OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Luard, John

1904 Errata appended.
​LUARD, JOHN (1790–1875), lieutenant-colonel, author of the ‘History of the Dress of the British Soldier,’ was fourth son of Captain Peter John Luard of the 4th dragoons (now hussars) and of Blyborough, Kirton-in-Lindsey, Lincolnshire, and his wife Louisa, daughter of Charles Dalbiac of Hungerford Park, Berkshire. He was born on 5 May 1790, served in the royal navy 1802–7, and on 25 May 1809 obtained a cornetcy without purchase in his father's old regiment, with which he served through the Peninsular campaigns of 1810–14 (medal with clasp for ‘Albuera,’ ‘Salamanca,’ and ‘Toulouse’). Afterwards he served with the 16th light dragoons (now lancers) as lieutenant at Waterloo (medal), and as captain at Bhurtpore in 1825 (medal). He exchanged to the 30th foot in 1832, retired as major in 1834, and obtained a brevet lieutenant-colonelcy in 1838. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Colonel William Scott, H.E.I.C.S., by whom he had a family. He died on 24 Oct. 1875.
Like others of his family, Luard had much artistic talent. He published ‘Views in India, St. Helena, and Car Nicobar’ (London, 1835, fol.), drawn from nature and on stone by himself, and ‘History of the Dress of the British Soldier,’ a handsome quarto, published by subscription in 1852, which includes some interesting original sketches of military characters and costume in the Peninsular days.
His second son, John Dalbiac Luard (1830–1860), born at Blyborough on 31 Oct. 1830, was educated at Sandhurst, ​appointed ensign without purchase in the 63rd in 1848, and transferred to the 82nd foot. After obtaining his lieutenancy in 1853, he left the service to devote himself to art, and studied for a time under John Phillip, R.A. He exhibited his first picture at the Academy in 1855, ‘A Church Door.’ He spent the winter of 1855–6 in the Crimea with his brother, Major, afterwards Lieutenant-general, Luard, C.B., then on the headquarters staff before Sebastopol. In 1857 he exhibited a Crimean subject, ‘The Welcome Arrival,’ which, well engraved, had some popularity, and two others in 1858. His health broke down soon afterwards, and he died at Winterslow, near Salisbury, on 9 Aug. 1860. In spite of hard work he had not been able to acquire the necessary technical training, but his painting showed much promise.
[Burke's Landed Gentry, 1886 ed., under ‘Luard;’ Army Lists; Brit. Mus. Cat. Printed Books; Preface to Hist. of the Dress of the British Soldier, London, 1852; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Critic, March 1861, pp. 317–18.]
H. M. C.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.186 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 226 | i | 10 f.e. | Luard, John: for bar read Car |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lucan, Countess of

​LUCAN, Countess of (d. 1814). [See Bingham, Margaret.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Le Marchant, Denis

​LE MARCHANT, Sir DENIS (1795–1874), politician, second and eldest surviving son of Major-general John Gaspard Le Marchant [q. v.], by his wife, Mary, eldest daughter of John Carey, was born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 8 Jul 1795. By the death of his father at Salamanca his mother was in straitened circumstances, and he was brought up by his maternal aunt and her husband, Peter Mourant of Candie, Guernsey. He was educated at Eton, where his name occurs in the school lists for 1805 and 1808, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, but seems to have taken no degree, and was ​called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1823. In 1828 he published the 'Proceedings of the House of Lords in the Gardner Peerage Claim,' in which case he had appeared for the petitioner. Upon the recommendation of his college friend, William Brougham, Lord Brougham, on becoming lord chancellor in 1830, appointed him his principal secretary. During the debates on the Reform Bill he attended nightly in the House of Commons and greatly distinguished himself by the reports which he prepared for the use of ministers (Greville Memoir, 1st ser. iii. 22). He was appointed clerk of the crown in chancery in 1834, and in that year edited a highly successful pamphlet, 'The Reform Ministry and the Reform Parliament,' to which his intimate friend Lord Althorp, and also Lord Stanley, Lord Palmerston, and Graham were contributors. It ran through nine editions. From 1838 to 1841 he was secretary to the board of trade, and during the last few months was also joint secretary to the treasury. Lord Melbourne created him a baronet in August 1841, before leaving office, he entered the House of Commons as M.P. for Worcester, 8 July 1846, but retired in the following year. In the Russell administration of 1847 he became under-secretary for the home department, and in 1848 returned to the (secretaryship of the board of trade. In 1850 he was appointed chief clerk to the House of Commons, which office he held until he retired with the thanks of the House of Commons in 1871 (see Hansard, Parl. Debates, cciv. 232). He died 30 Oct. 1874 at Belgrave Road, London. On 9 Jan. 1835 he had married Sarah Elisa, fourth daughter of Charles Smith of Sutton, Sussex. by whom he had two sons and two daughters. He published privately in 1841 a memoir of his father; edited in 1846 Walpole's 'Memoir of the Reign of George III,' with notes; and, at the request of Frederick, earl Spencer, he wrote the 'Memoirs of John, Viscount Althorp,' which, being left incomplete at his death, was completed and published in 1876 by his son, Sir Henry Denis Le Marchant.
[Times, 4 Nov. 1874; Illustrated London News, 22 Feb. 1861; Annual Register, 1874.]
J. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Le Hart, Walter

