OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Root, Elihu

See also Elihu Root on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Root, Elihu, an eminent American lawyer and statesman, was born at Clinton, New York, Feb. 15, 1845. Soon afterwards his father removed to Seneca Falls where he was principal of the academy of that place, returning to Clinton in 1850 to accept the professorship of mathematics and astronomy in Hamilton College. Root entered Hamilton College, and graduated in 1864. Entering New York University Law-School in the autumn of 1865, he graduated two years later and immediately began practice in New York City. In 1882 he was appointed United States District Attorney in New York City and was delegate-at-large to the state constitutional convention and chairman of the judiciary committee in 1894. He was appointed Secretary of War by President McKinley on Aug. 1, 1899, and on March 5, 1901, he was re-appointed. He was retained by President Roosevelt until Feb. 1, 1904, when he resigned to resume the practice of law in New York City. As Secretary of War he planned the new War-College at Washington; a modification of the rules of promotion of officers by which seniority ceased to be the sole requisite; and the institution of the general staff in the United States Army. He prepared the documents for the government of the Philippine Islands, Porto Rico and Cuba, and so satisfactory were they that little was left for Congress to do but to give them legislative enactment. He was acting president as well as Secretary of State pro tempore during much of the Boxer troubles, and ordered General Chaffee to the rescue of the American legation at Peking. He also was one of the American members of the Alaskan boundary-commission in 1903. When, in 1905, the Secretaryship of State was made vacant by the death of John Hay, he was again called into public service. Mr. Root accepted as finished the most of the work of his eminent predecessor and struck out into a line until then much neglected. He at once began a serious study of our commercial relations with foreign nations and especially with the nations of the American continents. He prepared a measure for the reform of the consular service, and succeeded in securing its passage by Congress. He organized the first Pan-American Congress and gave it a program so carefully edited as practically to insure the meeting against discord. Having done this and gotten together leading representatives from 19 of the 21 American republics in Rio Janeiro, he traveled 5,000 miles to deliver through them the message of the United States to every American republic, a message which has done more to dispel misunderstandings and allay suspicions than all other means that have been employed. No man of his official rank had ever before sought the men who rule these nations and shown them the real attitude of the American government towards them. In 1909 he was elected U. S. Senator from New York.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Rubber Manufacture

See also Rubber on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Rub'ber Man'ufac'ture. In a number of different kinds of tropical trees is found a secretion that does not seem to be essential to the life of the tree, in which float minute globules of rubber. Many methods of securing this secretion, usually called rubber-milk, are employed; but the most common and economical way is to make incisions in the trunk of the tree. As the rubber-milk flows out, it is caught in a small cup of clay and at the end of each day emptied into a larger vessel, The old and still common way of separating the small globules of rubber from the rubber-milk is by evaporation. Where rubber-milk is collected in large quantities, however, a machine similar to a cream-separator is used. This collects the rubber on the top and drives the water and all impurities to the bottom. The manufacture of rubber began about 1820. The application of rubber to making waterproof cloth first gave commercial importance to rubber. The first to make this application of rubber was Charles McIntosh, who reduced it to a solution in naptha and spread it between two pieces of cloth. Waterproof coats still bear his name. Williams Chaffee developed a rubber-varnish for coating different materials to make them waterproof. The Roxbury Rubber Company was formed in 1833, and lor a time did a flourishing business, but it was soon found that the articles manufactured had a tendency to harden and crack in winter and become soft and sticky in summer. In the meantime Charles Goodyear was trying to overcome this defect by mixing pure rubber with various other substances. Nathaniel Hayward of Woburn, Mass., found that by mixing dry sulphur with pure rubber the stickiness was removed. Goodyear acquired Hayward's patent. By accident he dropped some of the mixture on a hot stove and found that it did not melt. He then placed it in extreme cold and found that its texture was not changed. Thus the art of vulcanizing rubber was discovered, for the process consists simply of mixing sulphur with pure rubber and then subjecting the mixture to moderate heat for a period of time. The mixture varies from soft to hard according to the amount of heat applied. Although sulphur is the only essential ingredient, others, as asphalt, carbonate of lead, magnesium, silicate or tar, are often added, each of which imparts a different quality to the product. Pure rubber is now used only to a limited extent in arts, but in its vulcanized state it is applied to an almost endless variety of purposes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Rumelia

