# Geographic Areas Reference Manual/Chapter 9

Chapter 9
The Bureau of the Census defines a place as a concentration of population; a place may or may not have legally prescribed limits, powers, or functions. This concentration of population must have a name, be locally recognized, and not be part of any other place.
A place either is legally incorporated under the laws of its respective State, or a statistical equivalent that the Census Bureau treats as a census designated place (CDP). Each State enacts laws and regulations for establishing incorporated places. The Census Bureau designates criteria of total population size, population density, and geographic configuration for delineating CDPs. Not everyone resides in a place; in 1990, approximately 66 million people (26 percent) in the United States lived outside of any place, either in small settlements, in the open countryside, or in the densely settled fringe of large cities in areas that were built-up, but not identifiable as places.
The greater number of places reported in the decennial censuses (19,289 out of a total of 23,435 in 1990) are incorporated. Most of these incorporated places have active governments; that is, they have either elected or appointed officials, usually raise revenue, and perform general-purpose local government functions. Incorporated places that have inactive governments generally do not have officials or provide governmental services, but, like active places, they do have legally established corporate limits, and may choose to reactivate at any time. The Census Bureau includes, in the decennial census, all active incorporated places and inactive incorporated places for which it has certified corporate limits as of January 1 of the census year (the date used to tabulate the census results).
The Census Bureau recognized 4,146 CDPs for the 1990 decennial census. These entities, though containing nearly 30 million people, have no separate governments, although most of their residents receive governmental services from county, minor civil division (MCD), special regional or nearby municipal governments. CDPs usually physically resemble incorporated ​places in that they contain a residential nucleus, have a closely spaced street pattern and frequently have commercial or other urban types of land use. The Census Bureau relies on the assistance of local census statistical areas committees (CSACs), various State authorities, and other organizations to identify potential CDPs and update existing ones. This chapter contains separate discussions of incorporated places and census designated places.
Incorporated places are established under the authorization of the governments in each of the 50 States. Requirements for incorporation vary widely among the States; some States have few specific criteria, while others have established population thresholds and occasionally other conditions (for example, minimum land area, population density, and distance from other existing incorporated places) that must be met for incorporation (see Table 9-1). The Census Bureau recognizes incorporated places in all States except Hawaii; for Hawaii, by agreement with the Office of the Governor, the Census Bureau recognizes all places as CDPs rather than as incorporated places. Puerto Rico and several of the Outlying Areas under United States jurisdiction (Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Palau) also have no incorporated places (for details, see Chapter 7, “Puerto Rico and the Outlying Areas”).
Different States recognize a variety of entities as incorporated places. Usually, the designations city, town, village, and borough are most frequent; however, one or more places in Kentucky, Montana, Nevada, and Tennessee have place-type governments (usually consolidated ones) that do not fit any of these designations. New Jersey is the only State that has all four kinds of incorporated places. Only two other States (Connecticut and Pennsylvania) include boroughs as incorporated places, 11 States have only cities, and the remainder of the States have various combinations of city, town, and village (see Table 9-1).
The terms town and borough do not always refer to places. In the six New England States, and in New York and Wisconsin, the term town refers to an MCD rather than a place. The MCDs in these States, while often functioning ​with all the powers of city governments, usually contain considerable rural area; other units of government perform the incorporated place function. In Alaska, the term borough refers to territory governed as a county rather than as a place; in New York, the Census Bureau treats the five boroughs that comprise New York city as MCDs.
Table 9-1. State Requirements for Incorporated Places
| Alabama | City | Minimum population requirement of 2,000. |
| Alabama | Town | Minimum population requirement of 300; territory located in Jefferson County, or within 3 miles of an incorporated area, requires a population ≥ 1,000 to incorporate; territory in Jefferson County and within 3 miles of an incorporated area requires ≥ 10,000 people to incorporate. |
| Alaska | City | No minimum population requirement, but approval of Alaska Department of Community Affairs is required. |
| Arizona | City | Minimum population requirement of 1,500. |
| Arizona | Town | Same requirements as for a city. |
| Arkansas | City | Minimum population requirement of 500. |
| Arkansas | Town | Must have ≥ 20 qualified voters to incorporate. |
| California | City | Minimum of 500 registered voters to incorporate. |
| California | Town | Same requirements as for a city. |
| Colorado | City | Minimum population requirement of 2,000. |
| Colorado | Town | Petition must be signed by ≥ 40 registered voters in counties with < 25,000 people, and ≥ 150 registered voters in counties with a population ≥ 25,000. Population density must be ≥ 50 people per square mile. |
| Connecticut | City | Incorporation is by special act of the State legislature; there is no minimum population requirement. |
| Connecticut | Borough | Same requirements as for a city. |
| Delaware | City | Incorporation is by special act of the State legislature; there is no minimum population requirement, except for home-rule cities, which require a minimum of 1,000 inhabitants. |
| Delaware | Town | Incorporation is by special act of the State legislature; there is no minimum population requirement. |
| Delaware | Village | Same requirements as for a town. |
| District of Columbia | City | No minimum population requirement; has a single incorporated place covering its entire area. ​ |
| Florida | City | In counties with < 50,000 residents, at least 1,500 residents are required for incorporation; in other counties, at least 5,000 residents are required. Population density must be ≥ 1.5 people per acre, except under extenuating circumstances. |
| Florida | Town | Same requirements as for a city. |
| Florida | Village | Same requirements as for a city. |
| Georgia | City | Total population must ≥ 200, and population density must be ≥ 200 people per square mile. |
| Georgia | Town | Same requirements as for a city. |
| Hawaii | None | Hawaii has no incorporated places, only CDPs; the Census of Governments counts the combined city and county of Honolulu as a municipality; other censuses recognize the Honolulu judicial district as a separate place within the county. |
| Idaho | City | A minimum of 125 qualified voters to incorporate. |
| Illinois | City | Minimum population requirement of 2,500; if located in Cook County, may incorporate with a minimum of 1,200 residents if the area consists of less than 4 square miles and contains all the registered voters of a township not already within the corporate limits of a municipality. |
| Illinois | Town | No minimum population requirement. |
| Illinois | Village | If counties with a population ≥ 150,000, a minimum of 2,500 residents are required to incorporate; a minimum of 200 residents are required in other counties. |
| Indiana | City | If a town has a minimum of 2,000 inhabitants, it may hold a referendum on conversion to city status. |
| Indiana | Town | A petition signed by > 50 landowners is needed to incorporate. |
| Iowa | City | No minimum population requirement, but approval of the State City Development Board is required. |
| Kansas | City | A population ≥ 300, or territory containing ≥ 300 platted lots, each served by water and sewer lines owned by a non-profit corporation, and a petition signed by at least 50 registered voters are required for incorporation; there are no minimum population requirements if the territory has been designated a national landmark by the U.S. Congress. |
| Kentucky | City | Minimum population requirement of 300. ​ |
