OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Scouler, John

​SCOULER, JOHN (1804–1871), naturalist, the son of a calico-printer, was born in Glasgow on 31 Dec. 1804. He received the rudiments of his education at Kilbarchan, but was sent very early to the university of Glasgow. When his medical course there was completed, he went to Paris and studied at the Jardin des Plantes. On his return Dr. (afterwards Sir William Jackson) Hooker [q. v.] secured for him an appointment as surgeon and naturalist on board the Hudson's Bay Company's ship William and Mary. The vessel sailed from London on 25 July 1824 for the Columbia river, touching at Madeira, Rio, and the Galapagos. His companion on the voyage out and in many excursions at the several ports was the botanist, David Douglas [q. v.] His stay at the Columbia river appears to have lasted from April to September 1825 (Edinb. Journ. Sci. vols. v. vi.) Soon after his return to England Scouler shipped as surgeon on the Clyde, a merchant vessel that went to Calcutta, touching by the way at the Cape and Madras. On his return to Glasgow he settled down to practice (graduating M.D. in 1827), till he was appointed, 18 June 1829, ‘professor of geology and natural history and mineralogy’ in the Andersonian University (now part of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College). In 1834 he was appointed professor of mineralogy, and subsequently of geology, zoology, and botany, to the royal Dublin Society, a post he held till his retirement on a pension in 1854, when he returned to Glasgow.
The state of his health in 1853 and 1854 induced him to visit Portugal; he also made a tour in Holland, and in later years visited Scandinavia. After his retirement he occasionally lectured, and he superintended the Andersonian Museum. He had been elected a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1829, and made LL.D. of Glasgow in 1850. He died at Glasgow on 13 Nov. 1871. He was buried at Kilbarchan.
Scouler was author of upwards of twenty papers on various natural history subjects and meteorology published between 1826 and 1852. He established, with two medical ​colleagues, the ‘Glasgow Medical Journal,’ and in 1831 was one of the editors of Cheek's ‘Edinburgh Journal of Natural and Geographical Science.’ He contributed notes and an appendix to the fourth edition of Dr. King's ‘Principles of Geology explained,’ 8vo, Edinburgh, 1853. Scouleria, a genus of plants, and Scoulerite, a mineral, were named in his honour.
He bequeathed his books, which included many of great rarity, to Stirling's Library, Glasgow.
[Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, iv. 194; information kindly supplied by Mr. J. Young, secretary Glasgow and West Scotland Technical College, by W. I. Addison of the Glasgow University, by A. H. Foord, assistant secretary Royal Dublin Society, and by the librarian, Stirling's Library; Roy. Soc. Cat.; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
B. B. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Duke of

​SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA, Duke of. [See Alfred Ernest Albert, 1844–1900.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vacher, Charles

​VACHER, CHARLES (1818–1883), painter in watercolours, was the third son of the well-known stationer and bookseller, Thomas Vacher, of 29 Parliament Street, Westminster, where he was born on 22 June 1818. He received his chief art education in the schools of the Royal Academy. In 1839 he went to pursue his studies in Rome. Many tours followed, in which he visited Italy, Sicily, France, Germany, Algeria, and Egypt, making large numbers of clever sketches in all these countries, and these furnished him with materials for his numerous drawings, which were highly finished and had an excellence of composition and an abundance of interesting details that gave his works a considerable popularity. He was a rapid worker, and, besides over two thousand sketches which he left at his death, he often executed twelve to sixteen finished works in one year, and between 1838 and 1881 he exhibited no fewer than 350 at the London exhibitions. His first exhibit at the Royal Academy was, in 1838, ‘Well at Bacharach on the Rhine,’ but the majority of his pictures—324 works in all—were shown at the gallery of the New Watercolour Society, now the Royal Institute of Painters in Watercolours, which he joined in 1846, on the introduction of his friend Louis Hague. His name first appears at the Royal Manchester Institution exhibition in 1842 as a contributor of six drawings, all of buildings in Italy. One of these, ‘Naples with Vesuvius,’ is probably that now in the South Kensington Museum. The British Museum possesses two fairly good examples of his work—‘View of City of Tombs, Cairo,’ 1863, and ‘View in the Forum, Rome’—and many others are in the possession of his widow. He died on 21 July 1883 at his residence, 4 The Boltons, West Brompton, leaving a widow, but no children. He was buried at Kensal Green cemetery. A portrait in watercolour, painted by himself, belonged to his widow, who also possessed a portrait painted in oil by Thomas Harwood (a watercolour painter) in Rome. Vacher's elder brother, George, owned a portrait of him in oil which was executed in 1850 by William Denholm Kennedy.
A. N.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Uwins, David

