OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan

From volume 3 of the work.
(Née Genest; known as Madam Campan).
A French educator, born 6 November, 1752, at Paris; died in 1822, at Mantes. She was carefully educated under the direction of her father, a head-clerk in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in whose house she met such distinguished men of letters as Duclos, Marmontel, and Thomas. At the age of fifteen she spoke English and Italian, and read so well that she was appointed reader to the young princesses, Victoire, Sophie, and Louise, the daughters of Louis XV. Soon afterwards she married M. Campan, whose father was secretary to the queen's cabinet. On that occasion Louis XV gave her an annual income of 5000 livres ($1000) as dowry. She then entered the service of Marie Antoinette, as first lady of the bed-chamber (1770), and retained that position till 20 June, 1792. When the unfortunate queen was sent to prison, Mme Campan courageously asked to be allowed to share her sad lot. Her request was denied, and she retired to Coubertin, a small village in the Chevreuse valley. She found herself in straitened circumstances, having to provide for her young son and for her husband who was heavily in debt and in poor health. With a nun as associate, she established a boarding-school for girls at Saint-Germain, which soon achieved success and counted among its pupils Hortense de Beauharnais, the daughter of Joséphine. Napoleon was so much pleased with the order, elegance, and distinction of the school that he appointed Mme Campan superintendent of the Imperial Academy of Ecouen, founded for the education of the daughters of members of the Legion of Honour (Dec., 1807). She adopted the programme of the old Saint-Cyr house, modifying it to suit the new conditions. Her chief aim was to train girls to be useful women and good mothers. In 1814 the school was abolished and Mme Campan bitterly denounced as a traitor by the Royalists, because she accepted the favours of the "usurper". She retired to Mantes and spent her time in writing didactic and historical essays. Mme Campan's principal works are: "Mémoires sur la vie de Marie-Antoinette, suivis de souvenirs et anecdotes sur le règne de Louis XIV et de Louis XV" (3 vols., Paris, 1823); "Lettres de deux jeunes filles" (1811); L'éducation des femmes" (1823); "Conversations d'une mère avec ses filles" (1804); "Nouvelles et comédies à l'usage de la jeunesse" (1823). These four books have been published under the title of "uves complètes de Mme Campan sur l'éducation" (Paris, 1823).
Journal anecdotique de Mme Campan, ou sounenirs recueillis de ses entretiens, ed. Maigne (1823); Barrère, Notice sur Madame Campan in the first volume of her memoirs; D'Aubier, Observations sur les mémoires de Mme Campan (Paris, 1823).
LOUIS N. DELAMARRE
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jean de La Haye (Jesuit Biblical scholar)

From volume 8 of the work.
La Haye, Jean de, Jesuit Biblical scholar, b. at Bauffe, Hainault, September 26, 1540; ci. at Douai, January 14, 1614. The Jesuit catalogue of admission makes Douai his birthplace. The Belgian poet-historian, Philippe Brasseur, devotes five distichs to Father de La Haye in "Sydera Illustrium Hannoniae Scriptorum" (p. 135), and says the great scholar was born at Bauffe, and made his early studies at Chievres near by. De La Haye entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus on February 13, 1565. After the usual training in the spiritual life, the classics, philosophy, and theology, he entered upon his life-work, and taught philosophy and Sacred Scripture at Louvain and Douai. The works of de La Haye that made his reputation as a Biblical scholar, are his Gospel harmony and commentaries. "Evangelistarum Quaternio" (Douai, 1607), is a harmony of the four Gospel narratives; the words of each Evangelist are retained and set in what the author deemed to be the historical order of the life of Christ. "Triumphus Veritatis Ordinati Evangelii Quadriga Invectae, Sanctorum Patrum Exercitu Stipatae" (2 vols., Douai, 1609) is a Gospel commentary quaintly entitled "the triumph of truth borne in upon the four-horsed chariot of the Gospel-harmony and backed up by the army of the Fathers". The array of citations from the Fathers is a veritable and a redoubtable array, which makes it regrettable that this rare old book has not been reissued. "Apparatus Evangelicus" (Douai, 1611) gives a scientific treatment of the moot questions in regard to the Four Gospels.
Walter Drum.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jean de Saxe

