OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Toccata

​TOCCATA (Ital.), from toccare, to touch, is the name of a kind of instrumental composition originating in the beginning of the 17th century. As the term Sonata is derived from the verb suonare, to sound, and may thus be described as a sound-piece, or Tonstück, so the similarly formed term Toccata represents a touch-piece, or a composition intended to exhibit the touch and execution of the performer. In this respect it is somewhat synonymous with the prelude and fantasia; but it has its special characteristics, which are so varied as to make them difficult to define clearly. The most obvious are a very flowing movement in notes of equal length and a homophonous character, there being often indeed in the earlier examples but one part throughout, though occasionally full chords were employed. There is no decided subject which is made such by repetition, and the whole has the air of a ​showy improvisation. Giovanni Gabrieli (1557–1613) and Claudio Merulo (1533–1604) were the first writers of any importance who used this form, the Toccatas of the latter being scarcely so brilliant as those of the former, though more elaborate. Frescobaldi, Luigi Rossi, and Scherer developed the idea and sometimes altered the character of the movement, using chords freely and even contrapuntal passages. It was Bach however who raised the Toccata far beyond all previous and later writers. The Toccatas to his Fugues for Clavecin are in some cases a chain of short movements of markedly different tempi and styles. The fourth of those in the Peters Volume of 'Toccatas and Fugues' is the only one which answers to the description given above, the others being almost overtures. That to the G minor Fugue in No. 211 of the same edition is very extended. His organ Toccatas are very grand, one of the finest being that in F on this subject—
the semiquaver figure of which is treated at great length alternately by the two hands in thirds and sixths over a pedal bass, and then by the pedals alone. Another in C (Dörffel, 830) is equally brilliant. Bach sometimes begins and ends with rapid cadenza-like passages in very short notes divided between the two hands, as in the well-known Toccata in D minor, with its fugue, which Tausig has arranged as a piano solo.
[ F. C. ]
* ↑ (Dörffel's Cat. 816). In the old editions of this, Schumann has pointed out a host of errors. See 'Gesammelte Schriften,' iv. 69.
* ↑ Both these—in D and F—are entitled 'Præludium (Toccata)'. Three Toccatas—in F with a fugue, in D minor, and in E with two fugues are printed in vol. 15 of the Bachgesellschaft edition.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Tod Jesu, Der

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Tolbecque

​TOLBECQUE, a family of Belgian musicians, who settled in France after the Restoration. The original members were four brothers:—the eldest, Isidore Joseph (born at Hanzinne Ap. 17, 1794, died at Vichy May 10, 1871), was a good conductor of dance-music. Jean Baptiste Joseph (born at Hanzinne in 1797, died in Paris, Oct. 23, 1869), violinist, composer, and excellent conductor, directed the music of the court balls during Louis Philippe's reign, and also those at Tivoli when those public gardens were the height of the fashion. He composed a quantity of dance-music—quadrilles, valses, and galops—above the average in merit; an opéra-comique in one act 'Charles V. et Duguesclin' (Odéon, 1827), with Gilbert and Guiraud; and with Deldevez, 'Vert-Vert' (Opéra, 1851), a 3-act ballet, his most important work. He was a member of the Société des Concerts du Conservatoire from its foundation in 1859. The third brother, Auguste Joseph, also born at Hanzinne, Feb. 28, 1801, died in Paris, May 27, 1869. A pupil of Rudolph Kreutzer, he took the first violin prize at the Conservatoire in 1821, made some mark as a virtuoso, was an original member of the Société des Concerts, and one of the best violinists at the Opéra, and for several seasons was well known in London, where he played first violin at Her Majesty's Theatre. The youngest, Charles Joseph, born May 27, 1806, in Paris, where he died Dec. 39, 1835, was also a pupil of R. Kreutzer, and an original member of the Société des Concerts. He took a prize at the Conservatoire in 1824, and became conductor at the Variétés in 1830. In this capacity he composed pretty songs and pieces for interpolation in the plays, several of which attained some amount of popularity.
[ G. C. ]
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Lamoni

