OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Khaula

K.
KHAULA, (an Arabian Heroine)
Amongst this warlike and unsettled nation, when the flower of any tribe went upon a distant enterprize, some hostile neighbours would often attack those they had left behind, and thence arose, perhaps, the custom of the Arabian women, even of the highest rank, attending their husbands, fathers, and brothers, in their military expeditions, and fighting, often with a degree of heroism not inferior to the fabled achievements of the ancient Amazons. We have many instances of the day having been restored by them after the men had fled; but none more remarkable than the famous battle of Yermouks, fought in the year 636, which proved decisive of the fate of Syria, and of the Greek empire of the east.
The Grecians greatly out-numbered the Arabians, and their onset was so impetuous that they drove them to their tents: there the fugitives were stopped by the women, who alternately encouraged and reproached them; they threatened even to join the Greeks; and one of their bravest officers appearing disposed for flight, a lady knocked him down with a tent pole, saying, "Advance; paradise is before your face! Fly, and the fire of hell is at your back!" The chief women then took the command, and made head, till night parted the combatants. The next day they led them again to the attack, a young lady, named Khaula, sister to one ​of the principal commanders, acting as general. In leading the van, she was beaten to the ground by a Greek; when Wafeira, one of her female friends, striking off his head at a blow, brought the heroine off. Animated by the noble behaviour of the women, the Arabs soon became irresistible, and routed the Grecian army, with the loss, it is said, of 150,000 killed, and about 50,000 prisoners. Khauli was afterwards espoused by the khaliff Ali.
"Nothing is so disgusting as unnecessary bravadoes, or uselessly running into dangers in women. They have seldom any opportunity or rather need of being heroines, except by suffering with patience and fortitude whatever pains and misfortunes may fall to their lot in this life. But sometimes there are occasions which awaken active courage; and when duty or compassion call for more than customary exertions, they must want even feminine excellence to be deaf to it; and bereft of generosity, sense and feeling, to be helpless at such a juncture."
Richardson's Dissertation on Eastern Nations.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Killigrew, (Katharine)

And has had a place justly assigned her among the learned ladies of the age, though she does not appear to have been the author of any distinct and separate treatise. Her natural genius being improved by the same excellent education which was bestowed upon her sisters, she became famous for her knowledge in the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin tongues, and for her skill in poetry. A short specimen of her talent in that art has been preserved by Sir John Harrington and Dr. Thomas Fuller. On the monument erected to her memory, is an inscription composed by herself. Both the small pieces we have mentioned were written in Latin.
The death of lady Killigrew was lamented in various epitaphs. Her sister. Lady Russel, wrote one, partly in Greek and partly in Latin verse. We know not when she died; only it appears, by her father's will, she was living in 1576, and that she lies buried in the church of ​St. Thomas, in Vintry ward, London, where is an elegant monument erected to her memory.
New Annual Register, &c.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Labana

L.
A most accurate poetess, skilled also in philosophy and arithmetic; died universally regretted in the flower of her age, and the 374th year of the Hegira.
Bibliothecæ Arabico-Hispanæ Escurialiensis.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Lais

LAIS, of Corinth, a famous Grecian Courtesan.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Lambert, (Anne Theresa)

Her father died when she was but three years old, but Bauchamont, a poet and a man of taste, having married her mother, perceived her talents, and cultivated them by an excellent education, by which means she early imbibed the habit of thinking deeply. Being left a widow, with a son and daughter, she watched over them with equal care. Her house was a species of academy, where people regularly assembled, not to play, but to enjoy the pleasure of rational and refined conversation, and where people of talents were always received with pleasure. She herself wrote in a noble, pure, ​and elegant stile, and though her writings were first published without her knowledge, they have gained her a high rank in the list of moral and sentimental authors.
The first was a letter upon the dispute between Madame Dacier and M. de la Motte respecting Homer, and was occasioned by two letters the Jesuit P. Buffier addressed to Madame Lambert on that subject. They were all three afterwards published by the Abbe Bordelon in one volume, and called Homere en Arbitrage. 2, A Letter from a Lady to her Son, on True Glory. This, unknown to her, was published in Memoires de Litterature et d'Histoire, and a Second Letter to her Daughter was promised by the publisher; but this she would not permit to be printed, yet afterwards found it necessary to publish both, under the title of Avis d'une Mere à son Fils & à sa Fille, in 1729, in 12mo. 3, Her New Reflections on Women, were printed at Paris in 1727, and at London 1729. This work, called Metaphysique d'Amour, was translated by Lokman. 4, In 1748, a volume in 12mo. was published at Paris, containing many short works of hers, such as Essays on Friendship, Old Age, on Women, on Taste, and Riches, &c. The Female Hermit, in the same book, was not written by her. This has also been translated and published in English.
The works of this lady were reprinted in 1752 in two little volumes, and may be read with as much profit as pleasure. The morality, however, is that of the world and of honour, and not that of the gospel.
Madame de Lambert preserved her taste for the belles lettres amidst the anxieties of a long lawsuit during her widowhood, and the infirmities of her latter years, which she bore with a patience and courage that did her honour.
Mrs. Thicknesse.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Lala Cizena

