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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 7:5

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 7:8

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wetzlar

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​WETZLAR, a town of Germany, in the Prussian Rhine province, pleasantly situated at the confluence of the Dill and Lahn, 64 m. N.E. of Coblenz by the railway to Giessen Pop. (1905) 12,276. The most conspicuous building is the cathedral, datinginpart from the 11th, in part from the 14th-16th centuries. The municipal archives contain interesting documents of the whilom imperial chamber (see infra). The town preserves associations of Goethe, who wrote Die Leiden des jungen Werthers after living here in 1772 as a legal official, and of Charlotte Buff, the Lotte of Werther. Overlooking the town are the ruins of the medieval castle of Kalsmunt. There are iron mines and foundries and optical instrument factories. Wetzlar was originally a royal demesne, and in the 12th century became a free imperial town. It had grown in importance when, in 1693, the imperial chamber (Reichskammergericht) was removed hither from Spires. The town lost its independence in 1803, and passed to the prince primate Dalberg. Three years later (1806), on the dissolution of the empire, the imperial chamber ceased to exist. The French were defeated here by the Austrians and Saxons under the archduke Charles, 15th June 1796.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Weyler y Nicolau, Valeriano

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​WEYLER Y NICOLAU, VALERIANO. Marquess of Tenerife (1839–), Spanish soldier, was born at Palma de Majorca. His family were originally Prussians, and served in the Spanish army for several generations. He entered at sixteen the military college of infantry at Toledo, and, when he attained the rank of lieutenant, passed into the staff college, from which he came out as the head of his class. Two years afterwards he became captain, and was sent to Cuba at his own request He distinguished himself in the expedition to Santo Domingo in many fights, and especially in a daring reconnaissance with few men into the heart of the enemy’s lines, for which he got the cross with laurels of San Fernando. From 1868 to 1872 he served also brilliantly against the Cuban rebels, and commanded a corps of volunteers specially raised for him in Havana. He returned to Spain in 1873 as brigadier-general, and took an active part against the Carlists in the eastern provinces of the Peninsula in 1875 and 1876, for which he was raised to the rank of general of division. Then he was elected senator and given the title of marquess of Tenerife. He held the post of captain general in the Canary Isles from 1878 to 1883, and in the Balearic Isles afterwards. In 18S8 he was sent out as captain-general to the Philippines, where he dealt very sternly with the native rebels of the Carolines, of Mindanao and other provinces. On his return to Spain in 1892 he was appointed to the command first of the 6th Army Corps in the Basque Provinces and Navarre, where he soon quelled agitations, and then as captain-general at Barcelona, where he remained until January 1896. In Catalonia, with a state of siege, he made himself the terror of the anarchists and socialists. After Marsha! Campos had failed to pacify Cuba, the Conservative government of Canovas del Castillo sent out Weyler, and this selection met the approval of most Spaniards, who thought him the proper man to crush the rebellion. Weyler attempted to do this by a policy of inexorable repression, which raised a storm of indignation, and led to a demand from America for his recall. This recall was granted by the Liberal government of Sagasta, but Weyler afterwards asserted that, had he been left alone, he would have stamped out the rebellion in six months. After his return to Spain his reputation as a strong and ambitious soldier made him one of those who in case of any constitutional disturbance might be expected to play an important role, and his political position was nationally affected by this consideration, his appointment in 1900 as captain-general of Madrid resulted indeed in more than one ministerial crisis. He was minister of war for a short time at the end of 1901, and again in 1905. At the end of October 1909 he was appointed captain-general at Barcelona, where the disturbances connected with the execution of Francisco Ferrer were quelled by him without bloodshed.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Weybridge

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​WEYBRIDGE, an urban district in the Chertsey parliamentary division of Surrey, England; 19 m. W.S.W from London by the London & South-Western railway. Pop. (1901) 5329. It lies in the flat valley of the river Wey, 1 m. above its junction with the Thames. The river is locked up to Godalming, and navigation is assisted by cuts. Weybridge has grown in modern times out of a village into a residential town. The church of St James is modern but contains numerous ancient memorials, and one by Sir F. Chantrey for the duchess of York (d. 1820), daughter of Frederick William II. of Prussia, to whose memory there is also a column on Weybridge Green. The summit of this column is that which formerly stood at Seven Dials, London. The Roman Catholic chapel of St Charles Borromeo was the burial-place of Louis Philippe, ex-king of the French (d. 1850), who resided at Claremont in the neighbouring parish of Esher, his queen and other members of his family, but their bodies were subsequently removed to Dreux in Normandy To the east of Weybridge lies Henry VIII.’s park of Oatlands (see Walton-on-Thames). In 1907 the Brooklands racing track for motorcars was opened near Weybridge, It has a circuit of 211/16 m. round the inner edge, and including the straight finishing track is 31/4 m. in total length, its maximum width is 100 ft., and at the curves it is banked up to a maximum height of 28 ft. 8 in.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wettin

