OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Comnena, (Anna)

COMNENA, (ANNA) Daughter of the Emperor Alexis Comnenus,
From her early youth, gave herself up to the study of letters, and employed her learning for the glory of her father and family. She wrote the history of his reign, from 1069 to 1118. This work is called The Alexiad. She has been accounted a partial writer; but, as Vossius has observed, the matter maybe well ​enough compromised by supposing, that the Latin historians have spoken of a Greek emperor less favourably than they ought, and that Anna Comnena has been more indulgent to the character of her father than the strict laws of history would admit. The authors, of the Journal des Scavans, for 1675, have spoken of this learned and accomplished lady in the following manner: "The elegance," say they, "with which Anna Comnena has described, in fifteen books, the life and actions of her father, and the strong and eloquent manner in which she has set them off, are so much above the ordinary understanding of women, that one is almost ready to doubt, whether indeed she was the author of these books. It is certain one cannot read the description she has given of countries, rivers, mountains, towns, sieges, battles, the reflection she makes upon particular events, the judgment she passes upon human actions, and the digressions she makes on many occasions, without perceiving that she must have been very well skilled in grammar, rhetorick, philosophy, mathematics; nay, that she must have had some knowledge of law, physic, and divinity; all which is very rare and uncommon in any of that sex."
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Constance

CONSTANCE, (Daughter of Conan, Duke of Brittany) Wife of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Son of Henry II. King of England. Died 1202.
Was contracted to him while they were both in the cradle, and, by her right, Geoffrey became Lord of Brittany. By him she had two children, Eleanor, called the Maid of Brittany, and Arthur, who was born after the death of his father. She afterwards ​married Ralph Blundeville, earl of Chester, who suspected her, we know not on what foundation, of an intrigue with John, his most bitter enemy. He demanded and obtained a divorce. Constance become free, married Guy, brother of the viscount de Thouars. She had by him a daughter named Alix, whom the Bretons, on the refusal of John to set free her eldest sister, elected for their sovereign.
In virtue of the feudal law, the king of France claimed the guardianship of the children of Geoffrey; but since the cession of Brittany to Rollo duke of Mormandy, it was no longer but an arriere-fief; and Richard being duke of Normandy was its immediate lord, in consequence, laid in his claim for the same. Constance wished to keep it in her own name; she took care to foment divisions between the two kings, and to put herself, by turns, under the protection of each. As Richard incommoded her the most, and was most to be feared by her, she took the part of Philip in the war relative to the imperial succession; but did it feebly, and without any advantage to him.
On the death of Richard Cœur de Lion, he altered his former intention of making Arthur his heir by will, as he was by the law of succession, heir to all his possessions (excepting Brittany, which, holding from his mother, was not Richard's to give) and appointed his brother John his successor; who was governed by his mother as well as Arthur. John and Eleanor would have consented to the partition of empire, and have left the French provinces to Arthur, which was also the wish and interest of the French king; but justice would have given England also to Arthur; and this partition was prevented by the intrigues of his mother, and the interest this young prince himself inspired.
​The marriage, which soon after took place between Lewis and Blanch, of Castile, did not long cement the friendship of John and Philip; and had not Constance, who was a woman of conduct and courage, died at the time when she could have taken advantage of circumstances, and again asserted the rights of her son, it is most likely he would not have fallen a victim to the barbarity of his uncle, or his sister languished all her innocent life in prison.
Rivalite de la France et de l'Angleterre, &c.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Clive, (Catherine)

CLIVE, (CATHERINE) a celebrated Actress in Comedy. Born 1711.
In 1739, she married a gentleman in the law, brother to lord Clive, from whom she was separated soon after. In 1769, she quitted the stage, and lived a retired life at Twickenham, where she died, 1785. Her character wag regular and exemplary.
New Biographical Dictionary, &c.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Ngùt
### Ngùt.
#### 吃$^4$

    To stammer; stutter; eat; swallow.

#### 屹$^4$

    A hill standing alone; a firm martial appearance.

#### 汔$^4$

    Water dried up; how? nearly.

#### 矻$^4$

    Constant and severe labor; determined effort.

#### 䇄$^4$

    To stand erect.

#### 訖$^4$

    To come to a close; stop; finish; finished; closed; wound up.

#### 迄$^4$

    To reach or extend to; finally; at last.

#### 齕$^4$

    To bite or gnaw with the teeth; to eat.

