OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zumpt

See also Karl Gottlob Zumpt and August Wilhelm Zumpt on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ZUMPT, The name of two German classical scholars. Karl Gottlob Zumpt (1792-1894), who was educated at Heidelberg and Berlin, was from 1812 to 1827 a schoolmaster in Berlin, and in 1827 became professor of Latin literature at the university. His chief work was his Lateinische Grammatik (1818), which stood as a standard work until superseded by Madvig's in 1844. He edited Quintilian's Institutio oratoria (1831), Cicero's Verrines and De officiis (1837), and Curtius. Otherwise he devoted himself mainly to Roman history, publishing Annales veterum regnorum et populorum (3rd ed. 1862), a work in chronology down to A.D. 476, and other antiquarian studies. His nephew, August Wilhelm Zumpt (1815-1877), studied in Berlin, and in 1851 became professor in the Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium. He is known chiefly in connexion with Latin epigraphy, his papers on which (collected in Commentationes epigraphicae, 2 vols., 1850-54) brought him into conflict with Mommsen in connexion with the preparation of the Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum, a scheme for which, drawn up by Mommsen, was approved in 1847. His works include Monumentum Ancyranum (with Franck, 1847) and De monumento Ancyrano supplendo (1869); Studia Romana (1859); Das Kriminalrecht der rom. Republik (1865-69); Der Kriminalprozess der rom. Republik (1871); editions of Namatianus (1840), Cicero's Pro Murena (1859) and De lege agraria (1861). Ihne incorporated materials left by him in the 7th and 8th vols. of his Romische Geschichte (1840).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zurita y Castro, Jerónimo

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​ZURITA Y CASTRO, JERONIMO (1512-1580), Spanish historian, was born at Saragossa, and studied at Alcalá de Henares under the celebrated Hellenist, Hernán Nuñez. Through the influence of his father, Miguel de Zurita, physician to Charles V., he entered the public service as magistrate at Barbastro, and in 1537 was appointed assistant-secretary of the Inquisition. In 1548 Zurita was nominated official chronicler of the kingdom of Aragon, and in 1566 Philip II. attached him as secretary to the council of the Inquisition, delegating to him the conduct of all matters sufficiently important to require the king's signature. Zurita resigned these posts on the 21st of January 1571, obtained a sinecure at Saragossa, and dedicated himself wholly to the composition of his Anales de la corona de Aragón, the first part of which had appeared in 1562; he lived to see the last volume printed at Saragossa on the 22nd of April 1580, and died on the 3rd of November following. Zurita's style is somewhat crabbed and dry, but his authority is unquestionable; he displayed a new conception of an historian's duties, and, not content with the ample materials stored in the archives of Aragon, continued his researches in the libraries of Rome, Naples and Sicily; he founded the school of historical scholarship in Spain.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zweibrücken

See also Zweibrücken on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ZWEIBRÜCKEN, a town of Germany, in the Palatinate, on the Schwarzbach, and on the railway between Germersheim and Saarbrucken Pop (1905) 14,711. The town was the capital of the former duchy of Zweibrucken and the Alexander kirche contains the tombs of the dukes The ducal castle is now occupied by the chief court of the Palatinate. There is a fine Gothic Catholic church. Weaving and brewing and the manufacture of machinery, chicory, cigars, malt, boots, furniture and soap are the chief industries.
​Zweibrücken ("two bridges") is the Latin Bipontinum; it appears in early documents also as Geminus Pons, and was called by the French Deux-Ponts. The independent territory was at first a countship, the counts being descended from Henry I., youngest son of Simon I., count of Saarbrücken (d. 1180). This line became extinct on the death of Count Eberhard (1393), who in 1385 had sold half his territory to the count palatine of the Rhine, and held the other half as his feudatory. Louis (d. 1489), son of Stephen, count palatine of Zimmern-Veldenz, founded the line of the dukes of Zweibrücken, which became extinct in 1731, when the duchy passed to the Birkenfeld branch, whence it came under the sway of Bavaria in 1799. At the peace of Lunéville Zweibrücken was ceded to France; on its reunion with Germany in 1814 the greater part of the territory was given to Bavaria, the remainder to Oldenburg and Prussia. At the ducal printing office at Zweibrücken the fine edition of the classics known as the Bipontine Editions was published (1799 sqq.).
See Lehmann, Geschichte des Herzogtums Zweibrücken (Munich, 1867).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zwiedineck von Südenhorst, Hans

