OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bahia

See also Salvador, Bahia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bahia (bȧ-ē′ ȧ) or San Salvador is the capital of the state of Bahia in Brazil, and the second city in the republic. It lies on the east shore of the Bay of All Saints, one of the finest bays in America. It is built partly on the shore and partly on high ground, and the two parts of the city are connected by steps and a hydraulic elevator. It has a university, exchange, arsenal and a national dockyard, over sixty churches and many other public institutions. It has a railroad to the interior and connection with several cities by submarine telegraph. It exports sugar, coffee, rice, cocoanuts, cotton, dyestuffs, fancy woods and diamonds. Bahia is the oldest city in Brazil. The bay was discovered in 1503 by Amerigo Vespucci, and the city was founded by a Portuguese navigator, named Correa, in 1510. It is visited by yellow fever and other epidemics yearly. Population is about 230,000, and that of Bahia state is 2,117,956, with an area of 164,643 square miles.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Baikal, Lake

See also Lake Baikal on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Baikal (bī' käl), Lake, a large and very deep body of fresh water in Siberia, Russia in Asia, lying north of Mongolia and the vast range of the Altai Mountains. It is situated in the Department of Irkutsk, in latitudes 51° to 55° N.; longitudes 103° to 110° E., and is fed by numerous streams from the Baikal Mountains, a spur of the Altai Range. It has several outlets, the chief being the Angara River, a confluent of the Yenisei. The Trans-Siberian Railroad which connects St. Petersburg via Manchuria with the ports of Vladivostok, Dalny and Port Arthur on the Pacific, formerly crossed Lake Baikal, the trains being transported across the lake on an ice-breaking ferry-boat. The area of the lake, which is crescent-shaped, is estimated at 13,000 square miles, with a shore line 1,000 miles in length. Its depth off its southwest shore is close upon 4,500 feet, over 2,800 feet below the level of the ocean. It abounds in fish, including salmon, sturgeon and fresh-water seals. Steamboats have of recent years begun to develop trade on the shores of the lake, which are rich in mineral springs and petroleum wells. The region is subject to earthquakes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bainbridge, Commodore William

See also William Bainbridge on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bainbridge, Commodore William, an American naval officer, who did staunch and loyal service during the War of 1812, was born at Princeton, N. J., May 7, 1774, and died at Philadelphia, July 28, 1833. His career as a naval commander dates from 1798, when the United States navy was recognized. Early in the century he was actively engaged in the. Mediterranean in successive command of the frigates George Washington, Essex and Philadelphia, was once captured by the French, and had to surrender his ship in the United States war with Tripoli. When the War of 1812 broke out, he was given command of a squadron, consisting of the Constitution, Essex and Hornet, which sailed from Boston in that year. When cruising off the coast of Brazil toward the close of 1812, he captured the British frigate, Java, of 49 guns, for which Congress voted him a gold medal, together with a share in the prize-money. During the remaining months of the war he had charge of the Charlestown Navy Yard; and from 1815 to 1821 he was again in command of a squadron at sea. Later on, Commodore Bainbridge acted as president of the board of navy commissioners.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bagehot, Walter

See also Walter Bagehot on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bagehot (băg' ŭt or băg' ŭt), Walter, a noted English economic writer and littérateur, was born at Langport, Somersetshire, February 3, 1826, and died there March 24, 1877. He graduated at the University of London in 1848, studied law, and was called to the English bar. Instead, however, of making law his profession, he joined his father in banking, and was soon recognized as an authority in finance, and widely known as an accomplished writer and critic. From 1854 to 1863 he was one of the editors of the National Review, to which he contributed many able papers on literary, biographical and theological subjects. At the Review's decease he wrote for The Fortnightly, and between the years 1860 and 1877 was editor of The Economist. He published a number of widely-known books, among which are a text-book on The English Constitution; Lombard Street, a description of the money market; Physics and Politics, "a work which does for human society what the Origin of Species does for organic life;" and three volumes entitled respectively, Literary Studies, Economic Studies and Biographical Studies. The latter was not published until after Bagehot's death, when it appeared, edited by R. H. Hutton.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bagpipe

