OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Aviation Accident Report: Pan American Airways Flight 517-518

File No. 5105-41
REPORT OF THE CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD of the Investigation of an Accident Involving Aircraft in Scheduled Air Carrier Operation
An accident which resulted in extensive damage to a Boeing model 314 flying boat, NC 18601, owned and operated by Pan American Airways, Inc., occurred at Apra Harbor, Guam, about 11:00 p.m. G.C.T. on August 16, 1941. No injuries were sustained by any of the 29 revenue passengers, the 16 non-revenue passengers, or the crew of 10. The crew included Captain Henry J. Chase, Copilot Edwin Davis Avary, and Third Officer R. N. Brown, each of whom was properly certificated and appropriately rated. The other members of the crew were R. C. Campbell, Second Officer, R. N. Goodson, First Engineer, J. B. Parrish, Second Engineer, P. Williams, First Radio Officer, R. B. Hanley, Second Radio Officer, and William Murray and A. Chanco, Flight Stewards.
The flight, designated by Pan American Airways, Inc., as Trip 517-518, had originated at San Francisco and was returning to that point from Singapore. A landing had been made at Guam, which was one of several intermediate stops. Because of unfavorable take-off conditions, consisting of heavy swells in the outer harbor, light wind (6 to 8 knots) and heavy load (28 pounds less than the maximum permitted), the attempted take-off from Guam was delayed about 2½ hours. When the take-off was attempted, a runway in the inner harbor, protected from heavy swells, was used. This runway has a clear channel about 6000 feet long. Uncertain that he could accomplish the take-off in this distance, Captain Chase decided that unless he should become airborne before reaching it, he would discontinue the attempt at a pre-selected point where he still would have adequate space to come to a safe stop. The spot he chose for discontinuing the take-off was judged by a buoy, the location of which was misinterpreted because, unknown to Captain Chase, a similar buoy was absent from its proper place. This confusion in the channel markings led the copilot to prolong his take-off attempt 200 years beyond the intended point, and, in bringing his craft to a stop, the captain failed to clear a coral shoal which damaged the bottom of the hull.
BY THE BOARD
Secretary
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Aviation Accident Report: Pathfinder Flying Service accident on 19 December 1942

Adopted: January 10, 1944
File No. 2991-42
REPORT OF THE CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD on the Investigation of an Accident Involving Aircraft During a Local Practice Flight
Howard Hans Petersen was fatally injured in an accident which occurred approximately one mile south of Minden Airport, Minden, Nevada, at about 4:30 p.m. on December 19, 1942. Petersen was a Naval Reserve trainee in the War Training Service secondary course. He held a student pilot certificate and had accumulated approximately 47 hours of flying time. He had flown 11 solo and 12 dual hours in the type aircraft involved. The aircraft, a Fairchild N-62B, NC 41833, owned by the Pathfinder Flying Service, Ltd., was demolished.
Petersen, flying solo from the rear seat and equipped with a parachute, took off from Minden Airport at about 4:00 p.m. and proceeded to his assigned practice area to practice lazy eights, chandelles, stalls and 720° power turns. Another student, flying in an adjacent area at approximately the same altitude (3000 feet), observed him practicing maneuvers. This student stated that Petersen's plane appeared to fall out of a lazy "8" into a spin, which became flat after about six turns. At one time it appeared that partial recovery was made. However, it was not completed, he stated, and the flat spin continued to the ground.
Examination of the wreckage revealed no failure of any part of the aircraft prior to the accident. The manner in which the propeller was broken indicated that little or no power was being developed at the time of impact. The weather was suitable for flying and is not considered to have been a contributing factor.
The pilot's flight log disclosed that he had completed seven one-hour instruction flights in precision spins within the month preceding the accident. Four of these flights involved dual instruction, and three were solo practice. His instructor stated that he had given Petersen instruction in accidental stalls and spins out of tight turns and chandelles, and that he seemed quite proficient in recovering from these abnormal situations.
This accident was due to failure to recover from a spin, for reasons not determined.
BY THE BOARD
/s/ Fred A. Toombs Secretary
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Avery v. Georgia

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.

