OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Immortelles

See also Immortelle on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Im′mortelles′ or Everlasting Flower, a kind of plant whose flowers do not change in color or appearance in drying. They may be kept for years without losing their beauty. Several kinds of everlasting flowers are frequently seen in our gardens and others in greenhouses. The French call them immortelles, and in France they are often woven into wreaths and placed beside recent graves as emblems of immortality.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Iloilo

See also Iloilo City on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Iloilo (ē′lō̇-ē′lō̇), a coast town, capital of the province of the same name, on the southeast coast of the island of Panay, Philippine Islands. It was, until the American occupation, one of the three ports at which foreign vessels might make entry and take cargo. The harbor is safe but shallow, so that vessels must load and discharge by means of lighters. The population is estimated to be between 12,000 and 20,000. After the cession of the Philippines to the United States, the Spaniards surrendered Iloilo to the Filipinos who were besieging it. The place was soon captured, however, by the United States forces.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Index-Arithmetic

* Arithmetic: The Foreword, p. 2139
* Arithmetic: Numbers, p. 2140
* Arithmetic: Numbers, p. 2141
* Arithmetic: Addition, p. 2142, p. 2143, p. 2144, p. 2145, p. 2146
* Arithmetic: Subtraction, p. 2147
* Arithmetic: Subtraction: The Austrian Method, p. 2148, p. 2149, p. 2150
* Arithmetic: Multiplication, p. 2151, p. 2152, p. 2153
* Arithmetic: Division, p. 2154
* Arithmetic: Short Division, p. 2155
* Arithmetic: Long Division, p. 2156, p. 2157, p. 2158
* Arithmetic: Deciman Fractions. Addition and Subtraction, p. 2159
* Arithmetic: Multiplication of Decimals, p. 2160
* Arithmetic: Division of Decimals, p. 2161, p. 2162
* Arithmetic: United States Money, p. 2163
* Arithmetic: Bills and Accounts, p. 2164, p. 2165
* Arithmetic: Cash Account, p. 2166
* Arithmetic: Business Exercises, p. 2167, p. 2168
* Arithmetic: Factors and Multiples, p. 2169, p. 2170
* Arithmetic: Cancellation, p. 2171
* Arithmetic: Least Common Multiple, p. 2172
* Arithmetic: Fractions, p. 2173, p. 2174, p. 2175
* Arithmetic: Addition of Fractions, p. 2176
* Arithmetic: Subtraction of Fractions. Multiplication of Fractions, p. 2177, p. 2178
* Arithmetic: Division of Fractions, p. 2179
* Arithmetic: Tables of Measure, p. 2180, p. 2181, p. 2182, p. 2183, p. 2184
* Arithmetic: Practical Application of Surface Measure, p. 2185, p. 2186, p. 2187
* Arithmetic: Time Sheets, p. 2188
* Arithmetic: Percentage, p. 2189, p. 2190, p. 2191, p. 2192, p. 2193, p. 2194, p. 2195
* Arithmetic: Insurance, p. 2196
* Arithmetic: Trade Discount, p. 2197
* Arithmetic: Commission, p. 2198
* Arithmetic: Taxes, p. 2199
* Arithmetic: Customs and Duties, p. 2200
* Arithmetic: Interest, p. 2201, p. 2202
* Arithmetic: Ratio and Proportion, p. 2203, p. 2204
* Arithmetic: Powers and Roots, p. 2205, p. 2206, p. 2207, p. 2208
* Arithmetic: Right Triangle, p. 2209
* Arithmetic: Area of Surfaces, p. 2210, p. 2211
* Arithmetic: Rules for Finding Curved Surfaces, p. 2212
* Arithmetic: Rules for Finding the Volumes of Solids, p. 2213, p. 2214
# The New Student's Reference Work/Incense

See also Incense on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​In′cense, a perfume much used by the ancients in their religious worship. It was produced by burning sweet-smelling substances, like gums, balsams etc. The material, generally a mixture of several kinds of gum, is placed in a dish called the censer, in which it falls slowly on to a hot plate beneath, when it immediately burns and spreads its odor through the air. Among the Jews the burning of incense was employed only as an act of worship, and was in itself thought to be a sacred offering. The same was also true of the religion of Egypt. Persian sculpture pictures the burning of incense in honor of kings. In the Catholic Church, both Greek and Roman, incense is used in public worship, especially in its most sacred services.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Immigration Bureau

