OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/khoih
### khoihkhoih

* 瞑khoih60010910
* The eyes closed so as not to perceive.

#### hṳ̂ sí, mâk m̄ khoih;

    dead fish do not have their eyes shut.

#### i hìeⁿ cá cū khṳ̀ sí-khoih;

    he is thus early abed and asleep; he has his eyes shut as if he were dead.
* 夾khoih356374
* Hard pressed between two; violently pressed upon.

#### chíu khoih tîeh;

    got his hand pinched.

#### m̄-hó̤ khṳt mn̂g khoih tîeh;

    do not get pinched in the door.

#### khoih kàu hueh lāu;

    pinched so as to bring the blood.

#### khoih phìu phûe;

    pinched as to abrade the skin.

#### màiⁿ sie khoih tîeh;

    do not crowd upon each other.

#### khoih bih;

    flattened by violent pressure.

#### khoih kaⁿ-ná;

    pressed olives.

#### khoih bûe pó;

    dried pressed plums.

#### ká cìa sĭ khoih i kâi cap chut lâi;

    to press sugar-cane is to squeeze out its juices.

#### khoih tīo i kâi siap cap;

    express its acrid juice.
* 莢khoih3561407
* The pods of leguminous plants.

#### tāu khoih;

    bean-pods.

#### kin-nî kâi tāu hó̤ căi, khoih nĕ pá-pá;

    the beans are very fine this year, the pods are quite full.

#### tāu-khoih-khak phâk ta lío hó̤ hîaⁿ húe;

    pea-pods when dried in the sun are good for fuel.

#### bói pé tn̂g-khoih-tāu;

    buy a handful of string beans.

#### hô̤-lang tāu àiⁿ pêh jîn chá a sĭ kàu khoih chá?

    Do you want the French beans shelled before frying, or fried in the pod?
* 輕khôih4071597
* Gentle; lightly; gently.

#### i cò̤ mih sṳ̄ to sĭ khin kha khôih chíu, cṳ̆-sòi căi;

    he does everything very gently, and is exceedingly careful.

#### cía tîeh khin kha khôih chíu cìaⁿ hó̤ cò̤;

    this can only be done by one who is very gentle and careful.

#### cía sĭ sòi-síe kâi mûeh, cē m̄ khin kha khôih chíu cū mûeh tīo khṳ̀;

    this is a delicate thing, and any rough handling will spoil it.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sanders, Francis (1648-1710)

​SANDERS alias Baines, FRANCIS (1648–1710), jesuit, born in Worcestershire in 1648, pursued his humanity studies in the college at St. Omer, and went through his higher course in the English College, Rome, which he entered as a convictor or boarder on 6 Nov. 1667. He took the college oath on 27 Jan. 1668–9, and was ordained as a secular priest on 16 April 1672. He was admitted into the Society of Jesus at Rome, by the father-general, Oliva, on 4 Jan. 1673–1674, and left for Watten to make his noviceship on 5 April or 4 June 1674. He was professed of the four vows on 15 Aug. 1684. A catalogue of the members of the society, drawn up in 1693, states that he took the degree of D.D. at Cologne, and had been prefect of studies and vice-rector of the college at Liège, and of the ‘College of St. Ignatius, London.’ He was appointed confessor to the exiled king, James II, at Saint-Germain, and attended that monarch during his last illness (Clarke, Life of James II, ii. 593). He died at Saint-Germain on 19 Feb. 1709–10.
The jesuit father, François Bretonneau, published ‘Abrégé de la Vie de Jacques II, Roy de la Grande Bretagne, &c. Tiré d'un écrit Anglois du R. P. François Sanders, de la Compagnie de Jesus, Confesseur de Sa Majesté,’ Paris, 1703, 12mo. This appeared in English, under the title of: ‘An Abridgment of the Life of James II … extracted from an English Manuscript of the Reverend Father Francis Sanders … done out of French from the Paris edition,’ London, 1704. An Italian translation was published at Milan in 1703, and at Ferrara in 1704; and a Spanish translation, by Francesco de Medyana y Vargas, appeared at Cadiz in 1707, 4to.
Sanders translated from the French ver​sion ‘The Practice of Christian Perfection,’ by Father Alphonsus Rodriguez, S. J., 3 pts. London, 1697–9, 4to. This translation has been several times reprinted in England, Ireland, and the United States.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sanders, George