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​WETTIN, the name of a family from which several of the royal houses of Europe have sprung, derived from a castle which stood near the small town of that name on the Saale. Attempts to trace the descent to the Saxon chief Widukind or Wittekind, who died about 807, or to Burchard, margrave of Thuringia (d. 908), have failed, and the earliest known ancestor is one Dietrich, who was count of Hassegau or Hosgau, a district on the left bank of the Saale. Dietrich was killed in 982 fighting the Hungarians, and his sons Dedo I. (d. 1009) and Frederick (d. 1017) received lands taken from the Wends, including the county or Gau of Wettin on the right bank of the Saale. Dedo's son Dietrich II. inherited these lands, distinguished himself in warfare against the Poles, and married Matilda, daughter of Ekkard I., margrave of Meissen. Their son Dedo 11. obtained the Saxon east mark and lower Lusatia on the death of his uncle Ekkard II., margrave of Meissen, in 1046, but in 1069 he quarrelled with the emperor Henry IV. and was compelled to surrender his possessions. He died in 1075, and his lands were granted to his son Henry I., who in 1089 was invested with the mark of Meissen. In 1103 Henry was succeeded by his cousin Thimo (d. 1104), who built a castle at Wettin, and was called by this name. Henry II., son of Henry I., followed, but died childless in 1123; his cousin, Conrad I., son of Thimo, claimed Meissen, of which he secured possession in 1130, and in 1135 the emperor Lothair II. added lower Lusatia to his possessions. Abdicating in 1156, Conrad's lands were divided between his five sons, when the county of Wettin fell to his fourth son Henry, whose family died out in 1217. Wettin then passed to the descendants of Conrad's youngest son Frederick, and in 1288 the county, town and castle of Wettin were sold to the archbishop of Magdeburg. They were retained by the archbishop until the peace of Westphalia in 1648, when they passed to the elector of Brandenburg, and afterwards became incorporated in the kingdom of Prussia.
Conrad I. and his successors had added largely to their possessions, until under Henry I., the Illustrious, margrave of Meissen, the lands of the Wettins stretched from the Oder to the Werra, and from the Erzgebirge to the Harz mountains. The subsequent history of the family is merged in that of Meissen, Saxony and the four Saxon dukedoms. In June 1889 the 800th anniversary of the rule of the Wettins in Meissen and Saxony was celebrated with great splendour at Dresden.
See G. E. Hofmeister, Das Haus Wettin (Leipzig, 1889); C. W. Bottiger, Geschichte des Kurstaates mid Konigreichs Sachsen (Gotha, 1867–1873), O . Posse, Die Markgrafen von Meissen und das Haus Wettin (Leipzig, 1881), K . Wenck, Die Wettiner im 14ten Jahrhundert (Leipzig, 1877); Kammel, Festschrift zur 800 jahrigen Jubelfeier des Houses Wettin (Leipzig, 1889), and H. B. Meyer, Hof- und Zentralverwaltung der Wettiner (Leipzig, 1902).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Weyman, Stanley John

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​WEYMAN, STANLEY JOHN (1855–), English novelist, was born at Ludlow, Shropshire, on the 7th of August 1835, the son of a solicitor. He was educated at Shrewsbury School, and at Christ Church, Oxford. He took his degree in modern history in 1877, and was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1881, joining the Oxford circuit. He had been practising as a barrister for eight years when he made his reputation as a novelist by a series of romances dealing with French history: The House of the Wolf (1889), A Gentleman of France (1893), Under the Red Robe (1894), Memoirs of a Minister of France (1895), &c. Among his later novels were: Shrewsbury (1897), The Castle Inn (1898), Sophia (1900), Count Hannibal (1901), In King’s Byways (1902), The Long Night (1903), The Abbess of Vlaye (1904), Starvecrow Farm (1905), Chippinge (1906)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Weymouth (Massachusetts)