#### 兀$^4$

    High and level at the top; to cut off the feet.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Nio
### Nio.
#### 嫋$^2$

    Long and slender; delicate; waving in the wind.

#### 裊$^2$

    Profound; remote; soft; delicate; to wind around.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Niu
### Niu.
#### 扭$^2$

    To turn or twist with the hand; to wring; to grasp.

#### 狃$^2$

    A proud dog; a fox; accustomed; familiar; disrespectful.

#### 紐$^2$

    To bind; tie; a knot; jointure.

#### 衄$^2$

    To bleed at the nose; to wound.

#### 鈕$^2$

    A knob; a button.

#### 恧$^{-3}$

    An internal feeling or sense of shame.

#### 謬$^{-3}$

    Mistake; erroneous; falacious; false.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Ngùn
### Ngùn.
#### 銀$^{-1}$

    Silver; money; metal.

#### 誾$^{-1}$

    Cordial; respectful; upright; to debate in good temper.

#### 嚚$^{-1}$

    Simple; stupid; silly; false.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Nia
### Nia.
#### 聆$^2$

    To head; listen; obey.

#### 領$^2$

    The neck; a collar; to accept; receive; to govern.

#### 嶺$^2$

    The top or side of a hill; a mountain; a summit.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Niam
### Niam.
#### 拈$^{-1}$

    To take hold of with the fingers; to handle.

#### 粘$^{-1}$黏$^{-1}$

    Paste; to paste; to be connected with.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Niap
### Niap.
#### 咡$^4$

    The sides and corners of the mouth; side of the head.

#### 聶$^4$

    A whisper addressed to the ear of another. ​

#### 囁$^4$

    Chattering; vilifying; back-biting; loquacious.

#### 懾$^4$

    Timid; fearing.

#### 攝$^4$

    To take with the hand; to lift up as long garments.

#### 躡$^4$

    To tread upon; to ascent; walk up.

#### 鑷$^4$

    Tweezers; forceps; nippers.

#### 揑$^4$

    To take and collect with the fingers; to make a pretext.

#### 湼$^4$

    Black, dirty mud at the bottom of stagnant water.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Nie
### Nie.
#### 梁$^{-1}$

    A wooden bridge; a beam or plank; the top beam of a house.

#### 樑$^{-1}$

    The ridgepole of a house.

#### 量$^{-1}$

    To measure; to estimate; to judge; a measure; capacity.

#### 糧$^{-1}$粮$^{-1}$

    Grain for food; daily rations; food; taxes.

#### 娘$^{-1}$

    A respectful appellation of females.

#### 𭃂$^2$両$^2$

    An ounce; a tael.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Ni
### Ni.
#### 尼$^{-1}$

    To accord with; concord; a budhist nun; stopped.

#### 伲$^{-1}$

    Thou; thee; you.

#### 坭$^{-1}$

    Soft earth; mire; name of a place.

#### 妮$^{-1}$

    A slave girl; a budhist nun.

#### 泥$^{-1}$

    Mire; miry; thick; adhesive; stagnant; bigoted.

#### 埿$^{-1}$

    Mire; clay; miry; clayey.

#### 年$^{-1}$

    A year; a person's age.

#### 𦮴$^{-1}$

    Name of a tree which bears a small fruit.

#### 彌$^{-1}$

    To let go the string of a bow; to shoot; to extend remotely.

#### 禰$^2$

    Ancestral temple; hall of a father.

#### 𮫸$^2$

    A species of small fish.

#### 𧼇$^2$

    To walk up hastily to; to embrace an opportunity.

#### 女$^{3-}$

    To give a girl in marriage; to marry.

#### 呢$^{3-}$

    An interrogative particle; also used for if; when.

#### 昵$^{3-}$

    Related to; connected or associated with; near.

