OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Forster, François

Edition of 1906. See also François Forster on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FORSTER, fôr'stâr', François (1790-1872). A French engraver, born at Locle, Switzerland. He studied in Paris under the engraver Langlois, and then entered the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, where he won the Grand Prix de Rome in 1814. He engraved a number of historical subjects and portraits which have given him some reputation. Among these are: “Francis I. and Charles V. Visiting the Church of Saint Denis” (1833, after Gros); “The Madonna of the House of Orleans” (1838, after Raphael); and the portraits of Raphael, Humboldt, Wellington, and others.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Forster, Georg

Edition of 1906. See also Georg Forster on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FOR'STER, Georg (1754-94). A German traveler and naturalist, born near Danzig. When seventeen years old he accompanied his father, Johann Reinhold Forster, in Captain Cook's voyage around the world, and on his return collaborated with him in an account of it, written in English, and entitled Observations Upon a Voyage Around the World (2 vols., 1777). After some time spent in Paris, where he made the acquaintance of Franklin, he accepted a professorship of natural history at Cassel in 1779, and in 1784 was appointed to a similar position at Vilna. In 1787 he was called to Russia by Catharine II. to undertake a voyage of discovery, which was abandoned on the outbreak of the Turkish War. In the following year he accepted the office of librarian to the Elector of Mainz. After the taking of Mainz by the French in 1792, Forster, who had become an enthusiastic republican, went to Paris as the representative of the city, to secure its incorporation in the Republic. In the recapture of Mainz by the Prussians in the next year he lost his library and collections, and determined to remain in Paris, where he died in 1794, while preparing to make an extensive trip to East India. Besides numerous briefer works on scientific subjects, he wrote Kleine Schriften: ein Beitrag zur Länder und Völkerkunde, Naturgeschichte und Philosophie des Lebens (1879-97); and Ansichten vom Niederrhein, von Brabant, Flandern, Holland, England und Frankreich (1790-91). His letters were published by his wife, Therese, afterwards Therese Huber (2 vols., 1829), and his complete works edited by his daughter, with a characterization of the author by Gervinus (1843). For his Life, consult: König (Leipzig, 2d ed., 1858) and Leitzmann (Halle, 1893).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Forster, John

Edition of 1906. See also John Forster (biographer) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FOR'STER, John (1812-76). An English political and historical writer, born at Newcastle. He was educated for the bar, but early devoted himself to periodical writing. His political articles in the London Examiner, for which he began writing in 1832, attracted unusual attention, owing to their vigor and outspoken honesty. In 1846 he succeeded Dickens as editor of the Daily News, but resigned the next year to assume the editorship of the Examiner, a post which he held for nine years. He is the author of many admirable biographical and historical essays dealing with the statesmen and the times of the English Commonwealth. Among them are: Lives of the Statesmen of the Commonnwealth (1836-39); The Debates on the Grand Remonstrance (1860); Arrest of the Five Members (1860); Sir John Eliot: A Biography (1864). His literary memoirs are also excellent. The chief are: The Life and Adventures of Oliver Goldsmith (1848, enlarged, with a slight change in the title—Life and Times of Oliver Goldsmith—1854); Walter Savage Landor (1869); The Life of Charles Dickens (1872-74); and the first volume of a Life of Swift (1876). Forster's style is clear and forcible. He was appointed Secretary to the Commissioners in Lunacy in 1855, and a Commissioner in Lunacy in 1861.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Forster, William

Edition of 1906. See also William Forster (philanthropist) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FOR'STER, William (1784-1854). An English philanthropist, born at Tottenham, near London. He became a preacher in the Society of Friends, labored as such in the United States, England, and France, and in 1846 went to Ireland to relieve the distress there caused by famine. In 1849 he was commissioned by the Quaker Yearly Meeting in London to present an address on slavery and the slave trade to rulers of the Christian nations, and within the next few years he had interviews with nearly all the monarchs of Europe, with the President of the United States, and with the Governors of a number of the Southern States. Consult Seebohm (editor), Memoirs of the Life of William Forster (2 vols., London, 1865).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fort Madison

