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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Puyallup Indians

From volume 12 of the work.
An important tribe of Salishan linguistic stock, formerly holding the territory along the river of the same name entering near the head of Puget Sound, Washington, and now occupying an allotted reservation, together with several kindred tribes, in the neighbourhood of Tacoma, Pierce County. Their near neighbours, the Nisqually, speak a dialect of the same language. The name is said to mean "shadow", referring to the dense forest shades, and to have been applied originally to the country abut the mouth of the stream.
The tribes of Puget Sound region made acquaintance with Catholic priests and laymen as far back as the advent of the Spanish explorers in 1774-95, and from the accompanying Franciscans obtained rosaries and crucifixes which they still treasured sixty years later. This Catholic memory was kept up through the French Canadians in the service of Mackenzie, Fraser, and the Hudson Bay Company. In 1838, the secular missionaries, Norbert Blanchet and Modeste Demers, arrived on the Columbia from Canada, making headquarters at Fort Vancouver, from which point Father Demers, in 1839-41 visited the tribes northward along Puget Sound, instructing and baptizing many. In 1843 another secular, Father Jean-Baptiste Bolduc, made another successful tour of Puget Sound and lower Vancouver Island. In 1847 arrived the first party of Oblates destined for the same mission, chief among which were the famous Father Casimir Chirouse, the Apostle of Tulalip (d. 1891). In 1854 they joined with other tribes of that region in the Treaty of Medicine Creek, by which they gave up their free range and agreed to come upon the reservation assigned them. In the next year they joined the Nisqually and others in the general outbreak of the Washington tribes, known as the Yakima War, which was not finally brought to an end until 1858, when the work of civilization and Christianization was again taken up; but it had been sadly checked by the demoralization consequent upon the removal of reservation restrictions under the recent individual Allotment Act. Upon this point both official and mission authorities agree. With whiskey and pauperization by white swindlers the end seems not far off. More than half the tribe are classified as Catholic, and besides the Government reservation school, the St. George mission school, established in 1888, and in charge of a secular priest assisted by six Franciscan sisters and a lay teacher, has an attendance of sixty pupils of the several confederated tribes. From perhaps 800 souls sixty years ago the Puyallup Indians have decreased to 556 in 1900 and 466 in 1910. In aboriginal customs and beliefs they resembled the Tulalip tribes.
BANCROFT, Hist. Washington, Idaho, and Montana (San Francisco, 1890); GIBBS, Tribes of Western Washington in Contr. to N. Am. Ethnology, I (Washington, 1877); MORICE, Catholic Church in Western Canada (2 vols., Toronto, 1910); COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, annual reports (Washington); BUREAU OF CATHOLIC INDIAN MISSIONS, annual reports of director (Washington).
JAMES MOONEY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Quadragesima

From volume 12 of the work.
(Lat., the fortieth).
Quadragesima denotes a season of preparation by fasting and prayer, to imitate the example of Christ (Matt., iv). Several such were observed by the early Christians, viz. before Christmas, Easter, and the feast of St. John the Baptist; the Greeks had four, the Maronites six, and the Armenians eight (Du Cange, "Gloss."). The major, before Easter, is commonly known. It is mentioned in the fifth canon of the Council of Nicæa, in the sixty-ninth of the Apostolic Canons, and in the Pilgrimage of Ætheria (Duchesne, 499). In the Anglo-Saxon Church Mass was said on the weekdays of Quadragesima late in the afternoon and food was taken only near sunset (Rock, IV, 76). According to the Roman Rite, the feriæ of this time, beginning with Ash Wednesday, are major (see FERIA). The season has a proper preface. In ferial masses a special oration is added after the ordinary postcommunion, with the invitation: "Humiliate capita vestra Deo". Octaves are forbidden, and if, by special concession, they are allowed they must be interrupted on Sundays. The first Sunday of Lent, known as Invocabit from the first word of the Introit, is for the Greeks a commemoration of the veneration of images (19 Feb., 842). For Gaul it was the jour de bures or fête deu brandons and for Germany Funkentag or Hallfeuer, because on that day the young people ran about the streets with burning torches (Nilles, II, 102). The second Sunday, Reminiscere, was marked by the Greeks as vacat (Nilles, II, 122). The third Sunday, Oculi, was for the Greeks Adoratio Crucis with a ceremony similar to that of the Latins on Good Friday. For the Bohemians it was the Ned. Kychávná in memory of the sneezing plague at the end of the sixth century and of Litania septiformis of Gregory the Great. The remaining Sundays Lætare, Passion and Palm Sunday (q. v.). (See also Lent; Septuagesima.)
ROCK, Church of Our Fathers (London, 1904); DUCHESNE, Christian Worship (London. 1904), KELLNER, Heortologie (Freiburg, 1906, tr. London and St. Louis, 1908); BENGER, Pastoraltheologie, III (Ratisbon, 1863), 201; BINTERIM, Denkwürdigkeiten, V, 1, 169), Nilles, Kalendarium manuale (Innsbruck, 1897).
FRANCIS MERSHMAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Quam singulari

