OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Willim, Thomas (2)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Willim, Thomas, s. Thomas, of Hereford (city), cler. Wadham Coll., matric. 8 March, 1750-1, aged 17; B.A. 1754, M.A. 1758.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Willington, William

From volume 4 of the work.
​Willington, William, s. Waldive, of London, arm. Lincoln Coll., matric. 6 Jan., 1738-9, aged 17; of Hurley Hall, co. Warwick, died 24 March, 1752.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Willing, John Rhea Barton

From volume 4 of the work.
​Willing, John Rhea Barton, o.s. Edward Shippen, of Philadelphia, America, arm. Christ Church, matric. 15 Oct., 1886, aged 22.
# An Essay on Crimes and Punishments/Chapter XXXVI

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​ {{center|CHAP. XXXVI.
Of Rewards for apprehending, or killing Criminals.
LET us now inquire, whether it be advantageous to society, to set a price on the head of a criminal, and so to make of every citizen an executioner. If the offender hath taken refuge in another state, the sovereign encourages his subjects to commit a crime, and to expose themselves to a just punishment; he insults that ​nation, and authorizes the subjects to commit on their neighbours similar usurpations. If the criminal still remain in his own country, to set a price upon his head, is the strongest proof of the weakness of the government. He who has strength to defend himself, will not purchase the assistance of another. Besides, such an edict confounds all the ideas of virtue and morality, already too wavering in the mind of man. At one time treachery is punished by the laws, at another encouraged. With one hand the legislator strengthens the ties of kindred and friendship, and with the other rewards the violation of both. Always in contradiction with himself, now he invites the suspecting minds of men to mutual confidence, and now he plants distrust in every heart. To prevent one crime, he gives birth to a thousand. Such are the expedients of weak nations, whose laws are like temporary repairs to a tottering fabric. On the contrary, as a nation becomes more enlightened, honesty and mutual confidence become more necessary, ​and are daily tending to unite with sound policy. Artifice, cabal, and obscure and indirect actions are more easily discovered, and the interest of the whole is better secured against the passions of the individual.
Even the times of ignorance, when private virtue was encouraged by public morality, may afford instruction and example to more enlightened ages. But laws which reward treason, excite clandestine war, and mutual distrust, oppose that necessary union of morality and policy, which is the foundation of happiness and universal peace.
# An Essay on Crimes and Punishments/Chapter XXXVIII

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CHAPTER XXXVIII.
Of Suggestive Interrogations.
THE laws forbid suggestive interrogations; that is, according to the civilians, questions which, with regard to the circumstances of the crime, are special when they should be general; or, in other words, those questions which, having an immediate reference to the crime, suggest to the criminal an immediate answer. ​Interrogations, according to the law, ought to lead to the fact indirectly and obliquely, but never directly or immediately. The intent of this injunction is, either that they should not suggest to the accused an immediate answer that might acquit him, or that they think it contrary to nature that a man should accuse himself. But whatever be the motive, the laws have fallen into a palpable contradiction, in condemning suggestive interrogations, whilst they authorise torture. Can there be an interrogation more suggestive than pain? Torture will suggest to a robust villain an obstinate silence, that he may exchange a greater punishment for a less; and to a feeble man confession, to relieve him from the present pain, which affects him more than the apprehension of the future. If a special interrogation be contrary to the right of nature, as it obliges a man to accuse himself, torture will certainly do it more effectually. But men are influenced more by the names than the nature of things. ​He, who obstinately refuses to answer the interrogatories, deserves a punishment, which should be fixed by the laws, and that of the severest kind; that criminals should not, by their silence, evade the example which they owe the public. But this punishment is not necessary when the guilt of the criminal is indisputable, because in that case interrogation is useless, as is likewise his confession, when there are, without it, proofs sufficient. This last case is most common, for experience shews, that in the greatest number of criminal prosecutions, the culprit pleads not guilty.
# An Essay on Crimes and Punishments/Chapter XXXIII