See also U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Im′migra′tion Bu′reau. This is one of the offices under the Department of Commerce in the U. S., although the Commissioner-General of Immigration is placed by the act of 1903 under the control of the Secretary of the Treasury. The act of 1903 gives the bureau of immigration the power to deport certain classes of immigrants at any time within two years of the date of landing in America. Such classes include insane persons, if they were in this condition within the five years previous to their arrival, anarchists, any who advocate political assassinations and epileptics. The bureau publishes valuable annual reports. In 1910 no less than a million immigrants came into the United States, chiefly by way of New York.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Impeachment

See also Impeachment on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Impeachment is the name applied in England and the United States to a special form of trial, by which high state-officials can be called to account for their manner of managing the interests committed to them. In England the house of commons presents the charges and prosecutes the case. The house of lords acts as judge, and the accused may be defended by counsel. In the United States the house of representatives makes the accusation; the senate, with the chief-justice of the supreme court presiding, acts as judge. The trials are for “treason, bribery or other misdemeanors.” In the various states the legislatures can also bring an action before the state senate against any state officer. In England members of parliament can be impeached; but in the United States only the civil officers of the government are subject to trial. The most noted cases of impeachment are those of Judge Samuel Chase in 1804 and President Johnson in 1868 in the United States, and in England that of Warren Hastings.
# The Origins of the Islamic State/Part 1/Chapter 11

CHAPTER XI
Tabâlah and Jurash
Bakr ibn-al-Haitham from az-Zuhri:—The people of Tabâlah and Jurash accepted Islam without resistance. The Prophet left them on the terms agreed upon when they became Moslems, imposing on every adult of the "People of the book" among them one dînâr, and making it a condition on them to provide the Moslem wayfarers with board and lodging. Abu-Sufyân ibn-Ḥarb was assigned by the Prophet as the governor of Jurash.
* ↑ Cities in al-Yaman; Bakri, pp. 191 and 238; Hamdâni, Jazîrat al-ʿArab, p. 127, line 19; Yâḳût, vol. i, p. 817 and vol. ii, p. 60.
* ↑ Ṭabari, vol. i, p. 1730.
* ↑ Jews and Christians.
# The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language/Part 1/Contents

CONTENTS
DETAILED CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION, pp. 1-235.
§ 1 : Position of Bengali, its age as a characterised language, p. 1 ; § 2 : Number of Bengali Speakers, p. 1 ; Linguistic Boundaries—Aryan languages on the frontiers of Bengali, p. 1; non-Aryan neighbours of bengali, pp. 2-3 ; ‘Kōl’ and ‘Muṇḍā,’ p. 2. § 3 : The Indo-European speeches ; the Indo-Iranian or Aryan branch ; Indic, Dardic and Iranian
# The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language/Part 1/Signs

SIGNS
# The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language/Part 1/Transliteration

TRANSLITERATION
Transliteration of Bengali.
{{outdent|ব = « b » when initial, intervocal and final, « w » when post-consonantal.
Transliteration of Sanskrit.
Transliteration of Prakrit.
Other Indian Languages.
Persian and Arabic.
# The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language/Part 1/Abbreviations

ABBREVIATIONS
# The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language/Part 1/Phonetic Transcription

PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION
# The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language/Part 2

THE
ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF
THE BENGALI LANGUAGE
BY
SUNITI KUMAR CHATTERJI
M.A. (Calcutta), D.Lit. (London)
Khaira Professor of Indian Linguistics and Phonetics and Lecturer in English and Comparative Philology in the University of Calcutta
With a Foreword by
SIR GEORGE ABRAHAM GRIERSON, K.C.I.E.
In Two Parts
Part II: Morphology, Bengali Index
CALCUTTA UNIVERSITY PRESS
1926
PRINTED BY BHUPENDRALAL BANERJEE
AT THE CALCUTTA UNIVERSITY PRESS, SENATE HOUSE, CALCUTTA
Reg. No. 36B, August, 1926—500
* Morphology
* Appendix to Morphology
* Additions and Corrections
* Index of Bengali Words
# The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language/Part 1/Benedictory

