. (W. A. B. C.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Toilet

See also Toilet service on Wikipedia; toilet on Wiktionary; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TOILET, the process or operation of dressing, also dress and its appurtenances, also applied, especially in the French form “toilette,” to a particular costume worn by a lady. The word is adapted from French toilette, a diminutive of toile, cloth, Latin tela, web, woven cloth, from root of texere, to weave; this word survives in the English “toils,” net, snare. The earliest use of “toilet” and toilette is for a cloth, usually of linen or other fine material spread over a table when used to hold the looking-glass and all the other articles used in dressing, or for a small sheet or cloth thrown over the shoulders of a person while being shaved or having his or her hair dressed. It was thus applied especially to the various articles collectively which form the apparatus of a toilet-table or dressing-table. Dressing-tables or toilettes were articles of domestic furniture on which the 18th century cabinet makers and ébenistes of France lavished their decorative art. The escritoire and toilette combined which belonged to Marie Antoinette is in the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington (see Furniture, Plate IV., fig. 4).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tokaj

See also Tokaj on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TOKAJ (or Tokay), a town of Hungary, in the county of Zemplén, 148 m. E.N.E. of Budapest by rail. Pop. (1900), 5104. It is situated at the confluence of the Bodrog with the Theiss, and gives its name to the famous Tokay wine. Tokaj lies at the foot of the Hegyalja Mountains, which stretch to the north and north-west of the town, between the rivers Hernad and Bodrog, for a distance of about 60 m. as far north as Eperjes. The northern part of the range is also called Sóvar Mountains. These mountains, which have in the northern part an altitude of 2700 ft., slope down towards the south-east near Tokaj in a hilly plateau of about 1500 ft. altitude, where the vineyard region is situated. This vineyard region covers an area of about 135 sq. m., and belongs to 21 adjoining communities. The soil is of volcanic origin (trachyte). The principal places where the wine is produced are Tarczal, Tálya, Mád, Liszka, Tokaj, Tolcsva, Saróspatak, Keresztur, and Zsadaný. The yearly production averages 5,000,000 gallons. It is believed that the vine was introduced into this region by colonists from Italy and Morea in 1241.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tokat

See also Tokat on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TOKAT (Armenian Evtoghia, anc. Dazimon) the chief town of a sanjak of the same name in the Sivas vilayet of Asia Minor. It is situated in the Sivas-Samsun chausée, altitude 2280 ft., at the mouth of a rocky glen which opens out to the broad valley of the Tozanli Su, a tributary of the Yeshil Irmak. It rose to importance under the Seljuks. Pop. about 30,000, two-thirds Mussulman. The industries are the manufacture of copper utensils and yellow leather, and the stamping of colours on white Manchester cotton. Near Tokat copper pyrites, with iron and manganese, kaolin and coal are found; but most of the copper worked here comes from the mines of Keban Maden and Arghana Maden, on the upper Euphrates and Tigris. (D. G. H.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Todmorden

See also Todmorden on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TODMORDEN, a market town and municipal borough in the Sowerby parliamentary division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, extending into the Middleton parliamentary division of Lancashire; 19 m. N.N.E. of Manchester, on the Lancashire & Yorkshire railway. Pop. (1901), 25,418. It lies on both sides of the river Calder, and the scenery of the valley is beautiful in spite of the numerous factories. Todmorden Hall, a picturesque old mansion of various dates, was the seat of the Radcliffes, but they sold the manorial rights about the close of the 17th century. The town hall is a handsome classical building erected in 1875; it bridges the county boundary, the Calder, enabling the magistrates to exercise jurisdiction in both counties. There is a bronze statue to John Fielden (1784–1849), to whose energy in developing the cotton manufacture the town owes much of its prosperity. The staple industry is the spinning and weaving of cotton, and there are also foundries and machine-works. The municipal borough, incorporated in 1896, is under a mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors. Area, 12,773 acres.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tody