| Louisiana | City | Minimum population requirement of 5,000. |
| Louisiana | Town | Minimum population requirement of 1,000. |
| Louisiana | Village | Minimum population requirement of 300. |
| Maine | City | Incorporation is by special act of the State legislature; there is no minimum population requirement. |
| Maryland | City | Minimum population requirement of 300. |
| Maryland | Town | Same requirements as for a city. |
| Maryland | Village | Same requirements as for a city. |
| Massachusetts | City | Minimum population requirement of 12,000. |
| Michigan | City | Minimum population requirement of 750, except home-rule cities, which require a minimum population of 2,000 and a population density ≥ 500 people per square mile. |
| Michigan | Village | Minimum population requirement of 250 and a minimum area of 3/4 square mile, unless situated in the upper peninsula. |
| Minnesota | City | No minimum population requirement, but approval of the Minnesota Municipal Board is necessary. |
| Mississippi | City | Minimum population requirement of 2,000. |
| Mississippi | Town | Minimum population requirement of 300. |
| Mississippi | Village | Under current Mississippi law, new villages may no longer be incorporated. Those that incorporated before this law was enacted needed a population > 100 and < 300 to maintain their incorporated status (villages that fall below a population of 100 are decertified by the State, reverting to unincorporated status). |
| Missouri | City | Minimum population requirement of 500. |
| Missouri | Town | No minimum population requirement. |
| Missouri | Village | No minimum population requirement; a village, once incorporated, may choose to become a city if it has a population ≥ 200. |
| Montana | City | Minimum population requirement of 1,000. |
| Montana | Town | Minimum population requirement of 300, and a population density ≥ 500 people per square mile, unless the community was a town site owned and built by the U.S. Government prior to April 3, 1981. |
| Nebraska | City | Minimum population requirement of 800. |
| Nebraska | Village | Minimum population requirement of 100. ​ |
| Nevada | City | Minimum requirement of 250 voters; minimum population density requirement of 4 people per acre if the city is within 7 miles of a county seat, or within 7 miles of another city at least equal to the density of the proposed city; otherwise, there are no density requirements. These requirements do not apply to special charter cities. |
| Nevada | Town | Same requirements as for a city. |
| New Hampshire | City | Incorporation is by special act of the State legislature; there is no minimum population requirement. |
| New Jersey | City | Incorporation is by special act of the State legislature; there is no minimum population requirement. |
| New Jersey | Town | Same requirements as for a city. |
| New Jersey | Village | Same requirements as for a city. |
| New Jersey | Borough | Same requirements as for a city. |
| New Mexico | City | Minimum population requirement of 150, and the population density must be at least one person per acre, except in Hidalgo and Sierra counties where the density must be 1 person per 4 acres. |
| New Mexico | Town | Same requirements as for a city. |
| New Mexico | Village | Same requirements as for a city. |
| New York | City | Incorporation is by special act of the State legislature; there is no minimum population requirement. |
| New York | Village | Minimum population requirement of 500 and must have a population density of ≥ 100 people per square mile. |
| North Carolina | City | Incorporation is by special act of the State legislature; there is no minimum population requirement. |
| North Carolina | Town | Incorporation is by special act of the State legislature; there is no minimum population requirement. |
| North Carolina | Village | Incorporation is by special act of the State legislature; there is no minimum population requirement. |
| North Dakota | City | No minimum population requirement; the total territory of a city may not exceed 4 square miles and the population density must be ≥ 100 people per square mile. |
| Ohio | City | Minimum population requirement of 25,000 for new cities; existing cities have a minimum population requirement of 5,000. Cities must be at least 4 square miles in area, have a minimum population density of 1,000 people per square mile, and an assessed property valuation of $2,500 per capita. |
| Ohio | Village | Minimum population requirement of 1,600, a minimum population density requirement of 800 people per square mile, and an assessed property valuation of at least $3,500 per capita. ​ |
| Oklahoma | City | Minimum population requirement of 1,000. |
| Oklahoma | Town | Petition signed by ≥ 25 registered voters needed to incorporate. |
| Oregon | City | Minimum population requirement of 150. |
| Oregon | Town | Same requirements as for a city. |
| Pennsylvania | City | Minimum population requirement of 10,000. |
| Pennsylvania | Town | No minimum population requirement. |
| Pennsylvania | Borough | No minimum population requirement. |
| Rhode Island | City | Incorporation is by special act of the State legislature; there is no minimum population requirement. |
| South Carolina | City | No minimum population requirement; a minimum density of 300 people per square mile is required, except for (1) areas bordering on or being within 2 miles of the Atlantic Ocean, and (2) areas on all sea islands bounded on at least one side by the Atlantic; both require a minimum of 150 dwelling units, at least 1 dwelling unit per 3 acres, and 50 resident voters. |
| South Carolina | Town | Same requirements as for a city. |
| South Dakota | City | Minimum requirement of 100 people or 30 registered voters; historical and educational municipalities require 1 resident to incorporate. |
| South Dakota | Town | Same requirements as for a city. |
| Tennessee | City | Minimum population requirement of 500, except cities under the manager-council form of government, which require a population of ≥ 5,000 to incorporate. |
| Tennessee | Town | Same requirements as for a city. |
| Texas | City | Minimum population requirement of 600 if organized under 1875 legislation, or 201 if organized under 1909 legislation. |
| Texas | Town | Same requirements as for a city. |
| Texas | Village | Minimum population requirement of 201. |
| Utah | City | Minimum population requirement of 800. |
| Utah | Town | Population requirement ≥ 100 and ≤ 800. |
| Vermont | City | Incorporation is by special act of the State legislature; there is no minimum population requirement. |
| Vermont | Village | Must contain 30 or more houses. |
| Virginia | City | Minimum population requirement of 5,000. |
| Virginia | Town | Minimum population requirement of 1,000. ​ |
| Washington | City | Minimum population requirement of 1,500; territory within 5 air miles of a city whose population is >15,000 requires a minimum population of 3,000 to incorporate. |
| Washington | Town | Minimum population requirement of 300; territory within 5 air miles of a city whose population is >15,000 requires a minimum population of 3,000 to incorporate. |
| West Virginia | City | Minimum population requirement of 2,001. |
| West Virginia | Town | Towns of 1 square mile or less require 100 residents to incorporate; otherwise at least 500 residents are required. |
| West Virginia | Village | Same requirements as for towns. |
| Wisconsin | City | Minimum requirements for isolated cities are a population of 1,000, an area ≥ 1 square mile, and a population density of ≥ 500 people per square mile; metropolitan cities are those that are situated in a county containing two cities with an aggregate population ≥ 25,000; metropolitan cities require a population of ≥ 5,000, an area of ≥ 3 square miles, and a population density of ≥ 750 people per square mile. |
| Wisconsin | Village | Minimum population requirement for isolated villages is 150; metropolitan villages are those that are situated in a county containing two cities with an aggregate population of ≥ 25,000; metropolitan villages require a population of ≥ 2,500, an area of ≥ 2 square miles, and a density of ≥ 500 people per square mile. |
| Wyoming | City | Minimum population of 500 within an area of 3 square miles or less is required to incorporate. |
| Wyoming | Town | Same requirements as for a city. |
* ↑ Cities, towns, and villages may be incorporated, regardless of population, in an area not less than 1 square mile wherein there is in existence or under construction not less than 1 mile of hard surface streets, with a total of not less than 6 streets, and there exists, or is under construction, a public utilities system that includes a waterworks or sewerage system, or both.