idáṁ náma ŗṣibhyaḥ pūrvajḗbhiaḥ
pū́rvēbhyaḥ pathikŗdbhiaḥ
āvír āvī́r ma ēdhi
utá tvaḥ páśyan ná dadarśa vā́cam
utá tvaḥ śŗṇván ná śŗṇōti ēnām
utṓ tuasmāi tanúaṁ ví sasrē
jāyḗva pátyē uśatī́ suvā́sāḥ
# The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803/Volume 2/Proclamation

In the island of Çubu of the Western Islands, belonging to his majesty, on the sixteenth of May, one thousand five hundred and sixty-five, the most illustrious Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, his majesty's governor and captain-general of the people and fleet of the discovery of the Western Islands, appeared before me, Fernando Riquel, government notary of the said islands, and declared: that, inasmuch as he had been informed that many Spanish soldiers and sailors have opened many graves and burial-places of the native Indians in this island, wherein a quantity of gold and other jewels has been found; and inasmuch as those opening these graves and finding the said gold have not made a report thereof to his excellency nor to his majesty's officials, in order that his majesty may receive and take his royal fifths and rights; therefore he ordered, and did order, that proclamation should be made, in due form of law, that all who have opened any graves whence they have abstracted gold, jewels, and other valuables, and those who have in their possession gold and jewels of these islands, however they may have been obtained, shall appear and make full declaration regarding such things before his majesty's officials, in order that what ​is, in this regard, fitting to his majesty's service and the good security of his royal estate, may be provided—under penalty that whoever shall act contrary to this order shall, besides losing all the gold and other valuables thus obtained and abstracted, be proceeded against in due form of law.
Furthermore, he ordered that, from this time henceforth, no grave or burial-place be opened without the permission of his excellency, in order that there might be present at this opening one of the king's officials, or myself, the above-mentioned notary, so that no fraud or deceit may occur, and so that an account and memorandum may be taken of everything—under penalty of five hundred pesos de minas and of returning all that was taken from such grave or burial-place, together with the fifth over and above this for his majesty's exchequer and treasury. This was his declaration and order, and he signed the same with his name,
Miguel Lopez
Proclamation: This said day, month, and year abovesaid, the contents of this edict were proclaimed in the form prescribed by law, by the voice of Pito Atambor, in the presence of myself, the said notary, near the lodging of the said governor and general, and near the lodging of the master-of-camp, Mateo del Sas, many soldiers being present at each place. In affirmation of the above, Fernando Riquel, government notary.
Collated with the original,
Fernando Riquel, government notary.
Layout 2
# The North Star (Rochester)/1847/12/03/Robert Burns

ROBERT BURNS.
BY MONTGOMERY.
What bird in beauty, flight, or song, Can with the bïrd compare, Who sang as sweet, and soared as strong, As ever child of air?
His plume, his note, his form, could Burns, For whim or pleasure change; He was not one, but all by turns, With transmigration strange.—
The Blackbird, oracle of spring, When flowed his moral lay; The Swallow wheeling on the wing, Capriciously at play;
The Humming-bird, from bloom to bloom, Inhaling heavenly balm; The Raven, in the tempest's gloom; The Halcyon in the calm;
In "auld kirk Alloway" the Owl, At witching time of night; By "bonnie Doon," the earliest fowl That carolled to the light,
He was the Wren amid the grove, When in his homely vein; At Bannockburn the bird of Jove, With thunder in his train;
The Woodlark, in his mournful hours; The Goldfinch in his mirth; The Thrush, a spendthrift of his powers, Enrapturing heaven and earth,
The Swan, in majesty and grace, Contemplative and still; But roused, no Falcon in the chase, Could, like his satire, kill,
The Linnet in simplicity; In tenderness, the Dove; But more than all beside, was he The Nightingale, in Love.
Oh, had he never stoop'd to shame, Nor lent a charm to vice, How had devotion loved to name That Bird of Paradise!
Peace to the dead! In Scotia's choir Of minstrels, great and small, He sprang from his spontaneous fire, The Phœnix of them all.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1847/12/03/The Fugitive Slave's Apostrophe to the North Star

