OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Holstein, La Fayette Villaume

Edition of 1892.
​HOLSTEIN, or DUCOUDRAY-HOLSTEIN, La Fayette Villaume, soldier, b. in Germany in 1763; d. in Albany, N. Y., 23 April, 1839. He was a general in the French army under Napoleon, and, after the overthrow of the latter, went to South America, where he served under Gen. Simon Bolivar, but, removing to the United States afterward, settled in Albany, N. Y., where he became a teacher of languages in the academy, and edited “The Zodiac.” He is the author of “Recollections of an Officer of the Empire”; “Histoire de Bolivar,” continued by A. Viollet (Paris, 1831); “Memoirs of Lafayette” (New York, 1824); and “The New French Reader” (Albany, 1836).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Hooker, Isabella Beecher

Edition of 1892.
​HOOKER, Isabella Beecher, philanthropist, b. in Litchfield, Conn., 22 Feb., 1822. She is the youngest daughter of Lyman Beecher, and was educated at her sister Catherine's schools in Cincinnati and Hartford. In 1841 she married John Hooker, a successful lawyer of Hartford, Conn., and ever since has been a careful student of social, political, and religious questions. In middle life she became a convert to spiritualism. Her work in later life developed into a series of “conversations,” which were originally confined to Hartford, but which now extend to New York, Boston, and other cities. Her method consists generally in the reading of a short essay, after which she illustrates the subject by familiar conversation. Mrs. Hooker is well known at the woman's clubs, the meetings of the philanthropic societies, and in quarters where the advocates of woman's rights and the more refined and intelligent believers in spiritualism are accustomed to meet. She has published “Womanhood: its Sanctities and Fidelities” (Boston, 1873).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Holst, Hermann Eduard von

Edition of 1892.
​HOLST, Hermann Eduard von, historian, b. in Fellin, Livonia, 19 June, 1841. He studied history in the universities of Dorpat and Heidelberg, and was made doctor at the latter in 1865. In 1866 he settled in St. Petersburg, but in consequence of a pamphlet on an attempt on the life of the emperor, which he published at Leipsic while travelling abroad, his return to Russia was forbidden. He decided to emigrate to the United States in July of the same year, and settled in New York, where, in the autumn of 1869, he became assistant editor, under Alexander J. Schem, of the “Deutsch-Amerikanisches Conversations-Lexicon.” His German work on “Louis XIV.” appeared in Leipsic soon after he arrived in the United States. He subsequently became a contributor to several American journals. He was called to a professorship of history in Strasburg university in 1872, and in 1874 was given the chair of modern history at Freiburg. Afterward he revisited the United States, and lectured at Johns Hopkins university. His principal work is “Verfassung und Demokratie der vereinigten Staaten von Amerika,” the first volume of which appeared in Berlin and Düsseldorf in 1873, and the second in 1878; translated by J. J. Lalor and A. B. Mason under the title “The Constitutional and Political History of the United States, 1750-1833” (5 vols., Chicago. 1876-'85). He is also the author of the life of John C. Calhoun in the “American Statesmen” series (Boston, 1882), and “The Constitutional Law of the United States of America” (Chicago, 1887).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Holloway, Laura Carter

Edition of 1892.
​HOLLOWAY, Laura Carter, author, b. in Nashville, Tenn., 22 Aug., 1848. She was graduated at the Nashville female seminary in 1862, since that time has continually engaged in literary work, has edited the “Home Library Magazine” in Chicago, Ill., and for twelve years was associate editor of the “Brooklyn Daily Eagle.” In 1862 she married Junius B. Holloway, of Richmond, Ky. Her published works include “Ladies of the White House” (New York, 1870); “An Hour with Charlotte Bronté” (1883); “The Hearthstone, or Life at Home” (Philadelphia, 1883); “The Mothers of Great Men and Women” (New York, 1884); “The Home in Poetry” (1884); “Chinese Gordon” (1885); “Howard, the Christian Hero” (1885); “Adelaide Neilson, a Biography” (1885); and “The Buddhist Diet Book” (1887).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Holly, James Theodore Augustus