* ↑ Cities, towns, and villages with a population below 2,000 may not have an area over 2 square miles. A municipality whose population is between 2,000 and 4,999 may not have an area greater than 4 square miles, and those whose population is between 5,000 and 9,999 may not have an area in excess of 9 square miles. Home-rule municipalities require a population of at least 5,000.
Note: The information in this table is based on research of State statutes by the Governments Division of the Census Bureau and is current through 1990. Some of this information may be superseded by subsequent legislative acts.
Incorporated places have legally prescribed relationships with governmental entities such as States, counties, and MCDs. Incorporated places have geographic relationships with nongovernmental statistical entities such as census tracts, block numbering areas (BNAs), block groups and census blocks, census county divisions (CCDs), and urbanized areas (UAs). The geographic hierarchy shows the interrelationships of these entities to places (see Figures 2-1 and 2-2 in Chapter 2, “Geographic Overview”).
Because incorporated places are chartered by States, no place may extend into more than one State. Thus, cities of the same name that might appear to be one are each distinct geographic entities. Examples include Kansas City, Missouri, and Kansas City, Kansas; Texarkana, Arkansas, and Texarkana, Texas; and Bristol, Virginia, and Bristol, Tennessee.
In most States, multi-county places are common; however in the New England States and the States of California, Montana, Nevada, and New Jersey, incorporated places do not cross county lines. In Virginia, the 41 cities are independent of any county, and the Census Bureau treats them as the statistical equivalents of counties; also, there is one independent city each in Maryland (Baltimore), Missouri (St. Louis), and Nevada (Carson City).
Incorporated places have varying relationships with county subdivisions in their respective States. In 21 States, the Census Bureau, in cooperation with State officials and the census statistical areas committees, has designated census county divisions (CCDs). These have no governmental or administrative functions, and incorporated places in these States appear as dependent within the CCDs; that is, in statistical tables, the data for the places also are included in the totals for the CCDs, and the place names appear indented under the CCD names. Places may be located in more than one CCD.
In the remaining States, the county subdivisions are MCDs. Some of the MCDs have strong governments (in some States, they perform functions ​identical or similar to those of incorporated places). Others have governments performing few if any functions, or no governments whatsoever, as is the case with unorganized territories, the election districts of Maryland, the magisterial districts of Virginia, and similar units. All incorporated places within a State may be independent of any MCD (as in Wisconsin), dependent within an MCD (as in Mississippi), or there may be a mixture of independent and dependent incorporated places (for example, in Vermont, villages are dependent within MCDs, while cities are independent of any MCD). Dependent places frequently are located in more than one MCD.
The places that are independent of any county subdivision stand alone in the Census Bureau’s statistical presentations; that is, they appear in the same alphabetical format within counties as the MCDs, and their statistical information is not included in that of another entity except the county. Although they are not shown as part of any MCD, the Census Bureau assigns these places MCD geographic identification codes so that there is complete county subdivision coverage for the entire United States. (For details, see the “Place Codes” section at the end of this chapter.)
There are complex place/MCD relationships in several States. For example, in Ohio, places that are in more than one county may be independent of any MCD in one county, yet be dependent within an MCD in another county. In some States, there are some places that are coextensive with one or more MCDs. When these places annex or detach territory, the MCD boundary automatically changes with the place boundary, adding area from or losing area to, surrounding MCDs. (For further information on the geographic relationships between places, MCDs, and CCDs, refer to Chapter 8, “County Subdivisions,” specifically Table 8-4, which describes the relationship of places to county subdivisions in each State.)
Census Bureau criteria that establish the relationships of incorporated places to the statistical entities generally do not vary among the States. For the 1990 census, places consisted of whole census blocks. When a place boundary split a previously existing census block, the split block number was assigned suffixes, with each ​suffixed part representing a new block (see Chapter 11, “Census Blocks and Block Groups”). The boundaries of census tracts, BNAs, and block groups generally do not follow incorporated place boundaries because place boundaries are subject to frequent change, whereas census tracts and BNAs are designed to be essentially stable units for intercensal data comparisons (see Chapter 10, “Census Tracts and Block Numbering Areas”). An exception is the use of incorporated place boundaries as census tract, BNA, and block group boundaries in States of the Northeast; another exception occurs where there are conjoint (shared) boundaries between two incorporated places. Urbanized areas include whole CDPs, and generally include whole incorporated places except in the case of extended cities (see the “Extended Cities” section in this chapter).
At one time, places were the only geographic units the Census Bureau used for determining the urban and rural populations and areas of the United States. Before 1950, the Census Bureau classified incorporated places having 2,500 or more residents as urban; it classified all smaller incorporated places, together with nonplace territory, as rural. In addition to incorporated places, the Census Bureau designated certain densely settled MCDs as urban places. For 1950, the Census Bureau introduced urbanized areas (UAs) to better define large agglomerations of population (see Chapter 12, “The Urban and Rural Classifications”). It also introduced census designated places (CDPs), then known as unincorporated places. These two measures provided a better classification of densely developed area outside of incorporated places.
Incorporated places vary greatly in population, in physical extent, in the stability of their boundaries, and in their usefulness as a measure of the urban population of an area. The largest incorporated place in the Nation has more than seven million inhabitants, the smallest, fewer than ten. The largest incorporated place, in areal measure, has more than 2,800 square miles; the smallest, a few acres. (Table 9-2 lists the places that encompass more than 100 square miles of land.)
