OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Suttee

See also Sati (practice) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Suttee (sŭt-tē′), meaning a virtuous wife, a once common usage of India, in accordance with which, on the death of her husband, the faithful widow burned herself on the funeral-pyre with her husband's body, or, if he died at a distance, was burned on a pyre of her own. The custom was practiced in India as early as the time of Alexander the Great, and was grounded by the Hindus on sacred books and laws of theirs. But no countenance to this barbarous rite can be found in the oldest and most sacred Brahman books. Nevertheless suttee, though not enforced on an unwilling victim and not practiced except in certain castes and families of old descent, was made almost necessary for well-born widows by the force of public opinion, unless they were willing to risk their own happiness here and hereafter. The rite came from a belief, common to many savage races, that it was well to send wives, slaves, horses, favorite weapons etc. with great men into the other world, by burying them with them, burning them or slaying them at their tomb. In 1823 about 900 widows were burned in India. In 1829, through the efforts of Lord William Bentinck, any encouragement of suttee was made murder. The custom is now rarely practiced.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Swansea

See also Swansea on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Swansea (swŏn′sḗ), a seaport of Wales, on Tawe River, 45 miles northwest of Cardiff, is the most important city of South Wales. Its growth is due to its tin-plate manufacture, two thirds of the British output being manufactured here. It also is the principal seat of copper-smelting in Great Britain, and in its vicinity are extensive coal-mines. It has large docks, covering 60 acres, a good harbor, and is several hours nearer the open sea than any other considerable port on Bristol Channel. The McKinley tariff greatly injured Swansea's tin-plate trade. Its charter dates from the days of King John. A tower is still standing of the castle built here by the Earl of Warwick in 1099. Population 114,673.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Swedenborg, Emanuel

See also Emanuel Swedenborg on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Swe′denborg, Eman′uel, was born at Stockholm, Sweden, Jan. 29, 1688, the son of a bishop and of noble family. He graduated at the University of Upsala, and, after four years travel, was given a position in the College of Mines by Carl XII, who became his friend. For some years he busied himself in writing a host of scientific works, mainly practical, on bridges, air-guns, docks, blood-circulation, copper-manufacturing, etc. Suddenly his scientific work stopped, and in 1749-56 appeared a Latin work which he called Heavenly Secrets. He announced that the Lord had appeared to him and sent him to be the herald of a new church and that his office was to interpret the word of God according to its true meaning. The New Jerusalem and Its Heavenly Doctrine and many other theological works followed. Swedenborg made no effort to found a church, but confined himself to the work of announcing the new doctrines which were to be its basis. As a man he was modest and retiring, genial and happy, and lived a most simple and quiet life. He died at London, March 20, 1772. Since his death, religious societies have been founded on Swedenborg's teachings, and are banded together in America as the general convention, in England as the general conference, of the New Church. Consult Wilkinson's Life and compare Emerson's essay in Representative Men.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Susquehanna River

See also Susquehanna River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Sus′quehan′na River is formed by two branches. The north branch, 350 miles long, rises in Schuyler Lake in central New York; the west branch, 250 miles long, in the Alleghany Mountains. The two unite at Northumberland, Pa., and the river flows south to Harrisburg, southeast into Maryland and, after a further course of 150 miles, into the northern end of Chesapeake Bay. It is a shallow stream, much broken by rapids. In the spring immense quantities of lumber are floated down. Canals have been dug along its banks for 125 miles along the northern branch, and for 124 miles along the western branch. Its lower course is noted for ducks and other wild-fowl. Its chief branch is the Juniata. The Susquehanna is also noted for its wild and picturesque scenery.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sweatshops

