OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Coffin, Isaac

Edition of 1879. See also Isaac Coffin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COFFIN, Sir Isaac, an English admiral, born in Boston, Mass., May 16, 1759, died at Cheltenham, Eng., July 23, 1839. He was educated at the public schools in Boston, and having entered the British navy as midshipman in 1773, under the patronage of Admiral Montagu, served in various ships on the American station, being finally attached to the Romney, flag ship of his patron, off Newfoundland. In 1778 he was appointed lieutenant, and in 1781 commander. On March 16, 1781, he acted as signal lieutenant to Admiral Arbuthnot in the action off Cape Henry, and in 1782 was present as a volunteer under Admiral Hood in the engagement between Rodney and De Grasse. In 1788, irritated at having been deprived of his commission for an informality then common in the service, he went to Brabant and gave his aid to the patriots. The sentence against him was soon reversed, and he reentered the British navy with his former rank. In attempting to save the life of a sailor who fell overboard he received an injury which incapacitated him from active duty, and was placed in charge of the depot at Leith; thence was sent commissioner to Corsica; thence to Elba; subsequently to Lisbon as head of the naval establishment there; and in 1798, when Minorca fell into the hands of the English, he was appointed superintendent of the arsenal at Port Mahon. In 1804 he was advanced to the rank of rear admiral of the blue; next year was made a baronet; in 1808 vice admiral, and in 1814 admiral. In 1818 he was elected member of parliament for Ilchester, and retained his seat till the dissolution in 1826. His speeches were chiefly on naval affairs, and distinguished for blunt, sailor-like honesty, with a strong vein of facetiousness. He always retained a warm affection for his native city, and visited it many times. In 1826 he founded a school in Nantucket, still called by his name.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Coffin, James Henry

Edition of 1879. See also James Henry Coffin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COFFIN, James Henry, an American mathematician, born in Northampton, Mass., Sept. 6, 1806, died in Easton, Pa., Feb. 6, 1873. He graduated at Ainherst college in 1838, was afterward professor in Williams college till 1843, and superintended the establishment of Greylock observatory, on the mountain of that name in western Massachusetts, with the first combined self-registering aerometer and barometer. He was professor of mathematics and astronomy in Lafayette college, Easton, Pa., from 1846 till his death. He published " Solar and Lunar Eclipses," " A Discussion on the Meteoric Fire Ball," and " Winds of the Northern Hemisphere " (issued by the Smithsonian institution, 1851; enlarged and revised, 1873).
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Cognac

Edition of 1879. See also Cognac on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COGNAC, a town of France, in the department of Charente, 22 m. W. of Angoulême; pop. in 1866, 9,412. It is situated upon an eminence on the left bank of the Charente, and is well built. It enjoys a great celebrity on account of the brandy to which it has given its name. All the brandy of Charente and Charente-Inférieure is sold as Cognac, but the genuine article is made in the immediate vicinity of the town; the best second qualities are produced at Blanzac, Jarnac, Rouillac, Aigre, and Ruffec. The whole trade in brandy amounts to about 80,000,000 francs annually. The town also has a trade in cattle, sheep, grain, spirits, and truffles. An ancient castle, in which Francis I. was born, is now used for a brandy warehouse.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Cognates

Edition of 1879. See also Cognate on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COGNATES, in Scotch law, collateral kindred on the mother's side, as agnates are collateral kindred on the father's side. The terms were employed in the Roman civil law somewhat differently, agnates being persons related through males only, while cognates might trace relationship through one or more female links. Thus, a brother's son was the uncle's agnate, but a sister's son was his cognate. Generally speaking, however, cognates were all who were descended from a common ancestor through a legal marriage, and the term included agnates also.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Cogniard, Théodore

Edition of 1879. See also Cogniard brothers on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COGNIARD, Théodore, a French playwright, born April 30, 1806, died in Paris, May 25, 18.72. With his surviving brother, Hippolyte (born Nov. 20, 1807), he wrote hundreds of vaudevilles and fairy plays, many of which had a great run, especially La biche aux bois. He brought into vogue the opera bouffe. Offenbach's Belle-Hélène, Barbe-bleue, Grande Duchesse, and Périchole were first performed under his sole direction at the Variétés theatre, his brother Hippolyte having retired in 1869.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Cogalniceano, Michael

