OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Agaru

​Agaru.—Agaru, or Avaru, is recorded, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, as a small caste of Telugu cultivators in Vizagapatam and Ganjam, who are also sellers of vegetables and betel leaves. Agaru is said to mean betel in their language, which they call Bhāsha, and contains a good deal of Oriya. An extensive colony of Agarus is settled at Nellimerla near Vizianagram. Both males and females engage in the cultivation of the betel vine, and different kinds of greens,which find a ready sale in the Vizianagram market. Marriage is usually after puberty, and an Oriya Brahman officiates. The dead are burnt.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Didāvi

​Didāvi.— A sub-division of Poroja.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Dhōma

​Dhōma (gnat or mosquito). — An exogamous sept of Māla.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Dhūdala

​Dhūdala (calves). — An exogamous sept of Thūmati Golla.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Digambara

​Digambara (space-clad or sky-clad, i.e., nude). — One of the two main divisions of the Jains. The Digambaras are said † to "regard absolute nudity as the indispensable sign of holiness, though the advance of civilisation has compelled them to depart from the practice of their theory."
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Divar

​Divar. — See Dēva.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Dhōbi

​Dhōbi.— A name used for washerman by Anglo-Indians all over India. The word is said to be derived from dhōha, Sanskrit, dhāv, to wash. A whitish grey sandy efflorescence, found in many places, from which, by boiling and the addition of quicklime, an alkali of considerable strength is obtained, is called Dhōbi's earth.* "The expression dhobie itch," Manson writes,† "although applied to any itching ringworm-like affection of any part of the skin, most commonly refers to some form of epiphytic disease of the crutch or axilla (armpit)." The disease is very generally supposed to be communicated by clothes from the wash, but Manson is of opinion that the belief that it is contracted from clothes which have been contaminated by the washerman is probably not very well founded.
Dhōbi is the name, by which the washerman caste of the Oriyas is known. "They are said,"Mr. Francis writes,‡ "to have come originally from Orissa. Girls are generally married before maturity, and, if this is not possible, they have to be married to a sword or a tree, before they can be wedded to a man. Their ordinary marriage ceremonies are as follows. The bridal pair bathe in water brought from seven different houses. The bridegroom puts a bangle on the bride's arm (this is the binding part of the ceremony); the left and right wrists of the bride and bridegroom are tied together; betel leaf and nut are tied in a corner of the bride's cloth, and a ​myrabolam (Terminalia fruit) in that of the bridegroom; and finally the people present in the pandal (booth) throw rice and saffron (turmeric) over them. Widows and divorced women may marry again. They are Vaishnavites, but some of them also worship Kāli or Durga. They employ Bairāgis, and occasionally Brāhmans, as their priests. They burn their dead, and perform srāddha (annual memorial ceremony). Their titles are Chetti (or Mahā Chetti) and Bēhara." The custom of the bridal pair bathing in water from seven different houses obtains among many Oriya castes, including Brāhmans. It is known by the name of pāni-tula. The water is brought by married girls, who have not reached puberty, on the night preceding the wedding day, and the bride and bridegroom wash in it before dawn. This bath is called koili pāni snāno, or cuckoo water-bath. The koil is the Indian koel or cuckoo (Eudynamis honorata), whose crescendo cry ku-il, ku-il, is trying to the nerves during the hot season.
The following proverbs *relating to washermen may be quoted: —
    Get a new washerman, and an old barber.
    The washerman knows the defects of the village (i.e., he learns a good deal about the private affairs of the various families, when receiving and delivering the clothes).
    When a washerman gets sick, his sickness must leave him at the stone. The stone referred to is the large stone, on which the washerman cleans cloths, and the proverb denotes that,
however sick a washerman may be, his work must be done.
* ↑ * Yule and Burnell, Hobson-Jobson.
* ↑ † Tropical Diseases,
* ↑ ‡ Madras Census Report, 1901.
* ↑ * Rev. II. Jensen. Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Dhōni

