OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Drag

Edition of 1802.
​DRAG, or Wheel-drag, an implement so constructed as to prevent the accidents which frequently happen to horses, when drawing loaded carts down steep hills or declivities.
In the year 1794, an instrument of this description, upon an improved principle, was invented by Mr. Joseph Kneebone, of Marazion, Cornwall, for which the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, &c. in 1795, conferred on him a bounty of twenty guineas.
This simple contrivance is, on the brow of the hill, applied to the near wheel, being fastened to the shaft by a chain, to prevent the wheel from passing over it, in case any great obstacles should occur in the road. It answers the purpose of taking off the increased weight, necessarily thrown on the shaft-horse's back when descending any declivities, so effectually that the deep ruts, or loose stones, which frequently occur in roads, do not in any degree impede the descent of the cart. Instead of a loaded carriage running on the heels of the shaft-horse, when descending hills, the drag, by supporting and elevating the wheel, places it on a level, so as to oblige the horse to draw a small burthen. In some instances, it is even necessary to link the chain-horse to the side next the wheel that is dragged; by which means, a weak horse may, without any risk or danger, be placed within the shafts. As soon as the cart arrives at the bottom of the hill, the drag is to be taken off, and secured in the manner hereafter to be described.
Description of the Cut of Mr. Joseph Kneebone's Wheel-drag, for two-wheeled Carriages.
a, a, a, A piece of wrought iron, curved to the exact form of a cart-wheel, with the thickest part at b, on which the weight of the cart rests.
1, 2, 3, 4, are shoulders, that keep the wheel within the drag, and should be about 4 inches high.
c, Is the wheel, made of solid ​iron, which is nearly as wide as the drag, 7 inches in diameter; runs on its axis at d; has a strong shoulder; and, as it projects, resists the sudden jolts of rough roads.e, Is the chain to be fastened to the near shaft, in order to keep the drag properly under the wheel, which, from being violently jerked, might be apt to pass over the drag, and leave it behind: this is a necessary precaution, though seldom wanted, if the drag be well constructed.
In the shoulders marked 1, 2, are holes, by which the drag is suspended on hooks beneath the tail of the cart, when it is not employed.
This machine is, doubtless, susceptible of many improvements, especially in the size and construction of the wheel. By frequent use, the part to which the greatest pressure is applied, will necessarily wear away, and thus injure the drag: to prevent this accident, it ought to be shod, at first, with a plate of iron, or steel, fixed by means of two holes in its bottom; in which, when necessary, a similar piece may be inserted.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Dough

Edition of 1802.
​DOUGH, is flour fermented with yeast, or leaven, and kneaded into paste.
In some parts of this country, the dough is made by the hand, but in the more populous towns and cities, the process is generally performed with the naked feet; a practice which deserves severe censure, as it may be easily avoided by the introduction of a certain machine, employed for the same purpose in the public baking-houses of Genoa. The object of this machine is, to convert a large quantity of flour into dough, and to knead it as completely as may be necessary, with a considerable saving of time and labour.
The machine consists of a frame or wall of wood, 14 palms (about 3 1/2 English feet) high, that supports an axis, 30 palms (7 1/2 feet) long, and 1 1/3 palm (4 inches) thick; to which is joined a large wheel. In this wheel are steps, on which the men tread, turn it with great velocity, and thus impart motion to a cog-wheel that is fixed almost at the extremity of the axis, and acts upon various small pieces of machinery, or beaters, which communicate with a strong wooden tub, well hooped with ron. This tub will contain 18 rubbi of flour, which is carried to it in barrels, and mixed with leaven. As soon as the whole is tempered with a proper quantity of warm water, the wheel is turned round, by which the dough is expeditiously and completely kneaded. In general, a quarter of an hour is sufficient to make very good dough; but an experienced baker, who superintends the operation, determines whether it is to be continued for a few minutes, more or less, according to circumstances.
Those who think with us, that kneading the dough with naked feet, is a disgusting custom, and ought, without hesitation, to be abolished, will find a more copious description of the Italian machinery above mentioned, as well as a plate representing the whole apparatus, ​in the third volume of the Repertory of the Arts and Manufactures.—These improvements were sanctioned, and originally published, by the Patriotic Society of Milan, in their valuable Transactions; and we trust, that most of our bakers in the metropolis are sufficiently wealthy and intelligent to adopt the rational and cleanly practice here proposed.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Draw-net