​Table 9-2. Places of More Than 100 Square Miles on January 1, 1990
| Place Name | State | Land Area (sq. mi.) |
| Sitka | AK | 2,881.49 |
| Juneau | AK | 2,593.57 |
| Anchorage | AK | 1,697.65 |
| Jacksonville (consolidated city) | FL | 773.85 |
| Anaconda–Deer Lodge | MT | 736.94 |
| Butte–Silver Bow (consolidated city) | MT | 718.33 |
| Oklahoma City | OK | 608.16 |
| Houston | TX | 539.88 |
| Nashville (consolidated city) | TN | 502.26 |
| Los Angeles | CA | 469.34 |
| Skagway | AK | 454.68 |
| Phoenix | AZ | 419.91 |
| Suffolk | VA | 400.08 |
| Indianapolis (consolidated city) | IN | 366.81 |
| Dallas | TX | 342.41 |
| Chesapeake | VA | 340.68 |
| San Antonio | TX | 333.04 |
| San Diego | CA | 324.01 |
| Kansas City | MO | 311.54 |
| New York | NY | 308.95 |
| Lexington–Fayette | KY | 284.52 |
| Fort Worth | TX | 281.08 |
| Memphis | TN | 256.05 |
| Virginia Beach | VA | 248.33 |
| El Paso | TX | 245.36 |
| Chicago | IL | 227.23 |
| Valdez | AK | 218.82 |
| Austin | TX | 217.78 |
| Columbus (consolidated city) | GA | 216.31 |
| Columbus | OH | 190.93 |
| California City | CA | 184.60 |
| Scottsdale | AZ | 184.37 |
| Tulsa | OK | 183.52 |
| Colorado Springs | CO | 183.19 |
| Hibbing | MN | 181.68 |
| New Orleans | LA | 180.65 |
| Norman | OK | 177.03 |
| Charlotte | NC | 174.26 ​ |
| San Jose | CA | 171.26 |
| Huntsville | AL | 164.60 |
| Tucson | AZ | 156.29 |
| Denver | CO | 153.28 |
| Birmingham | AL | 148.49 |
| Carson City | NV | 143.55 |
| Sierra Vista | AZ | 142.37 |
| Detroit | MI | 138.72 |
| Philadelphia | PA | 135.13 |
| Montgomery | AL | 134.98 |
| Corpus Christi | TX | 134.97 |
| Aurora | CO | 132.53 |
| Albuquerque | NM | 132.20 |
| Atlanta | GA | 131.78 |
| Lynchburg, Moore County | TN | 129.17 |
| Portland | OR | 124.66 |
| Chattanooga | TN | 118.43 |
| Mobile | AL | 118.03 |
| Columbia | SC | 117.14 |
| Wichita | KS | 115.14 |
| Goodyear | AZ | 115.04 |
| Salt Lake City | UT | 109.02 |
| Jackson | MS | 109.01 |
| Tampa | FL | 108.68 |
| Mesa | AZ | 108.59 |
| Kansas City | KS | 107.79 |
| Babbitt | MN | 105.66 |
| Cape Coral | FL | 105.12 |
| Unalaska | AK | 104.27 |
| Lubbock | TX | 104.11 |
| Abilene | TX | 103.09 |
| Little Rock | AR | 102.86 |
| Omaha | NE | 100.65 |
* ↑ Official name is Anaconda–Deer Lodge County.
* ↑ Official name is Nashville–Davidson.
There is only a limited relationship between place size and place population, and the relationship seems to vary by region. The most densely settled places generally are the older cities in the Northeast region, cities that underwent early development and tend to have relatively fixed boundaries. In the Northeastern States, the MCDs have strong governments that often have all the powers associated with incorporated places; as a consequence, annexation for the purpose of providing municipal services is unnecessary, and in some States is difficult, if not impossible. In some Midwestern and Southern States, boundary change laws are more permissive, and aggressive or widespread annexations often result in lower population densities for places.
Recognizing the effects of city/county consolidations and unrestricted annexation practices in some States, the Census Bureau developed the extended city concept for the 1970 census. This concept modified the urban and rural classifications by defining, within UAs, certain sparsely settled portions of large-area incorporated places as rural. In 1980, after identifying extended cities in UAs, there still were nine sparsely settled incorporated places outside UAs that contained almost 7,700 square miles of territory, an area larger than the State of New Jersey. This distorted the national percentage of urban area by nearly 10 percent. To correct this situation for 1990, the Census Bureau modified the extended city criteria to include non-UA incorporated places. (For further information on extended cities, both inside and outside of UAs, see Chapter 12.)
Incorporated place boundaries are subject to change; in some States, many do so frequently. The instruments of change are municipal annexation and detachment, merger or consolidation, and incorporation and disincorporation. Beginning in 1970, the Census Bureau recognized boundaries legally in effect on January 1 of the census year, rather than April 1 (census day) ​to tabulate the results of its decennial censuses. This enabled the Census Bureau to avoid last-minute updates and revisions of boundaries and to put its efforts into field enumeration, processing of results, and preparation for data tabulations—all under extremely stringent time constraints.
Annexation is the legal expansion of corporate limits. It commonly involves the transfer of territory outside the jurisdiction of any municipal-type government into an incorporated place, but it also may involve a transfer of land between two or more incorporated places. In the Northeastern States and parts of the Midwest, annexations by some incorporated places transfer land between governmental entities (from the jurisdiction of MCDs to places). Detachment is the reverse of annexation, whereby an incorporated place relinquishes territory to another jurisdiction. Detachments occur considerably less frequently than do annexations.
Annexation practices vary greatly among the States. In some States, incorporated places merely file ordinances and immediately take over new territory; in others, there are annexation elections involving voters of both the annexing place and the territory proposed for annexation. Still other States establish a period of time over which the municipal government bringing the boundary change action must demonstrate that it can supply or improve upon the governmental services existing in the territory proposed for annexation. In some States, annexation or detachment actions do not become effective until a specified time after enactment. Differing State laws, intergovernmental relationships, political power balances, historic settlement patterns, and customary practices resulted in variations by State in the percentage of incorporated place boundary changes in the 1980 to 1990 period from zero in most of the New England States to over 80 percent in California (see Table 9-3).
