OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/K'uei-hsü

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​K'UEI-hsü 揆叙 (T. 凱功, H. 惟實居士), 1674(?)–1717, Feb. 16, poet and official, was the second son of Mingju [q. v.] and a member of the Plain Yellow Banner. A pupil of Wu Chao-ch'ien (see under Singde) and Cha Shên-hsing [q. v.], he was, like his brother Singde [q. v.], well versed in Chinese literature. Beginning his career as an officer of the Imperial Bodyguard, he was promoted in 1694 to the post of sub-expositor in the Hanlin Academy. In 1703 he was appointed a chancellor of the Academy, a position he held, with additional duties, for fourteen years until his death. Early in 1708 he was made concurrently a junior vice-president of the Board of Works. On December 25 of that year he sat in the memorable gathering which Emperor Shêng-tsu convened in the garden known as Ch'ang-ch'un yüan (see under Hsüan-yeh) to recommend an heir-apparent to succeed his second son, Yin-jêng [q. v.], who had been confined for insanity. Much to the dismay of the emperor, a unanimous recommendation was sent up in favor of his eighth son, Yin-ssŭ [q. v.]. Suspecting a dominating hand at the meeting, the emperor imprisoned Maci [q. v.] and reprimanded T'ung Kuo-wei [q. v.] as the moving spirits. From 1712 to 1717 K'uei-hsü served concurrently as president of the Censorate. He was canonized as Wên-tuan 文端.
In 1724, seven years after K'uei-hsü's death, the succeeding Emperor, Shih-tsung (see Yin-chên), accused K'uei-hsü and Alingga (see under Ebilun), then also deceased, of having sixteen years previously proposed the name of Yin-ssŭ and so caused his (Yin-chên's) father, Emperor Shêng-tsu, many anxious moments. Shih-tsung went so far as to say that K'uei-hsü, by making use of a fortune of several million taels inherited from his father, Mingju, had not only financed the campaign for Yin-ssŭ but had tried to block Yin-jêng's way back to his former position as heir-apparent. Always merciless toward his ambitious brothers and their followers, Emperor Shih-tsung decreed that K'uei-hsü should be deprived of all posthumous titles and honors and that on his tomb-stone should be inscribed the opprobrious epitaph: 不忠不孝柔奸陰險揆叙之墓 Pu-chung pu-hsiao jou-chien yin-hsien K'uei-hsü chih-mu, viz, "This is the tomb of K'uei-hsü, the disloyal, the unfilial, the underhanded, and the treacherous".
K'uei-hsü, like his brother Singde, distinguished himself beyond other Manchus of his day by his talents as a poet. His collected works, 益戒堂集 I-chien-t'ang chi, comprising 16 chüan of poetry and 2 of prose, were first printed in 1703. He compiled by imperial authority an ​anthology of poems by women authors of various dynasties, entitled 歷朝閨雅 Li-ch'ao kuei-ya, in 12 chüan, and himself brought together a volume of miscellaneous notes, 隙光亭雜識 Hsi-kuang-t'ing tsa-chih, in 6 chüan. These and several other minor works are comparatively rare, although they were never formally banned.
[1/293/4a; 11/32/56a; Cha Shên-hsing [q. v.], Ching-yeh-t'ang shih-chi 18/16a, 46/10a; Shêng-yü [q. v.], Pa-ch'i wên ching 57/14b; Kuo-hsüeh chi-k'an, vol. II, no. 4, p. 753.]
Fang Chao-ying
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Water-radish

Edition of 1802.
​Water-radish. See Radish-Water-cress.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Water-trefoil

Edition of 1802.
​Water-trefoil. See Trefoil-Buckbean.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Water-lily

Edition of 1802.
​Water-lily. See Lily, the Water.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Water-socks

Edition of 1802.
​Water-socks. Sec White Water-Lily.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Water-hemp

Edition of 1802.
​Water-hemp. SeeAgrimony, the Hemp.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Water-moss

Edition of 1802.
​Water-moss. See Moss.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Water-parsnep

Edition of 1802.
​Water-parsnep. See Parsnep, the Water.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Water-zizany

Edition of 1802.
​Water-zizany. See Zizany.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Watering-of-Land

