# Medical Malpractice Insurance Claims in Seven States, 2000-2004

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U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report
Medical Malpractice Insurance Claims in Seven States, 2000-2004
March 2007, NCJ 216339
This file is text only without graphics and many of the tables. A Zip archive of the tables in this report in spreadsheet format (.csv) and the full report including tables and graphics in .pdf format are available from: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/mmicss04.htm
By Thomas H. Cohen, Ph.D. Kristen A. Hughes, MPA Bureau of Justice Statistics
Insurance companies in Florida, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Missouri, Nevada, and Texas reported information on about 43,000 closed medical malpractice insurance claims between 2000 and 2004. In these states licensed medical malpractice insurance providers are required by law to submit data on closed claims to a central state agency, typically the Department of Financial and Insurance Regulation. The collection agency in these states provided the data to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS).
Most medical malpractice claims were closed without any compensation provided to those claiming a medical injury (claimant). About a third of closed medical malpractice insurance claims in Maine, Missouri, and Nevada resulted in an insurance payout. In Illinois 12% of closed claims had a payout.
For closed medical malpractice insurance claims that resulted in compensation for the claimant, fewer than 10% of the claims in Florida, Maine, Missouri, and Nevada had a payout of $1 million or more. In Florida, Maine, and Missouri about two-thirds of the claims were closed with an insurance payout of less than $250,000.
Among persons receiving compensation, insurance payouts were highest for claimants who suffered lifelong major or grave permanent injuries and lowest for claimants who suffered temporary or emotional injuries. In Florida and Missouri claimants with major or grave permanent injuries received median payouts ranging from $278,000 to $350,000. By comparison, claimants in these states who suffered various types of temporary or emotional injuries received median payouts ranging from $5,000 to $79,000.
Medical malpractice insurance payouts increased as the insurance claims advanced through the legal system. Payouts were typically lowest for claims closed prior to the filing of a lawsuit and highest for claims closed after a trial. In Florida, Nevada, and Texas claims decided by trial resulted in median payouts that were at least 21/2 times larger than claims that were settled. Medical malpractice claims that closed after trial also cost more for insurance firms to defend than claims settled prior to trial.
In general, claimants did not file medical malpractice claims with insurance companies immediately after injury. In Florida, Missouri, and Texas medical malpractice claims were filed with insurance companies an average of 15 to 18 months after an injury. After claims were received, it took an average of 26 to 29 additional months to close the claim.
Insurance companies reported that physicians, surgeons, and hospitals were the most common type of medical provider named in medical malpractice insurance claims. These claims indicated that alleged injuries occurred more frequently in hospital inpatient facilities than in hospital outpatient facilities, doctors' offices, or emergency rooms.
Seven states provided medical malpractice data to BJS
Medical malpractice has been a major issue in the Nation's debate over health care costs and tort reform. Seven states -- Florida, Maine, Missouri, Texas, Illinois, Massachusetts, and Nevada –- were identified by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) as having comprehensive medical malpractice insurance claims databases.
in all 50 states and the U.S. territories. Further information about NAIC may be obtained at <http://www.naic.org/>.*** The information collected by these states covered a range of key items, including the number of claims closed with or without payouts, types of medical providers named in claims, facilities where alleged injury occurred, severity of alleged injury, court disposition of claims, amounts paid to compensate claimants, costs of defense counsel, and claim processing time.
The number of medical malpractice claims closed between 2000 and 2004 differed considerably across the seven states. Differences in state population, number of health care providers, overall litigation environment, and scope of data collected may contribute to a higher number of closed claims in some states compared to other states. (See Methodology.)
Florida, Maine, Missouri, and Texas collected medical malpractice claims data involving physicians, surgeons, hospitals, nursing homes, dentists, and other health care providers. In comparison, Illinois, Massachusetts, and Nevada collected data involving only physicians or surgeons. Also Florida and Massachusetts did not collect data on claims closed without an insurance payout. In Texas detailed medical malpractice insurance claims data were collected only for closed claims that had an insurance payout of more than $10,000. For these reasons, data in this report should not be used to compare medical malpractice insurance litigation across states.
Prior BJS reports on medical malpractice focused on only those medical malpractice claims that ended in trial. (See box on page 3.) This report describes a broader scope of medical malpractice litigation by examining medical malpractice insurance claims that were settled prior to or after a lawsuit in addition to those ending in trial.
Few medical malpractice claims were closed with a payout
Most medical malpractice insurance claims were closed without a payout to the person seeking compensation for the alleged medical injury. In Maine (34%), Missouri (31%), and Nevada (38%), about a third of medical malpractice claims were closed with a payout. In Illinois about 12% of closed claims resulted in a payout.