| | Boundary Activity | Boundary Activity | Boundary Activity | Places | Places | Percent Change |
| | (annexed) | (detached) | (both) | (total) | (changed) | Percent Change |
| Alabama | 192 | 4 | 31 | 439 | 227 | 51.7 |
| Alaska | 27 | 1 | 0 | 152 | 28 | 18.4 |
| Arizona | 57 | 0 | 8 | 86 | 65 | 75.6 |
| Arkansas | 201 | 2 | 2 | 487 | 205 | 42.1 |
| California | 278 | 12 | 76 | 456 | 366 | 80.3 |
| Colorado | 134 | 0 | 27 | 267 | 161 | 60.3 |
| Connecticut | 1 | 0 | 0 | 31 | 1 | 3.2 |
| Delaware | 23 | 0 | 0 | 57 | 23 | 40.4 |
| District of Columbia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Florida | 193 | 2 | 34 | 390 | 229 | 58.7 |
| Georgia | 252 | 1 | 21 | 535 | 274 | 51.2 |
| Hawaii | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Idaho | 66 | 3 | 15 | 200 | 84 | 42.2 |
| Illinois | 524 | 21 | 73 | 1,279 | 618 | 48.3 |
| Indiana | 221 | 1 | 15 | 566 | 237 | 41.9 |
| Iowa | 202 | 11 | 10 | 953 | 223 | 23.4 |
| Kansas | 209 | 5 | 26 | 627 | 240 | 38.3 |
| Kentucky | 169 | 4 | 14 | 438 | 187 | 42.7 |
| Louisiana | 142 | 2 | 7 | 301 | 151 | 50.2 |
| Maine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Maryland | 75 | 3 | 2 | 155 | 80 | 51.6 |
| Massachusetts | 0 | 0 | 0 | 39 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Michigan | 184 | 4 | 22 | 534 | 210 | 39.3 |
| Minnesota | 223 | 30 | 35 | 854 | 288 | 33.7 |
| Mississippi | 92 | 1 | 2 | 295 | 95 | 32.2 |
| Missouri | 294 | 7 | 15 | 942 | 316 | 33.5 |
| Montana | 45 | 4 | 9 | 128 | 58 | 45.3 |
| Nebraska | 122 | 11 | 10 | 535 | 143 | 26.7 |
| Nevada | 8 | 0 | 2 | 18 | 10 | 55.6 |
| New Hampshire | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0.0 ​ |
| New Jersey | 8 | 3 | 1 | 320 | 12 | 3.8 |
| New Mexico | 56 | 0 | 1 | 98 | 57 | 58.2 |
| New York | 101 | 2 | 4 | 619 | 107 | 17.3 |
| North Carolina | 284 | 0 | 9 | 511 | 293 | 57.3 |
| North Dakota | 68 | 2 | 6 | 366 | 76 | 20.8 |
| Ohio | 309 | 8 | 16 | 941 | 333 | 35.4 |
| Oklahoma | 200 | 16 | 56 | 592 | 272 | 45.9 |
| Oregon | 132 | 3 | 7 | 241 | 142 | 58.9 |
| Pennsylvania | 11 | 1 | 5 | 1,022 | 17 | 1.7 |
| Rhode Island | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0.0 |
| South Carolina | 134 | 1 | 4 | 270 | 139 | 51.5 |
| South Dakota | 65 | 4 | 4 | 310 | 73 | 23.5 |
| Tennessee | 197 | 3 | 15 | 336 | 215 | 64.0 |
| Texas | 475 | 17 | 133 | 1,171 | 625 | 53.4 |
| Utah | 102 | 2 | 22 | 228 | 126 | 55.3 |
| Vermont | 1 | 1 | 0 | 51 | 2 | 3.9 |
| Virginia | 42 | 1 | 6 | 229 | 49 | 21.4 |
| Washington | 183 | 1 | 3 | 266 | 187 | 70.3 |
| West Virginia | 74 | 1 | 1 | 230 | 76 | 33.0 |
| Wisconsin | 267 | 3 | 30 | 583 | 300 | 51.5 |
| Wyoming | 54 | 0 | 2 | 97 | 56 | 57.7 |
| U.S. Totals | 6,697 | 198 | 781 | 19,289 | 7,676 | 39.8 |
Although the term consolidation sometimes is used interchangeably with merger, the Census Bureau generally uses consolidation to describe the creation of a new type of government resulting from an agreement between a city, its surrounding county, and any other governmental units within that county. The term consolidation is used when different levels of government are represented by a single entity; this new type of government has jurisdiction over the entire county or MCD area, unless some preexisting places are specifically excluded, as is the case with Lawrence, Beech Grove, Speedway, and Southport, Indiana, which have no governmental association with Indianapolis, Indiana. The Census Bureau defines a consolidated city as one wherein an additional incorporated place or places continue(s) to exist. In 1990, there were six consolidated cities: Butte–Silver Bow, Montana; Columbus, Georgia; Indianapolis, Indiana; Jacksonville, Florida; Milford, Connecticut; and Nashville–Davidson, Tennessee. In 1991, Athens–Clarke County, Georgia, became a consolidated city. All of these consolidated cities represent city–county consolidations except Milford, Connecticut, which is the consolidation of a city and an MCD.
For the 1990 census, the Census Bureau reported the population of the smaller incorporated places that continue to exist within the consolidation as separate from the principal city, which is described as remainder in the data tables. The Census Bureau treats each entity with the remainder designation as a separate place; the consolidated government is not treated as a place, but as a separate consolidated city entity in the data presentation.
​In the 1980 census, the Census Bureau also excluded the other separate incorporated places that were part of the consolidated city from the population count of the principal city (but did not use the term remainder in its title); in 1970, it included them in the principal city’s population count, but erroneously did not report data for the separately incorporated places that continued to exist within the consolidated city.
Relatively few city–county consolidations with dependent places have arisen since 1960, although there are a number of older city–county consolidations with only a single surviving city; for example, New Orleans, Louisiana; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; San Francisco, California; and New York, New York, where the city consolidated with five counties.
Corporate limits may have unique boundary features that are irregular in shape. Some States allow incorporated places to annex area that is not contiguous to the existing corporate limits. Some places annex narrow strips of land that often are unpopulated (for example, highway rights-of-way); the Census Bureau calls the latter areas corporate corridors and may display them on its map products by using a special mapping symbol.
In order to obtain better intercensal records of place incorporations, disincorporations, mergers, annexations, detachments, and changes affecting counties, the Census Bureau began an annual Boundary and Annexation Survey (BAS) in 1972. In most years the Census Bureau mails the BAS to each county (or equivalent governmental entity, such as the parish in Louisiana and the borough in Alaska), plus any incorporated places above a certain population size (usually 5,000 or more). The BAS is mailed to all incorporated places (and MCDs) in selected years, including the three-year period immediately before each decennial census. The BAS also provides a record of changes to place names and corporate status (that is, city, town, village, borough), an annual update of the universe of incorporated and active ​places, as well as information on boundary changes. The Census Bureau then provides all the BAS information to a representative of the State government—the State certifying official—for confirmation and certification.
The Census Bureau’s computerized geographic data base of the entire Nation, the TIGER data base, stores information about features (such as roads, rivers, lakes, railroads, and power lines) and boundaries, along with information about the relationships among them. Since 1988, the Census Bureau has produced, from its TIGER data base, digital maps for the BAS. All information obtained through the BAS is then entered into the TIGER data base so that all subsequent TIGER System products reflect these changes.
Census designated places (CDPs) are communities that lack separate governments but otherwise resemble incorporated places. They are settled population centers with a definite residential core, a relatively high population density, and a degree of local identity. Often a CDP includes commercial, industrial, or other urban types of land use. Before each decennial census, CDPs are delineated by State and local agencies, and by tribal officials according to Census Bureau criteria. The resulting CDP delineations are then reviewed and approved by the Census Bureau. The Census Bureau has used slightly different definitional criteria for CDPs, depending on their geographic location; such specialized criteria reflect the uniquely different living conditions or settlement patterns found in certain areas and the relative importance of settlement size. Examples are the CDPs inside UAs and outside of UAs, and the CDPs in Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Outlying Areas, and on American Indian reservations (for details, see the section in this chapter entitled “Criteria for Delineation of CDPs in the 1990 Census”). Although only about one-fifth as numerous as incorporated places, CDPs are important geographic units; they permit the tabulation of population counts for many localities that otherwise would have no identity within the Census Bureau’s framework of geographic areas. In 1990, over 29 million people in the United States resided in CDPs (see Table 9-4).