Edition of 1802.
​Watering-of-Land. See Irrigation.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Wax

Edition of 1802.
​WAX, a solid concrete, abounding in the vegetable kingdom, whence it is collected by bees.—In the article Bees-wax, we have stated the manner in which this substance is obtained, and likewise the uses to which it is applied: at present, therefore, we shall direct our attention to the blanching or whitening of wax, and to the process by which it may be artificially extracted from vegetables.
With a view to bleach wax, it is cut in small pieces, melted, and poured into cold water, where it granulates. In this state, it is exposed to the sun and air; melted, and granulated repeatedly; then submitted to the influence of the sun, air, and dew, in the interval between each liquefaction. When the wax is perfectly blanched, it is dissolved for the last time, and cast into flat moulds, in which it is again exposed to the air, for one or two days, in order to render it more transparent.
Wax may be extracted from the leaves and petals of numerous vegetables (see the General Index of Reference); by collecting, bruising, and dissolving them, first in water, and then in alkohol, or spirit of wine, till every other ingredient thai is soluble in these fluids, be completely separated. The residuum is now mixed with 6 times its weight of a solution of pure ammonia: when it has been thoroughly macerated, the liquor must be decanted; filtred; and, while it is briskly stirred, a sufficient portion of sulphuric acid must be gradually added, to super-saturate the alkali. Thus, the wax will be precipitated in the form of a yellow powder; which, on being carefully washed with simple water, and melted over a slow fire, possesses all the properties of bees-wax.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/John Sheffield, Duke of Buckinghamshire

See also John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby on Wikipedia; John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, at Wikipedia; John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
​BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, John Sheffield, Duke of (1649–1721), was the son of Edmund, second earl of Mulgrave, and succeeded to that title on his father's death in 1658. At the age of seventeen he joined the fleet in ​the war against the Dutch, but was not in any engagement. In 1672, however, on the renewal of hostilities, he distinguished himself by his bravery, and was appointed to the command of a ship. He afterwards served with the land forces, and for a short time joined Turenne, in order to study the art of war. On the accession of James he received a seat in the privy council, and was made lord-chamberlain. He was not among the lords who invited over the Prince of Orange, but he acquiesced in the Revolution, and was ultimately received into the cabinet council of William. In 1694 he was made marquis of Normanby. In 1702, on the accession of Anne, with whom he was a personal favourite, he became lord privy seal and lord-lieutenant of the North Riding of Yorkshire. In the following year he was made duke of Normanby, and duke of Buckinghamshire. Under the administration of Marlborough and Godolphin, he threw in his lot with the high Tory party, and in 1705 was deprived of the seal. Two years later he was dismissed from the privy council. In 1710, when the Tories recovered power, Buckingham became lord steward; and in 1711 he was raised to the dignity of lord president. After the death of Anne he held no state appointment. He died 24th February 1721. His works consist of two tragedies, a few small poems of little value, and of the rhymed Essay on Poetry. His Essay on Satire is said to have been revised by Dryden; and is sometimes printed among the latter's works. The Essay on Poetry was highly praised by Addison, Pope, and other critics of the time, but the praise must have been due to the rank and not to the abilities of the poet. His works were published in 1723.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/John Torrey