## Concurring Opinions

    Black
    Reed
    Frankfurter
United States Supreme Court
345 U.S. 559
Avery v. Georgia
Argued: April 30, 1953. --- Decided: May 25, 1953
See 76 S.E.2d 620.
Mr. Frank M. Gleason, Rossville, Ga., for petitioner.
Mr. M. H. Blackshear, Jr., Atlanta, Ga., for respondent.
Mr. Chief Justice VINSON delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Avery v. Georgia/Concurrence Frankfurter

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinions Black Reed Frankfurter
United States Supreme Court
345 U.S. 559
Avery v. Georgia
Argued: April 30, 1953. --- Decided: May 25, 1953
Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER, concurring.
It is undisputed that the drawings here were made from a box containing white and colored slips differentiated according to racial lines, white for white veniremen and yellow for colored. The slips were indiscriminately placed in the box and were drawn from the box by a county court judge. There was testimony from a recent member of the county Board of Jury Commissioners that the use of these white and yellow slips was designed for purposes of racial discrimination, and it has not been shown that they could serve any other purpose. So far as the particular facts of this case are concerned, we may accept the testimony of the judge who drew the slips from the box as to the honesty of his purpose; that testimony does not refute the fact that there were opportunities to discriminate, as experience tells us there will inevitably be when such differentiating slips are used. In this case the opportunities are obvious, partly because the aperture in the box was sufficiently wide to make open to view the color of the slips and partly because of the subsequent use or abuse that could be made of the slips however fairly drawn. However that may be, opportunity for working of a discriminatory system exists whenever the mechanism for jury selection has a component part, such as the slips here, that differentiates between white and colored; such a mechanism certainly cannot be countenanced when a discriminatory result is reached. The stark resulting phenomenon here was that somehow or other, despite the fact that over 5% of the slips were yellow, no Negro got onto the panel of 60 jurors from which Avery's jury was selected. The mind of justice, not merely its eyes, would have to be blind to attribute such an occurrence to mere fortuity.
Accordingly, I concur in the judgment.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Avery v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
292 U.S. 210
Avery v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue
Argued: April 5, 1934. --- Decided: April 30, 1934
Messrs. Leland K. Neeves and John E. MacLeish, both of Chicago, Ill., for petitioner.
The Attorney General and Mr. Angus D. MacLean, Asst. Sol. Gen., of Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice McREYNOLDS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Avery v. Georgia/Concurrence Reed

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinions Black Reed Frankfurter
United States Supreme Court
345 U.S. 559
Avery v. Georgia
Argued: April 30, 1953. --- Decided: May 25, 1953
Mr. Justice REED, concurring.
I concur in the reversal. My concurrence is based on the undisputed facts presented by the record. The facts that make a prima facie case of discrimination in the selection of petitioner's jury are as follows. The population of Fulton County is 691,797. Negroes comprise 25% or 165,814. The tax receiver's digest from which the jury list is selected has 105,035 white citizens and 17,736 Negroes-14%. The jury list for the year in question had 20,509 white and 1,115 Negroes-5%. From that list a number, 150 to 200, were drawn for service on each of the divisions of the court. Evidently these were for a week or a term's service. The venire from which the trial jury for Avery was selected numbered 60. All were white.
These facts establish a prima facie case of discrimination which the record does not rebut.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Avery v. Georgia/Concurrence Black

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinions Black Reed Frankfurter
United States Supreme Court
345 U.S. 559
Avery v. Georgia
Argued: April 30, 1953. --- Decided: May 25, 1953
Mr. Justice BLACK concurs in the result.
Mr. Justice JACKSON took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Avery v. Alabama

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
308 U.S. 444
Avery v. Alabama
Argued: Dec. 7, 1939. --- Decided: Jan 2, 1940
Messrs. L. S. Moore and John Foshee, both of Centerville, Ala., and Edward H. Saunders, of Bessemer, Ala., for petitioner.
Mr. Thomas Seay Lawson, of Montgomery, Ala., for respondent.
Mr. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/The Decretals/The Epistles of Zephyrinus/To the Bishops of the Province of Egypt/Preface

The Second Epistle.
To the Bishops of the Province of Egypt.
Zephyrinus, archbishop of the city of Rome, to the most beloved brethren who serve the Lord in Egypt.
So great trust have we received from the Lord, the Founder of this holy seat and of the apostolic church, and from the blessed Peter, chief of the apostles, that we may labour with unwearied affection for the universal Church which has been redeemed by the blood of Christ, and aid all who serve the Lord, and give help to all who live piously by apostolic authority. All who will live piously in Christ must needs endure reproaches from the impious and aliens, and be despised as fools and madmen, that they may be made better and purer who lose the good things of time that they may gain those of eternity. But the contempt and ridicule of those who afflict and scorn them will be cast back upon themselves, when their abundance shall change to want, and their pride to confusion.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Or, diligence.  [See note 2, p. 612.]
* ↑ 2 Tim. ii. 24.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/The Decretals/The Epistles of Zephyrinus
## Contents

* To All the Bishops of Sicily
* To the Bishops of the Province of Egypt
* Notes by the American Editor
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/The Decretals/The Epistles of Zephyrinus/Notes by the American Editor