​Table 9-4. CDPs and Incorporated Places in the U.S., 1950 Through 1990
| | | Number | Population | Percent Population |
| 1950 | CDPs | 01,430 | 003,565,496 | 02.3 |
| 1950 | Incorporated Places | 17,118 | 096,062,627 | 63.7 |
| 1960 | CDPs | 01,576 | 006,583,649 | 03.7 |
| 1960 | Incorporated Places | 18,088 | 115,910,865 | 64.6 |
| 1970 | CDPs | 02,102 | 012,816,101 | 06.3 |
| 1970 | Incorporated Places | 18,666 | 131,931,660 | 64.9 |
| 1980 | CDPs | 03,432 | 024,176,786 | 11.1 |
| 1980 | Incorporated Places | 19,097 | 140,273,938 | 61.9 |
| 1990 | CDPs | 04,146 | 029,595,737 | 11.9 |
| 1990 | Incorporated Places | 19,289 | 152,942,266 | 61.5 |
Note: Table 9-4 above reflects the unincorporated place/CDP criteria applied at the time of each decennial census. In 1940, there were 3,594 “unincorporated communities,” but no total population was compiled or published. The 1950 information refers to the coterminous 48 States. From 1960 to 1990, CDP totals include Alaska and Hawaii; incorporated place totals do not include Hawaii since the Census Bureau treats all places there as CDPs.
At the time of the early decennial censuses, there were sharper distinctions than now exist between city and country, or place and nonplace populations. The United States was largely agrarian; modern-day utilities and transportation systems did not exist. Thus, the communities that did exist tended to be compact, densely settled, easily identifiable, and of relatively great economic and cultural significance. Nonetheless, early census-taking procedures tended to be casual—there was no systematic effort to report the population by place—and many incorporated communities were not identified specifically. Despite an increased awareness of the need for a more precise accounting of the distribution of the population, a systematic, separate, and detailed reporting of the incorporated ​place population did not begin until the 1880 census. That census also marked the first systematic identification and reporting of unincorporated communities, which appeared in separate tables for each State.
Some unincorporated places first were reported in statistical tables in the 1850 census, usually appearing under the appropriate MCDs. After the clarification and expansion of this reporting in 1880, the 1890 decennial census intermingled incorporated and unincorporated places without distinguishing them. The next four decennial censuses did not include unincorporated communities.
For the 1940 decennial census, the Census Bureau compiled a separate report of unofficial, unincorporated communities of 500 or more people. The Census Bureau identified many of the communities in advance with mapping assistance from the U.S. Public Roads Administration, but also relied on census enumerators to identify and approximate the boundaries of additional communities. Many of the unincorporated communities included in the special 1940 report were not communities in the sense of being cohesive, locally recognized settlements; rather, they often were merely residential subdivisions or clusters of housing units.
The Census Bureau officially recognized unincorporated places in the decennial census of 1950, identifying all potential areas in advance of the count, including them on census maps, and adding them to its geographic coding framework. It established a population minimum of 1,000 and used the symbol (U) to identify them in the decennial census reports of 1950, 1960, and 1970. This designation changed to CDP in the 1980 census.
Many of the residential subdivisions included in the 1940 Unincorporated Communities report were included in the new urban fringe delineations in the 1950 census without separate identification. Unincorporated places were not identified within UAs until the 1960 census, when the Census Bureau established a 10,000 person population minimum. The Census Bureau has modified the population threshold for identifying unincorporated places within UAs with each subsequent decennial census to the ​present time; however, the 1,000 population minimum outside of UAs has been constant, with the exception of Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and places within American Indian reservations (see Table 9-5). Beginning with the 1970 census, the Census Bureau recognized as unincorporated places, the concentrated residential populations on and around military installations.
Table 9-5. Criteria for Qualification of CDPs From 1940 Through 1990
| 1940 | No official recognition of CDPs as places; unincorporated communities of 500 or more inhabitants were tabulated when separate figures could be compiled. |
| 1950 | Outside of UAs, unincorporated places of 1,000 or more inhabitants qualified as CDPs. Inside UAs, only incorporated places were recognized. |
| 1960 | Outside of UAs, 1,000 or more inhabitants were required to qualify a place as a CDP. Inside UAs, unincorporated places of 10,000 or more inhabitants were recognized as CDPs. No unincorporated places in New England UAs could be included in the UA. |
| 1970 | Outside of UAs, 1,000 or more inhabitants were required to qualify a place as a CDP. Inside UAs, unincorporated places (excluding New England UAs) of 5,000 or more inhabitants were recognized as CDPs. |
| 1980 | Outside of UAs, 1,000 or more inhabitants were required to qualify a place as a CDP. Inside UAs, CDPs were recognized if they had 5,000 or more inhabitants (in larger UAs), or 1,000 or more inhabitants (in smaller UAs). This was the first year the Census Bureau recognized CDPs inside New England UAs. |
| 1990 | Outside of UAs, 1,000 or more inhabitants (250 or more on American Indian reservations) were required to qualify a place as a CDP. Inside UAs, CDPs were recognized if they had 2,500 or more inhabitants (a few if they had 1,000 to 2,499 inhabitants). |
Note: Since before 1950, the minimum unincorporated place/CDP size for Alaska (outside of UAs) has been 25 or more inhabitants; for Hawaii (both inside and outside of UAs) it has been 300 or more.
The 1980 census included a whole-town CDP category, whereby MCDs in New England, the Middle Atlantic States, Michigan, and Wisconsin were treated as places (for urban/rural qualification and whole-count purposes) if 95 percent or more of their population and 80 percent or more of their land area qualified for inclusion in a UA. The Census Bureau long has grappled with the proper treatment of these strong governmental entities, particularly in the classification of their populations as urban or rural. These MCDs also were treated as places in the 1940, 1960, and some earlier censuses. The Census Bureau dropped the whole-town CDP category for the 1990 census; CDPs defined within these largely built-up MCDs follow regular CDP criteria. That is, the entire MCD may be coextensive with a CDP, or the MCD may contain one or more CDPs. In its 1990 data presentations, the Census Bureau has included the MCDs in 12 States (the 6 New England States plus Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin) in some of the data products that present tabulations for places of 2,500 or more. The MCDs in these States serve as general purpose local governments, and they possess legal or governmental powers similar to those of incorporated places. As a result, data users interested in both kinds of entities can refer to them more easily (see Table 9-6).
​Table 9-6. Criteria for Qualification of MCDs as Urban Places From 1940 Through 1990
| 1940 | Towns in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island containing 2,500 or more inhabitants and having densely settled area(s) comprising 50 percent or more of the population qualified as urban under special rule. In other States, MCDs of 10,000 or more inhabitants and with a density of at least 1,000 people per square mile also qualified as urban under special rule. |
| 1950 | None |
| 1960 | Urban towns in New England, and urban townships in New Jersey and Pennsylvania qualified as urban places if they had no incorporated places, and either (1) 25,000 or more inhabitants or (2) 2,500 to 24,999 inhabitants and a density of at least 1,500 people per square mile. |
| 1970 | None |
| 1980 | Towns in New England, New York, and Wisconsin, and townships in New Jersey and Pennsylvania qualified as urban places (also called whole-town CDPs) if they had no incorporated places, 1,000 or more inhabitants, and if both 90 percent of the population and 80 percent of the land area met the minimum density requirement for inclusion in a UA. |
| 1990 | None |
The Census Bureau has developed a program whereby local census statistical areas committees, tribal officials, and State-designated agencies identify and delineate boundaries for potential CDPs according to criteria developed by the Census Bureau.