See also John Torrey on Wikipedia; John Torrey in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TORREY, John (1796-1873), a distinguished American botanist, was a member of an old New England family which contributed several officers to the War of Independence. He was born at New York, and spent his school days there, save for the concluding year at Boston. When he was 15 or 16 years of age his father received a prison appointment at Greenwich, and there he made the acquaintance of Amos Eaton, one of the foremost pioneers of natural history studies and popular science teaching in America. He thus learned the elements of botany, as well as something of mineralogy and chemistry, so deter mining the studies of his life. In 1815, he commenced the study of medicine, meanwhile finding time to prepare his first catalogue of plants, and to establish a correspondence with American and foreign botanists, and in 1818 he commenced practice. Stimulated by Elliott's account of the flora of South Carolina and Georgia, Torrey commenced a systematic account of the botany of the Northern States, of which the first and only volume appeared in 1824. In the same year he obtained the chair of chemistry and geology at West Point military academy, whence he was translated three years later to the chemical professorship in the college of physicians, New York. He next described the collections of the first exploration of the Colorado Territory, so laying the foundation of all subsequent work upon the flora of the Rocky Mountains. In these years he also monographed the sedges, and did good service in substituting the natural for the Linnæan system. In 1836 he was appointed botanist to the State of New York, producing his Flora of the State in 1843; while from 1838-43 he carried on the publication of the earlier portions of Flora of North America, with the assistance of his pupil Asa Gray. Becoming more and more immersed in chemical labours, which from 1857 passed partly and soon completely into those of U.S. assayer, he notwithstanding continued to accumulate and work up masses of material for this vast undertaking, which still awaits completion at the hands of his colleague and successor, Prof. Gray. He evinced a continued interest in botanical teaching, and made over his valuable herbarium and library to Columbia College two or three years before his death. He will be remembered not only as the father of American systematic botany, and an accurate and faithful, if some what excessively cautious, investigator, but also as an eminent teacher, and for an excellence of personal character and simplicity of beliefs much resembling Faraday's. His memory is literally kept green by the beautiful Coniferous genus Torreya, and his labours commemorated and continued in the valuable memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club.
See Gray, in Silliman's Journal, 1873.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/John Tyler

See also John Tyler on Wikipedia; Tyler, John in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
See L. G. Tyler, Life and Times of the Tylers, 2 vols., 1884.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Atys

See also Attis on Wikipedia; Attis & Atys on Wikipedia, Attis in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​ATYS, ATTIS, or ATTES, in the Phrygian and Lydian Mythology, a youth beloved for his beauty by the goddess Rhea, there called Agdistis. Like Adonis, he was a per sonification of the changes in nature, from the beauty of spring and summer to the severity and darkness of winter. The story, as told at Pessinus, the centre of the worship of the goddess, was that she had born to Zeus a being both male and female ; that the gods, displeased, had transformed this being into a tree, from the fruit of which the daughter of the river-god Sangarius bore a boy, who grew up among herdsmen marvellous in his beauty, so as to win the love of Agdistis. This was Atys, and he was about to be married to the king s daughter of Pessinus, when the god dess appeared among the guests, terrified them, and caused Atys to run to the woods, where he maimed himself and was transformed into a pine tree ; from his blood sprang violets. Agdistis begged Zeus to restore him, but he could only assure her that the youth would never decay, and that his hair would always grow. She conveyed the pine to her cave at Pessinus, and gave herself up to grief.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Aubagne

See also Aubagne on Wikipedia; Aubagne on Wikipedia, Aubagne in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
AUBAGNE, a town of France, in the department of Bouches-du-Rhone, with a population of 7408, who carry on the manufacture of wine, pottery, leather, coarse cloth, &c. The only remarkable monument is a fountain to the memory of the Abbé Barthelemy, whose family was long connected with the town.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Aubenas

See also Aubenas on Wikipedia; Aube on Wikipedia, Aube in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​AUBENAS, a town of France, department of Ardeche, near the river of that name, 14 miles S.W. of Privas. It is beautifully situated on the slope of a hill, but its streets generally are crooked and narrow. It is surrounded by a ruinous wall flanked with towers, and has an old Gothic castle, now occupied by the municipal authorities. As the centre of the silk trade of the surrounding district, it is a place of considerable traffic, and there is besides a large local manufacture of silk and woollen goods. Population. 7694.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Atwood, George