​UWINS, DAVID (1780?–1837), medical writer, born in London about 1780, was the second son of Thomas Uwins (d. 1806), clerk in the bank of England, and the brother of Thomas Uwins [q. v.], the artist. After working in the London hospitals he graduated M.D. at Edinburgh University on 12 Sept. 1803. Returning to London, he held for a short time the post of assistant physician at the Finsbury dispensary, and then established himself at Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire. On 22 Dec. 1807 he was admitted a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians, and in 1815 was elected ​physician to the City dispensary, and afterwards to the new Finsbury and central dispensary.
In 1828 he was appointed physician to the lunatic asylum at Peckham, and, as the result of his observations there, published in 1833 a work entitled ‘A Treatise on those Disorders of the Brain and Nervous System which are usually considered and called Mental’ (London, 8vo). It attained considerable circulation, and established his medical reputation. In later life, through his friend Frederic Hervey Foster Quin [q. v.], he became one of the first English converts to homœopathy, and announced his convictions in a pamphlet entitled ‘Homœopathy and Allopathy, or Large, Small, and Atomic Doses’ (London, 8vo). He encountered much opposition from former friends, and the excitement of controversy broke down his nervous system. He died in London at his house in Bedford Row on 22 Sept. 1837, and was buried at Kensal Green cemetery.
Besides the works mentioned, he was the author of: 1. ‘Modern Medicine,’ London, 1808, 8vo. 2. ‘Cursory Observations on Fever,’ London, 1810, 8vo. 3. ‘Modern Maladies and the Present State of Medicine,’ London, 1818, 8vo. 4. ‘A Compendium of Theoretical and Practical Medicine,’ London, 1825, 12mo. 5. ‘A Treatise on those Diseases which are either directly or indirectly connected with Indigestion, comprising a Commentary on the Principal Ailments of Children,’ London, 1827, 8vo. 6. ‘Nervous and Mental Disorders,’ London, 1830, 8vo. He also contributed several medical articles to George Gregory's ‘Dictionary of the Arts and Sciences,’ 1806, as well as a series of papers (begun by John Reid, 1776–1822 [q. v.]), entitled ‘Reports’ to the ‘Monthly Magazine.’ He wrote two articles in the ‘Quarterly Review,’ the one on ‘Insanity and Madness’ in July 1816, and the other on ‘Vaccination’ in July 1818, and for a time edited the ‘Medical Repository.’
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Utenhove, John

​UTENHOVE, JOHN (d. 1565), reformer, second son of Nicholas Utenhove by his second wife Elizabeth de Grutere, was a native of Ghent, where his family had for centuries held a high position. Becoming a protestant, he quitted Flanders in 1544. Through his half-brother, Charles Utenhove, an amanuensis of Erasmus, he became acquainted with John Laski or à Lasco [q. v.], with whom Charles had travelled to Italy from Basle in October 1525. In the summer of 1548 Utenhove came to England from Strasburg in advance of Laski, and co-operated with him in the organisation of the 'strangers' churches' in London and Canterbury. It was on his recommendation that Valérand Poullain, a gentleman of Lille, was brought over from Strasburg as pastor of the French-speaking protestant exiles at Canterbury. Poullain organised an offshoot from this community at Glastonbury, under the patronage of Lord-protector Somerset. To Glastonbury Utenhove sent the Flemish and Walloon weavers, who introduced the manufacture of broadcloth and blankets in the west of England. John Hooper [q. v.], who employed Utenhove on a mission to Bullinger in April 1549, writes of him in the highest terms. He left England with Laski in 1553, but returned at the accession of Elizabeth, and took a leading part in affairs as 'first elder' of the Dutch church. He died in London in 1565, leaving a widow (Anna de Grutere de Lannoy) and three children.
Of his writings the most important is 'Simplex et Fidelis Narratio de … Belgarum aliorumque Peregrinorum in Anglia Ecclesia,' Basle, 1560, 8vo. His translations of Psalms into Dutch verse appeared from time to time, the most complete edition being 'LXIIII Psalmen end ander Ghesanghen,' Emden, 1561, 8vo. Laski's London 'Catechismus' (distinct from the Emden one) is known only in the Flemish version by Utenhove, printed at London in 1551.
[Utenhove's Narratio, 1560; Pijper's Jan Utenhove, 1883; Strype's Eccles. Memorials, II. i.; Strype's Grindal; Original Letters (Parker Soc.), 1846 i. 55 sq., 1847 ii. 653 sq.; Dalton's John à Lasco (Evans), 1886; Buisson's Sébastien Castellion, 1892.]
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Westmoreland, Earl of