See also Hans von Zwiedineck-Südenhorst on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ZWIEDINECK VON SÜDENHORST, HANS (1845-1906), German historian, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Main on the 14th of April 1845. He studied at the university of Gratz, where he became a professor in 1885, and died at Gratz on the 22nd of November 1906.
Südenhorst's principal writings are Dorfleben im 18 Jahrhundert (Vienna, 1877); Hans Ulrich, Fürst von Eggenberg (Vienna, 1880); Die Politik der Republic Venedig während des dreissigjährigen Krieges (Stuttgart, 1882-85); Venedig els Weltmacht und Weltstadt (Bielefeld, 1899 and 1906); Kriegsbilder aus der Zeit der Landsknechte (Stuttgart, 1883); Die öffentliche Meinung in Deutschland im Zeitalter Ludwigs XIV. 1650-1700 (Stuttgart, 1888); Erzherzog Johann im Feldzuge von 1809 (Gratz, 1892); and Maria Theresia (Bielefeld, 1905). He edited the Bibliothek deutscher Geschichte, writing for this series, Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Gründung des preussischen Königtums (Stuttgart, 1887-94); and Deutsche Geschichte von der Auflösung des alten bis zur Gründung des neuen Reiches (Stuttgart, 1897-1905). He completed A. Wolf's Oesterreich unter Maria Theresia, Josef II. und Leopold II. (Berlin, 1882-84), and edited the Zeitschrift für allgemeine Geschichte (Stuttgart, 1884-88).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Proust, Antonin

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​PROUST, ANTONIN (1832–1905), French journalist and politician, was born at Niort on the 15th of March 1832. He founded in 1864 an anti-imperial journal, La Semaine hebdomadaire which appeared at Brussels. He was war correspondent to Le Temps in the early days of the Franco-German War, but after Sedan he returned to Paris, where he became secretary to Gambetta and superintended the refugees in Paris. He entered the Chamber as deputy for his native town in 1876, taking his seat on the left. In Gambetta’s cabinet (1881–1882) he was minister of the fine arts, and in the Chamber of Deputies he was regularly commissioned to draw up the budget for the fine arts, after the separate department had ceased to exist. Prosecuted in connexion with the Panama scandals, he was acquitted in 1893. From this time he lived in the closest retirement. On the 20th of March 1905 he shot himself in the head, dying of the wound two days later.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Proverb

See also proverb on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer. The Latin phrase quoted from Erasmus means "famous saying known to many and marked by novelty".
​PROVERB (Lat. proverbium, from pro, forth, publicly, verbum, word; the Greek equivalent is παροιμίαι, from παρά, alongside, and ομἶος, way, road, i.e. a wayside saying; Ger. Sprichwort), a form of folk-literature, or its later imitation, expressing, in the form of a simple, homely sentence, a pungent criticism of life. Many definitions have been attempted of a “ proverb,” of which none has met with universal acceptance. J. Howell's (d. 1666) three essentials, “ shortness, sense and salt,” omit the chief characteristic, popularity or general acceptance, and the definition of Erasmus—Celebre dictum scita quapiam novitate insigne—suits a good proverb rather than proverbs in general. Lord Russell's “ The wisdom of many and the wit of one ” is familiar.
For a general survey of the subject of proverbs, Archbishop Trench's Proverbs and their Lessons (new ed., 1905, by A. Smythe-Palmer, with additions and notes) is useful; it contains a fairly comprehensive bibliography, ancient and modern. Bohn's Handbook of Proverbs, and Polyglot of Foreign Proverbs (1857), based on the collections of John Ray (1670) and David Ferguson (1641), are very full. V. Stuckey Lean's Collectanea (5 vols.) 1902 is a storehouse of English proverbs, classified in various ways; Notes and Queries, 9th series (1898), vol. ii., contains a bibliography of English works. The principal foreign works are G. Stratforello, La Sapienza del mondo (3 vols., 1883) and Reinsberg and Düringsfeld, Die Sprichwörter der germanischen und romanischen Sprachen (2 vols., 1872–1875). There are many popular handbooks giving full collections of proverbs, English and foreign.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prout, William