Edition of 1905. See also Fort Madison, Iowa on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ FORT MADISON. A city and the county-seat of Lee County, Iowa, 18 miles southwest of Burlington; on the Mississippi River, and on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroads (Map: Iowa, F 4). It is the seat of the State penitentiary, and has the Catermole Memorial Library, and several public parks. A fine railroad and wagon bridge crosses the river at this point. There are pork-packing houses, shops of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad, foundries and machine-shops, flour and saw mills, farm-implement works, wrapping-paper mills, car-wheel works, and manufactures of automobiles, buttons, boots and shoes, chairs, boxes, tools, etc. Fort Madison was settled in 1832, on the site of a fort dating from 1808, and was incorporated as a town in 1836. The government is administered by a mayor, elected every two years, and a unicameral council. Population, in 1890, 7901; in 1900, 9278.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Forst

Edition of 1906. See also Forst (Lausitz) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FORST, fṓrst. A town in Brandenburg, Prussia, on the Neisse, 44 miles south of Frankfort-on-the-Oder (Map: Prussia, F 3). It has tanneries, and manufactories of woolen cloth and buckskin. Forst was founded in the thirteenth century. It has belonged to Prussia since 1815. Population, in 1890, 23,500; in 1900, 32,075.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Forster, William Edward

Edition of 1906. See also William Edward Forster on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FORSTER, William Edward (1818-86). An English statesman, the only son of William Forster, the Quaker missionary. He was born at Bradpole, Dorsetshire, was educated in Friends' schools at Bristol and Tottenham, and entered
the woolen business at Bradford in 1841, where in the following year he formed a partnership with William Fison in that business, which continued to the end of his life. In 1861 he was elected from Bradford to the House of Commons, and continued to hold his seat by successive reëlections until his death. Forster at once took a prominent part in Parliamentary debates, and came to be looked upon as one of the principal leaders of the advanced Liberals. Ho took every opportunity of speaking on the question of the reform of the suffrage, and on the outbreak of the Civil War in America, with Cobden and Bright, earnestly opposed every attempt to recognize the Confederacy, and denounced the Government's action in permitting vessels of the Alabama type to be built and fitted out in English ports. In 1865 he became Under-Secretary for the Colonies in Lord Russell's Ministry, and in 1868 was appointed by Gladstone vice-president of the Council on Education and a Privy Councilor. In 1869, in spite of opposition from Radicals both in the Church of England and among Dissenters, he secured the passage of the Endowed Schools Bill, and in 1870 introduced the most famous legislative measure connected with his name, the Elementary Education Bill, which is the foundation of the existing national system of education in England. In 1872 he introduced and piloted through the House of Commons the Ballot Bill. In the Gladstone Ministry of 1880, against his own inclination, he accepted the position of Chief Secretary for Ireland. During the winter of 1881-82 several attempts were made on Forster's life by the ‘Invincibles,’ but he remained resolutely at his post. When, however, in May, 1882, a majority of the Cabinet determined upon the release of Parnell and the other imprisoned leaders, Forster and Lord Cowper, the Lord Lieutenant, who protested against such action, resigned. Although Forster continued to take part in the debates in Parliament, and was reëlected as a Liberal by his constituents in November, 1885, he acted on many questions independently of his party, and was opposed to the Gladstone Home Rule programme. Consult Reid, Life of the Right Hon. W. E. Forster (5th ed., London, 1889).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fort Logan

Edition of 1905. See also Fort Logan on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ FORT LO′GAN. A United States military post, established in 1887, and comprising a reservation of 640 acres, three miles from Denver, Colo. There are quarters and stables for a squadron of cavalry.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fort Macon

Edition of 1905. See also Fort Macon State Park on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ FORT MA′CON. A fort commanding Beaufort Harbor, N. C., taken by Federal land and naval forces on April 26, 1862.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Forster, Johann Reinhold

Edition of 1906. See also Johann Reinhold Forster on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FOR'STER, Johann Reinhold (1729-98). A German traveler and naturalist. He was born in Dirschau, was educated for the clerical profession at Halle, and in 1753 became pastor at Nassenhuben, near Danzig; but devoted most of his time to mathematics and the natural sciences. In 1765 he accepted an offer made to him by the Russian Government to inspect and report upon the new colonies founded on the banks of the Volga. His irritable temper soon involved him in difficulties with the Russian Government, and in the following year he repaired to England and became teacher of natural history at Warrington, Lancashire. In 1772 he was invited to take part in Cook's second expedition to the South Seas. In 1777 he published, in collaboration with his son, his Observations upon a Voyage Around the World, containing the information he had gathered in course of that voyage. In the same year he returned to Germany, and in 1780 became professor of natural history and mineralogy at Halle. Besides the above work, he published Zoologia Indica (1781), and Geschichte der Schiffahrt und Entdeckungen im Norden (1784).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bothnia, Gulf of

