# The World Factbook (1982)/Mongolia
## MONGOLIAMONGOLIA

* (See reference map VIII)

### LANDLAND

1,564,619 km$^2$; almost 90% of land area is pasture or desert wasteland, varying in usefulness, less than 1% arable, 10% forested
Land boundaries: 8,000 km

### PEOPLEPEOPLE

Population: 1,759,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun—Mongolian(s); adjective—Mongolian
Ethnic divisions: 90% Mongol, 4% Kazakh, 2% Chinese, 2% Russian, 2% other
Religion: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, about 4% Muslim, limited religious activity because of Communist regime
Languages: Khalkha Mongol used by over 90% of population; minor languages include Turkic, Russian, and Chinese
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: primarily agricultural, over half the population is in the labor force, including a large percentage of Mongolian women; shortage of skilled labor (no reliable information available)

### GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

Official name: Mongolian People's Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Ulaanbaatar
Political subdivisions: 18 provinces and 2 autonomous municipalities (Ulaanbaatar and Darhan)
Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; new constitution adopted 1960; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Ulaanbaatar State University; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: People's Revolution Day, 11 July
Branches: constitution provides for a People's Great Hural (national assembly) and a highly centralized administration
​Party and government leaders: Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal, First Secretary of the MPRP and Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great Hural; Jambyn Batmonh, Chairman of the Council of Ministers
Suffrage: universal; age 18 and over
Elections: national assembly elections theoretically held every four years; last election held June 1977
Political party: Mongolian People's Revolutionary (Communist) Party (MPRP); estimated membership, 67,000 (1976)
Member of: CEMA, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, ILO, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

### ECONOMYECONOMY

Agriculture: livestock raising predominates; main crops—wheat, oats, barley
Industries: processing of animal products; building materials; mining
Electric power: 452,500 kW capacity (1981); 1.56 billion kWh produced (1981), 905 kWh per capita
Exports: beef for slaughter, meat products, wool, fluor-spar, other minerals
Imports: machinery and equipment, petroleum, clothing, building materials, sugar, and tea
Major trade partners: nearly all trade with Communist countries (approx. 85% with USSR); total turnover about $1.0 billion (1977)
Aid: heavily dependent on USSR
Monetary conversion rate: 3.11 tugriks=US$1 (June 1978); arbitrarily established
Fiscal year: calendar year

### COMMUNICATIONSCOMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 1,585 km (1979); all broad gauge (1.524 m)
Highways: 83,280 km total; 400 km concrete, asphalt; 9,920 km crushed stone, gravel; 72,960 km earth (1975)
Inland waterways: 397 km of principal routes (1979)
Freight carried: rail—9.0 million metric tons, 3,126 million metric ton/km (1979); highway—20.3 million metric tons, 1,342 million metric ton/km (1979); waterway—0.04 million metric tons, 5.4 million metric ton/km (1979)

### DEFENSE FORCESDEFENSE FORCES

Military manpower: males 15-49, 396,000; 259,000 fit for military service; about 18,000 reach military age (18) annually
Supply: military equipment supplied by USSR
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1977, 405 million tugriks, 12% of total budget