In general, a CDP should be a densely settled and named community or population center that does not have legally defined municipal boundaries or corporate powers. It may not include any portion of an incorporated place. A named subdivision or building complex should not be considered a CDP unless it represents a planned community that offers a range of community facilities and services.
​Unlike most incorporated places, CDP boundaries are delineated to follow visible features (streets, roads, rivers, railroads, and the like) except where the boundary of the potential CDP is coincident with the boundary of an adjoining legally recognized entity, such as an incorporated place or MCD. Because of this requirement, sparsely settled area sometimes is included in a CDP, or conversely, a small fringe of built-up area is not included in the CDP. The latter is particularly is true in relatively small CDPs where outlying roads or features that may be used as boundaries are spaced widely.
Ideally, CDPs contain a dense, city-type street pattern and have an overall population density of at least 1,000 people per square mile. However, the Census Bureau recognizes that some CDPs may not meet the density criterion because the selection of available boundary features may result in the CDP including some sparsely settled territory. Another exception to the density criteria may occur on American Indian reservations, where communities often have a dispersed settlement pattern. Several minimum population sizes apply to CDPs recognized in the 1990 census, but there is no maximum limit to the number of people a CDP may contain.
The minimum population size for most CDPs located within UAs is 2,500. However, because preliminary 1990 population counts were used to qualify CDPs, some CDPs inside UAs have less than 2,500 people. (For details, see Chapter 12, “The Urban and Rural Classifications.”) This 2,500 population size threshold does not apply to Hawaii, Puerto Rico, or the Outlying Areas.
The minimum population size for most CDPs located outside of UAs is 1,000 people; for CDPs on American Indian reservations, it is 250 people. These sizes do not apply to Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, or the Outlying Areas.
Alaska is by far the most sparsely settled of the States, and has very few communities with more than 1,000 residents. To account for the significance of, and allow for tabulation of, data to identify the smaller communities in Alaska, the minimum population for CDPs outside of UAs ​is 25 rather than 1,000. Many CDPs correspond to the boundaries established for Alaska Native village statistical areas (ANVSAs), which represent the geographic jurisdiction of an Alaska Native village (see Chapter 5, “American Indian and Alaska Native Areas”). The population size required in UAs is the same as in the remainder of the United States, but there were no such CDPs in 1990.
The Census Bureau has always noted that the population settlements in Hawaii were unincorporated. The published data before 1980, however, showed the unincorporated communities as cities, towns, or villages, and treated the places as incorporated. Beginning in 1980, all places in Hawaii were shown as CDPs. The consolidated City and County of Honolulu dates from 1907, but the Census Bureau, in agreement with local authorities (after 1960, with the Office of the Governor) treats the built-up portion of the city as a CDP (more or less coextensive with the old Honolulu judicial district) and identifies other CDPs within Honolulu County.
The minimum population for a CDP in Hawaii is 300, regardless of whether it is inside or outside of a UA. Soon after becoming a State, the Hawaii legislature enacted State Bill 1122 (Act 25 of 1963) for the purpose of establishing statistical boundaries for its cities and towns. Those entities lack the governmental powers that define incorporated places in the other 49 States, but Hawaii wanted the Census Bureau to recognize entities it defined as the equivalent of mainland incorporated places for statistical purposes. The Census Bureau corresponded with the Office of the Governor before the enactment of the legislation, and agreed to the 300 population cutoff.
In Puerto Rico, which has no incorporated places, the Census Bureau defines two kinds of CDPs—zonas urbanas (urban zones) and comunidades (villages). Zonas urbanas, roughly equivalent to county seats in the United States, are the seats of government for the municipios, which are the statistical equivalents of U.S. counties. Comunidades, which were known as aldeas in the 1980 and earlier censuses, require a minimum ​of 1,000 people for recognition as CDPs; there is no minimum population requirement for zonas urbanas.
The population minimum for CDPs is 300 in the Outlying Areas of Guam, the Virgin Islands of the United States, Palau, and the Northern Mariana Islands; there are no CDPs in American Samoa because incorporated villages cover the entire territory and all of the population. (For details, see Chapter 7, “Puerto Rico and the Outlying Areas.”)
Before the 1980 census, the Census Bureau had offered tribal officials the opportunity to delineate CDPs on Indian reservations. To be recognized in the data tabulations, such CDPs had to conform to the national minimum population size of 1,000. Also for 1980, tribal leaders were given the opportunity to identify small geographic areas within reservation boundaries as subreservation areas. Data users found that subreservation areas often were useful for identifying small settlements of several hundred people. For 1990, the Census Bureau discontinued the subreservation area program, but gave tribal officials the opportunity to delineate clusters of population as CDPs. To help this process, it lowered the minimum population size for CDPs on American Indian reservations from 1,000 to 250. (For further information, see Chapter 5, “American Indian and Alaska Native Areas.”)
The Census Bureau recognizes CDPs using population counts from the decennial census. The Census Bureau establishes potential CDPs before the census; these potential CDPs reflect the proposed CDPs and CDP boundaries submitted by program participants. The Census Bureau then tabulates the population of the census blocks comprising these potential CDPs. If a potential CDP meets the required minimum population size, it qualifies as a CDP and the Census Bureau includes it in its data tabulations and publications. For the 1990 census, the Census Bureau used postcensus local review counts to identify qualifying CDPs so it could include them in early decennial census data products, including the Public Law 94-171 data ​products. A small percentage of CDPs show a final population below the minimum size threshold because their qualification was based on the preliminary (post-census local review), rather than final counts.
The Census Bureau does not grandfather existing CDPs. CDP program participants must identify the boundaries for their proposed CDPs each time the Census Bureau implements the program. Data users may notice differences in the universe and areal extent of CDPs from one decennial census to the next for several reasons. First, all or part of the territory in a previously recognized CDP may have become part of a new or existing incorporated place. Second, the census statistical areas committees, State agencies, or tribal officials that function as program participants may have chosen not to submit a previously recognized CDP, or may have submitted previously unrecognized CDPs that qualify as new CDPs. Third, the previously delineated CDP may no longer meet one of the current criteria for qualification because of a change in criteria, or because it no longer has the required minimum population size. Finally, a previously recognized community may have been combined, renamed, or fragmented by delineation of new CDPs in such a way that the remnants of the former entity are no longer identifiable as a community.
