# U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual/Abbreviations and Letter Symbols

In general, an abbreviation follows the capitalization and hyphenation of the word or words abbreviated. It is followed by a period unless otherwise indicated.
    c.o.d.
    St.
    but ft·lb
Abbreviations and initials of a personal name with points are set without spaces. Abbreviations composed of contractions and initials or numbers, will retain space.
    H.S.T.
    J.F.K.
    L.B.J.
    U.S.
    U.N.
    U.S.C. (but Rev. Stat.)
    A.F. of L.-CIO (AFL-CIO preferred)
    A.D., B.C.
    e.s.t.
    i.e., e.g. (but op. cit.)
    B.S., LL.D., Ph.D., B.Sc.
    H.R. 116 (but S. 116, S. Con. Res. 116)
    C.A.D.C. (but App. D.C.)
    A.B. Secrest, D.D.S.
    but
    AT&T
    Texas A&M
    R&D
Except as otherwise designated, points and spaces are omitted after initials used as shortened names of governmental agencies and of other organized bodies. "Other organized bodies" shall be interpreted to mean organized bodies that have become popularly identified with a symbol, such as MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), GM (General Motors), GMAC (General Motors Acceptance Corp.), etc. (See "List of Abbreviations.") Symbols, when they appear in copy, may be used for acts of Congress. Example: ARA (Area Redevelopment Act).
    VFW
    NLRB
    TVA
    AFL-CIO
    ARC
    ASTM
    U.S. Government
    U.S. Congress
    U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
    U.S. district court
    U.S. Supreme Court (but Supreme Court of the United States)
    U.S. Army (but Army of the United States)
    U.S. monitor Nantucket
    U.S.-NATO assistance
    U.S. Government efforts to control inflation must be successful if the United States is to have a stable economy.
but British, French, and United States Governments; United States-British talks
With the exceptions in the preceding rule, the abbreviation U.S. is used in the adjective position, but is spelled out when used as a noun.
    U.S. foreign policy
    U.S. farm-support program
    U.S. attorney
    U.S. citizen
    United States Code (official title)
    United States Steel Corp. (legal title)
    Foreign policy of the United States
not Temperatures vary in the U.S.
In other than formal usage as defined in rule 9.9, all States of the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands are abbreviated immediately following any capitalized geographic term, including armory, arsenal, airbase, airport, barracks, depot, fort, Indian agency, military camp, national cemetery (also forest, historic site, memorial, seashore, monument, park), naval shipyard, proving ground, reservation (forest, Indian, or military), and reserve or station (military or naval).
    Prince George's County, MD
    Arlington National Cemetery, VA
    Mount Rainier National Forest, WA
    Stone Mountain, GA
    National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, MD
    Mark Twain National Wildlife Refuge, IL-IA-MO (note use of hyphens here)
    Richmond, VA
    Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
    Baltimore-Washington International Airport, MD
    Redstone Arsenal, AL
    but
    Leavenworth freight yards, Kansas
    Altoona sidetrack, Wisconsin
* United States [Including freely associated States]
* Alabama ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................AL
* Alaska ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................AK
* American Samoa ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................AS
* Arizona ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................AZ
* Arkansas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................AR
* California ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................CA
* Colorado ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................CO
* Connecticut ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................CT
* Delaware ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................DE
* District of Columbia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................DC
* Federated States of Micronesia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................FM
* Florida ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................FL
* Georgia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................GA
* Guam ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................GU
* Hawaii ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................HI
* Idaho ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ID
* Illinois ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................IL
* Indiana ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................IN
* Iowa ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................IA
* Kansas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................KS
* Kentucky ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................KY
* Louisiana ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................LA
* Maine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ME
* Marshall Islands ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................MH
* Maryland ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................MD
* Massachusetts ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................MA
* Michigan ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................MI
* Minnesota ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................MN
* Mississippi ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................MS
* Missouri ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................MO
* Montana ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................MT
* Nebraska ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................NE
* Nevada ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................NV
* New Hampshire ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................NH
* New Jersey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................NJ
* New Mexico ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................NM
* New York ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................NY
* North Carolina ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................NC
* North Dakota ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ND
* Northern Mariana Islands ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................MP
* Ohio ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................OH
* Oklahoma ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................OK
* Oregon ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................OR
* Palau ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................PW
* Pennsylvania ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................PA
* Puerto Rico ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................PR
* Rhode Island ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................RI
* South Carolina ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................SC
* South Dakota ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................SD
* Tennessee ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................TN
* Texas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................TX
* Utah ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................UT
* Vermont ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................VT
* Virgin Islands ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................VI
* Virginia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................VA
* Washington ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................WA
* West Virginia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................WV
* Wisconsin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................WI
* Wyoming ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................WY
* Canada
* Alberta ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................AB
* British Columbia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................BC
* Manitoba ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................MB
* New Brunswick ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................NB
* Newfoundland and Labrador ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................NL
* Northwest Territories ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................NT
* Nova Scotia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................NS
* Nunavut ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................NU
* Ontario ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ON
* Prince Edward Island ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................PE
* Quebec ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................QC
* Saskatchewan ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................SK
* Yukon ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................YT
The word Street or Avenue as part of a name is not abbreviated even in parentheses, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, lists, and leaderwork.
    14th Street Bridge
    Ninth Avenue Bldg.
The words County, Fort, Mount, Point, and Port are not abbreviated. Saint (St.) and Sainte (Ste.) should be abbreviated.
If fractions are spelled out in land descriptions, half and quarter are used (not one-half nor one-quarter).
south half of T. 47 N., R. 64 E.
In the description of tracts of public land the following abbreviations are used (periods are omitted after abbreviated compass directions that immediately precede and close up on figures):
    SE¼NW¼ sec. 4, T. 12 S., R. 15 E., of the Boise Meridian
    lot 6, NE¼ sec. 4, T. 6 N., R. 1 W.
    N½ sec. 20, T. 7 N., R. 2 W., sixth principal meridian
    Tps. 9, 10, 11, and 12 S., Rs. 12 and 13 W.
    T. 2 S., Rs. 8, 9, and 10 E., sec. 26
    T. 3 S., R. 1 E., sec. 34, W½E½, W½, and W½SE½SE½
    sec. 32 (with or without a township number)
In case of an unavoidable break in a land-description symbol group at end of a line, use no hyphen and break after fraction.
The following forms are not always abbreviations, and copy should be followed as to periods:
    Al
    Alex
    Ben
    Ed
    Fred
    Sam
    Walt
    Will
In signatures, an effort should be made to retain the exact form used by the signer.
    George Wythe
    Geo. Taylor
    Radio Corp. of America
    Aluminum Co. of America
    Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey
    H.J. Baker & Bro.
    Jones Bros. & Co.
    American Telephone & Telegraph Co.
    Norton Enterprises, Inc.
    Maryland Steamship Co., Ltd.
    Chesapeake & Delaware Canal
    Fairmount Building & Loan Association
    Electronics Manufacturing Co.
    Texas College of Arts & Industries
    Robert Wilson & Associates, Inc.
    Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
    Mine, Mill & Smelter Workers
    but
    Little Theater Company
    Senate Banking, Housing and
    U.S. News & World Report Urban Affairs Committee
Company and Corporation are not abbreviated in names of Federal Government units.
    Commodity Credit Corporation
    Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation
    Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation
In the names of informal companionships the word and is spelled out.
    Gilbert and Sullivan
    Currier and Ives
In other than formal usage, a civil, military, or naval title preceding a name is abbreviated if followed by first or given name or initial; but Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms., M., MM., Messrs., Mile., Mme., and Dr. are abbreviated with or without first or given name or initial.
Officer ranks in the United States military consist of commissioned officers and warrant officers. The commissioned ranks are the highest in the military These officers hold presidential commissions and are confirmed at their ranks by the Senate. Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps officers are called company grade officers in the pay grades of O-l to O-3, field grade ​officers in pay grades O-4 to O-6, and general officers in pay grades O-7 and higher. The equivalent officer groupings in the Navy are called junior grade, mid-grade, and flag.
Warrant officers hold warrants from their service secretary and are specialists and experts in certain military technologies or capabilities. The lowest ranking warrant officers serve under a warrant, but they receive commissions from the President upon promotion to chief warrant officer 2. These commissioned warrant officers are direct representatives of the President of the United States. They derive their authority from the same source as commissioned officers but remain specialists, in contrast to commissioned officers, who are generalists. There are no warrant officers in the Air Force.
| | Army | Navy Coast Guard | Marines | Air Force |
| | General of the Army (Reserved for wartime only) | Fleet Admiral (Reserved for wartime only) | | General of the Air Force (Reserved for wartime only) |
| O10 | General GEN Army Chief of Staff | Admiral ADM Chief of Naval Operations and Commandant of the Coast Guard | General Gen. Commandant of the Marine Corps | General Gen. Air Force Chief of Staff |
| 09 | Lieutenant General LTG | Vice Admiral VADM | Lieutenant General Lt. Gen. | Lieutenant General Lt. Gen. |
| O8 | Major General MG | Rear Admiral Upper Half RADM | Major General Maj. Gen. | Major General Maj. Gen. |
| O7 | Brigadier General BG | Rear Admiral Lower Half RDML | Brigadier General Brig. Gen. | Brigadier General Brig. Gen. |
| O6 | Colonel COL | Captain CAPT | Colonel Col. | Colonel Col. |
| O5 | Lieutenant Colonel LTC | Commander CDR | Lieutenant Colonel Lt. Col. | Lieutenant Colonel Lt. Col. |
| O4 | Major MAJ | Lieutenant Commander LCDR | Major Maj. | Major Maj. |
| O3 | Captain CPT | Lieutenant LT | Captain Capt. | Captain Capt. ​|-style="border-bottom:2px solid black;border-top:1px solid black;border-right:1px solid black;" | O2 | First Lieutenant 1LT | Lieutenant Junior Grade LTJG | First Lieutenant 1st Lt. | First Lieutenant 1st Lt. |
| O1 | Second Lieutenant 2LT | Ensign ENS | Second Lieutenant 2nd Lt. | Second Lieutenant 2nd Lt. |
| W5 | Chief Warrant Officer CW5 | Chief Warrant Officer CWO5 | Chief Warrant Officer 5 CWO5 | NO WARRANT |
| W4 | Chief Warrant Officer 4 CW4 | Chief Warrant Officer 4 CWO4 | Chief Warrant Officer 4 CWO4 | NO WARRANT |
| W3 | Chief Warrant Officer 3 CW3 | Chief Warrant Officer 3 CWO3 | Chief Warrant Officer 3 CWO3 | NO WARRANT |
| W2 | Chief Warrant Officer 2 CW2 | Chief Warrant Officer 2 CWO2 | Chief Warrant Officer 2 CWO2 | NO WARRANT |
| W1 | Warrant Officer 1 WO1 | Warrant Officer 1 WO1 | Warrant Officer 1 WO | NO WARRANT |
Source: http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/insignias/officers.html.
Service members in pay grades E-1 through E-3 are usually either in some kind of training status or on their initial assignment. The training includes the basic training phase where recruits are immersed in military culture and values and are taught the core skills required by their service component.
Basic training is followed by a specialized or advanced training phase that provides recruits with a specific area of expertise or concentration. In the Army and Marines, this area is called a military occupational specialty; in the Navy it is known as a rate; and in the Air Force it is simply called an Air Force specialty.
Leadership responsibility significantly increases in the mid-level enlisted ranks. This responsibility is given formal recognition by use of the terms noncommissioned officer and petty officer. An Army sergeant, an Air Force staff sergeant, and a Marine corporal are considered NCO ranks. The Navy NCO equivalent, petty officer, is achieved at the rank of petty officer third class.
​At the E-8 level, the Army, Marines, and Air Force have two positions at the same pay grade. Whether one is, for example, a senior master sergeant or a first sergeant in the Air Force depends on the person's job. The same is true for the positions at the E-9 level. Marine Corps master gunnery sergeants and sergeants major receive the same pay but have different responsibilities. All told, E-8s and E-9s have 15 to 30 years on the job, and are commanders' senior advisers for enlisted matters.
A third E-9 element is the senior enlisted person of each service. The sergeant major of the Army, the sergeant major of the Marine Corps, the master chief petty officer of the Navy, and the chief master sergeant of the Air Force are the spokespersons of the enlisted force at the highest levels of their services.
| | Army | Army | Navy Coast Guard | Navy Coast Guard | Marines | Marines | Air Force | Air Force | Air Force |
| E9 | Sergeant Major of the Army (SMA) | Sergeant Major of the Army (SMA) | Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy (MCPON) and Coast Guard (MCPOCG) | Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy (MCPON) and Coast Guard (MCPOCG) | Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps (SgtMajMC) | Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps (SgtMajMC) | Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force (CMSAF) | Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force (CMSAF) | Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force (CMSAF) |
| E9 | Sergeant Major (SGM) | Command Sergeant Major (CSM) | Master Chief Petty Officer (MCPO) | Fleet/Command Master Chief Petty Officer | Sergeant Major (SgtMaj) | Master Gunnery Sergeant (MGySgt) | Chief Master Sergeant (CMSgt) | First Sergeant | Command Chief Master Sergeant (CCM) |
| E8 | Master Sergeant (MSG) | First Sergeant (1SG) | Senior Chief Petty Officer (SCPO) | Senior Chief Petty Officer (SCPO) | Master Sergeant (MSgt) | First Sergeant | Senior Master Sergeant (SMSgt) | First Sergeant | First Sergeant |
| E7 | Sergeant First Class (SFC) | Sergeant First Class (SFC) | Chief Petty Officer (CPO) | Chief Petty Officer (CPO) | Gunnery Sergeant (GySgt) | Gunnery Sergeant (GySgt) | Master Sergeant (MSgt) | First Sergeant | First Sergeant |
| E6 | Staff Sergeant (SSG) | Staff Sergeant (SSG) | Petty Officer First Class (PO1) | Petty Officer First Class (PO1) | Staff Sergeant (SSgt) | Staff Sergeant (SSgt) | Technical Sergeant (TSgt) | Technical Sergeant (TSgt) | Technical Sergeant (TSgt) |
| E5 | Sergeant (SGT) | Sergeant (SGT) | Petty Officer Second Class (PO2) | Petty Officer Second Class (PO2) | Sergeant (Sgt) | Sergeant (Sgt) | Staff Sergeant (SSgt) | Staff Sergeant (SSgt) | Staff Sergeant (SSgt) |
| E4 | Corporal (CPL) | Specialist (SPC) | Petty Officer Third Class (PO3) | Petty Officer Third Class (PO3) | Corporal (Cpl) | Corporal (Cpl) | Senior Airman (SrA) ​ | Senior Airman (SrA) ​ | Senior Airman (SrA) ​ |
| E3 | Private First Class (PFC) | Private First Class (PFC) | Seaman (SN) | Seaman (SN) | Lance Corporal (LCpl) | Lance Corporal (LCpl) | Airman First Class (A1C) | Airman First Class (A1C) | Airman First Class (A1C) |
| E2 | Private E-2 (PV2) | Private E-2 (PV2) | Seaman Apprentice (SA) | Seaman Apprentice (SA) | Private First Class (PFC) | Private First Class (PFC) | Airman (Amn) | Airman (Amn) | Airman (Amn) |
| El | Private | Private | Seaman Recruit (SR) | Seaman Recruit (SR) | Private | Private | Airman Basic | Airman Basic | Airman Basic |
Source: http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/insignias/enlisted.html
Unless preceded by the, abbreviate Honorable, Reverend, and Monsignor when followed by the first name, initials, or title.