​WESTMORLAND, Earl of. [See Fane, Francis William Henry, 1825–1891.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Westminster, Duke of

​WESTMINSTER, Duke of. [See Grosvenor, Hugh Lupus, 1825–1899.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Jones, Henry Cadman

​JONES, HENRY CADMAN (1818–1902), law reporter, born on 28 June 1818 at New Church in Winwick, Lancashire, was eldest son of Joseph Jones, at the time vicar of Winwick and afterwards of Repton, Derbyshire, by his wife Elizabeth Joanna Cooper of Derby. Educated privately he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1837, and graduated B.A. in 1841 as second wrangler and second Smith's prizeman, being elected a fellow in the same year. The senior wrangler and first Smith's prizeman of his tripos was (Sir) George Gabriel Stokes [q. v. Suppl. II]. Admitted to Lincoln's Inn on 7 June 1841, and called to the bar on 24 Nov. 1845, he became a pupil of Sir John Rolt [q. v.]. From 1857 until 1865, when the official law reports were founded, Jones was associated with Sir John Peter De Gex [q. v.] in three successive series of chancery reports. He continued to report chancery appeals for the law reports until within three years of his death. In 1860 he drafted with J. W. Smith the consolidated orders of the court of chancery and later with Sir Arthur Wilson the rules under the Judicature Acts of 1873 and 1875. Of retiring disposition and of deep religious convictions he actively engaged in the work of the Religious Tract Society and took part, with his university competitor, Sir George Stokes, in the proceedings of the Victoria Institute, founded for the discussion of Christian evidences. Much leisure was spent on an unpublished concordance to the Greek Testament.
He died at St. Matthew's Gardens, St. Leonards-on-Sea, on 18 Jan. 1902, and was buried in Repton churchyard.
He married (1) on 4 Sept. 1851 Anna Maria (d. 10 May 1873), daughter of Robert Steevens Harrison of Bourn Abbey, Lincolnshire; (2) on 4 Sept. 1879 Eliza (d. 26 Oct. 1909), third daughter of the Rev. Frederick Money of Offham, Kent. By his first wife he had eight children, of whom a son and four daughters survived ​him. A portrait by Eden Upton Eddis [q. v. Suppl. II] belongs to the family.
[The Times, 21 Jan. 1902; Law Journal, 25 Jan. 1002; Foster, Men at the Bar; private information.]
C. E. A. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Jephson, Arthur Jeremy Mounteney