​Dhōni (boat). — An exogamous sept of Mīla and Oruganti Kāpu. In a paper on the native vessels of South India by Mr. Edge, published in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, the dhōni is described as "a vessel of ark-like form, about 70 feet long, 20 feet broad, and 11 feet deep, with a flat bottom or keel part, which at the broadest place is 7 feet.
"The whole equipment of these rude vessels, as well as their construction, is the most coarse and unseaworthy that I have ever seen." The dhōni, with masts, is represented in the ancient lead and copper coinage of Southern India.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Dhūliya

​Dhūliya. — Dhūliya or Dūlia is a small class of Oriya cultivators, some of whom wear the sacred thread, and employ Boishnobs as their priests. Marriage before puberty is not compulsory, and widows can remarry. They eat flesh. The dead are cremated. * The name is said to be derived from dhuli, dust, with which those who work in the fields are covered. Dhūliya also means carriers of dhulis (dhoolies), which are a form of palanquin.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Diyāsi

​Diyāsi.— An exogamous sept of Dandāsi. The members thereof show special reverence for the sun, and cloths, mokkutos (forehead chaplets), garlands, and other articles to be used by the bride and bridegroom at a wedding are placed outside the house, so that they may be exposed to it.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Dolaiya

​Dolaiya. — A title of Doluva and Odia.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Arupathukatchi

​Arupathukatchi (sixty house section).—A sub-division of Valluvan.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Are

​Are (Baukinia racemosa).—A gōtra of Kurni.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Arikuravan

​Arikuravan.—Recorded, in the Travancore Census Report, 1901, as a sub-division of Nāyar.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Arigala

​Arigala.—Arigala, denoting a dish carried in procession, occurs as an exogamous sept of Mutrācha. Arigala and Arika, both meaning the millet Paspalum scrobiculatum, are septs of Jātapu and Panta Reddi.The latter may not use the grain as food.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Arisi

​Arisi.—A sub-division of Savara.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Ariyur

​Ariyur.—Āriyūr or Āriviyūr is the name of a sub-division of Nāttukōttai Chettis.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Aravan

​Aravan.—Recorded, in the Travancore Census Report, 1901, as a sub-division of Nāyar.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Arayan

​Arayan.—See Vālan.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Archaka

​Archaka.—Archaka, or Umai Archaka, is a title of Ōcchans, who are priests at temples of Grǎma Dēvatas (village deities).
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Arli

​Arli [Ficus religiosa).—An exogamous sept of Stānika.
# Block v. Hirsh

United States Supreme Court
256 U.S. 135
Block v. Hirsh
Argued: March 3, 1921. --- Decided: April 18, 1921
[Syllabus from pages 135-136 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Jesse C. Adkinds, of Washington, D. C., for plaintiff in error.
Mr. William G. Johnson, of Washington, D. C., for defendant in error.
Mr. Henry H. Glassie, of Washington, D. C., for the United States, amicus curia.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 137-153 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice HOLMES delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Blockburger v. United States

Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States set an important standard to prevent double jeopardy. Warning: template has been deprecated.
United States Supreme Court
284 U.S. 299
Blockburger v. United States
Argued: and Submitted Nov. 24, 1931. --- Decided: Jan 4, 1932
On Writ of Certiorari to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit.
Harry Blockburger was convicted of violating certain provisions of the Harrison Anti-Narcotic Act. To review a judgment of the Circuit Court of Appeals [50 F.(2d) 795], affirming the judgment of conviction, the defendant brings certiorari.
Judgment affirmed.
Mr. Harold J. Bandy, of Granite City, Ill., for petitioner.
The Attorney General and Mr. Claude R. Branch, of Providence, R. I., for the United States.
Mr. Justice SUTHERLAND delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Blodgett v. Silberman Silberman

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
277 U.S. 1
Blodgett v. Silberman Silberman
Argued: March 12, 13, 1928. --- Decided: April 16, 1928
Messrs. Charles E. Hughes, of New York City, and Farwell Knapp and Lucius F. Robinson, both of Hartford, Conn., for Blodgett.
Messrs. Abraham L. Gutman and Kenneth Dayton, both of New York City, for Silberman.
[Argument of Counsel from page 2 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Seth T. Cole, of Albany, N. Y., for Tax Commissioner of New York and Commissioner of Corporations and Taxation of Massachusetts, as amici curiae by special leave of Court.
Mr. Chief Justice TAFT delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Blodgett v. Holden