From volume 13 of the work.
For a long time two astronomers of the Middle Ages were confounded under this name.
(1) Joannes Danko
(Also DE DANEKOWE or DE SAXONIA). Composed (1297) the "Notulae super compotum"; there is also in Paris a copy of the Canons of Jean de Linières made by him (1323).
(2) Jean de Counnout
(Also DE CONNAUGHT or DE SAXONIA)
Jean de Counnout was likewise a disciple and great admirer of Jean de Linières, and a composer of various astronomical and astrological works. In 1327 he drew up the "Canones super tabulas Alfonsii regis Castellae", of great and lasting fame; in 1331 he reviewed the "Introductorium ad judicia astronomiae" of Al-Kabici (Alchabitius). In 1355 he composed examples of numerical computation on the "Canons" of Jean de Linières, later on his own "Canons", to give the students of the University of Paris practice in the use of astronomical tables. The "Canones in tabulas Alfonsii" were printed following the "Alfonsian Tables" in 1483. The "Scriptum super Alkabicium" was published at Venice, 1489, 1491, 1502, 1503, and in Paris in 1520.
BONCOMPAGNI, Intorno alle vite inedite di tre matematici (Giovanni Danck di Sassonia, Giovanni de Lineriis e Fra Luca Pacioli di Borgo San Sepolcro) scritte da Bernardino Baldi in Bulletino di Bibliografia e di Storia delle Scienze matematiche e fisiche, t. XII, 1879.
PIERRE DUHEM
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jean de La Haye

From volume 8 of the work.
Franciscan Biblical scholar, b. at Paris, 20 March, 1593; d. there 15 Oct., 1661. He passed his boyhood in Spain and received the Franciscan habit in the province of St. Gabriel, of the Alcantarine Reform. He taught philosophy and theology, and distinguished himself as pulpit orator. Being called to France in 1620, he was assigned important offices both in the order and at the Court of Louis XIII. De la Haye is the author or editor of some forty folio volumes, besides several unpublished manuscripts. He edited the works of St. Bernardine of Siena, and the writings of St. Francis and St. Anthony of Padua, but his project of bringing out all important works by Franciscan authors in a "Bibliotheca Ordinis Minorum" was not realized. Designed principally for the use of preachers are his commentaries "In Genesim, sive Arbor vitae concionatorum", 4 vols.; "In Exodum, vel Concionatorum virga, percutiens peccatores", 3 vols.; "In Apocalypsim", 3 vols. We have from de La Haye's pen two works of monumental importanee, namely, the "Biblia Magna", 5 vols. (Paris, 1643) and the "Biblia Maxima", 19 vols. (Paris 1660). The text of the Vulgate forms the basis of the two. In the former the author quotes verbatim, after every chapter, the commentaries of Gagnaeus, Estius, Sa, Menochius, and Tirinus, S.J.; whereas in the latter he appends to each extract (1) the various readings of the versions, (2) a paragraph in which the harmony of these readings and the literal meaning of the text are briefly discussed, and (3) annotations drawn from the commentators above cited, but headed, in this case, by Nicolaus Lyranus, O.F.M. The methods followed by the author have been pronounced excellent, and the wonderful assiduity and toil to which the twenty-four volumes bear witness have been the object of undivided praise; yet it has been rightly observed that the prolegomena and his own interpretations of the text are lacking in judgment and solidity. Withal, the "Biblia Maxima", and even more so the "Biblia Magna", will continue to be of invaluable service to the student of exegesis.
WADDING, Scriptores (Rome, 1908), s. v.; SBARALEA, Supplementum (Rome,1806), s. v.; JUNGMANN in Kirchenlex., s.v. Lahaye; JEILER, ibid., s.v. Haye; APOLINAIRE in VIG., Dict. de la Bible, s.v.; HURTER, Nomenclator.
Thomas Plassmann.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jeanne Fontbonne