THE FUGITIVE SLAVE'S APOSTROPHE TO THE NORTH STAR.
Star of the North! though night winds drift The fleecy drapery of the sky, Between thy lamp and me, I lift, Yea, lift with hope my sleepless eye, To the blue brights wherein thou dwell'st, And of the land of freedom tell'st.
Star of the North! while blazing day Pours round me its full tide of light, And hides thy pale but faithful ray, I, too, lie hid, and long for night;— For night: I dare not walk at noon, Nor dare I trust the faithless moon,—
Nor faithless man, whose burning lust For gold hath rivetted my chain; No other leader ran I trust, But thee, of ev'n the starry train; For, all the host around thee burning, Like faithless man, keep turning, turning.
I may not follow where they go: Star of the north, I look to thee, While on I press; for well I know Thy light and truth shall set me free;— Thy fight, that no poor slave dereiveth; Thy truth, that all ray soul believeth.
They of the East beheld the star That over Bethlehem's manger glowed; With joy they hailed it from afar, And followed where it marked the road, Till, where its rays directly fell, They found ths hope of Israel.
Wise were the men who followed thus The Star that sets men free from sin. Star of the North! thou art to us, Who're slaves because we wear a skin Dark as is night's protecting wing,— Thou art to us a holy thing.
And we are wise to follow thee, I trust thy steady light alone, Star of the North! thou seem'st to me To burn before the Almighty's throne, To guide me, through these forests dim And vast, to Liberty and Him.
Thy beam is on the glassy breast Of the still spring, upon whose brink I lay my weary limbs to rest, And bow my parching limbs to drink, Guide of the friendless, negro's way, I bless thee for this quiet ray.
In the dark top of southern pines I nestled when the driver's horn Called to the field, in lengthening lines, My fellows, at the break of morn, And there I lay till thy sweet face Looked in upon my hiding place.
The tangled cane-brake, where I crept For shelter from the heat of noon, And where, while others toiled, I slept, Till wakened by the rising moon,— As its stalks felt the night wind free, Gave me to catch a glimpse of thee.
Star of the North! in bright array The constellations round thee sweep, Each holding on its nightly way, Rising or sinking in the deep, And, as it hangs in mid-heaven flaming, The homage of some nation claiming.
This nation to the Eagle cowers; Fit ensign!—she's a bird of spoil: Like worships like; for each devours The earnings of another's toil. I've felt her talons and her beak, And now the gentler Lion seek.
The Lion, at the Virgin's feet, Crouches, and lays his mighty paw Into her lap;—an emblem meet Of England's queen and English law;— Queen, that hath made her islands free; Law, that holds out its shield to me.
Star of the North! upon that shield Thou shinest. O forever shine! The negro, from the cotton-field, Shall then beneath its orb recline, And feed the Lion couched before it, Nor heed the Eagle screaming o'er it.—Pierpont.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1847/12/03/Some facts

SOME FACTS.
Looking over some calculations on the Census, of 1840, we found these results:
slaves—for every hundred whites.
| South Carolina has | 145 |
| Mississippi, | 109 |
| Florida, | 92 |
| Alabama, | 75 |
| Georgia, | 69 |
| Virginia, | 66 |
| North Carolina, | 50 |
| Kentucky, | 31 |
| Tennesee, | 28 |
| Maryland, | 28 |
| Arkansas, | 26 |
| Missouri, | 18 |
| The whole slave States number | 55 |
The staves are chieflly centered in the planting regions. You may find 2000 slaves in parts of South Carolina, to 100 whites—on the other hand there are districts having but few bond, In the low lands of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and in Florida and Louisiana negroes abound; in the hill country, or upland region they are limited in numbers. The same holds true of Mississippi, Tennessee, &c. But in East Tennessee, Western Virginia, &c., slavery is nominal. To make this subject plain let us arrange a table:
| North Alabama, | of population, | 30 per cent. |
| South Alabama, | do, | 49 per cent. |
| East Tennessee, | do. | 8 per cent. |
| West Tennessee, | do. | 48 per cent. |
The white population of Western Virginia is as large as Eastern. Yet Western has 56 representatives in the Legislature—Eastern 78!!! Indeed the apportionments of nearly all the Southern States, retain the power of these States in the hands of slave-holders.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1847/12/03/The Eagle abroad