Edition of 1892.
​HOLLY, James Theodore Augustus, P. E. bishop of Hayti, b. in Washington, D. C., 3 Oct., 1829. His parents were colored and Roman Catholics. His great-great-grandfather was an Englishman named Holly, while his mother was descended from an Irishwoman named Butler. He was educated at public and private schools and by tutors in Washington, New York city, Buffalo, and Detroit. In 1851 he withdrew from the Roman Catholic and entered the Protestant Episcopal church. In 1852-'3 he was associate editor of “The Voice of the Fugitive,” a weekly paper, published at Windsor, Canada West, and in 1854 was principal of a public school in Buffalo. He studied theology, and was ordered deacon, 17 June, 1855, and ordained presbyter, 2 Jan., 1856. He was rector of St. Luke's church, New Haven, Conn., from 1856 till 1861, when he was sent to Hayti as a missionary. He served as consul for Liberia at Port-au-Prince from 1864 till 1874, in which year he was made missionary bishop of Hayti by the Protestant Episcopal church. In 1878 Bishop Holly went to England as a delegate to the Lambeth conference. He received the degree of D. D. from Howard university, Washington, D. C., in 1874, and that of LL. D. from Liberia college, Monrovia, in 1882. He has contributed to the “Church,” the “Church Eclectic,” and the “African Methodist Church” reviews.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/Remains of the Second and Third Centuries/Hegesippus/Acts of the Church/Fragment 3

Concerning the Martyrdom of Symeon the son of Clopas, Bishop of Jerusalem.
Some of these heretics, forsooth, laid an information against Symeon the son of Clopas, as being of the family of David, and a Christian. And on these charges he suffered martyrdom when he was 120 years old, in the reign of Trajan Cæsar, when Atticus was consular legate in Syria. And it so happened, says the same writer, that, while inquiry was then being made for those belonging to the royal tribe of the Jews, the accusers themselves were convicted of belonging to it. With show of reason could it be said that Symeon was one of those who actually saw and heard the Lord, on the ground of his great age, and also because the Scripture of the Gospels makes mention of Mary the daughter of Clopas, who, as our narrative has shown already, was his father.
The same historian mentions others also, of the family of one of the reputed brothers of the Saviour, named Judas, as having survived until this same reign, after the testimony they bore for the faith of Christ in the time of Domitian, as already recorded.
He writes as follows: They came, then, and took the presidency of every church, as witnesses for Christ, and as being of the kindred of the Lord. And, after profound peace had been established in every church, they remained down to the reign of Trajan Cæsar: that is, until the time when he who was sprung from an uncle of the Lord, the aforementioned Symeon son of Clopas, was informed against by the various heresies, and subjected to an accusation like the rest, and for the same cause, before the legate Atticus; and, while suffering outrage during many days, he bore testimony for Christ: so that all, including the legate himself, were astonished above measure that a man 120 years old should have been able to endure such torments. He was finally condemned to be crucified.
…Up to that period the Church had remained like a virgin pure and uncorrupted: for, if there were any persons who were disposed to tamper with the wholesome rule of the preaching of salvation, they still lurked in some dark place of concealment or other. But, when the sacred band of apostles had in various ways closed their lives, and that generation of men to whom it had been vouchsafed to listen to the Godlike Wisdom with their own ears had passed away, then did the confederacy of godless error take its rise through the treachery of false teachers, who, seeing that none of the apostles any longer survived, at length attempted with bare and uplifted head to oppose the preaching of the truth by preaching “knowledge falsely so called.”

## Footnotes

* ↑ Also in Eusebius, Hist. Eccl., iii. 32.
* ↑ ῾Υπατικοῦ.  [St. John died a few years before.]
* ↑ Τοῦ σωτηρίου κηρυγματος.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/Remains of the Second and Third Centuries/Hegesippus/Acts of the Church/Fragment 4

