# Africa by Élisée Reclus/Volume 4

Contents
Contents
Layout 4
CONTENTS.
| chap. | | | page |
| I. | Angola | Angola | 1 |
| | | General Survey, p. 1. Physical Features, p. 4. River Basins, p. 6. Climate, p. 10. Flora, p. 12. Fauna, p. 14. Inhabitants, p. 16. Topography, p. 31. Administration, p. 58. | |
| II. | Damara and Namaqua Lands | Damara and Namaqua Lands | 60 |
| | | Physical Features, p. 62. Climate, p. 61. Flora, p. 65.Fauna, p. 66. Inhabitants, p. 67. Topography, p. 75. | |
| III. | The Orange and Limpopo Basins | The Orange and Limpopo Basins | 78 |
| | | General Survey, p. 78. Physical Features, p. 81. Geological Formations, p. 86. Rivers, p. 86. Climate, p. 95. Flora, p. 101. Fauna, p. 105. Inhabitants, p. 107. The Bushmen, p. 108. The Hottentots, p. 112. | |
| IV. | Cape Colony and its Dependencies | Cape Colony and its Dependencies | 118 |
| | | Historical Retrospect, p. 118. Topography of Cape Colony, p. 125. Material Resources, Agriculture, p. 137. Stock-breeding, Ostrich-farming, p. 139. Highways of Communication, p. 143. Administration, Public Instruction, p. 144. Griqualand West, p. 147. The Diamond Fields. p. 149. Bechuanaland, p. 156. The Bechuanas, p. 157. Topography of Bechuanaland, p. 160. Basutoland, p. 166. Kafirland, p. 170. Tembuland, p. 175. Pondoland, p. 176. Griqualand East, p 177. | |
| V. | Natal and Zululand | Natal and Zululand | 178 |
| | | General Survey, p. 178. The Natives of Natal, p. 180. Immigration, Coolie Labour, p. 181. Agricultural and Mineral Resources, p. 183. Topography of Natal, p. 185. Administration, p. 189. Zululand, p. 190. The Zulus, p. 192. Amatongaland and Swaziland, p. 193. | |
| VI. | The Dutch Republics and Portuguese Possessions South of the Limpopo | The Dutch Republics and Portuguese Possessions South of the Limpopo | 196 |
| | | The Orange Free State, p. 196. The Boers of the Free State, p. 197. Topography, p 199. Administration, p. 200. Transvaal, p. 201. Natural Divisions, p. 201. Historic Retrospect, p. 202. The Transvaal Beers, p. 204. The Aborigines, p. 206. Natural Resources, p. 207. Mineral Wealth, p. 209. Topography, p. 212. Administration, p 214. Delagoa Bay, p. 216. | |
| VII. | Portuguese Possessions North of the Limpopo. | Portuguese Possessions North of the Limpopo. | 221 |
| | | Gazaland. Physical Features, p. 221. River Systems. Marine Currents, p 223. Climate, Flora, Fauna, p. 224. Historic Retrospect, p. 226. The Zulus of Gazaland, p. 227. Topography, p. 31. | ​ |
| VIII. | Zambese and Ku-Bango Basins | Zambese and Ku-Bango Basins | 235 |
| | | General Survey, p. 235. The Ku-Bango, p. 236. Lake Ngami, p. 239. The Chobe, p. 240. The Upper Zambese, p. 242. The Victoria Falls p. 243. The Middle Zambese, p. 245. Lake Nyassa. p. 247. The Shire and lower Zambene. p. 250. The Zambese Delta, p. 252. Climate of the Zambese Basin, p. 254. Flora, p. 254. Fauna, p. 255. Inihabitants of the Ku-Bango, Ngami, and Upper Zambese Regions, p. 257. The Barotse Empire, p. 260. Topography, p. 203. Matebeleland, p. 264. Topography, p. 268. Inhabitants of the Nyassa and Shire Basins, p 271. Topography, p. 275. Administration and Toppgraphy of the Lower Zambese, p. 277-9. | |
| IX. | Mozambique | Mozambique | 281 |
