OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Columbite

Edition of 1905. See also Columbite on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLUM′BITE. A mineral columbate containing some manganese and crystallizing in the orthorhombic system. It has a bluish iridescence, and is of an iron-black, grayish, or brownish color. This mineral occurs in granitic and feldspathic veins in the form of crystals, crystalline granules, and cleavable masses. It is found at various localities in Bavaria, Italy, Finland, Greenland, and in the Ural region; in the United States it is found in greater or less abundance in nearly all of the States bordering along the Appalachian Mountain system, in the Black Hills of South Dakota, and in California and Colorado. It has some slight economic value for the preparation of salts of columbium and tantalum, but as only small quantities of these salts are used, the mineral is in but little demand. It is interesting to mention that the first occurrence of columbite in America was made known from a specimen sent by Governor Winthrop of Connecticut to Sir Hans Sloane, then President of the Royal Society of Great Britain.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Columbiad, The

Edition of 1905. See also The Columbiad on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLUMBIAD, The. A lengthy poem, by Joel Barlow (1807), enlarged from his previous Vision of Columbus (1787), and incorporating also some of his other poems.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Columbus, Bartholomew

Edition of 1905. See also Bartholomew Columbus on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COLUMBUS, Bartholomew (Bartolomeo Colon) (c.1445-1514). A brother of Christopher Columbus. He was a sailor by profession, and in the year 1480 joined Christopher at Lisbon. In 1489 he was sent to England by his brother to seek assistance from Henry VII. for the execution of his project. He was taken by pirates and landed in England in a destitute condition, and on presenting himself at Court was unfavorably received by the King. He then sought help at the Court of Charles VIII. in France, with like success. In January, 1494, he returned to Spain and was given command of a fleet of three caravels sailing for Española. He arrived there in June of the same year, just in time to render effectual assistance to his brother, who was being hard pressed by the unruly members of the little Spanish colony. From that time on he became the most devoted follower of the Admiral, who in 1495 made him adelantado, or governor, of Española, a title which was confirmed by the Crown in 1497. In March, 1496, he assumed command of the colony on the departure of his brother. He founded the town of San Domingo and effectually repressed a native insurrection. During the hardships of the last voyage of Christopher Columbus, Bartholomew proved of invaluable assistance. At Puerto la Gloria in 1594 he repressed a mutiny among the sailors. Late in life he received some recognition for his services from the Crown, which bestowed on him the island of Mona, near Española, as a possession. He died at Seville in December, 1514.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Columbiad

Edition of 1905. See also Columbiad on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLUM′BIAD. A heavy gun invented by Colonel Bomford and combining some of the features of the gun, howitzer, and mortar, answering in this respect to the modern breach-loading rifled mortar or howitzer. It appeared early in the nineteenth century and was in use until after the War of the Rebellion. See Artillery; also Balllstics; Guns, Naval; and Ordnance.
COLUMBIAD.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Columbine

Edition of 1905. See also Columbina and Aquilegia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COL′UMBINE (Fr., It. Columbina, from Lat. columbinus, dove-like, from columba, dove). (1) A conventional character in old Italian comedy and the pantomime, first appearing about 1560. She was the daughter of Pantaloon and the object of Harlequin's adoration, and so appears in English pantomime. See Pantomime. (2) A wild flower, emblematic of forsaken lovers, in old English verse.
| “ | The columbine in tawny often taken, Is then ascribed to such as are forsaken.” |
| | (Browne's British Pastorals, 1613). |
# The New International Encyclopædia/Columbus, Diego (brother)

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​COLUMBUS (Colon), Diego (in It., Giacomo) (c.1468-1515). The youngest brother of Christopher Columbus. He was born probably at Genoa and upon the news of his brother's great discovery came to Spain. He accompanied Christopher on his second voyage, and late in 1493 was at the head of a commission intrusted with the government of Española in the absence of the Admiral. In 1496 he went to Spain to defend his brother against the charges submitted by some of the unruly members of the colony. He returned to Española, but fell into disgrace and was sent in chains to Spain in the year 1500. A number of years before his death he entered the Church.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Columbian University

