OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume III/Rufinus/Commentary on the Apostles' Creed/Section 14

14. He Was Crucified Under Pontius Pilate and Was Buried: He Descended into Hell. The Apostle Paul teaches us that we ought to have “the eyes of our understanding enlightened” “that we may understand what is the height and breadth and depth.” “The height and breadth and depth” is a description of the Cross, of which that part which is fixed in the earth he calls the depth, the height that which is erected upon the earth and reaches upward, the breadth that which is spread out to the right hand and to the left. Since, therefore, there are so many kinds of death by which it is given to men to depart this life, why does the Apostle wish us to have our understanding enlightened so as to know the reason why, of all of them, the Cross was chosen in preference for the death of the Saviour. We must know, then, that that Cross was a triumph. It was a signal trophy. A triumph is a token of victory over an enemy. Since then Christ, when He came, brought three kingdoms at once into subjection under His sway (for this He signifies when he says, “That in the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things on earth, and things under the earth”), and conquered all of these by His death, a death was sought answerable to the mystery, so that being lifted up in the air, and subduing the powers of the air, He might make a display of His victory over these supernatural and celestial powers. Moreover the holy Prophet says that “all the day long He stretched out His hands” to the people on the earth, that He might both make protestation to unbelievers and invite believers: finally, by that part which is sunk under the earth, He signified His bringing into subjection to Himself the kingdoms of the nether world.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Eph. i. 18
* ↑ Eph. iii. 18
* ↑ Phil. ii. 10
* ↑ Isa. lxv. 2
# North Dakota Law Review/Volume 1/Number 5/Emergency Legislation

EMERGENCY LEGISLATION
Laws passed by the 1925 Legislature as Emergency Measures. All are now in effect.
HOUSE BILLS
| 24. | Appropriation $28,000.00 to cover deficit of State Training School at Mandan. |
| 26. | Appropriation $30,000.00 to cover deficit in Wolf Bounty Fund. |
| 42. | Appropriation $16,200.00 to pay loan made to Dickinson Normal School. |
| 47. | Appropriation $75,000.00 from State Highway Fund for construction of Red River Bridge at Fargo. |
| 55. | Appropriation $200,000.00 from State Highway Fund for construction of Missouri River Bridge at Williston. |
| 57. | Appropriation $100,000.00 from State Highway Fund for construction of Missouri River Bridge at Sanish. |
| 61. | Authorizes reduced rate of interest 6%—upon redemption of real estate sold to the county of 1923 or any prior year and still held by the county, if said redemption is made on or before Nov. 1st, 1925. |
| 63. | Relieves assessors from duty of making military enrollment. |
| 65. | Declaration of dividends and creation of indebtedness by directors of corporations and increasing or diminishing of the Capital Stock and issuing of bonds by corporations. |
| 67. | Commission of crime while armed. |
| 69. | Foreclosure of mortgages by agent or attorney and legalizing and validating prior sales where power of attorney has been filed for record at or prior to the time of sale. ​ |
| 84. | Empowering Board of Railroad Commissioners to permit common carriers to charge special freight rates within the state and fix classifications, rules and regulations accordingly. |
| 86. | State Hail Insurance. |
| 89. | Tuberculin test and eradication of Bovine Tuberculosis in Townships by petitions. |
| 90. | Appropriation $40,000 for water works system at Hospital for Insane. |
| 94. | N. D. Mill & Elevator Association. |
| 96. | Abstractors Board of Examiners—licensing, bonding of abstractors. |
| 108. | Collection of County seed and feed accounts. |
| 111. | Preliminary examination and change of venue, County Court, Inc., J. |
| 127. | Right of eminent Domain of State Institutions. |
| 131. | Compilation, Session Laws of 1915, 1917, 1919, 1921, 1923 and two Special Sessions. |
| 149. | Board of Accountancy. |
| 155. | Auto Transportation. |
| 166. | Establishing State Mill and Elevator at Grand Forks, a public terminal elevator. |
| 194. | Requiring motor vehicles owned by state to carry name of departments, institution or industry on each side. |
| 212. | Regulating sale of frogs and establishing closed season for same. |
| 216. | Bonds of N. D. Real Estate Series. |
| 239. | Public dances and dancing places. |
| 246. | Sunday Dances. |
| 271. | Warehouse receipts of public terminal elevators. |
| 275. | Wolf and Magpie Bounty. |
| 286. | Opposing increase in lignite freight rates. |
| 287. | Sow Thistle eradication. |
# North Dakota Law Review/Volume 1/Number 5/Higher Bar Admission Standards

HIGHER BAR ADMISSION STANDARDS
Higher standards are being adopted from time to time as a result of the activities of the American Bar Association for higher bar admission requirements. At the present time eighteen States have no requirements, fifteen require a certain amount of general education before beginning the study of Law, and thirteen require High School education as a preliminary.
The more advanced requirements are represented by the following: One year of College in Colorado and Illinois; two years of College in Kansas, Illinois (after July 1926), and West Virginia.
Five States accept six months of training in a law office as a preliminary to admission, and Louisiana requires registration in addition.
Illinois, Michigan, Ohio and Washington have fixed the requirements for study in a law office at four years, in addition to which Ohio requires the filing of an affidavit showing two hundred hours of actual instruction each year.
# North Dakota Law Review/Volume 1/Number 5/Liberty or Tyranny

LIBERTY OR TYRANNY
“The Constitution is not self-perpetuating. If it is to survive, it will be because it has public support. Such support is not a passive but an active operation. It means making adequate sacrifice to maintain what is of general benefit.
“The Constitution of the United States is the final refuge of every right that is enjoyed by any American citizen. So long as it is observed, those rights will be secure. Whenever it falls into disrespect or disrepute, the end of orderly government, as we have known it for more than one hundred and twenty-five years, will be at hand.
“The Constitution represents a government of law. There is only one other authority and that is a government of force. Americans must make their choice between these two. One signifies justice and liberty; the other, tyranny and oppression.
“To live under the American Constitution is the greatest privilege that was ever accorded to the human race.”—President Coolidge’s foreword to special edition of “The Constitution of the U. S.” by James M. Beck.
# North Dakota Law Review/Volume 1/Number 5/Office Supplies and Stationery

OFFICE SUPPLIES AND STATIONERY
“For many years there has been a demand on the part of members of the Association for an organized co-operative buying of office supplies and printing, it being the opinion of those in favor of the plan that the lawyers could save much money by pooling their purchases.
“Accordingly I appointed a committee to act in this matter. Mr. John P. Conmy, of Fargo, is Chairman of that Committee.
“Every member of the Bar has received a letter from this committee outlining its plan. With that letter each member received a blank, upon which an estimate of the quantity required could be designated. If you are interested, please fill out and return this estimate to Mr. Conmy immediately.
“If there is a desire on the part of the members of the Bar to further this plan, it will be carried out by the committee. The committee must know your wishes at once, and I ask that you write Mr. Conmy NOW.”
A. W. CUPLER, President.
(We renew our previous suggestion, also, that you return the estimate sheets with the notation “None Required” or “None Desired,” if you are not favorably disposed to the plan.)
# North Dakota Law Review/Volume 1/Number 5/American Academy of Political and Social Science

AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE
The 29th annual meeting of this Society is scheduled for May 15th and 16th at Philadelphia, at which time there will be under discussion the subject of “American Policy and International Security.”
The request has been made that the State Bar Association of North Dakota appoint three delegates to take part in the deliberations on that general topic, to which six special sessions will be devoted for the consideration of the following specific points:
* The Operation of the Dawes Plan.
* War Debts as a Menace to International Peace;
* The Possibilities of Disarmanent;
* Foreign Investments and International Peace; ​
* Can the Feeling of Insecurity in Europe be Eliminated Without the Co-operation of the United States?;
* The Outlawry of War.
It is the wish of President Cupler that any North Dakota attorneys who contemplate being in the East at that particular time communicate with him at once, to the end that the Association may be represented at these sessions, if possible.
# North Dakota Law Review/Volume 1/Number 5/Citizenship Denied

