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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Apostolic Executor

From volume 5 of the work.
A cleric who puts into execution a papal rescript, completing what is necessary in order that it be effective. The executor of a rescript may be discovered from the tenor of the document itself. In matters which regard the government of regulars, the executor of Apostolic Letters is the superior of the order, namely, the general, the procurator general, or the provincial. Rescripts containing favours are sometimes granted by the Holy See directly to the petitioners; in which case, the executor merely has the office of executing the favour asked for, without any obligation of judicial inquiry into the opportuneness of the grant, or the reasons alleged for seeking it. Nevertheless, if it is notorious that the favour has been surreptitiously obtained, he must abstain from executing the rescript. Rescripts, however, are not usually sent direct to the parties interested, but, in the external forum to the ordinary, either of the petitioners or of the territory in question, and in the internal forum, to any approved confessor chosen by the persons concerned. In this latter case the grant is remitted entirely to the judgment and conscience of him who is to execute it. He enjoys delegated power, and must act within the limits of his mandate. The Apostolic Letters must first of all be in his hands before he may act; from them he determines whether he is the one delegated, and what are his powers. He must verify the force of the reasons alleged for granting the request, as well as the truth of other statements found in the petition. As a delegate of the Holy See he may, ordinarily, subdelegate another to execute the rescript, unless this is expressly forbidden in the grant, or unless it is apparent that he is selected by reason of his knowledge or other personal qualities specially fitting him for the office. It is important to know whether an executor is chosen for his personal characteristics, or on account of his office: in the former case the delegation is personal, in the latter it is attached to the position, and passes on to the successor of the same office. A rescript given to the ordinary may likewise be executed by the vicar general. An executor must know the rules for interpreting rescripts, also, when they are rendered void, because surreptitiously obtained or for other cause. Rescripts emanating from the Sacred Penitentiaria are executed in the confessional, and are then destroyed by the confessor, as they treat of matters of conscience. When the rescript pertains to the external forum, a decree should be drawn up to the effect that all necessary formalities have been observed in its execution, these formalities should be specified. No fee is allowed for the execution of Apostolic Letters, lest the executor's judgment be influenced thereby.
HUMPHREY, Urba et Orbis (London, 1899), pp. 320-322; FERRARIS, Prompta Bibliotheca, s.v. Executor.
ANDREW B. MEEHAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Apostolic Church-Ordinance

From volume 1 of the work.
A third-century pseudo-Apostolic collection of moral and hierarchical rules and instructions, compiled in the main from ancient Christian sources, first published in Ethiopic by Ludolf (with Latin translation) in the "Commentarius" to his "Historia Ethiopica" (Frankfort. 1691). It served as a law-code for the Egyptian, Ethiopian, and Arabian churches, and rivalled in authority and esteem the Didache, under which name it sometimes went. Though of undoubted Greek origin, these canons are preserved largely in Coptic, Arabic, Ethiopic, and Syriac versions. The Apostolic Church-Ordinance was first published in Greek by Prof. Bickell of Marburg (1843) from a twelfth-century Greek manuscript discovered by him at Vienna (Geschichte des Kirchenrechts, Giessen, 1843, I, 107-132). He also gave the code the name "Apostolische Kirchenordnung" by which it is generally known, though in English it is usually called as above, sometimes Apostolic Church-Order, Apostolic Church-Directory, etc. The document, after a short introduction (i-iii) inspired by the "Letter of Barnabas", is divided into two parts, the first of which (iv-xiv) is an evident adaptation of the first six chapters of the Didache, the moral precepts of which are attributed severally to the Apostles, each of whom, introduced by the formula "John says", "Peter says", etc., is represented as framing one or more of the ordinances. The second part (xv-xxx) treats in similar manner of the qualifications for ordination or for the duties of different officers in the Church. The work was compiled in Egypt, or possibly in Syria, in the third, or, at the latest, in the early part of the fourth, century. Funk assigns its compilation to the first half of the third century; Harnack to about the year 300. Who the compiler was cannot be conjectured, nor can it be determined what part he had in framing canons 15 to 30. Duchesne considers them largely the compiler's own work; Funk thinks he drew upon at least two sources now unknown; while Harnack undertakes to identify by name the now lost documents upon which the compiler almost entirely depended. The Sahidic (Coptic) text was published by Lagarde in "Ægyptiaca" (Leipzig, 1883), and the Bohairic (Coptic) by Tattam (The Apostolical Constitutions, or Canons of the Apostles, London, 1848). The complete Syriac text, with English translation, was published by Dr. Arendzen in "Journal of Theol. Studies" (October, 1901).
HARNACK. Texte und Untersuchungen (Leipzig, 1886), II, 5 sq.; PITRA, Juris ecclesiast. Grœcorum Hist. et Monum. (Rome, 1864). I, 75-88; FUNK, Doctrina Duodecim Apostolorum (Tübingen, 1887), 44 sq., 50 sq.; SCHAFF, Teaching of the Twelve Apostles (New York, 1885), 127-132, 237-257, where the dependence of the Apostolic Church Ordinance (Canons 4-14) on the Didache is graphically set forth; BARDENHEWER, Gesch. der altkirch. Lit. (Freiburg, 1903), II, 262-269; Patrologie (ib., 1901), 141; DUCHESNE, Bulletin Critique (October, 1886), 361-370.
JOHN B. PETERSON.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Apostolic Examiners