Edition of 1905. See also George Washington University on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLUMBIAN UNIVERSITY. An institution of higher education, situated at Washington, D. C. The university was founded in 1821 by members of the Baptist Church and until 1873 was known as Columbian College. At its inception the university comprised a theological, a classical, and a medical department. A law school, which was organized in 1826, was discontinued in 1827 and was not reopened until 1865. Differences that had arisen among the trustees caused, in 1827, the abandonment of the theological department. In the same year the financial troubles of the institution reached such an acute stage that all the departments were suspended. The college, however, reopened in 1828, and since then has maintained a steady growth. In 1843 it was freed from indebtedness, but it had still no permanent endowment. At the outbreak of the Civil War the greater part of the students left and the buildings were partially converted into Government hospitals. In 1884 a scientific school was established, named the ‘Corcoran Scientific School,’ in honor of Mr. W. W. Corcoran, one of the university's greatest benefactors; in 1887 a dental school was organized in connection with the university. At present Columbian University comprises the following schools: (1) Columbian College, offering courses partially elective, leading to the degrees of B.A. and B.S.; (2) the Corcoran Scientific School, conferring the B.S. degree: (3) the School of Graduate Studies, which confers the degrees of M.A., M.S., Ph.D., E.E., C.E., and Mech.E.; (4) the Law School, which confers the LL.B. and M.P.L. degrees; (5) the School of Jurisprudence and Diplomacy, which confers the degrees of M.Dip., D.C.L., and LL.M. ; and (6) the Medical and Dental Schools, conferring the degrees of M.D. and D.D.S., respectively. The university has a registration of 1420 students and a faculty of 180. Owing to the vast educational resources which the capital affords, including the National Library, the archives, and many special collections, the university is enabled to carry on its work on an endowment of $200,000. The property value of the university is about $1,000,000 and the library, which is mainly departmental, numbers about 20,000 volumes.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Columbium

Edition of 1905. See also Niobium on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLUM′BIUM (Neo-Lat., from Columbia, United States of America) or Niobium. A metallic element discovered by Rose in 1846. It is found in the minerals columbite, from Haddam and Middletown, Conn., and tantalite, from near Falun and elsewhere in Sweden; also in small quantities in other minerals. In order to obtain the element the mineral is fused with acid potassium sulphate; the resulting mass, which is washed and boiled with concentrated hydrochloric acid, yields the hydroxide, which is then reduced. Columbium (symbol Cb or Nb, atomic weight 94) is a steel-gray powder with a specific gravity of 7.06. It forms three oxides with oxygen, of which the pentoxide, Cb$_2$O$_5$, forms salts called columbates or niobates.
# The Merry Muses of Caledonia/The Moudiwark

THE MOUDIWARK.
Tune—"O for ane and twenty Tam."
An old song.
The moudiwark has done me ill,
And below my apron has biggit a hill,
I maun consult some learned clark,
About this wanton moudiwark.
  And O the wanton moudiwark,
The weary wanton moudiwark,
I maun consult my learned clark,
About this wanton moudiwark.
O first it gat between my taes,
Out o'er my garter neist it gaes,
At length it crap below my sark,
The weary wanton moudiwark.
And O the, &c.
This moudiwark, tho' it be blin',
If ance the nose o't you let in,
Then to the hilts, within a crack,
The weary wanton moudiwark,
And O the, &c.
When Marjorie was made a bride,
And Willie lay down by her side.
Syne nought was heard when it was dark,
But kicking at the moudiwark.
And O the, &c.
# The Merry Muses of Caledonia/The Lass o' Liviston