​LAMONI. The Lamanite king of the land of Ishmael. He was the first of his race converted ​to Christianity by the sons of Mosiah. At the time of their coming (B. C. 91), he reigned under the supreme authority of his father, who was monarch of all the Lamanites. Lamoni appears to have ruled with severity, if not with cruelty, and his action in executing any of the servants having charge of his herds who permitted the royal cattle to be stolen, undoubtedly excited a spirit of discontent among his subjects. After his conversion his character appears to have entirely changed, and he became gentle, loving, patient and humble. The details of this conversion are given under the head of Ammon. After his change of heart he became the protector and chief pillar of the Church, which, through his zealous assistance, was established in the land of Ishmael. He accompanied Ammon to the land Middoni, and by his influence with Antiomno, the king of that region, he succeeded in releasing Aaron and the other Nephite missionaries, who had been held in prison there and so barbarously treated. (B. C. 86?) In later years, when the anger of the Nephite apostates and unconverted Lamanites was raging against the new-born disciples, Lamoni was trusted as a wise counselor, and the missionaries and others visited Ishmael to advise with him regarding the best course to pursue to protect the lives of the unoffending people of Anti-Lehi-Nephi. (B. C. 82.) Afterthis,we read no more of Lamoni, and we have no means of telling if he suffered martyrdom when so many of his fellow converts were slain, or whether he lived to accompany the fugitives who forsook their homes, threw themselves on the magnanimity of the Nephites, and found a resting place in Jershon.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Lauram

​LAURAM. A Nephite officer under Mormon, killed in battle with the Lamanites. He is only mentioned in the second epistle of Mormon to his son Moroni, and there simply referred to as having, with many other choice men, been slain in a ​disastrous battle with the enemy. The fact of his name being mentioned infers that he was an officer of distinction.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Lehi, Land of

​LEHI, LAND OF. The name by which the whole of South America was known to the Nephites, in contradistinction to North America, which was called Mulek, because the Lord brought Mulek into the land north, and Lehi into the land south. (Helaman, 6:10.)
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Laman (IV)

​LAMAN, Originally a servant of the king of the Lamanites, who was slain by the cunning and deceit of Amalickiah (B. C. 73). When the royal cortege issued from the city of Nephi to welcome the supposedly victorious general and his army, Laman accompanied his master. When that master was treacherously slain, and the cry was adroitly raised that his own retainers had committed the atrocious deed, Laman with the rest of the servants fled. We next find him (B.C. 63) in the service of the Nephites, and engaged in the army of Moroni, most probably as an inferior officer. At the time that Moroni determined to release the Nephite prisoners held by the Lamanites in the city of Gid, Laman, on account of his nationality, was chosen to carry out the details of the stratagem by which Moroni hoped to deliver his fellow countrymen. He was placed in command of a small body of troops, loaded with wine, and sent out at evening towards the place where the Nephites were held captive. When the guards over the prisoners saw him approaching, they hailed him. He told them that he was a Lamanite, and that he and his companions had just escaped from the Nephites, but luckily they had been able to secrete some ​wine and bring it with them. The Lamanites at once became exceedingly anxious to get hold of the booty, and enthusiastically welcomed Laman. He, very cunningly, pretended that he wished to preserve the wine until the day of battle, but the more he protested the more anxious the soldiery became to drink it. This was exactly what he wished, and at last, with well feigned reluctance, he handed over the coveted liquor. It had been purposely made very strong and sweet, and when the Lamanites found it was so palatable they drank copiously. Deep sleep followed. Now was the hour of action. Laman returned to Moroni and reported his success. The Nephite general had everything prepared; while the guard were yet in their deep drunken stupor, he hastened to the city, as noiselessly as possible he conveyed over its walls sufficient weapons to arm all the prisoners, even to the women and the children who were old enough to use them. When the guards awoke from their drunken sleep they found themselves surrounded by the armies of Moroni without, and the prisoners armed and marshaled within. Deeming discretion the better part of valor, their officers surrendered and the new prisoners were set to work increasing the strength of the fortifications of Gid, while the released Nephite warriors joined the forces of Moroni, to whom they were a great help.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Lamanites