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
276 U.S. 594
John W. BLODGETT v. Charles HOLDEN, Collector of Internal Revenue.
Argued: Oct. 4, 1927. --- Decided: Nov 21, 1927
Mr. Mark Norris, of Grand Rapids, Mich., for plaintiff.
Mr. Alfred A. Wheat, of Washington, D. C., for defendant.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Blonder-Tongue Laboratories, Inc. v. University of Illinois Foundation

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
402 U.S. 313
Blonder-Tongue Laboratories, Inc. v. University of Illinois Foundation et al.
Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
No. 338. Argued: January 14, 1971 --- Decided: May 3, 1971
This Court's holding in Triplett v. Lowell, 297 U.S. 638, that a determination of patent invalidity is not res judicata against the patentee in subsequent litigation against a different defendant overruled to the extent that it forecloses an estoppel plea by one facing a charge of infringement of a patent that has once been declared invalid, and in this infringement suit where because of Triplett petitioner did not plead estoppel and the patentee had no opportunity to challenge the appropriateness of such a plea the parties should be allowed to amend their pleadings and introduce evidence on the estoppel issue. Pp. 317-350.
422 F. 2d 769, vacated and remanded.
WHITE, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.
Robert H. Rines argued the cause for petitioner. With him on the brief were Richard S. Phillips, Paul J. Foley, and Nelson H. Shapiro.
William A. Marshall argued the cause for respondent University of Illinois Foundation. With him on the brief were Charles J. Merriam and Basil P. Mann. Sidney G. Faber argued the cause for respondent JFD Electronics Corp. With him on the brief were Jerome M. Berliner, Robert C. Faber, and Myron C. Cass.
Assistant Attorney General McLaren argued the cause for the United States as amicus curiae urging reversal. With him on the brief were Solicitor General Griswold, Assistant Attorney General Gray, Peter L. Strauss, Howard E. Shapiro, and Walter H. Fleischer.
Briefs of amici curiae were filed by Donald R. Dunner, James B. Gambrell, and W. Brown Morton, Jr., for the American Patent Law Association; by Theodore W. Anderson for the Automatic Electric Co.; by Harold F. McNenny, John F. Pearne, and Walther E. Wyss for the Finney Co.; and by Joseph B. Brennan and Richard D. Mason for the Kawneer Co., Inc.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sālāpu

​Sālāpu.— The Sālāpus are a small caste of Telugu weavers in Vizagapatam, for the following note on whom I am indebted to Mr. C. Hayavadana Rao. The name Sālāpu seems to be a corruption of Saluppan, a caste which formerly engaged in the manufacture of gunnybags and coarse cloths. The Sālāpus at the present day make such cloths, commonly called gāmanchālu. Like some other weaving castes, they claim descent from Markandēya rishi, who was remarkable for his austerities and great age, and is also known as Dīrghāyus. The Sālāpus will not eat, or intermarry with Sālēs. The caste is governed by a headman called Sēnāpati. He decides disputes, and, on occasions of marriage, receives the first share of betel and sandal, and is the first to touch the sathamānam (marriage badge) when it is passed round to be blessed by those assembled. He is, at marriages, further presented with a rupee. At caste feasts, it is his privilege to partake of food first.
Like other Telugu castes, the Sālāpus have intipērulu, or exogamous septs. Girls are generally married before puberty. The custom of mēnarikam, by which a man should marry his maternal uncle's daughter, is in force. The turmeric ceremony takes place some months before marriage. Some male and female relations of ​the future bridegroom repair to the house of the girl, taking with them a few rupees as the bride-price (vōli). The girl bathes, and daubs herself with turmeric paste. A solid silver bangle is then put on her right wrist. The remarriage of widows and divorce are permitted.
The Sālāpus are divided into Lingavantas and Vaishnavas, who intermarry. The former bury their dead in a sitting posture, and the latter practice cremation. Jangams officiate for the Lingavantas, and Sātānis for Vaishnavas. Both sections observe the chinna (little) and pedda rōzu (big day) death ceremonies.
The caste title is generally Ayya.
Sālāpu. —A form of Sārāpu, an occupational term for those who deal in coins, jewelry, coral, etc.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sādaru

