OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cowper, Douglas

​COWPER, DOUGLAS (1817–1839), painter, born at Gibraltar 30 May 1817, was third son of a merchant there, who removed to Guernsey. Here Cowper indulged an innate fondness for painting, and copied the few pictures that were to be found in that island. Eventually, overcoming the repugnance of his family to his being an artist, he came to London, and, after some preliminary lessons from Mr. Sass, entered the Royal Academy schools. Here he made such rapid progress that in four months he gained the first silver medal for the best copy of Poussin's ‘Rinaldo and Armida’ in the Dulwich Gallery. While earning a livelihood by portrait painting he devoted himself assiduously to the higher branches of his art, and in 1837 exhibited at the Royal Academy ‘The Last Interview,’ followed in 1838 by ‘Shylock, Antonio, and Bassanio,’ and in 1839 by ‘Kate Kearney,’ ‘Othello relating his Adventures,’ and ‘A Capuchin Friar.’ These last three works were very much admired, and the first two named were engraved by John Porter and E. Finden respectively. He also exhibited at the British Institution and the Society of British Artists. His pictures all found purchasers, and he seemed on the threshold of a prosperous career. Unfortunately in 1838 he began to show signs of consumption, which increased alarmingly in 1839. After a fruitless visit to the south of France he returned to Guernsey, and died on 28 Nov. 1839.
[Redgrave's Dict. of English Artists; Graves's Dict. of Artists, 1760–1880; The Art Union, 1865; Catalogues of the Royal Academy, &c.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cowie, Robert

​COWIE, ROBERT, M.D. (1842–1874), descriptive writer, was born in 1842 at Lerwick, the capital of the Shetland Islands, where both his father and uncle were well-known medical practitioners. He was educated partly at Aberdeen, where he took the degree of M.A., and at Edinburgh, where he was a favourite student of Sir James Y. Simpson. On the death of his father he took up his medical practice, and was held in high esteem, both for his professional and general character. He died suddenly in 1874, in his thirty-third year. Cowie was an enthusiastic lover of his native islands, one proof of which was his selection of certain physical peculiarities of the Shetland people as the subject of his thesis when applying for the degree of M.D. At a later period he contributed to the International Congress at Paris an article on ‘health and longevity,’ bringing out a wonderful prolongation of life beyond the average among the Shetlanders, which excited considerable notice. The interest excited by these papers led Cowie to prepare them for publication; but to make a more complete and popular volume much other matter was added. The book entitled ‘Shetland, Descriptive and Historical’ was the result, the latter part being a descriptive account of the several islands of the group. It forms one of the best accounts of Shetland that have appeared.
[Shetland, Descriptive and Historical, 2nd edition, with memoir of the author; British Medical Journal, 6 June 1874; Shetland Times, 4 May 1874; private information.]
W. G. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cowper, Spencer (1713-1774)

​COWPER, SPENCER, D.D. (1713–1774), dean of Durham, youngest son of William, earl Cowper [q. v.], lord chancellor of Great Britain, was born in London in 1713, and educated at Exeter College, Oxford (B.A. 1731, M.A. 1734, B.D. and D.D. 1746). He became rector of Fordwich, Kent, prebendary of Canterbury 1742, and dean of Durham 1746. He died at Durham on 25 March 1774, and was buried in the east transept of the cathedral, called the Nine Altars, where a monument was erected to his memory.
Besides some occasional sermons he published: 1. ‘A Speech made at the Enthronement and Installation of Richard [Trevor] Bishop of Durham,’ Durham, 1753, 4to. 2. ‘Eight Discourses preached on or near the great festivals in the cathedral church of Durham. To which is added a Letter to a young lady on the Sacrament, and on the Evidence for the Christian Religion,’ London, 1773, 8vo.
[Hutchinson's Durham, ii. 169; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 365, iii. 60, 620; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus.; Gent. Mag. xliv. 190, xlix. 271; Cat. of Oxford Graduates (1851), p. 156; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), i. 52, iii. 300.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cowper, Mary