​LAMANITES, THE. The people who, in connection with their kindred, the Nephites, occupied the American continent from about B. C. 590 to A. C. 385, in which latter year they destroyed the Nephites and remained possessors of the entire land. The American Indians are their degraded descendants. These people were of Hebrew origin, being members of the half tribe of Manasseh, and are called Lamanites, from Laman, the eldest son of Lehi, who was the leading spirit in the events that led to their separation from the Nephites and their formation as a distinct people. Originally, the Lamanites were the children of Laman, Lemuel, and some of the family of Ishmael; but as the centuries passed there were many defections in both nations, when the dissatisfied would join the opposing race and affiliate and intermix with them, so that the two names at last became more an indication of religion and civilization than of birth.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Lehi, City of

​LEHI, CITY OF. A city on the Atlantic seaboard of South America, apparently near the Caribbean Sea. It is described as lying "in the north, by the borders of the sea shore" (Alma, 50:15). It was founded in B. C. 72, possibly by Lehi, one of the great Nephite generals of that era. In B. C. 68, its citizens being threatened by their neighbors of the city of Morianton, fled for protection to the camp of Moroni. When the difficulty was settled they both returned to their ​respective homes. In B. C. 67 this city, with many others, fell into the hands of the Lamanite armies under Amalickiah, who appear to have retained it until B. C. 61, when it was recaptured by the Nephites. This city is not again mentioned by name in the Book of Mormon.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Lebanon

​LEBANON. The Mount Lebanon of the Bible. It is mentioned four times in the Book of Mormon, always in quotations from the writings of Isaiah.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Lehi, Land of (II)

​LEHI, LAND OF. A small region of South America, on the Atlantic seaboard, immediately surrounding the City of Lehi, and adjoining the land of Morianton. In B. C. 68, a feud arose between these two districts, the people of Morianton unjustly claiming a portion of the land of Lehi. The former determined to assert their claims by force of arms, when the people of Lehi for protection fled to the camp of Moroni, the Nephite commander-in-chief, Morianton, the leader of the people of that name, determined to flee northward with his followers, but was stopped at the land Bountiful by the Nephite armies. A battle ensued in which Morianton was slain and his people were escorted back to their own lands. Upon their making an agreement to keep the peace, a union was effected between them and the people of Lehi, who also returned to their homes.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Yearsley, Anne

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YEARSLEY, ANNE,
A poetess, novel-writer, and dramatist, born at Bristol about 1756. Her mother was a milkwoman in that city, and she for some time exercised the same occupation. She was taught by her mother and brother to read and to write; and having had opportunities of perusing Young's Night Thoughts, and some of the works of Pope, Milton, Dryden, and Shakspeare, her talents were called forth, and she produced several pieces of poetry which excited the attention of Mrs. Hannah More. To the assistance and advice of that lady, she was much indebted for the improvement of her abilities; and under her patronage, she published by subscription a volume of poems in 1785. The profits of this work enabled her to relinquish her business, for the congenial employment of keeping a circulating library at Bristol Hot Wells. Her subsequent publications were, a second collection of "Poems on Various Subjects," 1787; a short poem "On the Inhumanity of the Slave Trade," 1788; "Stanzas of Woe," addressed to Levi Ames, Esq., Mayor of Bristol, 1790; "Earl Godwin," an historical tragedy, which was performed at the Bristol and Bath Theatres; and a novel, entitled "The Royal Captive," 1795, four volumes, 12mo., founded on the history of the man with the iron mask, imprisoned in the Bastile, whom she supposes to have been a twin-brother of Louis the Fourteenth. She experienced great encouragement from the public in the course of her literary career; but an unfortunate quarrel with her patroness, Mrs. More, which, like most affairs of this kind, was carried on in a manner by no means creditable to either party, tended somewhat to injure her popularity. Some years before her death, she retired from trade, and resided with her family at Melksham, in Wiltshire, in a state of almost absolute seclusion. She died May 8th., 1806, leaving a son and two daughters. Another son, who had studied painting as a profession, and who appeared to be a talented individual, was cut off by a pulmonary disease, two or three years previously to the death of his mother.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Woffington, Margaret