#### 麛$^{3-}$

    A young deer; a young animal of any kind.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Nien
### Nien.
#### 年$^{-1}$

    A year; one's age.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fan Yün

​548 Fan Yün 范雲 (T. 彥龍). A.D. 451-503. A distinguished official of the Southern Ch'i and Liang dynasties, who was ennobled by the founder of the latter and canonised as 文 or 宣. A great student of ancient inscriptions, he left only a few essays.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fang Fêng-shih

​550 Fang Fêng-shih 方夆時 (T. 行之). Died A.D. 1596. A distinguished frontier official, who graduated as chin shih in 1541. He helped to quell an insurrection in Kuangtung and Kuangsi, and in 1570 was placed in command at Ta-t'ung in Shansi, where he induced Anda and his allies to enter into friendly relations. His policy of subsidies and trade was supported by Kao Kung, and proved a success. He succeeded 王崇古 Wang Ch'ung-ku as Military Superintendent of the north-west, and carried out his policy of strengthening the strategic frontier. His ability as a general and an administrator gained him great fame.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fan Wên-ch'êng

​546 Fan Wên-ch'êng 范文程 (T. 憲斗). Died A.D. 1665. A descendant of Fan Chung-yen, who joined the Emperor T'ai Tsu of the present dynasty in 1618, and became his secretary and confidential adviser. In 1632 he urged the invasion of China, and in 1637 he accompanied the army of invasion. On the capture of Peking he induced the Regent to attend before anything else to the proper burial of the last Ming Emperor and his consort. He successfully advocated reforms of government and the speedy restoration of the examination system, measures which won great popularity for the new dynasty. Trusted and consulted ​by four Emperors, he died loaded with honours. Canonised as 文肅.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fan Yeh

​547 Fan Yeh Fan Yeh 范曄 (T. 蔚宗). Died A.D. 445. Distinguished from his youth for learning and literary ability, he compiled the History of the Eastern Han Dynasty while Governor of 宣城 Hsüan-ch'êng in Anhui. He afterwards rose to be Supervisor of Instruction to the Heir Apparent under the Emperor Wên Ti of the Sung dynasty, but was executed for his share in the treasonable designs of 孔熙先 K'ung Hsi-hsien (see T'an-ch'ien).
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fang Hsiao-ju

​551 Fang Hsiao-ju 方孝孺 (T. 希直 and 希古. H. 正學 and 遜志). A.D. 1357-1402. A native of 緱城 Hou-ch'êng ​in Chehkiang, near the T'ien-t'ai mountains, whence he is sometimes spoken of as 天台先生. As a child he was precocious and clever, and by his skill in composition earned for himself the nickname of 小韓子 the little Han Yü. In 1373 he accompanied his father to the official post of the latter in Shantung, and remained there until his father's execution. After conveying the body home, he set to work to study under Sung Lien. About 1390 he became tutor to one of the sons of the Emperor, and followed him to his Principality in Ssŭch'uan. The Emperor Hui Ti loaded him with honours and made him a Minister of State. And when that monarch vanished so mysteriously from the scene, Fang Hsiao-ju absolutely refused to place his services at the disposal of the new Emperor who ruled under the year-title of Yung Lo. For this refusal he was cut to pieces in the market-place, his family being as far as possible exterminated, and his philosophical writings burned. A small collection of his miscellanies, known as 方正學集, was preserved by a faithful disciple and afterwards republished. Himself a poet, he edited in conjunction with Sung Lien the poems of Chang K'o-chiu of the Yuan dynasty. He was canonised as 文正 and in 1863 his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fang Hsüan-ling

​553 Fang Hsüan-ling 房玄齡 (T. 喬). A.D. 578-648. A native of 臨淄 Lin-tzŭ in Shantung, who exhibited great precocity of intellect and was called 國器, i.e. something that would be of service to the State. He joined the Emperor T'ai Tsung while the latter was still Prince of Ch'in, and was at once received into favour. In 628 he became Lord High Chamberlain, and in 630 he was appointed to supervise the compilation of the History of the Chin Dynasty. Five years later, on his retiring from Court in consequence of some slight rebuke, the Emperor went in person to fetch him back; in such high estimation was he held as a loyal and able adviser. During his last illness he was attended to in the palace, and his dying request was that the disastrous war with Korea might be abandoned. He was ennobled as Duke, and canonised as 文昭. See Tu Ju-hui.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fan Tsu-yü

​545 Fan Tsu-yü 范祖禹 (T. 淳甫 and 夢得. H. 華陽). A.D. 1041-1098. Graduating as chin shih, he assisted Ssŭ-ma Kuang in the compilation of his history; and when this was finished he received an appointment in the Imperial Library, and ultimately rose to be a Supervising Censor. He firmly opposed the employment of such a man as Chang Tun; and when his counsels were unheeded, he applied for a provincial post and died in exile.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fang Hsien

​552
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fang Chung-t'ung

​549 Fang Chung-t'ung 方中通 (T. 位伯). A famous mathematician, who flourished at the end of the 17th cent. A.D. His chief work was the 數度衍, a mathematical summary, including geometry, calculation by abacus, written arithmetic, and the ancient 九章. It was published about 1721.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fang Kuan-ch'êng

