OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gary, Elbert Henry

See also Elbert Henry Gary on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GARY, ELBERT HENRY (1846-), American business man, was born near Wheaton, Ill., Oct. 8 1846. He attended Wheaton College and then after studying law for a time in an office he continued his legal studies at the university of Chicago (LL.B. 1867). In 1871 he began practice in Chicago where he became a noted corporation lawyer. In 1874 he organized the Gary-Wheaton Bank, of which he was president. He was elected judge of Du Page co. in 1882 and again in 1886; was three times elected president of the town of Wheaton and on its becoming a city (1892) served as its first mayor for two terms. He was president of the Chicago Bar Association 1893-4. He early saw the advantages of combination in business and in 1891 was one of the organizers of the Consolidated Steel & Wire Co. In 1898 upon the organization of the Federal Steel Corp., with a capital stock of $200,000,000, he became its head and retired from legal practice. This company was merged in the U.S. Steel Corp. in 1901 and he was elected chairman of the board of directors and of the finance committee. The town of Gary, Ind., laid out in 1906 as a model home for steel workmen, was named in his honour. In 1914 he was made chairman of the committee appointed by Mayor Mitchel, of New York, to study the question of unemployment and its relief. When America entered the World War (1917) he was appointed chairman of the committee on steel of the Council of National Defense. Through his own connexion with a business essential for munitions of war he exerted great influence in bringing about cooperation between the Government and industry. He was interested in strengthening the friendship between America and Japan. In 1919 he was invited by President Wilson to attend the Industrial Conference in Washington, and took a prominent part in it as a firm upholder of the “open shop,” of which he was always a strong advocate.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gautsch-Frankenthurn, Paul, Freiherr von

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GAUTSCH-FRANKENTHURN, PAUL, Freiherr von (1851-1918), Austrian prime minister, was born at Vienna Feb. 26 1851. He was director of the Theresa academy from 1881 to 1885, and Minister of Education from 1885 to 1893 and from 1895 to 1897. He was three times prime minister: first from
1897 to 1898, when he revoked the language ordinances made by Badeni; again from 1904 to 1906, when he prepared the way for universal suffrage; and for the last time from June to Oct. 1911. He died on April 30 1918.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Garibaldi, Giuseppe

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GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE (1879- ), Italian general, eldest son of Gen. Ricciotti Garibaldi and grandson of the Liberator, was born at Melbourne July 29 1879. He fought under his father in the Greco-Turkish War in 1897, and also served in the South African War. In 1904 he went to Venezuela and fought in the insurrection against President Castro. He was imprisoned and condemned to death, but escaped. In 1905 he was employed in London in making arrangements for the settlement of Italian colonists in Australia. From 1907 to 1909 he worked in the Panama Canal Zone under Goethals, whence he went to Mexico and joined Madero, acting as the latter's chief-of-staff. In 1912 he joined the Greek army to fight in the Balkan wars, and reached the rank of brigadier. In 1914 on the outbreak of the World War he raised an Italian Legion of 14,000 men to fight on the side of France, and his six brothers accompanied him as officers. The Legion fought in the Argonne, and had 6,000 casualties, among the killed being two of the Garibaldi brothers. Giuseppe was made lieutenant-colonel, and subsequently colonel, in the Foreign Legion. In 1915 Garibaldi returned to Italy with his legionaries, and on Italy's entry into the war he and his brothers enlisted as volunteers. They were soon afterwards commissioned, Giuseppe being given command of a battalion. He served with the 4th Army until the spring of 1918, and distinguished himself in command of a regiment, a group of mountain troops and a brigade, and reached the rank of colonel-brigadier. He returned to the French front in March 1918 in command of the famous Brigata Alpi, which formed part of the Italian II. Corps. In June Garibaldi was promoted to brigadier-general, the only Italian officer of reserve to reach this rank. After the Armistice he commanded the Italian 8th Div. in Belgium. He retired from his command in June 1919 and gave up his commission in Feb. of the following year, returning to the business life which had been so often interrupted by these episodes of adventure.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Garland, Hamlin