From volume 6 of the work.
In religion Mother St. John, second foundress and superior-general of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Lyons, born 3 March, 1759, at Bassen-Basset, Valey, France; died 22 November, 1843 Lyons.
In 1778 she entered a house of the Sisters of St. Joseph which had just been established at Monistrol (Haute-Loire) by Bishop de Gallard of Le Puy. The following year she received the habit and soon gave evidence of unusual administrative powers, particularly through her work in the schools. On her election, six years later, as superior of the community, Mother St. John, as she was now called, co-operated with the saintly founder in all his pious undertakings, aided in the establishment of a hospital, and accomplished much good among the young girls of the town. At the outbreak of the Revolution she and her community followed Bishop de Gallard in refusing to sign the Oath of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, notwithstanding the example of the Curé of Monistrol, who went so far as to abet the government officials in their persecution of the sisters. Forced to disperse her community, the superior remained at her post till she was dragged forth by the mob and the convent taken possession of in the name of the Commune, after which she returned to her father's home. Not long afterwards she was torn from this refuge, to be thrown into the prison of Saint-Didier, and only the fall of Robespierre on the day before that appointed for the execution saved her from the guillotine.
Unable to regain possession of her convent at Monistrol, she and her sister, who had been her companion in prison, returned to their father's house. Twelve years later (1807), Mother St. John was called to Saint-Etienne as head of a small community of young girls and members of dispersed congregations, who at the suggestion of Cardinal Fesch, Archbishop of Lyons, were now established as a house of the Sisters of St. Joseph. She restored the asylum at Monistrol, repurchased and reopened the former convent, and on 10 April, 1812, the congregation received Government authorization. In 1816 Mother St. John was appointed superior general of the Sisters of St. Joseph, and summoned to Lyons to found a general mother-house and novitiate, which she accomplished after many difficult years of labour. During the remainder of her life she was busied in perfecting the affiliation of the scattered houses of the congregation, which had been formally decreed in 1828. She also established over two hundred new communities. An object of her special solicitude was the little band which she sent to the United States in 1836 and with which she kept in constant correspondence, making every sacrifice to provide them with the necessities of life. Towards this end of her life, Mother St. John was relieved of the arduous duties of superior, and spent the last few years in preparation for the end.
RIVAXY, Life of Rev. Mother St. John Fontbonne, tr. (New York, 1887).
F.M. RUDGE
# Canterbury Tales (ed. Skeat)

* information about this edition.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
THE COMPLETE WORKS
OF
GEOFFREY CHAUCER
EDITED, FROM NUMEROUS MANUSCRIPTS
BY THE
Rev. WALTER W. SKEAT, M.A. Litt.D., LL.D., D.C.L., Ph.D. ELRINGTON AND BOSWORTH PROFESSOR OF ANGLO-SAXON AND FELLOW OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE
THE CANTERBURY TALES: TEXT
'Let every felawe telle his tale aboute, And lat see now who shal the soper winne.' The Knightes Tale; A890
SECOND EDITION
Oxford
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
M D CCCC
CONTENTS
| | Introduction |
| Group A. | The Prologue |
| Group A. | The Knightes Tale |
| Group A. | The Milleres Tale |
| Group A. | The Reves Tale |
| Group A. | The Cokes Tale |
| Group A. | Appendix: The Tale of Gamelyn |
| Group B. | The Tale of the Man of Lawe |
| Group B. | The Shipmannes Tale |
| Group B. | The Prioresses Tale |
| Group B. | Chaucers Tale of Sir Thopas |
| Group B. | Chaucers Tale of Melibeus |
| Group B. | The Monkes Tale |
| Group B. | The Nonne Prestes Tale |
| Group C. | The Phisiciens Tale |
| Group C. | The Pardoners Tale |
| Group D. | The Tale of the Wyf of Bathe |
| Group D. | The Freres Tale |
| Group D. | The Somnours Tale |
| Group E. | The Clerkes Tale |
| Group E. | The Marchantes Tale |
| Group F. | The Squieres Tale |
| Group F. | The Frankeleyns Tale |
| Group G. | The Seconde Nonnes Tale |
| Group G. | The Chanouns Yemannes Tale |
| Group H. | The Maunciples Tale |
| Group I. | The Persones Tale |
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pāttadhikāri

​Pāttadhikāri. — A class of Jangams, who have settled head-quarters.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pāttukuruppu

​Pāttukuruppu. — Recorded in the Travancore Census Report, 1901, as synonymous with Vātti, a sub-division of Nāyar.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pōgandan

​Pōgandan.— A synonym of Pōndan.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pōkanāti

​Pōkanāti.— Pōkanāti or Pakanāti is a sub-division of Kāpu.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pātāli

​Pātāli.— An occupational name applied to priests of temples and bhūthasthanas (devil shrines), and Stānikas in South Canara.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pōndan

​Pōndan. — "There are," Mr. H. A. Stuart writes,*"only twenty-eight persons of this caste in Malabar, and they are all in Calicut. These are the palanquin-bearers of the Zamorin. They are in dress, manners, customs, and language entirely Tamilians, and, while the Zamorin is polluted by the touch of any ordinary Tamilian, these Pōndans enjoy the privilege of bearing him in a palanquin to and from the temple every day. Now there is a sub-division of the Tamil Idaiyans by name Pogondan, and I understand that these Pogondans are the palanquin-bearers of the Idaiyan caste. It seems probable that the founder, or some early member of the Zamorin, obtained palanquin-bearers of his own (cowherd) caste and granted them privileges which no other Tamilians now enjoy."
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pēta

​Pēta (street). — A sub-division of Balija.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pītakālu

