OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Montlosier, François Dominique de Reynaud, Comte de

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​MONTLOSIER, FRANÇOIS DOMINIQUE DE REYNAUD, Comte de (1755–1838), French publicist, was born at Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme) on the 16th of April 1755, the youngest of a large family belonging to the poorer nobility. He was returned in 1791 to the Constituent Assembly, where he sat on the Royalist side, and he emigrated on its dissolution in September 1791. He was received into the emigrant army at Coblenz after some protest against the Liberal leanings he had shown in the Assembly. After the cannonade of Valmy, he withdrew to Hamburg, and thence to London, where he avoided English society, moving exclusively among the French exiles. In his Courrier de Londres, published in London, he advocated moderation and the abandonment by the exiles of any idea of revenge. He was recalled to Paris in 1801, with permission to publish his paper in London. The Courrier was soon suppressed, nevertheless, its editor being compensated by a comfortable sinecure in the ministry of foreign affairs. Next year he sold his pen to the government to edit the violent anti-English Bulletin de Paris. At Napoleon’s request he undertook an account of the ancient monarchy of France, which should serve as a justification for the empire. After four years’ labour Montlosier submitted his work to a specially appointed committee, by which it was rejected because of the stress laid on the feudal limitations of the royal authority. The work De la monarchies française . . . ou recherches sur les anciennes institutions françaises . . . et sur les causes qui ont amené la révolution . . . appeared in 1814 in three volumes, a fourth and supplementary volume in the next year containing a preface hostile to Napoleon. His views were no more acceptable to Louis XVIII. than they had been to the emperor, and he devoted himself to agriculture until he was roused by the clerical and reactionary policy of Charles X. His anti-clerical Mémoire à consulter sur un système réligieux, politique . . . (1826) rapidly passed through eight editions. He had no part in the revolution of 1830, but supported Louis Philippe’s government and entered the House of Peers in 1832. He died on the 9th of December 1838 at Blois. Ecclesiastical burial was denied him because he had refused to abjure his anti-clerical writings.
Among his works should be mentioned: Mémoires sur la révolution française, le consulat, l’empire, la restoration, et les principaux évènements qui l’ont suivie (2 vols., 1829).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Montmorillon

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​MONTMORILLON, a town of western France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Vienne, on the Gartempe, 34 m. E.S.E. of Poitiers by rail. Pop. (1906), 3924. The ecclesiastical seminary occupies a building of the 12th century, formerly an Augustinian convent. The convent church is Romanesque in style and there is a curious two-storied chapel of octagonal form, of the same period. The church of Notre-Dame is a combination of Romanesque and Gothic, dating from the 12th and 13th centuries.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Montmorency, Anne, Duc de

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​MONTMORENCY, ANNE, Duc de (1493–1567), constable of France, was born at Chantilly, and was brought up with the future King Francis I., whom he followed into Italy in 1515, distinguishing himself especially at Marignano. In 1516 he became governor of Novara; in 1520 he was present at the Field of Cloth of Gold, and afterwards had charge of important negotiations in England. Successful in the defence of Mézières (1521), and as commander of the Swiss troops in the Italian campaign of the same year, he was made marshal of France in 1522, accompanied Francis into Italy in 1524, and was taken prisoner at Pavia in 1525. Released soon afterwards, he was one of the negotiators of the treaty of Madrid, and in 1530 reconducted the king’s sons into France. On the renewal of the war by Charles V.’s invasion of France in 1536, Montmorency compelled the emperor to raise the siege of Marseilles; he afterwards accompanied the king of France into Picardy, and on the termination of the Netherlands campaign marched to the relief of Turin. In 1538, on the ratification of the ten years’ truce, he was rewarded with the office of constable, but in 1541 he fell into disgrace, and did not return to public life until the accession of Henry II. in 1547. In 1548 he repressed the insurrections in the south-west, particularly at Bordeaux, with great severity, ​and in 1549–50 conducted the war in the Boulonnais, negotiating the treaty for the surrender of Boulogne on the 24th of March 1550. In 1551 his barony was erected into a duchy. Soon afterwards his armies found employment in the north-east in connexion with the seizure of Metz, Toul and Verdun by the French king. His attempt to relieve St Quentin resulted in his defeat and captivity (Aug. 10, 1557), and he did not regain his liberty until the peace of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559. Supplanted in the interval by the Guises, he was treated with coldness by the new king, Francis II., and compelled to give up his mastership of the royal household—his son, however, being appointed marshal by way of indemnity. On the accession of Charles IX. in 1560 he resumed his offices and dignities, and, uniting with his former enemies, the Guises, played an important part in the Huguenot war of 1562. Though the arms of his party were victorious at Dreux, he himself fell into the hands of the enemy, and was not liberated until the treaty of Amboise (March 19, 1563). In 1567 he again triumphed at St Denis, but received the death-blow of which he died at Paris, on the 15th of March, 1567.
See F. Decrue, Anne de Montmorency (Paris, 1885), and Anne, duc de Montmorency (Paris, 1889).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Montmorency (town)