See also Sweatshop on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Sweatshops. The sweating-system is the engagement of men, women and children by a contractor to produce goods for the wholesale dealer, on which the workers are paid by the piece and the price is made as low as possible. It is called sweating because, as Charles Kingsley in 1850 first showed the world, it enables the contractor to keep cutting the price so low that even the ablest can just live by unceasing toil, while the less able, spurred to their utmost efforts, are often forced to go into debt to the contractor and thus to work for him, on his terms, at their utmost capacity until they can work no longer. Kingsley's revelations were followed by investigations. But the system has not been stopped. A congressional investigation in 1892 showed that 30% of all clothing manufactured in this country was made under the sweating system, under the following conditions: The sweating is done either in a “den,” a room hired by the contractor, without any provisions suitable for a crowd of different sexes, and filled to its utmost capacity by people who can not afford to be clean or to stop working if sick; or else at home, where the garments or cigars are often handled by consumptives and filth abounds among the wretched toilers. They in many cases work 15 hours a day, seven days to the week. The chief products of “sweating” are garments, cigars, candy and bread. In recent years many states have taken measures to insure the decent condition of bake-shops and of places where candy is manufactured. New York has a law forbidding the manufacture of garments in bed-rooms or eating-rooms. In Illinois such a law is proposed, with the provision that if broken it is the contractor who engaged work in such a place that must ​pay the penalty. It is comparatively easy to secure decent conditions in the “den,” through factory-laws, which many states have passed. The matter has not yet received proper attention, however, in any state, unless in Massachusetts. The only way to secure proper wages is the formation of trade-unions among the workers, but this has been found very difficult, in view of the cheap labor poured into our cities from foreign countries. The action of the National Consumer's League in allowing its label to be placed only on goods made under decent conditions of work and of wages and in pledging its members to give the preference to such goods has produced some result, probably, and only requires that all consumers support it.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Indigo

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​In'digo, an important vegetable dyestuff, yielding a dye of a deep and lasting blue; the basis also for the best black dye in woolen goods. It has been used in India from an early period, and was imported by the Greeks and Romans. It is obtained from a shrubby plant two or three feet high, with rounded leaves and pale-red flowers, belonging to the family of the bean. At the time of harvest the plant must be three months old and in blossom. The plants are cut down, but soon shoot up again, and yield a second and often a third cutting in one year. Bengal is the chief seat of the indigo trade, and large quantities are imported into our own country and Great Britain. Artificial indigo is now made on a large scale, in Germany, from coal-tar products.
# The New Student's Reference Work/India-Rubber

See also Rubber on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
India-Rub′ber or Gum Elas′tic is a substance found in the milky juice of certain plants in tropical and subtropical countries. The principal tree from which it is obtained is tall and graceful. Its appearance is well-known, and the glossy leaves have been seen on small trees grown in pots as ornamental plants. Some of the properties of india-rubber must have been known in America at a very early period, for it is related by travelers as early as Columbus’ second voyage that the Haitians made balls of the “gum of a tree,” which bounced better than the wind-balls of Spain. India-rubber was first imported for rubbing out from paper marks made with black lead (1770), whence its name. In 1820 it began to be used in the many useful ways in which we find it to-day. It is gathered by making cuts in the trunks of the trees. In a few hours the juice fills the clay basins placed to receive it. A good tree will yield four ounces of juice daily and twenty gallons in a season. A gallon will produce two pounds of good rubber. It is made solid by drying in the sun or in other ways. To purify the raw material, it is boiled and pressed through powerful machines, rolled out into thin plates and then dried the second time. One pound of rubber will make 32,000 yards of thread. Pure rubber is very little used now, but in its vulcanized state the uses to which it is put are innumerable. The process of vulcanizing rubber, which has made it available for many purposes, was discovered by Goodyear (q. v.), and consists in heating the pure rubber with sulphur, which hardens it. It is used in making shoes, cloth, belting, tires, hose, washers, tobacco-pouches, combs, chains, bracelets, paper-knives, furniture, rails and paving. There have been many efforts to obtain a substitute for India-rubber, as the raw material is expensive, but so far without success.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Indian Ocean