​Pītakālu (dais, on which a priest sits). — An exogamous sept of Oddē.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pēgula

​Pēgula (intestines). — An exogamous sept of Bōya.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pīsu Perike

​Pīsu Perike. — Perikes who weave gunny-bags.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Casium

From volume 3 of the work.
A titular see of Lower Egypt (Ptolemy, IV, v, 12), not far from Pelusium, and near the sandhills known by Greek geographers as Kasion Oros, to-day El-Katieh, or El-Kas. There was at Casium a temple of Zeus Kasios, the Aramean god Qasiou, and Pompey, who had been murdered near the place, was buried there. The town is mentioned in Georgius Cyprius (ed. Gelzer, 694), Hierocles' "Synecdemos" (727, 2), and Parthey's "Notitia Prima", about 840, as a bishopric depending on Pelusium in Augustamnica Prima. Only one bishop is known, Lampetius, present at Ephesus in 431. He was sent by St. Cyril, with Hermogenes, Bishop of Rhinocorua, to Rome, where both were present at the consecration of Pope Pope Sixtus III. Many letters of St. Isidore of Pelusium are addressed to him (Lequien, II, 545).
SMITH, Dict. of Greek and Roman Geogr. (London, 1878), I, 558.
S. Pétridès.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Caspar Henry Borgess

From volume 2 of the work.
Third Bishop of Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A., b. at Kloppenburg, Hanover, Germany, 1 August, 1824; d. at Kalamazoo Michigan, 3 May, 1890. He emigrated to the United States in boyhood and made his classical and theological studies at St. Xavier's College, Cincinnati, and St. Charles's Seminary, Philadelphia. He was ordained priest at Cincinnati, 8 December, 1847, after which he was stationed for ten years at Columbus.
In 1859 he was made rector of St. Peter's Cathedral, Cincinnati, and remained there until he was consecrated titular Bishop of Calydon and administrator of Detroit, 24 April, 1870. The first Bishop of Detroit, the Right Rev. Frederick Rese, consecrated 6 October, 1833, the first German in the United States to be raised to the episcopal dignity, became demented four years after his consecration and was called to Rome. He never resigned his charge and lived until 30 December, 1871, when he died in an institution at Hildesheim, Germany. As a consequence, Detroit was ruled by an administrator for thirty years, Bishop Borgess assuming the title only in 1871. The see up to his appointment had been dominated by Belgian and French influences, and he gradually made the changes to the English speaking regime that the growth of the new population demanded. The Jesuits were introduced into the diocese by him. He resigned the see 16 April, 1888, and spent his last days in retirement, having received the titular see of Phacusites.
REUSS, Biog. Encyl. of the Cath. Hierarchy of the U.S. (Milwaukee, 1898); The Michigan Catholic (Detroit) contemporaneous files.
THOMAS F. MEEHAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Carystus

From volume 3 of the work.
A titular see of Greece. According to legend it was named after Carystus, a son of Chiron. The ancient city is often mentioned by geographers, chiefly on account of its beautiful marble and its amianth obtained from Mount Oche. The see was at first a suffragan of Corinth, but early in the ninth century was made a suffragan of Athens and before 1579 of Euripos (Chaleis). Only two Greek bishops are mentioned by Lequien (II, 197): Cyriacus, who subscribed the letter of the bishops of Hellas to the Emperor Leo in 458, and Joel at the beginning of the eighteenth century. At least another titular may be mentioned, Demetrius, a friend of Michael Acominatos, the famous Metropolitan of Athens in the thirteenth century. The bishopric was maintained in 1833, but under the district name of Carystia, its titular residing at Kyme. In 1900 it was united to Chaleis (Euripos), the capital of the island. As to the Latin see, we read that Innocent III assigned it with other suffragans to the Archbishopric of Athens. In the "Gerarchia Cattolica" (1907, 244) it is assigned to its original metropolis, Corinth. No residential bishop is known. Lequien (III, 857) mentions an obviously titular bishop of 1718. Carystus is to-day a village of about 2000 inhabitants on the southern coast of Euboea.
HOFF, On the History of Carystus from 1205 to 1470 in Sitzungsb. Akadem. Wissensch. (Vienna, 1853), XI, 555-606; SMITH, Dict. of Greek and Roman Geogr. (London, 1878), I, 555.
S. Pétridès.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Caspar Castner

