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# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Chapter 12/128

[Sidenote: 128. Sura XLVII, v. 5.]
The third instance quoted by Mr. Hughes is also a mistranslation of a sentence in verse 5, Sura XLVII. The original word is "kotelú," which means "those who are killed," and not "those who fight," as explained and translated by the author. The correct rendering of the sentence is this: "And those who are killed, their work God will not suffer to miscarry."
Some read the word "kátalú," which means "those who fought," but the general and authorized reading is "kotelú," i.e., "those who are killed." Even if it be taken for granted that the former is the correct reading, it will be explained by several other verses which mean fighting in defence, and not fighting aggressively, which not only has been never taught in the Koran but is always prohibited (II, 186). The verse to that effect runs thus:—
"And fight for the cause of God against those who fight against you; but commit not the injustice of attacking them first. Verily God loveth not the unjust."—(II, 186.)
This verse permitted only defensive war and prohibited every aggressive measure. All other verses mentioned in connection with fighting on the part of the Moslems must be interpreted in conformity with this.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Chapter 12/120

[Sidenote: 120. Major Osborn quoted.]
Major Osborn has drawn a very dark picture of what he calls "The Doctrine of Jehad," in his Islam under the Arabs. The defensive wars of Mohammad are explained by him as "means of livelihood congenial to the Arab mind, and carrying with it no stain of disgrace or immorality. This was robbery. Why should not the faithful eke out their scanty means by adopting this lucrative and honourable profession, which was open to everyone who had a sword and knew how to use it?... Surely, to despoil these infidels and employ their property to feed the hungry and clothe the naked among the people of God, would be a work well pleasing in His sight.... And thus was the first advance made in the conversion of the religion of Islam with the religion of the sword" (pages 46-47). After this the Major writes again: "The ninth Sura is that which contains the Prophet's proclamation of war against the votaries of all creeds other than that of Islam" (page 52). Then he quotes several verses, some of them half sentences, violently distorted, from the eighth and ninth Suras, in a consecutive form, without giving the numbers. These are Sura IX, 20, 34, 35, 82, 121; Sura VIII, 67; Sura IX, 36, 5, 29, 19; Sura XLVII, 4; Sura IX, 5; and Sura VIII, 42. Lastly, the learned Major concludes by saying,—"Such was the character of the Sacred War enjoined upon the Faithful. It is Muhammad's greatest achievement and his worst. When subjected himself to the pains of persecution he had learned to perceive how powerless were torments applied to the body to work a change of conviction in the mind. 'Let there be no violence in religion' had then been one of the maxims he had laid down. 'Unto every one of you,' he had said in former days, speaking of Jews and Christians, 'have we given a law, and an open path; and if God had pleased He had surely made you one people; but He hath thought fit to give you different laws, that he might try you in that which He hath given you respectively. Therefore, strive to excel each other in good works; unto God shall ye all return, and then will He declare unto you that concerning which ye have disagreed.' But the intoxication of success had long ago stilled the voice of his better self. The aged Prophet standing on the brink of the grave, and leaving as his last legacy a mandate of universal war, irresistibly recalls, by force of contrast, the parting words to his disciples of another religious teacher that they should go forth and preach a gospel of peace to all nations. Nor less striking in their contrast is the response to either mandate;—the Arab, with the Koran in one hand and the sword in the other, spreading his creed amid the glare of burning cities, and the shrieks of violated homes, and the Apostles of Christ working in the moral darkness of the Roman world with the gentle but irresistible power of light, laying anew the foundations of society, and cleansing at their source the polluted springs of domestic and national life."

