OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tiel

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​TIEL, a town in the province of Gelderland, Holland, on the right bank of the Waal (here crossed by a pontoon bridge), 25 m. by rail west of Nijmwegen. Pop. (1900), 10,788. It possesses fine streets and open places, but of its fortifications the Kleiberg Gate (1647) alone remains. The principal buildings are St Martin’s church (15th century), the town hall, court-house and the historical castle of the family of van Arkel. In 1892 a harbour was built, but the shipping of Tiel is now chiefly confined to craft for inland navigation. It carries on a flourishing trade, especially in fruit, and is an important market for horses and cattle. It also manufactures agricultural implements, furniture, paper, tobacco, &c.
Five miles W.N.W. of Tiel is the small town of Buren, which contains some interesting old houses and is an important market for horses. Buren was the seat of an independent lordship which is mentioned as early as 1152. In later times it was held in fief, first from the dukes of Brabant, then from the dukes of Gelderland. In 1492 the emperor Charles V. raised it to a countship, and in 1551 it passed by marriage to Prince William of Orange Nassau. The title is now sometimes used by the royal family of the Netherlands when travelling incognito. The castle was destroyed in the beginning of the 19th century, and the site of it is now marked by the park on the west side of the town. It contained not less than 170 apartments and was memorable for the imprisonment within its walls of Arnoud duke of Gelderland (d. 1473), and as the birthplace of Philip William of Orange in 1554.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tierney, George

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​TIERNEY, GEORGE (1761-1830), English Whig politician, was born at Gibraltar on the 20th of March 1761, being the son of a wealthy Irish merchant of London, who was living there as prize agent. He was sent to Eton and Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he took the degree of LL.B. in 1784, and was called to the bar; but he abandoned law and plunged into politics. He contested Colchester in 1788, when both candidates received the same number of votes, but Tierney was declared elected. He was, however, defeated in 1790. He sat for Southwark from 1796 to 1806, and then represented in turn Athlone (1806-1807), Bandon (1807-1812), Appleby (1812-1818), and Knaresborough (1818-1830). When Fox seceded from the House of Commons, Tierney became a prominent opponent of Pitt's policy. In 1797 Wilberforce noted in his diary that Tierney 's conduct was “truly Jacobinical”; and in May 1798 Pitt accused him of want of patriotism. A duel ensued at Putney Heath on Sunday, the 27th of May 1798; but neither combatant was injured. In 1803 Tierney, partly because peace had been ratified with France and partly because Pitt was out of office, joined the ministry of Addington as treasurer of the navy, and was created a privy councillor; but this alienated many of his supporters among the middle classes, and offended most of the influential Whigs. On the death of Fox he joined (1806) the Grenville ministry as president of the board of control, with a seat in the cabinet, and thus brought himself once more into line with the Whigs. After the death of George Ponsonby in 1817 Tierney became the recognized leader of the opposition in the House of Commons. In Canning's ministry he was master of the mint, and when Lord Goderich succeeded to the lead Tierney was admitted to the cabinet; but he was already suffering from ill-health and died suddenly at Savile Row, London, on the 25th of January 1830.
Tierney was a shrewd man of the world, with a natural aptitude for business. His powers of sarcasm were a cause of terror to his adversaries, and his presence in debate was much dreaded. His arguments were felicitous, and his choice of language was the theme of constant admiration. Lord Lytton, in his poem of St Stephen's, alludes to “Tierney's airy tread,” and praises his “light and yet vigorous” attack, in which he inflicted, “with a placid smile,” a fatal wound on his opponent.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tidore

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​TIDORE or Tidor, an island of the Malay Archipelago, off the W. coast of Halmahera, S. of Ternate. It is nearly circular and has an area of about 30 sq. m. Several quiescent volcanic peaks, reaching 5700 ft., occupy most of the island, and are covered with forests. The capital, Tidore, on the east coast, is a walled town and the seat of a sultan tributary to the Dutch ​and of a Dutch controleur (commissioner or agent). By an agreement of 1879 the sultan exercises authority over some parts of Halmahera, the Papuan Islands, the western half of New Guinea and the islands in Geelvink Gulf. The sultanate is included in the residency of Ternate (q.v.). The population, of Malay race and Mahommedans in religion, is about 8000. They live by agriculture (cotton, tobacco, nutmegs, &c.) and fishing.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ticonderoga