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​WEYMOUTH, a township of Norfolk county, Massachusetts, U.S.A., on Weymouth harbour, a part of Boston Bay, 9 m S.E. of Boston, between Quincy and Braintree (to the W.) and Hingham to the E. Pop. (1890) 10,866, (1900) 11,324 (1845 foreign-born); (1905, state census) 11,585, (1910) 12,895. Area, 19 sq. m. Weymouth is served by the New York, New Haven & Hartford railway, and is connected with Boston, Quincy, Braintree, Hingham, Nantasket and Rockland by electric lines. In the township there are several villages, including Weymouth, North Weymouth, East Weymouth and South ​Weymouth, and the smaller villages of Weymouth Centre, Weymouth Heights, Lovell's Corner, Nash's Corner and Old Spain, and there are also four islands, Round, Grape, Slate and Sheep. The mainland itself is largely a peninsula lying between the Weymouth Fore river and the Weymouth Back river, to the west and east respectively. The surface of the country is rough: Great Hill (at one of the narrowest parts of the peninsula) is about 140 ft. above the rivers. In the township are the Fogg Library (1898, in South Weymouth) founded by a bequest of John S. Fogg; and the Tufts Library (1879, in Weymouth village), endowed by Quincy Tufts and his sister Susan Tufts. In 1905 the township's factory products were valued at $4,921,955, of which $2,588,213, or 52.6% of the total, was the value of boots and shoes. The township owns and operates its water works; the water supply is obtained from Weymouth Great Pond in the village of South Weymouth. Weymouth was first settled in 1623 by Robert Gorges. It was known first as the Plantation of Wessaguscus or Wessagusset, was incorporated as a township in 1635, and its boundaries have been practically unchanged since 1637, when Round and Grape islands were granted to Weymouth.
See C. F. Adams, Jr., “Wessagusset and Weymouth” in No. 3 (1905) of the Publications of the Weymouth Historical Society (organized in 1879 and incorporated in 1886), and D. H. Hurd, History of Norfolk County (Boston, 1884).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wexford (town)

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​WEXFORD, a seaport, market town and municipal borough, and the county town of Co. Wexford, Ireland, finely situated on the south side of the Slaney, where it discharges into Wexford Harbour, on the Dublin & South-Eastern railway, 923/4 m. S. of Dublin. Pop. (1901) 11,168. Wexford Harbour, formed by the estuary of the Slaney, is about 5 m. from N. to S. and about 4 from E. to W. There are quays extending nearly 900 yds., and the harbour affords good accommodation for shipping, but its advantages are in great part lost by a bar at its mouth preventing the entrance of vessels drawing more than 12 ft. An artificial harbour was therefore opened at Rosslare in 1906, outside the southern part of the promontory closing in the harbour, and this is connected with Wexford by a railway (83/4 m.) owned by the Great Southern & Western Company, and is served by the passenger steamers of the Great Western railway of England from Fishguard. The town of Wexford consists, for the most part, of extremely narrow streets, of picturesque appearance, but inconvenient to traffic. Some remains exist of the old walls and flanking towers. The Protestant church, near the ruins of the ancient abbey of St Sepulchre or Selsker, is said to occupy the spot where the treaty was signed between the Irish and the English invaders in 1169. The principal modern buildings are the town-hall, court-house, barracks, occupying the site of the ancient castle, St Peter's College for the education of Catholic clergy, with a striking chapel by A. W. Pugin, and a number of convents. At Carrick, 2 m. W., the Anglo-Normans erected their first castle, and opposite this, across the river, is a modern round tower commemorating the men of Wexford who died in the Crimean War. The principal exports are agricultural produce, live stock and whisky. Shipbuilding is carried on, and also tanning, malting, brewing, iron-founding, distilling and the manufacture of artificial manure, flour, agricultural implements, and rope and twine. Wexford is the headquarters of salmon and sea fishery districts. Under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 it retains its mayor and corporation.
Wexford was one of the earliest colonies of the English, having been taken by Fitzstephen. It was the second town that Cromwell besieged in 1649. It was garrisoned for William III in 1690. In 1798 it was made the headquarters of the rebels, who, however, surrendered it on the 21st of June. In 1318 the town received a charter from Aymer de Valence, which was extended by Henry IV. in 1411, and confirmed by Elizabeth in 1558. ​By James I. it was in 1608 made a free borough corporate, by the title of “the town and free borough corporate of Wexford.” It returned two members to parliament from 1374 till the Union, when they were reduced to one. In 1885 it was included in the south division of the county.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Weyden, Rogier van der