See also Bagpipe on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bag'pipe, a wind instrument still common in the highlands of Scotland, and in use in some other countries. At different times it has been used in all parts of Europe. It is a large bag made of leather, usually covered with cloth, having a mouth tube by which the player fills the bag with his breath. There is a pipe with finger-holes upon which the tune is played, and also three other pipes called drones, each of which constantly sounds a single low tone. Sometimes a bellows is used instead of the piper's breath to blow up the bag. The bagpipe is a very ancient instrument. It is spoken of in the Old Testament, and was used by the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. It is the national instrument of the Scottish Highlanders, pipers being attached to their regiments and usually present at their festivals.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bahamas

See also The Bahamas on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Baha'mas, a chain of islands belonging to Great Britain, stretching nearly 600 miles in a northwesterly direction from Hayti to Florida. There are twenty-nine islands, 661 islets and 2,387 reefs, occupying an area of 5,450 square miles. The population of the islands is about 58,175, of whom 6,500 are Europeans. Many woods and valuable fruits grow there, and the main trade is in oranges, pineapples, salt and sponges. The Bahamas were the first land discovered by Columbus (1492), but the exact spot of his landing is doubtful. Cat Island and Watling's Island or San Salvador each claim the honor. Nassau is the capital. The constitution calls for a governor, an executive council of nine and a representative assembly of twenty-nine.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Badger

See also Badger on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Badger (băj' er), a burrowing animal common in Europe, Asia and America. It is notable for the flatness of its short, clumsy body. Its head is pointed at the snout, its feet armed with long claws, used for digging and also for defense. All badgers have heavy fur marked very distinctly. They are creatures of great strength and courage and wonderful acuteness. Left alone, they are timid and gentle. They live in burrows dug by themselves, are very shy about being seen, usually come forth only at night. The fur is valuable, the hairs used in making artists' brushes. The European badger, unlike the American, is fond of deep woods. Badger-baiting, a low sport once practiced in England, had to do with the arraying of one badger's strength against that of a number of dogs; from this comes the word "badgering," meaning persistent annoying. In Scotland the badger is sometimes domesticated. The American badger belongs to the west, and shows a fondness for open prairie. He is about two feet long, his color greyish with irregular black bands on the back, underneath whitish, throat and sides of the face white, in front of each eye a black patch, legs and feet black. The markings of the face remind one of a clown. With his strong claws he lays open the burrows of prairie dogs, ground squirrels, gophers, field-mice, etc.; feeds on these and on birds, frogs, small snakes, lizards, grasshoppers and other insects. He very seldom shows himself; if ever caught a distance from home will flatten himself "almost like a doormat or a turtle. His long, silky, grey hairs, parted in the middle down along his spine, spread out into the grass on each side, so that he seems to be only a slight hummock in the prairie." (American Animals: Stone and Cram).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Baer, Karl Ernst von

See also Karl Ernst von Baer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Baer, Karl Ernst von (fōn bâr) (1792–1876), a distinguished Russian naturalist, the founder of modern embryology. He was educated in Germany and became a professor in the University at Königsberg, where, in 1828, he published The Development of Animals (Entwickelungsgeschichte der Tiere), a set of careful observations and philosophical reflections that are most remarkable for clearness and thoroughness. This book made an epoch in the science of the development of animal life.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Baffin's Bay

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Baffin's Bay, a gulf on the northeast coast of North America, lying between Greenland and the great islands northeast of Hudson Bay. It is open to the Atlantic Ocean by Davis Strait, and to the Arctic Ocean by Smith Sound and Lancaster Sound. It is about 800 miles long, and on an average 200 miles in width. The shores are for the most part lofty and steep, and backed by snow-clad mountains. Baffin's Bay was discovered in 1562, but was named from William Baffin, who as pilot of an expedition in 1615 first explored it. It is navigable for only about four months in the summer, on account of the ice. Whaling and seafishing are carried on in its waters.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tyng, Stephen Higginson