## Footnotes

* ↑ London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1876, pp. 46-54.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Chapter 12/127

[Sidenote: 127. Meaning of Jihad.]
The second verse quoted by the same author is a mere mistranslation. There is no such word in the original which admits of being rendered as "fighting." The true translation of the sentence quoted above from Sura IV, verse 97, is as follows:—
"Good promises hath he made to all. But God hath assigned to the strenuous a rich recompense above those who sit still at home."
The word rendered "strenuous" is originally "mojahid" (plural "Mojahidin," from Jihád), which in classical Arabic and throughout the Koran means to do one's utmost, to make effort, to strive, to exert, to employ one's-self diligently, studiously, sedulously, earnestly, zealously, or with energy, and does not mean fighting or warfare. It was subsequently applied to religious war, but was never used in the Koran in such a sense. (Vide Appendix A.)
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Chapter 12/121

[Sidenote: 121. Major Osborn refuted.]
The learned author quoted above has either misunderstood the character of the wars of the Prophet of Islam, or has grossly misrepresented it. He errs in two points: First, he makes the wars as wars of conquest, compulsion, and aggression, whereas they were all undertaken in the defence of the civil and religious rights of the early Moslems, who were, as I have said before, persecuted, harassed, and tormented at Mecca for their religion, and after a long period of persecution with occasional fresh and vigorous measures, were condemned to severer and harder sufferings, were expelled from their homes, leaving their dear relations, and religious brethren to endure the calamities of the persecution, and while taking refuge at Medina were attacked upon by superior numbers, several of the surrounding tribes of Arabs and Jews joining the aggressive Koreish, making ruinous inroads and threatening the Moslems with still greater and heavier miseries. From this statement it will appear that these wars were neither of conquest nor of compulsory conversion. The second great mistake under which Major Osborn seems to labour is that he takes the injunctions of war against the Meccans or other aggressors as a general obligation to wage war against all unbelievers in the Moslem faith. In fact, these injunctions were only against those aggressors who had actually committed great encroachments on the rights and liberties of the early Moslems, and had inflicted very disastrous injuries on them. These injunctions had and have nothing to do with the future guidance of the Moslem world.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Chapter 12/126

[Sidenote: 126. The Revd. T.P. Hughes quoted.]
The Revd. T.P. Hughes in his Notes on Muhammadanism writes:—
    "Jihád (lit. 'an effort') is a religious war against the infidels, as enjoined by Muhammad in the Qurán."
    Súrat-un-Nisa (VI.)
    "Fight therefore for the religion of God."
    "God hath indeed promised Paradise to every one. But God hath preferred those who fight for the faith." (IV, 97.) Súrat-ul-Muhammad (XLVII).
    "Those who fight in the defence of God's true religion, God will not suffer their works to perish." (XLVII, 5.)
The first verse quoted by Mr. Hughes appertains to the war of defence. The verse in itself has express indications of its relating to the war of defence, but Mr. Hughes was not inclined, perhaps, to copy it in full. He merely quotes half a sentence, and shuts his eyes from other words and phrases of the same verse. The verse has been quoted in page 20. It is as follows:—
"Fight then on the path of God: lay not burdens on any but thyself; and stir up the faithful. The powers of the infidels, God will haply restrain; for God is stronger in prowess, and stronger to punish."—(Sura IV, 86.)
The severe persecution, the intense torture and mighty aggression of the Meccans and their allies is referred to in the original word Báss, rendered prowess into English and referred to in the previous verse 77, which shows that the war herein enjoined was to restrain the aggressions of the enemy and to repel force by force.
It is very unfair on the part of the Revd. T.P. Hughes to twist or dislocate half a sentence from a verse and put it forth to demonstrate and prove a certain object of his.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Notes on Muhammadanism; being outlines of the Religious System of Islam, by the Revd. T.P. Hughes, M.R.A.S., C.M.S., Missionary to the Afghans, page 206; Second Edition, 1877.
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Wallis (Elisha)

​WALLIS (ELISHA), bookseller in London, (1) Three Black Lyons in the Old Bayley, 1656; (2) At the [Golden] Horse-shoe in the [Great] Old Bayley, 1656-61. His name is found on the imprint to an edition of Robert Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy, 1660.
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Warren (Alice)

​WARREN (ALICE), printer in London; Foster Lane (?), 1661-2. Widow of Thomas Warren, printer. Her name is found on the imprint to the second volume of Sir William Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicanum, 1661, and the same author's History of imbanking, 1662.
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Wall (Thomas)