Edition of 1802.
​DRAW-NET, a kind of net for taking the larger species of wild fowl: it ought to be made of the best packthread, with wide meshes; the whole should be about two fathoms in depth, and six in length; verged on either side with a very strong cord, and stretched at each end on long poles.
Draw-nets must be spread smooth and flat on the ground, and strewed over with sedge, grass, &c. to conceal them from the fowl. The sportsman should likewise shelter himself in an arbour covered with the boughs of trees, grass, fern, or other vegetables, in order to prevent his being discovered.—See also Bird-catching, vol. i. p. 261, and foll.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Dragon's blood

Edition of 1802.
​DRAGON's BLOOD, a foreign drug, more useful for staining than as a medicine.—See Marble.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Draught

Edition of 1802.
​DRAUGHT, in trade, is a small allowance on all goods capable of being weighed, and which is made by the King to the importer, or by the seller to the buyer, so that the weight may not be deficient, when the goods are weighed again.—Thus the King allows one pound draught for goods, that weigh not less than 1 cwt.; 2lbs. for such as weigh between 1 and 2 cwt.; 3 lbs. for those that weigh between 2 and 3cwt.; 4lbs. from 3 to 10cwt.; 7lbs. from 10 to 18cwt.; 9lbs. from 18 to 30cwt. and upwards.
Draught, or Draft, is also sometimes used for a bill of exchange, but generally for an order on a banker, or trader, for the payment of any sum of money that may be due, &c.; in which case the person who gives the order is said to draw upon the other.
Draught, in Rural Economy: See Horses and Oxen.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Dove-cote

Edition of 1802.
​Dove-cote: See Pigeon-house.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Dragon's Blood

Edition of 1802.
​Dragon's Blood. See Dragon.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Edifices

Edition of 1802.
​Edifices: See Building; Country-houses; and Farm-house.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Egg

Edition of 1802.
​EGG, a body formed in certain female animals, and which ​contains an embryo or fetus, beneath a cortical surface, or shell. This shell is lined throughout with a thin, but tough membrane, which, dividing at or near the obtuse end of the egg, forms a small bag, and contains what is called the albumen, or white, and the vitellus, or yolk.
The chick in the egg is first nourished by the white, and when that is consumed, by the yolk.—A short time before the exclusion of the animal, the whole of the yolk is taken into its abdomen, and the shell, at the obtuse end, frequently appears cracked, winch is occasioned by the instinctive operation of the beak.
Eggs vary much in their colour, size, and form, according to the birds that deposit them, and the different modes of dressing them. Those chiefly used for culinary purposes are the new laid eggs of hens, being without exception the most wholesome.
Eggs are an agreeable and nourishing food; but they ought to be perfectly fresh, and gradually coagulated in hot water, from 5 to 10 minutes, instead of being boiled. To ascertain whether they have been well preserved, it is only necessary to examine their transparency by a candle, and to reject all such as appear of a turbid colour: fresh eggs also, on being exposed to the fire, will exhale a perceptible moisture.
Among the various methods contrived, of preserving eggs for the winter-season, the chief requisite is to exclude every access to the air. For this purpose, solutions of lime, with the addition of alkalis, have been employed; but these, as well as the varnishing of eggs with wax, are too expensive for general use. The greasing of eggs with unctuous substances, such as mutton fat, oil, &c. has also been practised; but it is neither cleanly, nor calculated to effect the object intended. One of the best methods, seems to be that of covering the eggs with a cheap varnish, by which the air will be prevented from penetrating the pores; or of suspending them in running water, by means of a net.
The shells of eggs serve for various purposes, but chiefly as a colour: when finely levigated, they are preferred to flake-white. They are prepared by peeling off the inner skin, and after being finely pulverized, the powder is carefully washed.—See Colour-making, vol. ii. p. 36.
The yolks of eggs are employed in different medicinal ways, but most frequently in emulsions. One yolk, if gradually beaten up with three ounces of pure water, and reduced to the utmost degree of thinness, has been found of great utility in removing contractions of the limbs. The whites are chiefly applied externally, in the preparation of eye-waters, on account of their cooling, agglutinating, and astringent qualities. They have also been used with advantage, in burns, and are recommended as a specific for the jaundice, of which we have had no experience.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Education