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​MONTMORENCY, a town of northern France in the department of Seine-et-Oise, 21/2 m. from the right bank of the Seine and 11 m. N. of Paris by rail. Pop. (1906), 5723. In the middle ages it was the seat of the family of Montmorency. There is a church built for the most part in the 16th century by Anne de Montmorency. The town is a well-known resort of Parisians. To the north-east lies the fine forest of Montmorency. Bleaching and dyeing and the manufacture of lime plaster, bricks and tiles are carried on. About a mile south-west lies Enghien-les-Bains (pop. 4925), the waters of which are used in cases of catarrh and skin disease.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schmidt, Wilhelm Adolf

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SCHMIDT, WILHELM ADOLF (1812-1887), German historian, was born in Berlin on the 26th of September 1812. He became in 1851 professor of history at Zürich, and nine years later professor at Jena, where he died on the 10th of April 1887. He was a member of the Frankfort parliament in 1848, and of the German Reichstag from 1874 to 1876. His historical works deal mainly with modern German history, and the most important of them are: —
Preussens deutsche Politik (Berlin, 1850, and other editions); Geschichte der preussisch-deutschen Unionsbestrebungen (Berlin, 1851); Zeitgenössische Geschichten (Berlin, 1859); Elsass und Lothringen (Leipzig, 1859 and 1870); and Geschichte der deutschen Verfassungsfrage während der Befreiungskriege und des Wiener Kongresses (Stuttgart, 1890), which was published after his death by A. Stern. Schmidt also wrote: Tableaux de la Révolution Française publiés sur les papiers inédits du départment de la police secrète de Paris (Leipzig, 1867-1870); Pariser Zustände während der Revolutionszeit (Jena, 1874-1876), translated into French by P. Viollet (Paris, 1880-1885); Das Perikleische Zeitalter (Jena, 1877-1879); Handbuch der griechischen Chronologie (Jena, 1888); and Abhandlungen zur alten Geschichte (Leipzig, 1888).
See H. Landwehr, Zur Erinnerung an Adolf Schmidt (Berlin, 1887).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schmoller, Gustav

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SCHMOLLER, GUSTAV (1838- ), German political economist, was born at Heilbronn on the 24th of June 1838. He studied political science, philosophy and history at the university
of Tübingen from 1857 to 1861, when he obtained an appointment at the Württemberg Statistical Department. In 1864 Schmoller became extraordinary — and in the following year, ordinary — professor of political economy and science at Halle, was transferred in a like capacity to Strasburg in 1872 and finally in 1882 to Berlin. In 1884 he was admitted a member of the Prussian Staatsrath, in 1887 a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, and in 1899 was called to the Prussian Herrenhaus (Upper Chamber) as representative of the university of Berlin. Schmoller is famous for his researches in the field of the history of political economy and is one of the founders of the Verein für Social Politik (Social Political Society).
Among his numerous scientific works must be specially mentioned: Der französiche Handelsvertrag und seine Gegner (1862); Zur Geschichte des deutschen Kleingewerbes im 19ten Jahrhundert (1869); Über einige Grundfragen des Rechts und der Volkswirtschaft (1875). In late years Schmoller concentrated his attention more upon the history of Prussian administration, and besides editing the Jahrbuch für preussische Geschichte und Landeskunde, published the result of his labours in this department in the Umrisse und Untersuchungen zur Verfassungs-, Verwaltungs- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, besonders des preussischen Staates, im 17ten und 18ten Jahrhundert (1898).
For an estimate of Schmoller's work cf. Stampfer, Gustav Schmoller (1901).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schneidemühl