See also George Atwood on Wikipedia; George Atwood on Wikipedia, Atwood in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​ATWOOD, GEORGE, an author celebrated for the accuracy of his mathematical and mechanical investigations, and considered particularly happy in the clearness of his explana tions, and the elegance of his experimental illustrations, was born in the early part of the year 1746. He was educated at Westminster school, to which he was admitted in 1759. Six years afterwards he was elected off to Trinity College, Cambridge. He took his degree of ^Bachelor of Arts in 1769, with the rank of third wrangler and first Smith s prizeman. These distinctions were amply sufficient to give him a claim to further advancement in his own college. In due time he obtained a fellowship, and was afterwards one of the tutors of the college. He became Master of Arts in 1772, and in 1776 was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London. In the year 1784 he ceased to reside at Cambridge, and soon afterwards received from Mr Pitt a patent office, which required but little of his attendance, and enabled him still to devote a consider able portion of his time to his special studies. He died in 1807. Atwood s published works, exclusive of papers contributed to the Philosophical Transactions, for one of which he obtained the Copley medal, are as follows : (1.) Analysis of a Course of Lectures on the Principles of Natural Philosophy, Cambridge, 1784. (2.) Treatise on the Rectilinear Motion and Rotation of Bodies, Cambridge, 1784, which contains a good account of the elementary principles of mechanics, though it is deficient in the appli cation of higher mathematical analysis. It also gives some interesting experiments, by means of which mechanical truths can be ocularly exhibited and demonstrated, and describes the machine, since called by Atwood s name, for verifying experimentally the laws of simple acceleration of motion. (3.) Review of the Statutes and Ordinances of Assize which have been established in England from the 4th year of King John, 1202, to the 37th of his present Majesty, London, 1801, a work of some historical research. (4.) Dissertation on the Construction and Properties of Arches, London, 1801, with supplement, pt. i. 1801, pt. ii. 1804, an elaborate and, in its time, valuable work, though it is now completely superseded.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Attwood, Thomas

See also Thomas Attwood on Wikipedia, Attwood, Thomas (composer) in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​ATTWOOD, THOMAS, musical composer, was born in London in 1767. As one of the boy choristers in the chapel royal he received his early instruction in music from Nares and Ayrton. In 1783 he was sent to study abroad at the expense of the Prince of Wales, who had been favourably impressed by his skill as a performer on the harpsichord. After spending two years at Naples, Attwood proceeded to Vienna, where he became a favourite pupil of Mozart. On his return to London he held for a short time an appointment as one of the chamber musicians to the prince of Wales. In 1795 he was chosen organist of St Paul s, and in the following year he succeeded Dr Dupuis as composer to the chapels royal. His court con nection was further confirmed by his appointment as musical instructor to the duchess of York and afterwards to the princess of Wales. For the coronation of George IV. he composed the anthem, The King shall Rejoice, a work of high merit. The king, who had neglected him for some years on account of his connection with the princess of Wales, now restored him to favour, and in 1821 appointed him organist to his private chapel at Brighton. Soon after the institution of the Royal Academy of Music, Attwood was chosen one of the professors. He wrote the anthem, Lord, grant the King a Long Life, which was performed at the coronation of William IV., and he was composing a similar work for the coronation of Queen Victoria when he died (March 24, 1838). Attwood s com positions are favourable specimens of the English school. His services and anthems were published in a collected form after his death by his pupil Walmesley, and are fre quently used in cathedral worship. Of his secular composi tions several songs and glees are well known and popular. The operas which he composed in early life are now almost forgotten, belonging, as they do, to a period when English music was at its lowest ebb.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Aube

See also Aube on Wikipedia; Aube on Wikipedia, Aube in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​AUBE, a department of France, bounded on the N . by the department of Marne, N.W. by Seine-et-Marne, W. ​by Yonne, S. by Cote-d Or, and E. by Haute-Marne. It con sists of a portion of Champagne and Vallage, with a small part of Burgundy, and has an area of 2317 square miles. Its general inclination from S.E. to N.W. presents little variety of surface, the only elevations being a double line of hills along the course of the Seine, never exceeding 1 1 50 feet in height. The department belongs to the Seine basin, and is watered by that river and its tributaries, the Ource, the Sarce, the Melda, and the Aube, &c. The climate is comparatively mild, but damp. Heavy rains fall at the beginning of winter. In the N. and N.W. the soil is dry and sterile ; but the S. and E. districts are very fertile, particularly the valleys, which are admirably adapted for the cultivation of the vine. About two-thirds of the surface consists of arable land, and tho agricultural con dition of the country is improving. The principal produc tions are wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, and wine, of which last about one-half is exported. In minerals Aube is one of the poorest departments in France ; a few iron mines have been worked, but with insignificant results. Chalk and clay are abundant ; and there are also quarries of marble, lithographic stone, and building stone. The principal manufacture is hosiery; but the department also produces glass, earthenware, paper, sugar, and ropes, and has a large number of distilleries, tile-works, and dye-works, and an oil factory. Among the celebrated men connected with Aube are Villehardouin, Pope Urban IV., Mignard, Danton, Beugnot, and Ulbach. The capital is Troyes, and the arrondissementa are Troyes, Arcis-sur-Aube, Nogent-sur- Seine, Bar-sur-Aube, and Bar-sur-Seine. Population in 1872, 255,687.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Aubin