Edition of 1802.
​EDUCATION, is the art of rearing, forming, and instructing children, according to the most appropriate rules and maxims.— ​Many volumes have, from time to time, been published on this most impotant subject; and though almost every writer aims at giving to the public a system peculiar to himself, yet all agree that the grand object of education is the gradual improvement of our moral, physical, and intellectual faculties.—Thus it happens, that the means to be adopted for attaining this salutary end, constitute all the difference of opinion prevailing among men. It would lead us too far from our limits, to lay down only the general principles by which a good and rational education ought to be regulated. And as this subject has lately been investigated by the Editor of these pages, in the Preliminary Lectures to Doctor Struve's Familiar Treatise on Education; besides which, there have been published several useful works, that are briefly reviewed in those lectures; the curious reader will probably avail himself of the original sources, from which we have no room to insert copious extracts.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Enamel

Edition of 1802.
​ENAMEL, in general, signifies a vitrefied matter, interspersed with some solid substance; and possessing all the properties of glass, excepting that of transparency.
The basis of enamels is a pure crystal glass or frit, ground together with a fine calx of lead and tin, prepared for that purpose, with the addition of a small proportion of the white salt of tartar. These form the principal ingredients of all enamels, which are made by adding various pulverized colours, and thoroughly incorporating the whole in a furnace. For white enamel, it is sufficient to add manganese to the matter which constitutes the basis; for azure, zaffre mixed with calx of brass; for green, calx of brass with scales of iron, or crocus martis; for black, zaffre with manganese or crocus martis, or manganese with tartar; for red, manganese, or calx of copper with red tartar; for purple, manganese with calx of brass; for yellow, tartar and manganese; lastly, for violet coloured enamel, manganese with brass, that has been three times calcined.
Enamels are used either for the counterfeiting or imitating of precious stones, and for painting; or by enamellers and artists working in gold, silver, and other metals.—That species of enamel which jewellers employ, is imported from Holland, or Venice, in small cakes of various sizes, which are in general about 4 inches in diameter, and have the mark of the maker indented on them. It pays a duty of 3s. 8d. per pound on importation; and is allowed a drawback of 1s. 6d. per lb. on being again exported.
Enamelling, is the art of laying enamel upon metals, such as gold, silver, copper, &c. whether plain or painted. The latter process is performed on plates of gold or silver, but generally on those of copper, prepared with the white enamel; on which certain objects are delineated with the colours, and afterwards burnt in the fire, where they acquire a brightness and lustre resembling glass.
Painting in enamel is held in greater estimation than any other branch of that art; on account of its peculiar and permanent vivacity, the strength of its colours not being effaced by time, but always retaining their pristine splendour. It is chiefly employed in miniature, as it cannot be easily performed on a large scale; the enamel being very liable to crack on a plain surface, so that even the smallest plates must be somewhat of a convex form.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Endive

Edition of 1802.
​Endive: See Succory.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Engine

Edition of 1802.
​Engine: See Fire.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Edged Tools

Edition of 1802.
​Edged Tools: See Tools.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Eel