THE LASS O' LIVISTON.
* Burns mentions this song in the samples of old pieces surviving among the peasentry of the West of Scotland which he sent to Lord Woodhouselee, in August 1787. Cromek garbled Burns's note on the song (as was his wont) in his "Select Scottish Songs," published in 1810. James C. Dick gives the correct note in his "Notes on Scottish Song by Robert Burns," published in 1908. It is as follows:—
* "'Pain'd with her slighting Jamie's love, Bell dropt a tear—Bell dropt a tear; The gods descended from above Well pleased to hear, well pleased to hear,' &c.
* The original set of verses to this tune is still extant, and have a very great deal of poetic merit, but are not quite ladies' reading." The stanza quoted is from an old song of decorous character.
The bonnie lass o' Liviston,
Her name ye ken, her name ye ken,
And aye the welcomer you'll be.
The farther ben, the farther ben.
And she has written in her contract,
To lie her lane, to lie her lane;
And I have written in my contract.
To claw her wame, to claw her wame.
The bonny lass o' Liviston, She's berry brown, she's berry brown;
And ye winna trow her raven locks,
Gae farther down, gae farther down.
She has a black and rolling e'e.
And a dimplit chin, a dimplit chin,
And no to prie her bonnie mou'
Wad be a sin, wad be a sin.
The bonnie lass o' Liviston,
Came in to me, came in to me,
I wat wi' baith ends o' the busk,
I made her free, I made her free;
I laid her feet to my bed-stock.
Her head to the wa', her head to the wa',
And I gied her her wee coat in her teeth,
Her sark and a', her sark and a'.
# The Merry Muses of Caledonia/The Ploughman

THE PLOUGHMAN.
* An old song. A purified version will be found in Herd (Vol. II., p. 144). William Scott Douglas prints another version in his Kilmarnock edition (Vol. I., p. 222). The parable of the "three owsen," begun in the fourth stanza, is found in the "Auld White Nag," a licentious ditty current in Ayrshire to this day, the "owsen" being changed into "pownies." It also is evidently old.
* "Then he drew out his horses which were in number three,
* Three likelier pownies for to draw, their like ye ne'er did see.
* There was twa dun pownies on ahin', auld Whitey on afore,
* The muzzle-pin for a' the yirth was in the highest bore."
* "Before he gat the hause-rig turned his horse began to sweat,
* And to maintain an open fur, he spurred wi' baith his feet," &c.
The ploughman he's a bonny lad, His mind is ever true, jo, His garters knit below his knee. His bonnet it is blue, jo.
Then up wi't a', my ploughman lad, And hey my merry ploughman. Of a' the trades that I do ken, Commend me to the ploughman.
As walking forth upon a day, I met a jolly ploughman. I told him I had lands to plough, If he wad prove a true man.
He says, my dear, take ye nae fear, I'll fit ye to a hair, jo, I'll cleave it up, and hit it down, And water-furrow' t fair, jo.
I hae three owsen in my plough. Three better ne'er plough'd ground, 3jo; The foremost ox is lang and sma', And twa are plump and round, jo.
Then he wi' speed did yoke his plough,
Which by a gaud was driven, jo.
And when he was between the stilts,
He thought he was in heaven, jo.   But the foremost ox fell in the fur,
The tither twa did flounder, jo,
The ploughman lad he breathless grew, In troth it was nae wonder, jo.
But sic a risk below a hill,
The plough she took a stane, jo.
Which gart the fire flee frae the stock.
The ploughman gaed a grane, jo.
I hae plough'd east, I hae plough'd west.
In weather foul and fair, jo,
But the sairest ploughing e'er I plough'd,
Was ploughing amang hair, jo.
Sing up wi't a', and in wi't a',
And hey my merry ploughman,
O' a' the trades and crafts I ken,
Commend me to the ploughman.
# The Merry Muses of Caledonia/The Reel o' Stumpie