What is a medical malpractice insurance claim?
A medical malpractice insurance claim arises when a person (the claimant) alleges that negligent medical treatment resulted in an injury. The treatment may have been provided by a physician, surgeon, or other health care professional or an organization, such as a hospital, clinic, or nursing home.
In a typical medical malpractice claim, the person claiming an injury or a related family member retains an attorney to file a claim with the medical provider's insurance carrier requesting compensation for the injury. After a claim is filed, the insurance carrier may settle, negotiate with the claimant over the amount of compensation, or refuse to compensate the claimant. If the parties do not come to an agreement, the claimant's attorney may file a lawsuit in the appropriate court or abandon the claim.
Some states require review of medical malpractice claims before a panel of experts prior to a lawsuit, while other states mandate arbitration or alternative dispute resolution as a means of resolving medical malpractice claims. The filing of a lawsuit may produce several outcomes. These include the settlement of the case prior to or during trial, a trial decision in favor of the claimant or the defendant, or the dismissal of the case by the court. Claims may also be abandoned or withdrawn after a lawsuit.
Majority of medical malpractice claims were brought against physicians or surgeons
Physicians or surgeons were the most common type of individual medical provider involved in medical malpractice insurance claims. They made up about half of medical providers involved in medical malpractice claims closed in Maine(54%)and Missouri (48%), and two-thirds of those in Texas (68%).
Hospitals were the most frequent institutional party named in medical malpractice insurance claims. In Maine 27% of claims were against hospitals, while in Missouri and Texas hospitals accounted for about 18% of health care providers in closed claims. The number of institutional providers, such as hospitals, may be underestimated because these institutions often self-insure and self-insured institutions are not required to report closed claims.
Most injuries occurred at hospital inpatient facilities
Most medical malpractice injuries reported in closed insurance claims occurred in hospital inpatient facilities. About half of closed claims in Florida and Missouri and 42% of claims closed in Illinois involved injuries that occurred in hospital inpatient facilities. Physicians' offices accounted for 10% of the claims closed in Florida, 20% in Missouri, and 24% in Illinois.
Prior BJS medical malpractice data collections
Prior BJS reports on medical malpractice estimated that about 7% of medical malpractice lawsuits ended in a trial. (See Tort Cases in Large Counties, 1992.) BJS has also provided detailed information about medical malpractice trials in several reports examining civil trial litigation in the Nation's 75 most populous counties. (See Civil Trial Cases and Verdicts in Large Counties, 2001; Medical Malpractice Trials and Verdicts in Large Counties, 2001; and Tort Trials and Verdicts in Large Counties, 2001. These reports are available at <http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/civil.htm>.)
These reports highlight three key findings:
trials.
jury trials remained fairly stable but median trial awards increased by about 70%.
Females made up over half of insurance claimants
For states that provided data on gender, females comprised between 54% and 56% of medical malpractice claimants.
Few medical malpractice claims resulted in payouts of $1 million or more
Insurance payouts typically compensate claimants for lost wages and medical bills (economic damages); pain, suffering and other emotional damages (noneconomic damages); and attorney fees and costs. In cases where the medical provider engaged in reckless or criminal behavior, punitive damages may be awarded to the claimant.
Overall, medical malpractice insurance claims with payouts of $1 million or more occurred infrequently. Fewer than 10% of compensated medical malpractice claims resulted in payouts of $1 million or more in Florida, Maine, Missouri, and Nevada. Insurance payouts of $1 million or more accounted for 17% of paid claims in Illinois and Massachusetts, and 11% of paid claims in Texas.
In Missouri fewer claims involved temporary injuries; larger portions of claims involved wrongful death
In Missouri the percentage of claimants alleging more serious injuries has increased. In 1990 about half of closed medical malpractice claims involved temporary injuries, while wrongful deaths accounted for 20% of closed claims. By 2004 temporary and wrongful death injuries each accounted for about a third of closed medical malpractice claims.
The percentage of claims involving permanent injuries remained relatively stable between 1990 and 2004. On average about a third of closed medical malpractice claims involved permanent injuries. Increased expenses in litigating medical malpractice claims and changes in the strategies of plaintiff's lawyers in deciding which claims to litigate may explain this convergence of claims involving temporary and wrongful death injuries.
