OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope St. Sergius I

From volume 13 of the work.
(Reigned 687-701), date of birth unknown; consecrated probably on 15 Dec., 687; d. 8 Sept., 701. While Pope Conon lay dying, the archdeacon Pascal offered the exarch a large sum to bring about his election as his successor. Through the exarch's influence the archdeacon was accordingly elected by a number of people; about the same time another faction elected the archpriest Theodore. The mass of clergy and people, however, set them both aside and chose Sergius, who was duly consecrated. Sergius, the son of Tiberius, was a native of Antioch; he was educated in Sicily, and ordained by [St.] Leo II. The new pope had numerous relations with England and the English. He received [St.] Caedwalla, King of the West Saxons, and baptized him (689); and, as he died in Rome, caused him to be buried in St. Peter's. He ordered St. Wilfrid to be restored to his see, greatly favoured St. Aldhelm, Abbot of Malmesbury, and is credited with endeavouring to secure the Venerable Bede as his adviser. Finally he consecrated the Englishman [St.] Willibrord bishop, and sent him to preach Christianity to the Frisians. The cruel Emperor Justinian wanted him to sign the decrees of the so- called Quinisext or Trullan Council of 692, in which the Greeks allowed priests and deacons to keep the wives they had married before their ordination, and which aimed at placing the Patriarch of Constantinople on a level with the Pope of Rome. When Sergius refused to acknowledge this synod, the emperor sent an officer to bring him to Constantinople. But the people protected the pope, and Justinian himself was soon afterwards deposed (695). Sergius succeeded in extinguishing the last remnants of the Schism of the Three Chapters in Aquileia. He repaired and adorned many basilicas, added the Agnus Dei to the Mass, and instituted processions to various churches.
Liber Pontificalis, ed. DUCHESNE, I (Paris, 1886), 371 sqq.; HEFELE, Hist. of the Councils, V (tr., Edinburgh, 1894), 221 sqq.; BEDE, Hist. eccles., V; PAULUS DIACONUS, De gest. Langob., VI; HODGKIN, Italy and Her Invaders, VI (Oxford, 1895), 352 sqq.; MANN, Lives of the Popes, I (London, 1902), ii, 77 sqq.
Horace K. Mann.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope St. Pontian

From volume 12 of the work.
Dates of birth and death unknown. The "Liber Pontificalis" (ed. Duchesne, I, 145) gives Rome as his native city and calls his father Calpurnius. With him begins the brief chronicle of the Roman bishops of the third century, of which the author of the Liberian Catalogue of the popes made use in the fourth century and which gives more exact data for the lives of the popes. According to this account Pontian was made pope 21 July, 230, and reigned until 235. The schism of Hippolytus continued during his episcopate; towards the end of his pontificate there was a reconciliation between the schismatic party and its leader with the Roman bishop. After the condemnation of Origen at Alexandria (231-2), a synod was held at Rome, according to Jerome (Epist. XXXII, iv) and Rufinus (Apol. contra Hieron., II, xx), which concurred in the decisions of the Alexandrian synod against Origen; without doubt this synod was held by Pontian (Hefele, Konziliengeschichte, 2nd ed., I, 106 sq.). In 235 in the reign of Maximinus the Thracian began a persecution directed chiefly against the heads of the Church. One of its first victims was Pontian, who with Hippolytus was banished to the unhealthy island of Sardinia. To make the election of a new pope possible, Pontian resigned 28 Sept., 235, the Liberian Catalogue says "discinctus est". Consequently Anteros was elected in his stead. Shortly before this or soon afterwards Hippolytus, who had been banished with Pontian, became reconciled to the Roman Church, and with this the schism he had caused came to an end. How much longer Pontian endured the sufferings of exile and harsh treatment in the Sardinian mines is unknown. According to old and no longer existing Acts of martyrs, used by the author of the "Liber Pontificalis", he died in consequence of the privations and inhuman treatment he had to bear. Pope Fabian (236-50) had the remains of Pontian and Hippolytus brought to Rome at a later date and Pontian was buried on 13 August in the papal crypt of the Catacomb of Callistus. In 1909 the original epitaph was found in the crypt of St. Cecilia, near the papal crypt. The epitaph, agreeing with the other known epitaphs of the papal crypt, reads: PONTIANOS, EPISK. MARTUR (Pontianus, Bishop, Martyr). The word mártur was added later and is written in ligature [cf. Wilpert, "Die Papstgräber und die Cäciliengruft in der Katakombe des hl. Kalixtus" (Freiburg, 1909), 1 sq., 17 sq., Plate III]. He is placed under 13 Aug. in the list of the "Depositiones martyrum" in the chronographia of 354. The Roman Martyrology gives his feast on 19 Nov.
Liber Pontificalis, ed. Duchesne I, Introd., xxiv sq., 145 sq.; DE ROSSI, Roma Sotteranea, ii, 73 sqq.
J. P. Kirsch.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/José Mariano Beristain y Martin de Souza