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GARLAND, HAMLIN (1860-), American writer, was born at West Salem, Wis., Sept. 16 1860. His father, a farmer, migrated to Iowa, where the boy grew up. He graduated from the Cedar Valley Seminary, Osage, at the age of 21, and taught for a year in Illinois. In 1883 he took up a claim in Dakota; but the following year went to Boston, where he read diligently in the public library and turned to story writing. In 1887 he revisited the scenes of his boyhood, and the drudgery of farm life in the Middle West furnished him with abundant material for his realistic tales. His works include Main Travelled Roads (1891); Prairie Folks (1892); A Member of the Third House (1892); A Spoil of Office (1892); Rose of Dutcher's Cooley (1895); Boy Life on the Prairie (1899); Her Mountain Lover (1901); The Captain of the Gray Horse Troop (1902); The Long Trail (1907); Money Magic (1907); Cavanagh (1909); Other Main Travelled Roads (1910); Victor Olnee's Discipline (1911); The Forester's
Daughter (1914); A Son of the Middle Border (1917) and A Daughter of the Middle Border (1921). He was made a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1918.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Garstin, Sir William Edmund

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​GARSTIN, SIR WILLIAM EDMUND (1840–), British engineer, was born in India Jan. 29 1849. Educated at Cheltenham College and King’s College, London, he in 1872 entered the Indian Public Works Department. In 1885 he was transferred to Egypt, and in 1892 became Inspector-General of Irrigation in Egypt and Under-Secretary of State for Public Works. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1897 and G.C.M.G. in 1902, and in 1907 was appointed British Government director of the Suez Canal Company. During the World War he was engaged on Red Cross work in England, and was in 1918 created G.B.E.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/George, Sir Ernest

See also Ernest George on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​GEORGE, SIR ERNEST (1839–), English architect, was born in London June 13 1839. He began his career in the office of S. Hewitt, and at 19 became a student at the Royal Academy, where in the following year he was awarded the gold medal in architecture. He started professional practice in 1861, in conjunction with T. Vaughan, and with him carried out his earliest large commission—Rowsdon, Devonshire. On his partner's death in 1871 he was joined by Harold Peto, and subsequently by Alfred Yeates. During his connexion with the former of these many of his important works were done. They were almost wholly domestic, his public buildings being inconsiderable in number, and his church work confined to a few small churches, two of them in the Engadine. Amongst the houses for which he was responsible are Buchan Hill, Sussex; Stoodleigh Court, Tiverton; Motcombe, Dorset; Rawdon House, Herts; additions to Welbeck Abbey; Crathorne Hall, Berks, a villa at Antibes, and very many others. To this short list of a few only of his country houses may be added the many town residences with which he almost formed new quarters of London, such as those in Mount Street, in Collingham Gardens, and in parts of Chelsea, and an elaborately finished house in Berkeley Square. Amongst his commercial buildings are the Royal Exchange buildings, London, the (late) Albemarle hotel, and the interesting Venetian design for Sotheran's bookshop in Piccadilly. Before he ceased to take an active part in work his last design was for a great palace for the Maharajah Holkar of Indore.
George was also a most diligent painter and water-colour artist, and the influence of his sketching work not only in England but especially in Belgium, Holland and France makes itself evident in his picturesque design. He published volumes of his etchings on the Loire, and on the Mosel and in Belgium, Venice, etc., and was a constant exhibitor of his water-colour drawings at various galleries. In 1896 he was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects. In 1910 he was elected an associate of the Royal Academy, and full member in 1917, and received a knighthood in 1911.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lugard, Sir Frederick John Dealtry

