# Public Opinion/Index

INDEX
* Absolutism, 156
* Acquisition, 26
* Adams, Henry, 108
* Adams, H. F., 58, 63
* Adams, John, 277
* Adams, J. Q., 287
* Adler, Alfred, 176
* Advertising, 323
* Advertisements, 322
* Alien, 68
* Allegory, 159
* Alsace-Lorraine, 144, 213
* Amendment of constitutions, 137
* America
* historical integration, 217; national will, 193; World War experience, 110
* American civilization, 108
* American marines and the Dalmatian coast, 17
* "American rights," 202
* Americanism, 86; as a symbol, 206
* Americanization 85
* Ames, Fisher, 271
* Anemia, 50
* Anglo-Saxon, 145
* Apprehension, 80
* Aristotle, 257; on slavery, 96
* Armies, 43
* Art, moving pictures and masterpieces, 165; stereotyped shapes and, 83
* Artists, pioneering, 167
* Asquith, Margot, 8, 55
* Attention, distractions of city life, 72; time and attention given to newspapers, 58
* Attrition, 40, 41, 42
* Authorities, 222, 224
* Automatism, 73, 189
* Ayres, L. P., 391
* Backward people, 147
* Bagehot, Walter, 234, 355
* Baseball game, unscored, 341
* Beard, C. A, 219,268
* Behavior, 27, 175
* Belgian priests, 101
* Belgium, 212
* Belloc, Hilaire, 335
* Berenson, Bernard, 83
* Bergson, Henri, 161
* Berman, Louis, 176
* Berthelot, M., 35
* Bierstadt, E. H., 86
* Big Business, 118; newspapers and, 335
* Blind spots, 104, 111
* Bolshevism, 122; Einstein Theory and, 155
* Boundaries, 136
* Bowley, Professor, 149
* Brandegee, Senator, 18
* "Brass Check, The," 335, 361
* Brawl, 80
* Brest-Litovsk, 209, 210, 211, 212
* British Admiralty, 18
* British working class, 152
* Brown, R. W., 350
* Brutality, 418
* Bryce, Lord, 105, 224, 225, 228, 398
* Buncombe, 234, 254
* Bureaus, intelligence, 385; see also Intelligence bureaus
* Burr, Aaron, 279
* Bury, J. B., 107
* Buying public, 317, 324
* Cabinet, 388; intelligence bureaus for, 386
* Camouflage, 237
* Cannon, W. B., 176
* Capitalism, 298; newspaper and, 336
* Captains of industry, 118
* Castelnau, General de, 36
* Casualties of the war, 239-240
* Catholic feudal society, 305
* Catholics and Germans, 101
* Cause and effect, 153
* Censorship, 30; military, 43; privacy and, 35
* Chafee, Zechariah, 318
* Change of name, 87
* Characters, 171, 174, 179
* Chamwood's Lincoln, 8
* Chesterton, G. K., 22, 23
* Christmas, 406
* City, life distracting, 72, 74; trolley-car company and, 143
* City States of Greece and Italy, 267
* Civil liberties, 318, 319
* Clang, 71,72
* Class consciousness, 26, 182
* Class interest, 186
* Classification, 151; of persons, 89
* Clearness, speed, words, and, 64
* Clemenceau, Georges, 82
* Clothes, 86
* Coal, time element in, 142
* Cobb, Frank, 344
* Codes, 64; facts and, 123; moral, 120; their enemies, 115;
* Coercion, 295; Cole's, 296
* Cointet, Major, 40, 42
* Cole, G. D. H., 295, 296
* Collective mind, 93
* Collectivism, 113
* College societies, 53
* Commercial code, 124
* Common will, crystallizing, 217
* Commune, 296 ​
* Communication, barriers, 49
* Communism, 185, 186, 227
* Community, self-contained, 263
* Competition, 389
* Conditioned response, 204
* Confederation, 217
* Confederation, Articles of, 277
* Conflict, 263
* Confusion of mind, 405
* Congress, 287; ignorance of facts, 288; opinion, creation, 290