From volume 2 of the work.
Mexican bibliographer, b. in Puebla, Mexico, 22 May, 1756; d. at Mexico, 23 March, 1817. He went to Spain and spent some time in the family of the former Bishop of Puebla, then Archbishop of Toledo. Returning to Mexico (1811) he was made Archdeacon of the Metropolitan church of Mexico (1813), and was afterwards its Dean. Beristain was a secular priest who had made thorough studies at Mexico and perfected them in Spain under the most favourable circumstances. He wrote a number of treatises, some of them on economic subjects, but hardly any were published, the manuscripts being mostly lost through carelessness in sending them to Europe. His great work is the "Biblioteca hispano-americana septentrional," the last part of which was published after his death. For this he used as a basis the "Biblioteca mexicana" of Bishop Juan José de Eguiara y Eguren of which only the first volume (as far as "J") appeared in print. Beristain at first intended to republish Eguiara, completing the alphabet by means of sketches and notes left by the author, but, as he proceeded to carry out the idea, he found that it would be preferable to compose an independent bibliography, incorporating in it the material Equiara had collected. The "Bibioteca" of Beristain is, thus far, the most complete work on the subject that exists, but it contains many errors in names and dates. Still, if we take into account the time when he wrote, and the great obstacles he had to overcome in the shape of distances from sources and their frequent inaccessibility, it must be considered a monumental work and, up to this day, the principal source of knowledge of the bibliography of Mexico and Central America.
Autobiography in the Biblioteca hispano-americana septentrional (Mexico, 1816-19); Diccionario universal de Historia y Geografia (Mexico, 1853), I; Ycazbalceta, Bibliotecas de Eguiara y de Beristain; Memorias de la academia Mexicana (Mexico, 1878), I.
AD. F. BANDELIER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/José Maria de Zalvidea

From volume 15 of the work.
Born at Bilbao, Vizeaya, Spain, 2 March, 1780; d. in 1846. He became a Franciscan at the convent of San Mames, Cantabria, 13 December, 1798, joined the College of San Fernando de Mexico in 1804, and entered the California Indian mission field in August, 1805. He served at Mission San Fernando till 1806; at Mission San Gabriel till 1826; at San Juan Capistrano till 1842; and at Mission San Luis Rey to the day of his death. He was a model missionary as well as an energetic and wise manager of the mission temporalities. Under his administration Mission San Gabriel especially reached its highest prosperity. From 19 July to 14 August, 1806, Father Zalvidea accompanied an expedition from Santa Barbara east and then south to San Gabriel in search of new mission sites, meanwhile baptizing many dying savages. He was well versed in the languages of the Indians. While his superiors regarded him as one of the best and most zealous of friars, the people looked upon him as a saint. "There is no evidence", says Bancroft, "that he ever had an enemy, or said an unkind word to any man." Even when quite old Father Zalvidea refused to avail himself of the privilege of retiring, because there would be no one to take his place, for the Mexican Government had declined to let any but Mexicans serve in the missions. Like all the other missionaries he would not approve of the methods of the Mexican politicians by swearing allegiance, refusing to do so on the grounds that he did not meddle with politics, but he offered to swear obedience in everything not against conscience.
Santa Barbara Archives: Records of missions San Gabriel and San Juan Capistrano; ENGELHARDT, The Franciscans in California (Harbor Springs, Michigan, 1897); The Missions and Missionaries of California, II (San Francisco, 1912).
Zephyrin Engelhardt.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/José Torrubia