From volume 12 of the work.
A decree of the Sacred Congregation of the Sacraments, 8 August, 1910, on the age at which children are to be admitted to first Communion, officially promulgated 15 August, 1910 (Acta Apost. Sedis, 15 August, 1910). The historical facts narrated in the "Quam singulari" prove that:
Errors condemned by the "Quam singulari"
Abuses following from errors
Conditions for first Confession and first Communion
Obligation of admitting children to first Communion When children begin to reason, the obligation of receiving Holy Communion is Divine as well as ecclesiastical. The subject-matter of the decree:
General Communion A public ceremony devolving not on the confessor but on the parish priest, who is required to have yearly one or several of these general Communions, which may be simple or solemn. The simple:
GENNARI in Il Mon. Ecc. (Aug., Sept., 1910); VERMEERSCH, De Prima Puerorum Communione; BESSON in Nouvelle Revue Th ologique (Nov., Dec., 1910); FERRERES in Raz n y Fe (Dec., 1910); CANB in The Sentinel (March, 1911-); Ecclesiastical Review (Oct., 1910); ZULUETA, Early First Communion; The Child Prepared for First Communion (New York, 1911); LUCAS, The Decree "Quam singulari" and the Age for First Communion; MALONEY in The Catholic World (Feb., 1911); NERI, La Prima Cumunione dei fancuilli; LINTELO, Il Decreto sull' Eta della Prima Comunione; MACCONO, La Prima Comunione; P dagogische Bedeutung des Dekrets ber Erst-Kommunion (Hildesheim, 1911); Die Kommunion der Kinder (Mainz, 1911); See also current Catholic, especially foreign, reviews, Sept, to Dec., 1910; also many pastoral letters of bishops of United States and Europe. JOHN T. MCNICHOLAS
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pyrrhonism

From volume 12 of the work.
Pyrrhonism is a system of scepticism, the founder of which was Pyrrho, a Greek philosopher, about whom very little is known except that he died in 270 B. C. The best known of Pyrrho's disciples was Timon of Philius, known as the sillographer. Pyrrho's scepticism was so complete and comprehensive that the word Pyrrhonism is sometimes used as a synonym for scepticism, The scepticism of Pyrrho's school covered three points.
(1) All the dogmatists, that is to say, all the philosophers who believed that truth and certitude can be attained, were mere sophists; they were self-deceived and deceivers of others.
(2) Certitude is impossible of attainment, not only because of the possibility that our faculties deceive us, but also because, in themselves, things are neither one thing nor the other, neither good nor evil, beautiful nor ugly, large nor small. Or, rather, things are both good and evil, beautiful and ugly, large and small, so that there is no reason why we should affirm that they are one thing rather than the other. This conviction was expressed in the famous saying, ouden mallon, nothing is more one thing than another; the paper is not more white than black, the piece of sugar is not more sweet than bitter, and so forth.
(3) The reality of things being inaccessible to the human mind, and certitude being impossible of attainment, the wise man doubts about everything; that is, he recognizes the futility of inquiry into reality and abstains from judging. This abstention is called epoche. It is the foundation of happiness. Because he alone can attain happiness who cultivates imperturbability, ataraxia; and then only is the mind proof against disquietude when we realize that every attempt to attain the truth is doomed to failure.
From this account of the principles of Pyrrhonism, it is evident that Pyrrho's aim was ethical. Like all the philosophers of the period in which he lived, he concerned himself principally with the problem of happiness. The Stoics sought to found happiness on the realization of the reign of law in human nature as well as in nature. The Epicureans grounded happiness on the conviction that transitory feeling is the one important phenomenon in human life. The Eclectics placed the intellectual basis of happiness in the conviction that all systems of philosophy are equally true. The Pyrrhonist, as well as the other sceptics of that period, believed that there is no possibility of attaining happiness unless one first realizes that all systems of philosophy are equally false and that the real truth of things cannot be attained. Pyrrhonism is, therefore, an abdication of all the supposed rights of the mind, and cannot be dealt with by the ordinary rules of logic or by the customary canons of philosophical criticism.
BRODERSEN, De Philos. Pyrrhonis (Kiel, 1819); LANGHEINRICH, Diss. Tres de Timone Sillographo (Leipzig, 1720) ; ZELLER, Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics, tr. REICHEL (London, 1892); TURNER, History of Philosophy (Boston, 1903), 184 sqq.
WILLIAM TURNER.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Putative Marriage