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CHAPTER XXXIII.
Of Smuggling.
SMUGGLING is a real offence against the sovereign and the nation; but the punishment should not brand the offender with infamy, because this crime is not infamous in the public opinion. By inflicting infamous punishments, for crimes that are not reputed so, we destroy that idea where it may be useful. If the same punishment be decreed for killing a pheasant as for killing a man, or for forgery, all difference between those crimes will shortly vanish. It is thus that moral sentiments are destroyed in the heart of man; sentiments, the work of many ages and of much bloodshed; sentiments, that are ​so slowly, and with so much difficulty produced, and for the establishment of which such sublime motives, and such an apparatus of ceremonies were thought necessary.
This crime is owing to the laws themselves; for the higher the duties, the greater is the advantage, and consequently, the temptation; which temptation is increased by the facility of perpetration, when the circumference that is guarded is of great extent, and the merchandise prohibited is small in bulk. The seizure and loss of the goods attempted to be smuggled, together with those that are found along with them, is just; but it would be better to lessen the duty, because men risk only in proportion to the advantage expected.
This crime being a theft of what belongs to the prince, and consequently to the nation, why is it not attended with infamy? I answer, that crimes, which men consider as productive of no bad ​consequences to themselves, do not interest them sufficiently to excite their indignation. The generality of mankind, upon whom remote consequences make no impression, do not see the evil that may result from the practice of smuggling, especially if they reap from it any present advantage. They only perceive the loss sustained by the prince. They are not then interested in refusing their esteem to the smuggler, as to one who has committed a theft or a forgery, or other crimes, by which they themselves may suffer; from this evident principle, that a sensible being only interests himself in those evils with which he is acquainted.
Shall this crime then, committed by one who has nothing to lose, go unpunished? No. There are certain species of smuggling, which so particularly affect the revenue, a part of government so essential, and managed with so much difficulty, that they deserve imprisonment, or even slavery; but yet of such a nature as to be ​proportioned to the crime. For example, it would be highly unjust that a smuggler of tobacco should suffer the same punishment with a robber or assassin; but it would be most conformable to the nature of the offence, that the produce of his labour should be applied to the use of the crown, which he intended to defraud.
# An Essay on Crimes and Punishments/Chapter XXXV

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CHAPTER XXXV.
Of Sanctuaries.
ARE sanctuaries just? Is a convention between nations mutually to give up their criminals, useful?
In the whole extent of a political state, there should be no place independent of the laws. Their power should follow every subject, as the shadow follows the body. Sanctuaries and impunity differ only in degree, and as the effect of punishments depends more on their certainty, than their greatness, men are more strongly invited ​to crimes by sanctuaries, than they are deterred by punishment. To increase the number of sanctuaries, is to erect so many little sovereignties; for, where the laws have no power, new bodies will be formed in opposition to the public good, and a spirit established contrary to that of the state. History informs us, that from the use of sanctuaries have arisen the greatest revolutions in kingdoms and in opinions.
Some have pretended, that in whatever country a crime, that is, an action contrary to the laws of society, be committed, the criminal may be justly punished for it in any other; as if the character of subject were indelible, or synonimous with, or worse than that of slave; as if a man could live in one country, and be subject to the laws of another, or be accountable for his actions to two sovereigns, or two codes of laws, often contradictory. There are also who think, that an act of cruelty committed, for example, at Constantinople may be punished at Paris; for this abstracted reason, that he who offends ​humanity, should have enemies in all mankind, and be the object of universal execration; as if judges were to be the knights-errant of human nature in general, rather than guardians of particular conventions between men. The place of punishment can certainly be no other, than that where the crime was committed; for the necessity of punishing an individual for the general good subsists there, and there only. A villain, if he has not broke through the conventions of a society, of which, by my supposition, he was not a member, may be feared, and by force banished and excluded from that society; but ought not to be formally punished by the laws, which were only intended to maintain the social compact, and not to punish the intrinsic malignity of actions.
Whether it be useful that nations should mutually deliver up their criminals? Although the certainty of there being no part of the earth where crimes are not punished, may be a means of preventing them, I shall not pretend to determine this ​question, until laws more conformable to the necessities and rights of humanity, and until milder punishments, and the abolition of the arbitrary power of opinion, shall afford security to virtue and innocence when oppressed; and until tyranny shall be confined to the plains of Asia, and Europe acknowledge the universal empire of reason, by which the interests of sovereigns and subjects are best united.
# An Essay on Crimes and Punishments/Chapter XXXIX