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PROUT, WILLIAM (1785–1850), English chemist and physician, was born in Horton, Gloucestershire, on the 15th of January 1785, and died at London on the 9th of April 1850. His life was spent as a practising physician in London, but he also occupied himself with chemical research. He was an active worker in physiological chemistry, and carried out many analyses of the products of living organisms, among them being one of the gastric juice which, at the end of 1823, resulted in the notable discovery that the acid contents of the stomach contain hydrochloric acid which is seperable by distillation. In 1815 he published anonymously in the Annals of Philosophy a paper “On the relation between the specific gravities of bodies in their gaseous state and the weights of their atoms,” in which he calculated that the atomic weights of a number of elements are multiples of that of hydrogen; and in a second paper published in the same periodical the following year he suggested that the πρώτη ὕλη of the ancients is realized in hydrogen, from which the other elements are formed by some process of condensation or grouping. This view, generally known as “Prout’s hypothesis,” at least had the merit of stimulating inquiry, and many of the most careful determinations of atomic weights undertaken since its promulgation have been provoked by the desire to test its validity.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Proust, Joseph Louis

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PROUST, JOSEPH LOUIS (1754–1826), French chemist, was born on the 26th of September 1754 at Angers, where his father was an apothecary. After beginning the study of chemistry in his father’s shop he came to Paris and gained the appointment of apothecary in chief to the Salpetrière, also lecturing on chemistry at the musée of the aeronaut J. F. Pilâtre de Rozier, whom he accompanied in a balloon ascent in 1784. Next, at the instance of Charles IV., he went to Spain, where he taught chemistry first at the artillery school of Segovia, and then at Salamanca, finally becoming in 1789 director of the royal laboratory at Madrid. In 1808 he lost both his job and his money by the fall of his patron, and retired first to Craon in Mayenne and then to Angers, where he died on 5th of July 1826. His name is best known in connexion with a long controversy with C. L. Berthollet. The latter chemist was led by his doctrine of mass-action to deny that substances always combine in constant and definite proportions. Proust, on the other hand, maintained that compounds always contain definite quantities of their constituent elements, and that in cases where two or more elements unite to form more than one compound, the proportions in which they are present vary per saltum, not gradually. In 1799 he proved that carbonate of copper, whether natural or artificial, always has the same composition, and later showed that the two oxides of tin and the two sulphides of iron always contain the same relative weights of their components and that no intermediate indeterminate compounds exist. His analytical skills enabled him to demonstrate the inaccuracy of the researches by which Berthollet attempted to support the opposite view, and to show among other things that some of the compounds which Berthollet treated as oxides were in reality hydrates containing chemically combined water, and the upshot was that by 1808 he had fully vindicated his position. Proust also investigated the varieties of sugar that occur in sweet vegetable juices, distinguishing three kinds, and he showed that the sugar in grapes, of which he announced the existence to his classes at Madrid, is identical with that obtained from honey by the Russian chemist J. T. Lowitz (1757–1804).
Besides papers in scientific periodicals he published Indagaciones sobre el estañada de cobre, la vajilla de estaño y el vidriado (1803); Mémoire sur le sucre de raisins (1808); Recueil des mémoires relatifs à la poudre à canon (1815); and Essai sur une des causes qui peuvent amener la formation du calcul (1824).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Proustite