From volume 5 of the work.
Examiners, Apostolic, so called because appointed by the Apostolic See for service in Rome. In 1570 Pius V instituted the Apostolic examiners to conduct examinations of candidates for orders and of confessors. These examiners, who are chosen by the pope, take an oath in the presence of the cardinal vicar to discharge their duties faithfully. By virtue of a Constitution of Alexander VII, in 1662, the examination of those who would receive orders is held in the vicariate, or palace of the cardinal vicar, in the presence of at least three examiners. It is only after consultation with the pope that the cardinal vicar may dispense from this examination, except in case of tonsure, when he may allow candidates to be examined privately by one examiner. All, whether affiliated to the Diocese of Rome or not, must undergo this examination. Those who have been in Rome four months or more, and who intend to return to the Eternal City, must, under pain of suspension, be examined in the vicariate before receiving orders (not tonsure) elsewhere. An exception is made in regard to the canons of the basilica of St. Peter, who are examined and promoted to orders by their cardinal archpriest. They must, however, have testimonial letters from the cardinal vicar. Even prelates of the Roman Curia must present themselves at the vicariate, but out of respect for their dignity they occupy seats among the examiners and examine one another.
As regards confessors they are not approved in Rome till they have passed a satisfactory examination before the Apostolic examiners. Although the cardinal vicar may dispense in this matter, the exercise of this prerogative is exceedingly rare. Generally, after a first and second test faculties to hear confessions are granted only for a limited time, while a third successful examination meets with unlimited approbation.
ANDREW B. MEEHAN
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pasu

​Pasu.— Pasu (cow) or Pasula has been recorded as an exogamous sept of Bōya, Māla and Mādiga, and a sub-division of west coast Pulayans, who eat beef.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Patabonka

​Patabonka.——A sub-division of Bonka.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Patrā

​Patrā.— The Patrās are an Oriya caste, which is divided into two sections, one of which is engaged in the manufacture of silk (pata) waist-threads, tassels, etc., and the other in weaving silk cloths. The members of the two sections do not interdine. The former have exogamous septs or bamsams, the names of which are also used as titles, e.g., Sāhu, Pātro, and Prushti. The latter have exogamous septs, such as Tenga, Jaggali, Telaga, and Mahānāyako, and Bēhara and Nāyako as titles. The chief headman of the cloth-weaving section is called Mahānāyako, and there are other officers called Bēhara and Bhollobaya. The headman of the other section is called Sēnāpati, and he is assisted by a Dhanapati. Infant marriage is the rule, and, if a girl does not secure a husband before she reaches maturity, she must, if she belongs to the cloth-weaving section, go through a form of marriage with an old man, and, if to the other section, with an arrow.
The Telugu Patrās are summed up, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, as "a Telugu caste of hunters and cultivators, found chiefly in the districts of Cuddapah and Kurnool. It has two divisions, the Doras (chiefs), and Gurikalas (marksmen), the former of which is supposed to be descended from the old Poligars (feudal chiefs), and the latter from their followers and servants. This theory is supported by the fact that, at the weddings of Gurikalas, the Doras receive the first pān-supāri (betel leaf and areca nut). Widows may not remarry, nor
PATNŪLKĀRAN MARRIAGE WALL DESIGN.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pathanchitannāya

​Pathanchitannāya (green pea sept). — An exogamous sept of Bant.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Patnaik

​Patnaik.— A title of Karnam.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pasupula

​Pasupula (turmeric). — Pasula or Pasupula is an exogamous sept of Bōya and Dēvanga. Pasupulēti occurs as a sub-division of Balija. See Arashina,
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pathi

​Pathi (cotton). — A sub-division of Kurubas, who use a wrist-thread made of cotton and wool mixed during the marriage ceremony. Also an exogamous sept of Gūdala and Padma Sālē.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pathinettan