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SCHNEIDEMÜHL (Polish Pila), a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Posen, situated on the Cüddow, 60 m. N. of Posen and 145 m. N.E. of Berlin on the main line to Konigsberg, and at the junction of lines to Stargard and Thorn. Pop. (1905), 21,624. It has five churches, a classical school and a Roman Catholic teachers' seminary. Schneidemühl carries on a trade in wood, grain and potatoes, and possesses an iron foundry, several glass works and machine-shops, and other industrial establishments. Considerable damage was done to the town in 1893 by a violent overflow of water from a deep artesian well.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schneider, Johann Gottlob

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SCHNEIDER, JOHANN GOTTLOB (1750–1822), German classical scholar and naturalist, was born at Kollmen in Saxony on the 18th of January 1750. In 1774, on the recommendation of Heyne, he became secretary to the famous Strassburg scholar, R. F. Brunck, and in 1811 professor of ancient languages and eloquence at Breslau (chief librarian, 1816) where he died on the 12th of January 1822. Of his numerous works the most important was his Kritisches griechisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch (1797–1798), the first independent work of the kind since Stephanus’s Thesaurus, and the basis of F. Passow’s and all succeeding Greek lexicons. A special improvement was the
introduction of words and expressions connected with natural history and science. The scientific writings of ancient authors especially attracted him. He published editions of Aelian, De natura animalium; Nicander, Alexipharmaca and Theriaca; the Scriptores rei rusticae; Aristotle, Historia animalium and Politica; Epicurus, Physica and Meteorologica; Theophrastus, Eclogae physicae; Oppian, Halieutica and Cynegetica; the complete works of Xenophon and Vitruvius; the Argonautica of the so-called Orpheus (for which Ruhnken nicknamed him “Orpheomastix”); an essay on the life and writings of Pindar and a collection of his fragments. His Eclogae physicae is a selection of extracts of various length from Greek and Latin writers on scientific subjects, containing the original text and commentary, with essays on natural history and science in ancient times.
See F. Passow, Opuscula academica (1835); C. Bursian, Geschichte der classischen Philologie in Deutschland (1883).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schneider, Louis

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​SCHNEIDER, LOUIS (1805–1878), German actor and author, was born at Berlin on the 29th of April 1805, the son of George Abraham Schneider (1770–1839). At an early age he was engaged at the Royal Theatre, Berlin, where he soon rose to play leading comedy parts. His reputation as a comedian grew with his success in such rôles as Zierl in the Einfahrt vom Lande, Peter in the Kapellmeister von Venedig, Schikaneder in the Schauspieldirektor and Basileo in Figaro’s Hochzeit, and he became the favourite of Berlin. In 1845 he was appointed head of the Royal opera in Berlin. But his bold patriotic couplets and impromptus during the revolutionary year 1848 necessitated his retirement, and thereafter he translated and adapted for the stage Mozart’s Cosi fan tutti; published, under the pseudonym “L. W. Both,” Das Bühnenrepertoire des Auslandes; and founded, as a result of his experiences as a soldier in the Danish war of 1849, the periodical Der Soldatenfreund. He also wrote Geschichte der Oper und des Opernhauses in Berlin (1845–1852). Soon after his retirement he was appointed reader to King Frederick William IV. of Prussia, and subsequently he received the title of Geheimen Hofrat. He continued to enjoy the favour of the court, and, as correspondent of the Staatsanzeiger, was attached to the headquarters’ staff of the Prussian army during the campaign of 1866; and, by special invitation, accompanied the emperor William during the war of 1870. Schneider also wrote a novel, Das böse Glück, and several volumes of reminiscences: König Wilhelm (1869), Kaiser Wilhelm, 1867–1871 (1875). He died at Potsdam on the 16th of December 1878.
See his posthumous memoirs, Aus meinem Leben (Berlin, 1879–1880), and Aus dem Leben Kaiser Wilhelms (1888), which caused some sensation on their publication.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schneidewin, Friedrich Wilhelm

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SCHNEIDEWIN, FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1810–1856), German classical scholar, was born at Helmstedt on the 6th of June 1810. In 1833 he became a teacher at the Brunswick gymnasium, in 1837 extraordinary and in 1842 ordinary professor of classical languages and literature in the university of Göttingen, where he died on the 11th of January 1856. Schneidewin’s work on Sophocles and the Greek lyric poets is of permanent value. His most important publications are: Ibyci Rhegini reliquiae (1833), severely criticized by G. Hermann; Simonidis Cei reliquiae (1835); Delectus poësis Graecorum elegiacae, iambicae, melicae (1838–1839), in which the fragments of the lyric poets were for the first time published in a convenient form; Paroemiographi graeci (1839, with E. von Leutsch); Sophocles (1849–1854, revised after his death by A. Nauck). He also edited the fragments of the speeches of Hypereides on behalf of Euxenippus and Lycophron (already published by Churchill Babington from a papyrus discovered in Egyptian Thebes in 1847) and a Latin poem on rhetorical figures by an unknown author (Incerti auctoris de figuris vel schematibus versus heroici, 1841), found by Jules Quicherat in MS. in the Paris library. Schneidewin was also the founder of Philologus (1846), a journal devoted to classical learning, and dedicated to the memory of K. O. Müller.
See A. Baumeister in Allgemeine deutsche Biographie; E. von Leutsch in Philologus, x.; and M. Lechner, Zur Erinnerung an K. F. Hermann, F. W. Schneidewin (1864).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schmidt, Karl von

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SCHMIDT, KARL VON (1817-1875), Prussian cavalry general, was born at Schwedt on the Oder, on the 12th of January 1817, and entered the 4th Ulans as a second lieutenant in 1834. His long regimental service was varied by staff service and instructional work, and in the mobilization of 1859 he had the command of a landwehr cavalry regiment. In 1863 he was made colonel of the 4th Cuirassiers, which he commanded in the, for the cavalry arm, uneventful campaigns of 1864 and 1866. He then commanded a newly raised regiment of Schleswig-Holstein troops, the 16th Hussars, but at the outbreak of the Franco-German War he was still an obscure and perhaps a mistrusted officer, though his grasp of every detail of cavalry work was admitted. But an opportunity for distinction was grasped in the cavalry fighting around Mars-la-Tour (Aug. 16), in which he temporarily led a brigade and was severely wounded. He was soon promoted major-general and succeeded to the temporary command of his division on the disablement of its leader. In this post he did brilliant work in the campaign on the Loire, and even in the winter operations towards Le Mans, and earned a reputation second to none amongst the officers and men of his arm. After the war he took a leading part in the reorganization of the Prussian cavalry, which in ten years raised its efficiency to a point far beyond that of any other cavalry in Europe. In 1875, though his health was failing, he refused to give up the conduct of certain important cavalry manœuvres with which he had been entrusted. But a few days of heavy work in the field brought on a fatal illness, and he died at Danzig on the 25th of August 1875. In 1889 the 4th Ulans, in which his regimental service was almost entirely spent, were given the name “Von Schmidt.”
His drill and manœuvre instructions were codified and published after his death by his staff officer, Captain von Vollard Bockelberg, who was authorized by Prince Frederick Charles to do so. An English translation, Instructions for Cavalry, has been published by the War Office. Von Schmidt himself wrote a pamphlet, Auch ein Wort über die Ausbildung der Cavallerie (1862). The original German edition of the Instructions for Cavalry is prefaced by a memoir of Von Schmidt's life and services, written by Major Kaehler.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schneeberg