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​PROUSTITE, a mineral consisting of silver sulpharsenite, Ag$_3$AsS$_3$, known also as light red silver ore, and an important source of the metal. It is closely allied to the corresponding sulphantimonite, pyrargyrite, from which it was distinguished by the chemical analyses of J. L. Proust in 1804, after whom the mineral received its name. Many of the characters being so similar to those of pyrargyrite (q.v.) they are mentioned under that species. The prismatic crystals are often terminated by the scalenohedron {201} and the obtuse rhombohedron {110}, thus resembling calcite (dog-tooth-spar) in habit. The colour is scarlet-vermilion and the lustre adamantine; crystals are transparent and very brilliant, but on exposure to light they soon become dull black and opaque. The streak is scarlet, the hardness 21/2, and the specific gravity 5·57. The mode of occurrence is the same as that of pyrargyrite, and the two minerals are sometimes found together. Magnificent groups of large crystals have been found at Chañarcillo in Chile; other localities which have yielded fine specimens are Freiberg and Marienberg in Saxony, Joachimsthal in Bohemia and Markirch in Alsace.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prout, Samuel

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​PROUT, SAMUEL (1783–1852), English water-colour painter, was born at Plymouth on the 17th of September 1783. He spent whole summer days, in company with the ill-fated Haydon, in drawing the quiet cottages, rustic bridges and romantic watermills of the beautiful valleys of Devon. He even made a journey through Cornwall to try his hand in furnishing sketches for Britton’s Beauties of England. On his removal in 1803 to London, which became his headquarters after 1812, a new scene of activity opened up before Prout. He now endeavoured to ​correct and improve his style by the study of the works of the rising school of landscape. To gain a living he painted marine pieces for Palser the print seller, received pupils, and published many drawing books for learners. He was likewise one of the first who turned to account in his profession the newly-invented art of lithography. It was not however until about 1818 that Prout discovered his proper sphere. Happening at that time to make his first visit to the Continent, and to study the quaint streets and market-places of continental cities, he suddenly found himself in a new and enchanting province of art. All his faculties, having found their congenial element, sprung into unwonted power and activity. His eye readily caught the picturesque features of the architecture, and his hand recorded them with unsurpassed felicity and fine selection of line. The composition of his drawings was exquisitely natural; their colour exhibited “ the truest and happiest association in sun and shade”; the picturesque remnants of ancient architecture were rendered with the happiest breadth and largeness, with the heartiest perception and enjoyment of their time-worn ruggedness; and the solemnity of great cathedrals was brought out with striking effect. At the time of his death, on the 10th of February 1852, there was scarcely a nook in France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands where his quiet, benevolent, observant face had not been seen searching for antique gables and sculptured pieces of stone. In Venice especially there was hardly a pillar which his eye had not lovingly studied and his pencil had not dexterously copied.
See a memoir of Prout, by John Ruskin, in Art Journal for 1849, and the same author's Notes on the Fine Art Society's Loan Collection of Drawings by Samuel Prout and William Hunt (1879–1880).
# 1914 and other poems/Retrospect

​RETROSPECT
In your arms was still delight, Quiet as a street at night; And thoughts of you, I do remember, Were green leaves in a darkened chamber, Were dark clouds in a moonless sky. Love, in you, went passing by, Penetrative, remote, and rare, Like a bird in the wide air, And, as the bird, it left no trace In the heaven of your face. In your stupidity I found The sweet hush after a sweet sound. All about you was the light That dims the greying end of night; Desire was the unrisen sun, Joy the day not yet begun, With tree whispering to tree, Without wind, quietly. Wisdom slept within your hair, And Long-Suffering was there, And, in the flowing of your dress, Undiscerning Tenderness. And when you thought, it seemed to me, Infinitely, and like a sea, About the slight world you had known Your vast unconsciousness was thrown. . . .
​O haven without wave or tide! Silence, in which all songs have died! Holy book, where hearts are still! And home at length under the hill! O mother quiet, breasts of peace, Where love itself would faint and cease! O infinite deep I never knew, I would come back, come back to you, Find you, as a pool unstirred, Kneel down by you, and never a word, Lay my head, and nothing said, In your hands, ungarlanded; And a long watch you would keep; And I should sleep, and I should sleep!
Mataiea, January 1914
# 1914 and other poems/Sonnet