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LUGARD, SIR FREDERICK JOHN DEALTRY (1858-), English administrator (see 17.115), in 1912 resigned his position as governor of Hong-Kong. From 1912 to 1913 he was governor of Northern and Southern Nigeria, the two protectorates having been unified in 1912.
His wife, Flora Louise Shaw, whom he married in 1902, was a well-known author and journalist. She was for some years a contributor to The Times, subsequently becoming head of the colonial section of that paper. In connexion with this work, she went as special correspondent to South Africa (1892 and 1901), and to Australia and New Zealand (1892) partly in order to study the question of Kanaka labour in the sugar plantations of Queensland. She also made two journeys to Canada (1893 and 1898), the second of which included a journey to the gold-diggings of Klondike. During the World War Lady Lugard was prominent in the founding of the War Refugees Committee, which dealt with the problem of the Belgian refugees, and also founded the Lady Lugard hospitality committee. She was in 1918 created D.B.E.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Luxemburg, Rosa

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LUXEMBURG, ROSA (1870-1919), German Socialist and revolutionary agitator, was born a Jewess on Dec. 25 1870 in Russian Poland. Her earliest political activities in her student days were connected with the Socialist movement in the country of her birth, but about 1895 she migrated to Germany. She there went through the form of marriage with a German workman named Luxemburg with the object of acquiring German nationality. In 1898 she edited for a short time the Saxon Arbeiterzeitung, but soon afterwards became a member of the staff of the Leipziger Volkszeitung. She took part in the Russian revolutionary movement of 1905 in Russian Poland, but soon returned to Germany in order to engage in extreme Communist propaganda and founded together with Karl Liebknecht the Spartacus League. In 1914, after the outbreak of war, she was sentenced to a year's imprisonment for inciting to insubordination and remained throughout the war in preventive custody (Schutzhaft). After the revolution she edited in conjunction with Karl Liebknecht the Rote Fahne, the organ of the Spartacist or Communist advocates of violent revolutionary methods. After the Jan. (1919) street fighting in Berlin, of which she and Liebknecht were the chief instigators, both agitators were for some days in hiding, but were ultimately arrested and conveyed to temporary military headquarters of the Government forces at the Eden Hotel in the west end of Berlin, on the night of Jan. 16 1919. The mob and some of the soldiers became menacing in their attitude towards the prisoners, so that it was deemed advisable to convey them to one or other of the Berlin prisons.
Liebknecht was shot on his way to the Moabit prison, while Rosa Luxemburg was brutally attacked on leaving the hotel and was finally shot dead as she was being conveyed, insensible from her injuries, in a motor-car under a military escort. Her body was thrown into a neighbouring canal and was only recovered some months later.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lueger, Karl

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LUEGER, KARL (1844-1910), burgomaster of Vienna, was born Oct. 24 1844, the son of an usher, and, studying under the greatest material difficulties, succeeded in qualifying as an advocate. He was at first a partisan of the Democratic party, then a leader of the Christian Socialists, an anti-Semite and advocate in the courts for artisans and “small men.” He overthrew the German-Liberal municipal government of Vienna, and
was elected burgomaster in 1895, but the Emperor did not confirm the appointment and Vienna was placed under the government of a State commission. In the new elections Lueger allowed another member of his party to be set up as dummy burgomaster, while he himself in form became vice-burgomaster. In 1897, however, when the “people's candidate,” Lueger, was again elected burgomaster, the Emperor confirmed his election and repeatedly honoured him as a loyal patriot. Lueger, who was a powerful orator, was seven times elected burgomaster. He was a zealous Catholic, and wished to “capture the university” for the Church; he would have neither Social Democrats nor Pan-Germans nor Jews in the municipal administration. He secured good treatment for Czech immigrants, and established Viennese municipal electrical stations, gasworks and tramways, independent of the English gas and tramway companies. He planned to make Vienna one of the most beautiful of garden cities. He died March 10 1910. (C. Br.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lund, Troels Frederik

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LUND, TROELS FREDERIK (1840-1921), Danish historian (see 17.123), published in 1906 De tre Nordiske Brödrefolk and in 1909 Nye Tanker i det XVI. Aarhundrede. In 1911-2 appeared his historical tales, Tider og Tanker. He died in 1921.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Luzzatti, Luigi