​JEPHSON, ARTHUR JERMY MOUNTENEY (1858–1908), African traveller, born at Hutton Rectory, Brentwood, Essex, on 8 Oct. 1858, was fifth and youngest son of John Mounteney Jephson, vicar of Childerditch, Essex, and Ellen, daughter of Isaac Jermy, of Stanfield Hill, Norfolk [q. v.]. He was educated at Tonbridge School (1869–74) and on H.M.S. Worcester (1874–76). In 1880 he joined the Antrim regiment of the royal Irish rifles, but resigned his commission in 1884. At the desire of his friend, Helena Comtesse de Noailles, he joined [Sir] Henry Morton Stanley's [q. v. Suppl. II] expedition for the relief of Emin Pasha. Leaving Europe in 1887, Stanley and he travelled up the Congo, and left the ill-fated rear-guard at Yambuya on the Aruwimi on 28 June. Jephson accompanied Stanley on the difficult journey through the forests to Lake Albert, and in April 1888 he was despatched over the lake to find Emin. He brought Emin to Stanley at the end of the month. With Emin, at Stanley's and the Pasha's request, he travelled through Emin's equatorial province, and in accordance with instructions, offered to guide all inhabitants who wished to follow Emin and himself out of the province by way of Zanzibar to Egypt. The proposal for the evacuation of the province met with opposition from the people, and Jephson was engaged for nine months with Emin in resisting their rebeliion. Both were imprisoned at Dufile in August 1888. In October the Mahdists came down upon the province, and at the beginning of December, on the news of their successes in the north, the native soldiers at Dufile besought Emin to lead them in retreat. Emin's own unwillingness to quit the province, the affairs of which were in great confusion, added to Jephson's difficulties. The council of native rebel officers at Wadelai condemned both Emin and Jephson to death, but early in February 1889 he succeeded in rejoining Stanley at Kavali, and subsequently they managed to rescue Emin. Returning to England in 1890, Jephson became a queen's messenger in 1895 and held a similar post under King Edward VII (1901).
He was awarded a medal by the Royal Geographical Society of London in 1890 and a diploma by that at Brussels in the same year.
He died on 22 Oct. 1908 at Sunninghill, Ascot, and was buried there. He married in 1904 Anna, daughter of Addison Head of San Francisco, and left one son. Jephson told the story of his part in the relief expedition in 'Emin Pasha and the Rebellion at the Equator' (1890; German tr.- Leipzig, 1890; French tr. Paris, 1891). He collected a number of native folk-tales, and admirably presented them in 'Stories told in an African Forest by Grown-up Children of Africa' (1893). He also wrote 'The Story of a Billiard Ball' (1897).
[Geogr. Journ. xxxii. 630; The Times 23 Oct. 1908; Jephson's Emin Pasha, 1890; Sir H. M. Stanley's Autobiography, 1909, and In Darkest Africa, 1890; private information.]
O. J. R. H.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Year

Edition of 1802.
​Year. See Kalendar.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Yellow-weed

Edition of 1802.
​Yellow-weed. See Dyer's-Weed.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Yawning

Edition of 1802.
​YAWNING is an involuntary opening of the mouth; which is occasioned by weariness, or an inclination to sleep; though it frequently occurs early in the morning, and immediately after rising.
Yawning is performed by extending all the muscles, that are capable of spontaneous motion; by expanding the lungs; by slowly and gradually inhaling a large portion of air, and expiring or breathing it out, after it has been rarefied in the body; and lastly, by restoring the muscles to their natural position. Persons of strong and healthy constitutions are most liable to this natural impulse, when they awake, on account of the perspirable matter that lodges in the pores of the skin: hence Boerhaave observes, that yawning appears to be designed by Nature, to move, accelerate, and uniformly to distribute the humours throughout the system; consequently, to render the various muscles capable of discharging their respective functions. Such involuntary motion, therefore, greatly conduces to health; but, if it become habitual, or be too often repeated, especially by persons of sedentary lives, it will be advisable to take a short walk in the fresh air, and to inspire a large portion of that salutary fluid, in temperate weather. Sometimes, however, yawning is the fore-runner of convulsions or ague-fits; in which cases, those distressing affections might often be prevented, by adopting timely and proper remedies.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Yellows, in Farriery

Edition of 1802.
​YELLOWS, or Jaundice, in farriery, is a disorder to which horses are occasionally subject: it is known by the dusky-yellow appearance of the eyes, the inside of the mouth, and of the lips. The animal loses all his vigour, and refuses to take any food; a slow fever prevails, which increases, together with the yellowness, according to the malignancy of the disease. His dung is hard, dry, and of a pale yellow or green cast: the urine is of a dark-brown colour; and is discharged with great pain and difficulty: after it has lain for some time on the pavement of the stable, it acquires a bloody hue. In a short time, if the horse be neglected, he becomes delirious and frantic.
When aged animals are thus attacked, there is little prospect of recovery; but, if the distemper be recent, and the horse young, it will be advisable to adopt the treatment already pointed out, vol. ii. p. 508. Should no relief be obtained in the course of two or three days, the animal must be bled copiously; and the following laxative clyster be injected: Let two handfuls of marsh-mallows; one handful of chamomile flowers; and one ounce of fennel-seed, be boiled in three quarts of water, till one-third be evaporated: the liquor must then ​be strained, and incorporated with 4 oz. of treacle, and a pint of linseed, or any common oil.
After such clyster has been injected, it will be necessary to administer two or three purges, each consisting of 1 1/2 oz. of pulverized Indian rhubarb; 2 drams of saffron; and 6 drams of socotrine aloes, mixed with syrup of buckthorn; which ought to be given once in 48 hours: on the intermediate days, the following balls and drink should be introduced between each dose: Take half an ounce of Æthiops mineral; a similar quantity of millepedes; and 1 oz. of Castile soap: let them be formed into a ball, and washed down with a decoction made of 4 oz. of madder-root; the same weight of turmeric; half a pound of the sliced roots of burdock; 4 ounces of Monk's rhubarb; and 2 ounces of sliced liquorice: these ingredients must be boiled in one gallon of forge-water, till one quart be evaporated; when the liquor should be strained, and sweetened with honey.
By this treatment, the violence of the disease will generally abate in the course of a week, or ten days; a change which may be ascertained by the eyes and mouth losing part of their yellow cast; though it will be advisable to continue the medicine above directed, till such colour totally disappear: when the animal is in a state of recovery, a few purges (see vol. ii. p. 489) should be given, and he ought to be moderately exercised, in order to recruit his exhausted strength.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Yellow-Hammer