Edition of 1879. See also Michael Cogalniceano on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COGALNICEANO, or Cogalnitchanu, Michael, a Roumanian historian and statesman, born about 1806. He filled the newly established chair of history at Jassy, founded scientific, literary, and political journals, promoted the emancipation of the gypsies, and became prominent, under Prince Alexander Cuza's administration, in the legislature and as minister for Moldavia. After the union of Wallachia and Moldavia in December, 1861, he became prime minister, and was the chief promoter of the new electoral law of May 14, 1864, and of the arbitrary constitution; but he was obliged to retire shortly before the forced abdication of Cuza, Feb. 23, 1866. He was chiefly instrumental in the foundation of the university at Jassy. He has since been reelected to the chamber, and under Prince Charles was minister of the interior from November, 1868, to Jan. 24, 1870. He has published Histoire de la Valachie et de la Moldavie (Berlin, 1837); Archiva romanesca (1841); and Letopisitz, a collection of Roumanian historical documents (3 vols., Jassy, 1845-'52).
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Coffee (Georgia)

Edition of 1879. See also Coffee County, Georgia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COFFEE. I. A S.E. county of Georgia, bounded N. by the Ocmulgee river, S. W. by the Allapaha, and intersected by the Satilla and its branches; area, 1,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 3,192, of whom 678 were colored. The surface is level and sandy. The Macon and Brunswick railroad touches the 1ST. E. corner, and the Brunswick and Albany railroad passes through the S. part. The chief productions in 1870 were 49,022 bushels of Indian corn, 19,​949 of oats, 45,996 of sweet potatoes, 15,845 Ibs. of rice, 42,366 of wool, 261 bales of cotton, and 12,231 gallons of molasses. There were 403 horses, 3,925 milch cows, 10,384 other cattle, 16,036 sheep, and 12,779 swine. Capital, Douglas.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Coffee (Tennessee)

Edition of 1879. See also Coffee County, Tennessee on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​III. A central county of Tennessee; area, 320 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 10,237, of whom 1,501 were colored. It has an elevated and hilly surface, and a fertile soil. It is traversed by the McMinnville and Manchester railroad. The principal productions in 1870 were 43,075 bushels of wheat, 10,226 of rye, 309,503 of Indian corn, 25,462 of oats, and 30 bales of cotton. There were 2,506 horses, 1,881 milch cows, 2,979 other cattle, 8,107 sheep, and 17,226 swine; 3 flour mills, 5 saw mills, 1 paper mill, 1 distillery, and 2 wool-carding and clothdressing establishments. Capital, Manchester.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Coghetti, Francesco

Edition of 1879. See also Francesco Coghetti on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COGHETTI, Francesco, an Italian painter, born in Bergamo, Oct. 4, 1804. He studied in that city under Diotti, and in Rome under Camuccini, and executed various fine altarpieces for churches in Bergamo, which led to his being employed upon paintings for the cathedral and other buildings. For the villa Torlonia at ​Rome he painted the exploits of Alexander the Great, and he also embellished Prince Torlonia's villa at Castel-Gandolfo and his palace at Rome. In his frescoes in the basilica of Savona and many of his oil paintings, including the "Condemnation of St. Stephen," which procured for him an order of knighthood, he has closely imitated the old masters; and he stands at the head of a new school, which strives to revive the classical style of painting.
# The Achievements of Luther Trant/Foreword