See also Gulf of Bothnia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Both′nia, Gulf of, the northern part of the Baltic Sea, between Finland on the east and Sweden and Lapland on the north and west. Its greatest length is about 450 miles, its average width 100 miles, and its depth from 120 to 300 feet. Along its shores as well as out in the gulf are numerous small islands, sand banks, rocks and cliffs called skoers, which make navigation difficult. It has, however, many good harbors, and timber is exported from several ports. A large number of rivers pour their waters into the gulf, and the alluvial deposit from these is causing the land in the upper part to extend, while that in the lower part is slowly sinking. The dwellers along the shore are engaged in the herring trade. In winter the gulf is usually frozen so hard that it can be crossed by sledges. The water is but slightly salt.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Boswell

See also the disclaimer.
Boswell. See Johnson, Samuel.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bosworth

See also Market Bosworth on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Bos′worth, a market town of England, twelve miles from Leicester, near which was fought the famous battle of Bosworth, August, 1485. In this battle, the death of Richard III, who, deserted by his forces, had rushed into the thick of the enemy, crying "Treason, treason," ended the long civil wars of the Roses. At the close of the fight, the crown was found near a hawthorn bush, and was placed by Lord Stanley on the head of the new king, Henry VII, on an eminence which is still called Crown Hill.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Botha, Louis

See also Louis Botha on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Botha, Louis, Dutch burgher general in the Boer War with England (1899–1902), was a native of Natal, where he was born about the year 1861. In the war he defended the line of the Tugela River against Sir Redvers Buller, recaptured Spion Kop, and on the death of Joubert succeeded him as commandant-general of the Boer army. He has the reputation of being an able and attractive man, instinctively humane and even peace-loving and an ideal soldier.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bowdoin, James

See also James Bowdoin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bowdoin, James (1727–1790), one of the early governors of Massachusetts, noted for his suppression of Shay's rebellion, and with his son (minister to Spain in 1804–08) as a benefactor of Bowdoin College.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Boston University

See also Boston University and Boston, Massachusetts on Wikipedia, Commons category, and the disclaimer.
Boston University, located in the city of Boston, Mass., was chartered by the state in 1869. It has 150 instructors and over 1,400 students. It is a thoroughly equipped institution, and is noted for the facilities which it affords for advanced work in its graduate and professional schools. Massachusetts Agricultural College at Amherst is a branch of the university.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Botany Bay

See also Botany Bay on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bot′any Bay, a harbor in New South Wales, on the east coast of Australia, five miles south of Sydney. It was discovered by Captain Cook in 1770, and named from the large number of beautiful flowers and shrubs in its vicinity, though in other respects it is rather barren. In 1787 it received England’s first penal colony in the east, and although the colony was removed the next year to Port Jackson, yet Botany Bay long continued to be the popular name, not only for this colony, but for all convict settlements. The spot where Captain Cook first landed is now marked by a monument.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Braddock, General Edward

See also Edward Braddock on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Braddock, General Edward, a British soldier, major-general commanding the English army in the expedition against the French on the Ohio in 1755, was born in Perthshire, Scotland, in 1695, and died from wounds received in an ambuscade of French and Indians, at Great Meadows, in July, 1755, sixty miles from Fort Duquesne (now Pittsburg). On this expedition Braddock was accompanied by a levy of Virginians under Colonel (afterward General) Gates and Washington was his aid-de-camp, who, after the rout of the British, covered the retreat.
# The Poems of William Dunbar/Volume 1/Ballat of our Lady