In states where data were collected on all health care providers, the majority of compensated medical malpractice insurance claims resulted in payouts of less than $250,000. In Missouri 72% of medical malpractice claims were closed with payouts of less than $250,000, while in Florida and Maine about two-thirds of the claims had payouts of less than $250,000. Sixty-one percent of closed claims in Texas also had payouts of less than $250,000.
In Illinois, Massachusetts, and Nevada, where data were available on physicians or surgeons only, approximately 40% to 50% of claims resulted in payouts of less than $250,000.
In Nevada diminished life expectancy and disfiguring injuries were more likely to result in a payout than non-physical emotional injuries
States differ in the way that they collect information on the type of physical injury reported in a medical malpractice claim. Nevada, Maine, Massachusetts, and Texas use their own coding schemes and detailed text fields to describe the type of injury alleged by the claimant. Florida, Missouri, and Illinois use the National Association of Insurance Commissioners' (NAIC's) injury scale to describe injuries alleged in medical malpractice claims. (See scale on page 6.)
In Nevada death is the most common type of medical malpractice injury reported in closed claims. This is followed by injuries resulting in "prolonged care or recovery" and "nervous system damage."
In Nevada over a third of all medical malpractice claims closed between 2000 and 2004 resulted in a payout. "Diminished life expectancy" and "disfigurement" injuries were more likely to result in a payout compared to those claims in which the claimant died. "Non-physical injuries" and "pain" resulted in a payout for claimants about 15% of the time.
Medical malpractice insurance payouts were higher for major or grace permanent injuries than for temporary emotional injuries
States using the National Association of Insurance Commissioners' (NAIC's) injury scale rank medical malpractice injuries according to escalating levels of severity. The NAIC's injury scale codes injuries with values that range from one for emotional injury only to nine indicating that the claimant died. (See adjacent description for scale and type of injuries.)
Excluding wrongful death, the major and grave permanent categories include the most serious types of injuries that may occur in medical malpractice insurance claims. Claimants who suffer these types of injuries often have sizeable medical bills, require potentially lifelong medical care, or incur substantial losses in earned income. The median insurance payouts for claimants who had major or grave permanent injuries ranged from $278,000 to $350,000 in Florida and Missouri and approached nearly $1 million in Illinois. By comparison, the median insurance payouts for claimants who suffered emotional, insignificant, or minor temporary injuries ranged from $5,000 in Missouri to $64,000 in Illinois.
The median insurance payouts in medical malpractice cases with wrongful death claims were lower than in cases in which the claimant suffered major or grave injuries. Since wrongful death claims would not involve more costly long term medical care, they often result in less compensation than claims in which long term medical care is needed.
National Association of Insurance Commissioners' (NAIC's) severity of injury scale and type of injuries:
About 95% of medical malpractice insurance claims settled prior to trial
Most medical malpractice insurance claims that resulted in a payout were settled prior to being decided by a jury or bench (judge) trial. In Florida, Maine, Missouri, and Texas 5% or less of these claims reached a trial decision.
For claims that were settled prior to a trial decision, the settlement was reached in most cases after a lawsuit had been filed in court. Of the nearly 8,300 claims settled in Florida, about 6,300 were concluded after a lawsuit was filed, but prior to a trial decision.
Insurance payouts increased as claims moved through the legal system
Insurance payouts for medical malpractice insurance claims decided by trial were substantially larger than claims that were settled. In Florida, Texas, and Nevada the median insurance payouts were at least 2« times larger for claims that reached a trial decision compared to claims that were settled. In Maine and Missouri median payouts were at least 3 times larger for claims decided by trial than claims that were settled. By comparison, in Florida, Missouri, and Texas median settlement payouts were lowest for medical malpractice claims settled prior to the filing of a lawsuit.
In Texas median payouts for claims resolved through alternative dispute resolution (ADR) were nearly the same as non-ADR claims
Nearly a third of the medical malpractice claims closed in Texas between 2000 and 2004 were resolved through alternative dispute resolution (ADR). This procedure refers to settling disputes by means other than formal litigation. The litigants typically meet with a third party who assists in resolving the dispute. Although Texas does not require that medical malpractice claims be referred to ADR, many parties participated in various ADR programs.
The decision to seek resolution through an ADR program did not impact overall payout amounts. Medical malpractice claims settled through ADR prior to a lawsuit produced slightly lower payouts ($50,000) compared to claims that were not resolved through ADR ($55,000). Among medical malpractice claims that settled after a lawsuit was filed in trial court, the median insurance payouts were slightly higher for ADR ($210,000) as opposed to non-ADR ($200,000)resolved claims.