| | | Relief of the Land. p. 282. Rivers, p. 284. Lake Kilwah, p. 285. Tne Mozambique Coast, p. 287. Climate, Flora and Fauna, p. 28.). Inhabitant;*, p. 290. Topography, p. 295. Administration, p. 299. | |
| X. | Zanzibar | Zanzibar | 301 |
| | | The German Annexations p 301. Physical Features, p. 304. Rivers p. 305. Lake Rikwa, p. 307. Climate, p. 308. Flora and Fauna, p. 309. Inhabitants, p. 310. Topography, p. 310. The Caravan Trade, p. 324. Islands of Zanzibar and Mafia, p. 326. Flora and Fauna, p. 329. Inhabitants, p. 330. Topography, p. 333. Island of Pemba, p. 333. Administration, p. 334. | |
| XI. | Masailand, Kilima-Njaro, Kenia | Masailand, Kilima-Njaro, Kenia | 336 |
| | | Physical Features, p. 338. Lake Naivasha, p. 340. Lake Baringo. p. 341. Usambara Mountains p. 343. Kilima-Njaro, p. 344. Moeru and Ulu Mountains, p. 348. Kenia, p. 348. Mount Elgon, p. 349. Rivers, p. 350. Flora, p. 352. Fauna, p. 353. Inhabitants, p. 354. Topography, p. 370. The British East African Company, p. 375. | |
| XII. | Somali and East Galla Lands | Somali and East Galla Lands | 377 |
| | | Exploration, p. 377. Physical Features, p. 379 Rivers, p. 383. Climate, p. 387. Flora, p. 388. Fauna, p. 389. Inhabitants, p. 390. Topography, p. 404. | |
| XIII. | East African Islands | East African Islands | 416 |
| | | Sokotra, p. 416. Physical Features, p. 41ft. Topography, p. 419. Madagascar, p. 420. Historic Retrospect, p. 421. Exploration, p. 426. Physical Features, p. 427. Rivers, p. 429. Climate, p. 432. Flora, p. 433. Fauna, p. 436. Inhabitants, p. 438. Social Condition, p. 448. Topography, p. 455. Administration, p 403. The Comoro Islands, p. 466. The Amirantes and Seychelles, p. 471. | |
| | Statistical Tables | Statistical Tables | 475 |
| | Index | Index | 497 |
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
MAPS PRINTED IN COLOURS.
| page | page | page | page |
| 1. Africa, showing European Annexations and Claims (1888) | 80 | 4. Zanzibar and Bagamoyo | 314 |
| 2. The Cape | 118 | 5.Madagascar | 424 |
| 3. Cape Colony, Natal, and adjacent Territories | 178 | | |
PLATES. :
| Group of Zulus | Frontispiece. |
| View taken on the Banks of the Rio Dandé | To face page 6 |
| Landscape near Quissama, South of the Congo | 16 |
| Quissama Man and Woman | 24 |
| Loanda — General View | 38 |
| Mossamedes — General View | 50 |
| View taken at Walvisch Bay | 64 |
| Angra Pequena — View taken from Nautilus Point | 76 |
| The Lion's Head, Cape Town | 82 |
| Scene on the Limpopo — The Malikoe-Marico Ford in Transvaal | 94 |
| Bushman Encampment | 108 |
| Cape Town — General View | 126 |
| Port Elizabeth | 134 |
| Convoy of Emigrants in the Makaraka Country | 114 |
| Kimberley and its Diamond Mine | 102 |
| Shoshong, Capital of the Ba-Mangwatos | 162 |
| Kafir Man and Woman | 172 |
| Port Natal and Durban — View taken from the Bluff | 184 |
| Landscape on the East Frontier of Transvaal | 206 |
| General View of Pretoria | To face page 212 |
| A Zulu Kraal | 226 |
| The Gonye Falls on the Zambese | 242 |
| View taken at the Zambese and Chobe Confluence | 248 |
| Barotse Types | 256 |
| View taken at Sesheke, Capital of Barotse | 264 |
| Rovuma and Lujenda Confluence | 286 |
| Wasagara Types | 314 |
| Lindi — Seaward View | 318 |
| Zanzibar | 328 |
| Masai Women of Njiri | 368 |
| Somali Types | 392 |