Concerning His Journey to Rome, and the Jewish Sects.
And the church of the Corinthians continued in the orthodox faith up to the time when Primus was bishop in Corinth. I had some intercourse with these brethren on my voyage to Rome, when I spent several days with the Corinthians, during which we were mutually refreshed by the orthodox faith.
On my arrival at Rome, I drew up a list of the succession of bishops down to Anicetus, whose deacon was Eleutherus. To Anicetus succeeded Soter, and after him came Eleutherus. But in the case of every succession, and in every city, the state of affairs is in accordance with the teaching of the Law and of the Prophets and of the Lord.…
And after James the Just had suffered martyrdom, as had the Lord also and on the same account, again Symeon the son of Clopas, descended from the Lord’s uncle, is made bishop, his election being promoted by all as being a kinsman of the Lord.
Therefore was the Church called a virgin, for she was not as yet corrupted by worthless teaching. Thebulis it was who, displeased because he was not made bishop, first began to corrupt her by stealth. He too was connected with the seven sects which existed among the people, like Simon, from whom come the Simoniani; and Cleobius, from whom come the Cleobiani; and Doritheus, from whom come the Dorithiani; and Gorthæus, from whom come the Gortheani; Masbothæus, from whom come the Masbothæi.  From these men also come the Menandrianists, and the Marcionists, and the Carpocratians, and the Valentinians, and the Basilidians, and the Saturnilians. Each of these leaders in his own private and distinct capacity brought in his own private opinion. From these have come false Christs, false prophets, false apostles—men who have split up the one Church into parts through their corrupting doctrines, uttered in disparagement of God and of His Christ.…
There were, moreover, various opinions in the matter of circumcision among the children of Israel, held by those who were opposed to the tribe of Judah and to Christ: such as the Essenes, the Galileans, the Hemerobaptists, the Masbothæi, the Samaritans, the Sadducees, the Pharisees.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Also in Eusebius, Hist. Eccl., iv. 22.
* ↑ ᾽Εν τῷ ὀρθῷ λόγῳ.
* ↑ [Elucidation, p. 785.]
* ↑ ᾽Ακοαῖς ματαίαις.
* ↑ ᾽Εμέρισαν τὴν ενωσιν τῆς ἐκκλησίας.  [Acts xx. 29–31.]
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/Remains of the Second and Third Centuries/Melito, the Philosopher/Chapter 11

IV.
From the Book of Extracts.
Melito to his brother Onesimus, greeting:—
As you have often, prompted by your regard for the word of God, expressed a wish to have some extracts made from the Law and the Prophets concerning the Saviour, and concerning our faith in general, and have desired, moreover, to obtain an accurate account of the Ancient Books, as regards their number and their arrangement, I have striven to the best of my ability to perform this task: well knowing your zeal for the faith, and your eagerness to become acquainted with the Word, and especially because I am assured that, through your yearning after God, you esteem these things beyond all things else, engaged as you are in a struggle for eternal salvation.
I accordingly proceeded to the East, and went to the very spot where the things in question were preached and took place; and, having made myself accurately acquainted with the books of the Old Testament, I have set them down below, and herewith send you the list. Their names are as follows:—
The five books of Moses—Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy; Joshua, Judges, Ruth, the four books of Kings, the two of Chronicles, the book of the Psalms of David, the Proverbs of Solomon, also called the Book of Wisdom, Ecclesiastes, the Song of Songs, Job, the books of the prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, of the twelve contained in a single book, Daniel, Ezekiel, Esdras. From these I have made my extracts, dividing them into six books.

## Footnotes

* ↑ In Eusebius, l. c.
* ↑ ᾽Ιησοῦς Ναυῆ.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/Remains of the Second and Third Centuries/Hegesippus/Introduction

Hegesippus.
[a.d. 170.] One of the sub-Apostolic age, a contemporary of Justin and of the martyrs of “the good Aurelius,” we must yet distinguish Hegesippus from the apologists. He is the earliest of the Church’s chroniclers—we can hardly call him a historian. His aims were noble and his character was pure; nor can we refuse him the credit due to a foresight of the Church’s ultimate want of historical material, which he endeavoured to supply.
What is commonly regarded as his defect is in reality one of his greatest merits as a witness: he was a Hebrew, and looks at the Church from the stand-point of “James the Lord’s brother.” When we observe his Catholic spirit, therefore, as well as his Catholic orthodoxy; his sympathy with the Gentile Church and Pauline faith of the Corinthians; his abhorrence of “the Circumcision” so far as it bred sects and heresies against Christ; and when we find him confirming the testimony of the Apostolic Fathers, and sustaining the traditions of Antioch by those of Jerusalem,—we have double reason to cherish his name, and to treasure up “the fragments that remain” of his works.  That touching episode of the kindred of Christ, as they appeared before Domitian, has always impressed my imagination as worthy to be classed with the story of St. John and the robber, as one of the most suggestive incidents of early Christian history. We must lament the loss of other portions of the Memoirs which were known to exist in the seventeenth century. He was a traveller, and must have seen much of the Apostolic churches in the East and West; and the mere scraps we have of his narrative concerning Corinth and Rome excite a natural curiosity as to the rest, which may lead to gratifying discoveries.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Westcott, Canon, p. 228.
* ↑ Routh, Rel. Sac., vol. i. pp. 205–219. Lightfoot is culpably lax in calling Rome “the Papal throne” (temp. Anicet.), and mistaking alike the testimony of Irenæus and of our author. Ap. F., part ii. vol. i. p. 435.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/Remains of the Second and Third Centuries/Melito, the Philosopher/Chapter 1