​Sādaru.— A sub-division of Lingāyats, found mainly in the Bellary and Anantapur districts, where they are largely engaged in cultivation. Some Bēdars or Bōyas, who live amidst these Lingāyats, call themselves Sādaru. It is noted in the Mysore Census Reports that the Sadas are "cultivators and traders in grain. A section of these Sadas has embraced Lingāyatism, while the others are still within the pale of Hinduism,"
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sāindla

​Sāindla (belonging to the death-house). — A sub-division of Māla.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sāhu

​Sāhu.— A title of Bolāsis, Gōdiyas, and other Oriya castes.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sādhu

​Sādhu (meek or quiet). — A sub-division or exogamous sept of Gāniga and Padma Sālē. The equivalent Sādhumatam has been recorded, at times of census, by Janappans. The name Sādhu is applied to ascetics or Bairāgis.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sādhana Sūrulu

​Sādhana Sūrulu.— Sādhanasūra is recorded, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, as a synonym of Samayamuvādu. In a note on this class of itinerant mendicants, Mr. C. Hayavadana Rao states that, unlike the Samayamuvāru, they are attached only to the Padma Sālē section of the Sālē caste. "They say," he writes, "that their name is an abbreviated form of Rēnukā Sakthini Sādhinchinavāru, i.e., those who conquered Rēnukā Sakthi. According to tradition, Rēnukā was the mother of Parasurāma, one of the avatars of Vishnu, and is identified with the goddess Yellammā, whom the Padma Sālēs revere. The Sādhana Sūrulu are her votaries. Ages ago, it is said, they prayed to her on behalf of the Padma Sālēs, and made her grant boons to them. Since that time they have been treated with marked respect by the Padma Sālēs, who pay them annually four annas, and see to their marriages."
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Bhatta

​Bhatta.— A sub-division of Gaudo.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Bhonjo

​Bhonjo.—The title of the Rāja of Gumsūr in Ganjam.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Bhuri

​Bhuri. — A sub-division of Gond.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Bholia

​Bholia (wild dog). — An exogamous sept of Kondra.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Bhāg

​Bhāg (tiger). — A sept of numerous classes in Vizagapatam, e.g., Bhumia, Bottada, Domb, Gadaba, Mattiya, Omanaito, Pentiya, and Rōna. The equivalent Bhāgo occurs among some classes in Ganjam.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Bhāgavatulu

​Bhāgavatulu.— Recorded as play-actors in the Telugu country. Their name is derived from the fact ​that they perform stories and episodes from the Bhāgavatam, one of the Purānas.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Bhānde

​Bhānde.— Recorded, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, as "a class of potters in the Ganjam Māliahs, a sub-division of Kumbhāro. The name is derived from the Sanskrit bhānda, a pot."
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Bhātia

​Bhātia.—— Nearly four hundred members of this caste were returned at the Madras census, 1901. It is recorded in the Bombay Gazetteer, that " the Bhātias claim to be Bhāti Rājputs of the Yādav stock. As a class they are keen, vigorous, enterprising, thrifty, subtle and unscrupulous. Some of the richest men in Bombay started life without a penny. A large number of Bhātias are merchant traders and brokers, and within the last fifty years they have become a very wealthy and important class." Like the Nāttukōttai Chettis of Southern India, the Bhātias undertake sea voyages to distant countries, and they are to be found eastward as far as China.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Bhima

​Bhima.— A section of Savaras, named after Bhīma,one of the Pāndava brothers.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Antonino Diana