From volume 14 of the work.
Born towards the end of the seventeenth century at Granada, Spain; died in 1768 in the monastery of Aracoeli. He entered the order of St. Peter of Alcántara at Granada. In the Philippine Islands, whither he had gone as missionary and as secretary to Foguéras, the commissioner-general of Mexico, he was imprisoned for four months, as a result of opposition on the part of the religious orders to reforms attempted by the commissioner. He returned to Cadiz and thence went to Rome, where he withdrew from the order of St. Peter and became a Franciscan. In 1732 he was again in the Philippine Islands as superior of a convent. He travelled in America and Asia, remaining for a time at Canton, China. In 1750 he returned to Spain, whence he made three trips to Rome. A linguist, scientist, collector of fossils and of books, writer on historical, political, and religious subjects, Torrubia was held in high esteem in Spain and at Rome, and by none more so that by Pope Benedict XIV. Among his many works may be mentioned; "Roman Ceremonial of the Discalced Religious of St. Francis in the Province of St. Gregory in the Philippines" (Manila, 1728); "Disertacion histórico-politico-geográfica de las islas Filipinas" (Madrid, 1736, 1753); a poem against Free-masonry (Madrid, 1752); "Introdución a la historia natural de España" (Madrid, 1754; German tr., Halle, 1773; Italian tr. of a part printed under his direction at Rome with the title "La gigantologia española"; second volume, on insects, never printed); "History of the Seraphic order" (Rome, 1756).
Paul H. Linehan.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/José Ribeiro da Fonseca

From volume 6 of the work.
Friar Minor; b. at Evora, 3 Dec., 1690; d. at Porto, 16 June, 1752. He was received into the Franciscan Order in the convent of Ara Coeli at Rome, 8 Dec., 1712. As minister general of the order, he was untiring in his efforts to restore discipline in places where it had become lax; and displayed in this regard singular prudence, tact, and executive ability. In 1740 he founded the large library in the old convent of Ara Coeli, and under his direction and patronage, the "Annales Minorum" of Wadding were published at Rome in seventeen volumes, between the years 1731 and 1741. Fonseca several times declined the episcopal dignity, but finally accepted (1741) the See of Oporto, to which he was nominated by John V of Portugal.
STEPHEN M. DONOVAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/José Viader

From volume 15 of the work.
Born at Gallimes, Catalonia, 27 August, 1765. He received the habit of St. Francis at Barcelona in May 1788, joined the missionary College of San Fernando de Mexico in 1795, and was sent to California in the following year. Appointed assistant at the Indian mission of Santa Clara, he served there steadily until 1833, when he returned to Spain by way of Mexico and Cuba. For thirty-three years Father Viader was the faithful companion of the saintly Father Magin Catala. As such he fearlessly resisted the encroachments of the military and colonists, carried on the correspondence, and drew up the reports, which Father Catala countersigned. Hence it is that numerous letters of Father Viader concerning Mission Santa Clara still exist, whereas not one has thus far been discovered written by Father Catala. Father José, albeit an exemplary religious, knew how to make use of his great physical strength and courage. On one occasion three Indians suddenly fell upon him, but he defeated them all, and they became his best friends. In 1818 he accompanied the presidente of Misión San José to San Francisco and San Rafael; but otherwise he never left his Indians for any length of time. Like nearly all the missionaries, he in 1826 declined to take the oath of allegiance to the so-called Republic of Mexico.
Santa Barbara Mission Archives; Records of Mission Santa Clara; ENGELHARDT, The Holy Man of Santa Clara (San Francisco, 1909); The Franciscans of California (Harbor Springs, Michigan, 1897).
Zephyrin Engelhardt.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/José de Carabantes

From volume 3 of the work.
(Also Caravantes).
Friar Minor Capuchin and theologian, born in Aragon, in 1628; died in 1694. He did much in the evangelization of the Indian tribes in Spanish America. He wrote a work entitled "Ars addicendi atque docendi idiomata", and likewise a "Lexicon, seu vocabularium v erborum, adverbiorum, etc.", for the use of missionaries among the Indians (Madrid, 1678). A biography of Father Carabantes was published at Madrid in 1705 by Diego Gonzales de Quiraga.
STEPHEN M. DONOVAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/José Selgas y Carrasco