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CHAPTER XXXIX.
Of a particular Kind of Crimes.
THE reader will perceive that I have omitted speaking of a certain class of crimes which has covered Europe with blood, and raised up those horrid piles, ​from whence, midst clouds of whirling smoke, the groans of human victims, the crackling of their bones, and the frying of their still panting bowels, were a pleasing spectacle and agreeable harmony to the fanatic multitude. But men of understanding will perceive, that the age and country in which I live, will not permit me to inquire into the nature of this crime. It were too tedious, and foreign to my subject, to prove the necessity of a perfect uniformity of opinions in a state, contrary to the examples of many nations; to prove that opinions, which differ from one another only in some subtile and obscure distinctions, beyond the reach of human capacity, may nevertheless disturb the public tranquillity, unless one only religion be established by authority; and that some opinions, by being contrasted and opposed to each other, in their collision strike out the truth; whilst others, feeble in themselves, require the support of power and authority. It would, I say, carry me too far, were I to prove, that how odious soever is the empire of force ​over the opinions of mankind, from whom it only obtains dissimulation followed by contempt; and although it may seem contrary to the spirit of humanity and brotherly love, commanded us by reason, and authority, which we more respect, it is nevertheless necessary and indispensible. We are to believe, that all these paradoxes are solved beyond a doubt, and are conformable to the true interest of mankind, if practised by a lawful authority. I write only of crimes which violate the laws of nature and the social contract, and not of sins, even the temporal punishments of which must be determined from other principles than those of limited human philosophy.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Symonds, Edward

From volume 4 of the work.
​Symonds, Edward, 1s. George Edward, of King's Kerswell, Devon, cler. Exeter Coll., matric. 13 March, 1866, aged 19; exhibitioner 1866-8, B.A. 1869, bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1871, has held various curacies (1874). See Foster's Men at the Bar & Coll. Reg., 163; and also Eton School Lists.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Symonds, Frederick

From volume 4 of the work.
​Symonds, Frederick, 'chirurgus;' privilegiatus 22 March, 1843, aged 30; F.R.C.S., created M.A. from Magdalen Coll. 16 June, 1870, coroner of the University, died 11 Sep., 1881, aged 68; said to be of New College.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Symonds, Frederick Murray

From volume 4 of the work.
​Symonds, Frederick Murray, 1s. Charles, of Oxford (city), gent. Queen's Coll., matric. 7 Feb., 1861, aged 18; B.A. 1864, M.A. 1867, held various curacies 1865-80, rector of Saxelby since 1880.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Symonds, Horatio Giles

From volume 4 of the work.
​Symonds, Horatio Giles, 2s. Giles, of Beaminster, Dorset, gent. Magdalen Hall, matric. 8 March, 1849, aged 27; B.A. 1852, M.A. 1815, rector of Winthorpe, Notts, 1873, until his death 29 Sep., 1880.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Symonds, George Davey

From volume 4 of the work.
​Symonds, George Davey, 1s. George Davey, of Naini Tal, East Indies, cler. University Coll., matric. 13 Oct., 1883, aged 19; passed 2nd for royal artillery 1886.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Symonds, John (2)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Symonds, John, s. Robert, of Colwall, co. Hereford, cler. Christ Church, matric. 30 April, 1761, aged 19; B.A. 1765, M.A. 1767, brother of Thomas 1765.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Symonds, John (3)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Symonds, John, 'pharmacopola;' privilegiatus 25 April, 1805.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Symonds, George Edward