Notes by the American Editor.
1. The translator’s reference to Canon 73 is a mistake, and quite misleading. See vol. vii. Canon 74, p. 504.
2. It is worth while to recall who and what Zephyrinus was. See vol. v. p. 156, Elucidation V.; also same volume of this series, p. 157, Elucidation VI. This unhappy prelate was a heretic; and his decrees and opinions are worthless, as Hippolytus shows. Hence this letter, even were it genuine, would be of no value whatever. Consult also vol. v. p. 156, in Elucidation IV.; also same volume, Elucidation III.
3. On p. 610, Ep. 2, sec. 1, observe the reference to the “statutes of Emperors,” where the wily forger forgot himself, as if the Cæsars of this date had legislated for the Christian Church. On the spirit of the ancient Canons, refuting all these Decretals, compare the Canons of Nicæa, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 15; of Constantinople, 2 and 3; of Ephesus, 8; and of Chalcedon, 9 and 28. To these Canons, against the claims of the Paparchy, the Church of England appealed at her Restoration.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/The Decretals/The Epistles of Zephyrinus/To the Bishops of the Province of Egypt
## Contents

* Preface
* Chapter 1
* Chapter 2
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/The Decretals/The Epistles of Zephyrinus/To the Bishops of the Province of Egypt/Chapter 2

II.
On the Ordination of Presbyters and Deacons.
Ordinations of presbyters and Levites, moreover, solemnly perform on a suitable occasion, and in the presence of many witnesses; and to this duty advance tried and learned men, that ye may be greatly gladdened by their fellowship and help. Place the confidence of your hearts without ceasing on the goodness of God, and declare these and the other divine words to succeeding generations: “For this is our God for ever and ever, and He will guide us to eternity.” Given on the 7th November, in the consulship of the most illustrious Saturninus and Gallicanus.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Ps. xlviii. 14.
* ↑ Or, Gallus.  [See note 5, p. 610.]
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/The Decretals/The Epistles of Pope Pontianus/Note by the American Editor

Note by the American Editor.
In Bower’s History of the Popes (ed. Philadelphia, 1847), vol. i. p. 22, may be seen an interesting note on the “Pontifical” of Bucherius, under the name of Pontianus. It was this bishop who is said to have condemned Origen. He probably shared the fate of Hippolytus in exile, and was martyred under Maximin the Thracian.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Arnobius/Adversus Gentes/Book I/Chapter IV

4. When was the human race destroyed by a flood? was it not before us? When was the world set on fire, and reduced to coals and ashes? was it not before us? When were the greatest cities engulphed in the billows of the sea? was it not before us? When were wars waged with wild beasts, and battles fought with lions? was it not before us? When was ruin brought on whole communities by poisonous serpents? was it not before us? For, inasmuch as you are wont to lay to our blame the cause of frequent wars, the devastation of cities, the irruptions of the Germans and the Scythians, allow me, with your leave, to say,—In your eagerness to calumniate us, you do not perceive the real nature of that which is alleged.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Arnobius, no doubt, speaks of the story of Phæthon, as told by Ovid; on which, cf. Plato, Tim., st. p. 22.
* ↑ Nourry thinks that reference is here made to the contests of gladiators and athletes with lions and other beasts in the circus. But it is more likely that the author is thinking of African tribes who were harassed by lions. Thus Ælian (de Nat Anim., xvii. 24) tells of a Libyan people, the Nomæi, who were entirely destroyed by lions.
* ↑ The city of Amyclæ in Italy is referred to, which was destroyed by serpents.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Arnobius/Adversus Gentes/Book I/Chapter IX

9. It rains not from heaven, my opponent says, and we are in distress from some extraordinary deficiency of grain crops. What then, do you demand that the elements should be the slaves of your wants? and that you may be able to live more softly and more delicately, ought the compliant seasons to minister to your convenience? What if, in this way, one who is intent on voyaging complains, that now for a long time there are no winds, and that the blasts of heaven have for ever lulled? Is it therefore to be said that that peacefulness of the universe is pernicious, because it interferes with the wishes of traders? What if one, accustomed to bask himself in the sun, and thus to acquire dryness of body, similarly complains that by the clouds the pleasure of serene weather is taken away? Should the clouds, therefore, be said to hang over with an injurious veil, because idle lust is not permitted to scorch itself in the burning heat, and to devise excuses for drinking? All these events which are brought to pass, and which happen under this mass of the universe, are not to be regarded as sent for our petty advantages, but as consistent with the plans and arrangements of Nature herself.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Arnobius/Adversus Gentes/Book I/Chapter L