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WOFFINGTON, MARGARET,
An actress, celebrated for her beauty, elegance, and talent, was born at Dublin in 1718. She acted in the London and Dublin Theatres, and was very much admired. She was sprightly, good humoured, and charitable; and her society was sought by the gravest and most learned persons. She died in London, in 1760.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Wortley, Lady Emmeline Stuart

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WORTLEY, LADY EMMELINE STUART,
Is a well-known English poetess, daughter of the Duke of Rutland, and wife of the Hon. Stuart Wortley. She has written a great deal, and with remarkable rapidity—principally poetry, although she has published one or two novels, which have not been very successful. Her poems would fill more than a dozen volumes; they are "The Knight and the Enchantress," published in 1832; "London ​at Night, and other poems," in 1834; "The Village Churchyard," in 1835; "The Visionary," in 1837; "Lays of Leisure," in 1838; accounts of her travels, and many occasional poems. She certainly evinces unusual facility in versification, but more care and finish would be an improvement to her style. Some of her shorter poems display brilliancy of imagination, and when her theme is new and inspiring) she becomes impassioned and pathetic. Her poems on America attest the power of her genius as well as the kindness of her heart Lady Stuart Wortley made the tour of the United States in 1849-50. She contributed a number of poems on the subject of her travels to different periodicals, and early in 1851, her "Travels in the United States" appeared. The work evinces a very different spirit from the recorded opinions of Mrs. Trollope and Miss Martineau. Lady Stuart Wortley is a woman of refined manners and highly cultivated intellect; there is genuine goodness of heart shown in her writings; her records of what she sees and hears always bring out expressions of feelings and hopes that do honour to human nature. These give value to her works.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Wolf, Arnoldina

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WOLF, ARNOLDINA,
A native of Cassel, in Germany, was born in 1769. Her father was an officer in the Hessian government; but he died while she was quite young. When she was about eighteen, she was attacked by a very painful disease, which prevented her from sleeping for nearly twenty-six weeks. She alleviated her sufferings by repeating and composing poetry. The poems she composed while in this state were published in 1788. At length she fell into an apparent state of insensibility, in which she hardly seemed to live; but she ​could hear, and was conscious of a great dread lest she should be buried alive. In four weeks she began to recover, and in time regained her health. She married, in 1791, Mr. Wolf, by whom she had nine children. She died, in 1820, at Smalcalden. Her poems and an account of her illness, were published by Dr. Wiss.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Winter, Lucretia Wilhelmina

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WINTER, LUCRETIA WILHELMINA,
(Her maiden name was Van Merken,) was born in 1745, in Amsterdam, Holland. She was married to the poet Nicolaus Simon Winter, with whose writings a great deal of her poetry was published. She was a poetess of the Dutch school; all her verses bear the impress of labour, and the marks of a great deal of polishing. She wrote the two epics, "David," and "Gerraanicus," and a number of miscellaneous poems, published in 1793. She died in 1795, at Leyden, Holland.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Xantippe

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XANTIPPE,
Wife of Socrates, the Athenian philosopher, was remarkable for the moroseness and violence of her temper. It is said that Socrates was aware of her character, and married her to exercise his patience. She, however, loved her husband, and mourned his death, which took place about 398 B.C., with the deepest grief. If we take into the account this true love she felt for her husband, and consider what she must have suffered while he was passing his evenings in the society of the beautiful and fascinating Aspasia, we shall hardly wonder at her discontent. If his wife loved him, it must have been for his mind, as he was not endowed with attractions that win the eye and fancy of a woman; and thus loving him, she must have keenly felt the discord between the wisdom of his teachings and the foolishness of his conduct. That he acknowledged her influence over him was good, is a sufficient proof of her true devotion to him; had he been as true to her, he would have been a wiser and a better man; and she, no doubt, a much milder as well as a happier woman.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Yates, Mary