​554 Fang Kuan-ch'êng 方觀承 (T. 宜田. H. 問亭). A.D. 1698-1768. His father being banished to the Amoor, Fang was brought up in a temple. In 1733 he served in a campaign against the Sungans and rose by 1749 to be Viceroy of Chihli, which post he held until his death. He devoted himself to improving the condition of the people by establishing granaries, conserving waterways, and reforming the grain-transport. In spite of Imperial progresses, and of troops for Burmah and the west passing through his province, the people were never oppressed. Many famous men of the day owed their promotion to his keen insight. And his early travels having given him a wide knowledge of the wants of the empire, he was always loth to yield to the theoretical views of the Peking Boards. Canonised as 格敏.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhampsinītus

See also Ramses III on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​RHAMPSINĪTUS, a Greek corruption of Ra-messu-pa-neter, the popular name of Rameses III., king of Egypt of the XXth Dynasty. He is well known in connexion with the story of his treasure house told by Herodotus (ii. 121), which greatly resembles that of Agamedes and Trophonius. (See Egypt, History.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhadamanthus

See also Rhadamanthus on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​RHADAMANTHUS (Gr. Rhadamanthys), in Greek mythology, son of Zeus and Europa and brother of Minos, king of Crete. Driven out of Crete by his brother, who was jealous of his popularity, he fled to Boeotia, where he wedded Alcmene. Homer represents him as dwelling in the Elysian fields (Odyssey, iv. 564). According to later legends, on account of his inflexible integrity he was made one of the judges of the dead in the lower world, together with Aeacus and Minos. He was supposed to judge the souls of Asiatics, Aeacus those of Europeans, while Minos had the casting vote (Plato, Gorgias, 424a).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhatany

See also Rhatany on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​RHATANY or KRAMERIA ROOT, in medicine, the dried root either of Para rhatany or of Peruvian rhatany. The action of rhatany is due to the rhatania-tannic acid, and resembles that of tannic acid, being a powerful astringent. An infusion is used as a gargle for relaxed throats; and lozenges, particularly those containing rhatany and cocaine, are useful in similar cases. Like tannic acid, the powdered extract may be applied as a local haemostatic. All preparations of rhatany taken internally are powerful astringents in diarrhoea and intestinal hemorrhage.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Reynolds, Walter

See also Walter Reynolds on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​REYNOLDS, WALTER (d. 1327), archbishop of Canterbury, was the son of a Windsor baker, and became a clerk, or chaplain, in the service of Edward I. He held several livings and, owing perhaps to his histrionic skill, he became a prime favourite with the prince of Wales, afterwards Edward II. Just after the prince became king fin 1307 Reynolds was- appointed treasurer of England; in 1308 he became bishop of Worcester and in 1310 chancellor. When Robert Winchelsea, archbishop of Canterbury, died in May 1313 Edward II. prevailed upon Pope Clement V. to appoint his favourite to the vacant archbishopric, and Walter was enthroned at Canterbury in February 1314. Although the private life of the new archbishop appears to have been the reverse of exemplary he attempted to carry out some very necessary reforms in his new official capacity; he also continued the struggle for precedence, which had been carried on for many years between the archbishops of Canterbury and of York. In this connexion in 1317 he laid London under an interdict after William de Melton (d. 1340), archbishop of York, had passed through its streets with his cross borne erect before him. Reynolds remained in general loyal to Edward II. until 1324, when with all his suffragans he opposed the king in defence of the bishop of Hereford, Adam of Orlton. In the events which concluded Edward’s life and reign the archbishop played a contemptible part. Having fled for safety into Kent he returned to London and declared for Edward III., whom he crowned in February 1327. He died at Mortlake on the 16th of November following.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhamnus Purshiana