1904 Errata appended.
​SANDERS, GEORGE (1774–1846), portrait-painter, was born at Kinghorn, Fifeshire, in 1774, and educated at Edinburgh. There he was apprenticed to a coach-painter named Smeaton, and afterwards practised as a miniature-painter and drawing-master, and designer of book illustrations. At that period he executed a panorama of Edinburgh taken from the guardship in Leith roads. Before 1807 Sanders came to London, where, after working as a miniaturist for a few years, he established himself as a painter of life-sized portraits in oil. Though of limited abilities, he was for a time a very fashionable artist, and obtained high prices, as much as 800l. being paid for his portrait of Lord Londonderry. He usually represented his male sitters in fancy dress. His portraits of the Dukes of Buckingham, Devonshire, and Rutland, Lord Dover, Lord Falmouth, the Duchess of Marlborough, Mr. W. Cavendish, and Sir W. Forbes, were well engraved by J. Burnet, C. Turner, H. Meyer, and others. Sanders painted several portraits of Lord Byron; one, dated 1807, was engraved whole-length by E. Finden as a frontispiece to his ‘Works,’ 1832, and half-length for Finden's ‘Illustrations to Lord Byron's Works,’ 1834; another, representing the poet standing by his boat, of which a plate by W. Finden was published in 1831, is well known. He also painted a miniature of Byron for his sister, Mrs. Leigh, which was engraved for the ‘Works,’ but cancelled at Byron's request. Sanders exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1834 only, sending then five portraits, which were severely criticised at the time (Arnold, Library of the Fine Arts, iv. 143). He frequently visited the continent, and made watercolour copies of celebrated pictures by Dutch and Flemish masters; twenty-three of these are now in the National Gallery of Scotland. He died at Allsop Terrace, New Road, London, on 26 March 1846.
George Sanders has been confused with George Lethbridge Saunders (1807–1863), miniature-painter, frequently exhibiting at the Royal Academy between 1829 and 1853; he was living in 1856.
F. M. O'D.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.241 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 258 | ii | 34 | Sanders, George: after Saunders insert (1807-1863) |
| | | 37 | for he was living in 1856. read he died at Bristol on 25 Aug. 1863. |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sanderson, James

​SANDERSON, JAMES (1769?–1841?), musician, was born at Workington, Durham, about 1769. From earliest childhood he showed musical gifts, and at the age of fourteen, although he had received no tuition, was engaged as violinist at the Sunderland Theatre. In 1784 he established himself at Shields as a teacher, and in 1787 became leader at the Newcastle Theatre. He went to London in 1788, and led the orchestra at Astley's Theatre. His first essay in dramatic composition was an illustrative instrumental accompaniment to Collins's ‘Ode on the Passions,’ which G. F. Cooke was to recite during his benefit at Chester. In 1793 Sanderson was engaged at the Royal Circus (now the Surrey Theatre) as composer and musical director; in this post he remained many years, producing the incidental music for many dramas and isolated vocal and instrumental pieces. The accepted tune of ‘Comin' thro' the rye’ was composed by Sanderson. The most successful of his acknowledged compositions was a ballad, ‘Bound 'Prentice to a Waterman,’ sung in the drama ‘Sir Francis Drake’ (1800); it was regularly introduced into nautical plays for fully half a century. Two of Sanderson's ballads were reprinted in the ‘Musical Bouquet’ as late as 1874. The titles of his works fill twenty-nine pages of the British Museum catalogue. He is said to have died about 1841 (cf. Fétis).
H. D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sanders, William (1799-1875)

​SANDERS, WILLIAM (1799–1875), geologist, was born in Bristol on 12 Jan. 1799, and educated chiefly at a school kept by Thomas Exley [q. v.] For a time he and a brother were partners as corn merchants, but he retired from business in order to devote himself exclusively to scientific work. He was elected F.G.S. in 1839 and F.R.S. in 1864. Though he wrote but little—only five papers (read to the British Association) are recorded in the Royal Society's ‘Catalogue of Scientific Papers’—he was most intimately acquainted with the geology of the Bristol district and co-operated with Professor John Phillips (1800–1874) [q. v.] when the latter was engaged on the survey of North Devon. He also published a pamphlet on the crystalline form of celestine from Pyle Hill, Bristol, and made a very detailed manuscript section (a copy is preserved in the mining record office) of the cuttings on the Great Western and the Bristol and Exeter railways from Bath through Bristol to Taunton. Besides this he supplied valuable information to the health of towns commission, 1844–5, and for a report to the general board of health (1850). But his most important work was a geological map of the Bristol coalfield, on a scale of four inches to the mile, begun in 1835 and finished in 1862, when it was published. It covered an area of 720 square miles, and was laid down from his own surveys, even the preparatory topographical map being made under his own eye and at his ​own cost by collating about one hundred parish maps on different scales. He was active as a citizen and as a member of local scientific societies, especially in developing the Bristol museum, of which for many years he was honorary curator. He died unmarried on 12 Nov. 1875.
T. G. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sanders, Francis Williams