Medical malpractice insurance payouts have increased
The median damages paid to medical malpractice claimants have increased since the early to late 1990s. In Missouri, for example, the median insurance payouts grew from $33,000 in 1990 to $150,000 in 2004, an increase of more than 350%. During the various time periods, median payouts also increased by 57% in Massachusetts, 49% in Illinois, 36% in Florida, 26% in Nevada, and 27% in Texas. Growing health care costs and an increasing effort by many attorneys to litigate only those medical malpractice claims involving severe injuries or wrongful death claims may explain some of these increases.
Medical malpractice claims closed after trial cost more to defend than claims settled prior to trial
The median loss adjustments paid to defense counsel were higher for claims closed through trials than settlements. Loss adjustments cover the amount insurance companies pay their legal counsel for investigating, settling, and trying their insurance claims. In Florida, Maine, and Nevada, median loss adjustments were at least 4 times greater for medical malpractice claims closed after trial than they were for claims settled prior to trial. The expenses associated with litigating a claim to the completion of a trial -- including completed discovery, preparation of key witnesses, expert testimony, and jury selection -- all contribute to higher defense counsel costs for claims decided by trial.
On average, 15 to 24 months elapsed before a medical injury was reported to insurance carriers
Medical malpractice insurance claims were typically not reported to insurance carriers immediately after injury. In Florida an average of 15 months passed before claimants reported the injury to insurance providers. In Nevada an average of 24 months passed before medical injuries were reported.
In Florida, Texas, and Missouri, an average of nearly 4 years passed from initial injury to the closure of the claim. Once the insurance company received a claim in these three states, an average of 26 to 29 additional months passed before claims were closed and the claimant compensated.
For Nevada and Illinois medical malpractice claims took slightly more than 5 years to close after injury. In these states an average of 22 to 24 months passed before claims were reported to the insurance carrier. An additional 38 to 45 months passed before the claims were closed.
Several factors influence the decision concerning when to file a medical malpractice claim, including statute of limitations restrictions and the need to ascertain various medical, work-related, and pain and suffering expenses.
Methodology
Prior BJS reports on medical malpractice estimated that about 7% of medical malpractice lawsuits ended in a trial. (See Tort Cases in Large Counties, 1992.) BJS has provided detailed information about medical malpractice trials in several reports examining civil trial litigation in the Nation's 75 most populous counties. (See Civil Trial Cases and Verdicts in Large Counties, 2001; Medical Malpractice Trials and Verdicts in the Large Counties, 2001.)
These BJS reports did not examine the characteristics or outcomes of the estimated 93% of medical malpractice claims that settled or were closed without compensation prior to reaching the trial stage. This BJS special report expands the scope of inquiry about medical malpractice litigation by providing information on medical malpractice claims that settled prior to or during litigation, were dismissed or abandoned without compensation, or reached the trial stage.
Medical malpractice claim data limitations
Limitations apply to the medical malpractice claim databases summarized in this report. One limitation is the extent to which these medical malpractice databases contain claims in which no compensation was demanded by the claimant. While most medical malpractice insurance claims involve requests for compensation, it is possible that significant numbers of medical malpractice insurance claims do not involve any compensation demands.***Footnote 2: Bernard Black, Charles Silver, David Hyman, and William Sage. July 2005. "Stability Not Crises: Medical Malpractice Claim Outcomes in Texas, 1988 2002." Journal of Empirical Legal Studies. 2(2): 207 259.*** Some insurance companies will open claims in response to medical procedures that resulted in injuries, irrespective of whether the injured party decides to pursue a claim. It was not possible to identify medical malpractice claims that did not involve demands for compensation.
The underreporting of medical malpractice insurance claims represents another limitation. The Departments of Financial and Insurance Regulation of the states providing data typically require that only licensed insurance companies submit closed claim medical malpractice data. The medical liability insurance market consists of other non-licensed entities and groups that provide medical liability insurance. These groups are not required to report closed claims medical malpractice data and include "self insured hospitals, hospitals that insure their employee physicians and surgeons, captive insurers, risk retention groups and surplus lines insurers."***Footnote 3: Department of Financial and Professional Regulation Division of Insurance. 2006. 2005 Medical Malpractice Claims Report. Springfield, IL: p. 3.*** The percentage of unreported medical malpractice insurance claims was generally not discernible; however, the Missouri Department of Insurance estimated that 15% to 20% of claims go unreported every year for that state.***Footnote 4: Missouri Department of Insurance. 2005. Missouri Medical Malpractice Insurance Report. Jefferson City, MO.***
Another limitation is that this study involves an examination of closed rather than opened medical malpractice insurance claims. As previously shown, a substantial amount of time can pass from the date of injury to the date that the medical malpractice claim is reported and subsequently closed by the insurance carrier. As a result of these time lags, this report should be viewed as presenting a picture of the past as opposed to the present medical malpractice insurance litigation environment.***Footnote 5: Neil Vidmar, Paul Lee, Kara MacKillop, Kieran McCarthy, and Gerald McGwin. 2004 -- 2005. "Uncovering the Invisible Profile of Medical Malpractice Litigation: Insights from Florida." DePaul Law Review 54: 315 -- 356.***
Another limitation is unknown variation in data quality. Some of these datasets have never been audited for consistency and accuracy. Medical malpractice claims often involve several defendants and insurance carriers filing multiple claims stemming from the same injury. While some states attempt to identify multiple claims that hail from the same incident, other states do not have procedures for identifying and purging these duplicate claims. This analysis was unable to determine the extent that duplicate claims were represented in these datasets.