From volume 13 of the work.
Poet and novelist, b. at Lorca, Murcia, Spain, 1824; d. at Madrid, 5 Feb., 1882, he received his early training at the Seminary of San Fulgencio; his family being in straitened circumstances, he was obliged to cut short his studies in order to contribute to its support. Going to Madrid, he there occupied minor Government positions, and engaged in journalism. As a staunch Conservative he assailed the Liberals in the articles which he wrote for the periodical "El Padre Cobos" and other newspapers. He acted as secretary for Martinez Campos when the latter was Prime Minister. The Spanish Academy made him one of its members. Selgas belongs among the minor writers. His repute depends upon his lyrics and his short tales rather than upon his more ambitious novels. The best of his verse, which is generally marked by a gentle melancholy, will be found in the two collections, "La Primavera" and "El Estio", both put forth in 1850. After his death there appeared the volume of poems entitled "Flores y Espinas". Of his longer novels there may be mentioned the "Dos Rivales" and "Una Madre", both rather tedious compositions. In his short tales he is most successful when he indulges in the sentimental; he is less attractive when he gives utterance to his pessimistic feeling. At times his sentimentalism and pessimism become even morbid. A number of his journalistic articles have been brought together in several of the volumes of his collected works, as "Hojas sueltas", "Estudios sociales", etc. They illustrate his ultra-Conservativism in politics.
Obras completas, ed. DUBRULL (15 vols., Madrid, 1887); GARCIA, La Literatura espanola en el siglo XIX, pt. I, ii.
J.D.M. FORD
# Chronicle of the Grey friars of London/Henricus Tertius Rex

HENRICUS TERTIUS REX
And here beganne the rayne of kyng Henry the third, sonne unto kynge John.
Pi.$^o$. A$^o$. Thys yere was Walis interdityd. And Lewys of France had one thousand marke of sylver for his rewarde.
ij$^o$. A$^o$. Thys yere the kynge had of every plough land C$^s$. And the same yere Thomas Becket removyd uppe behynde the hye auter in Christes church in Canterbery.
v$^o$. A$^o$. Thys yere the kyng Henry the third was crownyd at Glossytor. And alle pleys longynge to the crowne was pletyd in the tower of London. And the castelle of Bedford was destroyed.
And this yere, on sent Lewys daye, was soch a stronge wynde in the north-est that it overturnyd houses, toweres, trees, and in the ayre was sene fyere draggons and sprettes flyenge. And this yere began the ordere of the Freeres Carmelyttes.
vij$^o$. A$^o$. Thys yere came the Freeres Minors into Ynglond. And a man of Oxenford feynyd hym to be Cryst, and was crucifyed at Addurbury.
xl$^o$. A$^o$. Thys yere a Jew felle in to a drawte on a satorday, and he wolde not be draune owte that day for the reverens of hys sabbot day, and sir Richard Clare, that time tyme beynge erle of Gloucseter, seynge that he wolde not be drawne owte that day, he wolde ​not suffer hym to be drawne owte on the sonday, for the reverens of the holy sonday, and soo thus the false Jue perished and dyde therein.
liv$^o$. A$^o$. Thys yere this kynge Henry the thirde dyde, and ys burryd at Westmynster on sent Edwardes daye the marter.
* ↑ This refers to the removal of the body of Becket from the undercroft of the church, where it was at first interred, to the shrine prepared for its reception in the new chapel of the Trinity. This event was afterwards annually celebrated as the Translation of the saint, upon the 7th July. See Pilgrimages of Walsingham and Canterbury, 1849, p. 224.
* ↑ King Henry was crowned for the second time this year, but it was at Westminster. His first coronation took place at Gloucester, shortly after the death of his father.
* ↑ Other chronicles which contain this story relate that it took place at Tewkesbury, where the earl of Gloucester was lord of the town.
# Chronicle of the Grey friars of London/Johannes Rex

JOHANNES REX
Kynge Johan, brothar unto Rychard, was crownyd upon the Assencion daye, the yere of our Lord God M$^l$clxxxxix.
Pi.$^o$. In this furst yere he lost Normandy and Angeoy, and every ploughe lond tasked at iij$^s$ for to gete it a gayne.
ij$^o$. A$^o$. Thys yere was chosyn by the wyse men of the citte of London xxxv. men, and sworne to mayntayne the assies in London.
iiij$^o$. A$^o$. Thys yere felle gret raynes, and gret thunder, lytenyng, and hayle-stones as grete as eggys, that dystroyd cornes [and] fruttes; and fowlles seying flyeng in the eyer berynge burnynge coles, and brent many huses (sic). And that yere the londe was enterdyted.
vj$^o$. A$^o$. Thys yere began the order of Freer Prechars. And then was a grete wynter of frost and colde that lastyd from new-yeres daye unto our lady day the Annunciacion.
vij$^o$. A$^o$. This yere alle pleys longynge un to the crowne ware pletyd at the tower of London.
ix$^o$. A$^o$. Thys yere the londe was interdytyd. And this same yere was borne Henry the [eldest] sonne to kynge John. And this yere beganne the names of mayeres and shreffys in the citte of London.
xj$^o$. A$^o$. Thys yere the londe was reconciled, and the interdyction relesyd.
xiij$^o$. A$^o$. Thys yere was grete dyscencione betwene the kynge and hys lordes; and Lewys the kynges sonne of France dyd moch harme in Ynglond. Southewarke the bregge with moch of the citte was brent.
xv$^o$. A$^o$. Thys yere at Candelmas the kynge sheppyd at Porthesmothe, and sayled to Peytoe.
xvj$^o$. A$^o$. Thys yere beganne the Freer Minors in Ynglond.
* ↑ This word should be seen. Compare a similar passage in Nicolas's Chronicle of London.
* ↑ Poictou.
# Coming of Age in Samoa/Glossary