    Hon. Elihu Root; the Honorable Elihu Root; the Honorable Mr. Root
    the Honorables John Roberts, John Paul Stevens, and Ruth Bader Ginsberg
    Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.; the Reverend Dr. King; Rev. Dr. King; Reverend King (not Rev. King, nor the Reverend King)
    Rt. Rev. James E. Freeman; the Right Reverend James E. Freeman; Very Rev. Henry Boyd; the Very Reverend Henry Boyd
    Rt. Rev. Msgr. John Bird; the Right Reverend Monsignor John Bird
The following and similar forms are used after a name:
    Esq., Jr., Sr.
    2d, 3d (or II, III) (not preceded by comma)
    Degrees: LL.D., M.A., Ph.D., etc.
    Fellowships, orders, etc.: FSA Scot, F.R.S., K.C.B., C.P.A., etc.
The abbreviation Esq. and other titles such as Mr., Mrs., and Dr., should not appear with any other title or with abbreviations indicating scholastic degrees.
    John L. Smith, Esq., not Mr. John L. Smith, Esq., nor John L. Smith, Esq., A.M.; but James A. Jones, Jr., Esq.
    Ford Maddox, A.B., Ph.D., not Mr. Ford Maddox, A.B., Ph.D.
    George Gray, M.D., not Mr. George Gray, M.D., nor Dr. George Gray, M.D.
    Dwight A. Bellinger, D.V.M.
Sr. and Jr. should not be used without first or given name or initials, but may be used in combination with any title.
    A.K. Jones, Jr., or Mr. Jones, Junior, not Jones, Jr., nor Jones, Junior
    President J. B. Nelson, Jr.
When name is followed by abbreviations designating religious and fraternal orders and scholastic and honorary degrees, their sequence is as follows: Orders, religious first; theological degrees; academic degrees earned in course; and honorary degrees in order of bestowal.
    Henry L. Brown, D.D., A.M., D.Lit.
    T.E. Holt, C.S.C., S.T.Lr., LL.D., Ph.D.
    Samuel J. Deckelbaum, P.M.
Academic degrees standing alone may be abbreviated.
    John was graduated with a B.A. degree; but bachelor of arts degree (lowercase when spelled out).
    She earned her Ph.D. by hard work.
In addresses, signatures, lists of names, and leaderwork but not in tables nor in centerheads, Mr., Mrs., and other titles preceding a name, and Esq., Jr., Sr., 2d, and 3d following a name, are set in roman caps and lowercase if the name is in caps and small caps. If the name is in caps, they are set in caps and small caps, if small caps are available—otherwise in caps and lowercase.
The following abbreviations are used for parts of publications mentioned in parentheses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, list of references, tables, and leaderwork, when followed by figures, letters, or Roman numerals.
    app., apps. (appendix, appendixes)
    art., arts, (article, articles)
    bull., bulls, (bulletin, bulletins)
    ch., chs. (chapter, chapters)
    col., cols, (column, columns)
    ed., eds. (edition, editions)
    fig., figs, (figure, figures)
    No., Nos. (number, numbers)
    p., pp. (page, pages)
    par., pars, (paragraph, paragraphs)
    pl., pls. (plate, plates)
    pt.,pts. (part, parts)
    sec, sees, (section, sections)
    subch., subchs. (subchapter, subchapters)
    subpar., subpars. (subparagraph, subparagraphs)
    subpt, subpts. (subpart, subparts)
    subsec, subsecs. (subsection, subsections)
    supp., supps. (supplement, supplements)
    vol., vols, (volume, volumes)
The word article and the word section are abbreviated when appearing at the beginning of a paragraph and set in caps and small caps followed by a period and an en space, except that the first of a series is spelled out.
    Art. 2; Sec. 2; etc.; but Article 1; Section 1
    Art. II; Sec. II; etc.; but Article I; Section I
At the beginning of a legend, the word figure preceding the legend number is not abbreviated.
    Figure 4.—Landscape.
The words Congress and session, when accompanied by a numerical reference, are abbreviated in parentheses, brackets, and text footnotes. In sidenotes, lists of references, tables, leaderwork, and footnotes to tables and leaderwork, the following abbreviations are used:
    106th Cong., 1st sess.
    1st sess., 106th Cong.
    Public Law 84, 102d Cong.
    Private Law 68, 102d Cong.
In references to bills, resolutions, documents and reports in parentheses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, and leaderwork, the following abbreviations are used:
    H.R. 416 (House bill)
    S. 116 (Senate bill)
    The examples above may be abbreviated or spelled out in text.
    H. Res. 5 (House resolution)
    H. Con. Res. 10 (House concurrent resolution)
    H.J. Res. 21 (House joint resolution)
    S. Res. 50 (Senate resolution)
    S. Con. Res. 17 (Senate concurrent resolution)
    S.J. Res. 45 (Senate joint resolution)
    H. Conf. Rept. 10 (House conference report)
    H. Doc. 35 (House document)
    S. Doc. 62 (Senate document)
    H. Rept. 214 (House report)
    S. Rept. 410 (Senate report)
    Ex. Doc. B (Executive document)
    Ex. F (92d Cong., 2d sess.)
    Ex. Rept. 9 (92d Cong., 1st sess.)
    Misc. Doc. 16 (miscellaneous document)
    Public Res. 47
References to statutes in parentheses, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, leaderwork, and congressional work are abbreviated.