THE REEL O' STUMPIE.
An old fragment.
Wap and rowe, wap and rowe, Wap and rowe the feetie o't; I thought I was a maiden fair, Till I heard the greetie o't.
My daddie was a fiddler fine, My minnie she made mantie, O; And I mysel' a thumpin' quine, And danced the reel o' stumpie, O.
# The Merry Muses of Caledonia/The Jolly Gauger

THE JOLLY GAUGER.
Tune—"We'll gang nae mair a rovin"
Anonymous. A close parody on "There was a jolly beggar," ascribed to King James V.
There was a jolly gauger, an' a gaugin' he did ride, And he has met a beggar lass down by yon river side; An' we'll gang nae mair a rovin' wi' ladies to the wine, When a beggar wi' her meal-pocks can fidge her tail sae fine.
Amang the broom he laid her, amang the broom sae green, And he's fa'n to the beggar, as she had been a queen; An' we'll gang nae mair a rovin' wi' ladies to the wine, When a beggar wi' her meal-pocks can fidge her tail sae fine.
My blessings on thee, laddie, thou's done my turn sae weel, Wilt thou accept, dear laddie, my pock and pickle meal? An' we'll gang nae mair a rovin' wi' ladies to the wine, When a beggar wi' her meal-pocks can fidge her tail sae fine.
Sae blythe the beggar took the bent, like ony bird in spring, Sae blythe the beggar took the bent, and merrily did sing; An' we'll gang nae mair a rovin' wi' ladies to the wine, When a beggar wi' her meal-pocks can fidge her tail sae fine.
My blessings on the gauger, o' gaugers he's the chief; Sic kail ne'er crost my kettle, nor sic a joint o' beef; An' we'll gang nae mair a rovin' wi' ladies to the wine, When a beggar wi' her meal-pocks can fidge her tail sae fine.
# The Merry Muses of Caledonia/The Lassie Gath'ring Nits

THE LASSIE GATH'RING NITS.
Tune—"O the broom."
An old song.
There was a lass, and a bonie lass,
A gath'ring nits did gang;
She pu'd them heigh, she pu'd them laigh,
She pu'd them whare they hang.   Till tir'd at length, she laid her down,
An' sleept the wood amang;
When by there cam three lusty lads,
Three lusty lads an' strang.   The first did kiss her rosy lips,
He thought it was nae wrang;
The second lous'd her bodice fair,
Fac'd up wi' London whang.   An' what the third did to the lass,
Is no' put in this sang;
But the lassie wauken'd in a fright,
An' says, I hae sleepit lang.
# The Merry Muses of Caledonia/The Linking Laddie

THE LINKING LADDIE.
Tune—"Push about the jorum."
An old fragment.
Waes me that e'er I made your bed!
Waes me that e'er I saw ye!
For now I've lost my maidenhead,
An' I ken na how they ca' ye.
My name's weel kend in my ain countrie,
They ca' me the linkin' laddie;
An' ye had na been as willing as I,
Shame fa' them wad e'er hae bade ye.
# The Merry Muses of Caledonia/The Ranting Dog the Daddy o't

THE RANTING DOG THE DADDY O'T.
Tune—"East Neuk o' Fife."
* Concerning this composition, Burns himself says:—"I composed this song pretty early in life, and sent it to a young girl, a very particular acquaintance of mine, who was at that time under a cloud." This was doubtless Betty Paton, mother of his "dear bought Bess," at whose birth he composed "The Poet's Welcome." Both pieces are printed in most editions of Burns's works.
O wha my baby clouts will buy?
O wha will tent me when I cry?
O wha will kiss me where I lie?
But the ranting dog the daddy o't.
O wha will own he did the faut?
O wha will buy the groaning maut?
O wha will tell me what to ca't?
But the ranting dog the daddy o't.   When I mount the creepie chair,
Wha will sit beside me there?
Gie me Rab, I'll ask nae mair,
The ranting dog the daddy o't.
Wha will crack to me my lane?
Wha will make me fidging fain?
Wha will kiss me o'er again?
But the ranting dog the daddy o't.
# The Merry Muses of Caledonia/The Mill, Mill, O

THE MILL, MILL, O.
* "The original," says Burns in the Glenriddel MS., "or at least a song evidently prior to Ramsay's, is still extant. It runs thus,
* "'As I came down yon water side,' &c."
* From this Burns evolved the "Soldier's Return."
As I came down yon water side,
And by yon shillin hill, O;
There I spied a bonny lass,
A lass that I lo'ed right weel, O.
The mill, mill, O, and the kill, kill, O,
An' the coggin' o' Peggy's wheel, O,
The sack and the seive, an' a' she did leave,
An' danced the miller's reel, O.
I spier'd at her, gin she could play,
But the lassie had nae skill, O;
An' yet she was nae a' to blame,
She pat it in my will, O.
The mill, mill, O, &c.
Then she fell o'er, an' sae did I,
An' danced the miller's reel, O,
Whene'er that bonny lassie comes again,
She shall hae her maut ground weel, O.
The mill. mill. O. &c.
# The Merry Muses of Caledonia/The Patriarch

THE PATRIARCH.
Tune—"The Auld Cripple Dow:"
* This is by Burns. The original MS. was in the possession of a gentleman in Forfar. It is headed—
* "A Wicked Song.
* "Author's name unknown.
* "Tune—The waukin' o' a winter's night.
* "The Publisher to the Reader,
* "Courteous Reader,
* "The following is certainly the production of one of those licentious, ungodly (too-much-abounding in this our day) wretches who take it as a compliment to be called wicked, provided you allow them to be witty. Pity it is that while so many tar barrels in the country are empty, and so many gibbets untenanted, some example is not made of these profligates." Burns pursues this satirical-humorous vein in his mock manifesto as "Poet Laureat and Bard-in-Chief of Kyle, Cuningham, and Carrick," addressed (November 20th, 1786) to William Chalmers and John M'Adam, "students and practitioners in the ancient and mysterious Science of confounding Right and Wrong." A reprint of the whole manifesto will be found in Scott Douglas's Edinburgh edition (Vol. IV., p. 163). The following extract indicates the drift of it:—
* "Be it known, that . . . we have discovered a certain nefarious, abominable, and wicked song or ballad, a copy whereof we have enclosed; Our will therefore is . . . that the said copy shall be consumed by fire at the Cross of Ayr . . . in the presence of all beholders, in abhorrence of, and terrorem to, all such compositions and composers. Given at Mauchline this twentieth day of November, Anno Domini one thousand seven hundred and eighty-six.—God Save the Bard."
As honest Jacob on a night,
With his beloved beauty,
Was duly laid on wedlock's bed,
And noddin' at his duty.
Chorus—Fal de dal, &c.
"How lang," she cried, "ye fumbling wretch,
Will ye be f——ing at it?
My auldest wean might die o' age,
Before that ye could get it.
Fal de dal, &c.
"Ye pegh and grane, and goazle there,
And make an unco splutter,
And I maun lie and thole you, though
I'm fient a hair the better."
Fal de dal, &c.
Then he in wrath put up his graith,
"The devil's in the hizzie,
I mow you as I mow the lave,
And night and day I'm busy.
Fal de dal, &c.
"I've bairned the servant gipsies baith,
Forbye your titty Leah,
Ye barren jade, ye put me mad, What mair can I do wi' you?
Fal de dal, &c.
"There's ne'er a mow I've gien the lave, But ye hae got a dizzen.
But d——d a ane ye'se get again,
Although your c——t should gizzen."
Fal de dal, &c.
Then Rachel, calm as ony lamb,
She claps him on the waulies;
Quo' she, "Ne'er fash a woman's' clash, In troth ye mow me brawlies.
Fal de dal, &c.
"My dear 'tis true, for mony a mow,
I am your gratefu' debtor,
But ance again, I dinna ken,
Will aiblins happen better."
Fal de dal, &c.
The honest man wi' little wark,
He soon forgot his ire;
The patriarch he coost the sark, And up and till't like fire.
Fal de dal, &c.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fuller, Andrew