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​WEYDEN, ROGIER VAN DER [originally Roger de la Pasture] (c. 1400–1464), Flemish painter, was born in Tournai, and there apprenticed in 1427 to Robert Campin He became a gild master in 1432 and in 1435 removed to Brussels, where he was shortly after appointed town painter His four historical works in the Hôtel de Ville have perished, but three tapestries in the Bern museum are traditionally based on their designs. In 1449 Rogier went to Italy, visiting Rome, Ferrara (where he painted two pictures for Lionel d’Este), Milan and probably Florence, On returning (1450) he executed for Pierre Bladelin the “Magi” triptych, now in the Berlin Gallery, and (1435) an altarpiece for the abbot of Cambrai, which has been identified with a triptych in the Prado Gallery representing the “Crucifixion,” “Expulsion from Paradise” and “Last Judgment.” Van der Weyden’s style, which was in no way modified by his Italian journey, is somewhat dry and severe as compared with the painting of the Van Eycks, whose pupil Vasari erroneously supposed him to be, his colour is less rich than theirs, his brush-work more laboured, and he entirely lacks their sense of atmosphere. On the other hand, he cared more for dramatic expression, particularly of a tragic kind, and his pictures have a deeply religious intention. Comparatively few works are attributed with certainty to this painter, chief among such are two altarpieces at Berlin, besides that mentioned above, “The Joys and Sorrows of Mary,” and “Life of St John the Baptist,” a “Deposition” and “Crucifixion” in the Escorial, the Prado triptych, another (“Annunciation,” “Adoration” and “Presentation”) at Munich, a “Madonna” and a “St John the Baptist” at Frankfort. The “Seven Sacraments” altarpiece at Antwerp is almost certainly his, likewise the “Deposition” in the Uffizi, the triptych of the Beaune hospital, and the “Seven Sorrows” at Brussels. Two pictures of St Luke painting the Virgin, at Brussels and St Petersburg respectively, are attributed to him. None of these is signed or dated. Van der Weyden attracted many foreigners, notably Martin Schongauer, to his studio, and he became one of the main influences in the northern art of the 15th century. He died at Brussels in 1464. His descendant, Rogier van der Weyden the younger, is known to have entered the Antwerp gild in 1328, but no work of his has yet been satisfactorily authenticated.
See Hasse, Roger van der Weyden und Roger van Brugge (Strassburg. 1905)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hyndman, Henry Mayers

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HYNDMAN, HENRY MAYERS (1842-1921), English socialist and author, was born in London, March 7 1842, the son of John Beckles Hyndman, a barrister and founder of the Hyndman Trust for church building. He was educated privately and at Trinity College, Cambridge, afterwards becoming a war correspondent for the Pall Mall Gazette during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. He had inherited wealth and he travelled extensively, using his pen always in defence of free institutions. In 1881 he founded the Social Democratic Federation in Great Britain and for many years was its chairman. During the 'eighties he was a prominent member of the Irish Land League and of the Land League of Great Britain. He took part in the unemployed demonstrations of 1887 and was put on trial for his share in the Trafalgar Square riot, but was acquitted. He opposed the South African War, took a prominent part in organizing the Second International in 1900, and from that date onwards was also active, both as speaker and writer, in advocating the grant of free institutions to India. But for some years before, as well as after, the outbreak of the World War, he uttered frequent warnings against the “German Menace.” He published many works on socialism, land nationalization and kindred subjects, as well as Records of an Adventurous Life (1911), Further Reminiscences (1912), and The Future of Democracy (1915). He died in London Nov. 22 1921.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Idrisi

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IDRISI (Seyyid Mohammed el Idrisi), Arab chief, b. 1876 at Sabia, was a grandson of Seyyid Ahmed el Idrisi, a native of Fez, who was head of a religious fraternity or tariqa at Mecca and who acquired land at Sabia, settled there and died in 1837. The descendants of Seyyid Ahmed appear to have increased in wealth and influence and to have gradually supplanted the ruling sherifial family of Abu ‛Arish. Seyyid Mohammed was educated partly at El Azhar University and partly by the Senussi at Kufra, and subsequently resided for a time in the Sudan, at Argo. On his return to Asir, his one ambition was to render that district independent of the Turk. By able administration he gradually expanded his political power to include Mikhlaf el Yemen and a large part of the Tihama, with control over several tribes outside these limits. He threw in his lot with the Allies in the World War, and was the inexorable foe of the Imam of Yemen (see Arabia).