    Rev. Stat. (Revised Statutes); 43 Rev. Stat. 801; 18 U.S.C. 38
    Supp. Rev. Stat. (Supplement to the Revised Statutes)
    Stat. L. (Statutes at Large)
but Public Law 85-1; Private Law 68
Names of months followed by the day, or day and year, are abbreviated in footnotes, tables, leaderwork, sidenotes, and in bibliographies. (See examples, rule 9.45.) May, June, and July are always spelled out. In narrow columns in tables, however, the names of months may be abbreviated even if standing alone. Preferred forms follow:
    Jan.
    Feb.
    Mar.
    Apr.
    Aug.
    Sept.
    Oct.
    Nov.
    Dec.
In text only, dates as part of a citation or reference within parentheses or brackets are also abbreviated.
    (Op. Atty. Gen., Dec. 4, 2005)
    (Congressional Record, Sept. 25, 2007)
    [From the New York Times, Mar. 4, 2008]
    [From the Mar. 4 issue]
    On Jan. 25 (we had commenced on Dec. 26, 2005) the work was finished. (In footnotes, tables, leaderwork, and sidenotes)
    On January 25, a decision was reached (Op. Atty. Gen., Dec. 4, 2006). (Text, but with citation in parentheses)
but On January 25 (we had commenced on December 26, 2008) the work was finished. (Not a citation or reference in text)
Weekdays are not abbreviated, but the following forms are used, if necessary, in lists or in narrow columns in tables:
    Sun.
    Mon.
    Tues.
    Wed.
    Thurs.
    Fri.
    Sat.
The following forms are to be used when abbreviating names of time zones:
    AKDT— Alaska daylight time
    AKST — Alaska standard time
    AKT — Alaska time (implies standard or daylight time)
    AST — Atlantic standard time
    AT— Atlantic time
    CDT — central daylight time
    CST — central standard time
    CT — central time
    DST — daylight saving (no "s") time
    EDT — eastern daylight time
    EST — eastern standard time
    ET — eastern time
    GCT — Greenwich civil time
    GMAT — Greenwich mean astronomical time
    GMT — Greenwich mean time
    HDT — Hawaii-Aleutian daylight time (not observed in HI)
    HST — Hawaii-Aleutian standard time
    LST — local standard time
    MDT — mountain daylight time
    MST — mountain standard time
    MT — mountain time
    PDT — Pacific daylight time
    PST — Pacific standard time
    PT — Pacific time
    UTC — coordinated universal time
    Use all capital letters when only the first letter of each word or selected words is used to make up the symbol:
       APPR (Army package power reactor)
       EPCOT (Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow)
       MAG (Military Advisory Group)
       MIRV (multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle)
       SALT (strategic arms limitation talks); (avoid SALT talks)
       STEP (supplemental training and employment program)
    Use all capital letters where first letters of prefixes and/or suffixes are utilized as part of established expressions:
       CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation)
       ESP (extrasensory perception)
       FLIR (forward-looking infrared)
    Copy must be followed where an acronym or abbreviated form is copyrighted or established by law:
       ACTION (agency of Government; not an acronym)
       MarAd (Maritime Administration)
       NACo (National Association of Counties)
       MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System)
    Use caps and lowercase when proper names are used in shortened form, any word ​of which uses more than the first letter of each word:
       Conrail (Consolidated Rail Corporation)
       Pepco (Potomac Electric Power Co.)
       Inco (International Nickel Co.)
       Aramco (Arabian-American Oil Co.)
       Unprofor (United Nations Protection Force)
    Use lowercase in common-noun combinations made up of more than the first letter of lowercased words:
       loran (long-range navigation)
       sonar (sound navigation ranging)
       secant (separation control of aircraft by nonsynchronous techniques)
The words infra and supra are not abbreviated.
Compass directions are abbreviated as follows:
    N.
    NE.
    E.
    SW.
    S.
    NNW.
    W.
    ESE.
    10° N. 25° W.
    NW. by N. ¼ W.
The words latitude and longitude, followed by figures, are abbreviated in parentheses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, and leaderwork, and the figures are always closed up.
    lat. 52°33'05" N.
    long. 13°21'10" E.
Avoid breaking latitude and longitude figures at end of line; space out line instead. In case of an unavoidable break at end of line, use hyphen.
Temperature and gravity are expressed in figures. When the degree mark is used, it must appear closed up to the capital letter, not against the figures. Note the following related abbreviations and letter symbols and their usages:
    abs, absolute
    API, American Petroleum Institute
    Bé, Baumé
    °C, degree Celsius
    Twad, Twaddell
    °F, degree Fahrenheit
    100 °C
    °R, degree Rankine
    212 °F
    K, kelvin
    671.67 °R
    273.15 K
    18 °API
    °API
References to meridian in statements of time are abbreviated as follows:
    10 a.m. (not 10:00 a.m.)
    2:30 p.m.
    12 p.m. (12 noon)
    12 a.m. (12 midnight)
The word o'clock is not used with abbreviations of time.
not 10 o'clock p.m.
Metric unit letter symbols are set lowercase roman unless the unit name has been derived from a proper name, in which case the first letter of the symbol is capitalized (for example Pa for pascal and W for watt) . The exception is the letter l. for liter. The same form is used for singular and plural. The preferred symbol for cubic centimeter is cm³; use cc only when requested.
A space is used between a figure and a unit symbol except in the case of the symbols for degree, minute, and second of plane angle.
    3 m
    45 mm
    25 ºC
    but 33°15'21"
| Prefixes for multiples and submultiples | Prefixes for multiples and submultiples | Prefixes for multiples and submultiples | Prefixes for multiples and submultiples | Metric units | Metric units |
| E | exa (10$^{18}$) | d | deci (10$^{-1}$) | m | meter (for length) |
| P | peta (10$^{15}$) | c | centi (10$^{-2}$) | g | gram (for weight or mass) |
| T | tera (10$^{12}$) | m | milli (10$^{-3}$) | l. | liter (for capacity) |
| G | giga (10$^9$) | μ | micro (10$^{-6}$) |
| M | mega (10$^6$) | n | nano (10$^{-9}$) |
| k | kilo (10$^3$) | p | pico (10$^{-12}$) |
| h | hecto (10$^2$) | f | femto (10$^{-15}$) |
| da | deka (10) | a | atto (10$^{-18}$) |
| Length | Length | Area | Area | Volume | Volume |
| km | kilometer | km² | square kilometer | km³ | cubic kilometer |
| hm | hectometer | hm² | square hectometer | hm³ | cubic hectometer |
| dam | decameter | dam² | square decameter | dam³ | cubic dekameter |
| m | meter | m² | square meter | m³ | cubic meter |
| dm | decimeter | dm² | square decimeter | dm³ | cubic decimeter |
| cm | centimeter | cm² | square centimeter | cm³ | cubic centimeter |
| mm | millimeter | mm² | square millimeter | mm³ | cubic millimeter ​ |
| Weight | Weight | Land area | Land area | Capacity of containers | Capacity of containers |
| kg | kilogram | ha | hectare | kL | kiloliter |
| hg | hectogram | a | acre | hL | hectoliter |
| dag | dekagram | | | daL | dekaliter |
| g | gram | | | L | liter |
| dg | decigram | | | dL | deciliter |
| cg | centigram | | | cL | centiliter |
| mg | milligram | | | mL | milliliter |
| μg | microgram | | |
| A | amper | V | volt | mF | millifarad |
| VA | voltampere | W | watt | mH | millihenry |
| F | farad | kc | kilocycle | μF | microfarad |
| H | Henry | kV | kilovolt | | (one-millionth of a farad) |
| Hz | Hertz | kVA | kilovoltampere | |
| J | joule | kW | kilowatt | |
| Length | Length | Area and volume | Area and volume |
| in | inch | in² | square inch |
| ft | foot | in³ | cubic inch |
| yd | yard | mi² | square mile |
| mi | mile (statute) | ft³ | cubic foot |
| Time | Time | Weight | Weight | Capacity | Capacity |
| yr | year | gr | grain | gill | (not abbreviated) |
| mo | month | dr | dram | pt | pint |
| d | day | oz | ounce | qt | quart |
| h | hour | lb | pound | gal | gallon |
| min | minute | cwt | hundredweight | pk | peck |
| s | second | dwt | pennyweight | bu | bushel |
| | | ton(s) | (not abbreviated) | bbl | barrel |
| | | but t | metric ton (tonne) |
In astrophysical and similar scientific matter, magnitudes and units of time may be expressed as follows, if so written in copy.