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​Tyng, Stephen Higginson, an American clergyman, was born at Newburyport, Mass., March 1, 1800. He was a graduate of Harvard College and a prominent clergyman of the Episcopal church, successively occupying parishes at Georgetown, D. C., Philadelphia and New York City. Besides his great influence in the pulpit and in church work, he was editor for some time of the Episcopal Recorder and Protestant Churchman, and wrote Lectures on the Law and the Gospel; Christ Is All; The Captive Orphan; Esther, Queen of Persia; The Prayer-Book Illustrated by the Bible; Forty Years' Experience in Sunday-Schools; and The Feast Enjoyed. He died on Sept. 4, 1885.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Twiner

See also Vine on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Twi′ner, a plant which climbs by coiling its body in an ascending spiral about a support, as the morning-glory or the hop-vine. In their younger parts twiners are sensitive to contact, so that when they touch a support they curve sharply about it. The twining habit, like the climbing habit in general, is most extensively developed in the tropics. See Climbing-Plants.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tylor, Edward B.

See also Edward Burnett Tylor on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Tylor, Edward B., D. C. L., a distinguished English scholar, and professor of anthropology at the University of Oxford, was born at London, Oct. 2, 1832, and educated at the Friends' School, Grove House, Twickenham. In 1856 he took a scientific journey through Mexico, and has written Anahuac, Mexico and the Mexicans; Researches into the Early History of Mankind; Primitive Culture; and Anthropology.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tyndale, William

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​Tyndale, William. See Tindale, William.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tyler, Tex.

See also Tyler, Texas on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ty′ler, Tex., a town, the seat of Smith County, on the International and Great Northern and St. Louis Southwestern railways, about 100 miles east-southeast of Dallas. Its institutions include Tyler College, Texas College (for colored youth), a public library, a conservatory of music, the Federal court, postoffice, court of criminal-appeals buildings and a railroad hospital. It also has two public parks (Lakewood and Bellevue). Its trade consists in the shipment of live stock, cotton, hay and varied kinds of fruit and vegetables. It has cotton-gins, brick-kilns, a pottery, cottonseed-oil mills, a fruit-and-vegetable and a box-and-crate factory. The town was settled in 1846, incorporated the same year, and received its present charter in 1875. Population 10,400.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tyler, Moses Coit

See also Moses Coit Tyler on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Tyler, Moses Coit, an American littèrateur and professor of American history at Cornell University since 1881, was born at Griswold, Conn., Aug. 2, 1835, and graduated at Yale in 1853. From 1867 to 1881 he was professor of English at the University of Michigan, and for a time was literary editor of The Christian Union. In 1881 he accepted the chair of American history at Cornell. He wrote a Manual of English Literature, a History of American Literature during the Colonial Period (1606-1765), The Literary History of the American Revolution, Glimpses of England and a Life of Patrick Henry. His works possess literary charm as well as thorough scholarship. He died on Dec. 28, 1900.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tyler, William Seymour

See also William Seymour Tyler on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Tyler, William Seymour, an American scholar, was born at Hartford, Penn., Sept. 2, 1810. The gift of a Greek grammar by a young minister started the boy on his career as a scholar and teacher. He graduated at Amherst College, and studied theology, but accepted the professorship of Latin and Greek in Amherst College in 1836. Besides his work in the college for more than 50 years, where he became celebrated as a teacher of languages, he is well-known from his editions of Greek authors, as The Germania and Agricola of Tacitus, Plato's Apology and Crito and Demosthenes' De Corona; and from The Theology of the Greek Poets and The History of Amherst College.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tyndall, John