FOREWORD
Except for its characters and plot, this book is not a work of the imagination.
The methods which the fictitious Trant—one time assistant in a psychological laboratory, now turned detective—here uses to solve the mysteries which present themselves to him, are real methods; the tests he employs are real tests.
Though little known to the general public, they are precisely such as are being used daily in the psychological laboratories of the great universities—both in America and Europe—by means of which modern men of science are at last disclosing and defining the workings of that oldest of world-mysteries—the human mind.
The facts which Trant uses are in no way debatable facts; nor do they rest on evidence of untrained, imaginative observers. Innumerable experiments in our university laboratories have established beyond question that, for instance, the resistance of the human body to a weak electric current varies when the subject is frightened or undergoes emotion; and the consequent variation in the strength of the current, depending directly upon the amount of emotional disturbance, can be registered by the galvanometer for all to see. The hand resting upon an automatograph will travel toward an object which excites emotion, ​however capable its possessor may be of restraining all other evidence of what he feels.
If these facts are not used as yet except in the academic experiments of the psychological laboratories and the very real and useful purpose to which they have been put in the diagnosis of insanities, it is not because they are incapable of wider use. The results of the "new psychology" are coming every day closer to an exact interpretation. The hour is close at hand when they will be used not merely in the determination of guilt and innocence, but to establish in the courts the credibility of witnesses and the impartiality of jurors, and by employers to ascertain the fitness and particular abilities of their employees.
Luther Trant, therefore, nowhere in this book needs to invent or devise an experiment or an instrument for any of the results he here attains; he has merely to adapt a part of the tried and accepted experiments of modern, scientific psychology. He himself is a character of fiction; but his methods are matters of fact.
The Authors.
THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF LUTHER TRANT
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Katzbach

Edition of 1879. See also Kaczawa on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KATZBACH, a small river of Prussian Silesia, which joins the Oder on its left bank, 29 m. N. W. of Breslau, after a course of 35 m. It is noted for a victory of the Prussians and Russians under Blücher over the French commanded by Macdonald, achieved on its banks near Liegnitz, Aug. 26, 1813.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton

Edition of 1879. See also Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KAUNITZ, Wenzel Anton, prince, count of Rietberg, an Austrian statesman, born in Vienna in 1711, died June 27, 1794. One of 19 children, he was destined for the church; but after the death of some of his elder brothers, he chose a secular career, studying at Vienna, Leipsic, and Leyden. He became a chamberlain of the emperor Charles VI., travelled for some years in Germany, Italy, France, and England, and in 1735 was appointed aulic councillor of the empire. By marriage he became the proprietor of the county of Rietberg. His influence rose under the daughter and successor of Charles, Maria Theresa, when, after various and successful diplomatic missions to Rome, Turin, and Brussels, and a short administration of the Austrian Netherlands till their occupation by the French in 1746, he signed for Austria the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748). Shortly after he became minister of state, but soon left this post, being sent as ambassador to France, where he secured the influence of Mme. de Pompadour for an alliance with Maria Theresa. This was effected in 1756, and the seven years' war began, after the conclusion of which Kaunitz, who in 1753 had been appointed chancellor, was elevated to the rank of prince of the empire. He accompanied Joseph II. to the interview at Neustadt in Moravia with Frederick the Great, when the two monarchs concerted the scheme of the first partition of Poland, but against the opinion of the minister. Frederick speaks disparagingly of him in his memoirs; and Joseph, whom he served without success in his schemes for the annexation of Bavaria, gradually withdrew his favor from the old statesman during his actual reign (1780-1790). Kaunitz gained new influence during the short reign of Leopold II., but after the accession of his son Francis (1792) he resigned his offices. A taciturn and scheming diplomatist, Kaunitz was ceremoniously grave with his equals, fond of the French language, literature, and fashions, and
with much frivolity, vanity, and self-love united probity, affability toward inferiors, and fidelity to the interests of the empire.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Kavanagh, Julia

Edition of 1879. See also Julia Kavanagh on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KAVANAGH, Julia, a British authoress, born in Thurles, Ireland, in 1824. At an early age she accompanied her parents to France, where she was educated. In 1844 she took up her residence in London. She published in 1847 a tale for children entitled “The Three Paths.” This was followed by “Madeleine” (1848), a story of peasant life in France, and in 1850 by a series of historical sketches, “Woman in France in the 18th Century.” In 1851 appeared “Nathalie,” a novel, in which the scene is also laid in France. Among her other works are: “Women of Christianity exemplary for Piety” (1852), “Daisy Burns” (1853), “Grace Lee” (1854) “Rachel Gray” (1855), “The Hobbies” (1857), “Adele” (1858), “French Women of Letters” (1861), “English Women of Letters” (1862), “Queen Mab” (1863), “Sibyl's Second Love” (1867), and “Sylvia” (1870).
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Kauai