    5$^h$3$^m$9$^s$
    4.5$^h$
The following are some of the abbreviations and symbols used for indicating money:
(For the abbreviations of other terms indicating currency, see the table "Currency" in Chapter 17 "Useful Tables")
    $, dol (dollar)
    Mex $2,650
    c, ct, ₵ (cent, cents)
    P (peso)
    TRL175 (Turkish)
    £ (pound)
    USD15.000
    d (pence)
    € (euro)
Use "USD" if omission would result in confusion.
    2,4D (insecticide)
    3d—third
    4°—quarto
    8°—octavo
    A1 (rating)
    A.A.—Alcoholics Anonymous
    AARP—American Association of Retired Persons
    abbr.—abbreviation
    abs.—abstract
    acct.—account
    ACDA—Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
    ACTH—adrenocorticotropic hormone
    A.D.—(anno Domini) in the year of our Lord (A.D. 937)
    ADDH—attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity
    ADHD—attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
    AEF—American Expeditionary Forces
    AF—audiofrequency
    AFB—Air Force Base
    AFL-CIO—American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations
    AID—Agency for International Development
    AIDS—acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    a.k.a.—also known as
    A.L.R.—American Law Reports
    AM—amplitude modulation (no periods)
    A.M.—(anno mundi) in the year of the world
    A.M. or M. A.—master of arts
    a.m.—(ante meridiem) before noon
    Am. Repts.—American Reports
    Amtrak—National Railroad Passenger Corporation
    AM VETS—American Veterans of World War II; Amvet(s) (individual)
    antilog—antilogarithm (no period)
    AOA—Administration on Aging
    API—American Petroleum Institute
    APO—Army post office (no periods)
    App. D.C.—District of Columbia
    Appeal Cases
    App. Div.—Appellate Division
    APPR—Army package power reactor
    approx.—approximately
    ARC—American Red Cross
    ARS—Agricultural Research Service
    ASCS—Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service
    ASME—American Society of Mechanical Engineers
    A.S.N.—Army service number
    ASTM—American Society for Testing and Materials
    ATM—automatic teller machine
    AtL—Atlantic Reporter; A.2d, Atlantic Reporter, second series
    AUS—Army of the United States
    Ave.—avenue
    AWACS—airborne warning and control system
    AWOL—absent without leave
    B.A. or A.B.—bachelor of arts
    BBB—Better Business Bureau
    B.C.—before Christ (1200 B.C.)
    B.C.E.—Before Common Era
    BCG—(bacillus Calmette-Guerin) antituberculosis vaccine
    bf.—boldface
    BGN—Board on (not of) Geographic Names
    BIA—Bureau of Indian Affairs
    BIS—Bank for International Settlements
    Blatch. Pr. Cas.—Blatchford's Prize Cases
    Bldg.—building
    B. Lit(t). or Lit(t).B.—bachelor of literature
    BLM—Bureau of Land Management
    BLS—Bureau of Labor Statistics
    Blvd.—boulevard
    b.o.—buyer's option
    B.S. or B.Sc.—bachelor of science
    c. and s.c.—caps and small caps
    ca.—(circa) about
    ca—centiare
    CACM—Central American
    Common Market
    CAD—computer-aided design
    CAP—Civil Air Patrol
    CARE—Cooperative for American Remittances to Everywhere, Inc.
    CAT scan—computerized axial tomography
    CCA.—Circuit Court of Appeals
    CCC—Commodity Credit Corporation
    CCITT—Consultative Committee for International Telegraphy and Telephony
    CCls.—Court of Claims
    C.Cls.R.—Court of Claims Reports
    C.C.P.A.—Court of Customs and Patents Appeals
    CCR—Commission on Civil Rights
    CDC—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    CE.—Common Era
    CEA—Council of Economic Advisers
    cf—(confer) compare or see
    CFR—Code of Federal Regulations
    CFR Supp.—Code of Federal Regulations Supplement
    CHAMPUS—Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services
    CIA—Central Intelligence Agency
    CIC—Counterintelligence Corps
    CT.—(corpus juris) body of law; Chief Justice
    CNN—Cable News Network
    CO—commanding officer
    Co.—company (commercial)
    c.o.d.—cash on delivery
    COLA—cost-of-living adjustment
    Comp. Dec.—Comptroller's Decisions (Treasury)
    Comp. Gen.—Comptroller General Decisions
    con.—continued
    conelrad—control of electromagnetic radiation (civil defense)
    Conus—continental United States
    Corp.—corporation (commercial)
    cos—cosine (no period)
    cosh—hyperbolic cosine (no period)
    cot—cotangent (no period)
    coth—hyperbolic cotangent (no period)
    c.p.—chemically pure
    C.P.A.—certified public accountant
    CPI—Consumer Price Index
    CPR—cardiopulmonary resuscitation
    cr.—credit; creditor
    C-SPAN—Cable Satellite Public Affairs Network
    csc—cosecant (no period)
    csch—hyperbolic cosecant (no period)
    Ct.—court
    Dall.—Dallas (U.S. Supreme Court Reports)
    DAR—Daughters of the American Revolution
    d.b.a.—doing business as
    d.b.h.—diameter at breast height
    D.D.—doctor of divinity
    D.D.S.—doctor of dental surgery
    DDT—dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane
    DHS—Department of Homeland Security
    Dist. Ct.—District Court
    D.Lit(t). or Lit(t).D.—doctor of literature
    DNC—Domestic Names Committee (BGN)
    do.—(ditto) the same
    DOC—Department of Commerce
    DOD—Department of Defense
    DOE—Department of Energy
    DOJ—Department of Justice
    DOL—Department of Labor
    DOS—Department of State
    DOT—Department of Transportation
    DP—displaced person (no period)
    D.P.H.—doctor of public health
    D.P.Hy.—doctor of public hygiene
    DPT—diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus innoculation
    dr.—debit; debtor
    Dr.—doctor; drive
    d.s.t.—daylight saving (no "s") time
    D.V.M.—doctor of veterinary medicine
    E.—east
    EDGAR—Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval (SEC)
    EEOC—Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
    EFTA—European Free Trade Association
    EFTS—electronic funds transfer system
    e.g.—(exempli gratia) for example
    EHF—extremely high frequency
    emcee—master of ceremony
    e.o.m.—end of month
    EOP—Executive Office of the President