​LE HART, WALTER (d. 1472), bishop of Norwich. [See Lyhert.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Le Marchant, John Gaspard (1803-1874)

​LE MARCHANT, Sir JOHN GASPARD (1803–1874), lieutenant-general, colonial administrator, third son of Major-general John Gaspard Le Merchant [q. v.], was born in 1803. On 26 Oct. 1820 he was appointed ensign in the 10th foot; in 1821 he became lieutenant in the 57th foot, in 1825 captain in the 57th and afterwards in the new 98th foot, and in 1833 major in the latter regiment, with which he served at the Cape. All his steps except the first were purchased. In 1836 he exchanged to an unattached majority, and was appointed adjudant-general, with the rank of brigadier-general, in the British auxiliary legion in Spain, under Generals Evans [see Evans, Sir De Lacy] and Chichester [see Chichester, Sir Charles in the Carlist war of 1835-7. He was present at the relief of, and action before, Bilbao in September 1835, the affairs on the heights of Arleban in Alava, (16-18 Jan. 1836), the raising of the siege of San Sebastian and the storming of the Carlist lines (4 May 1836), the passage of the Urmea, the taking of Passages, the general action at Alea in October 1836, and the general actions at Ermani, 10, 13, 15, 16 March 1837. For his service to the queen of Spain he was created knight-bachelor in 1838, and received special permission to wear the Spanish decoration of San Fernando and Charles III. In 1838 be purchased the lieutenant-colonelcy in the 99th foot returning from Mauritius, and in 1845 was transferred to the 85th light infantry, returning from the West Indies. Both the corps be brought into a high state of discipline, introducing in each a most elaborate system of interior economy. He left the 85th in 1846, on selection for the government of Newfoundland. He became colonel in 1851, major-general in 1858, lieutenant-general in 1661. Le Marchant was lieutenant-governor of Newfoundland from February 1847 to June 1852, lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia from June 1852 to December 1867, governor of Malta from 1859 to 1864 (during which period be held local rank of lieutenant-general), and commander-in-chief at Madras from 1865 to 1868. He was K.C.B. (civil, 1865), G.C.M.G. (1860), a lieutenant-general and colonel 11th (Devonshire) regiment. Le Marchant died at 80 St. George's Square, London, on 6 Feb. 1874. He married, in 1839, the third daughter of the Rev. Robert Taylor of Clifton Campville, Staffordshire, coheiress of her maternal grandfather, the Rev. John Watkins of Clifton all in the same county.
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Paulet, William (1535?-1598)