​Pathinettan.— The Pathinettan or eighteen are carpenters in Malabar, who "are said to be the descendants of the smiths who remained to attend to the repairs to the eighteen temples, when the rest of the community fled to Ceylon, as related in the tradition of the origin of the Tiyans".†
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Paththar

​Paththar.— A section of Saivite Chettis, who wear the lingam, and have separated from the Acharapākam Chettis. They bury their dead in a sitting posture. A bamboo stick is tied to the kudumi (hair-knot) of the ​corpse, and the head pulled by its means towards the surface of the grave. Paththar is also a name given to goldsmiths by other castes.
# Beyond the Horizon

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Eugene O'Neill won the Pulitzer Prize for this 1920 drama that explores what happens when two men love the same woman, and the compromises each will make to have her.
Layout 2
BEYOND THE HORIZON
PLAYS BY
EUGENE G. O’NEILL
THE MOON OF THE CARIBBEES and Six Other Plays of the Sea
CHRIS CHRISTOPHERSON
BEYOND THE HORIZON
A PLAY IN THREE ACTS
BY
EUGENE G. O’NEILL
BONI AND LIVERIGHT
Copyright, 1920, By BONI & LIVERIGHT. Inc.
Printed in the United States of America
TO AGNES
CHARACTERS
James Mayo, a farmer
Kate Mayo, his wife
Captain Dick Scott, of the bark “Sunda,” her brother
| Andrew Mayo | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | sons of James Mayo |
| Robert Mayo | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | sons of James Mayo |
Ruth Atkins,
Mrs. Atkins, her widowed mother
Mary,
Ben, a farm hand
Doctor Fawcett.
(The “right” and “left” of the stage directions are the audience’s.)
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1953, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 70 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Beyond the Black River

Beyond the Black River is one of the original short stories about Conan the Cimmerian, first published in Weird Tales magazine in 1935. The story was republished in the collections King Conan (Gnome Press, 1953) and Conan the Warrior (Lancer Books, 1967).
* Chapter I
* Chapter II
* Chapter III
* Chapter IV
* Chapter V
* Chapter VI
* Chapter VII
* Chapter VIII
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was legally published within the United States (or the United Nations Headquarters in New York subject to Section 7 of the United States Headquarters Agreement) before 1964, and copyright was not renewed.
* For Class A renewal records (books only) published between 1923 and 1963, check the Stanford University Copyright Renewal Database.
* For other renewal records of publications between 1922–1950, see the University of Pennsylvania copyright records.
* For all records since 1978, search the U.S. Copyright Office records.
Works published in 1935 could have had their copyright renewed in 1962 or 1963, i.e. between January 1st of the 27th year after publication or registration and December 31st of the 28th year. As this work's copyright was not renewed, it entered the public domain on January 1st, 1964.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1936, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 87 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
It is imperative that contributors ascertain that there is no evidence of a copyright renewal before using this license. Failure to do so will result in the deletion of the work as a copyright violation.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Beyond His Jurisdiction

First published in The Bulletin, 7 July 1894
It was a Western manager, and a language-man was he,
Thus spoke he to the shed-boss: "Send 'The Rager' round to me;
I’ll hie me to the office where I’ll write his crimson cheque,
Bid him roll his dusty swag up, or I’ll break his no-good neck."
So when the bell was ringing—when "smoke-oh!" time was o'er,
Says the shed-boss, "Mick, your services are wanted here no more."
Then "The Rager" hung his shears up, stepped from the shearing floor,
And went a-swapping swear words 'round at the office-door.
For the boss began to language, and "The Rager" languaged back;
Says "The Rager" — "There’s my brother, can’t you give him, too, the sack?"
"Your brother? D––n your brother! Yes, send him 'round here, quick!" –
"That narks yez," Michael answered – "he’s a cocky down in Vic."
This work is in the public domain in Australia because it was created in Australia and the term of copyright has expired. According to Australian Copyright Council - Duration of Copyright, the following works are public domain:
* published non-government works whose author died before January 1, 1955,
* anonymous or pseudonymous works and photographs published before January 1, 1955, and
* government works published more than 50 years ago (before January 1, 1974).
This work is also in the public domain in the United States because it was first published outside the United States (and not published in the U.S. within 30 days), and it was first published before 1989 without complying with U.S. copyright formalities (renewal and/or copyright notice) and it was in the public domain in Australia on the URAA date (January 1, 1996). This is the combined effect of Australia having joined the Berne Convention in 1928, and of 17 USC 104A with its critical date of January 1, 1996.
Because the Australian copyright term in 1996 was 50 years, the critical date for copyright in the United States under the URAA is January 1, 1946.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Birthday Ode