LALA CIZENA, of Mysia, in Asia Minor, came and established herself at Rome, about 84 B. C.
She became a vestal, and painted and carved in ivory the portraits of many Roman matrons, and, by the help of a looking-glass, her own resemblance. There was none in her time whose pencil was more delicate or expeditious. She excelled Sopylus and Dionysius, the most famous portrait painters of the age, and her works sold very dear. On account of her talents and virtue a statue was erected to her, which, in the beginning of this century, was to be seen in the Justinian Museum at Rome. She flourished about thirty-three years before Christ.
Abecedario Pittorico. F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Ketavane

On the death of her husband, took upon her the administration of affairs, and preserved the throne for her eldest son.
In 1613, Abbas, king of Persia, having declared war against the Georgians, her son, who had received the reins of government, perceiving that many of the nobility inclined to submission, sent his mother to ​Ispahan, to demand pardon for him. As Ketavane was yet beautiful though stricken in years. Abbas fell, or pretended to fall, violently in love with her at first sight. He offered to marry her, if she would become a Mahometan; but she refused, and he kept her in prison and in irons for many years. At last she was sent to Schiraz, where she died under the torments inflicted upon her by the order of Abbas, to make her embrace Islamism.
F.C.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vinogradoff, Sir Paul

See also Paul Vinogradoff on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
VINOGRADOFF, SIR PAUL (1854-), Anglo-Russian jurist (see 28.100), was knighted in 1917. His more recent works include Common Sense in Law (Home University Library, 1914), Self-Government in Russia (1915), and editions of various works for the British Academy and Selden Society. During the World War he gave valuable assistance to the British Foreign Office in connexion with Russian affairs.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Visconti-Venosta, Emilio, Marquis

See also Emilio, marquis Visconti-Venosta on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
VISCONTI-VENOSTA, EMILIO, Marquis (1829-1914), Italian statesman and diplomat (see 28.129). After representing Italy at the Algeciras Conference the Marquis Visconti-Venosta retired into private life, but on account of his great experience, profound legal and political culture and sound judgment, he was often consulted by his Government, especially on questions of foreign affairs. He explicitly approved of Italy's declaration of neutrality on the outbreak of the World War. He died in Rome Nov. 28 1914.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 30/Copyright notice

COPYRIGHT in all countries subscribing to the Bern Convention by THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA COMPANY, Ltd.
All rights reserved
Copyright, in the United States of America, 1922 by The Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 30/Title page

THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA
THE NEW VOLUMES
CONSTITUTING, IN COMBINATION WITH THE TWENTY-NINE VOLUMES OF THE ELEVENTH EDITION,
THE TWELFTH EDITION
OF THAT WORK, AND ALSO SUPPLYING A NEW, DISTINCTIVE, AND INDEPENDENT LIBRARY OF REFERENCE DEALING WITH EVENTS AND DEVELOPMENTS OF THE PERIOD 1910 TO 1921 INCLUSIVE
The First of The New Volumes VOLUME XXX
ABBE to ENGLISH HISTORY
London THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA COMPANY, LTD.
New York THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA, INC. 1922
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 30:1

See also the disclaimer.
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# A Danish and Dano-Norwegian Grammar/Vowel Changes

VOWEL CHANGES IN INFLECTION AND WORD FORMATION.
147. The Dano-Norwegian language employs two most important kinds of vowel changes, which the Danish and Norwegian grammarians call “Aflyd” and “Omlyd”, in English generally called “gradation” and “mutation”.
148. By gradation (Aflyd, ablaut) we understand that system of the language enabling it out of the same root to form several stems by using different vowels; this principle is of great importance in the inflection of the verbs, but it also plays an important part in word formation; Ex.: bære to bear, bar bore, baaren borne, binde to bind, bandt bound, Baand ribbon, Bundt bunch, tage take, tog took.
149. By mutation (Omlyd, umlaut) is understood the change of a vowel caused by assimilation to a following vowel (i, u) or consonant (j). The sound causing the change has in the present language as a rule disappeared, but it is shown by a comparison with the earlier stages of the language. The principle of mutation is active both in inflection and in word formation. The u-umlaut is now in inflection found only in the word Barn child, plur. Börn.
By the i-umlaut the following changes are caused:
a—æ: Fader father, plur. Fædre, falde to fall, fælde to fell.
aa—æ: Haand hand, plur. Hænder.
o—ø: Moder mother, plur. Mødre, Blod blood, bløde to bleed.
u—y: tung heavy, comp. tyngre, huld gracious, hylde to swear allegiance to.
Note. In the i-umlaut it is a following front sound that influences (palatalizes) a preceding back sound.
# A Dark Night's Work