​SANDERS, FRANCIS WILLIAMS (1769–1831), conveyancer, eldest son of John Williams Sanders of the island of Nevis, West Indies, born in 1769, was admitted, on 30 April 1787, a member of Lincoln's Inn, where, after some years of pupilage to John Stanley, attorney-general of the Leeward Islands, and M.P. for Hastings, 1784–1801, he began practice as a certificated conveyancer. He was called to the bar in Hilary term 1802. He gave evidence before the real property law commission appointed in 1828, and was afterwards added to the commission, of which he signed the second report in 1830. He died at his house, 5 Upper Montagu Street, Russell Square, on 1 May 1831. Sanders was author of a professional treatise of deservedly high repute entitled ‘An Essay on Uses and Trusts, and on the Nature and Operation of Conveyances at Common Law, and of those which derive their effect from the Statute of Uses,’ London, 1791, 1799 (2 vols. 8vo), 1813 (2 vols. 8vo); 5th edit., by George William Sanders and John Warner, 1844 (2 vols. 8vo). Sanders also edited the ‘Reports’ of John Tracy Atkyns [q. v.], and published in 1819 a learned tract entitled ‘Surrenders of Copyhold Property considered with reference to Future and Springing Uses,’ London, 8vo.
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sanders, John

​SANDERS or SAUNDERS, JOHN (1750–1825), painter, born in London in 1750, appears to have been the son of John Saunders, a pastel-painter of merit, who practised at Norwich, Stourbridge in Worcestershire, and elsewhere. Sanders was a student at the Royal Academy in 1769, and obtained a silver medal in 1770. He first appears as an exhibitor at the Royal Academy in 1771, when he sent a portrait and ‘A Philosopher.’ In 1772 he exhibited ‘St. Sebastian’ and a portrait; in 1773 ‘Jael and Sisera’ and three portraits; and continued to exhibit pictures in oil and crayon, and drawings, for some years. During these years he was resident in Great Ormond Street, and in 1775 appears in the catalogue of the Royal Academy as ‘John Saunders, junior.’ Possibly some of the works mentioned above were exhibited ​by his father. In 1778 he removed to Norwich, but continued to contribute to the Royal Academy portraits, including one of Dr. Crotch the musician, and views of Norwich Cathedral. In 1790 he removed to Bath, where he practised for many years with success as a portrait-painter. A portrait of Judith, countess of Radnor (at Longford Castle), painted in 1821, is a very good example of his work. He is mentioned by Madame d'Arblay in her ‘Journal’ as painting a portrait of Princess Charlotte of Wales. Sanders died at Clifton in 1825. During his residence at Norwich, about 1780, he married Miss Arnold of that town, by whom he left five daughters and one son, John Arnold Sanders, born at Bath about 1801, who practised with some success as a landscape-painter in London, and was popular as a drawing-master; he emigrated to Canada in 1832.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sangster, Samuel

​SANGSTER, SAMUEL (1804?–1872), line-engraver, was born about 1804. He was a pupil of William Finden [q. v.], and several of his earlier plates were engraved for the ‘Amulet’ and other annuals, then in the height of their prosperity. These works included ‘Beatrice,’ after Henry Howard, R.A., engraved for the ‘Anniversary’ of 1829; ‘Don Quixote,’ after R. P. Bonington, for the ‘Keepsake Français,’ 1831; and ‘The Death of Eucles,’ after B. R. Haydon, ‘The Lute,’ after H. Liverseege, ‘The Festa of Madonna dei Fiori,’ after Thomas Uwins, R.A., and ‘No Song, no Supper,’ after Henny Meadows, for the ‘Amulet’ of 1832 and succeeding years. He afterwards engraved some larger plates, of which the best are ‘The Gentle Student’ and ‘The Forsaken,’ both from pictures by Gilbert Stuart Newton, R.A., ‘Neapolitan Peasants going to the Festa of Piè di Grotta,’ after Thomas Uwins, R.A., for Finden's ‘Royal Gallery of British Art,’ ‘The Prayer of Innocence,’ after the same, and ‘Le Christ aux Fleurs,’ after Carlo Dolci. He engraved ‘The Young Mendicant's Noviciate,’ after Richard Rothwell, R.H.A., for the Royal Irish Art Union, and other plates for the ‘Art Journal.’ The latter comprised ‘A Syrian Maid,’ after H. W. Pickersgill, R.A., ‘The Victim,’ after A. L. Egg, R.A., ‘Juliet and the Nurse,’ after H. P. Briggs, R.A., and ‘The Sepulchre,’ after W. Etty, R.A., all from the pictures in the Vernon Collection, and ‘A Scene from Midas,’ after Daniel Maclise, R.A., and ‘First Love,’ after J. J. Jenkins, from pictures in the Royal Collection. He likewise painted in oils some fancy subjects.
Sangster died at 83 New Kent Road, London, on 24 June 1872, in his sixty-eighth year, but he had some time before retired from the practice of his art.
R. E. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sansum, Robert