* Congressional investigations, 289
* Congressmen, 247
* Conscience, 26
* Consciousness, 70
* Consent, creation of, 248
* Consistency, 81
* Conspiracy of silence, 237
* Constant reader, 328
* Constitution, U. S., Jefferson and, 282; making, 277, 280
* Constitutions, amending, 137
* Contact and opportunity, 46
* Cooperation, 232
* Corporations, 44
* Cosmas's map of the universe, 6
* Cosmopolitans, 55
* Courts, 379
* Credibility of witness, 79
* Creel, George, War propaganda, 46
* Croly, Herbert, 179
* Crowd, aimlessness, 230; psychology, 177
* Cuba, 147
* Czechoslovakia, 241
* Dalmatian coast, 17
* Daniels, Josephus, 18
* Dante, 84, 144, 264
* Davis, Elmer, 323
* Davis, M. W., 122
* Decision, 230; mass, 233
* Definiteness, 81
* Deimling, General von, 36, 37
* Democracy, 30; circumscribed field, 271; functional, 303, 305; government as an instinct, 259; industrial, 146; new theory of, 299; old dogma, 249; philosophy, 267; public opinion made a mystery 254-255; revolution in, 248; two visions, 228; unseen environments, 270
* Democratic ideal, 269
* Democratic theory, 224, 228
* Democrats, 194; pioneer, 260
* "Deserving Democrats," 199
* Determinism, 187, 189
* Devils, 10
* Dewey, John., on the problem of apprehension, 80
* Diblee, G. B., 324
* Dignity, 52, 256, 299, 313
* Diplomatists, 381; Ruritanian propaganda and, 130
* Direct action, limit, 230
* Direct primary, 232
* Discrimination, 69, 71
* Dispositions, 176, 187
* Dogmatist, 123
* Douaumont, 38, 39
* Duration, 138
* Eastern front, 133
* Economic determinism, 183, 185, 187
* Economic mythology, 117
* Economic situation, 51; opinion and, 182
* Education, 408, 412; moral, 179
* Effect and cause, 153
* Einstein, Professor, 106
* Einstein theory and Bolshevism, 155
* Emerson, R. W., 350, 351
* Emotion, memory and, 405; rousing by substitution, 203
* Empathy, 163
* English Guild Socialists, 31, 260, 295
* English press, 353
* Enhancement, 27
* Entering wedge, 369
* Environment, difficulties of our access, 76; indirectly known, 4
* Error, study of, 409
* Erzberger, Matthias, 103
* Eternal principles and the World War, 132
* Europe as symbol, 216
* Evidence, 123
* Evolution, 106, 109
* Expertness, 115
* Experts, 223, 370, 375, 383
* Eyewitness, 79
* Factions, 181
* Factory, 299, 300
* Facts, facing, 30; moral codes and, 123; unseen, 31; weighing properly, 153
* Faith in man, 418
* Faith ladder, 152
* Family Tradition, 52
* Family tree, 145
* Far Eastern Affairs, Division of, 380
* Farmers and democracy, 268
* Fatigue, mental, 72
* Fear of facing facts, 30
* Fears, 155
* Federal party, 279
* Federalism, 397; voluntary, 278
* Fences, mending, 246
* Ferenczi, S., 70
* Fictions, 14, 15, 19
* Fictitious personality, 7
* Fighting motif, 163
* Fiume, 127-128
* Foch, Ferdinand, 237
* Force, rule of, 276; see also Coercion
* Ford, H. J., 257, 258-259, 271, 279, 284
* Foreign affairs, 241
* Foreign policy, 271
* Form, 52
* Foster, W. Z., 403
* Fourteen Points, 207, 210, 212, 214
* France as symbol, 216
* Franco-Prussian war, 213
* Freedom of speech, 318
* Freight rates, 242
* French General Staff and war news, 35, 42
* Freud, Sigmund, 156
* Freudians, 27