Layout 2
ANE BALLAT OF OUR LADY.
Haile, sterne superne! Haile, in eterne, In Godis sicht to schyne! Lucerne in derne, for to discerne Be glory and grace devyne; Hodiern, modern, sempitern, 5 Angelicall Regyne! Our tern inferne for to dispern, Helpe rialest rosyne. Ave Maria, gratia plena! Haile, fresche flour femynyne! 10 Yerne us, guberne. Virgin matern, Of reuth baith rute and ryne.
Haile, yyng, benyng, frescbe flurising! Haile, Alphais habitakle! Thy dyng of spring maid us to syng 15 Befor his tabernakle; All thing maling we doune thring, Be sicht of his signakle; Quhilk King us bring unto his ryng, Fro dethis dirk umbrakle. 20 Ave Maria, gratia plena! ​Haile, Modir and Maid but makle! Bricht fygn, gladyng our languissing, Be micht of thi miralde.
Haile, bricht, be sicht, in hevyn on hicht! 25 Haile, day sterne orientale! Our licht most richt, in clud of nycht, Our darkness for to scale: Haile, wicht, in sicht, puttar to flicht Of fendis in battale! 30 Haile, plicht, but sicht! Haile, mekle of mycht! Haile, glorious Virgine, haile! Ave Maria, gratia plena! Haile, gentill nychttingale! Way stricht, cler dicht, to wilsome wicht, 35 That irke bene in travale.
Haile, Quene serene! Haile, most amene! Haile, hevinlie hie Empryss! Haile, schene, unseyne with carnale eyne! Haile, Rois of Paradyss! 40 Haile, clene, bedene, ay till conteyne! Haile, fair fresche flour-de-lyce! Haile, grene daseyne! Haile, fro the splene, Of Jhesu genetrice! Ave Maria, gratia plena! 45 Thow bair the Prince of Pryss; Our tryne to meyne, and go betweyne, As humile Oratrice. ​Haile, more decore, than of before, And swetar be sic sevyne, 50 Our glore, forlore, for to restore, Sen thow art Quene of Hevyne! Memore of sore, stern in Aurore, Louit with Angellis stevyne; Implore, adore, thow indeflore, 55 To mak our oddis evyne. Ave Maria, gratia plena! With lovingis lowde ellevyn, Quliill store and hore, my youth devore, Thy name I sall ay nevyne. 60
Empryce of pryse, Imperatrice, Brycht polist precious stane; Victryce of vyce, hie genitrice Of Jhesu, Lord soverayne: Our wyfe pavyse fro enemyis, 65 Agayne the feyndis trayne; Oratrice, Mediatrice, Salvatrice, To God gret suffragane! Ave Maria, gratia plena! Haile, sterne meridiane! 70 Spyce, flour-de-lice of Paradyse, That bair the gloryus grayne.
Imperiall wall, place palestrall, Of peirless pulcritude; ​Tryumphale hall, hie trone regall 75 Of Godis celsitude; Hospitall riall, the Lord of all Thy closet did include; Bricht ball, cristall, rois virginall, Fulfillit of angell fude. 80 Ave Maria, gratia plena! Thy birth has with his blude, Fra fall mortall, originall, Us ransomid on the rude.
# The Poems of William Dunbar/Volume 1

Layout 2
THE POEMS
OF
WILLIAM DUNBAR,
NOW FIRST COLLECTED.
WITH NOTES, AND A MEMOIR OF HIS LIFE.
BY DAVID LAING.
VOLUME FIRST.
EDINBURGH: MDCCCXXXIV.
PRINTED FOR LAING AND FORBES, PRINCE'S STREET; AND WILLIAM PICKERING, LONDON.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME FIRST.
# The Poems of William Dunbar

The original publication consisted of two volumes. A Supplement volume was published in 1865.
Layout 2
THE POEMS
OF
WILLIAM DUNBAR.
"WILLIAM DUNBAR, THE GREATEST POET THAT SCOTLAND HAS PRODUCED."—GEORGE ELLIS.
"THIS DARLING OF THE SCOTTISH MUSES HAS BEEN JUSTLY RAISED TO A LEVEL WITH CHAUCER BY EVERY JUDGE OF POETRY TO WHOM HIS OBSOLETE LANGUAGE HAS NOT RENDERED HIM UNINTELLIGIBLE."—SIR WALTER SCOTT.
THE POEMS
OF
WILLIAM DUNBAR,
NOW FIRST COLLECTED.
WITH NOTES, AND A MEMOIR OF HIS LIFE.
BY DAVID LAING.
VOLUME FIRST.
EDINBURGH: MDCCCXXXIV.
PRINTED FOR LAING AND FORBES, PRINCE'S STREET; AND WILLIAM PICKERING, LONDON.
EDINBURGH: PRINTED BY BALLANTYNE AND CO. PAUL'S WORK.
* Volume I. see the full contents of Volume 1 in that volume
** The Preface
** Memoirs of William Dunbar
** Poems by William Dunbar
* Volume II. see the full contents of Volume 2 in that volume
** Poems attributed to Dunbar
** The Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy
** Poems by Walter Kennedy
** Notes to Volume First
** Notes to Volume Second
** Glossary
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Poems of William Dunbar/Volume 1/The Twa Cummeris