​SANSUM, ROBERT (d. 1665), vice-admiral, was in 1649 master, and apparently owner, of the ship Alexander of 160 tons, which on 28 June was hired for the service of the state at 130l. a month, Sansum remaining in command of her. In 1652 he commanded the Briar, attending on the army in Scotland, and in January 1652–3, off Newcastle, captured a Flushing man-of-war of 15 guns, which he brought into the Tyne, and which was afterwards fitted for the state's service. It was at this time that a charge was laid against him of conniving at his men selling some of the ship's stores and victuals, but it seems to have been put on ​one side as unfounded and malicious. In June 1653 he brought into the Downs three French ships laden with tar and hemp, and in May 1654, being then in the Adventure, he took three more, on their way from Havre to Rochelle. In April 1655 he was appointed to the Portsmouth, which he commanded continuously for the next five or six years, for the protection of trade in the North Sea, though on one occasion, in the end of 1658, he stretched as far as the Canaries, and convoyed home a number of merchant vessels. In the summer of 1659 he was with the fleet off Elsinore [see Montagu, Edward, Earl of Sandwich]. After the Restoration he continued serving, and in 1664 was appointed rear-admiral of the white squadron, commanded by Prince Rupert. In the following year he was still rear-admiral of the white squadron, with his flag in the Resolution, and was killed in the battle off Lowestoft on 3 June. A grant of 500l. was ordered to be paid to his widow, Mary Sansum; but it does not appear that she received it (cf. Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1666–7 p. 406, 1667–8 p. 140). Whether Sansum left issue is not stated; but the name remained continuously in the navy list well past the middle of this century.
[Cal. State Papers, Dom. The memoir in Charnock's Biogr. Nav. i. 135, is extremely meagre.]
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sargant, William Lucas

​SARGANT, WILLIAM LUCAS (1809–1889), educational reformer and political economist, was born in 1809 at King's Norton, Worcestershire. His father was engaged in trade in Edmund Street and Whittall Street, Birmingham, as a maker of military arms and other equipments for the ‘African trade.’ Sargant was educated at the Hazlewood school, Edgbaston, which was conducted for many years by Thomas Wright Hill [q. v.], and subsequently by his sons (Sir) Rowland Hill [q. v.] and Matthew Davenport Hill [q. v.] He afterwards entered Trinity College, Cambridge, but left within two years to engage in his father's business. He took an active interest in local affairs in Birmingham, becoming a J.P. in 1849, serving on the town council, and as a governor of King Edward's School, Birmingham, where he ‘greatly aided in the reconstitution of the foundation on a more liberal basis of organisation and reconstruction.’ In all endeavours to improve elementary education he was especially prominent. In 1857 he associated himself with an educational prize scheme for aiding promising scholars at elementary schools, and in 1870 he helped to promote the National Association League, of which he became chairman. As a churchman he advocated religious teaching in elementary schools, and found himself bitterly opposed by an energetic minority of the members of the league; but he held his own in a long and severe struggle. In 1879 he retired from business, and he died at Birmingham on 2 Nov. 1889.
Sargant studied intelligently all political and economical questions, and brought to their examination the practical experience drawn from business. In his published writings those who agreed and those who disagreed with his views alike recognised his sagacity and fairness. His chief publications were: 1. ‘The Science of Social Opulence,’ 1856. 2. ‘Economy of the Labouring Classes,’ 1857. 3. ‘Social Innovators and their Schemes,’ 1858. 4. ‘Robert Owen and his Social Philosophy,’ 1860. 5. ‘Recent Political Economy,’ 1867. 6. ‘Apology for Sinking Funds,’ 1868. 7. ‘Essays by a Birmingham Manufacturer,’ 4 vols. 1869–72. 8. ‘Taxation Past, Present, and Future,’ 1874. 9. ‘Inductive Political Economy,’ vol. i. 1887. He made many contributions to the proceedings of the Statistical Society.
S. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sanger, John