See also Aubin, Aveyron on Wikipedia; Aubin on Wikipedia, Aubin in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​AUBIN, a town of France, in the department of Aveyron and arrondissement of Villefranche, principally remarkable for its extensive uiines of coal, sulphur, and alum. It also carries on an active trade in sheep, iron goods, &c, A church of the 12th century, with some remarkable sculpture, and the ruins of the castle of the counts of Rouergue, are still in existence. Population, 8863. The name Aubin, or St Aubin, is one of the most fre quent in France, being borne by upwards of fifty villages from the Pyrenees to Jersey.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Auburn

See also Auburn, New York on Wikipedia; Auburn on Wikipedia, Auburn in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​AUBURN, the capital of Cayuga county, in the state of New York, on the railway between Albany and Buffalo, 174 miles W. of the former. The irregularity of the surface on which the city is built has prevented the com plete carrying out of the rectangular arrangement of streets, which is so much in favour in the United States, but the thoroughfares are wide and lined with trees, and the houses for the most part well built. The principal public buildings are in Genesee Street. The most remark able of the institutions is the state prison, founded in 1816, which is conducted on the "silent system," and usually con tains upwards of 1000 prisoners, who are employed each in ​the work to which he has been trained. Auburn also possesses a Presbyterian theological seminary, founded in 1821, an academy, five public free schools, sixteen churches, an orphan asylum, two opera houses, and several news paper offices. The water-power supplied by the outlet of the neighbouring lake of Owasco is utilised in a number of manufactories. Cotton and woollen goods, carpets, agricultural implements and other tools, paper, flour, and beer are the principal products.
# Dream Tales and Prose Poems/Poems in Prose/On The Sea

ON THE SEA
I was going from Hamburg to London in a small steamer. We were two passengers; I and a little female monkey, whom a Hamburg merchant was sending as a present to his English partner.
She was fastened by a light chain to one of the seats on deck, and was moving restlessly and whining in a little plaintive pipe like a bird's.
Every time I passed by her she stretched out her little, black, cold hand, and peeped up at me out of her little mournful, almost human eyes. I took her hand, and she ceased whining and moving restlessly about.
There was a dead calm. The sea stretched on all sides like a motionless sheet of leaden colour. It seemed narrowed and small; a thick fog overhung it, hiding the very mast-tops in ​cloud, and dazing and wearying the eyes with its soft obscurity. The sun hung, a dull red blur in this obscurity; but before evening it glowed with strange, mysterious, lurid light.
Long, straight folds, like the folds in some heavy silken stuff, passed one after another over the sea from the ship's prow, and broadening as they passed, and wrinkling and widening, were smoothed out again with a shake, and vanished. The foam flew up, churned by the tediously thudding wheels; white as milk, with a faint hiss it broke up into serpentine eddies, and then melted together again and vanished too, swallowed up by the mist.
Persistent and plaintive as the monkey's whine rang the small bell at the stern.
From time to time a porpoise swam up, and with a sudden roll disappeared below the scarcely ruffled surface.
And the captain, a silent man with a gloomy, sunburnt face, smoked a short pipe and angrily spat into the dull, stagnant sea.
To all my inquiries he responded by a disconnected grumble. I was obliged to turn to my sole companion, the monkey.
I sat down beside her; she ceased whining, and again held out her hand to me.
The clinging fog oppressed us both with its drowsy dampness; and buried in the same ​unconscious dreaminess, we sat side by side like brother and sister.
I smile now . . . but then I had another feeling.
We are all children of one mother, and I was glad that the poor little beast was soothed and nestled so confidingly up to me, as to a brother.
November 1879.