See also Indian Ocean on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​In′dian Ocean, one of the five great divisions of the universal ocean and the third in size, lies south of Asia, between Africa, the Antarctic Ocean, Australia and the Indian Archipelago. It gradually narrows from south to north, and is divided by the peninsula of India into the Bay of Bengal on the east and the Arabian Sea on the west; the latter branching off again into two arms, the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. In early history the Indian Ocean was known as the Erythræan Sea. The Phœnicians were familiar with this ocean at a very early date, and, as a channel of commerce by the navies of King Solomon, it came to be the first ocean crossed for trade. In the 9th century the Arabs made frequent voyages across the ocean, crossing the Bay of Bengal into the China Sea. Many small islands dot its waters, but the only large ones are Madagascar and Ceylon. The Euphrates, Tigris, Indus, Ganges and Irrawaddi Rivers from Asia and the Zambezi from Africa flow into it.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Indian Territory

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​Indian Territory. See Oklahoma.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Indicator

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In′dica′tor (steam-engine), an instrument for drawing automatically a figure showing the instantaneous expansions and also the corresponding pressures of the steam in a steam-engine cylinder. The figure is called an indicator diagram. The expansion of the steam multiplied by the pressure gives the work the steam is doing. By letting vertical distances represent volumes, the area of the figure equals average pressure times change of volume or area equals work done.
A STEAM-ENGINE INDICATOR
The common indicator is due to Richards. It consists of a small cylinder which can be connected to the cylinder of the steam-engine. The pressure of the steam acts on the piston in the indicator cylinder and compresses a spiral spring. The amount of this compression is indicated by a pointer and measures the pressure. The pointer moves up and down with the changes of pressure, tracing a line on a paper wound on a small drum. This drum is attached to the piston-rod of the engine, so that it rotates backward and forward with the motion of the piston. But the position of the engine piston gives the volumes of the steam in the cylinder. The pointer thus traces a figure in which horizontal changes represent expansions or changes in volumes and vertical distances represent changes in pressure. The indicator diagram is used to study the performance of the valves of an engine and also to calculate the work the steam is doing. This is called indicated power as distinguished from brake-power, which is the power ​
CHIEF YELLOW BOY GIVING THE PEACE SIGN
Note that he has dropped his cartridge belt and war bonnet at his feet
delivered at the fly-wheel. The brake-power is the indicated power less the losses by friction and similar causes in the engine.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Indian Archipelago

See also Malay Archipelago on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​In′dian or Malay′ Arch′ipel′ago is the most important system of island groups in the world. It is bounded on the north by the China Sea, on the east by the Pacific, south and west by Australia and the Indian Ocean. There are three principal groups, the first comprising the Molucca Islands, Spice Islands and the Philippines; the second including Sumatra, Java and the Sunda Islands; the third being made up of Borneo, the Celebes and smaller islands. The chief islands for trade are Java, Sumatra, the Moluccas and Borneo. Native rajahs or princes rule over several of the islands, which are inhabited by Malays, but most of the islands belong to the Dutch. The main products are sugar, coffee, indigo, rice and tea. Gum elastic, resin, pepper, rattans, drugs, ivory and opium are also exported. Fine timber trees abound, and the vegetation is most luxuriant. See Malay Archipelago by Wallace and History of Java by Raffles.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Indigo Bird

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​Indigo Bird, a bird about the size of a canary, common in the United States and belonging to the finch family. The male is indigo-blue, "the bluest bird that flies in North America," the female a dull brown color and difficult to distinguish from several other small birds. Although naturally shy, they breed near habitations. The nest is often placed in low bramble or brier bushes. They arrive in May and depart for tropical America in September. During the time of their sojourn, the male keeps up a merry and almost continuous singing. In the warmest weather, even in the heat of midday, he is not daunted, but continues his song.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Indianapolis