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* PROFESSOR TYNDALL
Tyn'dall, John, an eminent British scientist, was born at Leighlin Bridge, Carlow, Ireland, Aug. 21, 1820; and died in Surrey, England, Dec. 4, 1893. He was educated in the public schools until 19, when he entered the employ of the ordnance survey. After a short teaching experience he went to the University of Marburg in 1848, where he spent two years and took his doctor's degree. In 1851 he went to Berlin, where he made the valuable acquaintance of Magnus, Clausius, Wiedemann and others. Returning to London in 1852, he was elected fellow of the Royal Society, and in the year following was appointed professor of natural philosophy in the Royal Institution, succeeding Faraday, a position which he held until 1887, when he was succeeded by Lord Rayleigh. Tyndall's earliest investigations were made at Marburg on The Magneto-Optic Properties of Crystals. In 1859 he began an important study of Radiant Heat, resulting in a classical volume in 1872. His investigations of glacier motion were reported to the Royal Society in 1856, and later recorded in interesting popular volumes. As a skillful and brilliant lecturer on science he has, perhaps, never been surpassed. Every one should read his Heat as a Mode of Motion and his Forms of Water.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tübingen

See also Tübingen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Tü′bingen. See University.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tyler, John

See also John Tyler on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Tyler, John, tenth president of the United States, was born at Greenway, Charles City
JOHN TYLER
County, Va., March 29, 1790. He graduated at William and Mary College in 1807, studied law, and had a large practice soon after he was admitted to the bar. He was elected five times to the state legislature and three times to Congress. He sympathized with the states' rights party, and opposed the United States bank, protection and all limitations of slavery. In 1825 he was chosen governor of Virginia, and in 1827 he became United States senator and was again elected in 1833. From this time he acted with the Whig party, ​being an active partisan of Henry Clay, and in 1840 was by that party elected vice-president of the United States, with General Harrison as president. The death of President Harrison, a month after his inauguration, made Tyler president in 1841. His administration, at first favorable to the Whigs, was soon displeasing to them. He vetoed the bill for a United States Bank, at that time a favorite project of the party. Several members of the cabinet resigned, and finally John C. Calhoun, the great Democratic statesman, was made secretary of state. The annexation of Texas in 1845 and the passing of a protective tariff law in 1842 were among the important acts of Tyler's administration. In 1861 he was president of the peace convention which met at Washington to effect a compromise between the north and the south. He afterwards joined the Confederate cause, and was a member of the Confederate Congress at his death, which occurred at Richmond, Va., Jan. 17, 1862.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wade, Benjamin Franklin

See also Benjamin Wade on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Wade, Benjamin Franklin, an American statesman, was born at Springfield, Mass., Oct. 27, 1800. He studied law in Ohio, and was three times elected state senator, becoming United States senator in 1851, 1857 and 1863. He was known as a strong antislavery man, being one of six senators who voted to repeal the fugitive-slave law (q. v.). He also opposed all the measures proposed as compromises between the north and the south, and was influential in getting the homestead bill through Congress. After the death of President Lincoln, Wade was acting vice-president of the United States. He died at Jefferson, O., March 2, 1878.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wagner, Wilhelm Richard

See also Richard Wagner on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Wagner (väg′ nẽr or wag′ ner), Wilhelm Richard, a German musical composer, was born at Leipsic, May 22, 1813. He was educated at Dresden and Leipsic, and in 1836 was made conductor of the opera at Magdeburg. Rienzi and The Flying Dutchman were composed at Paris, where Rienzi was unsuccessfully put on the stage, but at Dresden it made him a musical conductor. For his next opera, Tannhäuser, he went to the old German songs, but the work was only partially successful when brought out at Dresden. During the Revolution of 1849 in Saxony Wagner was prominent as a leader and had to flee to Zurich, where he lived ten years until allowed to return. Lohengrin, composed before he left Dresden, was produced at Weimar under the direction of Liszt in 1850, and in answer to Liszt's call for a new creation he began his collection of operas based on the Nibelungenlied. In order to bring out his festival stage play, as he called his Nibelungen collection of operas, he built a theater at Baireuth, Bavaria. Founded on the old German poem, it was a great success both in Bavaria and at London, where Wagner was present at its performance in 1877. His last and perhaps greatest work, Parsifal, founded on the story of the Holy Grail, was finished at Palermo in 1882. He died at Venice, Feb. 13, 1883, and was buried at his home at Baireuth. See Holy Grail and Nibelungenlied. Consult Life by Nohl.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wakefield, Mass.