Melito, the Philosopher.
[a.d. 160–170–177.] Melito may have been the immediate successor of the “angel” (or “apostle”) of the church of Sardis, to whom our Great High Priest addressed one of the apocalyptic messages. He was an “Apostolic Father” in point of fact; he very probably knew the blessed Polycarp and his disciple Irenæus. He is justly revered for the diligence with which he sought out the evidence which, in his day, established the Canon of the Old Testament, then just complete.
In the following fragments we find him called Bishop of Sardis, Bishop of Attica, and Bishop of Ittica. He is also introduced to us as “the Philosopher,” and we shall find him styled “the Eunuch” by Polycrates. It is supposed that he had made himself a cœlebs “for the kingdom of heaven’s sake,” without mistaking our Lord’s intent, as did Origen. He was not a monk, but accepted a single estate to be the more free and single-eyed in the Master’s service.  From the encyclopedic erudition of Lightfoot we glean some particulars, as follows:—
1. I have adopted his date, as Lightfoot gives it,—that is, the period of his writings,—under the Antonines. The improbability of seventy years in the episcopate is reason enough for rejecting the idea that he was himself the “angel of the church of Sardis,” to whom our Lord sent the terrible rebuke.
2. His silence concerning persecutions under Vespasian, Trojan, and Antoninus Pius cannot be pleaded to exempt them from this stain, against positive evidence to the contrary.
3. A coincidence with Ignatius to the Ephesians will be noted hereafter.
4. Melito, with Claudius Apollinaris and even Polycrates, may have been personally acquainted with Ignatius; of course, one with another. These lived not far from Smyrna; Asia Minor was, in the first century, the focus of Christian activity.
5. We know of his visit to the East from his own account, preserved by Eusebius. The Christians of proconsular Asia were accustomed to such journeys. Even Clement of Alexandria may have met him, as he seems to have met Tatian and Theodotus.
6. Melito vouches for the rescript of Hadrian, but his supposed reference to the edict of Antoninus does not bear close scrutiny as warrant for its authenticity.
7. The Apology of our author was addressed to Aurelius in his mid-career as a sovereign, about a.d. 170. Justin, Melito, Athenagoras, and Theophilus all tell the same sad story of imperial cruelty. Even when Justin wrote to Antoninus, Marcus was supreme in the councils of the elder emperor.
8. He became a martyr, probably under Marcus Aurelius, circa a.d. 177; some eminent critics have even dated his Apology as late as this.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Routh, R. S., vol. i. p. 113. And see Westcott, Canon, p. 245.
* ↑ Lightfoot, A. F., vol. ii. p. 48.
* ↑ Ib., vol. i. p. 428.
* ↑ Vol. ii. (Stromata) p. 301, this series.
* ↑ Vol. i. p. 186, this series.
* ↑ Lightfoot, A. F., vol. i. p. 468.
* ↑ Lightfoot, A. F., vol. ii.
* ↑ Ibid., pp. 446, 494.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/Remains of the Second and Third Centuries/Melito, the Philosopher/Chapter 10

III.
From the Same Apology.
We are not those who pay homage to stones, that are without sensation; but of the only God, who is before all and over all, and, moreover, we are worshippers of His Christ, who is veritably God the Word existing before all time.

## Footnotes

* ↑ In the Chronicon Alexandrinum.
* ↑ ῎Οντως Θεοῦ Λόγου.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/Remains of the Second and Third Centuries/Hegesippus/Acts of the Church/Fragment 2