THE EAGLE ABROAD.
American Liberty.—American Eggs.—The American Eagle—the bird of Liberty—lays rotten eggs. This filthy fact is made evident by a letter written to the New York National Anti-Slavery Standard, by Frederick Douglass. He and Mr. Garrison lately proceeded as far as Harrisburg, to preach liberty to the benighted citizens of the freest nation of the earth; and their arguments were met with foul eggs, crackers, and brickbats—the arguments of the good and wise!
"I spoke only a few moments, when through the windows was poured a volley of unmerchantable eggs, scattering the contents on the desk in which I stood, and upon the wall behind me, and filling the room with the most disgusting and stifling stench."
Sweet odors, consecrated to the altar of Liberty, by free men! But the sacrifice was not completed—for pyrotechnic science bestowed "a pack of crackers;" and other worshippers at the shrine of Freedom offered, not frankincense or myrrh, but "cayenne pepper and Scotch snuff," that "produced their natural results among the audience!" And then arose a triumphant shout—"Throw out the nigger! Throw out the nigger!" And thereupon the "nigger," leaving the room, and gaining the street, there followed a shower of "stones and brickbats;" which are arguments so ready-made, and generally so easily obtained, that neither fool nor knave need be without them.
When Franklin was consulted about the design for the American insignia, he gave his veto against the proposed Eagle. It was a rascally, thievish, carrion bird, he said; and was unworthy of a free people. The Americans, however, as is proved in our time, knew better. They felt that the Eagle would very admirably typify the spirit of American Liberty. The Eagle steals her prey; America steals her blacks. The eagle will feed upon human flesh; so does America—that is, if the flesh have within it any negro blood. The eagle—that is, the free American Eagle, lays putrid eggs; nought wholesome, nought vital is produced from them. They are foul things, fit for no service. Oh, yes! They are arguments, strongest arguments against the liberty of the black—sweetest incense in the nostrils of the free white!—Punch.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1847/12/03/Rev. Charles Van Loon

Rev. Charles Van Loon, Pastor of a Presbyterian Church, in Poughkeepsie, died at that place on Sunday evening last, aged 28 years. He was one of the noblest men we ever knew—eloquent, able, pious, and devoted heart and soul to the good of his fellow men. The Temperance Cause had no more effective advocate, and he had just returned from a lecturing tour in Ohio and the broad West, where he had done a great work for Humanity. As a friend of the down-trodden African Race, he had been eminent and untiring; and in every good work, (so far as it seemed such to him) he labored earnestly and ungrudgingly. He was buried on Wednesday from his father's in Albany.—Ought such a man to pass away without a memoir?—Tribune.
The announcement above has overshadowed our spirit with a cloud of melancholy. We were personally acquainted with Charles Van Loon. We became so on this very Western tour, and never was our heart more warmly attached to any man, on so short an acquaintaince. He was not as is above stated, Pastor of a Presbyterian, but a Baptist Church, in Poughkeepsie. He was one of the noble few who dared to separate from the Triennial Convention, and to join the cause of Free Missions, that he might not stain soul by fellowshipping with men-stealers.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1847/12/03/Samuel Brooks

SAMUEL BROOKS.
This indefatigable friend of humanity has, in consequence of the impaired state of his health, resigned his office of General Agent for the American Antislavery Society in the West. The labors of this friend during the past summer have been of the most arduous and wearing nature—enough we should think to shatter a stronger constitution than his. He will carry into (what we hope will be a transient) retiracy, the gratitude of all those who know how to appreciate pure and disinterested labors, and his re-appearance in the field will be looked for with anxious solitude.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1847/12/03/Specimen number

SPECIMEN NUMBER.
We send this number of our paper to a great number of persons at a distance, as a Specimen number, some of whom have ordered it, and some have not. Those wishing to continue the paper will forward two dollars, otherwise it will not be sent again. Our next issue, No. 2, will be on the first Friday in January, and regularly every Friday of each week thereafter.