See also Rumelia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Rume′lia or Roume′lia (Turkish Rum Ili, meaning Land of the Romans), an important portion of European Turkey, differing widely in area in different times, but most generally applied to the region between the Balkan Mountains and the Ægean Sea, corresponding to ancient Thrace and part of Macedonia.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Root, George Frederick

See also George Frederick Root on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Root, George Frederick, an American musical composer, was born at Sheffield, Mass., Aug. 30, 1820, and, after studying music a year in Paris, returned to write numerous popular songs, among which are Music in the Air; Battle-Cry of Freedom; Just before the Battle, Mother; Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the Boys are Marching. He also produced a Te Deum and other more pretentious pieces. He received the doctorate from Chicago University in 1892. He died on Aug. 6, 1895.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Rum

See also Rum on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Rum, a kind of spirit made by fermenting and distilling the skimmings from the sugar-pans, when sugar is made from cane-juice. Enough water is added to the skimmings to produce one gallon of rum to every ten gallons of the mixture. Molasses is sometimes mixed with the skimmings, and a poorer quality of rum is made from molasses alone. The color of rum is given after distillation by adding caramel or charred sugar. Rum improves with age, and a quantity of rum, known to be 140 years old, was sold in 1865 for $15 a bottle. The best rum comes from Jamaica.
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/Italians Repel Attacks

ITALIANS REPEL ATTACKS.
ROME, Nov. 21.—The repulse of two attacks by the Austrians on Hill 126 on the Carso front was announced by the War Office today. The statement reads:
   Reciprocal artillery actions occurred at some points on the front in the Trentino and in the Julian Alps.
   Yesterday, in the Carso area, during minor infantry encounters, we made a few prisoners. During Monday night the enemy launched two attacks upon our positions on the summit of Hill 126, north of Mount Volkevniak, being completely repulsed.
VIENNA, Nov. 21, (via London.)—The War Office issued the following statement today concerning operations on the Italian front:
   An enemy counterattack in mass formation against a trench we recently captured south of Biglia was repulsed.
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/King’s Employes to Colors

KING'S EMPLOYES TO COLORS
George V. Orders All Unmarried Men on Staff to Join Army.
LONDON, Wednesday, Nov. 22—The Times understands that the King has given orders that every unmarried man of military age in his household establishments at Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, Balmoral, and Sandringham, no matter of what nature his employment, is to report himself to the military authorities for service with the colors.
From the outset of the war, adds The Times, the King set an example where military service was concerned. When war was declared he allowed as many men as could then be spared to go to the front, continuing their full pay.
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/Married Father and Son

MARRIED FATHER AND SON.
TRENTON, N. J., Nov. 21.—Francis Scott of Paterson, after hearing testimony as an advisory master in chancery, has filed a report in the Chancery Court here, recommending the annulment of the marriage of Robert Conklin, 28 years old, of Haledon.
The testimony showed that although married ten years, Conklin only recently learned that his wife had married his father, Lewis Conklin, the year before she accepted the son.
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/Hotel Man Killed by Auto

Hotel Man Killed by Auto.
RED BANK, N. J., Nov. 21.—Edgar A. Slote, 63 years old, of Middletown was struck by an automobile tonight and so seriously injured that he died before a physician reached him. Mr. Slote, who a few years ago was Secretary of the Monmouth County Fair Association, was a prominent Mason. He conducted a small roadhouse patronized principally by automobilists.
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/Insincere, Says Harden