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LUZZATTI, LUIGI (1841-), Italian statesman and economist (see 17.148), was Minister of Agriculture in the second Sonnino Cabinet (Dec. 2 1909-March 21 1910), and on the resignation of the latter was called upon to form a Cabinet himself. His administration, which lasted until March 18 1911, was not very successful. Although a man of first-class financial ability, great honesty and wide culture, he had not the strength of character necessary to lead a Government; he showed lack of energy in dealing with opposition and tried to avoid all measures likely to make him unpopular. Furthermore he never realized that with the Chamber, as it was then constituted, he only held office at Giolitti's good pleasure. During the World War he was consistently pro-Ally and strongly supported Italian intervention, but his tone was on the whole pessimistic. Although he did not take office while the war lasted, he was always consulted on all financial matters, and his sound advice was generally followed. He became Treasury Minister in the second incarnation of the Nitti Cabinet (March 12-May 10 1920), but did not resume office in the third. At the general elections of May 1921 he decided not to stand for Parliament again, and was made a senator. In spite of his great age, he continued to write on economic and financial problems with his accustomed lucidity and soundness of judgment, insisting on the necessity for Italy to return to freedom of trade and to reduce Government interference in business matters to a minimum.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lyall, Sir Charles James

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​LYALL, SIR CHARLES JAMES (1845–1920), English orientalist, was born in London March 9 1845 and educated at King’s College, London, and Balliol College, Oxford. He entered the Bengal civil service in 1867 and had a distinguished career as an administrator, becoming secretary to the Home Department of the Government of India in 1889, chief commissioner of Assam in 1894 and of the Central Provinces from 1895 to 1898, whence he was transferred to the India Office at home as secretary to the Judicial and Public Department, a post which he held until his retirement in 1910. But his greatest claim to distinction lay in his studies in Arabic literature. He published two volumes of translations of Arabic poetry (1885 and 1894), a translation of two ancient Arabic Diwāns (1913), as well as articles on Hindustani and Arabic literature in the E.B. 9th and 11th editions. He was made K.C.S.I, in 1897, and was elected a fellow of the British Academy, and he received hon. degrees from the universities of Oxford, Edinburgh and Strassburg. He died in London Sept. 2 1920.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lydekker, Richard

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LYDEKKER, RICHARD (1849–1915), English naturalist and geologist, was born in London July 25 1849. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took a first-class in the Natural Science tripos (1871). He joined the staff of the geological survey of India in 1874, remaining in this post till 1882. He became very widely known as a naturalist, and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1894. His works include Catalogues (in 10 vols.) of the fossil mammals, reptiles and birds in the British Museum (1891); A Manual of Palaeontology (with Prof. H. A. Nicholson, 2 vols., 1889); Phases of Animal Life (1892); The Royal Natural History (with Sir W. H. Fowler, 8 vols., 1893–6); The Great and Small Game of India, Burma and Tibet (1900). He died at Harpenden April 16 1915.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Nonet

From volume 2 of the work.
​NONET (Ital. Nonetto). A Composition, written for nine Voices, or Instruments.
A Vocal Nonet is rarely called into existence, without some special raison d'être. For instance, in the Polyphonic Schools, it not unfrequently results from the union of two Choirs, one for five, and the other for four Voices, as in the case of Allegri's celebrated Miserere: while, in Operatic Music, it becomes a self-evident necessity, whenever nine Characters are brought upon the Stage, either together, or in succession, during the course of a continuous series of movements, as in the Finale to the first Act of 'Die Zauberflöte.'
[ W. S. R. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Norris, William

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Norwich Festival

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. B. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Norcome, Daniel

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/North, Francis

From volume 2 of the work.
​NORTH. Francis, Lord Guilford, born at Rougham, Norfolk, about 1640, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, and afterwards Lord Chancellor, one of the best amateur musicians of his time, published anonymously in 1677 'A Philosophical Essay on Musick,' containing some curious observations on the phenomena of sounds. He died Sept. 7, 1685.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Nordisa