* information about this edition.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
The work focuses on the realistic analysis of character and emotion, rather than melodrama. Warning: template has been deprecated.
Layout 2
A DARK NIGHT'S WORK.
A DARK NIGHT'S WORK
BY MRS. GASKELL, AUTHOR OF "SYLVIA'S LOVERS," "THE LIFE OF CHARLOTTE
BRONTE," "MARY BARTON," "RUTH," ETC. ETC,
LONDON:
SMITH, ELDER AND CO., 65, CORNHILL
M.DCCC.LXIII.
[The right of Translation is reserved.]
* CHAPTER I.
* CHAPTER II.
* CHAPTER III.
* CHAPTER IV.
* CHAPTER V.
* CHAPTER VI.
* CHAPTER VII.
* CHAPTER VIII.
* CHAPTER IX.
* CHAPTER X.
* CHAPTER XI.
* CHAPTER XII.
* CHAPTER XIII.
* CHAPTER XIV.
* CHAPTER XV.
* CHAPTER XVI. AND LAST
* Advertisements
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Euphemia, Flavia Ælia Marcia

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EUPHEMIA, FLAVIA ÆLIA MARCIA,
Was married to the Emperor Justin the First, in 618. She was originally a slave, of what country is not known; but she was mistress to Justin before he married her. She died before the emperor, about the year 623, without children. She owed her elevation to her fidelity, and the sweetness of her disposition.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Eurydice

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EURYDICE,
An Illyrian lady, is commended by Plutarch, for applying herself to study, though already advanced in years, and a native of a barbarous country, that she might be enabled to educate her children. She consecrated to the muses an inscription, in which this circumstance is mentioned.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Ethelburga

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ETHELBURGA,
Commonly called "the silent," was the daughter of Ethelbert and his pious Queen Bertha; she was therefore educated in the Christian faith. It was about the year 624, her father and mother being dead, and her brother Eadbald on the throne of Kent, that Edwin, King of Northumberland, sent to demand her hand in marriage, and received it with the condition, he being a pagan, that the princess should be allowed full liberty in matters of religion. She was afterwards the means of inducing her husband to receive the rite of baptism, and of introducing Christianity among his subjects, for which she received the thanks and benedictions of Pope Boniface, whose letter to her is still extant.
The converted Edwin, by his nobleness and intrepidity of character, became renowned as the greatest prince of the Heptarchy; but his career of glory was cut short by death; he perished in the forty-eighth year of his age, in a battle fought against Penda, King of Mercia. His widow, with her two surviving children, sought the protection of her brother Eadbald, who presented her with some land in Kent, where she founded a nunnery, and devoted the rest of her life wholly to acts of charity and benevolence. She was the first widow of high rank who took the veil in England, and her high example was afterwards followed by several of the Anglo-Saxon Queens.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Etheldreda, St.

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ETHELDREDA, ST.,
Was a daughter of Anna, King of the East Angles, and Hereswitha his queen, and was born about 630, at Ixming, a small village in Suffolk. In 673, she founded the church and convent of Ely. Of this monastery she was constituted abbess. The convent, with its inhabitants, was destroyed by the Danes in 870.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Eudocia, Feodorowna

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EUDOCIA, FEODOROWNA,
First wife of Peter the First, Czar of Russia, was daughter of the Boyar Feodor Lapookin. Peter married her in 1689, when he was only seventeen, and Alexis was born in 1690.
Peter had caused it to be proclaimed throughout his empire, that he intended to bestow his crown and his heart on the woman he judged most worthy. A hundred young girls were brought to Moscow, and his choice fell on Eudocia. But her joy was of short duration. Her opposition to Peter's reforms, and her remonstrances against his faithlessness, irritated him; and in 1696 she was divorced, compelled to assume the veil, and confined in a convent at Susdal. There she was said to have entered into a contract of marriage with General Glebof, by exchanging rings with him; but though Glebof was afterwards tortured to the utmost extremity, ho persisted in asserting his own and her innocence; and when the czar came to him and offered him pardon if he would confess, he spit in the czar's face, and told him that "he should disdain to speak to him, if it were not his desire to clear his mistress, who was as virtuous as any woman in the world."
Encouraged by the predictions of the Archbishop of Rostof, who, from a dream, announced to her the death of Peter and her return to court, under the reign of her son Alexis, she re-assumed the secular dress, and was publicly prayed for in the church of the convent, under the name of the Empress Eudocia. Being brought to Moscow in 1718, and examined, she was, by her husband's order, scourged by two nuns, and imprisoned in the convent of Nova Ladoga, and allowed to see no one but the persons who brought her food, which she prepared herself; for she was allowed no servant, and but one cell. From thence she was removed to the fortress at Shlusselburgh. Being released on the accession of her grandson, Peter the Second, she repaired to Moscow, and was present at his coronation, as well as that of the Empress Anne; and expired in the Devitza monastery, where she held her court, in 1731, in the fifty-ninth year of her age.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Eudocia, or Eudoxia