​SONNET (Suggested by some of the Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research)
Not with vain tears, when we're beyond the sun, We'll beat on the substantial doors, nor tread Those dusty high-roads of the aimless dead Plaintive for Earth; but rather turn and run Down some close-covered by-way of the air, Some low sweet alley between wind and wind, Stoop under faint gleams, thread the shadows, find Some whispering ghost-forgotten nook, and there
Spend in pure converse our eternal day; Think each in each, immediately wise; Learn all we lacked before; hear, know, and say What this tumultuous body now denies; And feel, who have laid our groping hands away; And see, no longer blinded by our eyes.
# 1914 and other poems/The Dead

​III. THE DEAD
Blow out, you bugles, over the rich Dead! There's none of these so lonely and poor of old, But, dying, has made us rarer gifts than gold. These laid the world away; poured out the red Sweet wine of youth; gave up the years to be Of work and joy, and that unhoped serene, That men call age; and those who would have been, Their sons, they gave, their immortality.
Blow, bugles, blow! They brought us, for our dearth, Holiness, lacked so long, and Love, and Pain. Honour has come back, as a king, to earth, And paid his subjects with a royal wage; And Nobleness walks in our ways again; And we have come into our heritage.
​IV. THE DEAD
These hearts were woven of human joys and cares, Washed marvellously with sorrow, swift to mirth. The years had given them kindness. Dawn was theirs, And sunset, and the colours of the earth. These had seen movement, and heard music; known Slumber and waking; loved; gone proudly friended; Felt the quick stir of wonder; sat alone; Touched flowers and furs and cheeks. All this is ended.
There are waters blown by changing winds to laughter And lit by the rich skies, all day. And after, Frost, with a gesture, stays the waves that dance And wandering loveliness. He leaves a white Unbroken glory, a gathered radiance, A width, a shining peace, under the night.
# 1914 and other poems/Peace

1914
​I. PEACE
Now, God be thanked Who has matched us with His hour, And caught our youth, and wakened us from sleeping, With hand made sure, clear eye, and sharpened power, To turn, as swimmers into cleanness leaping, Glad from a world grown old and cold and weary, Leave the sick hearts that honour could not move, And half-men, and their dirty songs and dreary, And all the little emptiness of love!
Oh! we, who have known shame, we have found release there, Where there's no ill, no grief, but sleep has mending, Naught broken save this body, lost but breath; Nothing to shake the laughing heart's long peace there But only agony, and that has ending; And the worst friend and enemy is but Death.
# 1914 and other poems/Safety

​II. SAFETY
Dear! of all happy in the hour, most blest He who has found our hid security, Assured in the dark tides of the world that rest, And heard our word, 'Who is so safe as we?' We have found safety with all things undying, The winds, and morning, tears of men and mirth, The deep night, and birds singing, and clouds flying, And sleep, and freedom, and the autumnal earth. We have built a house that is not for Time's throwing. We have gained a peace unshaken by pain for ever. War knows no power. Safe shall be my going, Secretly armed against all death's endeavour; Safe though all safety's lost; safe where men fall; And if these poor limbs die, safest of all.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# 1914 and other poems/Song

​SONG
All suddenly the wind comes soft, And Spring is here again; And the hawthorn quickens with buds of green, And my heart with buds of pain.
My heart all Winter lay so numb, The earth so dead and frore, That I never thought the Spring would come, Or my heart wake any more.
But Winter's broken and earth has woken, And the small birds cry again; And the hawthorn hedge puts forth its buds, And my heart puts forth its pain.
# 1914 and other poems/The Busy Heart

OTHER POEMS
​THE BUSY HEART
Now that we've done our best and worst, and parted, I would fill my mind with thoughts that will not rend. (O heart, I do not dare go empty-hearted) I'll think of Love in books, Love without end; Women with child, content; and old men sleeping; And wet strong ploughlands, scarred for certain grain; And babes that weep, and so forget their weeping; And the young heavens, forgetful after rain; And evening hush, broken by homing wings; And Song's nobility, and Wisdom holy, That live, we dead. I would think of a thousand things, Lovely and durable, and taste them slowly, One after one, like tasting a sweet food. I have need to busy my heart with quietude.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse