OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Star

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Star. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Star, masculine, ‘starling,’ from the equivalent Middle High German star, masculine, Old High German stara, feminine; corresponding to Anglo-Saxon stœr, stearn, English stare, Old Icelandic stare, starre, ‘starling’; primitively allied to Latin sturnus. English starling indicates the derivation of Modern High German Sperling (Old High German sparo). —
Star, masculine, ‘cataract’ (of the eye), has been deduced in Modern High German from Middle High German starblint (d) Old High German starablint (compare Dutch staarblind), adjective, ‘blind from a cataract,’ which has no connection with the name of the bird, since it more probably belongs to the same root as Modern High German starren (Old High German starên), ‘to look fixedly, stare.’ In Anglo-Saxon, besides stœrblind, a curious form, pûrblind occurs, the first component of which is Anglo-Saxon pûr, ‘bittern’; compare Greek γλαύκωμα, from γλαύξ, ‘owl.’ Hence the instinctive connection between the name of the bird and the disease is quite comprehensible.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Stapel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Stapel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Stapel, masculine, ‘support, stocks (for ships),’ Modern High German only, a Low German word, corresponding to High German Staffel. Compare Dutch stapel, ‘heap, staple-town,’ English staple (hence French étape, ‘depot, emporium’). “The development of meaning in the cognates ranges through the meanings ‘support (Anglo-Saxon stapol), foundation (Old High German staffol), frame, heap, piled up goods.’” See the following word.
# American Medical Biographies/Porter, Charles Burnham

​Porter, Charles Burnham (1840–1909)
Charles B. Porter came of a long line of medical men, being a descendant of Daniel Porter, who In the first half of the seventeenth century practised in Connecticut. His father was James Burnham Porter (q. v.).
Born in Rutland, Vermont, January 19, 1840, Charles Burnham took his A. B. and M. D. at Harvard University in 1862 and 1865 respectively, and was surgical interne at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, from 1864 to 1865. In April, 1865, he was appointed acting assistant surgeon in the army and served at the Armory Square Hospital in Washington until mustered out. At one time here he had the care of seventy-four compound fractures. He was assistant demonstrator of anatomy at Harvard Medical School in 1867; demonstrator in 1868. This latter position he held for eleven years. In 1868 and in 1870 he visited Europe, doing post-graduate work in Berlin, London and Vienna. In 1879 he was made instructor in surgery; in 1882 he became assistant professor of surgery; in 1887 professor of clinical surgery. His connection with the staff of the Massachusetts General Hospital began as surgeon to out-patients in 1866. He was appointed, in 1875, surgeon, and served in this capacity until 1903 when he was retired under the age limit, going on the consulting board. He also resigned his professorship in the medical school.
Dr. Porter's professional career began before the revolution in' surgery started by Lister. His activity began when surgery was always risky and extended into the time when it became nearly always safe, provided it was clean. He early won renown as an unusually skilful and very judicious surgeon. He taught operative surgery on the cadaver; his rapid and precise operating in the surgical amphitheatre was the delight of the medical students. His counsel was much sought, and for many years his physical endurance seemed unlimited. In his last term of hospital service he operated on a policeman for an extremely complicated intestinal obstruction with innumerable adhesions, requiring multiple resections. The patient was under ether six and one-half hours. The house-officers were exhausted and Dr. Porter was fresh at the close of that time. The patient recovered and continued his customary work.
The end came as one thinks he would have wished, May 21, 1909. He was visiting a patient, a warm, personal friend, when he was stricken, soon became unconscious and died in less than twenty-four hours, truly in harness. He left a widow, who was Miss Harriet A. Allen, three daughters (one the wife of Dr. Percy Musgrave of Washington, D. C.), and a son, Charles Allen Porter, whose appointment as assistant professor of surgery in the Harvard Medical School was one of the closing joys of his father's life.
# American Medical Biographies/Porter, Joshua

​Porter, Joshua (1730–1825)
Joshua Porter, the younger son of Nathaniel Porter and Eunice Horton, was born in Lebanon, Connecticut, June 26, 1730. At the age of fourteen, as his father had died and his mother had married again, he chose his great uncle, Peter Buell of Coventry, Connecticut, as his guardian and spent the next five years on a farm in that town. Then he was prepared for Yale College, in a year, by his brother and graduated in 1754. After graduation he taught for a year in Newbern, North Carolina, then returned to Connecticut to study medicine with Dr. Josiah Rose of Coventry. He began the practice of medicine in Lebanon, but in November, 1757, moved to Salisbury, where there was a greater opening, and there spent the remainder of his life. He was one of the incorporators of the Connecticut Medical Society and became very eminent in his profession. He was also prominent in civil affairs, serving as a selectman of Salisbury for about twenty years and as a representative from that town to the general assembly for over fifty sessions between 1764 and 1801. In 1766 he was appointed justice of the peace and from 1778 to 1791 as justice of the Quorum, sat on the bench of the County Court of which he was chief judge for the succeeding seventeen years. He was likewise judge of probate for the Sharon district from 1774–1812. In 1774 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 17th regiment of militia and commanded one of the State regiments in the campaign against General Burgoyne in ​1777. In that year he also served in the repulse of the British after their Danbury raid. Resigning his commission in 1780, he served under a commission from state authorities as the manager of the iron works in Salisbury and thus superintended the manufacture of the first home-made cannon balls that were used during the war. In 1778 he was appointed a member of the Council of Safety.
Retaining full possession of his faculties, he died in Salisbury on April 2, 1825, aged 94 years and three-quarters.
He was three times married, his first wife being Abigail, daughter of his former guardian, Deacon Peter Buell and Martha Huntington Grant Buell. She died on October 7, 1797, leaving three sons and three daughters, all of whom lived to maturity. He next married on December 31, 1799, Jerusha, youngest daughter of Col. Andrew and Sarah Sturges Burr, and widow of Hezekiah Fitch of Salisbury. She died in February, 1808, and in the following August he married Jane, daughter of Col. John Ashley of Sheffield, Massachusetts. She had been previously twice married.
# American Medical Biographies/Porter, Robert Robinson

​Porter, Robert Robinson (1811–1876)
Robert R. Porter entered the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1833, and soon after was appointed resident physician of Frankford Insane Hospital (1835). He was a member of the Delaware State Medical Society, its president in 1858. His practice was confined exclusively to Wilmington, Delaware, with the exception of one year's residence at the Frankford Insane Hospital.
Dr. Porter was a physician of ability and of high professional honor; in addition, a man of enterprise and of public spirit and took a leading position in every movement for public good.
He married, in 1841, Lucinda, only daughter of Judge Millard Hall, and had five daughters and one son. Dr. Porter died suddenly of apoplexy, April 14, 1876.
He published in the American Medical Journal his "Observations on the Condition and Treatment of the Insane," and also assisted Dr. Samuel Morton (q. v.) in the preparation of his work on "Phthisis Pulmonalis."
# American Medical Biographies/Post, Minturn

​Post, Minturn (1808–1869)
Minturn Post, sanitarian, was born in New York, June 28, 1808. After graduation at Columbia College in 1827, he studied medicine under Valentine Mott (q. v.), and received his medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1832, offering a thesis on "Tetanus." He travelled and continued his studies in Paris under Louis and Broussais, and returning from Europe began to practise in New York, becoming distinguished as an expert in diseases of the chest.
In 1842 he was appointed medical examiner of the New York Life Insurance Company, and the same year served on a committee with Alexander E. Hosack (q. v.) and J. R. Chilton, appointed by the Board of Aldermen of New York City to examine into and report upon the effects of poisonous smoked beef. An exhaustive report, printed in full by the Committee of Arts, Sciences and Schools, suggested the building of abattoirs like those erected by the French government in 1809; also the appointment by the Common Council of a committee to inspect all animals slaughtered in the city, and the removal of the buildings then used for slaughter-houses as unsanitary and a menace to the community. The suggestions were adopted, although Post died before the plans were fully carried out.
In the latter part of his life he was largely ​interested in life insurance and inaugurated a system of questions and answers that were widely used.
He translated Rociborski's "Auscultation and Percussion" (New York, 1839), making some valuable additions.
Post died in New York, April 26, 1869.
# American Medical Biographies/Porter, John Addison

​Porter, John Addison (1822–1866)
John Addison Porter, physician and chemist, was born in Catskill, New York, March 15, 1822. He graduated at Yale University in 1842, became professor of rhetoric and ancient and modern languages at Delaware College, and in 1847 went abroad to study agricultural chemistry under Liebig at the University of Giessen. Returning to the United States he was assistant at the Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and in 1850 accepted the chair of applied chemistry at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; in 1852 he succeeded John P. Norton as professor of analytical and agricultural chemistry at Yale University, serving until 1856 when he became professor of organic chemistry, resigning in 1864 because of ill health. His M. D. was received at Yale University in 1855.
In 1854 Dr. Porter married a daughter of Joseph Earl Sheffield who established and endowed the Sheffield Scientific School. "The movement toward the establishment of agriculture on a scientific basis received its greatest impulse" from the labors of Porter. He wrote: "Principles of Chemistry" (1856); "First Book of Chemistry and Allied Sciences" (1857). In 1868 he published "Selections from the Kalevala," translated by himself. During the Civil War he conducted the Connecticut War Record giving news of Connecticut regiments.
He was a founder of the "Scroll and Key Society," which after his death established in his memory a prize of two hundred and fifty dollars to be given to the student of Yale University writing the best essay on a given subject.
Dr. Porter died at New Haven, August 25, 1866.
# American Medical Biographies/Post, Martin Hayward

​Post, Martin Hayward (1851–1914)
Martin Hayward Post, ophthalmologist, was born at St. Louis, Missouri, March 31, 1851, the youngest son of the eminent divine, Dr. Truman Marcellus Post, founder and for nearly forty years pastor of the First Congregational Church at St. Louis, and of Frances Henshaw Post. The subject of this sketch received the degree of Bachelor of Arts at Washington University in 1872, as honor man of his class. After a brief period of teaching in the public schools, he proceeded to study medicine at the St. Louis Medical College, where he was graduated in 1877. He was then for a time a student of general surgery with Dr. John T. Hodgen (q. v.), but later studied ophthalmology with Dr. John Green (q. v.), with whom he very shortly became associated in practice.
Some years later he studied ophthalmology under Donders at Utrecht and under Nettleship in London. Returning to St. Louis, he continued the association with Dr. John Green, and was soon known as one of the great operators and writers.
Dr. Post was a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons, a member of the American Academy of Medicine, of the St. Louis Academy of Science, the American Ophthalmological Society, and the Medical Society of City Hospital Alumni. He was recording secretary of the St. Louis Medical Society in 1880 and 1881. He was once chairman of the Ophthalmological Section of the St. Louis Medical Society, and was president of the American Ophthalmological Society, at the time of his death. He was an honorary member of the Phi Beta Kappa. Dr. Post was long a member of the Board of Managers of the Missouri School for the Blind, "being appointed and reappointed by Democratic governors though himself an outspoken, Republican in politics."
In personal appearance Dr. Post was large, neither lean nor stout, of a clear and fair complexion, and with brown hair and eyes. He was rather deliberate in manner, but could, on occasion, be as swift as lightning.
He was an earnest Christian. A member of the Congregational church, he was regular in attendance, and never suffered to pass unheeded an opportunity to perform his duty as he saw it, or (in the words of Ian Maclaren) "to say a good word for Christ." And he was always stricter with himself than with any others.
The doctor was twice married: first, on May 6, 1885, to Mary Laurence Tyler, of Louisville, Kentucky, who died January 2, 1888; and on January 4, 1906, to Mary Brown Tanner, of Jacksonville, Illinois, who survived him. Martin Hayward Post, Jr., ophthalmologist of St. Louis, was his son.
The good and skilful doctor passed away in Castle Park, Michigan, his summer home, whither he had gone in search of health and rest, on the first day of September, 1914. The cause of death was angina pectoris.
# American Medical Biographies/Porter, Charles Hogeboom

​Porter, Charles Hogeboom (1834–1903)
Charles Hogeboom Porter, chemist and medico-legal expert, was born of Dutch and English ancestry at Ghent, Columbus County, New York, November 11, 1834.
His degree in arts was from Yale in 1857, his medical degree from the Albany Medical College in 1861. Settling in Albany, he devoted especial attention to legal medicine, but throughout the Civil War was assistant surgeon of the Sixth New York volunteer heavy artillery.
In 1855–6 he was professor of chemistry at the Vermont Medical College, and from 1859 till 1864 professor of chemistry and medical jurisprudence in the Albany Medical College.
He contributed largely to the literature of medical jurisprudence. Among his more important articles are: "Arsenic in Common Life" (Berkshire Medical Journal, 1856); "Arsenic, and Cases" ("Transactions, Medical Society of New York," 1861); "A Statement of the Case of the People vs. Fere" (Journal of Psychological Medicine, New York, 1870).
Dr. Porter was of medium height and thickly set. His skin was dark, his hair thin and black, and his eyes a deep brown. These eyes were very expressive. A former student of the doctor relates that, once, after a lecture, he went to Dr. Porter to ask him some trivial question, not at all in an earnest way but only to "annoy the professor." Dr. Porter fixed his quiet, steady eyes upon the student, and kept them there for some time without uttering a word. "I slunk away," relates the former student, "most thoroughly ashamed." Dr. Porter was slow and deliberate in speech and action, always weighing his words most carefully. On the witness stand he was admirable, chiefly for the exactness and care of his utterances. He did not have "a host of friends," but to the few he did possess he was just and loyal.
​He died after a lingering illness at Canandaigua, New York, November 21, 1903.
# American Medical Biographies/Porter, James Burnham

​Porter, James Burnham (1806–1879)
"Dr. Jim," as he was familiarly known over a wide territory, was one of a medical family famous in Vermont for a century, and greatly missed when he died in 1879.
His father, James Porter, was one of four brothers, all medical men, and was long a Vermont practitioner. James B. Porter was educated at Middlebury College, and had his medical education at Castleton and Woodstock, graduating at the latter institution. He was long a member of the Vermont Medical Society.
He was one of the best types of the country doctor, and widely sought in consultation.
He was called to attend the man injured in the construction of the Rutland Railroad, who became the famous "crow bar case." This case was reported by John M. Harlow (q. v.) in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, in November, 1848, and had a wide circulation in medical literature. The patient, who had an iron bar driven through his skull, lived many years, and his skull is still preserved in the Warren Museum at Harvard Medical School.
Dr. Porter married, in 1834, Harriet Griggs, of Brookline, Massachusetts.
Of his four children, one, Charles Burnham (q. v.) (1840–1909), became a surgeon and was professor of clinical surgery at Harvard from 1887 to 1903.
# American Medical Biographies/Post, Alfred Charles