​PAULET, WILLIAM, third Marquis of Winchester (1535?–1598), son of John Paulet, second marquis, and grandson of William Paulet, first marquis [q. v.], was born before 1536 and knighted before 1559. He served as high sheriff for Hampshire in 1560, as joint commissioner of musters and joint lord-lieutenant for Dorset in 1569–70. Doyle says he became member of parliament for Dorset in 1571; but no parliament was elected or sat in that year, and Paulet's name does not appear in the official returns of the lower house in any other parliament. In 1572 he was summoned to the house of lords as Baron St. John, and on 4 Nov. 1576 he succeeded his father as third Marquis of Winchester. He was not satisfied with his father's will, and complained of the disposal of the family property due to the influence of his grandfather's widow, Winifrid (d. 1586). In 1580 he became lord-lieutenant of Dorset, and in October 1586 was one of the commissioners appointed to try Mary Queen of Scots; he was lord steward for her funeral on 1 Aug. 1587. In 1596 he was lord-lieutenant for Hampshire, and in 1597 first commissioner for ecclesiastical causes in the diocese of Winchester. He died on 24 Nov. 1598, having married, before 1560, Agnes, daughter of William, first lord Howard of Effingham [q. v.]; with her his relations were not entirely harmonious, and on one occasion it was only by the intercession of the queen that a reconciliation was effected (Cal. State Papers, Dom. Ser. 1547–80, p. 534, &c.) He was succeeded by his eldest son William, fourth marquis, whose son John, fifth marquis, is separately noticed.
Paulet's claim to remembrance rests on a curious little work, entitled ‘The Lord Marques Idlenes: conteining manifold matter of acceptable devise, as sage sentences, prudent precepts, &c.,’ London, Arnold Hatfield, 1586, 4to; prefixed to it is a dedication to the queen and a remarkable acrostic of six Latin verses, which, says Collier, ‘must have cost the writer immense ingenuity in the composition;’ the first letters of the six lines form the word ‘regina,’ the last letters ‘nostra’ and the initials of the words in the last line ‘Angliæ.’ Copies of this edition are in the Bridgewater collection and in the British Museum and Bodleian Libraries, and Collier had heard of a fourth, but they are extremely rare. A second edition appeared in 1587, a copy of which is in the British Museum Library.
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Paulton, Abraham Walter

​PAULTON, ABRAHAM WALTER (1812–1876), politician and journalist, was son of Walter Paulton of Bolton, Lancashire, where he was born in 1812. His family were Roman catholics, and he was sent to Stonyhurst College to be educated for the priesthood. His views underwent a change, and on leaving college at the age of sixteen or seventeen he was apprenticed to a surgeon named Rainforth at Bolton. His thirst for general information was strong, and he began to take a deep interest in the political topics of the day, especially in the corn laws, then beginning to excite attention. He availed himself of opportunities for addressing public meetings, and soon became a good speaker. In July 1838 he was in the Bolton Theatre when the appointed lecturer, on the corn laws, proved himself unequal to the task set before him. Paulton was induced to mount the stage, and succeeded in quieting the turbulent audience by undertaking to lecture on the same subject the following week. The promised lecture was delivered, and proved a brilliant success; and one of the consequences of this incident was the abandonment of the medical profession for politics. He was soon afterwards introduced to Cobden, and engaged himself as a lecturer for the Anti-Corn-Law League. He was called away from this work in April 1839 to edit the ‘Anti-Corn-Law Circular’ (changed to ‘Anti-Bread-Tax Circular’ in April 1841), the earliest organ of the league, and published in Manchester. This was succeeded in September 1843 by the ‘League’ newspaper, which had its headquarters in London, whither Paulton removed in order to undertake the editorship. The operations of the league were brought to a close in 1846 by the repeal of the corn laws, and in 1848 Paulton returned to Manchester, and, in conjunction with Henry Rawson, purchased the ‘Manchester Times,’ a newspaper representing the views of the more advanced section of the liberal party, with which afterwards was amalgamated the ‘Manchester Examiner,’ the style of the paper being thenceforth the ‘Examiner and Times.’ This was conducted by Paulton from 1848 to 1854. In the latter year he married the daughter of James Mellor of Liverpool, and from that time resided in London, or at his country house, Boughton Hall, Surrey. In his retirement he still took the same deep interest in public questions, and remained on terms of close intimacy with Cobden, John Bright, and other old associates. He was a man of great ability, deeply versed in political questions and the philosophy of politics, and in later years was keenly interested in the progress of physical inquiry. He was a conversationalist of the first order. His writings, consisting mainly of newspaper articles, have not been collected.
He died at Boughton Hall, Surrey, on 6 June 1876, leaving a son and a daughter, and was buried at Kensal Green cemetery.
C. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Paulet, William (1804-1893)