GLOSSARY OF NATIVE TERMS USED IN THE TEXT
Aumaga ('aumāga)—the organisation of untitled men in each Samoan village.
Aualuma—the organisation of unmarried girls past puberty, wives of untitled men and widows.
Afafine daughter (man speaking).
Aiga—relative.
Atali'i—son (man speaking).
Avaga—elopement.
Fa'alupega—the courtesy phrases, recited in formal speeches, which embody the social pattern of each village.
Fale—house.
Faletua—"she who sits in the back of the house." The courtesy term for a chief's wife.
Fono—a meeting. Specifically the organisation of titled men of a village, district or island.
Fitafita—a member of the native marine corps.
Ifo—to lower oneself to some one whom one has offended or injured.
Ifoga—the act of doing so.
Lavalava—a loin cloth, fastened by a twist in the material at the waist.
Lole—a sort of jelly fish; applied by the natives to candy.
Manaia—the heir-apparent of the principal chief; the leader of the Aumāga; the heir of any important chief whose title carries the privilege of giving a manaia title to his heir.
Matai—the holder of a title; the head of a household.
Moetotolo—surreptitious rape.
Moni—true, real.
Musu—unwillingness, obstinacy towards any course of action.
Olomatua—old woman.
Papalagi—white men; literally, "sky bursters." Foreign.
Pua—the frangipani tree.
Soa—a companion in circumcision; an ambassador in love affairs.
Soafafine—a woman ambassador in love affairs.
Siva—to dance; a dance.
Tama—a child, a son (woman speaking).
Tamā—father.
Tamafafine—a child of the distaff side of the house.
Tamatane—a child of the male line.
Tapa—bark cloth.
Taule'ale'a—a member of the Aumaga; an untitled man.
Taupo—the village ceremonial hostess; the girl whom a high chief has honoured with a title and a distribution of property.
Tausi—the courtesy term for the wife of a talking chief, literally, "to care for."
Tei—a younger sibling.
Teine—a girl.
Teinetiti—a little girl.
​Tinā—mother.
Toa'ina—an old man,
Tafafine—female sibling of a male.
Tuagane—male sibling of a female.
Tulafale—a talking chief.
Uso—sibling of the same sex.
NOTE ON THE PRONUNCIATION OF SAMOAN WORDS
The vowels are all pronounced as in Italian.
G is always pronounced like NG.
The Glottal stop is indicated by a (').
THE END
# Commandeering

Our hero was a Tommy with a conscience free from care, And such an open countenance that when he breathed the air He mopped up all the atmosphere—so little went to spare You could hardly say he breathed, he "commandeered" it.
For nowadays you'll notice when a man is "on the make", And other people's property is anxious for to take, We never use such words as "steal", or "collar", "pinch", or "shake". No, the fashion is to say we "commandeered" it.
And our simple-minded hero used to grumble at his lot, Said he, "This commandeerin's just a little bit too hot, A fellow has to carry every blooming thing he's got; Whatever he puts down they'll commandeer it."
So after much anxiety our simple-minded elf He thought he'd do a little commandeering for himself, And the first thing that he'd noticed was a bottle on a shelf In a cottage, so he thought he'd commandeer it.
"What ho!" says he, "a bottle, and, by George, it's full of beer, And no commanding officer to come and interfere. Here's my own blooming health," says he, "I'm on the commandeer." And without another word he commandeered it.
On his subsequent proceedings we must draw a little veil, For the Boers had left some sheep dip in that bottle labelled "Ale"; But the doctor said he's shift it—if all other methods fail, We must use the stomach pump and commandeer it.
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