INSINCERE, SAYS HARDEN.
Urges Germans to Put Government into People’s Hands.
LONDON, Wednesday, Nov. 22.—The Amsterdam correspondent of The London Times writes that in a new article in Die Zukunft Maximilian Harden condemns German efforts to provoke peace discussion as insincere and useless.
He argues that for Germany to say “we do not want annexation,” but to reject the independence of every State is meaningless, because annexation nowadays is possible in forms not covered by the ordinarily accepted meaning of the word, and under the appearance of independence a State may, nevertheless, be handed over to the power of its stronger neighbor. Moreover, the statement that Germany fears no tribunal of inquiry does not mean that Germany is willing to submit her case to an impartial jury for trial of all causes of the war.
Harden urges Germany to understand the real objects of the Entente and say that they are the first to bring Germany into line with the political system of Western Europe and to end what the Entente powers certainly consider to be a survival in Germany of bellicose feudalism; secondly, to introduce into Germany parliamentary government, so that the people shall really have something to say in the policy of the country; thirdly, the establishment as the central idea of German preparations of the determination to keep the peace and not, as hitherto, the determination to be ready for war; fourthly, to restrict armaments in proportion to the population, and fifthly, to establish real international arbitration based upon such guarantees as will insure the punishment of the rebellious.
Harden indicates that an offer to endeavor to fulfill these conditions would find a fruitful response before Christmas. Meanwhile he prides himself that the German preparations for a Spring campaign are following the lines which he recommended “immediately after the disaster of the Marne and Kitchener’s sober three-year prophecy.”
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/Hindenburg for Coercion

HINDENBURG FOR COERCION.
AMSTERDAM, Nov. 21, (via London.)—The German papers print a second letter addressed by Field Marshal von Hindenburg to Chancellor von Bethmann Hollweg, emphasizing his belief that a certain amount of coercion is necessary for the solution of the food, war material, and working power problem.
As a result of the Field Marshal's first letter dealing with these questions, the German Economic Council has issued an appeal to the farmers to use their utmost efforts in the production of foodstuffs.
# The Qur'an (Palmer)/Kafirun

The Chapter of Misbelievers.
(CIX. Mecca.)
In the name of the merciful and compassionate God.
Say, 'O ye misbelievers ! I do not serve what ye serve ; nor will ye serve what I serve ; nor will I serve what ye serve ; $^5$ nor will ye serve what I serve; — ye have your religion, and I have my religion ! '
# The Qur'an (Palmer)/Infitar

The Chapter of the Cleaving asunder.
(ⅬⅩⅩⅫ. Mecca.)
In the name of the merciful and compassionate God.
When the heaven is cleft asunder, And when the stars are scattered, And when the seas gush together, And when the tombs are turned upside down, $^5$ The soul shall know what it has sent on or kept back !
O man ! what has seduced thee concerning thy generous Lord, who created thee, and fashioned thee, and gave thee symmetry, and in what form He pleased composed thee ?
Nay, but ye call the judgment a lie! $^{10}$ but over you are guardians set, — noble, writing down ! they know what ye do !
Verily, the righteous are in pleasure, and, verily, the wicked are in hell ; $^{15}$ they shall broil therein upon the judgment day; nor shall they be absent therefrom !
And what shall make thee know what is the judgment day ? Again, what shall make thee know what is the judgment day ? a day when no soul shall control aught for another ; and the bidding on that day belongs to God !
# The Qur'an (Palmer)/Ikhlas

The Chapter of Unity.
(CXII. Place of origin doubtful.)
In the name of the merciful and compassionate God.
Say, ' He is God alone !
God the Eternal !
He begets not and is not begotten !
Nor is there like unto Him any one !'
# The Qur'an (Palmer)/Kawthar