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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* "Birthday Ode", a poem by Algernon Charles Swinburne (Love and praise, and a length of days whose shadow ⁠cast upon time is light)
* "Birthday Ode", a poem by Algernon Charles Swinburne (Spring, born in heaven ere many a springtime flown)
# Birth-day Verses

"The heart that we have lain near before our birth, is the only one that cannot forget that it has loved us." —Philip Slingsby
My birth-day!—Oh beloved mother!  My heart is with thee o'er the seas. I did not think to count another  Before I wept upon thy knees— Before this scroll of absent years Was blotted with thy streaming tears.
My own I do not care to check.  I weep—albeit here alone— As if I hung upon thy neck,  As if thy lips were on my own, As if this full, sad heart of mine, Were beating closely upon thine.
Four weary years! How looks she now?  What light is in those tender eyes? What trace of time has touch'd the brow  Whose look is borrow'd of the skies That listen to her nightly prayer? How is she changed since he was there Who sleeps upon her heart alway—  Whose name upon her lips is worn— For whom the night seems made to pray—  For whom she wakes to pray at morn— Whose sight is dim, whose heart-strings stir, Who weeps these tears—to think of her!
I know not if my mother's eyes  Would find me changed in slighter things; I've wander'd beneath many skies,  And tasted of some bitter springs; And many leaves, once fair and gay, From youth's full flower have dropp'd away— But, as these looser leaves depart,  The lessen'd flower gets near the core, And, when deserted quite, the heart  Takes closer what was dear of yore— And yearns to those who loved it first— The sunshine and the dew by which its bud was nursed.
Dear mother! dost thou love me yet?  Am I remember'd in my home? When those I love for joy are met,  Does some one wish that I would come? Thou dost—I am beloved of these!  But, as the schoolboy numbers o'er Night after night the Pleiades  And finds the stars he found before— As turns the maiden oft her token—  As counts the miser aye his gold— So, till life's silver cord is broken,  Would I of thy fond love be told. My heart is full, mine eyes are wet— Dear mother! dost though love thy long-lost wanderer yet?
Oh! when the hour to meet again  Creeps on—and, speeding o'er the sea, My heart takes up its lengthen'd chain,  And, link by link, draws nearer thee— When land is hail'd, and, from the shore,  Comes off the blessed breath of home, With fragrance from my mother's door  Of flowers forgotten when I come— When port is gain'd, and, slowly now,  The old familiar paths are pass'd, And, entering—unconscious how—  I gaze upon thy face at last, And run to thee, all faint and weak, And feel thy tears upon my cheek—  Oh! if my heart break not with joy, The light of heaven will fairer seem;  And I shall grow once more a boy: And, mother!—'twill be like a dream  That we were parted thus for years—  And once that we have dried our tears,  How will the days seem long and bright— To meet thee always with the morn,  And hear thy blessing every night— Thy "dearest," thy "first-born!"— And be no more, as now, in a strange land, forlorn!
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Birnbaum v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
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United States Supreme Court
394 U.S. 922
Birnbaum v. United States
See 394 U.S. 994, 89 S.Ct. 1453.
Harold F. Reis, Edward P. Taptich and Alan M. Dershowitz, for petitioner.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Birth

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Birth."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* "The Birth" (1915, "There is a legend that the love of God"), a poem by Don Marquis
* The Birth of a Nation (1915), sometimes shortened to The Birth, a silent film directed by D. W. Griffith
# Birthday of but a single pang

Birthday of but a single pang That there are less to come — Afflictive is the Adjective But affluent the doom —
# Birmingham Ice Cold Storage Company v. Southern Railway Company/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
372 U.S. 524
Birmingham Ice Cold Storage Company v. Southern Railway Company
The motions to dismiss are granted and the appeal is dismissed.
Mr. Justice BLACK took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Birrell v. New York Harlem Railroad Company

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United States Supreme Court
198 U.S. 390
Birrell v. New York Harlem Railroad Company
Argued: April 27, 28, 1905. --- Decided: May 15, 1905
Messrs. Alfred B. Cruikshank and Atwater & Cruikshank for plaintiffs in error.
Messrs. Ira A Place, Edward Winslow Paige and Thomas Emery for defendants in error.
Mr. Justice McKenna delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Buckeye Powder Company v. E. I. Dupont De Nemours Powder Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
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United States Supreme Court
248 U.S. 55
Buckeye Powder Company v. E. I. Dupont De Nemours Powder Company
Argued: April 30 and May 1, 1917. --- Decided: for Reargument June 10, 1918
Mr. Twyman O. Abbott, of New York City, for plaintiff in error.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 56-60 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. Frank S. Katzenbach, Jr., Trenton, N. J., and William H. Button, of New York, City, for defendants in error.
Mr. Justice HOLMES delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse