# Letter Circular 454: Hues of the Spectrum Colors

| DBJ:AEH IV-3 | U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. WASHINGTON | Letter Circular LC-454 |
November 6,1953
HUES OF THE SPECTRUM COLORS
The characteristic apperance of the visible spectrum is a series of chromatic colors varying from dim red through orange, yellow, brilliant yellow-green, green, blue, to dim violet. The brightest part of the normal equal-energy spectrum under usual observing conditions is at 555 millimicrons (yellowish green), and from this point toward both longer and shorter wave lengths the brightness progressively diminishes.
If color differences due to variation in brightness are left out of account, the re still remain more than one thousand parts of the spectrum which can be distinguished by hue and saturation alone under suitable observing conditions. An appreciable part of these one thousand distinguishable steps is ascribable to saturation difference. For example, spectrum red is a much more saturated color than spectrum yellow, and there are many more steps between spectrum yellow and spectrum red than there are between spectrum yellow and a red color of the same saturation; a considerable part of the difference between spectrum red and spectrum yellow is, the refore, a difference in saturation. The part of the spectrum having the least saturated color is at 570 millimicrons (greenish yellow)
Strictly speaking, the appearance of the spectrum is var- iable depending chiefly on the following factors which will be discussed in turn:
1. Color Vision of the Observer. To the totally color blind observer, the spectrum appears as a band of achromaticlight varying from very dim at one end through a maximum brilliance near the center back to very dim at the other end; it exhibits no hue whatsoever. To the observer who has inherited partial color blindness (red-green blindness), the spectrum exhibits only two hues; it consists of a long-wave band appearing yellow and of a short-wave band appearing blue, the two bands being separated by an achromatic or neutral point.
To the normal observer, the spectrum appears as indicated above, but such observers disagree somewhat in their descriptions of the spectrum and there is reason to believe that the appearance of the spectrum varies slightly from one normal observer to another.
2. Size and Location of the Retinal Region Stimulated. Portions of the normal retina moderately distant from the center (point of most distinct vision) frequently respond as if red-green blind; the extreme periphery under ordinary conditions is totally color blind.
​3. Retinal Illumination. If the spectrum is very weak so that the retina receives only twilight illumination, its appearance will be the same to the normal as to the totally color blind observer. If the spectrum is very strong so as to be dazzling, it likewise exhibits no hue. Just weaker than the dazzle stage, it appears predominantly yellow and blue, and just stronger than the twilight stage, it appears predominantly red, green, and violet. At intermediate retinal illuminations, it takes on the characteristic appearance, but the appearance depends on the particular illumination.
4. Pre-exposure Stimulus. The spectrum looks different to a dark adapted eye than to a light adapted; to a red adapted eye than to a green, and so on.
In the work to be summarized, the observers were either presumed to be normal or found by test not to be seriously anomalous; they looked directly at the spectrum so that a region near the center of the retina was used; the spectrum was neither too weak nor too strong to prohibit the characteristic appearance, and the pre-exposure stimulus was darkness, sunlight, overcast-sky light, or some other stimulus which was presumed not to introduce chromatic fatigue. Within these limits various observing conditions were used. The lack of agreement is to be ascribed to the se variations, to individual differences between the observers, and to the usual experimental error which prevents an observer from duplicating his results exactly even though observing conditions are identical.
The following table gives the wave lengths corresponding to red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet, and their intermediates according to various authorities. The entries have been arranged chronologically. The average values given are equally-weighted arithmetical means. No average wave length for red is given because some of the authorities state that pure red is not to be found in the spectrum, spectrum red being reported as slightly orange. For the same reason no maximum value of wave length for red could be given, nor any average or minimum values for violet.
Bibliography.
* H. v. Helmholtz, Handb. d. Physiol. Optik, p. 236 (1866).
* W. v. Bezold, Die Farbenlehre, pp. 24-27 (1874).
* J. C. Donders, Farbengleichungen, Arch. f. (Anat. u.) Physiol., 533-535 (1884).
* O. N. Rood, Modern Chromatics, p. 26 (1890).
* H. Voeste, Messende Versuche über die Qualitatsänderungen der Spectralfarben in Folge von Ermüdung der Netzhaut, Z. Psychol. u. Physiol. d. Sinnesorg., 18, 257 (1898). ​
* L. v. Kries and E. Schottelius, Beitrag zur Lehre vom Farbengedächtnis, Zs. f. Sinnesphysiol., 42, 192-200 (1907).
* H. Westphal, Unmittelbare Bestimmung der Urfarben, Zs. f. Sinne sphysiol., 44, 182-230 (1909).
* E. Dreher, Methodische Untersuchung der Farbtonänderungen homogener Lichter bei zunehmend indirektem Sehen und veränderter Intensität, Zs. f. Sinne sphysiol., 46, 48, 54 (1911).
* R. Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, p. 7 (1912).
* L. Goldytsch, Messende Untersuchungen über die Gelbvalenzen spektraler roter Lichter mit Hilfe einer neuer Methode, Zs. f. Biol., 67, 43, 50 (1916).
* M. Bradley, Color Primer, p. 12 (1920).
* H. Goldmann, Über Dauerwirkungen farbiger Lichter auf das Auge, Pflüger's Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 210, 70-115 (1925).
* I. G. Priest, unpublished work at the National Bureau of Standards (1926).
* A. Brückner, Zur Frage der Eichung von Farbensystemen,Zs. f. Sinne sphysiol., 58, 331 (1927).
* G. Shubert, Sind urfarbige Lichterpaare komplementär?, Pflüger's Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 220, 82 (1928).
* Le Roy D. Weld, Some Observations on Spectral Color Discrimination, Iowa Acad. Sci., 39, 209 (1932).
* H. P. Gage, Report of Limits of Hue, Freliminary Draft by the Committee on Color Names (unpublished), Inter-Society Color Council, 1933.
* H. P. J. Verbeek and M. L. Bazen, Distribution of the Chief Colours in the Spectrum, Physica, II, 4, 380 (1935).
| Authority | Date | Wave Length in Millimicrons. | Wave Length in Millimicrons. | Wave Length in Millimicrons. | Wave Length in Millimicrons. | Wave Length in Millimicrons. | Wave Length in Millimicrons. | Wave Length in Millimicrons. | Wave Length in Millimicrons. | Wave Length in Millimicrons. | Wave Length in Millimicrons. | Wave Length in Millimicrons. |
| Authority | Date | Red | R-0 | Orange | O-Y | Yellow | Y-G | Green | G-B | Blue | B-V | Violet |
| Helmholtz | 1866 | 687 | 656 | | | | | | | | 431 | |
| Bezold | 1874 | | 656 | | 589 | 578 | 558 | 532 | 502 | 468 | 432 | |
| Donders | 1884 | | | | | 582 | | 533 | | 485 | | |
| Rood | 1890 | 700 | 621 | 597 | 588 | 581 | | 527 | 502 | 437 | 438 | 406 |
| Voeste | 1902 | | | | | 577 | | 498 | | 476 | | |
| V. kries | 1907 | | | | | 574 | | 503 | | | | |
| Westphal | 1909 | | | | | 574 | | 506 | | 479 | | |
| Dreher | 1911 | | | | | 575 | | 509 | | 477 | | |
| Ridgway | 1912 | 644 | | 598 | | 577 | | 520 | | 473 | | 410 |
| Goldytsch | 1916 | | | | | | | | | 468 | | |
| Bradley | 1920 | 656 | | 608 | | 579 | | 514 | | 469 | | 421 |
| Goldmann | 1922 | | | | | 568 | | 504 | | 468 | | |
| Priest | 1926 | 680 | | | | 583 | | 515 | | 475 | | |
| Brückner | 1927 | | | | | 578 | | 498 | | 471 | | |
| Shubert | 1928 | | | | | 574 | | 500 | | 467 | | |
| Weld | 1932 | | 622 | | 597 | | 577 | | 492 | | 456 | |
| Gage | 1933 | | 625 | | 600 | | | | | | | |
| Verbeek | 1935 | | 605 | 598 | 587 | 580 | 569 | 530 | 496 | | | |
| Maximum | | | 656 | 608 | 600 | 583 | 577 | 535 | 502 | 485 | 456 | 421 |
| Average | | | 631 | 600 | 592 | 577 | 568 | 515 | 498 | 473 | 439 | |
| Minimum | | 644 | 605 | 597 | 587 | 568 | 558 | 498 | 492 | 467 | 431 | |