See also Rhamnus californica on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​RHAMNUS PURSHIANA, or Californian buckthorn, a plant the bark of which is used in medicine under the name of cascara sagrada. An active principle anthra-gluco-sagradin has been isolated by Tschirch. The preparations of it contained in the British pharmacopoeia are: (1) Extractum cascarae sagradae (extractum rhamni purshianae, United States pharmacopoeia), dose 2 to 8 grs.; (2) Extractum cascarae sagradae liquidum, dose 1/2 to 1 fl. dr. From the latter is prepared syrupus cascarae aromaticus, dose 1/2 to 2 fl. dr. In this preparation the bitter taste of the cascara sagrada is disguised by the addition of tincture of orange, cinnamon water and syrup. In the United States pharmacopoeia preparation Fluid extractum rhamni purshianae aromaticum, does 10 to 30 minims, the taste is similarly obscured. Cascara sagrada is one of the most useful of all laxatives, since not only does it empty the bowel of faecal matter, but it acts as a tonic to the intestine and tends to prevent future constipation. It is largely used in the treatment of chronic constipation. A single full dose of the liquid extract may be taken at bedtime, or divided doses, 10 to 15 minims, three times a day before meals. When a strong purgative is required some drug other than cascara sagrada should be employed, but its use in gradually decreasing doses is indicated after evacuation has been effected by podophyllin or rhubarb. Cascara sagrada is the principal constituent of most of the proprietary laxatives on the market.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhapsodist

See also Rhapsode on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​RHAPSODIST (Gk. Rhapsōdos), originally an epic poet who recited his own poetry; then, one who recited the poems of others (see Homer).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhacis

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​RHACIS, or Rachis (Gr. ῥαχις, a backbone), in botany the axis of an inflorescence or of a branched leaf; in zoology, the stem of a feather, as opposed to the vesillum, or web.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhankavēs, Alexandros Rhizos

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​RHANKAVĒS (commonly also Rhangabe), ALEXANDROS RHIZOS (1810–1892), Greek savant, poet and statesman, was born at Constantinople of a Phanariot family on the 25th of December 1810. He was educated at Odessa and the military school at Munich. Having served as an officer of artillery in the Bavarian army, he returned to Greece, where he held several high educational and administrative appointments. He subsequently became ambassador at Washington (1867), Paris (1868), and Berlin (1874–1886), and was one of the Greek plenipotentiaries at the congress of 1878. After his recall he lived at Athens, where he died on the 29th of June 1892. He was the chief representative of a school of literary men whose object was to restore as far as possible the ancient classical language. Of his various works, Hellenic Antiquities (1842–1855, of great value for epigraphical purposes), Archaeologia (1865–1866), an illustrated Archaeological Lexicon (1888–1891), and a History of Modern Greek Literature (1877) are of the most interest to scholars. He Wrote also the following dramatic pieces: The Marriage of Kutrules (comedy), Dukas (tragedy), the Thirty Tyrants, The Eve (of the Greek revolution); the romances, The Prince of Morea, Leila, and The Notary of Argostoli; and translated portions of Dante, Schiller, Lessing, oethe and Shakespeare.
A complete edition of his philological works in nineteen volumes was published at Athens (1874–1890), and his Ἀπομνημονεύματα (Memoirs) appeared posthumously in 1894–1895.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Speke, Hugh

See also Hugh Speke on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SPEKE, HUGH (1656–c. 1724), English writer and agitator, was a son of George Speke (d. 1690) of White Lackington, Somerset. The older Speke was a member of the Green Ribbon Club, the great Whig organization which was founded in 1675, and was a supporter of the duke of Monmouth, voting for the Exclusion Bill in 1681. Educated at St John’s College, Oxford, Hugh Speke joined the Green Ribbon Club, and in 1683 he was put in prison for asserting that Arthur Capell, earl of Essex, another of Monmouth's supporters, had been murdered by the friends of the duke of York. He was tried and sentenced to pay a fine, but he refused to find the money, and remained in prison for three years, being in captivity during Monmouth's rebellion, in consequence of which his brother Charles was hanged at Ilminster. In prison Speke kept a printing-press, and from this he issued the Address to all the English Protestants in the Present Army, a manifesto written by the Whig divine Samuel Johnson (1649–1703), urging the soldiers to mutiny. In 1687 he was released, and in 1688 he served James II. as a spy in the camp of William of Orange. In December of this year a document, apparently official, was found by a London bookseller. This called upon the Protestants to disarm their Roman Catholic neighbours; it was freely circulated, and much damage was done to property in London before it was found that it was a forgery. It appears to have been the work of Speke, although this was not known until 1709, when he asserted his authorship in his Memoirs of the Most Remarkable Passages and Transactions of the Revolution. He afterwards issued these memoirs with modifications as The Secret History of the Happy Revolution in 1688 (1715). After imploring both Anne and George I. to reward his past services, Speke died in obscurity before 1725.