See also Indianapolis, Indiana on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Indianap′olis, the capital and largest city of Indiana, is situated on the west fork of White River, on a level plain near the center of the state, 185 miles from Chicago. It is a regularly built and beautiful city, with a handsome state-house and other public institutions. Its annual expenditure for public schools is in the neighborhood of $700,000, and the value of its public school property is close upon $2,500,000. There are seven parks. Indianapolis is one of the chief railroad centers, 15 lines centering here.  The trade in agricultural products is very considerable; milling and pork-packing are the leading industries, and its stock-yards cover 100 acres. The site was chosen in 1820, when the plain was covered with a dense forest. It has large grain-elevators and flouring-mills; and its manufacturing establishments, which include extensive rolling-mills, meat-packing establishments, iron works, foundries and machine-shops, carriage-works, cotton and woolen mills etc., employ over 20,000 hands. Population 233,650.
# The Poetics

English-language translations of Περὶ ποιητικῆς include:
* The Poetic of Aristotle - 1850 translation by Theodore Alois Buckley (1825–1856)
* The Poetics - 1898 translation by Ingram Bywater
* The Poetics - 1922 translation by S. H. Butcher - Aristotelian texts:. Analysis (table of contents):
* Poetics (Pye) - translation by Henry James Pye
# The Poetics translated by S. H. Butcher

THE
POETICS OF ARISTOTLE
EDITED
WITH CRITICAL NOTES AND A TRANSLATION
BY
S. H. BUTCHER,
HON. D.LITT. OXFORD; HON. LITT.D. DUBLIN, MANCHESTER HON. LL.D. ST. ANDREWS, GLASGOW, EDINBURGH
FOURTH EDITION
MACMILLAN AND CO. LIMITED ST. MARTINS STREET, LONDON 1922
COPYRIGHT
First Edition 1895. Second Edition 1898 Third Edition 1902. Fourth Edition 1907 Reprinted 1911, 1917, 1920, 1922
Printed in Great Britain by R. & R. Clark. Limited. Edinburgh.
CONTENTS
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kinglets

See also Kinglet on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* Ruby-Crowned Kinglet
* Sitkan Kinglet
King′lets are tiny, gray-green, active birds with brilliant spot on crown and with power of song out of all proportion to their size. The ruby-crowned kinglet is distributed through out North America, breeds in the far north, and is seen chiefly in fall, winter and early spring. The call-note is thin, and gives no hint of the rich melody of the song. Though so tiny, the bird is not shy, seldom allows an intruder to interrupt it in its business of hunting for insects and larvæ, in which it seems constantly at work. It is considerably smaller than the English sparrow, olive-green above, light yellowish-gray below, wing-bars whitish. It builds in evergreen forests, its nest surprisingly large, woven of moss, plant-fiber, and strips of fiber and lined with soft, warm material. The golden-crowned kinglet seldom keeps still long enough to allow the observer opportunity to study it in detail. But two of our birds are smaller, the humming-bird and the winter-wren. Its range is North America generally. See Blanchan’s Bird Neighbors.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kipling, Rudyard

See also Rudyard Kipling on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Kip′ling, Rudyard, an author of wide celebrity, was born at Bombay, India, in 1865, his father being in the English civil service. He was educated in England and, returning to India, became assistant-editor of the Lahore Gazette, and later filled a like post on the Allahabad Pioneer, to both of which he contributed many of his interesting sketches of Anglo-Indian life. His Plain Tales from the Hills (1888), followed by Soldiers Three, The Seven Seas, Barrack-Room Ballads, The Light that Failed, Departmental Ditties, Captains Courageous, Phantom Rickshaw, Under the Deodars and In Black and White, made him known as a writer of masterly short stories and brilliant verse. He married an American, Miss Balestier, of Brattleboro, Vt., where he lived for a time. He has since traveled extensively in China and Japan, in South Africa and in Australasia, and on his return from the scenes of the Boer war he resumed his residence in England, at Rottingdean, near Brighton. His writings grow apace, and are received with increasing favor by those who recognize his versatile genius. Especially is he admired throughout the British empire by those who value his militant patriotism, and see in him the uncrowned laureate of the empire. In his Recessional and McAndrew’s Hymn Kipling touched a deeper note than in his novels, as also in some of his other poems and more thoughtful verse. Among his recent notable works are The Day’s Work, Kim, The Jungle Books, Wee Willie Winkie and Puck of Pook’s Hill.
See the works of this author.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kirkpatrick, Sir George Airey