CITIZENSHIP DENIED
Federal Judge Jeremiah Neterer of Washington recently denied the application of one Gust Olson for citizenship. Olson acknowledged that he was a member of the I. W. W., contended that there was no conflict between its principles and the Constitution of the United States, and had the requisite number of character witnesses. He refused, however, to state that he would support the Constitution in any and all circumstances under which it might conflict with the principles laid down by the I. W. W.
In announcing the decision, Judge Neterer compared the by-laws of this organization with the preamble of the Constitution, and then continued:
“The organization recognizes no country and knows no flag, whereas the object of the Constitution of the United States is to insure domestic tranquility, promote the general welfare, etc. It, therefore, recognizes labor and capital. Aliens, seeking citizenship, must swear to support and defend it against all enemies. We can’t have a divided allegiance. Citizenship is a privilege, and to obtain it one must show love for the adopted country. The petitioner has not met the test.”
# North Dakota Law Review/Volume 1/Number 5/Current Legal Literature

CURRENT LEGAL LITERATURE
Tiffany on Agency (2nd Ed.) by Powell, West Publishing Co; History of Political Theories by Merriam, Macmillan Co; Income Tax Procedure 1925 by Montgomery, Ronald Press; The Constitution and the Courts by publishers, Edward Thompson Co.; The Architect’s Law Manual by Blake, Pencil Points Press; The American Bar Association 1924 London Meeting by publishers, Frank Shepard Co.
# North Dakota Law Review/Volume 1/Number 5/Judicial Selection

JUDICIAL SELECTION
A pamphlet of the American Bar Association presents for consideration the matter of selection of candidates for judicial positions. It discusses three plans, designated, respectively, as the New York plan, the Philadelphia plan, and the Cleveland-Chicago plan.
The first represents those associations wherein the recommendations of the Judiciary Committee become in practical effect the selection of the Bar Association that creates it; the second, those wherein the selection of judicial candidates is made through a plebiscite of the Bar Association, leaving to the Judiciary Comittee merely the function of initiating or supervising action; the third, those wherein the Bar plebiscite obtains and yet wherein the Judiciary Committee is clothed with the duty of collecting information concerning candidates for submission to the members of the Association or of adding to this information the committee’s own definite recommendations as to merit.
The pamphlet argues that it is the duty of the Bar to make such selections; to become the militant sponsor of the candidates so selected; to impress the public continuously, not spasmodically, with the necessity for maintaining the highest character of judiciary; to create and maintain a higher standard for the Bar itself; and that the following Canon of Ethics of the American Bar Association be made effective in State and Nation:
“It is the duty of the Bar to endeavor to prevent political considerations from out-weighing judicial fitness in the selection of judges. It should protest earnestly and actively against the appointment or election of those who are unsuitable for the Bench; it should strive to have elevated thereto only those willing to forego other employments of a business, political or other character, which may embarrass their free and fair consideration of questions before them for decision. The aspiration of lawyers for judicial position should be governed by an impartial estimate of their ability to add honor to the office and not by a desire for the distinction the position may bring to themselves.”
# North Dakota Law Review/Volume 1/Number 5/Senatorial Disdain, Dignity or Deliberation?