* Functions, 304
* Future, illusiveness, 146
* Gary, Judge. 403
* Genealogy, 145, 146 ​
* General news, 325, 329-330, 333, 356
* Gennep, A. von, 82
* Geography, practical, 136
* Germans, 82, 121; Belgian priests legend, 101; killing, 40; in Siberia, 135
* Given, J. L., 324.331.338
* Good will, 385,417
* Goodrich, C. L., 146
* Göttingen, psychology experiment, 82
* Government, as an instinct, 259; inner circle, 228; most momentous question of, 253; natural, inborn art, 257; natural writ, 300; system of checks and balances, 277
* Grasty, Charies, 135
* Great War. See World War
* Greece, city states of, 267
* Greeley, Horace, 331
* Griffiths, Mr., 92
* Great Society, 25, 55, 370
* Group Mind, 30, 92
* Guild Socialism, 293, 31, 260
* Guildsmen, 298
* Hamilton, Alexander, 218; Burr and, 279; on governing body, 257; on lack of state coöperation, 276; state craft, 280
* Hanscom, E. D., 155
* Harding, W. G., 196
* Harmony, 263
* Hart, A. B., 253
* Harvey, George, on American motives, 193
* Hatred, 178
* Headlines, 354
* Hearst, W. R., 323, 332
* Herd instinct, 52
* Hermit, 224
* Hero-worship, 10
* Hierarchy, political, 227, 229, 234; social 51, 53
* High society, 54; newspapers and, 332
* Hindsi'.'ht, 4, 415
* Historic rights and wrongs, 144
* History, popular, and time confusions, 144
* Hobbes, Thomas, 177, 263
* Hotchkiss and Franken questionnaire, 58
* House of Representatives, 281
* Housing shortage, 242
* Huerta, Adela, 200
* Hughes, C. E., on the European war, 202; speech of July 31, 1916, 197
* Human dignity, 256, 299, 313
* Human figure, 84
* Human nature, 121, 124, 187, 189; complexity, 188
* Hurran relations, harmonious, 203
* Huns, 103
* Hysteria, 418
* Ideal, 104
* Ideas, circulation, 48; circulation limits, 46; varying susceptibility, 205
* Illusions, 238
* Imitation, social, 54
* Imperialism, 114
* Impulses, 177
* Income, communication and, 49; economic position and, 51
* Independence, 223, 224, 270; intelligence bureaus, 386
* Indirect costs, 241
* Industrial conditions and newspapers, 346
* Industrial democracy, 146, 300; factory as unit, 299
* Industrial dialectic, 403
* Industrial system, 294
* Information, 408, 409
* Initiative, 232
* Inner circle, 228
* Instinct, 187
* Instinct of the herd, 52
* Institutions and the press, 364
* Intelligence, organized, 367; organizations, 377
* Intelligence bureaus, clearing bouse of, 392; conditions of affectiveness, 386; coordination, 389; exchange of material, 391; funds, tenure, etc., 387; need at Washington, 385; objections, 395; purpose, 399; state, city and county, 393
* Intelligence work, 379, 408
* Interest, enlisting, 159; transfer of, 193
* "Interested." 305
* Intervention, 200
* Intuition, 161, 254
* Ireland, 144
* Irwin, Inez H., 346
* Issue, 232
* Italian Irredenta, 214
* Italy, city states of, 267
* Integration, 217
* Jackson, Andrew, 284
* James, E. L., 66
* James, Henry, 137
* James, William (the first), 137
* James, William, 16, 80, 118, 138, 139, 230, 418; on discriminations and time perspective, 139-140; on the faith ladder, 152; on instinct, 187
* Japan, 68
* Japanese and the Eastern front in the war, 133
* Jastrow, Joseph, 175, 176
* Jean Paul, See Richter, J. P. L.