​SANGER, JOHN (1816–1889), circus proprietor, born at Chew Magna, Somerset, in 1816, was eldest son of James Sanger who, having been seized by the press-gang, fought as a sailor at the battle of Trafalgar, and subsequently became a showman. After witnessing equestrian performances under Andrew Ducrow [q. v.] at Astley's, Sanger, with his brother George, began in 1845 a conjuring exhibition on a small scale at Onion Fair, Birmingham. Emboldened by success, the brothers then purchased and trained a white horse and a Shetland pony, and, having hired three or four performers, exhibited for the first time a circus entertainment at Lynn in Norfolk. This with unvarying success they took round the country. Their first appearance in London was made at the Agricultural Hall, Islington, of which they were during many years lessees, and they produced there many costly and elaborate spectacles, one of which, entitled ‘The Congress of Monarchs,’ is said to have been seen in one day by thirty-seven thousand spectators. The properties and paraphernalia of this were purchased in 1874 by the American showman, P. T. Barnum, for 33,000l. Having acquired the lease of Astley's Amphitheatre, the Sangers gave their entertainments there during the three winter months, travelling during the summer through the country with a large establishment, including, besides other animals, over two hundred horses, and exhibiting their entertainments in a huge tent. The first equestrian pantomime produced at Astley's was ‘Lady Godiva, or Harlequin St. George and the Dragon, and the Seven Champions,’ given on 26 Dec. 1871, Miss Amy Sheridan, a tall and shapely actress, playing Lady Godiva. After a time the ​brothers dissolved partnership, each taking his share, and gave separate entertainments. Sanger, known in his later days as Lord John Sanger, died at Ipswich while on tour on 22 Aug. 1889, in his seventy-fourth year, and was on 28 Aug. buried in Margate cemetery, where a costly white marble monument, part of which represents a mourning horse, was placed above his grave. His will, dated 4 March 1882, left his wife the right to carry on the business, and to use thereon part of his estate, which was valued at 40,747l. 17s. 10d. He had three sons: John, who continued the circus business; George Lord, and James; and one daughter, Lavinia (Mrs. Hoffman), an equestrian performer.
J. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sangar, Gabriel

​SANGAR, GABRIEL (d. 1678), ejected minister, son of Thomas Sangar, minister of Sutton-Mandeville, Wiltshire, matriculated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, on 20 Oct. 1626, and graduated B.A. in 1629 and M.A. in 1632. He was successively rector of Sutton-Mandeville (1630–45), Havant, Hampshire (1645–47), Chilmark, Wiltshire (1647), St. Martin's-in-the-Fields (1648–60), and of Steeple Ashton, Wiltshire (1660–2). From the last place he was ejected in 1662. After his ejectment he removed to Brompton, and, after the Conventicle Act, to Ealing and Brentford. At the Declaration of Indulgence of 1672 he returned to London, and preached occasionally to some of his old congregation of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. He died in May 1678.
Sangar wrote: 1. ‘The Work of Faith improved by a providential concurrence of many eminent and pious Ministers in and about the City of London in their Morning Lectures at St. Martin's-in-the-Fields,’ London, 1656. 2. ‘A Short Catechism with respect to the Lord's Sermon.’ A catalogue of his library is in the British Museum (1678, 4to).
W. A. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sansetun, Benedict of

Benedict of Sawston in the ODNB; appears to be duplicated at Benet (d.1226)
​SANSETUN, BENEDICT of (d. 1226), bishop of Rochester, was the first precentor of St. Paul's after that office was endowed with the church of Shoreditch in 1203 (Newcourt, Repertorium, i. 97). He also held the prebend to which was attached the church of Neasden (Le Neve, Fasti Eccles. Angl. ii. 414, ed. Hardy). In 1212 he was head of the justices appointed for the four home counties (Rot. Claus. i. 396, 405). He was elected to the bishopric of Rochester on 13 Dec. 1214, and consecrated at Oxford by Stephen Langton on 22 Feb. 1215 (Gerv. Cant. ii. 109, Rolls Ser.; cf. also Wharton, Anglia Sacra, i. 385–6). In 1215 the barons held Rochester, but the city was besieged and taken by King John. Though the bishop had joined Pandulf in anathematising the baronial party, John plundered his church, destroying its manuscripts and carrying off money and plate, even to the crucifixes and vessels of the altar (Annal. Eccles. Roff. ap. Wharton, loc. cit. i. 347; Gerv. Cant. ii. 110). In 1224 he was transacting business in the exchequer court (ib. i. 596, ii. 8), and in October 1225 he was sent on an embassy to France. He died on 21 Dec. 1226 (Angl. Sacr. i. 801; Gerv. Cant. ii. 114), and was buried in his own cathedral (Dugdale, Monast. Angl. i. 156).
A. M. C.-e.