See also Tody on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TODY, T. Pennant's rendering (Gen. Birds, pp. 15, 61) through the French Todier of M. J. Brisson (Ornithologie, iv. 528) of the somewhat obscure Latin word Todus, not unhappily applied in 1756 by Patrick Browne (Civ. and Nat. Hist. Jamaica, p. 476) to a little bird remarkable for its slender legs and small feet, the “green sparrow” or “green hummingbird” of Sir H. Sloane (Voyage, ii. 306). The name, having been taken up by Brisson (loc. cit.) in 1760, was adopted by Linnaeus, and has since been recognized by ornithologists as that of a valid genus, though many species have been referred to it which are now known to have no affinity to the type, the Todus viridis of Jamaica, and accordingly have since been removed from it. The genus Todus was at one time placed among the Muscicapidae (cf. Flycatcher); but J. Murie's investigations (Proc. Zool. Society, 1872, pp. 664–680, pl. lv.) have conclusively proved that it is not passerine, and is nearly allied to the Momotidae (cf. Motmot) and Alcedinidae (cf. Kingfisher) it being regarded as forming a distinct sub-family Todinae of the Momotidae peculiar to the Greater Antilles, each of which islands has its own species, all of small size, the largest not exceeding four inches and a half in length.
* (After Gosse.)
* Tody (Todus viridis).
Of the species already named, T. viridis, P. H. Gosse (B. Jamaica, pp. 72–80) gives an interesting account. “Always conspicuous from its bright grass-green, coat and crimson-velvet gorget, it is still a very tame bird; yet this seems rather the tameness of indifference than of confidence; it will allow a person to approach very near, and, if disturbed, alight on another twig a few yards distant . . . commonly it is seen sitting patiently on a twig, with the head drawn in, the beak pointing upwards, the loose plumage puffed out, when it appears much larger than it is. It certainly has an air of stupidity when thus seen. But this abstraction is more apparent than real; if we watch it, we shall see that the odd-looking grey eyes are glancing hither and thither, and that ever and anon the bird sallies out upon a short feeble flight, snaps at something in the air, and returns to his twig to swallow it.” The birds of the family also show their affinity to the kingfishers, motmots and bee-eaters by burrowing holes in the ground in which to make their nest, and therein laying eggs with a white translucent shell. The sexes differ little in plumage.
All the four species of Todus, as now restricted, present a general similarity of appearance, and possess very similar habits; and even these, by some ornithologists, might be regarded as geographical races. The Cuban form is T. multicolor; that of Haiti is T. subulatus or dominicensis; and that of Porto Rico, originally named in error T. mexicanus, has since been called hypochondriacus. (A. N.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Togo, Heihachiro

See also Tōgō Heihachirō on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TOGO, HEIHACHIRO, Count (1847–), Japanese admiral, was born in Kagoshima. He studied naval science and navigation in England from 1871 to 1878, and first became a prominent figure when, in 1894, as captain of the cruiser “Naniwa,” he sunk the Chinese troopship “Kowshing” en route for Korea, thus precipitating war with China. When the Russo-Japanese conflict broke out in 1904, he was appointed to the command-in-chief of the Japanese fleet, and under his direction various brilliant operations took place, culminating in the battle of the Sea of Japan when the Russian fleet was annihilated. For these services he received (1907) the title of count. In 1906 he was made a member of the British Order of Merit.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Brückler, Hugo

[ W. B. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Brüll, Ignaz

[ M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bruni, Antoine-Barthelemy

From volume 1 of the work.
​BRUNI, Antoine-Barthelemy, a violinist and composer, born at Coni in Piedmont in 1759 [App. p. 567 "Feb. 2"]. He was a pupil of Pugnani, and lived from 1771 at Paris, first as orchestral player at the Italian Opera, and afterwards as conductor of the Opéra Comique. He wrote sixteen operas, some of which achieved considerable success, although now entirely forgotten.
[ P. D. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Brussels Conservatoire

​BRUSSELS CONSERVATOIRE. See Gevaërt, and vol. ii. 426 a.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bryceson, Brothers

[ V. de P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Brunetti, Gaetano

From volume 1 of the work.
[ P. D. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bruni, Signor

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bryne, Albertus

[ W. B. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Buck, Zechariah

[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/All' Antico

From volume 1 of the work.
​ALL' ANTICO (Ital.). 'In the ancient style.'
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/All' Unisono

From volume 1 of the work.
​ALL' UNISONO (Ital., abbreviated Unis.). 'In unison.' In orchestral scores this term is used to show that two or more instruments, the parts of which are written upon the same stave, are to play in unison. In modern scores the words a due, a tre, etc., are more frequently employed.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Alla Breve

From volume 1 of the work.
[ E. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Allegranti, Madalena

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Allacci, Leone

From volume 1 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Allegretto

From volume 1 of the work.
[ E. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Allegro

From volume 1 of the work.
[ E. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Alkan, Charles

From volume 1 of the work.
[ E. D. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/All' Ottava

From volume 1 of the work.
[ E. P. ]