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​TICONDEROGA, a village in the township of Ticonderoga, Essex county, New York, U.S.A., on the outlet of Lake George, 100 m. by rail N. by E. of Albany. Pop. (1800), 2267; (1900), 1911; (1905), 1749; (1910), 2475. Ticonderoga is served by the Delaware & Hudson and the Rutland railways. The water ​from Lake George falls here about 30 ft., providing water-power, and among the manufactures are paper pulp, paper-making machinery and lumber. Flake graphite was discovered in this vicinity as early as 1815, and for years two mines (with quartzite veins, respectively 1–5 and 2–15 ft. thick) at Ticonderoga were the principal source of supply of good crystalline graphite. Commanding a portage on the line of water communication between Canada and the English colonies, Ticonderoga was a place of considerable strategic importance during the Seven Years’ War. On a commanding elevation overlooking the present village and Lake Champlain the French began building a fort of earth and timber in 1755 and called it Fort Carillon; later it was named Fort Ticonderoga. Sir William Johnson led an expedition in the same year against this fort and Crown Point; though he failed to capture the forts he defeated Baron Ludwig August Dieskau in the battle of Lake George and erected at the head of the lake Fort William Henry, which was captured by the marquis de Montcalm in 1757. On the 8th of July 1758 less than 4000 Frenchmen were confronted at Fort Carillon by about 6000 British regulars and 10,000 provincials under Lieut.-General James Abercrombie and Brigadier-General George A. Howe, but Howe, the controlling spirit of the British force, had been killed on the 6th of July, and Abercrombie, after an ineffective attack which cost him nearly 2000 men killed or wounded, retreated. In 1758, however, when Montcalm had gone to Quebec to oppose Wolfe and a force of only 400 men was left at Ticonderoga, Lord Amherst with 11,000 men invested it, and on the 26th of July the garrison blew up and abandoned the fortifications. At the beginning of the War of Independence, on the 10th of May 1775, the fort was surprised and captured by Ethan Allen. It was recovered by the British on the 5th of July 1777, during Burgoyne’s campaign, was abandoned immediately after Burgoyne’s surrender in October 1777, but was re-occupied by the British in 1780. After the close of the war it was allowed to fall into ruins. In 1909, on the occasion of the tercentenary celebration of the discovery of Lake Champlain, the restoration of the fort was begun under the direction of the owner of the site. The settlement of this region was begun soon after the close of the Seven Years’ War, and the township of Ticonderoga was set apart from the township of Crown Point in 1804. The village of Ticonderoga was incorporated in 1889. The name “Ticonderoga” is a corruption of an Indian word said to mean “sounding waters.”
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tiedemann, Friedrich

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​TIEDEMANN, FRIEDRICH (1781–1861), German anatomist and physiologist, eldest son of Dietrich Tiedemann (1748–1803), a philosopher and psychologist of considerable repute, was born at Cassel on the 23rd of August 1781. He graduated in medicine at Marburg in 1804, but soon abandoned practice. He devoted himself to the study of natural science, and, betaking himself to Paris, became an ardent follower of Baron Cuvier. On his return to Germany he maintained the claims of patient and sober anatomical research against the prevalent speculations of the school of Lorenz Oken, whose foremost antagonist he was long reckoned. His remarkable studies of the development of the human brain, as correlated with his father’s studies on the development of intelligence, deserve mention. He spent most of his life as professor of anatomy and physiology at Heidelberg, a position to which he was appointed in 1816, after having filled the chair of anatomy and zoology for ten years at Landshut, and died at Munich on the 22nd of January 1861.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Movers, Franz Karl