​PAULET, Lord WILLIAM (1804–1893), field-marshal, fourth son of Charles Ingoldsby Paulet, thirteenth marquis of Winchester, and his wife Anne, second daughter of John Andrews of Shotney Hall, Northumberland, was born 7 July 1804. After being educated at Eton, where his name appears in the fifth form in the school lists of 1820, he was appointed ensign in the 85th light infantry on 1 Feb. 1821. On 23 Aug. 1822 he was made lieutenant in the 7th fusiliers, purchased an unattached company 12 Feb. 1825, and exchanged to the 21st fusiliers. On 10 Sept. 1830 he became major 68th light infantry, and lieutenant-colonel 21 April 1843, serving with the regiment at Gibraltar, in the West Indies, North America, and at home until 31 Dec. 1848, when he exchanged to half-pay unattached. Becoming brevet colonel 20 June 1854, he went to the Crimea as assistant adjutant-general of the cavalry division, under Lord Lucan, and was present at the Alma, Balaklava (where he was with Lord Lucan throughout the day, and had his hat carried off by a shot), Inkerman, and before Sevastopol. On 23 Nov. 1854 Lord Raglan appointed him to command ‘on the Bosphorus, at Gallipoli, and the Dardanelles,’ where the overcrowded hospitals, in which Miss Nightingale and her band of nurses had begun their labours three weeks before, were much in need of an experienced officer in chief command. This post was held by him until after the fall of Sevastopol, when he succeeded to the command of the light division in the Crimea, which he retained until the evacuation (C.B. medal and clasps, officer of the Legion of Honour, third class of the Medjidie, and Sardinian and Turkish medals).
Paulet was one of the first officers appointed to a command at Aldershot, where he commanded the 1st brigade from 1856 to 1860, becoming a major-general meanwhile on 13 June 1858. He commanded the south-western district, with headquarters at Portsmouth, from 1860 to 1865. He was made K.C.B. in 1865, and a lieutenant-general 8 Dec. 1867; was adjutant-general of the forces from 1865 to 1870, was made G.C.B. in 1870, general 7 Oct. 1874, and field-marshal 10 July 1886. After a short period as colonel 87th fusiliers, Paulet was appointed, on 9 April 1864, colonel of his old regiment, the 68th (now 1st Durham light infantry), in the welfare and interests of which he never ceased to exert his active influence. He died 10 May 1893.
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Paulinus (fl.500)

Peulan in the ODNB.
​PAULINUS (fl. 500?), British ecclesiastic, is first mentioned in the ‘Life of St. David,’ by Rhygyfarch (d. 1099), as that saint's early teacher. He is described as a bishop, a ‘scriba,’ and a pupil of Germanus, living as an anchorite upon an island. He was cured of blindness by St. David, and at the synod of Brefi was the person who suggested the summoning thither of his distinguished pupil (Cambro-British Saints, 1853, pp. 122–3, 137). The life of Teilo in the ‘Liber Landavensis,’ written probably about 1130, sends Teilo also to ‘Paulinus’ for instruction and makes David one of his fellow-pupils. Pughe (Cambrian Biography) and others identify Paulinus with the Pawl Hên of Manaw in the north, who was the father of the Anglesey saints Peulan, Gwyngenau, and Gwenfaen (Myvyrian Archaiology, 2nd edit., pp. 426, 429); they also locate him at Ty Gwyn ar Daf or Whitland, Carmarthenshire, on the authority of notices in the Glamorgan copies of the ‘Genealogies of the Saints’ (Iolo MSS. 112, 114, 139). With much more probability he is identified with the Paulinus of an early inscribed stone found at Pantypolion in the parish of Caio, Carmarthenshire, and now kept at Dolau Cothi in the same neighbourhood. The inscription read in the time of Bishop Gibson—‘Servatur fidæi patrieq semper amator hic paulinus iacit cultor pientisimus æqvi’ (Westwood, Lapidarium Walliæ, 1876–9, p. 79). Paulinus is the patron saint of Llangors, Brecknockshire, and of Capel Peulin (or Capel Ystradffin), a chapel of Llandingad, Carmarthenshire; the latter is possibly meant by the ‘Capella Sancti Paulini’ of an agreement as to tithes drawn up in 1339 between the abbey of Strata Florida and the clergy of the diocese of St. David's (Williams, Strata Florida, 1889, p. li). According to Rees (Welsh Saints, p. 188), Paulinus was commemorated under the title ‘Polin Esgob’ on 22 Nov.
J. E. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Paver, William