50. Moreover, by His own power He not only performed those miraculous deeds which have been detailed by us in summary, and not as the importance of the matter demanded; but, what was more sublime, He has permitted many others to attempt them, and to perform them by the use of His name. For when He foresaw that you were to be the detractors of His deeds and of His divine work, in order that no lurking suspicion might remain of His having lavished these gifts and bounties by magic arts, from the immense multitude of people, which with admiring wonder strove to gain His favour, He chose fishermen, artisans, rustics, and unskilled persons of a similar kind, that they being sent through various nations should perform all those miracles without any deceit and without any material aids. By a word He assuaged the racking pains of the aching members; and by a word they checked the writhings of maddening sufferings. By one command He drove demons from the body, and restored their senses to the lifeless; they, too, by no different command, restored to health and to soundness of mind those labouring under the inflictions of these demons. By the application of His hand He removed the marks of leprosy; they, too, restored to the body its natural skin by a touch not dissimilar. He ordered the dropsical and swollen flesh to recover its natural dryness; and His servants in the same manner stayed the wandering waters, and ordered them to glide through their own channels, avoiding injury to the frame. Sores of immense size, refusing to admit of healing, He restrained from further feeding on the flesh, by the interposition of one word; and they in like manner, by restricting its ravages, compelled the obstinate and merciless cancer to confine itself to a scar. To the lame He gave the power of walking, to the dark eyes sight, the dead He recalled to life; and not less surely did they, too, relax the tightened nerves, fill the eyes with light already lost, and order the dead to return from the tombs, reversing the ceremonies of the funeral rites. Nor was anything calling forth the bewildered admiration of all done by Him, which He did not freely allow, to be performed by those humble and rustic men, and which He did not put in their power.

## Footnotes

* ↑ “They, too,…those labouring under the inflictions of these:” so LB., with the warm approval of Orelli (who, however, with previous edd., retains the ms. reading in his text) and others, reading sub eorum t-ortantes (for ms. p—) et illi se casibus; Heraldus having suggested rotantes. This simple and elegant emendation makes it unnecessary to notice the harsh and forced readings of earlier edd.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Arnobius/Adversus Gentes/Book I/Chapter LI

51. What say ye, O minds incredulous, stubborn, hardened? Did that great Jupiter Capitolinus of yours give to any human being power of this kind? Did he endow with this right any priest of a curia, the Pontifex Maximus, nay, even the Dialis, in whose name he is revealed as the god of life? I shall not say, did he impart power to raise the dead, to give light to the blind, restore the normal condition of their members to the weakened and the paralyzed, but did he even enable any one to check a pustule, a hang-nail, a pimple, either by the word of his mouth or the touch of his hand? Was this, then, a power natural to man, or could such a right be granted, could such a licence be given by the mouth of one reared on the vulgar produce of earth; and was it not a divine and sacred gift? or if the matter admits of any hyperbole, was it not more than divine and sacred? For if you do that which you are able to do, and what is compatible with your strength and your ability, there is no ground for the expression of astonishment; for you will have done that which you were able, and which your power was bound to accomplish, in order that there should be a perfect correspondence between the deed and the doer. To be able to transfer to a man your own power, share with the frailest being the ability to perform that which you alone are able to do, is a proof of power supreme over all, and holding in subjection the causes of all things, and the natural laws of methods and of means.

## Footnotes

* ↑ So understood by Orelli, who reads quo Dius est, adopting the explanation of Dialis given by Festus. The ms., however, according to Crusius, reads, Dialem, quod ejus est, flaminem isto jure donavit; in which case, from the position of the quod, the meaning might be, “which term is his,” or possibly, “because he (i.e., the priest) is his,” only that in the latter case a pronoun would be expected: the commentators generally refer it to the succeeding jure, with this “right” which is his. Canterus reads, quod majus est, i.e., than the Pontifex Maximus. [Compare vol. iv. p. 74, note 7.]
* ↑ So the ms. reading æqualitas, which is retained by Hild. and Oehler; all other editions drop æ—“that the quality of deed and doer might be one.”
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Arnobius/Adversus Gentes/Book I/Chapter LIV

54. But you do not believe these things; yet those who witnessed their occurrence, and who saw them done before their eyes—the very best vouchers and the most trustworthy authorities—both believed them themselves, and transmitted them to us who follow them, to be believed with no scanty measure of confidence. Who are these? you perhaps ask. Tribes, peoples, nations, and that incredulous human race; but if the matter were not plain, and, as the saying is, clearer than day itself, they would never grant their assent with so ready belief to events of such a kind. But shall we say that the men of that time were untrustworthy, false, stupid, and brutish to such a degree that they pretended to have seen what they never had seen, and that they put forth under false evidence, or alleged with childish asseveration things which never took place, and that when they were able to live in harmony and to maintain friendly relations with you, they wantonly incurred hatred, and were held in execration?

## Footnotes

* ↑ Or, “which if…itself, would never,” etc. [Note the confidence of this appeal to general assent.]