From volume 4 of the work.
​Symonds, George Edward 8s. (sic) John, of Oxford (city), gent. Lincoln Coll., matric. 25 Oct., 1838, aged 18; bible clerk 1838-42, B.A. 1842, M.A. 1863, held various curacies 1843-56, perp. curate of Tilty, Essex, 1856-9, vicar of Thaxted, Essex, 1859.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Symonds, Henry

From volume 4 of the work.
​Symonds, Henry, 8s. (sic) John, of Oxford (city), gent. Magdalen Hall, matric. 18 Feb., 1836, aged 18; B.A. 1840, M.A. 1842, curate of St. Mary-in-the-Marsh, Norfolk, 1843-60, minor canon and precentor of Norwich 1844-74, rector of Tivetshall 1874.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Symonds, John (1)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Symonds, John, s. Thomas, of Sellack, co. Hereford, arm. Trinity Coll., matric. 2 June, 1747, aged 17; brother of Thomas 1738, of William 1733, and of Robert 1740.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Sparks, William Blencowe

From volume 4 of the work.
​Sparks, William Blencowe, 1s. William, of Crewkerne, Somerset, gent. Exeter Coll., matric. 29 May, 1860, aged 18; B.A. 1863. M.A. 1869.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Sparrow, Alan Bertram Hanbury

From volume 4 of the work.
​Sparrow, Alan Bertram Hanbury, 4s. Arthur, of Penn, Salop, arm. Oriel Coll., matric. 29 April, 1882, aged 19; B.A. 1885.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Sparks, Edward Isaac

From volume 4 of the work.
​Sparks, Edward Isaac, 2s. William, of Crewkerne, Somerset, arm. Corpus Christi Coll., matric. 21 Oct., 1862, aged 19; B.A. 1866, B.Med. & M.A. 1870, died in 1880.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Sparling, John

From volume 4 of the work.
​Sparling, John, y.s. William, of Petton, Salop, arm. Oriel Coll., matric. 13 June, 1833, aged 17; B.A. 1837, M.A. 1841, rector of Eccleston, Lancashire, 1854-83.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Sparling, Hart Davis Draper

From volume 4 of the work.
​Sparling, Hart Davis Draper, 2s. William, of Colchester, Essex, gent. Worcester Coll., matric. 3 Feb., 1831, aged 18; B.A. from Pembroke Coll. 1837.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Sparks, William

From volume 4 of the work.
​Sparks, William, s, John, of Haverfordwest, co. Pembroke, pleb. St. Alban Hall, matric. 11 July, 1788, aged 21.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Sparks, William Ramsay

From volume 4 of the work.
​Sparks, William Ramsay, o.s. William, of Dunoon, co. Argyle, gent. Exeter Coll., matric. 15 Oct., 1869, aged 19; Symes scholar 1872, B.A. 1872, held various curacies 1873-82, rector of Somerby, co. Lincoln, 1882-3, perp. curate Carrington, Notts, 1883. See Coll. Reg., 165.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Sparks, Frederick

From volume 4 of the work.
​Sparks, Frederick, 4s. George Davis, of Newport, co. Monmouth, cler. Worcester Coll., matric. 16 Oct., 1866, aged 19; scholar 1866-71, B.A. 1870, math. lecturer 1870-4, chaplain 1871-4, curate of St. Andrew's, Plymouth, and assistant-master Plymouth College 1877-85.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Sparling, William

From volume 4 of the work.
​Sparling, William, s. John, of Liverpool, Lancashire, arm. Oriel Coll., matric. 22 Oct., 1794, aged 17; of Petton Park, Salop, high sheriff 1809, sometime of 10th hussars, died in 1870, father of John. See Eton School Lists.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Sparks, Edward Tickell Bayley

From volume 4 of the work.
​Sparks, Edward Tickell Bayley, 3s. James, of Byfleet, Surrey, arm. Christ Church, matric. 31 May, 1860, aged 17; B.A. 1864.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Young, Allen Allicocke