The Chapter of El Kauthar.
(CVIII. Mecca.)
In the name of the merciful and compassionate God.
Verily, we have given thee El Kauᴛʜar; ​So pray to thy Lord and slaughter (victims). Verily, he who hates thee shall be childless.
* ↑ The word signifies ‘abundance.’ It is also the name of a river in Paradise.
* ↑ This is directed against As ibn Wail, who, when Mohammed's son El Qasim died, called him abtar, which means ' docktailed, ' i.e. childless.
# The Oak

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "The Oak."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* The Oak (A Fragment) - versions of a poem by Letitia Elizabeth Landon
* The Oak - A poem by Alfred Tennyson
* The Oak - A Popular Introduction to Forest-botany
# The Oak (Ward)

Plate I.
The Oak in Summer.
THE OAK
A POPULAR INTRODUCTION TO FOREST-BOTANY
BY
H. MARSHALL WARD
M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S.
Late fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, Professor of Botany at the Royal Indian Engineering College,Cooper's Hill
NEW YORK
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
1892
Copyright, 1892,
By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY.
All rights reserved.
EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION.
The works to be comprised in this Series are intended to give on each subject the information which an intelligent layman might wish to possess. They are not primarily intended for the young, nor for the specialist, though even to him they will doubtless be often useful in supplying references, or suggesting lines of research.
Each book will be complete in itself, care, however, being taken that while the books do not overlap, they supplement each other; and while scientific in treatment, they will be, as far as possible, presented in simple language, divested of needless technicalities.
The rapid progress of science has made it more and more difficult, and renders it now quite impossible, to master the works which appear, almost daily, on various branches of science, or to keep up with the proceedings of our numerous Scientific Societies.
A distinguished statesman has recently expressed the opinion, that we cannot expect in the next fifty years any advance in science at all comparable to that of the last half-century. Without wishing to dogmatise, I ​should be disposed to hope that in the future the progress of science will be even more rapid.
In the first place, the number of students is far greater; in the second, our means of research—the microscope and telescope, the spectroscope, photography, and many other ingenious appliances—are being added to and rendered more effective year by year; and, above all, the circle of science is ever widening, so that the farther we advance the more numerous are the problems opening out before us.
No doubt there are other Scientific Series, but it is not believed that the present will exactly compete with any of them. The International Scientific Series and Nature Series are no doubt useful and excellent, and some of the volumes contained in them would well carry out the ideas of the Publishers, but, as a rule, they are somewhat more technical and go into minuter details.
The names of the Authors are a sufficient guarantee that the subjects will be treated in an interesting and thoroughly scientific manner.
High Elms, Farnborough:
November, 1891.
CONTENTS.
# The Panchatantra (Purnabhadra's Recension of 1199 CE)/Book 3/The Bird with Golden Dung

THE BIRD WITH GOLDEN DUNG
There was once a great tree on a mountain side. On it lived a bird in whose dung gold appeared.
One day a hunter came to the spot, and directly in front of him the bird dropped its dung, which at the moment of falling turned to gold. At this the hunter was amazed.
"Well, well!" said he. "For eighty years, man and boy, I have had bird-trapping on the brain, and I never once saw gold in a bird's dung." So he set a snare in the tree. And the bird, fool that he was, forgot the danger, and perched on the customary spot. Of course, he was caught immediately.
Then the hunter freed him from the snare, put him in a cage and took him home. But he reflected: "What am I to do with this bird of ill omen? If anybody should ever discover his peculiarity, it would be ​reported to the king. In that case my very life would be in genuine danger. I will take the bird and report to the king myself." And he did so.
Now when the king saw the bird, his lotus eyes blossomed and he felt supremely gratified. "Come now, guardsmen," said he. "Look after this bird with anxious care. Give him everything he wants to eat and drink."
Then a counselor said: "He was hatched from an egg. Why keep him? You have no evidence save the mere incredible assurance of a hunter. Is gold ever present in bird-dung? Take this bird from the cage and set him free."
So the king, taking the counselor's advice, freed the bird, who perched on the lofty arch of the doorway long enough to drop dung which was of gold. Then he recited the stanza:
I played the fool at first; then he Who had me on his tether; And then the king and counselor— We all were fools together.
After which he took his carefree flight through the atmosphere.
"And that is why I say:
I played the fool at first, . . . .
and the rest of it."
But once more—for fate was hostile—they neglected Red-Eye's counsel, sound as it was, and ​ pampered Live-Strong further with varied viands, including plenty of meat.
Then Red-Eye called together his personal adherents, and said to them privately: "The end is at hand. The welfare of our king, and his fortress, are things of the past. I have given him such counsel as an ancestral counselor should give. Let us now, for our part, seek another fortress in the mountains. For the saying goes:
Joy comes from knowing what to dread, And sorrow smites the dunderhead: A long life through, the woods I've walked, But never heard a cave that talked."
"How was that?" they asked. And Red-Eye told the story of
THE CAVE THAT TALKED
# The Panchatantra (Purnabhadra's Recension of 1199 CE)/Book 3/The Brahman's Goat