See also Wakefield, Massachusetts on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Wake'field, Mass., a town in Middlesex County, about nine miles from Boston. It is in a farming section, but like many Massachusetts towns it is also engaged in manufacturing. Its factories make pianos, shoes and flour, and it has brass and iron foundries, rattan works and machine shops. The town contains three villages, each of which has graded schools. There are one high school and a public library containing 15,000 volumes. Wakefield is on the Boston and Maine Railroad. Population 11,404.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wadsworth, James

Wads′worth, James, a New York pioneer, was born at Durham, Conn., April 20, 1768. He with his brother in 1790 bought a large tract of land in what is now the town of Geneseo, N. Y., and became one of the great landowners of the state. He was very active in promoting the interests of religion and education in the new state, publishing pamphlets, paying for lectures on education, and giving a premium to any town that started a school-library. A library was founded by him at Geneseo, and in all his land-sales he insisted that 125 acres should be set apart for a church and 125 acres for a school. He died on June 8, 1844.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wainwright, Richard

See also Richard Wainwright (Spanish–American War naval officer) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Wain'wright, Richard, American naval officer, was born at Washington, D. C., Dec. 17, 1849 (the son of Commander R. Wainwright, who died near New Orleans while commanding Farragut's flagship Hartford, Oct. 10, 1862). Young Wainwright entered the Naval Academy and graduated in 1868, when he was attached for a time to the brig Jamestown on the Pacific station. Later on he served on the Asiatic station, and after gaining a lieutenancy he did duty on the coast-survey vessel Arago. In September, 1894, he reached the rank of lieutenant-commander, and was executive officer on the battleship Maine when she was destroyed in Havana harbor (Feb. 15, 1898). After this he did good service at the battle of Santiago de Cuba as commander of the gunboat Gloucester, when Cervera's squadron was destroyed. He has since been in command of the ships of the United States navy at the Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md.
(Image: WILHELM RICHARD WAGNER)
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wake

See also Wakes week on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Wake, from the Anglo-Saxon word meaning to watch, is a religious festival, once universal in England. The early churches were dedicated to a particular saint, and the festival was kept on the birthday of that saint. The day at the time was reckoned from sunset to sunset, so that the first part of the festival was the night-watch; hence the name. These festivals degenerated into fairs, because of the peddlers etc., who were attracted by the crowd, and became scenes of riot. They were forbidden to be held in the country churchyards by Edward I, and Henry VI abolished all selling at wakes, except of food, while Henry VIII made the first Sunday in October the day of the feast. The wake is still observed in some country parishes in England. The Irish wake is the custom of watching all night around the dead.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Waco, Tex.

See also Waco, Texas on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Wa′co, Tex., county-seat of McLenan County, is about 85 miles from Dallas. It is located in an agricultural region, the chief products of which are cotton and grain. It is quite important as a manufacturing city, and among its products are the saddlery and harness works, wagons and carriages, cotton-products, watches, foundry and machine-shop products, printing establishments etc. Waco has a number of medicinal wells, which attract tourists, the city’s water-supply is excellent, and it enjoys all other modern improvements. Waco has excellent public schools, Baylor University (Baptist); Texas Christian University; St. Basil’s College (R. C.); and Paul Quinn College (African M. E.). It has the service of six railroads and a population of 26,425.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wagram

See also Deutsch-Wagram on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Wagram (vä'grȧm), a village in Austria, ten miles from Vienna, important as the site of the great battle between the Austrians and the French in 1809. Napoleon surprised the Austrians under Archduke Charles by crossing the Danube at night, and was at first driven back; but the next day the French, with a loss of 25,000, forced the retreat of the Austrians, who left 25,000 dead on the field. This battle was followed by the peace of Vienna, Oct. 14, 1809.