SENATORIAL DISDAIN, DIGNITY OR DELIBERATION?
Last year Senator Walsh of Montana notified the Hon. John W. Davis that he was the Democratic nominee for President. On that occasion Senator Walsh said:
“The head and front of your offending hath this extent, that you have been employed as a lawyer by gigantic business interests. It is not advanced that you have represented them except as a legal adviser. This implies no acceptance of either the political or the economic views of your clients. It is an unjustifiable inference that your views on matters of public concern approximate those of your employers, or that, called to high public office, you would accommodate your own to theirs, or grant them aught beyond justice.”
On March 7th, the same Senator Walsh said, concerning the nomination of the Hon. Charles B. Warren:
“I think that he ought not to be made Attorney General, not only because he is not eminent in the profession, but chiefly because for years he was the representative, in his State, of the sugar trust, one of the most offensive and oppressive trusts with which the American people have unfortunately been familiar in the present and past generation.”
It is recorded that the name of the Hon. John G. Sargent was presented to the Senate shortly after the second rejection of Mr. Warren. The name had scarcely settled on the clerk’s desk, when it made a dash for the Judiciary Committee, was reported back almost immediately, the Senatorial rules were suspended, and unanimous confirmation of the nomination reported; and that which might have been termed disdain, or even duplicity, by a critical citizenship was translated into distinguished dignity through the medium of a rather driving deliberation.
# Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume II/Sozomen/Book IV/Chapter 15

Chapter XV.—The Emperor Constantius repairs to Sirmium, recalls Liberius, and restores him to the Church of Rome; he also commands Felix to assist Liberius in the Sacerdotal Office.
Not long after these events, the emperor returned to Sirmium from Rome; on receiving a deputation from the Western bishops, he recalled Liberius from Berœa.
Constantius urged him, in the presence of the deputies of the Eastern bishops, and of the other priests who were at the camp, to confess that the Son is not of the same substance as the Father. He was instigated to this measure by Basil, Eustathius, and Eusebius, who possessed great influence over him. They had formed a compilation, in one document, of the decrees against Paul of Samosata, and Photinus, bishop of Sirmium; to which they subjoined a formulary of faith drawn up at Antioch at the consecration of the church, as if certain persons had, under the pretext of the term “consubstantial,” attempted to establish a heresy of their own. Liberius, Athanasius, Alexander, Severianus, and Crescens, a priest of Africa, were induced to assent to this document, as were likewise Ursacius, Germanius, bishop of Sirmium, Valens, bishop of Mursa, and as many of the Eastern bishops as were present. They partially approved of a confession of faith drawn up by Liberius, in which he declared that those who affirm that the Son is not like unto the Father in substance and in all other respects, are excommunicated. For when Eudoxius and his partisans at Antioch, who favored the heresy of Aëtius, received the letter of Hosius, they circulated the report that Liberius had renounced the term “consubstantial,” and had admitted that the Son is dissimilar from the Father. After these enactments had been made by the Western bishops, the emperor permitted Liberius to return to Rome. The bishops who were then convened at Sirmium
wrote to Felix, who governed the Roman church, and to the other bishops, desiring them to receive Liberius. They directed that both should share the apostolical throne and discharge the priestly duties in common, with harmony of mind; and that whatever illegalities might have occurred in the ordination of Felix, or the banishment of Liberius, might be buried in oblivion. The people of Rome regarded Liberius as a very excellent man, and esteemed him highly on account of the courage he had evinced in opposing the emperor, so that they had even excited seditions on his account, and had gone so far as to shed blood. Felix survived but a short time; and Liberius found himself in sole possession of the church. This event was, no doubt, ordained by God, that the seat of Peter might not be dishonored by the occupancy of two bishops; for such an arrangement is a sign of discord, and is foreign to ecclesiastical law.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Athan. Hist. Arian. 35–41; Epistles of Liberius, M. P. L. 8; Hil. Fragm. iv.–vi.; Theodoret, H. E. ii. 17; Ruf. i. 22; Philost. iv. 3; Soc. ii. 37; Sulp. Sev. H. S. ii. 39. Many independent details.
* ↑ The fourth Sirmium council, a.d. 358.
# Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume II/Sozomen/Book IV/Chapter 13