From volume 12 of the work.
Putative (Latin, putativus supposed) signifies that which is commonly thought, reputed, or believed. A putative marriage, consequently, in canon law is a matrimonial alliance which is commonly reputed to be valid, and is sincerely believed by one at least of the contracting parties to be so in the eyes of the Church, because entered into in good faith; but which in reality is null and void, owing to the existence of a diriment impediment. The Church too in her external forum recognizes such a marriage, until its invalidity be proved; and concedes to the children born thereof the rights of legitimacy.
GASPARRI, De Matrimonio, I, nn. 47, 1375 (3rd ed., Paris, 1904); ROSSET, De Sacr. Matr., n. 17.
ANDREW B. MEEHAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pyx

From volume 12 of the work.
The word pyx (Lat., pyxis, which transliterates the Greek, pyxis, box-wood receptacle, from pyxos, box-tree) was formerly applied in a wide and general sense to all vessels used to contain the Blessed Eucharist. In particular it was perhaps the commonest term applied to the cup in which the Blessed Sacrament actually rested when in the Middle Ages it was suspended above the altar. Thus the Custumal of Cluny in thc eleventh century speaks of the "deacon taking the golden pyx (auream pyxidem) out of the dove (columba) which hangs permanently above the altar". In later times however it has come about that the term pyx is limited in ordinary usage to that smaller vessel of gold, or silver-gilt, in which the Eucharist is commonly carried to the sick. Such vessels are sometimes made flat like a watch, sometimes mounted upon a little stand like a miniature ciborium. From the resemblance in size and shape the word pyx is also used to denote the small silver vessel or custode in which the Sacred Host is commonly kept in the Tabernacle, that it may be transferred thence to the monstrance when the Blessed Sacrament is exposed for the service of Benediction. In the Middle Ages pyxes for carrying the Eucharist to the sick were not unfrequently made of ivory. In spite of synodal decrees it is to be feared that there were many churches both in medieval and later times which preserved no proper pyx for taking Viaticum to the sick. In these cases the custom seems to have prevailed, even if it was not officially tolerated, of carrying the Host wrapped in a corporal in a burse which was suspended round the priest's neck or even of placing it between the leaves of a breviary.
The "pyx-cover", or "pyx-cloth", of which we sometimes read in medieval inventories, was a veil which hung over the pyx as it was suspended above the altar, and it was consequently a cloth of considerable size. At the present day the pyx when carried secretly to the sick, as is the case in most Protestant and many Catholic countries, is generally carried in a burse or pyx-bag, i.e. a silken bag suspended round the priest's neck within which the pyx is wrapped in a diminutive corporal used for that purpose.
CORBLET, Histoire du Sacrement de l'Eucharistie (Paris, 1885), I, 379-90; OTTE, Handbuch der kirchlichen Kunst-Arch ologie (Leipzig, 1883), I, 236-40; ROHAULT DE FLEURY, La Messe, V (Paris, 1R87), 57-94, with plates; BUMPUS, Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Terms (London, 1910), pp. 251-252.
Herbert Thurston.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Quadratus