Concerning the Relatives of Our Saviour.
There still survived of the kindred of the Lord the grandsons of Judas, who according to the flesh was called his brother. These were informed against, as belonging to the family of David, and Evocatus brought them before Domitian Cæsar:  for that emperor dreaded the advent of Christ, as Herod had done.
So he asked them whether they were of the family of David; and they confessed they were. Next he asked them what property they had, or how much money they possessed.  They both replied that they had only 9000 denaria between them, each of them owning half that sum; but even this they said they did not possess in cash, but as the estimated value of some land, consisting of thirty-nine plethra only, out of which they had to pay the dues, and that they supported themselves by their own labour. And then they began to hold out their hands, exhibiting, as proof of their manual labour, the roughness of their skin, and the corns raised on their hands by constant work.
Being then asked concerning Christ and His kingdom, what was its nature, and when and where it was to appear, they returned answer that it was not of this world, nor of the earth, but belonging to the sphere of heaven and angels, and would make its appearance at the end of time, when He shall come in glory, and judge living and dead, and render to every one according to the course of his life.
Thereupon Domitian passed no condemnation upon them, but treated them with contempt, as too mean for notice, and let them go free. At the same time he issued a command, and put a stop to the persecution against the Church.
When they were released they became leaders of the churches, as was natural in the case of those who were at once martyrs and of the kindred of the Lord. And, after the establishment of peace to the Church, their lives were prolonged to the reign of Trajan.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Also in Eusebius, Hist. Eccl., iii. 20.
* ↑ Τὰ ἐπιτηδεύματα αὐτοῦ.
* ↑ ῾Ηγήσασθαι.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/Remains of the Second and Third Centuries/Melito, the Philosopher
## Contents

* Chapter 1
* Chapter 2
* Chapter 3
* Chapter 4
* Chapter 5
* Chapter 6
* Chapter 7
* Chapter 8
* Chapter 9
* Chapter 10
* Chapter 11
* Chapter 12
* Chapter 13
* Chapter 14
* Chapter 15
* Chapter 16
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Bruce, Sir Frederick William Adolphus

Edition of 1900.
​BRUCE, Sir Frederick William Adolphus, British diplomatist, b. in Broomhall, Fifeshire, Scotland, 14 April, 1814; d. in Boston, Mass., 19 Sept., 1867. He was the fourth son of the seventh earl of Elgin, a distinguished diplomatist. Sir Frederick was graduated at Oxford in 1834, and was called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, but, his tendencies being strongly manifested toward diplomacy, he never attempted to gain practice as a barrister. In 1842 he was attached to Lord Ashburton's special mission to the United States for settling the northeastern boundary question. After this he filled various important diplomatic offices, and, while minister to China in 1861, distinguished himself by services toward Americans there. A controversy having arisen in 1864 between this country and the republic of Colombia, he was appointed umpire by the two governments, and discharged the delicate duties to general acceptance. In 1865, when Lord Lyons was removed from Washington to Constantinople, Sir Frederick was selected by the earl of Clarendon to fill the important and difficult position of minister to the United States. His course in the fulfilment of his duties was always judicious. The London "Times" (21 Sept., 1867) is authority for the statements that "it was in accordance with his repeated advice and exhortations that a wise overture toward a settlement" of the Alabama claims was made by the British government, and that it was greatly owing to his representations that the United States government interrupted the preparations for the Fenian raid into Canada in 1866.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Buckminster, William J.

Edition of 1900.
​BUCKMINSTER, William J., journalist, b. in Maine in 1813 ; d. in Maiden, Mass., 2 March, 1878. He was a son of the founder of the “Massachusetts Ploughman,” and was for twenty-one years one of its editors and publishers. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1835. His father, William, died at Framingham, Mass., in June, 1865, aged eighty-two years.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Bruce, Blanche Kelso

Edition of 1900.
​BRUCE, Blanche Kelso, senator, b. in Prince Edward co., Va., 1 March, 1841; d. in Washington, 17 March, 1898. He was born a slave, and received the rudiments of education from the tutor of his master's son. When the civil war began he left his young master, whose companion he had been, and who went from Missouri to join the confederate army. Mr. Bruce taught school for a time in Hannibal, Mo., became a student at Oberlin, afterward pursued special studies at home, and after the war went to Mississippi. In 1869 he became a planter in Mississippi. He was sergeant-at-arms of the legislature, a member of the Mississippi levee board, sheriff of Bolivar county in 1871–'4, county superintendent of education in 1872–3, and was elected U. S. senator on 3 Feb., 1875, as a republican, taking his seat on 4 March, 1875, and serving till 3 March, 1881. He was a member of every republican convention held after 1868. In May, 1881, he entered upon the office of register of the treasury, from which he was removed by President Cleveland. In 1886 he delivered a noted lecture on the condition of his race, entitled "The Race Problem." In 1897 he again became register of the treasury.