Chapter XIII.—Innovations of Eudoxius censured in a Letter written by George, Bishop of Laodicea. Deputation from the Council of Ancyra to Constantius.
After Eudoxius had introduced these new doctrines, many members of the church of Antioch, who were opposed to them, were excommunicated.
George, bishop of Laodicea, gave them a letter to take to the bishops who had been invited from the neighboring towns of Ancyra in Galatia by Basil, for the purpose of consecrating a church which he had erected. This letter was as follows:—
“George, to his most honored lords Macedonius, Basil, Cecropius, and Eugenius, sends greeting in the Lord.
“Nearly the whole city has suffered from the shipwreck of Aëtius. The disciples of this wicked man, whom you contemned, have been encouraged by Eudoxius, and promoted by him to clerical appointments, and Aëtius himself has been raised to the highest honor. Go, then, to the assistance of this great city, lest by its shipwreck the whole world should be submerged. Assemble yourselves together, and solicit the signatures of other bishops, that Aëtius may be ejected from the church of Antioch, and that his disciples who have been manipulated beforehand into the lists of the clergy by Eudoxius, may be cut off. If Eudoxius persist in affirming with Aëtius, that the Son is dissimilar from the Father, and in preferring those who uphold this dogma to those who reject it, the city of Antioch is lost to you.” Such was the strain of George’s letter.
The bishops who were assembled at Ancyra clearly perceived by the enactments of Eudoxius at Antioch, that he contemplated the introduction of innovations in doctrine; they apprised the emperor of this fact, and besought him that the doctrine established at Sardica, at Sirmium, and at other councils, might be confirmed, and especially the dogma that the Son is of like substance with the Father. In order to proffer this request to the emperor, they sent to him a deputation composed of the following bishops: Basil, bishop of Ancyra; Eustathius, bishop of Sebaste; Eleusius, bishop of Cyzicus; and Leontius, the presbyter of the imperial bed-chamber. On their arrival at the palace, they found that Asphalius, a presbyter of Antioch, and a zealot of the Aëtian heresy, was on the point of taking his departure, after having terminated the business for which he undertook the journey and having obtained a letter from the emperor. On receiving, however, the intelligence concerning the heresy conveyed by the deputation from Ancyra, Constantius condemned Eudoxius and his followers, withdrew the letter he had confided to Asphalius, and wrote the following one:—

## Footnotes

* ↑ Philost. iv. 4–6, 8; x. 12; and fragment in Suidas s. Eudoxius; Athan. Hist. Arian. 4, 5; Hil. de Synod. 8, 9, 90; Soc. ii. 37, 40; Theodoret, H. E. ii. 25, 26.
# Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume II/Sozomen/Book IV/Chapter 2

Chapter II.—Constantius again ejects Athanasius, and banishes those who represented the Homoousian Doctrine. Death of Paul, Bishop of Constantinople. Macedonius: his Second Usurpation of the See, and his Evil Deeds.
The emperor,
deceived by the calumnies of the heterodox, changed his mind, and, in opposition to the decrees of the council of Sardica, exiled the bishops whom he had previously restored. Marcellus was again deposed, and Basil re-acquired possession of the bishopric of Ancyra. Lucius was thrown into prison, and died there. Paul was condemned to perpetual banishment, and was conveyed to Cucusum, in Armenia, where he died. I have never, however, been able to ascertain whether or not he died a natural death. It is still reported, that he was strangled by the adherents of Macedonius.
As soon as he was sent into exile, Macedonius seized the government of his church; and, being aided by several orders of monks whom he had incorporated at Constantinople, and by alliances with many of the neighboring bishops, he commenced, it is said, a persecution against those who held the sentiments of Paul. He ejected them, in the first place, from the church, and then compelled them to enter into communion with himself. Many perished from wounds received in the struggle; some were deprived of their possessions; some, of the rights of citizenship; and others were branded on the forehead with an iron instrument, in order that they might be stamped as infamous. The emperor was displeased when he heard of these transactions, and imputed the blame of them to Macedonius and his adherents.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Soc. ii. 26, 27; Athan. Hist. Arian. 7; Apol de fuga sua, 3; cf. Theodoret, H. E. ii. 5.
* ↑ See preceding references; Athan. is decided.