THE BRAHMAN'S GOAT
In a certain town lived a Brahman named Friendly who had undertaken the labor of maintaining the sacred fire. One day in the month of February, when a gentle breeze was blowing, when the sky was veiled in clouds and a drizzling rain was falling, he went to another village to beg a victim for the sacrifice, and said to a certain man: "O sacrificer, I wish to make an offering on the approaching day of the new moon. Pray give me a victim." And the man gave him a plump goat, as prescribed in Scripture. This he put through its paces, found it sound, placed it on his shoulder, and started in haste for his own city.
Now on the road he was met by three rogues whose throats were pinched with hunger. These, spying the plump creature on his shoulder, whispered together: "Come now! If we could eat that creature, we should have the laugh on this sleety weather. Let us fool him, get the goat, and ward off the cold."
So the first of them changed his dress, issued from a by-path to meet the Brahman, and thus addressed that man of pious life: "O pious Brahman, why are you doing a thing so unconventional and so ridiculous? You are carrying an unclean animal, a dog, on your shoulder. Are you ignorant of the verse:
The dog and the rooster, The hangman, the ass, The camel, defile you: Don't touch them, but pass."
At that the Brahman was mastered by anger, and he said: "Are you blind, man, that you impute doghood to a goat?" "O Brahman," said the rogue, "do not be angry. Go whither you will."
But when he had traveled a little farther, the second rogue met him and said: "Alas, holy sir, alas! Even if this dead calf was a pet, still you should not put it on your shoulder. For the proverb says:
Touch not unwisely man or beast That lifeless lie; Else, gifts of milk and lunar fast Must purify."
Then the Brahman spoke in anger: "Are you blind, man? You call a goat a calf." And the rogue said: "Holy sir, do not be angry. I spoke in ignorance. Do as you will."
But when he had walked only a little farther through the forest, the third rogue, changing his dress, met him and said: "Sir, this is most improper. You are carrying a donkey on your shoulder. Yet the proverb tells you:
If you should touch an ass—be it In ignorance or not— You needs must wash your clothes and bathe, To cleanse the sinful spot.
​ So the Brahman concluded that it was a goblin in quadruped form, threw it on the ground, and made for home, terrified. Meanwhile, the three rogues met, caught the goat, and carried out their plan.
"And that is why I say:
The strong, deft, clever rascals note, . . . .
and the rest of it.
"Moreover, there is sound sense in this:
Is any man uncheated by New servants' diligence, The praise of guests, the maiden's tears, And roguish eloquence?
Furthermore, one should avoid a quarrel with a crowd, though the individuals be weak. As the verse puts it:
Beware the populace enraged; A crowd's a fearsome thing: The ants devoured the giant snake For all his quivering."
"How was that?" asked Cloudy. And Live-Strong told the story of
THE SNAKE AND THE ANTS