​WALL (THOMAS), bookseller in Bristol. By the Tolezy in Cornstreet, 1660. Published a sermon entitled, Plain dealing and Plain meaning … Preacht in the parish church of St. Nicholas, Bristol, April 6th, 1660. [E. 1026 (5).]
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Walton (Robert)

​WALTON (ROBERT), printer and print seller in London; Globe and Compasses in St. Paul's Churchyard, between the two north doors, 1647-60. Dealer in maps and prints, and the publisher of Edward Cocker's The Pen's Triumph, 1660. A catalogue of prints, etc., on sale by him is given at the end of A compendious view … of the whole world, 1659. It is called "a catalogue of some pleasant and useful maps and pictures that are cut in copper, being very neat ornaments for houses, gentlemen's studies and closets, and useful for divers callings, as Painters, Embroyderers, &c." His name is variously given as Walters, Waltor, and Walton.
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Warren (Thomas)

​WARREN (THOMAS), senr., bookseller and printer in London, (1) White Horse in St. Pauls Churchyard, 1641; (2) Foster Lane, 1638(?)-61(?). Appears to have begun as a bookseller in partnership with Joshua Kirton. Their imprint (No. 1 above) is found on the title-page of James Giffard's French Schoolmaster, 1641 [Harl. 5927 (439).] Warren afterwards became a printer and was succeeded by his widow, Alice Warren, in 1661.
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Walley, or Waley (Henry)

​WALLEY, or WALEY (HENRY), bookseller in London; Harts Horn in Foster Lane (?) 1608-55. Grandson of John Walley, or Waley, stationer of London, 1546-86, son of Robert Walley, or Waley, stationer of London, 1578-93. Clerk of the Company of Stationers, 1630-1640. Master of the Company of Stationers in 1655. [Arber, v. 271.]
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Walley (Joseph)

​WALLEY (JOSEPH), bookseller in London, 1666. Stated in a document of that date to be "a great factor for the sectaries." [Domestic State Papers, Charles II, 121, 372.] He was possibly a son of the preceding and in business with him.
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Ward (Francis)

​WARD (FRANCIS), bookseller in Leicester, 1661-3. Gave information against the London bookseller Nathan Brooks for dispersing a book entitled The Year of Prodigies and Wonders. October, 1661. [Domestic State Papers, Charles II, vol. 43, 7, 8, 9.] Mentioned in an advertisement of patent medicines in the Intelligencer of 1663.
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Warren (Francis and Thomas)

​WARREN (FRANCIS and THOMAS), printers in London; Foster Lane, 1663-6. Possibly the sons of Thomas Warren, senr., and Alice Warren. They are mentioned in the Hearth Tax Roll for the half-year ending Lady ​Day, 1666, as printers in Foster Lane. [P.R.O. Lay Subsidy, 252/32.] In a list of the several printing houses taken on July 24th, 1668, amongst the master printers returned as ruined by the Fire of London was Mr. Warren. [Domestic State Papers, Charles II, vol. 243, 126.] This has reference, doubtless, to the above printing house.
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Walkley (Thomas)

​WALKLEY (THOMAS), bookseller in London, (1) Eagle and Child, Britain's Burse; (2) Flying Horse, near York House. 1619-58. Took up his freedom January 19th, 1618. On December 1st, 1649, a warrant was issued against him for dispersing scandalous declarations sent from the late King's sons at Jersey. [Calendar of Domestic State Papers, 1649-50, p. 557.] He was the publisher of Sir J. Denham's Coopers Hill, 1642, Waller's Poems, 1647, and much other interesting literature.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Gambara, Veronica