    EPA—Environmental Protection Agency
    et al.—(et alii) and others
    et seq.—(et sequentia) and the following
    etc.—(et cetera) and so forth
    EU—European Union
    Euratom—European Atomic Energy Community
    Euro—currency (common)
    Eurodollars—U.S. dollars used to finance foreign trade
    Ex. Doc. (with letter)—executive document
    Ex-Im Bank—Export-Import Bank of the United States
    f, ff.—and following page (pages)
    FAA—Federal Aviation Administration
    FACS—Faculty of the American College of Surgeons
    FAO—Food and Agriculture Organization
    f.a.s.—free alongside ship
    FAS—Foreign Agricultural Service
    FBI—Federal Bureau of Investigation
    FCA—Farm Credit Administration
    FCC—Federal Communications Commission
    FCIC—Federal Crop Insurance Corporation
    FCSC—Foreign Claims Settlement Commission
    FDA—Food and Drug Administration
    FDIC—Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
    FDLP—Federal Depository Library Program
    Fed.—Federal Reporter; F.3d, Federal Reporter, third series
    FEOF—Foreign Exchange Operations Fund
    FHA—Federal Housing Administration
    FmHA—Farmers Home Administration
    FHLBB—Federal Home Loan Bank Board
    FHWA—Federal Highway Administration
    FICA—Federal Insurance Contributions Act
    FLSA—Fair Labor Standards Act
    FM—frequency modulation
    FMC—Federal Maritime Commission
    FMCS—Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service
    FNMA—Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae)
    FNS—Food and Nutrition Service
    fº—folio
    f.o.b.—free on board
    FPC—Federal Power Commission
    FPO—fleet post office (no periods)
    FR—Federal Register (publication)
    FRG—Federal Republic of Germany
    FRS—Federal Reserve System
    FS—Forest Service
    FSLIC—Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation
    FSS—Federal Supply Service
    F.Supp.—Federal Supplement
    FTC—Federal Trade Commission
    FWS—Fish and Wildlife Service
    GAO—Government Accountability Office
    GATT—General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
    GDR—German Democratic Republic
    GI—general issue; Government issue
    GIS—Geographic Information System
    G.M.&S.—general, medical, and surgical
    GNMA—Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae)
    GNP—gross national product
    Gov.—Governor
    GPO—Government Printing Office
    GPS—Global Positioning System
    gr. wt.—gross weight
    GSA—General Services Administration
    GSE—Government-Sponsored Enterprise
    H.C—House of Commons
    H. Con. Res. (with number)—House concurrent resolution
    H. Doc. (with number)—House document
    hazmat—hazardous material
    HDTV—high definition television
    HE—high explosive (no periods)
    HF—high frequency (no periods)
    HHS—Health and Human Services (Department of)
    HIV—human immunodeficiency virus
    H.J. Res. (with number)—House joint resolution
    HMO—health-maintenance organization
    HOV—high-occupancy vehicle
    How.—Howard (U.S. Supreme Court Reports)
    H.R. (with number)—House bill
    H. Rept. (with number)—House report
    H. Res. (with number)—House resolution
    HUD—Housing and Urban Development (Department of)
    IADB—Inter-American Defense Board
    IAEA—International Atomic Energy Agency
    ibid.—(ibidem) in the same place
    ICBM —intercontinental ballistic missile
    id.—(idem) the same
    IDA—International Development Association
    IDE—integrated drive electronics
    i.e.—(id est) that is
    IEEE—Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
    IF—intermediate frequency (no periods)
    IFC—International Finance Corporation
    IMCO—Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization
    IMF—International Monetary Fund
    Insp. Gen. (also IG)—inspector general
    Interpol—International Criminal Police Organization
    IOU—I owe you
    IQ—intelligence quotient
    IRA—individual retirement account
    IRBM—intermediate range ballistic missile
    IRE—Institute of Radio Engineers
    IRO—International Refugee Organization
    IRS—Internal Revenue Service
    ISO—International Standards Organization
    ITO—International Trade Organization
    ITU—International Telecommunications Union
    JAG—Judge Advocate General
    jato—jet-assisted takeoff
    J.D.—(jurum or juris doctor) doctor of laws
    JOBS—Job Opportunities in the Business Sector
    JIT—just in time
    Jpn.—Japan or Japanese where necessary to abbreviate
    Jr.—junior
    Judge Adv. Gen.—Judge Advocate General
    LAFTA—Latin American Free Trade Association
    lat.—latitude
    LC—Library of Congress
    LCD—liquid crystal display
    lc.—lowercase
    L.Ed.—Lawyer's edition (U.S. Supreme Court Reports)
    liq.—liquid
    lf—lightface
    LF—low frequency
    LL.B.—bachelor of laws
    LL.D.—doctor of laws
    loc. cit.—(loco citato) in the place cited
    log (no period)—logarithm
    long.—longitude
    loran (no periods)—long-range navigation
    lox (no periods)—liquid oxygen
    LPG—liquefied petroleum gas
    Ltd.—limited
    Lt. Gov.—lieutenant governor
    M—money supply: Ml, M2, etc.
    M.—monsieur; MM., messieurs
    m.—(meridies) noon
    M—more
    MAC—Military Airlift Command
    MAG—Military Advisory Group
    MarAd—Maritime Administration
    MC—Member of Congress (emcee, master of ceremonies)
    M.D.—doctor of medicine
    MDAP—Mutual Defense Assistance Program
    MediCal—Medicaid California
    memo—memorandum
    MF—medium frequency; microfiche
    MFN—most favored nation
    MIA—missing in action (plural MIAs)
    MIRV—multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle
    Misc. Doc. (with number)—miscellaneous document
    Mile.—mademoiselle
    Mme.—madam
    Mmes.—mesdames
    mo.—month
    MOS—military occupational specialty
    M.P.—Member of Parliament
    MP—military police
    Mr.—mister (plural Messrs.)
    MRI—magnetic resonance imaging
    Mrs.—mistress
    Ms.—feminine title (plural Mses.)
    M.S.—master of science
    MS.—MSS., manuscript, manuscripts
    MSC— Military Sealift Command
    Msgr.—monsignor
    m.s.l.—mean sea level
    MSNBC—Microsoft National Broadcasting Co.