Edition of 1906. See also Andrew Fuller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FULLER, Andrew (1754-1815). An English
Baptist minister, controversial writer, and promoter of foreign missions. He was born at Wicken, Cambridgeshire, February 5, 1754. He received the rudiments of an education at the free school of Soham, and in 1775 was chosen pastor of the Baptist congregation of that place. In 1782 he removed to Kettering, Northamptonshire, to take the pastorate of a congregation there, and remained there till his death, May 7, 1815. His first interest in foreign missions was shown in 1784, and his sermon, The Gospel of Christ Worthy of All Acceptation (Northampton, 1785), greatly impressed Carey, the first Baptist missionary. When the Baptist Missionary Society was formed at Kettering in 1792, he became its secretary, and gave the remainder of his life to its affairs. His writings were very popular; they include: The Calvinistic and Socinian Systems Examined and Compared as to Their Moral Tendency (1794); The Gospel Its Own Witness (1799); An Apology for the Late Christian Mission to India (1808). There are several editions of his collected works. For his biography, consult: Rylands (London, 1816); T. E. Fuller (London, 1863); and A. G. Fuller (London, 1882).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fuller, Arthur Buckminster

Edition of 1906. See also Arthur Buckminster Fuller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FULLER, Arthur Buckminster (1822-62). An American Unitarian clergyman. He was born at Cambridgeport, Mass., graduated at Harvard College in 1843, and studied theology in the Harvard Divinity School. He was a teacher and preacher in Illinois, and pastor at Manchester, N. H., Boston and Watertown, Mass. He volunteered in the Federal Army in the Civil War, was made chaplain in a Massachusetts regiment, and was killed at Fredericksburg. He was a brother of Margaret Fuller (Marchioness d'Ossoli), and edited several of her works (1855). Consult: R. E. Fuller (his brother), Life of Arthur B. Fuller (Boston, 1863), and a sketch by Higginson in Harvard Memorial Biographies, vol. i. (Cambridge, Mass., 1866).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fugara

Edition of 1906. See also List of pipe organ stops on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FUGARA, fōō-gä'rȧ (It., from fugare, to flee). The name of a well-known organ stop of four or eight feet pitch, with metal flue-pipes generally of a small scale. The tone has a sharp, ‘stringy’ quality.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fugato

Edition of 1906. See also Fugue on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FUGATO, fōō-gä'tṓ (It., p.p. of fugare, to put to flight). A passage consisting of fugal imitations. Only the entrances of the several voices are given. After the first development is completed the composition continues in the free style. See Fugue.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fuller, Henry Blake

Edition of 1906. See also Henry Blake Fuller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FULLER, Henry Blake (1857—). An American novelist and story-writer, born in Chicago. His first story, The Chevalier of Pensieri-Vani, was published anonymously, won favor in the eyes of Professors Norton and Lowell, and, on its republication (1892), became popular. In the same year appeared The Chatelaine of La Trinité. Both were remotely romantic. The Cliff Dwellers (1893) was an essay in relentless realism. This picture of Chicago life was followed by another, With the Procession (1895), kindlier in touch, with humor playing over its seriousness, and Sicilian Romance (1900). He has also written twelve one-act plays collected in The Puppet Booth.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fuller, Loie

Edition of 1906. See also Loie Fuller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FULLER, Loie. An American actress, noted for her invention of the ‘Serpentine Dance.’ She was born near Chicago, and as a child appeared at the Academy of Music there. Subsequently she appeared in a variety of characters (including Ustane in She) before devoting herself to her specialty. She has in recent years resided chiefly in Paris, where she has appeared at the Folies-Bèrgere, and in 1900 in a theatre of her own.