Edition of 1879. See also Kauai on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KAUAI, the principal N. W. island of the Hawaiian group, in lat. 22º N., lon. 159º 30' W.; area, 527 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 4,961. It is irregularly circular, about 28 m. in diameter, and mountainous. Waialeale, the highest peak (about 6,000 ft.), is a little E. of the centre. West of this summit is a table land of nearly 40 sq. m. and about 3,000 ft. high; it terminates in a steep precipice on the coast. At other parts of the island the shore is generally a sandy beach interrupted by basaltic cliffs from 10 to 150 ft. high. The rock of the mountain is a compact ferruginous basalt. The shore ridges contain less iron and are more cellular; they vary in their structure from a compact phonolite to a heavy basalt. Crystals of quartz and iron pyrites are found in various parts. On the W. coast is a steep sand bank about 60 ft. high, known as the “barking sands,” formed by the action of the wind, and constantly advancing on the land. Visitors slide their horses down the face of the bank, when a noise as of subterranean thunder is heard. The valleys are deep and numerous, and every ravine is a watercourse. Kauai has a larger proportion of arable land than any other of the Hawaiian islands, its lowlands being mostly on the windward or rainy side. In the valleys the soil is sometimes 10 ft. deep. Hanalei, on the N. side, is reputed to have a larger rainfall than any other place in the group. The leeward or S. W. districts are comparatively dry and barren. The largest river, the Hanalei, empties into a tolerable harbor of the same name;
Koloa (the principal town) and Nawiliwili have also good anchorage. Kauai is regarded, on account of the greater decomposition of its lavas, the degradation of its ridges, and the absence of recent volcanic products, as the oldest member of the Hawaiian group. The whole island, however, bears clear traces of its volcanic origin. In most parts the scenery is of extreme beauty. The chief product of Kauai is sugar; the raising of cattle is also a considerable business, hides, tallow, and wool being exported. Breadfruits, kalo, bananas, cocoanuts, oranges, and other tropical fruits grow abundantly. The native population of the island is decreasing.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Kauffmann, Maria Angelica

Edition of 1879. See also Angelica Kauffman on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KAUFFMANN, Maria Angelica, a Swiss painter, born in Coire, Oct. 30, 1741, died in Rome, Nov. 5, 1807. At the age of 15 she was taken to Milan and put under the best masters in music and painting, and in 1763 she accompanied her father to Rome. Winckelmann, whose portrait she painted, in a letter written in 1764, speaks in the warmest terms of her many accomplishments, and of her intimate acquaintance with modern languages. While in Rome she painted many portraits of distinguished people. In 1765 she accompanied Lady Wentworth to England, where she was received with every mark of attention. Upon the establishment of the royal academy she was chosen one of the 86 original members. In 1781 she married Signor Antonio Zucchi, an artist, and the following year returned to Rome, where she passed the rest of her life. Some years previous to this she had been betrayed into marriage with an impostor who assumed the title of Count Horn, from whom she procured a divorce. Many of her works were engraved by Bartolozzi. She retained her maiden name until her death.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Kaufmann, Theodor

Edition of 1879. See also Theodore Kaufmann on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KAUFMANN, Theodor, an American painter, born at Uelsen, Hanover, Dec. 18, 1814. He served for several years as a mercantile apprentice, and studied painting in Hamburg, and under Hess in Munich. Implicated in the revolutionary movement of 1847-'9, he left Germany, and in 1850 settled in the United States. He served in the army during the civil war, and afterward resided in Boston. His works include “General Sherman near the Watchfire,” “On to Liberty,” and “A Pacific Railway Train attacked by Indians.” His “American Painting Book” was published at Boston in 1871.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Katydid