* Jefferson, Thomas, 219, 257, 267; constitution and, 282
* Jekyll, Dr., 174
* Joffre, General, 9, 10, 13; as editor of war news, 35; at Verdun, 35, 37
* Jones, Ernest, 70
* Journalism, 32, 261; see also Newspapers
* Journalists, 360
* Judgment, 56
* Jung, C.G., 71,72, 74
* Kempf, E. J., 28, 176
* Killing, 121, 178
* King, Senator, of Utah, 135
* Knox, Senator, 18
* Labor, 152
* Labor disputes and the newspapers, 346
* Lalxir Movement, 152
* Laissez-faire 112, 113, 114
* Lamp post, four men at, 23 ​
* Landscapes, 87
* Lansdowne, Lord, 209
* Lansing, Robert, 264
* Langenhove, F. van, 82, 100
* Language, condensation, 64; inadequacy, 66
* Laski, H. J., 233, 397
* Last chapters, 411
* Leaders, 233; advantages, 247; policy with the mass., 244; propaganda, 247; rank and file and, 234; social, 53; wise, 245
* League of Nations, 19, 20; American opinion, 194
* LeBon, Gustave, 177, 197
* Lee, J. M., 331
* Lee, Vernon, 163
* Legislation, 232; see also Congress
* Lenin, Nicolai, 185
* Lewis, G. C, 223
* Lewis, Sinclair, 12, 167, 360
* Liberty, 318
* "Liberty and the News," 358
* Lincoln, Abraham, 199
* Lippmann, Faye, 354
* Lippmann, Walter, 354
* Littell, Philip, 119
* Locard, Edmond, 79
* Logrolling, 291
* London, 353
* Long, C. E., 72
* Lowell, A. Lawrence, 230
* Lucidity of mind, 69
* Ludendorff, General, 240
* Lusitania, 202
* Lusk Committee, 319
* McCarthy, Charles, 369
* McCormick, Senator, 18
* McDougall, William, 188
* Machiavelli, Niccolo, 264, 266, 295
* Machine, political, 225; reason for, 229
* Machinery of knowledge, 365, 384
* Madison, James, 180, 267, 277, 279
* Magazines, 63, 76
* Magic period, 71
* "Main Street," 12, 55, 167, 360
* Manchester Guardian, 67
* Marriott, W. K., 265
* Martin, E. D., 177, 244
* Marx, Karl, 184, 185
* Marxism, 105
* Mass, leaders and the, 243; righteousness of, 257
* Mastery, 27
* Mather, Increase, 155
* Mechanical invention, 108
* Melting Pot pageant, 86
* Mental confusion, 405
* Mental fatigue, 72
* Mentality, low, 75
* Merriam, C. E., 373
* Merz, Charles, 354
* Metaphors, 160
* Mexico, 68, 200
* Michels, R., 225
* Mill,J. S., 318
* Milton, John, 318
* Mitchcll, Wesley, 111
* Monroe Doctrine, 271
* Moral codes, 120; particular view of facts and, 123
* Moral education, 179
* Morale, 209, 239
* Moralist and dogmatist, 123
* Moving pictures, 17, 91, 139, 165, 342
* Münsterberg, Hugo, 80
* Mutinies, military, 240
* Mutiny at sea, 413
* Mystery and public opinion, 255
* Myth, 123
* Names, 160, 203; changing, 87
* National soul, 93
* National university, 392
* National Will, 30
* Negroes, 54, 148
* New, Senator, 19
* New York City, writ of administration, 393
* New York Times, 332
* News, guess work, 343; lack of exact tests, 359; machinery of record, 342; nature of, 338; reader's interest, 354; system of record and, 343; truth distinguished from, 358; uncovering, 339; unpaid for, 321
* News-gathering, 320, 334
* Newspapers, 31, 32; accuracy, 329; casual relation of the public to 321; circulation, 323, 326; concealed payment for, 323; constant reader, 328; diary and personal patter, 330; editor's position, 333, 352; influence on one another, 353; institutions and, 364; investigations of industrial conditions, 347; misrepresentation, 350; political science and 320; publishing as a business, 326; radical, 336; salaries of reporters, etc., 334; time and attention given to, 58; truth and, 362; unique position, 321
* Nivelle, General, 41, 240
* Noise, 72
* Northcliffe, Lord, 353
* Observation, 79; experiment as to, 82; trained, 105; untrained, 88
* Ochs, A. S., 323, 327
* Officeholders, 284, 385
* Oliver, F. S., 264
* Oliver's Hamilton, 8
* Omnicompetent citizen, 273, 284, 364
* Opinion, 123; property and 182
* Opportunity and contact, 46
* Organization, political, 225
* Organizations of research and reference, 377
* Organized intelligence, 367
* Ostrogorski, M., 225
* Outside public, 400