The Scots word cummer has no precise equivalent in English. The Concise Scots Dictionary defines it, literally, as a godmother and, figuratively, as "a female intimate or friend; a gossip."
Layout 2
THE TWA CUMMERIS.
Rycht airlie on Ash Weddinsday, Drynkand the wyne satt Cummeris Tway: The tane cowth to the tother complene; Graneand, and suppand cowth scho say, This lang Lentren makis me lene. 5
On cowth, besyd the fyre scho satt, God wait gif scho wes grit and fatt, Yit to be feble scho did hir fene; And ay scho said, Latt preif of that: This lang Lentren makis me lene. 10
My fair sweit Cummer, quoth the tuther, Ye tak that nigirtness of your muther; All wyne to test scho wald disdane But mavasy, scho bad nane uther: This lang Lentren makis me lene. 15
Cummer, be glaid, both even and morrow, Thocht ye suld bayth beg and borrow; Fra our lang fasting ye yow refrene, And latt your husband dré the sorrow: This lang Lentren makis me lene. 20 ​Your counsale, Cummer, is gud, quoth scho, All is to tene him that I do; In bed he is nocht wirth a bene: Fill fow the glass, and drynk me to: This lang Lentren makis me lene. 25
Off wyne, out of ane choppyne stowp, Thay drank twa quartis, sowp and sowp; Off drowth sic excefss did thame constrene; Be than to mend thay had gud howp: That Lentren suld nocht mak thame lene.30
# The Poems of William Dunbar/Volume 1/Of a Dance in the Quenis Chalmer

Layout 2
OF A DANCE IN THE QUENIS CHALMER.
Schir Jhon Sinclair begowthe to dance, For he was new cum out of France; For ony thing that he do mycht, The ane futt yeid ay unrycht, And to the tother wald not gree. 5 Quoth ane, Tak up the Quenis knycht: A mirrear Dance mycht na man see.
Than cam in Maister Robert Schaw: He luikit as he culd lern tham a; Bot ay his ane futt did waver, 10 He stakkerit lyke ane strummell aver, That hap schakkellit abone the kné: To seik fra Strivilling to Stranaver, A mirrear Daunce mycht na man see.
Than cam in the Maister Almaser, 15 Ane hommelty-jommelty juffeller, Lyk a stirk stackarand in the ry; His hippis gaff mony hiddouss cry. John Bute the Fule said, Wa is me! He is bedirtin,—Fy! fy! 20 A mirrear Dance mycht na man see. ​Than cam in Dunbar the Makkar; On all the flure thair was nane frakkar, And thair he daunsit the Dirrye dantoun; He hoppet lyk a pillie wantoun, 25 For luiff of Musgraiffe, men tellis me; He trippet, quhill he tint his pantoun: A mirrear Dance mycht na man see.
Than cam in Maistriss Musgraiffe; Scho mycht haiff lernit all the laiffe; 30 Quhen I saw hir sa trimlye dance, Hir guid convoy and countenance, Than, for hir saik, I wissit to be The grytast erle, or duik, in France: A mirrear Dance mycht na man see. 35
Than cam in Dame Dautiebour; God waitt giff that scho loukit sour! Scho maid sic morgeounis with hir hippis, For lauchter nane mycht hald thair lippis; Quhen scho was danceand bisselye, 40 Ane blasl of wind soun fra hir slippis: A mirrear Dance mycht na man see.
Quhen thair was come in fyve or sax, The Quenis Dog begowthe to rax; And of his band he maid a bred, 45 And to the danceing soun he him med; Quhow mastive lyk about yeid he! He stinckit lyk a tyk, sum said: A mirrear Dance mycht na man see.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Poisson, Simeon Denis

See also Siméon Denis Poisson on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Poisson (pwä′ sôn′), Simeon Denis, an eminent French mathematical physicist, was born at Pithiviers, June 21, 1781, and died at Paris, April 25, 1840. He was educated at the École Centrale at Fontainebleau and at the École Polytechnique at Paris. Only four years after entering the latter he became its professor of mechanics and analysis. In 1812 he was elected to the Academy. Among his most important works must be mentioned, in pure mathematics, his contributions to the calculus of variations and to the theory of probabilities; in astronomy, his proof of the stability of the solar system; in physics, his very important theorems in electrostatics and in fluid motion, his theory of capillarity and his mathematical theory of heat. His Mechanics was a standard textbook for half a century. See Arago’s Notices Biographiques, Vol. 2.