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YATES, MARY,
A celebrated actress, whose maiden name was Graham, was born about 1737. She made her theatrical débût at Dublin, in 1752; but succeeded so ill, that Mr. Sheridan, the manager, was glad to dissolve her engagement by a present. Necessity urged her to another attempt; and in 1754, she appeared at Drury Lane, London, but was not very successful. On her marriage with Mr. Yates, under whose instruction her talents first developed themselves, Mr. Garrick received her again at Drury Lane, and she soon became the first tragic actress of the day. She also excelled in comedy. She was very attractive in her appearance. Mrs. Yates retired from the stage in 1785, and died in London in 1787.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Zaida

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ZAIDA,
A Moorish princess, daughter of Benabet, King of Seville, married Alfonso the Sixth, King of Castile and Leon. Zaida is said to have been induced to adopt the Christian faith by a dream, in which St. Isodorus appeared to her and persuaded her to become a convert. Her father, when she acquainted him with the resolution she had formed, made no objections; but fearful it might cause discontent among his subjects, he allowed her to escape to Leon. Thither she fled; the Christian sovereigns instructed her in the new creed, and had her baptized Isabel; or, as some assert, Mary. Zaida subsequently became the third wife of Alfonso, the king; though Pelagius, the Bishop of Oviedo, denies that she was married to that sovereign, asserting she was only his mistress. She bore the king one son, Don Sancho, and died soon afterwards, near the close of the eleventh century.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Wolf, Mrs.

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WOLF, MRS.,
A german actress, who, like her husband, immortalized herself on the stage, and, like him, enjoyed, during her lifetime, the most glorious triumph. She united to a tall figure, an expressive physiognomy, and a noble, dignified carriage. Her pliant organs of speech rendered her utterance very easy, and she had cultivated highly this part of her art. Thus she was peculiarly adapted to tragedy, in which she represented with success the first heroines. Instances of her characters are: Iphigenia, Stella, Mary Stuart. Queen Elizabeth; the Princess, in Schiller's "Bride of Messina;" Clara, in Goëthe's "Egmont;" Adhelheid, in Goëthe's "Tasso;" Eboli, in Schiller's "Don Carlos;" Sappho, in Grillparzer's drama of this name; and others. But she has also succeeded in cheerful and naif parts. Everywhere, she betrayed a deep study of her part, a true conception of the whole, and a delicate taste for poetical beauties; moreover, her gestures were animated by charming grace, and she knew how to transport the spectator in those moments which the poet had chosen for his peculiar triumphs. Her declamation was not to be excelled, and still did not appear at all like art; she was also able, by her costume, to beautify and call into existence the artificial character which she represented. Mr. and Mrs. Wolf were engaged at the theatre at Berlin; and the public though accustomed to Fleck and Zoffland, and Mrs. Bethmann, knew how to appreciate this rare couple, and rewarded them with those distinguished marks of approbation which they so richly deserved.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Butler, 5th Theobald

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​Butler, 5th Theobald, succeeded his father in 1285, and at a Parliament of the great Lords of Ireland, held in 1295, stood fifth on the roll. He attended Edward I. in his Scottish wars, and gained great reputation by his valour. He died unmarried, 14th May 1299.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Butler, James, 1st Earl of Ormond

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​Butler, James, 1st Earl of Ormond, was a minor at his father's death. He married Eleanor de Bohun, grand-daughter of Edward I., was created Earl of Ormond, and had a grant made him of the annual rent of the City of Waterford. This marriage ultimately procured him still more considerable advantages–particularly the grant of the "Regalities and Liberties of Tipperary," and the rights of a palatine in that county. As soon as he was of age (about 1327) he engaged on the side of his cousin, the Earl of Kildare, in his wars with the De Burghs and Le Poers. In 1329 and 1330 he was at war with the O'Nolans and MacGeoghegans. He founded, in 1336, the Friary of Little Carrick, in the County of Waterford, and dying, 6th January 1337-'8, was buried at Gowran.