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EUDOCIA, or EUDOXIA,
Surnamed Macrembolitissa, widow of Constantine Ducas, caused herself to be proclaimed empress with her three sons, on the death of her husband, in 1067. Romanus Diogenes, one of the greatest generals of the empire, attempted to deprive her of the crown; and Eudoxia had him condemned to death, but happening to see him, she was so charmed by his beauty, that she pardoned him, and made him commander of the troops in the East. He there effaced by his valour his former delinquency, and she resolved to marry ​him. But it was necessary to obtain a deed, then in the hands of Patriarch Xiphilinus, by which she had promised Constantino Ducas never to marry again. She did this by pretending that she wished to espouse a brother of the Patriarch, and gave her hand to Romanus in 1068. Three years after, her son Michael caused himself to be proclaimed emperor, and shut her up in a convent.
She had displayed the qualities of a great sovereign on the throne; in a convent she manifested the devotion of a recluse. She cultivated literature successfully. There was a manuscript in her writing in the French king's library, on the genealogies of the gods, and of the heroes and heroines of antiquity, shewing a vast extent of reading.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Ethelfleda, or Elfleda

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ETHELFLEDA, or ELFLEDA,
Eldest daughter of Alfred the Great, and sister to Edward the First, King of the West-Saxons, was wife to Etheldred, Earl of Mercia. After the birth of her first child, having suffered severely in child-birth, she made a vow of chastity, and devoted herself to the service of her country. She retained a cordial friendship for her husband, with whom she united in acts of munificence and valour. They assisted Alfred in his wars against the Danes, whom they prevented the Welsh from succouring. Not less pious than valiant, they restored cities, founded abbeys, and protected the bones of departed saints.
After the death of her husband, in 912, Ethelfleda assumed the government of Mercia; and, emulating her father and brother, commanded armies, fortified towns, and prevented the Danes from resettling in Mercia. Then carrying her victorious arms into Wales, she compelled the Welsh, after several victories, to become her tributaries. In 918, she took Derby from the Danes; and in 920, ​Leicester, York, etc. Having become famed for her spirit and courage, the titles of lady and queen were judged inadequate to her merit; to these she received, in addition, those of lord and king.
Her courage and activity were employed in the service of her country till her death, in 922, at Tamworth, in Staffordshire, where she was carrying on a war with the Danes. She left one daughter, Elswina.
Ethelfleda was deeply regretted by the whole kingdom, especially by her brother Edward, to whom she proved equally serviceable in the cabinet and the field. Ingulphus, the historian, speaks of the courage and masculine virtues of this princess.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Eusebia

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EUSEBIA,
Abbess of St. Cyr, or St. Saviour, at Marseilles, is said by French writers to have cut off her nose, like the Abbess of Coldingham, in this country, to secure herself from ravishers, and her nuns are said to have followed her example. This took place in 731, when the Saracens invaded Provence. The catastrophe of the tale in both countries is, that the ladies were murdered by the disappointed savages. These tales may not be wholly true, yet that they were considered probable, shews the awful condition of society in those dark ages.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bartholomew, William

From volume 1 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bartei, Girolamo

From volume 1 of the work.
​BARTEI, Girolamo, general of the Augustin order of monks at Rome in the beginning of the 17th century. From two somewhat obscure passages in Baini's 'Memorie' we gather that he published at Rome in 1618 some masses for eight voices, some ricercari for two voices, and two books of concerti for two voices. To these Fétis adds some 'Responsoria' for four equal voices, printed at Venice in 1607.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bartholdy, Jacob

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bartlett, John

From volume 1 of the work.
[ E. F. R. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Barth, Karl

[ M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Barthelemon, François

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Barsanti, Francesco

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Barthel, Johann

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bartleman, James

From volume 1 of the work.
[ E. F. R. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Barry, Charles

From volume 4 of the work.
[ G. ]