State and local laws, customs, and practices greatly affect the recognition and distribution of CDPs nationwide. Several States in the Midwest region have very few CDPs because almost all population concentrations have incorporated as places. Maryland, Virginia, California, Florida, New York, and Georgia are examples of States in which a number of very large suburban population centers have developed with no legal corporate status. Strong county governments in those States provide the urban-type services that only incorporated place governments provide in many other States. In 1990, Iowa had the fewest CDPs (two), followed by Idaho (three), and Kansas and Nebraska (four each). California, Florida, and New York have the largest number of CDPs (420, 365, and 350, respectively). Table 9-7 shows the number of, and population totals for, CDPs and incorporated places in each State.
​Table 9-7. Number and Population of Places, by State, in 1990
| | Incorporated Places | Incorporated Places | Census Designated Places | Census Designated Places |
| | (number) | (population) | (number) | (population) |
| Alabama | 439 | 2,432,988 | 34 | 165,971 |
| Alaska | 152 | 408,338 | 165 | 67,696 |
| Arizona | 86 | 2,841,026 | 93 | 271,997 |
| Arkansas | 487 | 1,439,864 | 14 | 49,877 |
| California | 456 | 23,611,378 | 420 | 3,307,677 |
| Colorado | 267 | 2,382,136 | 42 | 345,269 |
| Connecticut | 31 | 1,341,489 | 86 | 679,314 |
| Delaware | 57 | 193,689 | 15 | 78,000 |
| District of Columbia | 1 | 606,900 | 0 | 0 |
| Florida | 390 | 6,404,550 | 365 | 3,235,065 |
| Georgia | 535 | 2,582,207 | 64 | 665,738 |
| Hawaii | 0 | 0 | 125 | 1,044,884 |
| Idaho | 200 | 622,296 | 3 | 9,230 |
| Illinois | 1,279 | 9,627,226 | 29 | 119,071 |
| Indiana | 566 | 3,529,940 | 24 | 92,167 |
| Iowa | 953 | 2,123,410 | 2 | 4,901 |
| Kansas | 627 | 1,963,658 | 4 | 18,167 |
| Kentucky | 438 | 1,754,314 | 33 | 240,003 |
| Louisiana | 301 | 2,179,952 | 90 | 704,523 |
| Maine | 22 | 357,890 | 84 | 257,160 |
| Maryland | 155 | 1,412,144 | 174 | 2,428,519 |
| Massachusetts | 39 | 2,794,054 | 192 | 1,536,981 |
| Michigan | 534 | 5,453,808 | 86 | 847,662 |
| Minnesota | 854 | 3,440,199 | 9 | 8,325 |
| Mississippi | 295 | 1,295,616 | 29 | 80,466 |
| Missouri | 942 | 3,362,721 | 19 | 209,938 |
| Montana | 128 | 443,674 | 34 | 64,697 |
| Nebraska | 535 | 1,179,171 | 4 | 21,619 |
| Nevada | 18 | 654,796 | 38 | 416,809 |
| New Hampshire | 13 | 388,467 | 47 | 168,971 |
| New Jersey | 320 | 3,871,495 | 179 | 2,085,540 |
| New Mexico | 98 | 972,462 | 76 | 202,361 |
| New York | 619 | 11,536,658 | 350 | 3,026,714 |
| North Carolina | 511 | 3,025,500 | 100 | 353,123 |
| North Dakota | 366 | 449,708 | 10 | 24,018 ​ |
| Ohio | 941 | 7,226,989 | 111 | 547,290 |
| Oklahoma | 592 | 2,387,807 | 6 | 23,349 |
| Oregon | 241 | 1,760,087 | 43 | 307,687 |
| Pennsylvania | 1,022 | 5,856,373 | 275 | 1,367,408 |
| Rhode Island | 8 | 534,980 | 19 | 192,589 |
| South Carolina | 270 | 1,275,966 | 72 | 367,375 |
| South Dakota | 310 | 459,994 | 24 | 31,907 |
| Tennessee | 336 | 2,844,151 | 37 | 145,086 |
| Texas | 1,171 | 12,978,796 | 105 | 551,388 |
| Utah | 228 | 1,319,496 | 27 | 282,436 |
| Vermont | 51 | 155,429 | 18 | 58,409 |
| Virginia | 229 | 2,630,169 | 116 | 1,394,799 |
| Washington | 266 | 2,433,546 | 160 | 1,285,674 |
| West Virginia | 230 | 671,046 | 47 | 108,060 |
| Wisconsin | 583 | 3,406,644 | 35 | 75,282 |
| Wyoming | 97 | 317,069 | 12 | 24,545 |
| United States | 19,289 | 152,942,266 | 4,146 | 29,595,737 |
Source: CPH-2 series (U.S. Summary and State reports).
Geographic identification codes (geocodes) are unique identifying numbers that the Census Bureau assigns to all tabulation entities for computer processing. The Census Bureau assigns another set of codes only to functioning governmental units for processing its Census of Governments. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) administers the Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 55 code system for locational entities, which include places, MCDs, American Indian reservations, and communities that are not recognized by the Census Bureau as either incorporated places or CDPs. This discussion deals only with codes for places recognized by the Census Bureau.
​There are three types of codes for places. The first, the census place code, is a four-digit identifier that reflects the alphabetical order of all census places (including CDPs) within a State. The Census Bureau initially assigned these codes in increments of five to permit subsequent insertion of newly incorporated places or new CDPs. The Census Bureau revises these codes if it becomes necessary to maintain the alphabetic sequence for new places. The second, the governmental unit (GU) code, is used mainly in the Census of Governments and related surveys. This code is a three-digit identifier that is unique only within county; therefore, it must be used in conjunction with the remainder of the State, county, and MCD components of the code. The result is a nine-digit identifier. As the name implies, there are no GU codes for CDPs.
The USGS assigns the third type of code, the FIPS 55 code, which is a five-digit code assigned within a State considering the alphabetical sequence of names for all places, MCDs, and other named communities and locational entities such as well-known landmarks. There is a special set of class codes to distinguish between incorporated places, CDPs, MCDs, and the other classes of named entities. FIPS codes 90000–98999 are used for CCDs and some nonfunctioning MCDs; the USGS assigns the other numbers based on the alphabetic sequence of the locational entities within the individual States. FIPS codes are being adopted as a national standard for Federal agency data presentation, and will be used exclusively, in lieu of the census MCD and place codes, before the 2000 census.
The Census Bureau also assigns additional descriptive codes associated with places. Place size codes identify the population range (for example, a population of 500 to 999) within which each entity is located. Place description codes identify central cities of metropolitan areas and central places of UAs. In 1993, the Census Bureau produced the TIGER/GICS™ (Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing/Geographic Identification Code Scheme), a machine-readable file that contains the names of all places along with their census and FIPS 55 (but not GU) identification codes, and descriptive codes including those that identify place size, place description, and location within a metropolitan area. Each record also ​contains information about the land and water area of the place, and an internal point of latitude and longitude displayed in decimal degrees rather than minutes and seconds. In addition, the 1980 GICS publication showed whether census blocks existed for the individual areas; this was not necessary for the 1990 census product because by 1990, the Census Bureau had extended census block coverage to the entire Nation.