    MTN—multilateral trade negotiations
    N.—north
    NA—not available; not applicable
    NACo.—National Association of Counties
    NAFTA—North American Free Trade Agreement
    NAS — National Academy of Sciences
    NASA — National Aeronautics and Space Administration
    NATO— North Atlantic Treaty Organization
    NCUA— National Credit Union Administration
    NE. — northeast
    n.e.c. — not elsewhere classified
    n.e.s. — not elsewhere specified
    net wt. — net weight
    N.F. — National Formulary
    NFAH — National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities
    NIH— National Institutes of Health
    NIST— National Institute of Standards and Technology
    n.l. — natural log or logarithm
    NLRB— National Labor Relations Board
    NNTP — Network News Transfer Protocol
    No. — Nos., number, numbers
    NOAA — National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
    n.o.i.b.n. — not otherwise indexed by name
    n.o.p. — not otherwise provided (for)
    n.o.s. — not otherwise specified
    NOVS— National Office of Vital Statistics
    NPS — National Park Service
    NRC — Nuclear Regulatory Commission
    NS — nuclear ship
    NSA — National Shipping Authority
    NSC — National Security Council
    NSF — National Science Foundation
    n.s.k. — not specified by kind
    n.s.p.f. — not specifically provided for
    NW. — northwest
    OAPEC — Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
    OAS — Organization of American States
    OASDHI— Old-Age, Survivors, Disability, and Health Insurance Program
    OASI — Old-Age and Survivors Insurance
    OCD— Office of Civil Defense
    OD — officer of the day
    OD — overdose; Odd, overdosed
    OD. — doctor of optometry
    OECD — Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
    OK— Oked, Oking, Oks
    OMB— Office of Management and Budget
    Op. Atty. Gen. — Opinions of the Attorney General
    op. cit. — (opere citato) in the work cited
    OPEC — Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
    OSD — Office of the Secretary of Defense
    OTC — Organization for Trade Cooperation
    PA — public address system
    Pac. — Pacific Reporter; P.2d, Pacific Reporter, second series
    PAC — political action committee (plural PAC's)
    Passed Asst. Surg. — passed assistant surgeon
    PBS — Public Building Service
    PCV — Peace Corps Volunteer
    Pet.—Peters (U.S. Supreme Court Reports)
    Ph—phenyl
    Phar.D.—doctor of pharmacy
    Ph.B. or B.Ph.—bachelor of philosophy
    Ph.D. or D.Ph.—doctor of philosophy
    Ph.G.—graduate in pharmacy
    PHS—Public Health Service
    PIN—personal identification number
    PL—place
    p.m.—(post meridiem) after noon
    P.O. Box (with number)—but post office box (in general sense)
    POP—Point of Presence; Post Office Protocol
    POW—prisoner of war (plural POWs)
    PTSD—post-traumatic- stress disorder
    Private Res. (with number)—private resolution
    Prof.—professor
    pro tem—(pro tempore) temporarily
    P.S.—(post scriptum) postscript; public school (with number)
    PTA—parent-teachers' association
    Public Res. (with number)—public resolution
    PX—post exchange
    QT—on the quiet
    racon—radar beacon
    radar—radio detection and ranging
    R&D—research and development
    rato—rocket-assisted takeoff
    Rd.—road
    RDT&E—research, development, testing, and evaluation
    REA—Rural Electrification Administration
    Rev.—reverend
    Rev. Stat.—Revised Statutes
    RF—radiofrequency
    R.F.D.—rural free delivery
    Rh—Rhesus (blood factor)
    RIF—reduction(s) in force; RIFed, RIFing, RIFs
    R.N.—registered nurse
    ROTC—Reserve Officers' Training Corps
    RR.—railroad
    RRB—Railroad Retirement Board
    Rt. Rev.—right reverend
    Ry—railway
    S.—south; Senate bill (with number)
    SAC—Strategic Air Command
    SAE—Society of Automotive Engineers
    S&L(s)—savings and loan(s)
    SALT—strategic arms limitation talks
    SAR—Sons of the American Revolution
    SBA—Small Business Administration
    sc.—(scilicet) namely (see also ss)
    s.c.—small caps
    S. Con. Res. (with number)—Senate concurrent resolution
    s.d.—(sine die) without date
    SDI—Strategic Defense Initiative
    S. Doc. (with number)—Senate document
    SE.—southeast
    SEATO—Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
    SEC—Securities and Exchange Commission
    sec—secant
    sech—hyperbolic secant
    2d—second
    SHF—superhigh frequency
    shoran—short range (radio)
    SI—Systeme International d'Unités
    sic—thus
    sin—sine
    sinh—hyperbolic sine
    S.J. Res. (with number)—Senate joint resolution
    sonar—sound, navigation, and ranging (no period)
    SOP—standard operating procedure
    SOS—wireless distress signal
    SP—shore patrol
    SPAR—Coast Guard Women's Reserve (semper paratus—always ready)
    sp. gr.—specific gravity
    Sq.—square (street)
    Sr.—senior
    S. Rept. (with number)—Senate report
    S. Res. (with number)—Senate resolution
    SS— steamship
    ss—(scilicet) namely (in law) (see also sc.)
    SSA—Social Security Administration
    SSS—Selective Service System
    St.—Ste., SS., Saint, Sainte, Saints
    St.—street
    Stat.—Statutes at Large
    STP—standard temperature and pressure
    Sup. Ct.—Supreme Court Reporter
    Supp. Rev. Stat.—Supplement to the Revised Statutes
    Supt.—superintendent
    Surg.—surgeon
    Surg. Gen.—Surgeon General
    SW.—southwest
    S.W.2d—Southwestern Reporter, second series
    SWAT—special weapons and tactics (team)
    T.—Tps., township, townships
    tan—tangent
    tann—hyperbolic tangent
    TB—tuberculosis
    T.D.—Treasury Decisions
    TDY—temporary duty
    Ter.—terrace
    t.m.—true mean
    TNT—trinitrotoluol
    TV—television
    TVA—Tennessee Valley Authority
    uc.—uppercase
    UHF—ultrahigh frequency
    UMTA—Urban Mass Transportation Administration
    U.N.—United Nations
    UNESCO—United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
    UNICEF—United Nations Children's Fund
    U.S.—U.S. Supreme Court Reports
    U.S.A.—United States of America
    USA—U.S. Army
    USAF—U.S. Air Force
    U.S.C.—United States Code
    U.S.C.A.—United States Code Annotated
    U.S.C. Supp.—United States Code Supplement
    USCG—U.S. Coast Guard
    USDA—U.S. Department of Agriculture
    USES—U.S. Employment Service
    U.S. 40—U.S. No. 40, U.S. Highway No. 40
    USGS—U.S. Geological Survey
