# Proposed Electronic Calculator/Chapter 1

​1. Introductory.
Calculating machinery in the past has been designed to carry out accurately and moderately quickly small parts of calculations which frequently recur. The four processes addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, together perhaps with sorting and interpolation, cover all that could be done until quite recently, if we except machines of the nature of the differential analyser and wind tunnels, etc. which operate by measurement rather than by calculation.
It is intended that the electronic calculator now proposed should be different in that it will tackle whole problems. Instead of repeatedly using human labour for taking material out of the machine and putting it back at the appropriate moment all this will be looked after by the machine itself. This arrangement has very many advantages.
(1) The speed of the machine is no longer limited by the speed of the human operator.
(2) The human element of fallibility is eliminated, although it may to an extent be replaced by mechanical fallibility.
(3) Very much more complicated processes can be carried out than could easily be dealt with by human labour.
Once the human brake is removed the increase in speed is enormous. For example, it is intended that multiplication of two ten figure numbers shall be carried out in 500 μs. This is probably about 20,000 times faster than the normal speed with calculating machines.
It is evident that if the machine is to do all that is done by the normal human operator it must be provided with the analogues of three things, viz. firstly, the computing paper on which the computer writes down his results and his rough workings; secondly, the instructions as to what processes are to be applied; these the computer will normally carry in his head; thirdly, the function tables used by the computer must be available in appropriate form to the machine. These requirements all involve storage of information or mechanical memory. This is not the place for a detailed discussion of the various kinds of storage available and the considerations which govern their usefulness and which limit what we can expect. For the present let us only remark that the memory needs to be very large indeed by comparison with standards which prevail in most valve and relay work, and that it is necessary therefore to look for some more economical form of storage.
​It is intended that the setting up of the machine for new problems shall be virtually only a matter of paper work. Besides the paper work nothing will have to be done except to prepare a pack of Hollerith cards in accordance with this paper work, and to pass them through a card reader connected with the machine. There will positively be no internal alterations to be made even if we wish suddenly to switch from calculating the energy levels of the neon atom to the enumeration of groups of order 720. It may appear somewhat puzzling that this can be done. How can one expect a machine to do all this multitudinous variety of things? The answer is that we should consider the machine as doing something quite simple, namely carrying out orders given to it in a standard form which it is able to understand.
The actual calculation done by the machine will be carried out in the binary scale. Material will however be put in and taken out in decimal form.
In order to obtain high speeds of calculation the calculator will be entirely electronic. A unit operation (typified by adding one and one) will take 1 microsecond. It is not thought wise to design for higher speeds than this as yet.
The present report gives a fairly complete account of the proposed calculator. It is recommended however that it be read in conjunction with J. von Neumann's ‘Report on the EDVAC’.