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​MOVERS, FRANZ KARL (1806–1856), German Roman Catholic divine and Orientalist, was born at Koesfeld in Westphalia, on the 17th of July 1806. He studied theology and Oriental languages at Münster, was parish priest at Berkum near Bonn from 1833 to 1839, and professor of Old Testament theology in the Catholic faculty at Breslau from 1839 to his death on the 28th of September 1856. His elaborate works, Die Phönizier (1841–1850) and Phönizische Texte, erklärt (1845–1847), attained a high reputation. Of his other writings two biblical studies were of some importance, his Kritische Untersuchungen über die alttestamentliche Chronik (1834), and his Latin essay on the two recensions of the text of Jeremiah, De utriusque recensionis vaticiniorum Jeremiae . . . indole et origine (1837).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mowbray, Harry Siddons

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​MOWBRAY, HARRY SIDDONS (1858–), American artist, was born of English parents at Alexandria, Egypt, on the 5th of August 1858. Left an orphan, he was taken to America by an uncle, who settled at North Adams, Mass. After a year at the United States Military Academy at West Point, he went to Paris and entered the atelier of Léon Bonnat, his first picture, “Aladdin,” bringing him to public notice. He was made a full member of the National Academy of Design in 1891. Subsequently he was best known for his decorative work, especially “The Transmission of the Law,” Appellate Court House; ceiling for the residence of F. W. Vanderbilt; and the ceiling and walls of the library of the University Club—all in New York. This last was executed in Rome, where, in 1903, he was made director of the American Academy.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mowbray, Robert

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​MOWBRAY, ROBERT (d. 1125), a Norman who was appointed earl of Northumberland between 1080 and 1082. In 1088 he and his uncle Geoffrey, bishop of Coutances, sided with Robert, duke of Normandy, against William Rufus, but they were pardoned at the close of the rebellion. In 1091 Mowbray defeated Malcolm Canmore of Scotland, who had invaded England, and in 1093 surprised and slew this king near Alnwick; soon after this event he succeeded to his uncle’s vast estates. In 1095 he led a rebellion which had for its object the transference of the crown from the sons of the Conqueror to Stephen of Aumale. Rufus marched against the earl in person, and Mowbray shut himself up in Bamborough Castle, but he was captured by treachery, escaped, and was captured again. He was then deprived of his possessions and kept a prisoner for the rest of his life, nearly thirty years.
See E. A. Freeman, William Rufus, especially Appendices C. C. F. F. (Oxford, 1882).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Moxon, Edward

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​MOXON, EDWARD (1801–1858), British poet and publisher, was born at Wakefield in 1801. In 1826 he published a volume of verse, entitled The Prospect, and other Poems, which was received with some favour. In 1830 Moxon was started by Samuel Rogers as a London publisher in New Bond Street. The first volume he issued was Charles Lamb’s Album Verses. Removing to Dover Street, Piccadilly, Moxon published an illustrated edition of Rogers’s Italy, £10,000 being spent upon the illustrations. Wordsworth entrusted him with the publication of his works from 1835 onwards, and in 1839 he issued the first complete edition of Shelley’s poems. Some passages in Queen Mab were the cause of a charge of blasphemy being ​made against Moxon in 1841. The case was tried before Lord Denman. Serjeant Talfourd defended Moxon, but the jury returned a verdict of guilty, and the offensive passages were for a time eliminated. In 1840 he published Browning’s Sordello; and in succeeding years works by Lord Houghton, Tom Hood, Barry Cornwall, Lord Lytton, Browning and Tennyson appeared. Edward Moxon died on the 3rd of June 1858, his business being continued by Mr J. B. Payne and Mr Arthur Moxon, who in 1865 published Swinburne’s Atalanta in Calydon; but in 1871 it was taken over by Messrs Ward, Lock & Tyler.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mousterian