The seven states also do not collect or report medical malpractice claim data in a uniform or consistent manner. Some states have more extensive medical malpractice data collection programs. Florida, Maine, Missouri, and Texas collect medical malpractice claims data involving physicians, surgeons, hospitals, nursing homes, dentists, and other health care providers. Illinois, Massachusetts, and Nevada only collect medical malpractice claim data involving physicians and surgeons.
Another important issue is whether the states collect data for claims that did not result in any compensation being awarded to the claimants. Florida and Massachusetts do not collect data on claims closed without an insurance payout. Texas collects only aggregate statistics on claims closed without an insurance payout or claims closed with insurance payouts of $10,000 or less. Detailed medical malpractice data in Texas are collected only for those medical malpractice cases closed with insurance payouts of more than $10,000.
For these reasons, this report should not be used to compare medical malpractice insurance litigation across the seven states. Rather, this report can be used to examine the general profile of medical malpractice insurance litigation.
Definitions of terms
Claim characteristics
Insurance payouts: Insurance claim closed with claimant being compensated for losses sustained from malpractice injury. Losses can include economic (lost wages and medical expenses), noneconomic (emotional or pain and suffering), and attorney fees and costs.
Claimant: Party filing medical malpractice claim with insurance carrier seeking compensation for alleged injury committed by the negligent acts or omissions of physician, surgeon, or other health care provider.
Defendant: Physician, surgeon, or other health care provider named by claimant in medical malpractice insurance claim as responsible for the claimant's injury.
Insurance carrier: Company that provides malpractice coverage to physician, surgeon, or other health care provider.
Loss adjustment: The amount insurance companies pay to their legal counsel for investigating and settling insurance claims, including defending a lawsuit in court. In some states loss adjustments have a broader definition and include other administrative costs for processing insurance claim.
State Insurance Commissioner: State insurance regulator responsible for managing the insurance industry and market for a particular state.
Claim disposition
Settled prior to lawsuit filed: Refers to insurance claims that are settled by the parties for specified dollar amounts prior to the claim being filed as a lawsuit in state or federal trial court.
Settled after lawsuit filed: Refers to insurance claims that are settled by the parties for specified dollar amounts after the claim is filed as a lawsuit in state or federal trial court but before the claim reaches a trial decision.
Trial verdict or judgment: Refers to insurance claims that are closed after a jury or judge(bench)trial has reached a verdict or judgment.
Claim processing time
Injury to reporting date: Time period between date health care provider's malpractice act/omission caused injury to the claimant and date claimant files claim with the insurance carrier seeking compensation.
Reporting to closing date: Time period between date health care provider's insurance carrier received medical malpractice claim to the date the health care provider's insurance carrier closed the claim. The closing date can refer to the date the insurance carrier paid out on the policy, the date the claimant abandoned the claim, or the date of administrative closure.
The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the statistical agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. Jeffrey L. Sedgwick is director. This Special Report was written by Thomas H. Cohen and Kristen A. Hughes, under the supervision of Steven K. Smith. Lynn Langton provided statistical assistance and review. Special thanks to the Departments of Financial and Insurance Regulation in Florida, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Missouri, Nevada, and Texas for providing the medical malpractice insurance claims data. Some of these agencies also provided data assistance and comment. Carolyn C. Williams produced and edited the report and Jayne Robinson prepared the report for final printing, under the supervision of Doris J. James.
March 2007, NCJ 216339
This report in portable document format and in ASCII and its related statistical data and tables are available at the BJS World Wide Web Internet site: <http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/mmicss04.htm>.
End of file 03/20/07 ih
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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