​COWPER, MARY, first Countess Cowper (1685–1724), daughter of John Clavering of Chopwell, Durham, was married to William, first earl Cowper [q. v.], in 1706. The marriage was kept secret for some months (September 1706 to February 1707). The first letter which she wrote to her husband after the marriage bears the following endorsement by him: ‘First letter received from my wife, formerly Mrs. Clavering, having been privately married to her without consummation, by which it appears I judged rightly of her understanding; I hope also of her other good qualities; I was not induced to the choice by any ungovernable desire; but I very coolly and deliberately thought her the fittest wife to entertain me and to live as I might when reduced to a private condition, with which a person of great estate would hardly have been contented,’ &c. She seems to have been a lady of considerable attractions, intelligence, and accomplishments. On the accession of George I she was appointed a lady of the bedchamber to the Princess of Wales, with whom she had corresponded for some years, and whose confidante she became. Though of a Jacobite family, she ardently espoused her husband's political principles. On entering the royal household she began to keep a diary, an imperfect copy of which was lent in manuscript to Lord Campbell, and freely used by him for the purpose of his biography of Lord Cowper. It was edited, with the addition of a subsequently discovered fragment, from the original manuscript, with an introduction, notes, and appendices, by the Hon. Spencer Cowper in 1864 (London, 8vo). It consists of two fragments, the first covering the period between October 1714 and October 1716, the second being the record of little more than two months, April and May 1720, during which the negotiations for the reconciliation of the king and Prince of Wales were in progress. The records of the intermediate and subsequent periods were destroyed by Lady Cowper in 1722, when her husband fell under suspicion of complicity in the Jacobite plot, and she was apprehensive lest his house might be searched. The earlier papers probably contained matter relating to the quarrel between the king and the prince which would not have been grateful to the former. The reason for destroying the later papers is not apparent, as it seems very unlikely that Cowper was really involved in the conspiracy. Lady Cowper survived her husband by about four months, dying on 5 Feb. 1723–4.
[Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper, 1714–20, edited by the Hon. Spencer Cowper, London, 1864, 8vo, 2nd edition, 1865; Hist. Reg. Chron. Diary, 1724, p. 10.]
J. M. R.
# Deficit Reduction Act of 2005/Title V
## TITLE V — MEDICARE

    Subtitle A — Provisions Relating to PART A
       Sec. 5001. Hospital Quality Improvement.
       Sec. 5002. Clarification of Determination of Medicaid Patient Days for DSH Computation.
       Sec. 5003. Improvements to the Medicare-Dependent Hospital (MDH) Program.
       Sec. 5004. Reduction in Payments to Skilled Nursing Facilities for Bad Debt.
       Sec. 5005. Extended Phase-In of the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Classification Criteria.
       Sec. 5006. Development of a Strategic Plan Regarding Physician Investment in Specialty Hospitals.
       Sec. 5007. Medicare Demonstration Projects to Permit Gainsharing Arrangements.
       Sec. 5008. Post-Acute Care Payment Reform Demonstration Program.
    Subtitle B — Provisions Relating to PART B
       Chapter 1 — Payment Provisions
          Sec. 5101. Beneficiary Ownership of Certain Durable Medical Equipment (DME).
          Sec. 5102. Adjustments in Payment for Imaging Services.
          Sec. 5103. Limitation on Payments for Procedures in Ambulatory Surgical Centers.
          Sec. 5104. Update for Physicians' Services for 2006.
          Sec. 5105. Three-Year Transition of Hold Harmless Payments for Small Rural Hospitals Under the Prospective Payment System for Hospital Outpatient Department Services.
          Sec. 5106. Update to the Composite Rate Component of the Basic Case-Mix Adjusted Prospective Payment System for Dialysis Services.
          Sec. 5107. Revisions to Payments for Therapy Services.
       Chapter 2 — Miscellaneous
          Sec. 5111. Accelerated Implementation of Income-Related Reduction in PART B Premium Subsidy.
          Sec. 5112. Medicare Coverage of Ultrasound Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms.
          Sec. 5113. Improving Patient Access to, and Utilization of, Colorectal Cancer Screening.
          Sec. 5114. Delivery of Services at Federally Qualified Health Centers.
          Sec. 5115. Waiver of PART B Late Enrollment Penalty for Certain International Volunteers.
    Subtitle C — Provisions Relating to PARTs A and B
       Sec. 5201. Home Health Payments.
       Sec. 5202. Revision of Period for Providing Payment for Claims that are not Submitted Electronically.
       Sec. 5203. Timeframe for PART A and B Payments.
       Sec. 5204. Medicare Integrity Program Funding.
    Subtitle D — Provisions Relating to PART C
       Sec. 5301. Phase-Out of Risk Adjustment Budget Neutrality in Determining the Amount of Payments to Medicare Advantage Organizations.
       Sec. 5302. Rural PACE Provider Grant Program.
# Definitions

is a dictionary of 184 philosophical terms sometimes included in the corpus of Plato's works. Plato is generally not regarded as the editor of all of Definitions. Some ancient scholars attributed Definitions to Speusippus
English-language translations of el:Ὅροι Horoi include:
# Defund National Endowment for the Humanities Act of 2021 (H.R. 29; 117th Congress)

117th congress (2021-2022)
117th CONGRESS 1st Session
H.R. 29
To provide that none of the funds made available to the National Endowment for the Humanities for any fiscal year may be used to carry out section 7 of the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
January 4, 2021
Mr. Biggs introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Education and Labor
A BILL
To provide that none of the funds made available to the National Endowment for the Humanities for any fiscal year may be used to carry out section 7 of the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965.
    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

### SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the “Defund National Endowment for the Humanities Act of 2021”.

### SEC. 2. LIMITATION.

    None of the funds made available to the National Endowment for the Humanities for any fiscal year may be used to carry out section 7 of the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 956).

### SEC. 3. EFFECTIVE DATE.

    This Act shall take effect on the 1st day of the 1st fiscal year that begins after the date of the enactment of this Act.
# Degeneration

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Degeneration."
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* "Degeneration I" in Popular Science Monthly, 19 (June 1881), by Andrew Wilson
* Degeneration, a book by Max Simon Nordau
# Deficit Reduction Act of 2005/Title IX
## TITLE IX — LIHEAP PROVISIONS
### Sec. 9001. Funding Availability.

    (a) In General.—
       In addition to amounts otherwise made available, there are appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to the Secretary of Health and Human Services for a 1-time only obligation and expenditure—
          (1) $250,000,000 for fiscal year 2007 for allocation under section 2604(a) through (d) of the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Act of 1981 (42 U.S.C. 8623(a) through (d)); and
          (2) $750,000,000 for fiscal year 2007 for allocation under section 2604(e) of the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Act of 1981 (42 U.S.C. 8623(e)).
    (b) Sunset.—
       The provisions of this section shall terminate, be null and void, and have no force and effect whatsoever after September 30, 2007. No monies provided for under this section shall be available after such date.
# Deficit Reduction Act of 2005/Title X
## TITLE X — JUDICIARY RELATED PROVISIONS
### SUBTITLE A — CIVIL FILING ADJUSTMENTS
#### Sec. 10001. Civil Case Filing Fee Increases.

    (a) Civil Actions Filed in District Courts.—
       Section 1914(a) of title 28, United States Code, is amended by striking ``$250´´ and inserting ``$350´´.
    (b) Appeals Filed in Courts of Appeals.—
       The $250 fee for docketing a case on appeal or review, or docketing any other proceeding, in a court of appeals, as prescribed by the Judicial Conference, effective as of January 1, 2005, under section 1913 of title 28, United States Code, shall be increased to $450.
    (c) Expenditure Limitation.—
       Incremental amounts collected by reason of the enactment of this section shall be deposited in a special fund in the Treasury to be established after the enactment of this Act. Such amounts shall be available for the purposes specified in section 1931(a) of title 28, United States Code, but only to the extent specifically appropriated by an Act of Congress enacted after the enactment of this Act.
    (d) Effective Date.—
       This section and the amendment made by this section shall take effect 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act.

### SUBTITLE B — BANKRUPTCY FEES
#### Sec. 10101. Bankruptcy Fees.

    (a) Bankruptcy Filing Fees.—
       Section 1930(a) of title 28, United States Code, is amended—
          (1) in paragraph (1)—
                (A) in subparagraph (A) by striking ``$220´´ and inserting ``$245´´; and
                (B) in subparagraph (B) by striking ``$150´´ and inserting ``$235´´; and
          (2) in paragraph (2) by striking ``$1,000´´ and inserting ``$2,750´´.
    (b) Expenditure Limitation.—
       Incremental amounts collected by reason of the amendments made by subsection (a) shall be deposited in a special fund in the Treasury to be established after the enactment of this Act. Such amounts shall be available for the purposes specified in section 1931(a) of title 28, United States Code, but only to the extent specifically appropriated by an Act of Congress enacted after the enactment of this Act.
    (c) Effective Date-
       This section and the amendments made by this section shall take effect 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Achelois

​ACHELO'IS. 1. A surname of the Sirens, the daughters of Achelous and a muse. (Ov. Met. V. 552, xiv. 87; Apollod. i. 7. § 10.)
2. A general name for water-nymphs, as in Columella (x. 263), where the companions of the Pegasids are called Acheloides.[L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Acrotatus

ACRO'TATUS (Ἀκρότατος). 1. The son of Cleomenes II. king of Sparta, incurred the displeasure of a large party at Sparta by opposing the decree, which was to release from infamy all who had fled from the battle, in which Antipater defeated Agis, B. C. 331. He was thus glad to accept the offer of the Agrigentines, when they sent to Sparta for assistance in B. C. 314 against Agathocles of Syracuse. He first sailed to Italy, and obtained assistance from Tarentum; but on his arrival at Agrigentum he acted with such cruelty and tyranny that the inhabitants rose against him, and compelled him to leave the city. He returned to Sparta, and died before the death of his father, which was in B. C. 309. He left a son, Areus, who succeeded Cleomenes. (Diod. xv. 70, 71; Paus. i. 13. § 3, iii. 6. § 1, 2; Plut. Agis 3.)
2. The grandson of the preceding, and the son of Areus I. king of Sparta. He had unlawful intercourse with Chelidonis, the young wife of Cleonymus, who was the uncle of his father Areus; and it was this, together with the disappointment of not obtaining the throne, which led Cleonymus to invite Pyrrhus to Sparta, B. C. 272. Areus was then absent in Crete, and the safety of Sparta was mainly owing to the valour of Acrotatus. He succeeded his father in B. C. 265, but was killed in the same year in battle against Aristodemus, the tyrant of Megalopolis. Pausanias, in speaking of his death, calls him the son of Cleonymus. but he has mistaken him for his grandfather, spoken of above. (Plut. Pyrrh. 26 - 28; Agis, 3; Paus. iii. 6. § 3, viii. 27. § 8, 30. § 3.) Areus and Acrotatus are accused by Phylarchus (ap. Athen. iv. p. 142, b.) of having corrupted the simplicity of Spartan manners.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Achaeus 1.

​ACHAEUS (Ἀχαιός), according to nearly all traditions a son of Xuthus and Creusa, and consequently a brother of Ion and grandson of Hellen. The Achaeans regarded him as the author of their race, and derived from him their own name as well as that of Achaia, which was formerly called Aegialus. When his uncle Aeolus in Thessaly, whence he himself had come to Peloponnesus, died, he went thither and made himself master of Phthiotis, which now also received from him the name of Achaia. (Paus. vii. 1. §2; Strab. viii. p. 383 ; Apollod. i. 7. § 3.) Servius (ad Aen. i. 242) alone calls Achaeus a son of Jupiter and Pithia, which is probably miswritten for Phthia.[L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Achaeus 2.

ACHAEUS
(*)Axai/+os), son of Andromachus, whose sister Laodice married Seleucus Callinicus, the father of Antiochus the Great. Achaeus himself married Laodice, the daughter of Mithridates, king of Pontus. (Plb. 4.51.4, 8.22.11.) He accompanied Seleucus Ceraunus, the son of Callinicus, in his expedition across mount Taurus against Attalus, and after the assassination of Seleucus revenged his death; and though he might easily have assumed the royal power, he remained faithful to the family of Seleucus. Antiochus the Great, the successor of Seleucus, appointed him to the command of all Asia on this side of mount Taurus, BC 223. Achaeus recovered for the Syrian empire all the districts which Attalus had gained; but having been falsely accused by Hermeias, the minister of Antiochus, of intending to revolt, he did so in self-defence, assumed the title of king, and ruled over the whole of Asia on this side of the Taurus. As long as Antiochus was engaged in the war with Ptolemy, he could not march against Achaeus; but after a peace had been concluded with Ptolemy, he crossed the Taurus, united his forces with Attalus, deprived Achaeus in one campaign of all his dominions and took Sardis with the exception of the citadel. Achaeus after sustaining a siege of two years in the citadel at last fell into the hands of Antiochus BC 214, through the treachery of Bolis, who had been employed by Sosibius, the minister of Ptolemy, to deliver him from his danger, but betrayed him to Antiochus, who ordered him to be put to death immediately. (Plb. 4.2.6, 4.48, 5.40.7, 42, 57, 7.15-18, 8.17-23.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Achaicus 2.