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SCHNEEBERG, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Saxony, in the Erzgebirge, 14 m. S.E. from Zwickau by rail. Pop. (1905) 9034. It contains a handsome Gothic parish church, one of the largest ecclesiastical buildings in Saxony, dedicated to St Wolfgang, with an altar-piece by Lucas Cranach the elder, and numerous tombs; a gymnasium; a school of lace-making and a hospital. Hand-made lace and silver mining, formerly its two most important industries, have greatly declined. The first has been almost entirely superseded by machine-made goods, while the second appears to have languished owing to exhaustion of the mines. Cobalt, bismuth and nickel are worked and yield satisfactory results, and machine-made lace, embroidery, porcelain, corsets, shoes and colours are among the chief of its other industrial products. Schneeberg is also noted for a snuff made of aromatic herbs, which commands a ready sale in the district.
See Lehmann, Chronik von Schneeberg (Schneeberg, 1837-1840).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schneekoppe

See also Sněžka on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer. Now shared by the Czech Republic and Poland.
SCHNEEKOPPE, a mountain of Germany, on the Silesian Bohemian frontier, the highest peak (5100 ft.) of the Riesengebirge, situated immediately above the town of Schmiedeberg, 8 m. S. from Hirschberg. From the crest, which is about 50 yds. sq. and across which runs the frontier line between Silesia and Bohemia, a magnificent view is obtained across the Oder plain to Breslau on the north and over Bohemia to the south-west. Just below the ridge, on the Prussian side, lies the chapel of St Lawrence, which was used as a hospice for travellers from 1824 to 1850, when a new hostel was erected. Since 1900 a meteorological station has been established here.
See Zetzmann, Panorama von der Schneekoppe (Berlin, 1903).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista

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​TIEPOLO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1692–1769), Italian painter, was born at Venice, and acquired the rudiments of his art from Gregorio Lazzarini, and probably from Piazzetta, though the decisive influence on the formation of his style was the study of Paolo Veronese’s sumptuous paintings. When hardly out of his teens he developed an extraordinary facility of brushwork, and proved himself, as a fresco-painter, a colourist of the first ​order, though this early mastery of technique made him frequently neglect form and composition. The more solid qualities of Paolo Veronese — depth of thought and balance of design — are frequently wanting in his work, but he approaches the earlier master in richness of colour and in the management of difficult effects of lighting. He decorated many Venetian churches and palaces with ceilings and frescoes full of turbulent movement and rich colour, extending his operations to the near cities of the mainland and to Bergamo (Colleoni Chapel) and Milan (ceiling at Palazzo Chierici). In 1750 he proceeded to Würzburg to paint the magnificent ceilings and frescoes at the archbishop's palace. From 1753 to about 1763 he worked again at Venice and in the cities of north-east Italy, until he was summoned to Madrid by Charles III. to paint some frescoes for the royal palace. He died at Madrid in 1769. He was the last important figure in Venetian art, and at the same time the initiator of the baroque period.
Tiepolo's altarpieces and easel pictures show more clearly even than his frescoes how deeply he was imbued with the spirit of Paolo Veronese, for in these smaller works he paid more attention to the balance of composition, whilst retaining the luminosity of his colour harmonies. The majority of his works, both in fresco and in oils, are to be found in Venice in the churches of S. Aloise, SS. Apostoli, Gesuati, SS. Giovanni e Paolo, in the Scalzi, and the Scuola del Carmine, the Academy, and the Palazzi Labia, Rezzonico, and Quirini-Stampalia, and the Doge's Palace. Besides the cities already mentioned, Padua, Udine, Parma and Vicenza boast of fine examples of his work. At the National Gallery are two designs for altarpieces, a “Deposition from the Cross,” “Esther at the Throne of Ahasuerus,” and “The Marriage of Marie de Médicis.” Two versions of “Christ and the Adulteress” are in the collection of Dr L. Richter. Other easel pictures by Tiepolo are at the Louvre, and at the Berlin and Munich galleries. His paintings in Madrid belong to the closing years of his life and show signs of waning power. Tiepolo also executed some notable work with the etching-needle, the list comprising some fifty plates. His two sons, Giovanni Domenico (about 1726-1804) and Lorenzo, did not attain to his excellence.
See Les Tiepolo, by Henry de Chennevières (Paris, 1898); and Pompeo Molmenti, G. B. Tiepolo (Milan, 1910).