* Oversoul, 228–229
* Pageant of the Melting Pot, 86
* Pain, 26
* Palmer, A. Mitchell, 319
* Paris, 49
* Party politics, 286
* Patriotic code, 124 ​
* Patronage, 226, 276, 284
* Patterson, F. T., 164, 168
* Pai, 100
* Peace terms, 211
* Peel. Sir Robert, 197
* Pellé, General, 35, 36
* People, voice of the, 257
* Perry. R. B , 376
* Personality of, 89; distinctions in self, 173; fictitious, 7; symbolic, 11
* Penuasion, 248
* Pétain. General, 240
* Philosophy of life, 90, 119
* Photographs, 92
* Pictures, 25, 29, 31, 92, 161, 162, 165
* Piierrefeu, Jean de, 9, 13, 35, 240
* Pittsburgh Survey, 347
* Plato's Cave, 5
* Plato's Republic, 264, 411
* Pleasure, 26
* Plots, 129
* Pluralism, new forms, 295
* Policy, incidence, 241, 246; new, 244
* Political assumptions, 260
* Political behavior, 21
* Political life complexity, 21, 22
* Political science, 32, 362; newspapers and, 320
* Political theories, 255
* Political wisdom, innate, 257
* Political world, 29
* Politicians, fence-mending, 246; professional, 231
* Politics ancient theory, 261; fighting motif in, 164; ideologies, 168; organization, 225; reason and, 411
* Popular will, 193
* Preconceptions, 90
* Prejudice, 119, 254,410
* Present, the, 138–139
* Presidency, 287, 289
* Press. See Newspapers
* Press agents, 344
* Press associations, 325
* Privacy, 45; censorship and, 35
* Private affairs, 44; public af airs and, 54
* Privileged, 226, 276, 291
* Progress, 109; American idea, 108; idea, 107
* Propaganda, 26, 248; government during the World War, 46; leaders and 247; war news, 42
* Property, unequal distribution, 182
* Proportional representation, 233
* Propriety, 52
* Protection, 26
* Prussia, 213
* Pseudo-environment, 15, 25, 27, 28
* Psychoanalysts, 27
* Psychology, behavior and character, 175; new, 28
* Public the, as judge in intricate matters, 401
* Public affairs, 29, 30; private and, 54
* Public office, 284
* Public opinion, 29, 362; civil liberty and, 318, 319; codified version of facts and, 125; continuous opinions, 398; defective 31, 32: distance of the event from, 45: economic situation as cause, 182; lack of literature on, 253; making a mystery of, 254, 255; Sir Robert Peel on, 197; symbolism, 11
* Public spirit, 273
* Publicity men, 344
* Pugnacity, 164
* Quota, 391
* Races, 145
* Rank and file, 234, 243
* Rapid transit, 48
* Realism and romanticism, 166
* Reason, appeal to, 411
* Reasoning. untrained, 154
* Recording machinery, 342
* Referendum, 232
* Relativismus, 106
* Relativity, 106
* Repington diaries, 8
* Reporting, 261; New York Times, 332; places where news is obtained, 338; salaries, 334
* Reports, 400
* Representative government, 31, 287, 399; new theory, guild socialism, 298
* Representatives, functional, 303
* Repressed cravings, 176
* Republican schism of 1912, 199
* Republicans, 194
* Research and reference organizations, 377
* Respectability, 52
* Response, 71, 72
* Revolution, 246; democratic, 248; mechanical (1820–50), 107
* Rhineland, 214
* Richter, J. P. L, 66
* Rights and duties, 264
* Rights of humanity, 215
* Robinson, T. H., 140
* Rogers. J. E., 58
* Romanticism and realism, 166
* Roosevelt. Theodore, 198, 199, 201
* Ross. E. A., 54, 225
* Rotation in office, 273, 286
* Rousseau, J. J., 267
* Ruritania, 130
* Russell. Bertrand, 318
* Russia, 185, 187, 207, 309
* Russian news, 353
* Ruth, Babe, 347
* Saar valley, 214
* Sack. A. J., 135
* Sagas, 170
* St. Ambrose, 5
* Salem. Mass., 48
* Samples, 148, 151, 153
* Scandal, 128
* Scholars, 105
* Scientists, 370
* Scott. W. D., 58
* Scriptures, 5, 6
* Secrecy, 44
* Secret treaties, 210
* Self-centered man, 253
* Self-contained community, 263
* Self-defense, 121 ​
* Self-determination, 270
* Self-government, 270; human dignity and, 313; men's interest in, 311
* Self-interest, 170, 180
* Self-respect, 96
* Self-sufficiency, 274
* Selves, different, 173
* Senate, 17
* Servant question, 151