See also George Airey Kirkpatrick on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Kirkpatrick, Sir George Airey, was born in Kingston, of Irish parentage, in 1841. He graduated from Trinity College, Dublin. At one time he was president of the Canada Locomotive Works and the Dominion Rifle Association. He was first elected to the House of Commons in 1872, was re-elected several times, and was elected speaker in 1883. Later he was appointed lieutenant-governor of Ontario, and his term was extended because of his acceptable services. He died in 1889.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kingston, N. Y.

See also Kingston, New York on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Kingston, N. Y., county-seat of Ulster County, stands on the right bank of the Hudson, 54 miles south of Albany and 88 north of New York. It is a railroad and canal terminus, and is the center of an extensive transit trade by steamer. Beside being the terminus of the Ontario and Western, Ulster and Delaware and Wallkill Valley railroads, Kingston may be reached by the West Shore or by the N. Y. C. and H. R. railroad. Enormous quantities of bluestone “flag” are forwarded from Kingston, which also is the center of the hydraulic cement business, and contains breweries, foundries, brickyards, cigar-factories, shirt-factories and other manufactories. Population 25,908.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kingston (Ontario)

See also Kingston, Ontario on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Kingston, a city of Ontario, Canada (population 19,000), is situated at the head of the Thousand Islands of the St. Lawrence River. Lake and river steamships call daily. The Grand Trunk and Canadian Pacific Railways reach it. Historically the city is of great interest, since it shared the earliest settlement of the province. Count Frontenac’s guard 234 years ago watched over his camp where the city now stands. This historic ground is part of La Salle’s seigneury which was granted to him by the king of France. He built a fort near by, which stood the ravages of time from 1677 to 1820. Kingston is closely associated with the history of the great explorer. Fort Frontenac was built to secure the traffic for French merchants and make it easy to extend New France westwards. In 1751 the first armed vessel on Lake Ontario was built at Fort Frontenac. The dream of La Salle was never realized. In 1841 Lord Sydenham selected Kingston as the capital of the united provinces of upper and lower Canada. He opened the first Parliament of united Canada in that year in Kingston. Kingston held the honor of being the capital city for three years only. In the manufacture of locomotives, cars, steam engines and agricultural implements Kingston holds a high place. Its educational advantages are excellent. Queens University and Kingston School of Mining are institutions of first importance. The university prospered greatly under the presidency of the Reverend George M. Grant, and that prosperity continues under the guidance of President Gordon, D. D. Queens has given many prominent men to Canada.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kioto

See also Kyoto on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Kio′to or Kyoto is a city of Japan on the island of Hondo or Honshu. It is an inland city, and owes its present importance chiefly to the large number of religious shrines it contains, to the many forms of art that are produced there in the highest excellence and to the Imperial University. In 1908 its population was 442,462, and it is increasing in size. From 794 to 1868 it was the capital of Japan, losing this distinction with the fall of the shogunate and the rise of new Japan.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert

See also Gustav Kirchhoff on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Kirchhoff (kĭrk′ hṓf), Gustav Robert, a distinguished German mathematical physicist, was born at Königsberg, Prussia, in 1824. He began teaching at Berlin in 1848, but in 1850 was called to Breslau to an extraordinary professorship. In 1854 he accepted the professorship of physics at the University of Heidelberg, where, in 1859, in conjunction with Bunsen (q. v.) he published his epoch-making paper on spectrum analysis. Besides this, his most important work, perhaps, is his determination of resistance in absolute measure, his discovery of the laws governing the distribution of electric currents in a network of conductors and his mathematical papers on elasticity and optics. In 1870 he was called to Berlin. He died at Berlin, Oct. 17, 1887. See Life by Boltzmann.