Edition of 1802.
​EEL, or Muræna, L. a genus of fish, comprising seven species, two of which only are found in the waters of this country; namely,
1. The Anguilla, or Common Eel, which is very frequent in all our fresh waters, ponds, ditches, and rivers. This is a very singular creature, and in some respects partakes of the nature of reptiles; being known to quit its element, and to wander during the night along the meadows, both to change its habitation, and to obtain prey; feeding on snails as it glides along. During winter, the common eel buries itself deeply in the mud, where it continues in a torpid state, similar to that of serpents. It is extremely sensible of cold, and will eagerly take shelter in a wisp of straw thrown into a pond in severe weather, which stratagem has been successfully practised to catch these fish during the winter season.
Eels are exceedingly voracious, and destructive to the fry of other fish; and are remarkable for their tenacity of life, as their dissevered parts move for a considerable time after they are flayed. Common eels grow to a large size, sometimes weighing 15 or 20lbs.; but are, in general, from 1 1/2 to 2 feet in length.—Their fat is reputed to be vulnerary, and has been recommended externally in cases of deafness, and in the hemorrhoids.—When this fish is half fried, and its fat carefully expressed and clarified, the oil of eels is the most subtle for watches, and other diminutive machinery; as it never thickens, and consequently preserves the iron from the effects of rust.
2. The Conger, or Conger-eel, grows to an uncommon size, and is found chiefly on the coast of Cornwall, where great numbers of it are taken, and when slit, are hung on a frame to dry, and then exported. Conger-eels are sometimes 100lb. in weight, and extremely voracious, preying on other fish, as well as on crabs, when these have cast their shells, and are in a soft state.—Being exceedingly fond of carcasses of any kind, their flesh, though difficult of digestion, is very agreeable, and in great request among epicures. Persons afflicted with nervous, asthmatic, and consumptive disorders, ought, however, carefully to abstain from eel-pies, or any dishes prepared of that luxurious fish.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/loih
### loihloih

* 笠lôih5381185
* A rain hat.

#### cêk tńg lôih;

    a splint hat.

#### muaⁿ cang-sui, tì kûe-lôih;

    wear a rain-cloak, and a leaf hat.

#### hái lôih;

    a boatman’s hat.

#### tek lôih;

    a hat made of bamboo.

#### tōa kûe lôih, kûe lôih kíaⁿ;

    large and small hats made of palm leaves.

#### hûe-sīeⁿ lôih;

    broad brimmed straw hats, worn by Buddhist priests.

#### ciam téng kûe lôih;

    an umbrella hat with a very pointed top.

#### ù ceng kîp lôih;

    hate a priest even to his hat.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/loi
### lóilói

* 禮lói52011313
* A step or act, particularly acts of worship, which will bring happiness; propriety, etiquette, ceremony, rites; the decent and decorous in worship and in social life; decorum, manners; official obeisance, worship, courtesy; offerings, gifts required by usage, vails,

#### lói huap; lói sìo;

    etiquette, the rules of good society; politeness; ceremonies; courtesies.

#### lói măuⁿ;

    good manners.

#### lói ngî;

    a gift which custom requires one to offer.

#### ēng sĭm-mûeh lâi hôk i kâi lói?

    What would be a suitable ​return for his courtesy?

#### pōiⁿ lói mûeh;

    prepare the customary offerings.

#### kŭi lô̤h khṳ̀ hôiⁿ lói;

    kneel in respectful homage.

#### lói to̤, nâng put kùai;

    no one is offended by much politeness.

#### ke bô̤ sîeⁿ lói;

    in domestic life one is not formal.

#### kio i kìⁿ lói;

    salute him on meeting him.

#### sàng lói;

    make a present.

#### sīa lói;

    gifts returned for gifts received.

#### hâh lói;

    polite; in accordance with the rules of etiquette.

#### mín ēng kìaⁿ tōa lói;

    need not be obsequious.

#### hē tōa lói;

    make a vow to bring the largest of the customary offerings.

#### bô̤ lói;

    rude, uncivil.

#### lói-pài-jît;

    Sunday.

#### lói-pài-tn̂g;

    a chapel or church.

#### lói-pài hiah;

    at the close of the service.

#### chit jît cêk kâi lói-pài;

    Sunday comes once in seven days.

#### lói gâuh;

    a salute given with musical instruments.

#### tîeh kîaⁿ sĭm-mih lói?

    What rites must be observed?

#### pô̤h lói;

    scant courtesy.
* 攻lòi461673
* To assault; to fight with; to set upon.

#### tòa nâng khṳ̀ lòi i kâi tīn;

    lead men to the attack on their ranks.

#### lòi-phùa i kâi îaⁿ;

    storm their camp.

#### lòi kàu i chap-chap-chùi;

    made an onslanght upon and dispersed them.

#### lòi tit jîp a lòi m̄ jîp?

    Did they capture the place they assailed or not?
* 犁lôi515937
* A plow; to plow.

#### lôi-thâu;

    a plow.

#### lôi-thâu-seⁿ;

    the plowshare.

#### àu cêk ki lôi;

    carry a plow on the shoulder.