[ M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Norris, Thomas

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Nota Cambita

From volume 2 of the work.
​NOTA CAMBITA (Ital. Nota Cambiata, Germ. Wechselnote, Eng. Changing Note.) I. A Note of Irregular Transition: in other words, a Passing-Note, on the strong part of the measure; as opposed to the Note of Regular Transition, or true Passing-Note, which, though equally foreign to the harmony, produces a less discordant effect, because it invariably occurs upon the weak part of the measure.
In the following example from Cherubini, the D is a Changing, and the second G a Passing-Note.
The use of Changing-Notes is only permitted, in strict Counterpoint, as a means of escape from some grave difficulty; and, of course, only in the Second, Third and Fifth Orders. [See Counterpoint; Part-Writing.]
II. Fux applies the term, Nota cambita, to a peculiar Licence, by virtue of which the Polyphonic Composers, instead of resolving a Passing Discord, at once, suffered it to descend a Third, and then to rise a Second to its Resolution. Cherubini condemns this Licence, as one which should 'neither be admitted, nor tolerated, in strict Counterpoint.' Fux accounts for it by the omission of an imaginary Quaver. The norm of the passage is, he says, as at (a), in the following example. By leaving out the first Quaver, it is made to appear as at (b); by leaving out the second, as at (c).
[ W. S. R. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Nonne Sanglante, La

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Norma

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Tesi-Tramontini, Vittoria

[ F. A. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Tenth Symphony, Beethoven's

​TENTH SYMPHONY, BEETHOVEN'S. In Beethoven's (dictated) letter to Moscheles acknowledging the £100 sent by the Philharmonic Society, and dated Vienna, March 18, 1827, eight days before his death, there occur the words 'A Symphony completely sketched is lying in my desk, as well as a new Overture and other things.' This therefore was the 'Tenth Symphony.' It should however be remarked that a large part of the letter containing the words quoted is struck through with the pen. Two days afterwards, says Schindler (ii. 142), 'he was greatly excited, desired to have the sketches for the Tenth Symphony again brought to him, and said much to me on the plan of the work. He intended it absolutely for the Philharmonic Society.' Some sketches—whether those alluded to or not—were printed in the 1st no. of Hirschbach's 'Musikalisch-kritisches Repertorium.' for Jan. 1844, with an introduction which we translate:—
'From Beethoven's sketch-books. Herr Schindler on his return from Berlin to Aix la Chapelle, not only showed many very remarkable relics of Beethoven to his friends at Leipzig, but has been good enough to allow us to publish some of them in this periodical. The following are some of the existing sketches of the Tenth Symphony and of an Overture on the name of Bach, all belonging to the summer months of the year 1824, and in the order in which they were noted down.
'From the sketches for the Tenth Symphony:—
[ G. ]
* ↑ Possibly for the overture mentioned above. These are omitted in the present reprint.
* ↑ We have no clue as to which of the words attached to the sketches are Beethoven's, and which Schindler's.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Terpodion

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Tenuto

[ J. A. F. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Terzetto

​TERZETTO (Ital.). Generally a composition for three voices. Beyond one instance in Bach, and a few modern examples consisting of pieces not in sonata-form, the term has never been applied to instrumental music. It is now becoming obsolete, being superseded by Trio, which is the name given to music written for three instruments, and now includes vocal music as well. It would have been wiser to preserve the distinction.
A Terzetto may be for any combination of three voices, whether for three trebles—as the unaccompanied Angels' Trio in 'Elijah,' those of the three ladies and three boys in 'Die Zauberflöte,' and that for three florid sopranos in Spohr's 'Zemire und Azor'—or for three male voices, like the canonic trio in the last-named opera. More frequent, naturally, are Terzetti for mixed voices, the combinations being formed according to the exigencies of the situation. There is nothing to be observed in the form of a Terzetto different from that of any other vocal composition; but as regards harmony it should be noticed that when a bass voice is not included in the combination the accompaniment usually supplies the bass (where 4-part harmony is required) and the three upper parts, taken by the voices, must be so contrived as to form a tolerable 3-part harmony themselves. Such writing as the following, for voices—
though sounding well enough when played on the piano, would have a detestable effect if sung, as the bass would not really complete the chords of 6-3 demanded by the lower parts, on account of the difference of timbre.
[ F. C. ]