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​MOUSTERIAN, the name given by the French anthropologist G. de Mortillet to the second epoch of the Quaternary Age, and to the earliest in his system of cave-chronology. It is so named from a cave (Le Moustier), on the right bank of the Vézère, an affluent of the Dordogne, above Les Eyzies and Tayac, which has yielded typical palaeolithic implements. The epoch was characterized by cold wet climate, by the supposed existence of Man of the Olom type, that is, nearly as dolichocephalous as the Neanderthal type, but with superciliary ridges flat, and frontal bones high, and by the occurrence of the musk-ox, the horse, the cave-bear, Rhinoceros tichorhinus and the mammoth. The typical implements are flint points or spear-heads, left smooth and flat on one side, as struck from the cave, pointed and edged from the other side; a scraper treated in the same way, but with edge rather upon the side than at the end, as in the succeeding Solutrian and Madelenian epochs. Relics of the Mousterian age have been also found in Belgium, southern Germany, Bohemia and southern England, some of the “finds” including human remains.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mowat, Sir Oliver

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​MOWAT, SIR OLIVER (1820–1903), Canadian judge and statesman (Q.C. 1856, LL.D. 1872, K.C.M.G. 1892, G.C.M.G. 1897), was the son of John Mowat, who fought in the Peninsular War under Sir Arthur Wellesley (afterwards duke of Wellington). Born at Kingston, Ontario, on the 22nd of July, 1820, he was educated by private tuition and in 1836 began the study of law under Mr (afterwards the Rt Hon. Sir) John A. Macdonald. Called to the bar in 1841, he soon became a leading Chancery counsel and in 1856 “took silk.” He entered parliament in 1858 as a Liberal and in 1863 became postmaster-general. He took a prominent part in the proceedings of the Quebec Conference of 1864, which settled the terms of the Confederation of the British North American provinces, and in the same year was appointed vice-chancellor of Upper Canada. Eight years afterwards (1872) the Hon. Edward Blake resigned the premiership of the province of Ontario, and Mowat was called to fill the vacant post. He continued to be premier of Ontario until the 13th of July 1896. Assisted by able colleagues and holding always a strong majority in the house, he gave to Ontario a ​body of laws many of which have been copied by other provinces of the dominion and by several states of the American Union. In eight important cases which he argued before the Judicial Committee of H. M. Privy Council, he established, as against the contention of Sir John A. Macdonald, the proposition that the provincial legislatures were co-ordinate with and not subordinate to the parliament of Canada. To weaken his influence the Conservatives at Ottawa attempted to extend the boundaries of Manitoba, thereby reducing the area of Ontario; but Mr Mowat again appealed to the Judicial Committee and was again successful. According to Sir John A. Macdonald, Ontario contained under the “Quebec Act” only 116,782 sq. m.; but Mr Mowat gave it an area of 260,862 sq. m. When he returned home after this great victory he received an ovation unparalleled in the history of any Canadian statesman. One of his prominent characteristics was his loyalty to Britain. Between 1886 and 1896 Canadian trade was depressed, and men were leaving the country in thousands for the United States. Dr Goldwin Smith and other prominent men advocated commercial union with the United States, viz. that the two countries should maintain a uniform tariff against the rest of the world, with free trade as between themselves. Sir Oliver Mowat saw in this “veiled annexation,” and by letters, speeches and pamphlets he crushed the movement so completely as to make his party more imperialist than the Conservatives had ever been. In July 1896 he was called to the senate of Canada and made minister of justice. In November 1897 he was appointed lieutenant-governor of his native province, and this office he held until he died at Government House, Toronto, on the 19th of April 1903.
See C. R. W. Biggar, Sir Oliver Mowat, a Biographical Sketch (Toronto, 1905).  (C. R. W. B.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mow

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​MOW. (1) To cut down standing hay or corn with a scythe or with machinery drawn by a horse or mechanical power (see Reaping). The word in O. Eng. is mawan, a verb common to the West German languages, cf. Du. maaien, Ger. mähen; the root is also seen in “meadow,” Gr. ἀμᾶν and Lat. metere, to reap, cut, cf. messis, harvest. (2) A stack or rick of hay, corn, and sometimes also of beans, peas or other crops. The word in O. Eng. is múga, múha, and is cognate with Swedish and Norwegian muga, heap, cf. Swedish allmoge, crowd of people, Danish almuc. “Mow” is chiefly dialectal in England, where it is a common name, e.g. the Barley Mow, on the sign-boards of country inns. From these two words must be distinguished (3) “mow,” a grimace, now obsolete or purely literary, and generally found in combination with “mop,” cf. “mopping and mowing” in King Lear, iv. l. 64. This is the same word as the modern Fr. moue, pout, which is of obscure origin.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Seminole