From volume 12 of the work.
The first of the Christian apologists. He is said by Eusebius (Chron. ad ann. Abrah. 2041, 124 A.D.) to have been a disciple of the Apostles (auditor apostolorum). He addressed a discourse to the Emperor Hadrian containing an apology for the Christian religion, during a visit which the latter made to Athens in 124 or 125. With the exception of a short passage quoted by Eusebius (Hist. Eccl., IV, iii), this apology has entirely disappeared. Eusebius states (Chron.) incorrectly, however, that the appeal of Quadratus moved the emperor to issue a favourable edict. Because of the similarity of name some scholars have concluded (e.g. Bardenhewer, "Patrology", p. 40) that Quadratus the apologist is the same person as Quadratus, a phrophet mentioned elsewhere by Eusebius (Hist. Eccl., III, xxxvii). The evidence, however, is too slight to be convincing. The later references to Quadratus in Jerome and the martyrologies are all based on Eusebius or are arbitrary enlargements of his account.
ROUTH, Reliquiæ Sacræ, I (Oxford, 1846), 69-79; HARNACK, Ueberlieferung der griech. Apologetem, 103; Gesch. d. altchrist. Liter., I, 95; II, 269-71; BARDENHEWER, Patrology, tr. SHAHAN (St. Louis, 1908).
PATRICK J. HEALY
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Penfield, Frederic Courtland

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​PENFIELD, FREDERIC COURTLAND. Author and diplomat. Born in Connecticut, 1855, and after completing his education in England and Germany, became in 1885 vice-consul general at London. He later served in Egypt as American consul-general, and in 1913 was appointed by President Wilson ambassador to Austria-Hungary. There he remained in charge of United States affairs until the severance of diplomatic relations in 1917. During the period of American neutrality (1914-1917) he took care of the interests in Austria-Hungary of several of the belligerents.
FREDERIC C. PENFIELD
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pearly nautilus

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
PEARLY NAUTILUS, the Nautilus pompilius; common in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, especially toward the Moluccas. It is believed to inhabit both deep and shallow water. Its fine mother-of-pearl is much in request with cabinet makers and jewelers. The smallest and most excavated partitions are used to make pendants for the ear. By removing the external layer of the shell which is not nacreous, drinking vessels of great brilliancy are made in the East, as they formerly were also in Europe.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pendant

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​PENDANT, in architecture (1) an ornament which is suspended from the roof of a Gothic or Tudor building; the hanging pendants of a vaulted ceiling, uniting solidity with ornament. There are some excellent samples in Henry VI.'s Chapel in Westminster Abbey, London. In vaulted roofs pendants are formed of stone, richly sculptured, and in timber work they are of wood carved. (2) A hanging keystone, the lower face of which projects beyond the intrados of the arch.
In art (in the plural), two pictures, statues, or groups of sculpture or engravings, which, from their similarity of subject, size, form, etc., can be placed together with due regard to symmetry. Nautically: (1) A strap or short rope depending from a mast-head, and having thimbles for bearing the blocks, which transmit the effects of tackles to distant points, etc. Used especially in setting up masts and rigging. (2) A pennant.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Penfield, Edward

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​PENFIELD, EDWARD. American illustrator. He was born in New York in 1866, studying painting first in his native city; then in Holland and England. Returning to the United States he became art editor of “Harper's” in 1891, and designed many magazine covers, posters, calendars, and contributed the illustrations to many stories and articles. His larger decorative work ​includes ornamentations at the Rochester County Club, and in Randolph Hall, Cambridge, Mass. His illustrated works include: “Holland Sketches”; and “Spanish Sketches.”
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pearl Harbor

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
PEARL HARBOR, a United States coaling station at the island of Oahu, Hawaii; acquired prior to the annexation of the islands. The harbor has been strongly fortified, and is a United States naval station. It was an important point during the World War.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Penelope

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​PENELOPE, a celebrated Grecian princess, daughter of Icarius, wife of Ulysses (Odysseus), and mother of Telemachus. According to the Homeric legend, Ulysses, during his long wanderings after the fall of Troy, was generally regarded as dead, and Penelope was vexed by the urgent suits of many lovers, whom she put off on the pretext that she must first weave a shroud for Laertes, her aged father-in-law. To protract the time, she undid by night the portion of the web which she had woven by day. When the suitors had discovered this device, her position became more difficult than before; but fortunately Ulysses returned in time to rescue his chaste spouse from their distasteful importunities.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pendulum