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GAMBARA, VERONICA,
An Italian lady, born at Brescia in 1485. She married the Lord of Correggio, and after his death devoted herself to literature and the education of her two sons. She died in 1550, aged sixty-five. The best edition of her poems and letters is that of Brescia, in 1759. This lady belonged to one of the most distinguished Italian families; she very early manifested a particular love for poetry, and her parents took pleasure in cultivating her literary taste. Her marriage with the Lord Correggio was one of strong mutual attachment. Her husband, who was devoted to her, delighted in the homage everywhere paid to her talents and charms. In 1515, she accompanied him to Bologna, where a court was held by the Pope, Leo the Tenth, to do honour to Francis the First of France. That gallant monarch was frequently heard to repeat that he had never known a lady so accomplished as Veronica. Her domestic happiness was of short duration; death snatched away Correggio from the enjoyment of all that this world could afford. The grief of Veronica was excessive. She had her whole house hung with black; and though very young at the time of her widowhood, never wore anything but black during the remainder of her life. On the door of her palace she caused to be inscribed the following lines from Virgil:—
Ille meos primus qui me sibi junxit amores Abstulit: ille habeat secum, servet que sepulchre.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Gassier, Madame

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GASSIER, MADAME,
Is by birth and education a Spaniard; her maiden name was Cruz, and she was born at Madrid, about the year 1830. She made her debût as an actress quite early, and attained considerable fame in her native country. In 1854, she appeared at the Paris Italian Opera, having previously performed at several of the principal theatres in Italy; she married M. Gassier, of Marseilles, an eléve of the Conservatoire. In May, 1855, Madame Gassier appeared at Drury Lane with immense success, "Barbière," "Somnambula," and "Pascale," were her principal pieces, and she and her husband were during that season the chief supports of the establishment, attracting night after night large audiences. At the close of the season she set out on a provincial tour with Grisi, Mario, and other famous vocalists, and fully sustained the reputation she had acquired in the capital.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Gallttzin, Amalia, Princess

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GALLTTZIN, AMALIA, PRINCESS,
A lady distinguished for talents, and a strong propensity to mysticism, was the daughter of Count Schmettan, and lived during part of her youth at the court of Prince Ferdinand, brother of Frederic the Great of Prussia. She married Prince Gallitzin, of Russia; and, as much of his time was passed in travelling, she chose Munster, in the centre of Germany, for her permanent residence. Here she assembled around her many of the most distinguished men of Germany, of whom Hamann and Hemsterhuis were her most intimate friends. She was an ardent Catholic, and extremely zealous in making proselytes; her children were educated according to Rousseau's system. The princess is the Diotama to whom Hemsterhuis, under the name of Dioklas, addressed his work on Atheism. She died in 1806, near Munster. Her only son was a missionary in America.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Gay, Sophie

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GAY, SOPHIE,
Was born in Paris, where she now resides. She is a writer of considerable talent and great industry, and has long been a favourite with French novel readers. None of her works have been translated into English, nor are the French editions often met with in America. Her style is pleasing; she describes a drawing-room circle with liveliness; her dialogues are natural and appropriate, and she sometimes rises to the pathetic. "Anatole" is, perhaps, her most finished production. "La Duchess de Chateroux," "Marie Louise d'Orleans," "Salons Celebres," "Souveniers d'une Vielle Femme," have all enjoyed a very favourable reputation. But greater interest has attached to the name of Madame Sophia Gay from her motherhood than her authorship. Her celebrated daughter, Delphine, now Madame Emile Girardin, is the living page which enlarges as well as reflects the genius of Sophie Gay.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Genevieve, Duchess of Brabant

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GENEVIEVE, DUCHESS OF BRABANT,
Was born in the year 700. She was married to Siegfreid, and shortly after her marriage (732) her husband was called to the field by his sovereign, Charles Martel. He left his wife in the care of Golo, the captain of his castle. When Golo, who loved Genevieve, saw that she repulsed him, he wrote to the duke that Genevieve had been unfaithful, and would shortly become the mother of an illegitimate child. Siegfried, who put full confidence in Golo, ordered him to have the mother and child killed. But the servants to whose hands the wicked man confided that deed had compassion on the poor innocent woman, and left her in the woods, where a doe supplied her with milk for the child. The animal accompanied her for five years, till one day, on the 6th. of January, 767, pursued by Siegfried, she fled to the cave, where the husband found both his wife and child. An explanation took place, and she became the cherished wife of his bosom.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Genevieve, St.