From volume 4 of the work.
​Young, Allen Allicocke, 1s. Allen Allicocke, of Isham, Northants, arm. Exeter Coll., matric. 22 May, 1850, aged 17; sometime lieutenant 73rd foot, brother of Richard N.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Young, Aretas William Charles

From volume 4 of the work.
​Young, Aretas William Charles, 1s. Henry Edward Fox, of Adelaide, Australia, equitis. University Coll., matric. 17 Oct., 1868, aged 19; B.A. 1871, bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 1873, lecturer on law of real property Adelaide University 1883. See Foster's Men at the Bar.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Young, Benjamin

From volume 4 of the work.
​Young, Benjamin, s. George, of St. Aldate's, Oxford (city), gent. St. Edmund Hall, matric. 6 July, 1814, aged 17; B.A. 1820. See Gent.'s Mag., 1843, i. 546.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Youle, William Edward

From volume 4 of the work.
​Youle, William Edward, o.s. Frederick, of Dalston, Middlesex, gent. St. John's Coll., matric. 14 Oct., 1871, aged 21; B.A. from St. Alban Hall 1880.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Young, Alexander (2)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Young, Alexander, 3s. Adam, of London, gent. Pembroke Coll., matric. 23 Oct., 1872, aged 19; a student of Lincoln's Inn 1875, died in 1879.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Young, (Sir) Charles Lawrence (Bart.)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Young, (Sir) Charles Lawrence (Bart.), 1s. William, of Hughenden, Bucks, baronet. New Coll., matric. 23 March, 1858, aged 18; B.A. 1862, 7th baronet, bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 1865, author of 'Jim the Penman,' died 12 Sep., 1887. See Foster's Baronetage & Men at the Bar.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Youde, Thomas Watkin

From volume 4 of the work.
​Youde, Thomas Watkin, s. Thomas, of Rhuabon, co. Denbigh, cler. Hertford Coll., matric. 21 Oct., 1795, aged 20; of Clochfaen, co. Montgomery, high sheriff 1816, and of Plas Madog, co. Denbigh, died in 1821, brother of Charles M.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Young, Alexander (1)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Young, Alexander, 1s. George, of Edinburgh, arm. (after a lord of session in Scotland). Christ Church, matric. 18 Oct., 1867, aged 18; B.A. 1871, bar.-at-law, Middle Temple, 1874, and of Lincoln's Inn ('ad eundem') 1876. See Foster's Men at the Bar.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Young, Alfred Joseph Karney

From volume 4 of the work.
​Young, Alfred Joseph Karney, 2s. William Alexander George, of Columbia, arm. Magdalen Coll., matric. 24 Jan., 1884, aged 18; B.A. 1887, a student of the Inner Temple 1885.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Young, (Sir) William Lawrence (Bart.)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Young, (Sir) William Lawrence (Bart.), s. William, of London, baronet. Brasenose Coll., matric. 15 Nov., 1794, aged 16; 3rd baronet, lieut.-colonel Bucks militia, died 3 Nov., 1824, father of Henry Tufnell. See Foster's Baronetage.
# American Anthropologist/Volume 24

Index page: American_Anthropologist_NS_vol._24.djvu

## No. 4 (October-December)

* The Witch-Cult in Western Europe: A Study in Anthropology. Margaret Alice Murray. Oxford University Press, 1921 by Edwin Meyer Loeb
# American Archives

* related portals: American Revolution.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Nine volumes of source documents related to the American Revolution. No volumes were published in Series 1–3.
Series 4:
* Volume 1 (scans)
* Volume 2 (scans)
* Volume 3
* Volume 4
* Volume 5
* Volume 6
Series 5:
* Volume 1
* Volume 2 (scans)
* Volume 3
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# American Archives/Series 4/Volume 1

Scans
* October 7, 1774
* Boston Port Act
* Massachusetts Government Act
* Administration of Justice Act
* Quartering Act of 1774
* Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress
* Continental Association
* Address to the People of Great Britain
* To the Inhabitants of the Several Anglo-American Colonies
* Petition to the King
* Conciliatory Resolution