From volume 3 of the work.
(Or Kastner).
A missionary, b. at Munich, Bavaria, 7 October, 1655; d. at Peking, China, 9 November, 1709. He entered the Society of Jesus, 17 September, 1681, and studied theology at Ingolstadt where he finished his studies, 22 March, 1694. For a short time he taught logic at the gymnasium at Ratisbon; after this he devoted himself to the work of missions and sailed in 1696 for China at the head of a company of brother Jesuits from Portugal and Genoa. In China he laboured with great success on the island of Shang-chuen (St. John) and in the city of Fatshan, then a competitor of Canton. In 1702 he went with Father Franciscus Noel to Lisbon and Rome in order, as representative of the Bishops of Nanking and Macao, to obtain some settlement of the question of Chinese Rites. In 1706 he returned to China, taking with him a number of missionaries.
Besides the merit of his apostolic labours, Father Castner deserves much praise for his work in the sciences of navigation, astronomy, and cartography. He called the attention of the Portuguese Government to the fact that the voyage to Macao would be much shorter if the vessels followed a direct course from the Cape of Good Hope by the way of the Sunda islands, avoiding Mozambique and Goa, and the result showed that he was right. He did excellent work in the mapping of the Chinese Empire, and had so great a reputation as a mathematician that he was made president of the mathematical tribunal and instructor of the heir to the throne. Besides a number of elaborate reports on the question of Chinese Rites which he drew up with the aid of Father Noel, Father Castner also wrote an interesting but rare little work called "Relatio Sepulturæ Magno Orientis Apostolo S. Francisco Xaviero erectæ in Insula Sanciano MDCC." It is an exact description of the island where from 19 March to 2 June, 1700, he had been engaged in erecting, at the command of his superiors, a memorial over the grave of St. Francis Xavier. The book was accompanied by a good map. One of the few copies printed in China is in the so-called "Orban'sche Sammlung" of the library of the University of Munich. A translation was published by Father Joseph Stöcklein in his "Welt-Bott" (Augsburg, 1729), No. 309. The title-page and map are reproduced in the work of Henri Cordier, "L'imprimerie sino-européenne en chine" (Paris, 1901), 11-15.
Franco, Synopsis analium Societatis Jesu (Augsburg, 1726), 398, 424; Mederer, Annales Ingolstadienses (1782), III, 80; Zach, Monatliche Correspondenz zur Beförderung der Erdund Himmelskunde (Gotha, 1800), I, 589-93; Lipowski, Gesh. der Jesuiten in Baiern (Munich, 1816), II, 253; Kalendar für katholische Christen (Sulzbach, 1889), 123-124; Backer-Sommervogel, Bibl. de la c. de J. (1891), II, 853-54; (1900), IX, 9; Münsterberg, Bayern und Asien im XVI., XVII., XVIII. Jahrhundert in Zeitshrift des Münchener Alterhumes-Vereins (Munich, 1894), VI, 12 sqq.; Huonder, Deutsche Jesuiten-missionère, supplement to Stimmen aus Maria-Laasch (1899), LXXIV, 189.
OTTO HARTIG
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Caspar Hurtado

From volume 7 of the work.
A Spanish Jesuit and theologian, b. at Mondejar, New Castle, in 1575; d. at Alcalá, 5 August, 1647. He studied at the University of Alcalá de Henares, where in the examination for the doctorate he won the highest place from numerous competitors. He was at once appointed professor in the university, and was winning fame as a lecturer, when at the age of thirty-two, he resigned his chair and entered the Society of Jesus (1607). His talents lying mostly in the direction of theology, he lectured on this subject successively at Murcia, Madrid, and Alcalá. He died in 1647 as dean of the faculty at Alcalá, where he had professed for thirty years. His principles works are: "De Eucharistiâ, sacrificio missæ et ordine" (Alcalá, 1620); "De matrimonio et censuris" (Alcalá, 1627); "De Incarnatione Verbe" (Alcalá, 1628); "De Sacramentis in genere et in specie, i. e, Baptismo, Confirmatione, Poenitentia, et Extrema Unctione" (Alcalá, 1628); "De beatitudine, de actibus humanis, bonitate et malitia, habitatibus, virtutibus et peccatis" (Madrid, 1632); "Disputationes de sacrimentis et censuris" (Antwerp, 1633); "De Deo" (Madrid, 1642). Of the Jesuits, Hurtado is one of the most distinguished for learning and piety. He was among the earliest to deviate from the method of St. Thomas, which till then had been followed by the majority of theologians, and he devised a system of his own. He is noted for the brevity, conciseness, and clearness of his exposition. He was a great orator and preacher with abundant success before the Spanish court.
Antonio, Bibliotheca Scriptorum Hispaniensium; Alegambe, Bibliotheca scriptorum s. J.; Hurter, Nomenclator.
A. FOURNET