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GENEVIEVE, ST.,
The patroness of the city of Paris, was born in 423, at Manterre, ​and died January 3rd., 501. Five years after her death, Clovis erected the church of St. Genevieve, where her relics were preserved with great care.
St. Germain, Bishop of Auxerre, observing her disposition to sanctity, when she was quite young, advised her to take a vow of perpetual virginity, which she did. After the death of her parents, Genevieve went to Paris; and when the city was about to be deserted, in consequence of the approach of the Huns under Attila, she assured the inhabitants of entire safety if they would seek it by prayers. Attila went to Orleans and returned without touching Paris; and this event established Genevieve's reputation. In a time of famine she went along the Seine, and returned with twelve large vessels loaded with grain, which she distributed gratuitously among the sufferers. This increased her influence, so that Merovæus and Chilperic, kings of France, paid her the highest respect. From her fifteenth to her fiftieth year, she ate nothing but barley-bread, excepting now and then a few beans; after her fiftieth year, she allowed herself milk and fish.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Gaskell, Mrs. L. E

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GASKELL, MRS. L. E.
In the year 1848, appeared anonymously, a most graphic picture of Manchester operative life, entitled "Mary Barton;" it was at once recognised as the work of an acute and powerful mind, and attained great popularity, nor was it long before the name of the author transpired; Mrs. Gaskell, the wife of a Unitarian Minister, residing at Manchester. In 1850 appeared from her pen, a little Christmas ​story, called "The Moorland Cottage," and two years after, "Ruth," a novel Since then this author has contributed to Dickens's "Household Words," some sketches of village life, under the title of "Cranford;" and a tale entitled "North and South," in which "we are taken to the manufacturing districts of Yorkshire, while a "strike" Is in operation, and shown the disastrous effects, both moral and physical, which result from a digression of the great principles of justice, both on the part of master and man. All through Mrs. Gaskell's works is evinced an earnest desire to vindicate, and to elevate the poor and oppressed, and to teach those who have wealth and power, to use it wisely and beneficently; she has embodied in them the result of much close observation of the every-day life of those around her, and deep reflection on the causes of our social and political evils, and. writing for a great moral end and purpose, deserves to be listened to, as she is, with attention and respect.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Gaston, Margaret

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GASTON, MARGARET.
Was born in the county of Cumberland, about the year 1775. Her maiden name was Sharpe. Her parents being Catholics, were desirous of giving their daughter better advantages of education, connected with their own faith, than could be found in this country; therefore Margaret was sent to France, and brought up in a convent. She was very happy in her secluded life; and her conduct in her subsequent history shews that she was well trained. Having two brothers residing in America, she went thither to visit them; and married, in North Carolina, Dr. Alexander Gaston, of Huguenot ancestry. This was about the commencement of the war of Independence; and Dr. Gaston espoused the cause of his country, in which he lost his life.
Her brothers and eldest son having died before this sad event, Mrs. Gaston had no relatives in America but her two surviving children, William, a boy of three years old, and an infant daughter, to the care and instruction of whom she entirely devoted herself.
Though still young when left a widow, she never laid aside the habiliments of sorrow; and the anniversary of her husband's death was kept as a day of fasting and prayer. The great object of her life was the instruction of her son, and imbuing his mind with the highest principles, the noble integrity, and Christian faith, which ​shone conspicuous in herself. Her income being small, she practised economy to enable her to gratify her dearest wish, and procure for him a complete education; while her maternal tenderness did not dispense with implicit obedience; and strict admonitions, or yet stricter discipline, were employed to correct the faults of childhood and youth.
This cherished son William, (afterwards the distinguished judge Gaston, of North Carolina,) graduated at Princeton, taking the highest honours of the institution. When he returned home, before his mother embraced or welcomed him, she laid her hands on his head, as he knelt before her, and breathed forth the feelings of her soul in the exclamation—"My God I thank thee!"