​Post, Alfred Charles (1806–1886)
This clever nephew of a clever uncle—Wright Post (q. v.)—began his classical education in Columbia College when only fourteen. He was born in New York City, January 13, 1806, of Joel H. and Elizabeth Browne Post; his father was a successful merchant. The boy held his A. B. from Columbia 1822 and worked under his uncle in 1823, but he took at the same time courses of lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. He had smallpox which laid him up for some time when he was able to set to work with new vigor and get his M. D. in 1827. Like most young men of the time, he went to Europe, flitting about from England to Paris and Berlin and Italy. In 1829 he returned to New York and became house surgeon to the New York Hospital and in 1836 visiting surgeon, a position held until 1853. When in 1851 he became professor of surgery in the University of the City of New York, his lectures were very popular, particularly those on ophthalmic, aural, orthopedic and plastic surgery. In 1840 he published a small treatise on "Strabismus," having operated for this affection at an earlier period than any other American surgeon. That same year he devised a new method for doing bilateral lithotomy, employing, to divide the prostate, a canula sliding over a rod and armed with two knives one of which projected on each side. No operation was for him too great or too small; he did extirpation of the thyroid, parotid and cervical glands, made an artifical anus, and performed tracheotomy. As an aside from his surgical duties he was keen on missionary work and said, not irreverently, that the two things he most enjoyed were a good operation and a good prayer meeting.
His colleagues say he could not be said to have passed middle life until he was eighty. During the last ten years of his life he performed some of his most delicate operations in plastic surgery and four months before his death did a difficult ovariotomy in forty-five minutes.
In 1831 he married Harriet, daughter of Cyrenius Beers, of New York, and had eleven children, one of whom was Dr. George Edward Post (1838–1909), a medical missionary, scientist and author, who graduated in medicine at the University of the City of New York in 1860 and spent his life at Beirut, Syria.
He held among other appointments the professorship of surgery in the medical department of the University of the City of New York; president of the medical faculty there; ​member of the Berliner Königliche Medizinisch-chirurgishe Gesellschaft.
His writings were chiefly papers for medical journals and included, among others, "A Case of Blepharoplasty"; "Club Foot"; "Cicatricial Contractions"; "Contractions of Palmar Fascia."
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Unwin, Edward (1)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Unwin, Edward, s. James, of Baddow, Essex, gent. Pembroke Coll., matric. 15 Dec, 1784, aged 17; B.A. 1788, M.A. 1792, vicar of St. Werburgh, Derby, 1809, until his death 18 Nov., 1847.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Unwin, Edward (2)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Unwin, Edward, s. Samuel, of Sutton, Notts, gent. Oriel Coll., matric. 16 June, 1814, aged 16; B.A. 1819.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Unwin, Charles Edward

From volume 4 of the work.
​Unwin, Charles Edward, 1s. Samuel Hope, of Chepstow, co. Monmouth, cler. Worcester Coll., matric. 12 Oct., 1867, aged 20; B.A. 1871, rector of Cossington, Somerset, 1876.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Unwin, Walter Morley

From volume 4 of the work.
​Unwin, Walter Morley, 4s. John, of Marylebone, Westminster, arm. University Coll., matric. 25 April, 1844, aged 19. See Rugby School Reg., 208.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Unwin, William (1)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Unwin, William, 1s. John, of London, arm. Corpus Christi Coll., matric. 30 Nov., 1822, aged 16; scholar 1822-5.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Unwin, James Wheeler

From volume 4 of the work.
​Unwin, James Wheeler, 1s. Edward, of Derby (town), cler. Oriel Coll., matric. 10 Feb., 1831, aged 17.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Unwin, Roland

From volume 4 of the work.
​Unwin, Roland, s. Samuel, of Sutton-in-Ashfield, Notts, arm. Exeter Coll., matric. 5 May, 1817, aged 17.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Unwin, Robert

From volume 4 of the work.
​Unwin, Robert, 4s. John, of Marylebone, Middlesex, arm. Balliol Coll., matric. 16 May, 1839, aged 18.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Unwin, Samuel Hope

From volume 4 of the work.
​Unwin, Samuel Hope, o.s. Samuel, of Manchester, gent. Worcester Coll., matric. 3 May, 1837, aged 18; B.A. 1841, M.A. 1844, rector of Cheddon-Fitzpaine, Somerset, 1854.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Unwin, Edward Wilberforce

From volume 4 of the work.
​Unwin, Edward Wilberforce, 2s. Edward, of Derby (town), cler. Pembroke Coll., matric. 14 Nov., 1836, aged 18; B.A. 1842, M.A. 1843. See Rugby School Reg., 170.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/nennen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry nennen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ nennen, verb, ‘to name,’ from the equivalent Middle High German and Old High German nęnnen (also nęmmen); originated in namnjan by the assimilation of mn; a verbal noun from Name (Old High German namo). Compare Gothic namnjan from namô, Anglo-Saxon nam an, weak verb, equivalent to English to name (Anglo-Saxon also nęmnan, equivalent to Old Saxon nęmnian). See Name and the remarks there on Dutch noemen, ‘to name.’