Edition of 1879. See also Tettigoniidae on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KATYDID (cyrtophyllus concavus, Scudd.), an American grasshopper, named from the sound of its note. It is about an inch and a half long, the body being an inch, pale green, with darker wings and wing covers; the thorax is roughened, and is shaped somewhat like a saddle; the wing covers are longer than the wings, and enclose the body in their concavity, meeting above and below like the valves of a pea pod. This “testy little dogmatist,” rendered familiar by the verses of Holmes, is one of the loudest and most persevering of our native musicians; silent and concealed among the leaves during the day, at night it mounts to the highest branches of the trees, where the male commences his sonorous call to the noiseless females. The sound is produced by the friction of the taborets in the triangular overlapping portion of each wing cover against
each other, and is strengthened by the escape of air from the sacs of the body, reverberating so loudly as to be heard a quarter of a mile in a still night. These insects are now comparatively rare in the Atlantic states, but in some parts of the west their incessant noise
is almost insupportable to those unaccustomed to it. The perfect insect lays her eggs in September and October, depositing them in two contiguous rows along the surface of a twig previously prepared by her curved piercer; they resemble tiny bivalve shells, of a slate color, about one eighth of an inch long, and are eight or nine in each row; the young escape through a cleft in one end; the eggs are sometimes placed in nests in the earth, where they remain till spring; they are eaten by beetles, earwigs, crickets, ants, &c. The young are said to be injurious to roots of grasses and grains; the adults eat the interior of flower buds and the germs of fruit. Though found on almost all trees, the balsam poplar is a special favorite. They are called grasshopper birds by the Indians, who are in the habit of roasting and grinding them into a flour, from which they make cakes, considered by them as delicacies. The katydid is interesting in captivity, and will live thus, if fed on fruit, for several weeks; like other grasshoppers, after the warm season they rapidly become old, the voice ceases, and all soon perish.
Katydid (Cyrtophyllus concavus).
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Kaufman

Edition of 1879. See also Kaufman County, Texas on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KAUFMAN, a N. E. county of Texas, bounded S. W. by Trinity river, and drained by the E. fork of that stream; area, 950 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 6,895, of whom 838 were colored. The surface is mostly undulating, and the S. E. part is well timbered, while the N. W. is occupied by prairies. The soil is generally good. The chief productions in 1870 were 179,658 bushels of Indian corn, 11,700 of sweet potatoes, and 1,910 bales of cotton. There were 2,605 horses, 25,643 cattle, 2,448 sheep, and 8,406 swine. Capital, Kaufman.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Kaufmann, Constantin Petrovitch

Edition of 1879. See also Konstantin von Kaufmann on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KAUFMANN, Constantin Petrovitch, a Russian general, born in the Baltic provinces about 1817. He is of humble origin, but early acquired distinction as a military engineer, and served for some time as chief of staff in the Caucasus. At a later period he held a post in the ministry of war, and coöperated in the thorough reform of the army. In 1864 he was appointed governor general of the military division of Wilna, including Lithuania, Livonia, and Courland; and in 1867 of the newly established division of Turkistan, which post he continued to hold in 1874 with the rank of lieutenant general. The progress of Russia in
central Asia is mainly due to his efforts. In 1873 he conducted the successful campaign in Khiva, which virtually placed that territory under Russian control by the treaty of peace which he signed with the khan on Aug. 25.
# The Atlantic Monthly/Volume 1/Number 3/Two Rivers

Featured in Vol 1., No.3 of The Atlantic Monthly. (January 1858)
TWO RIVERS.
Thy summer voice, Musketaquit, Repeats the music of the rain; But sweeter rivers pulsing flit Through thee, as thou through Concord Plain.
Thou in thy narrow banks art pent: The stream I love unbounded goes Through flood and sea and firmament; Through light, through life, it forward flows.
I see the inundation sweet, I hear the spending of the stream Through years, through men, through nature fleet, Through passion, thought, through power and dream.
Musketaquit, a goblin strong, Of shard and flint makes jewels gay; They lose their grief who hear his song, And where he winds is the day of day.
So forth and brighter fares my stream,— Who drink it shall not thirst again; No darkness stains its equal gleam, And ages drop in it like rain.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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