* Sexual motif, 163
* Shaw, G. B.,27, 112,418
* Sheffield, England, 149
* Shelley, P. B., 360
* Sherrington, C. S., 80
* Shop, 300
* Silence, conspiracy of, 237
* Sinclair, Upton, 330, 358; "The Brass Check," 335
* Slavery, Aristotle on, 96
* Smart set, 332
* Social analysts, 28
* Social contact, 30
* Social hierarchy, 51, 53
* Social leaders, 53
* Social Purpose, 30
* Social rank, 51
* Social science, experimental method, 377
* Social scientists, 371; strategic position, 375
* Social sets, 50, 52, 54
* Socialism, 182, 184, 186
* Society, Great, 25, 55, 370; High, 54; variety, 22, 23
* Socrates, 411
* Socratic dialogue, 402, 406
* Space, inability to conceive, 133, 135
* Speed, words, clearness, and, 64
* Starving Russian children, 205
* State, Secretary of, 380
* Statehood, 217
* Statesmen, 246
* Statistics, 148
* Steel industry, 336, 347, 403
* Stereotypes, 79; as personal defenses, 95; character, 90; detection, 130; facts and, 111; human and personal, 159; maintenance, value, 89; the perfect, 98; systematizing, 104
* Stories, varying with character of hearer, 170
* Strachey's Queen Victoria, 8
* Strife, 263, 267
* Strikes and the newspapers, 346
* Struggle, 164
* Strunsky, Simeon, on H. G. Wells, 141
* Success, 109, 116
* Suffragists, 346
* Superlative, 109
* Superstition, 14, 71, 155
* Susceptibilities, 75
* Suspense, 164
* Symbolic personality, 11
* Symbols, 11, 206; character, 220; hierarchy, 215; leaders' use of, 234; power and value, 235–236
* Taft, W. H., 135
* Taste, 52
* Taylor, F. W., 369
* Taylor, H. O., 5
* Teachers, 198
* Technical knowledge, 370
* Telegraphy, 64
* Tennyson, Alfred, on evolution, 107
* Teutons, 145
* Thinking, difficult conditions, 73; effective, 56
* Timber, 142
* Time, as element in social problems, 142; attention and time given to newspapers, 58; confusions in history, 144; control of future, 137; factor in politics, 415; presumption about, 138
* Time-conception, 138
* Time perspective, 139, 141
* Tocqueville, Alexis de, 268
* Tolerance, 126
* Townships, 267, 273
* Trade associations, 392
* Trades Union Congress, 152
* Transportation, city problem, 143
* Travel, stories of, 99
* Trotter, W., 52
* Trust in others, 223
* Trusts, 118, 294
* Truth, 318; news distinguished from, 358
* Union, Hamilton and the, 280
* Union League Club, 69
* Unity, 236, 238
* Unseen environment, 396
* Unsuccessful, the, 118
* Vagueness, 203
* Valentine, Robert, 369
* Veblen, Thorstein, 182, 183
* Verdun, 35, 37
* Victoria, Queen, 8
* Victory, HI
* Virgil, 85, 144
* Virginian, 217
* Visualization, 64, 91, 161
* Voice of the people, 257
* Voting, 194, 197; by functions, 306; method of securing homogeneous vote, 199; preferential, 233; reasons, election of 1920, 221
* Vox populi, 259
* Wallas, Graham, 24, 93, 415
* War, 178, 179
* War news, editing in the field, 35
* Washington, D. C, need of intelligence bureaus, 385
* Washington, George, 281
* Washington Post, 17
* Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, 309, 394
* Wells, H. G., 415; on history, 140
* White, W. Alanson, 66
* White, Wm. Allen, 108
* Wilcox, D. F., 58, 61
* Will, expression of, 310, 312
* Will of the people, 193
* Will-making, 137
* Wilson, Sir Henry, 237
* Wilson, Woodrow, 196; Fourteen Points, 207, 210, 212, 214; Hughes' attack on policies of, 199; on American motives, ​194; phrases, 216; realization of moral crisis of the war, 209; secret treaties and, 210
* Window pane, cracked, 14
* Wolman, Leo, 404
* Woman's party, 346
* Words, Franco-English exchange, 67; speed, clearness, and, 64
* Working class, 151
* World, political, 29
* World made safe for democracy, 215
* World War. American view, 134; America's experience, 110; casualties, 239–240; crisis and Wilson's part, 207; government's propaganda, 46; treaties concluding, 130
* Wright, P. S., 237, 238, 239
* Yap, 49
* Yes or no, 220, 230
* Zurich Association Studies, 71, 72