Edition of 1802.
​YELLOW-HAMMER, or Emberiza citrinella, L. is a well-known diminutive bird, which inhabits Britain, and other parts of Europe: according to Mr. Pennant, its bill is of a dusky hue; the crown of the head, and the belly, are of a pale yellow, or straw-colour; the hinder part of the neck is tinged with green; and the breast is of an orange-red.
Yellow-hammers frequent meadows, where they construct their large flat nests of dried moss, roots, and horse-hair; and the female lays six white eggs, streaked with purple veins.—These birds are of considerable service to the husbandman, by devouring innumerable insects during the summer; but, in winter, they resort for sustenance to farm-yards, in common with sparrows and other birds.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Yarn

Edition of 1802.
​YARN, in general, denotes the manufacture of wool, hemp, flax, cotton, &c. converted into filaments or threads, which are subservient to a variety of useful purposes.
Formerly, all yarn was spun or twisted by means of the distaff, or wheel; but lately, both the ingenuity of mechanics, and the powers of machinery, have been called in aid (see the articles Cotton, and Spinning), to facilitate that operation; and, in June, 1787, Messrs. John Kendrew and Thomas Porthouse, obtained a patent for their invention of a machine, upon new principles, designed to spin yarn from hemp, tow, flax, or wool.—As this privilege is now expired; and such contrivance promises to be very useful in the woollen as well as other manufactures, ​we subjoin a concise account of its construction.
The machine consists of a frame, which supports a cylinder, three feet in diameter, and ten inches in breadth; made of dry wood or metal; and its circumference being covered with smooth leather. On this, are placed six rollers, also covered with leather, and upheld in their situations by slits made in a piece of wood, in which the iron axes of the rollers move, at the same time suffering them to press on the principal wheel: such rollers are of different weights; the highest on the cylinder weighing two stone, while the others gradually decrease, so that the lowest is only two lbs. in weight. A cloth is placed beneath the cylinder, that revolves upon two rollers, inserted in the frame; and by its side there is a table of an equal length and breadth, furnished with two similar cloths.
The workman lays on this table a greater or smaller quantity of the material intended to be spun, according to the degree of fineness required; spreading it uniformly on the cloths, whence he removes and applies it to the revolving cloth. The rollers and cylinders are then put in motion by wheel-work moved by a horse, water, or any other impulsive power; the wool, &c. is drawn forward, and extended, during its passage, into a thread or sliver; which, on being submitted to the adtion of a similar machine, but of different dimensions, is spun into thread of various degrees of fineness: after the yarn has thus passed beneath the rollers, it falls into canisters suspended below, for its reception.—A minute specification of this useful machinery is inserted in the 16th vol. of the "Repertory of Arts," &c. where it is illustrated by an engraving.
By the 12 Geo. II. c. 21, §. 5, 6, 7; and 26 Geo. III. c. 11, Linen, Woollen, or Bay-yarn, may be imported from Ireland, in British-built vessels, duty-free, provided they be regularly entered; but, from other countries, Cable-yarn is subject to the duty of 9s. 4 1/2d. per cwt.;—Cotton-yarn pays 3d. 17-20 per lb.; though, when imported from Ireland, it is free from the customs;—Grogram-yarn is chargeable with 8 3/4d. per lb.;—Raw-linen-yarn, with 1d. 7-10 per lb.;—Wick-yarn pays 1l. 15s. 11 1/4d. per cwt.; and Worsted-yarn, 11d. per lb.