| Galla Types | 400 |
| Street in Berbera | 412 |
| View taken on the Route between Andovoranto and Tananarivo, Madagascar | 421 |
| Diego-Suarez Bay — View taken at Antsirana | 432 |
| Tananarivo — General View, taken from the West | 456 |
| Malagasy Village of Nossi-Bé | 460 |
| Said Ali, Sultan of Great Comoro, and a Princess of Great Comoro | 468 |
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
| fig. | | page. |
| 1. | Routes of the Chief Explorers in Angola | 3 |
| 2. | The Cunene and Etosha Lagoon | 10 |
| 3. | Vegetable Zones of Angola | 13 |
| 4. | Ancient Kingdom of Congo | 17 |
| 5. | Mu-Sorongo Woman | 18 |
| 6. | Inhabitants of Angola | 23 |
| 7. | Routes of Explorers who have crossed the Continent | 29 |
| 8. | San-Salvador | 33 |
| 9. | The King of Congo | 34 |
| 10. | Ambriz | 37 |
| 11. | Southern Spit of Loanda | 38 |
| 12. | St. Paul of Loanda | 39 |
| 13. | Dondo | 41 |
| 14. | Projected Railway To Ambaca | 42 |
| 15. | "Black Stones" of Pungo Ndongo | 44 |
| 16. | Malange | 46 |
| 17. | Tiger Bay and the Cunene | 54 |
| 18. | Chief Zones of Useful Plants in Angola | 55 |
| 19. | Coffee-Growing Region of Angola | 56 |
| 20. | Chief Routes of Explorers in Damaraland | 61 |
| 21. | Herero Land | 70 |
| 22. | Walvisch Bay | 73 |
| 23. | Angra Pequena | 76 |
| 24. | South-West African Highlands | 80 |
| 25. | Cape Agulhas | 82 |
| 26. | Relief of South Africa | 85 |
| 27. | The Orange Falls | 87 |
| 28. | The Falls of the Orange | 89 |
| 29. | Gate of the St. John River | 91 |
| 30. | Delagoa Bay | 93 |
| 31. | Agulhas Bank | 96 |
| 32. | Isothermals of South Africa | 98 |
| 33. | Rainfall of South Africa | 100 |
| 34. | South-African Hottentot Tribes in the Middle of the Eighteenth Century | 113 |
| 35. | Hottentots, Kafirs, and Be-Chuanas | 115 |
| 36. | Aborigines and Colonists | 123 |
| 37. | Successive British Annexations in South Africa | 124 |
| 38. | Cape Town | 126 |
| 39. | Saldanha Bay | 129 |
| 40. | Mouth of the Breede — Port Beaufort | 131 |
| 41. | Port Elizabeth | 133 |
| 42. | South African Lines of Steam Navigation and Cables | 142 |
| 43. | Administrative Divisions of Cape Colony and Neighbouring Territories | 145 |
| 44. | Griqualand West | 148 |
| 45. | River Diggings in the Vaal Basin | 150 |
| 46. | Section of the Great Kimberley Mine from North To South | 152 |
| 47. | Kimberley: Appearance of the Mine in 1880 | 153 |
| 48. | Apparatus For Raising the Diamantiferous Earth | 155 |
| 49. | Chief Routes of Explorers North of the South African Colonies | 156 |
| 50. | Shoshong | 163 |
| 51. | Trade Routes in Bechuanaland | 164 |
| 52. | Basutoland | 167 |
| 53. | Kafirland | 171 |
| 54. | South Kafirland | 176 |
| 55. | Natal | 180 |
| 56. | The Bluff of Natal | 185 |
| 57. | Port Nataland Durban | 186 |
| 58. | Lucia Lagoon and Backwaters | 194 |
| 59. | Treks of the Boers | 203 |
| 60. | Range of the Tsetse Fly | 208 |
| 61. | the Transvaal Gold Fields | 210 |
| 62. | Pretoria | 213 |
| 63. | Lorenço Marques | 217 |
| 64. | The Lourenço Marques-Pretoria Railway | 218 |
| 65. | Chief Routes of Explorers Between the Limpopo and Zambese | 223 |
| 66. | Manica and Gorongoza Highlands | 232 |
| 67. | Portuguese Africa From Ocean To Ocean | 236 |
| 68. | Region of Uncertain Waterpartings | 238 |