​PAVER, WILLIAM (1802–1871), genealogist, born in 1802, was in 1867 acting as registrar of births and deaths at 4 Rougier Street, York (White, Directory for North and East Ridings, 1867, p. 425). He died at Rishworth Street, Wakefield, on 1 June 1871, aged 69 (register of deaths at Somerset House).
Paver's method of genealogical construction caused his pedigrees to be condemned as worthless by genealogists of repute. Consequently he never received any encouragement to publish his collections; but he sought to attract attention to them in a pamphlet called ‘Pedigrees of Families of the City of York, from a Manuscript entitled “The Heraldic Visitations of Yorkshire consolidated,”’ 8vo, York, 1842, and by a list of Yorkshire pedigrees in his possession, furnished to the ‘New England Historical and Genealogical Register’ for July 1857 (pp. 259–71). He also issued part i. of ‘Original Genealogical Abstracts of the Wills of Individuals of Noble and Ancient Families now or formerly resident in the County of York, with Notes,’ 4to, Sheffield, 1830, the contents of which were superseded by the four volumes of ‘Testamenta Eboracensia,’ printed by the Surtees Society.
In 1874 Paver's extensive collections relating to Yorkshire were acquired by the trustees of the British Museum, where they are catalogued as Additional MSS. 29644–703. His consolidation of the Yorkshire ‘Visitations’ of 1584, 1612, and 1665, containing about nine hundred pedigrees, occupies three folio volumes, and is indexed. But by far the most valuable portion of the Paver MSS. is the transcripts of marriage licenses, commencing in 1567, formerly preserved in the registry of York, as the originals have disappeared. These transcripts have been printed, with notes, by the Rev. C. B. Norcliffe in the ‘Yorkshire Archæological and Topographical Journal,’ beginning in vol. vii.; but it is to be regretted that Paver has not given the day of the month as well as the year. His son, Percy Woodroffe Paver, also an industrious antiquary, made ‘Extracts from his Father's Yorkshire Collections,’ 1852 (Addit. MS. 29692, f. 49); ‘Extracts out of Torre's MSS. at York,’ 1848 (Addit. ​MS. 29689); and a useful general ‘Index to York Collections’ (Addit. MS. 29691).
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ruthall, Thomas

​RUTHALL or ROWTHALL, THOMAS (d. 1523), bishop of Durham, was a native of Cirencester. His mother's name seems to have been Avenyng. He was educated at Oxford, and incorporated D.D. at Cambridge ​in 1500; but before this date he had entered the service of Henry VII. In June 1499, being then described as prothonotary, he went on an embassy to Louis XII of France, and he, on his return, occupied the position of king's secretary (cf. Gairdner, Letters and Papers of Richard III and Henry VII, Rolls Ser. i. 405, &c.; Cal. State Papers, Venetian, i. 795, 799). Ruthall had a long series of ecclesiastical preferments. In 1495 he had the rectory of Bocking, Essex, in 1502 he became a prebendary of Wells, and in 1503 archdeacon of Gloucester and chancellor of Cambridge University. In 1505 he was made prebendary of Lincoln, and was appointed dean there (not, as Wood says, at Salisbury). Henry VII, who had already made him a privy councillor, appointed him bishop of Durham in 1509, but died before he was consecrated. Henry VIII confirmed his appointment, and continued him in the office of secretary. He went to France with the king in 1513 with a hundred men, but was sent back to England when James IV threatened war. He took a great part in the preparations for defence, and wrote to Wolsey after Flodden. He was present at the marriage of Louis XII and the Princess Mary in 1514, and in 1516 was made keeper of the privy seal. In 1518 he was present when Wolsey was made legate, and was one of the commissioners when the Princess Mary was betrothed to the Dauphin. He was at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520, and was again at Calais with Wolsey in 1521. When Buckingham was examined by the king, Ruthall was present as secretary. A story is told that being asked to make up an account of the kingdom, he did so, but accidentally gave in to the king another account treating of his own property, which was very large, and that he became ill with chagrin. He was a hardworking official who did a great deal of the interviewing necessary in diplomatic negotiations. Brewer represents him as Wolsey's drudge, and Giustinian speaks of his 'singing treble to the cardinal's bass.' He died on 4 Feb. 1522-3 at Durham Place, London, and was buried in St. John's Chapel, Westminster Abbey.
Ruthall was interested in architecture. He repaired the bridge at Newcastle, and built a great chamber at Bishop Auckland. He also increased the endowment of the grammar school at Cirencester which had been established by John Chedworth, bishop of Lincoln, in 1460. It afterwards fell into difficulties when the chantry commissioners of Edward VI's day attacked its endowments, which were not fully restored till 1573.
W. A. J. A.