#### lôi châng;

    to plow a field.

#### lôi pèⁿ;

    plow-handle.

#### tó̤ lôi, àiⁿ hūaⁿ hṳ́ kâi pèⁿ;

    in plowing, will lean on the handle.

#### lôi pê;

    plows and harrows.
* 黎lôi5152023
* A black or dark brown color.

#### lôi bó̤; lôi jîn;

    the aborigines in Hainan Island.

#### cheⁿ lôi, sêk lôi;

    the wild, and the half civilized tribes of aborigines in Hainan.
* 隸lŏi5241718
* The square plain style of writing Chinese characters.

#### cin chó̤ lŏi tw̆n, sì īeⁿ jī;

    four styles of Chinese letters, that generally used in printing, the running hand used for rapid writing, the plain square text, and the seal characters.
* 篱lōi51711811
* A skimmer used by cooks.

#### cáu-lōi;

    an openwork ladle, made of osiers, wire, or bamboo.

#### pn̄g lōi;

    a skimmer used to take rice from the pot.

#### cang pn̄g lōi tè ta;

    take the rice skimmer and drain it dry.

#### thih lōi;

    an iron skimmer.

#### khṳ̀ cwn cò̤ kâi lōi ío tōa kâi kâi;

    go and have a rather large skimmer made to order.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/lit
### litlit

* 挺lît908647
* Stretched at full length.

#### lît-tît lît-tît;

    stretched stiffly at full length.

#### khĭa pàng kò̤ lît-lît tît-tît;

    standing stiff and upright.

#### khah lît-tît, bô̤ mih kè-sì;

    two straight up and down, with nothing to break the stiffness.

#### ût pàng kò̤ lît-lît tît-tît;

    lying at full length.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/lip
### liplip

* 飲lip11021844
* To drink.

#### i cí hûe tó̤ lip cíu;

    he is now taking his wine.

#### i lip bô̤ cêk ceng cū cùi;

    one cup intoxicates him.
* 臨lip54013111
* Close upon; at the point of.

#### lip búe;

    close to the end; near the tip.

#### khṳ̀ kàu hṳ́ lip-búe kò̤;

    went to the very end.

#### màiⁿ khîeh khah lip búe, khah lip búe cū ùi àiⁿ phìu chíu;

    do not take it too near the end, if you do there is danger that it will slip out of your hand.

#### màiⁿ khĭa khah lip-búe;

    do not stand too close to the end.

#### i so̤h kàu lip-búe lip-búe;

    he clambered to the tip top. ​
* 立lîp5381170
* Poised; set, established, fixed; upright; to rear, to found, to institute; to be settled in principle; to succeed to or to seat one's self on the throne in place of the legitimate heir; to appoint; to agree on; to settle terms, as when drawing up a contract; to fix; reached; arrived, as the seasons; to place in order, to arrange; just now, soon, presently, at the time of.

#### lîp ieh;

    make a compact.

#### lîp khòi;

    settle the terms of a contract; make a deed.

#### lîp phŏ;

    open an account.

#### lîp tīaⁿ tîeh lío;

    it is wholly settled upon.

#### chàng-lîp cṳ-īⁿ;

    found a college.

#### lîp i cò̤ ûang;

    made him king.

#### kĭen kong, lîp ngîap;

    gain a position for one's self; get fame and wealth.

#### lîp ău sṳ̂;

    adopt an heir.

#### íⁿ-keng nî tōa, sêng lîp lío;

    already grown up and established in life.

#### ko lîp, bô̤ nâng pang-cŏ̤;

    stand alone and uncountenanced; having no backer.

#### i nŏ̤ nâng sì put líang lîp;

    they cannot both maintain themselves in position.

#### lîp kìⁿ kong-hāu;

    at once see the efficacy.

#### lîp tīaⁿ kha-kṳn;

    he has agreed to stay.

#### lîp sim lîp ì;

    has his mind made up; has a settled purpose.

#### i kâi lîp sim hó̤;

    his resolve is good.

#### lîp-khek cū àiⁿ;

    want it instantly.
# Du Maurier

"Two rocked his infant cradle as he slept"
* Coates, Florence Earle (1898), "Du Maurier" in Poems.
* Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Du Maurier" in Poems I.