From volume 4 of the work.
Moral theologian, born of a noble family at Palermo, Sicily, in 1586; died at Rome, 20 July, 1663. He took his vows as a regular clerk of the Theatine Order in 1630. He became celebrated as a casuists while he was yet a young man, and cases of conscience were sent to him for solution from all parts. His "Resolutiones Morales" met with universal esteem and approbation. The brothers Prost, who brought out the eighth edition of the first three parts of his work at Lyons, in 1635, sent it forth, with a play on the author's name, as the Diana of him who might be hunting for truth in the woods of moral theology, and as the Diana of the crossways who would show the right path to anyone in doubt or perplexity. Popes Urban VIII, Innocent X, and Alexander VII, esteemed him for his learning, and he was made a consultor of the Holy Office of the Kingdom of Sicily and an examiner of bishops. Diana himself claimed that as a rule his solutions followed the milder opinion. On the frontspiece of the volume just mentioned round a figure of the Cross runs the legend Non ferro sed ligno. According to St. Alphonsus and the common opinion of modern theologians, Diana not infrequently went too far in the direction of laxity. Besides several editions of the unabridged works, epitomes and compendiums of them that began to appear even in the author's lifetime, in spite of his vigorous protests that his real meaning was being distorted by his too ardent admirers.
T. Slater.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Antonio Amico

From volume 1 of the work.
Canon of Palermo, and ecclesiastical historian of Syracuse and Messina, (d. 1641). He wrote also on the royal house and the admirals of Sicily. Among his works is a "Brevis et exacta narratio . . . . Siciliæ regum annales ab anno 1060 usque ad præsens sæculum" (Giraud, Bibl. Sacr., I, 438).--BERNARDINO (d. 1590), a Neapolitan Franciscan, prior of his convent at Jerusalem, and author of a "Trattato delle piante ed immagini de' sacri edifizi in Jerusalemme" (Rome, 1609; 2d ed., Florence, 1620), of value for the appearance of the Holy Places in the sixteenth century. The drawings are by Callot (VIGOUROUX, Dict. de la Bible, I, 483).
THOMAS J. SHAHAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Antonio Aparisi y Guijarro

From volume 1 of the work.
Parliamentary orator, jurisconsult, Catholic controversialist, and Spanish litterateur, b. in Valencia, 28 Mar., 1815; d. in Madrid, 5 Nov., 1872. He was extremely gifted; of extensive knowledge, brilliant imagination, graceful and beautiful power of expression, and exquisite literary taste. As a man, he was modest, kind-hearted, and most charitable, a fervent Catholic and an ardent patriot. In 1839 he was admitted to the bar, and defended many criminal cases, winning them in almost every instance. He published poems and articles in the monthly periodical, "El Licco Valenciano" (1841- 42), in "La Restauración," a Catholic review of Valencia (1843- 44), and was editor of the newspaper, "El pensamiento de Valencia" (1857-58). He contributed to "La Esperanza," "La Estrella," and particularly to "La Regeneracion" (Nov., 1862, to Nov., 1872), Catholic newspapers of Madrid, being editor of the last-named at different times, and collaborator in the publication of the review "La Concordia" (1863-64).
He was sent as representative from Valencia to the Cortes (1858-65), where, as leader of the royalists in the House of Representatives, he delivered many eloquent discourses against the disentailment laws, in defence of Catholic union, in reprobation of despoiling the Pope of his temporal power, and on other vital questions touching the Church and Spain. In Paris, in 1869, he attempted to unite the royal families of Isabel II and Charles of Bourbon, and for dynastic reasons also went to Paris and London in 1869-70, and took part in the Carlist conference in Switzerland in April, 1870. He took the initiative in the formation in Paris of a Central Congress of the Carlist party. In 1860 he wrote the treatise "El Papa y Napoleón," and later four others: "Los tres Orleans" (1869), "El Rey de España" (1869), "La cuestión dinástica (1869), and "Restauración" (1872), leaving unpublished "El libro del pueblo." In February or March of 1870 he had an audience with Pius IX, who bestowed on him many marks of special favour. In 1871 he was elected senator from Guipuzcoa. He was also made a member of the Royal Spanish Academy, but did not live to take his seat. The works of Aparisi were published in Madrid during the years 1873 to 1877, in five volumes, containing his biography as well as poems, discourses, political and academic, articles and treatises, and many forensic writings and speeches.
NOCEDAL, Don Antonio Aparisi y Guijarro; discurso necrologico; GALINDO Y DE VERA, Apuntes biograficos de Aparisi, Enciclopedia hispano-americana, (Barcelona, 1887), II.
CECILIO GOMEZ RODELES