​ACHA'ICUS (Ἀχαϊκός), a philosopher, who wrote a work on Ethics. His time is unknown. (Diog. Laert. vi. 99 ; Theodor. Graec. affect, cur. viii. p. 919, ed. Schulze ; Clem. Alex. Strom. iv. p. 496, d.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Achaemenides

​ACHAEME'NIDES or ACHEME'NIDES, a son of Adamastus of Ithaca, and a companion of Ulysses who left him behind in Sicily, when he fled from the Cyclops. Here he was found by Aeneas who took him with him. (Virg. Aen. iii. 613, &c. ; Ov. Ex Pont. ii. 2. 25.)[L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Achaeus 3.

​ACHAEUS (Ἀχαιός) of Eretria in Euboea, a tragic poet, was born B. C. 484, the year in which Aeschylus gained his first victory, and four years before the birth of Euripides. In B. C. 477, he contended with Sophocles and Euripides, and though he subsequently brought out many dramas, according to some as many as thirty or forty, he nevertheless only gained the prize once. The fragments of Achaeus contain much strange mythology, and his expressions were often forced and obscure. (Athen. x. p. 451, c.) Still in the satyrical drama he must have possessed considerable merit, for in this department some ancient critics thought him inferior only to Aeschylus. (Diog. Laer. ii. 133.) The titles of seven of his satyrical dramas and of ten of his tragedies are still known. The extant fragments of his pieces have been collected, and edited by Urlichs, Bonn, 1834. (Suidas, s. v.) This Achaeus should not be confounded with a later tragic writer of the same name, who was a native of Syracuse. According to Suidas and Phavorinus he wrote ten, according to Eudocia fourteen tragedies. (Urlichs, Ibid.)[R. W.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Acrisius

ACRl'SIUS (Ἀκρίσιος), a son of Abas, king of Argos and of Ocaleia. He was grandson of Lynceus and great-grandson of Danaus. His twin-brother was Proetus, with whom he is said to have quarrelled even in the womb of his mother. When Abas died and Acrisius had grown up, he expelled Proetus from his inheritance; but, supported by his father-in-law Iobates, the Lycian, Proetus re­turned, and Acrisius was compelled to share, his kingdom with his brother by giving up to him Tiryns, while he retained Argos for himself. An oracle had declared that Danaë, the daughter of Acrisius, would give birth to a son, who would kill his grandfather. For this reason he kept Danaë shut up in a subterraneous apartment, or in a brazen tower. But here she became mother of Perseus, notwithstanding the precautions of her father, according to some accounts by her uncle Proetus, and according to others by Zeus, who visited her in the form of a shower of gold. Acri­sius ordered mother and child to be exposed on the wide sea in a chest; but the chest floated towards the island of Seriphus, where both were rescued by Dictys, the brother of king Polydectes. (Apollod. ii. 2. § 1, 4. § 1; Paus. ii. 16. § 2, 25. § 6, iii. 13. § 6; Hygin. Fab. 63.) As to the manner in which the oracle was subsequently fulfilled in the case of Acrisius, see Perseus. According to the Scholiast on Euripides (Orest. 1087), Acrisius was the founder of the Delphic amphictyony. Strabo (ix. p. 420) believes that this amphictyony existed before the time of Acrisius, and that he was only the first who regulated the affairs of the amphictyons, fixed the towns which were to take part in the council, gave to each its vote, and set­tled the jurisdiction of the amphictyons. (Comp. Libanius, Orat. vol. iii. 472, ed. Reiske.) [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Achaicus 1.

​ACHA'ICUS, a surname of [L. Mummius]