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​PENDULUM, in mechanics, a simple pendulum is a heavy particle suspended by a fine thread from a fixed point, about which it oscillates without friction. The time of its vibration is directly as the square root of the length, and inversely as the square root of the accelerating force of gravity. The length of the arc through which it vibrates does not affect the result. No simple pendulum can exist; all constructed by man are compound pendulums in which there gravitates, not a particle, but a heavy body called the bob, the law of friction of course operating.
In horology, the ordinary pendulum is believed to have been the invention of Ebn Junius of the University of Cordova, about A. D. 1100, his companion, Gerbert (poisoned in 1102), making the first escapement. Henry de Wyck (1364), Harris (1641), and Huyghens (about 1657), applied it to clocks; Galilei, in 1581, having recommended a pendulous weight as a true measurer, and Sanitorius, in 1612, the combination of a pendulum with wheel work. Pendulums generally move in arcs of circles. In the cycloidal pendulum the rod of suspension describes the arc of a cycloid, and in the conical a cone. Heat lengthens, and cold contracts the rod of a pendulum, if it be of a single metal, as steel or iron. To neutralize these effects compensation pendulums are made; the gridiron pendulum having bars of iron and brass to work against each other, and the mercurial pendulum making the center of the oscillation of the bob uniform by the expansion and contraction of mercury inside. The curved line along which the bob of a pendulum moves is called the arc of vibration, the horizontal chord of that arc the axis of oscillation, and the point around which the pendulum moves the point of suspension, or the center of motion. The length of a pendulum vibrating seconds is directly proportionate to the force of gravity at the place. One constructed to beat seconds at London (lat. of Greenwich Observatory, 51° 28′ N.) at the sea-level must measure 39.13983 inches; at the equator, 39.02074 inches; and at Spitzbergen, 39.21469 inches.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pendleton

* related portals: Oregon.
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Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​PENDLETON, a town of Oregon, the county-seat of Umatilla co. It is on the Umatilla river and on the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company and the Washington and Columbia River railroads. It is the center and distributing point of an important wheat-growing and cattle-raising regions. Its industries include flour mills, woolen mills, machine shops, etc. Water power is supplied by the river, which is crossed by four bridges. The public buildings include a court house, a public library, a State hospital for the insane, and a Federal building. Pop. (1910) 4,460; (1920) 7,387.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pearson, Karl

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
PEARSON, KARL, an English physicist. He was born in 1857 and studied at Cambridge, Heidelberg, and Berlin, being admitted to the bar in 1882. He taught mathematics in University College, London, and became Galton professor of eugenics in London University. His works include: “History of the Theory of Elasticity and Strength of Materials”; “Ethic of Freethought”; “Grammar of Science”; “The Chances of Death”; “National Life from the Standpoint of Science”; “The Life, Letters and Labors of Francis Galton.”
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pearson, Sir Arthur

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
PEARSON, SIR (CYRIL) ARTHUR, English newspaper proprietor. He was born at Wookey, England, in 1866, and began his newspaper career on Sir George Newnes' “Tit-Bits,” which enjoyed a circulation till that time unknown in England. He later started “Pearson's Weekly” on the same lines, following this with similar journals. In 1900 he started the “Daily Express” in imitation of the “Daily Mail,” which had then an enormous circulation. Like Harmsworth, later Lord Northcliffe, he came into ownership of many journals. Later he lost his eyesight, and has since devoted himself to philanthropic work among the blind. He was made baronet in 1916, and in 1919 wrote “Victory Over Blindness.”
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996/1998-10-30/Schedule 3

Schedule 3
Election Procedures
Part A — Election Procedures for Constitutional Office-Bearers
Application
1.
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Nominations
2.
Formal requirements
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Announcement of names of candidates
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​Single candidate
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Election procedure
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Elimination procedure
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Further meetings
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Rules
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Part B — Formula to Determine Party Participation in Provincial Delegations to the National Council of Provinces
1.
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# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996/1999-03-19/Chapter 10

Chapter 10
Public Administration
Basic values and principles governing public administration
195.
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Public Service Commission
196.
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Public Service
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