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​SEMINOLE (properly Simanoli, “ renegade,” “ runaway,” in allusion to their secession from the Creek confederacy), a tribe of North American Indians of Muskhogean stock. They originally formed part of the Creek'confederacy, but separated from it early in the 18th century, and occupied the greater part of Florida. In 1817–1818 (their attacks on the Georgian and Alabama settlements resulted in the invasion of their territory by General Andrew Jackson, who defeated them and hanged two British traders, named Arbuthnot and Ambrister, who were alleged to be the instigators of the raids. The long Seminole War of 1835–42, the hardest-fought of all the Indian wars, was due to the tribe's refusal to cede their lands and remove to Arkansas in accordance with the treaty (see Osceola) of Payne's Landing (1832). At the close of this struggle, costing thousands of lives and millions of dollars, the Seminoles were removed to Arkansas. They were recognized as “ the Seminole Nation,” and as one of the “ Five Civilized Tribes,” and granted autonomy upon the scale permitted the other four, the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw and Creek. They live now mainly in Oklahoma, and a few in Florida.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Semlin

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​SEMLIN (Hungarian, Zimony; Servian, Zemun), a town of Croatia-Slavonia, in the county of Syrmia, situated beside the south bank of the Danube, on a tongue of land between that river and the Save. Pop. (1900) about 15,079; the majority being Serbs, the remainder Croats, Jews, Germans, Magyars and Gipsies. Semlin is the seat of an Orthodox archbishop; but most of the inhabitants are Roman Catholic. Apart from numerous churches, its chief buildings are the law-courts, prison, theatre, synagogue, a higher grade school or real-gymnasium, and two technical schools, one being for girls. Much of the town is modern, but its suburb Franzenthal near the Danube consists partly of mud huts thatched with reeds. Standing at the confluence of two navigable rivers, and on the main line from Buda-Pest to Constantinople and Salonica, Semlin is the principal customs and quarantine station for travellers between Austria-Hungary and the Balkan states. It communicates with Vienna and the Black Sea, by the Danube; with Sissek, by the Save; and with Belgrade by a steam-ferry and a bridge over the Save. There are a few factories, but far more important is the transit trade in grain, fruit, livestock and timber.
Various Roman remains have been discovered near Semlin. On the top of Zigeunerberg, a hill overlooking the Danube, are the ruins of the castle of Hunyadi Janos, who died here in 1456. Until 1881 the town belonged to the Military frontier (q.v.).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Semendria

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​SEMENDRIA (Smederevo), an important commercial town and capital of the Smederevo department, Servia, on the Danube, between Belgrade and the Iron Gates. Pop. (1900) 6912. It is believed to stand on the site of the Roman settlement Mons aureus, and there is a tradition that its famous vineyards—supplying Budapest and Vienna with some of the finest table grapes—were planted by the Roman emperor Probus (A.D. 276–282). In the 15th century, when the Servian prince George Brankovich became lord of Tokay, in Hungary, he planted vines from Semendria on his estates there; and from these came the famous white wine Tokay. At the eastern end of the town, close to the river, there is a picturesque triangular castle with twenty-four square towers, built by George Brankovich in 1430 on the model of the Constantinople walls. Semendria was the residence of that Servian ruler and the capital of Servia from 1430 to 1459. It is the seat of the district prefecture and a tribunal, and has a garrison of regular troops. Besides the special export of grapes and white wine, a great part of the Servian export of pigs, and almost all the export of cereals, pass through Semendria. In 1886 the town was connected with the Belgrade-Nish railway by a branch line.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Seminary

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​SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed), a term originally applied to a nursery-garden or place where seeds are sown to produce plants for transplanting. It was early used in its present sense of a place of education. Its most frequent use is for a training college for the Roman Catholic priesthood, and in a transferred sense for a priest who has been trained in a foreign seminary, also often termed a “seminarist.” A German usage, adopted in America, applies the term seminar to a class for advanced study or research.