| 69. | Kassai, Ku-Bango, and Zambese | 241 |
| 70. | Victoria Falls | 244 |
| 71. | The Laputa Gorge | 246 |
| 72. | Region Between Nyassa and Tanganyika | 249 |
| 73. | Zambese and Shiré Confluence | 251 |
| 74. | Zambese Delta | 252 |
| 75. | Inhabitants of the Waterparting Between the Congo and Zambese | 257 |
| 76. | Barotse Uplands | 263 |
| 77. | Chief Tribes of the Zambese Basin | 268 |
| 78. | North End of Lake Nyassa | 274 |
| 79. | Uplands Between the Shiré and Nyasa | 276 |
| 80. | Quelimane | 279 |
| 81. | Chief Route of Explorers East of Nyassa | 282 |
| 82. | Namuli Mountains | 283 |
| 83. | Lakes Kilwa, Chiuta, and Amaramba | 284 |
| 84. | Mouth of the Rovuma | 287 |
| 85. | Porta and Reefs of North Mozambique | 288 |
| 86. | Chief Nations of Mozambique | 292 |
| 87. | Landscape in Lujenda | 293 |
| 88. | Mozambique and its Ports | 296 |
| 89. | Ports of Ferñao Vellozo | 298 |
| 90. | Chief Routes of Explorers North of the Rovuma | 301 |
| 91. | The Rufiji Delta | 306 |
| 92. | Mavina TypesMavina Types | 311 |
| 93. | East African Tribes Between the Rovuma and Pagani | 313 |
| 94. | Ports of Mikindani and Mto-Mtwara | 317 |
| 95. | Kiloa-Kisiwani | 318 |
| 96. | The Two Kiloas | 320 |
| 97. | Dar-Es-Salaam | 321 |
| 98. | Bagamoyo | 323 |
| 99. | Oceanic and Landward Coasts of Pemba, compared | 326 ​ |
| 100. | Island of Mafia | 328 |
| 101. | Zanzibar | 331 |
| 102. | Pemba | 334 |
| 103. | Chief Routes of Explorers in the Kilima-Njaro Region | 337 |
| 104. | Line of Volcanic Fault, Masai Land | 338 |
| 105. | Region between Zanzibar and Lake Nyanza | 340 |
| 106. | Lacustrine Region West of Mount Kenia | 342 |
| 107. | Kilima-Njaro and Nyika Uplands | 343 |
| 108. | Kilima-Njaro | 344 |
| 109. | Kibo, Western Peak of Kilima-Njaro | 347 |
| 110. | Tribes North of the Pangani | 359 |
| 111. | Masai Warriors | 365 |
| 112. | Mombaz | 371 |
| 113. | Ports and Hills of Mombaz | 372 |
| 114. | Malindi and Vasco de Gama's Pillar | 373 |
| 115. | Chief Routes of Explorers in Somali Land | 378 |
| 116. | Cape Guardafui | 381 |
| 117. | Cape Guardafui | 383 |
| 118. | Ras Hafûn | 384 |
| 119. | Mouths of the Juba and Bubashi | 385 |
| 120. | Lower Course of the Webi | 386 |
| 121. | Somali Territory | 392 |
| 122. | Somali Woman | 394 |
| 123. | Vitu Land | 403 |
| 124. | Double Coastline North of Bubashi | 405 |
| 125. | Jobel Karoma | 406 |
| 126. | Kismayu | 408 |
| 127. | Magdoshu | 410 |
| 128. | Berbera | 413 |
| 129. | Sokotra | 417 |
| 130. | South-East Corner of Madagascar | 423 |
| 131. | Chief Routes of Explorers in Madagascar | 425 |
| 132. | Lagoons on the East Coast of Madagascar | 430 |
| 133. | Erosions on the East Coast and Anten-Gil Bay | 431 |
| 134. | Circular Forest Zone, Madagascar | 434 |
| 135. | Ravoninahitraniorivo, Hova Minister | 439 |
| 136. | Betsileo Woman | 441 |
| 137. | Inhabitants of Madagascar | 443 |
| 138. | Tananarivo and Environs | 456 |
| 139. | Tamatave | 458 |
| 140. | Diego-Suarez Bay | 459 |
| 141. | Nossi-Bé | 461 |
| 142. | North-West Coast of Madagascar | 463 |
| 143. | Ambohimanga, Holy City of the Hovas | 465 |
| 144. | The Comoro Islands | 467 |
| 145. | Mayotte | 470 |
| 146. | Seychelles | 472 |
| 147. | Submarine Banks of Madagascar and the Mascarenhas | 473 |