    USIA—U.S. Information Agency
    USMC—U.S. Marine Corps
    USN—U.S. Navy
    USNR—U.S. Naval Reserve
    U.S.P.—United States Pharmacopeia
    USPS—U.S. Postal Service
    U.S.S.—U.S. Senate
    v. or vs.—(versus) against
    VA—Department of Veterans Affairs
    VAT—value added tax
    VCR—video cassette recorder
    VHF—very high frequency
    VIP—very important person
    viz—(videlicet) namely
    VLF—very low frequency
    VTR—video tape recording
    W.—west
    w.a.e.—when actually employed
    Wall.—Wallace (U.S. Supreme Court Reports)
    wf—wrong font
    Wheat.— Wheaton (U.S. Supreme Court Reports)
    WHO—World Health Organization
    WIPO—World Intellectual Property Organization
    WMAL—WRC, etc., radio stations
    w.o.p.—without pay
    Yale L.J.—Yale Law Journal
    ZIP Code—Zone Improvement Plan Code (Postal Service)
    ZIP+4—9-digit ZIP Code
    A—ampere
    A—angstrom
    a—are
    a—atto (prefix, one-quintillionth)
    aA—attoampere
    abs—absolute (temperature and gravity)
    ac—alternating current
    AF—audiofrequency
    Ah—ampere-hour
    A/m—ampere per meter
    AM—amplitude modulation
    asb—apostilb
    At—ampere-turn
    at—atmosphere, technical
    atm—atmosphere
    at wt—atomic weight
    au—astronomical units
    avdp—avoirdupois
    b—barn
    B—bel
    b—bit
    bbl—barrel
    bbl/d—barrel per day
    Bd—baud
    bd. ft.—board foot (obsolete); use fbm
    Bé—Baumé
    Bev (obsolete); see GeV
    Bhn—Brinell hardness number
    bhp—brake horsepower
    bm—board measure
    bp—boiling point
    Btu—British thermal unit
    bu—bushel
    c—₵, ct; cent(s)
    c—centi (prefix, one-hundredth)
    C—coulomb
    °C—degree Celsius
    cal—calorie (also: cal$_{IT}$, International Table; cal $_{th}$—thermochemical)
    cd/in²—candela per square inch
    cd/m²—candela per square meter
    cg—centigram
    cd·h — candela-hour
    Ci—curie
    cL—centiliter
    cm—centimeter
    c/m—cycles per minute
    cm²—square centimeter
    cm³—cubic centimeter
    cmil—circular mil
    cp—candlepower
    cP—centipoise
    cSt— centistokes
    cwt— hundredweight
    D—darcy
    d—day
    d—deci (prefix, one-tenth)
    d—pence
    da—deka (prefix, 10)
    dag—dekagram
    daL—dekaliter
    dam—dekameter
    dam²—square dekameter
    dam³—cubic dekameter
    dB—decibel
    dBu—decibel unit
    dc—direct current
    dg—decigram
    dL—deciliter
    dm—decimeter
    dm²—square decimeter
    dm³—cubic decimeter
    dol—dollar
    doz—dozen
    dr—dram
    dwt—deadweight tons
    dwt—pennyweight
    dyn—dyne
    EHF—extremely high frequency
    emf—electromotive force
    emu—electromagnetic unit
    erg—erg
    esu—electrostatic unit
    eV—electronvolt
    °F—degree Fahrenheit
    F—farad
    f—femto (prefix, one-quadrillionth)
    fbm—board foot; board foot measure
    fc—footcandle
    fL—footlambert
    fm—fentometer
    FM—frequency modulation
    ft—foot
    ft²—square foot
    ft³—cubic foot
    ftH₂O—conventional foot of water
    ft·lb—foot-pound
    ft·lbf—foot-pound force
    ft/min—foot per minute
    ft²/min—square foot per minute
    ft³/min—cubic foot per minute
    ft-pdl—foot poundal
    ft/s—foot per second
    ft²/s—square foot per second
    ft³/s—cubic foot per second
    ft/s²—foot per second squared
    ft/s³—foot per second cubed
    G—gauss
    G—giga (prefix, 1 billion)
    g—gram; acceleration of gravity
    Gal—gal cm/s²
    gal—gallon
    gal/min—gallons per minute
    gal/s—gallons per second
    GB—gigabyte
    Gb—gilbert
    g/cm³—gram per cubic centimeter
    GeV—gigaelectronvolt
    GHz—gigahertz (gigacycle per second)
    gr—grain; gross
    h—hecto (prefix, 100)
    H—henry
    h—hour
    ha—hectare
    HF—high frequency
    hg—hectogram
    hL—hectoliter
    hm—hectometer
    hm²—square hectometer
    hm³—cubic hectometer
    hp—horsepower
    hph—horsepower-hour
    Hz—hertz (cycles per second)
    id—inside diameter
    ihp—indicated horsepower
    in—inch
    in²—square inch
    in³—cubic inch
    in/h—inch per hour
    inH₂O—conventional inch of water
    inHg—conventional inch of mercury
    in-lb—inch-pound
    in/s—inch per second
    J—joule
    J/K—joule per kelvin
    K—kayser
    K—kelvin (use without degree symbol)
    k—kilo (prefix, 1,000)
    k—thousand (7k=7,000)
    kc—kilocycle; see also kHz (kilohertz), kilocycles per second
    kcal—kilocalory
    keV—kiloelectronvolt
    kG—kilogauss
    kg—kilogram
    kgf—kilogram-force
    kHz—kilohertz (kilocycles per second)
    kL—kiloliter
    klbf—kilopound-force
    km—kilometer
    km²—square kilometer
    km³—cubic kilometer
    km/h—kilometer per hour
    kn—knot (speed)
    kfl—kilohm
    kt—kiloton; carat
    kV—kilovolt
    kVA—kilovoltampere
    kvar—kilovar
    kW—kilowatt
    kWh—kilowatthour
    L—lambert
    L—liter
    lb—pound
    lb ap—apothecary pound
    lb—avdp, avoirdupois pound
    lbf—pound-force
    lbf/ft—pound-force foot
    lbf/ft²—pound-force per square foot
    lbf/ft³—pound-force per cubic foot
    lbf/in²—pound-force per square inch (see psi)
    lb/ft—pound per foot
    lb/ft²—pound per square foot
    lb/ft³—pound per cubic foot
    let—long calcined ton
    ldt—long dry ton
    LF—low frequency
    lin ft—linear foot
    l/m—lines per minute
    lm—lumen
    lm/ft²—lumen per square foot
    lm/m²—lumen per square meter
    lms—lumen second
    lm/W—lumen per watt
    l/s—lines per second
    L/s—liter per second
    lx—lux
    M—mega (prefix, 1 million)
    M—million (3M=3 million)
    m—meter
    m—milli (prefix, one-thousandth)
    Ml—monetary aggregate
    m²—square meter
    m³—cubic meter
    μ—micro (prefix, one-millionth)
    μm—micrometer
    mA—milliampere
    μA—microampere
    MB—megabyte
    mbar—millibar
    μbar—microbar
    Mc—megacycle; see also MHz (megahertz), megacycles per second
    mc—millicycle; see also mHz (millihertz), millicycles per second
    mD—millidarcy
    meq—milliquivalent
    MeV—megaelectronvolts
    mF—millifarad
    μF—microfarad
    mG—milligauss
    mg—milligram
    μg—microgram
    Mgal/d—million gallons per day
    mH—millihenry
    μH—microhenry
    MHz—megahertz
    mHz—millihertz
    mi—mile (statute)
    mi 2—square mile
    mi/gal—mile(s) per gallon
    mi/h—mile(s) per hour
    mil—mil
    min—minute (time)
    μin—microinch
    mL—milliliter
    mm—millimeter
    mm 2—square millimeter
    mm 3—cubic millimeter
    μm 2 —square micrometer
    μm 3 —cubic micrometer
    μμ—micromicron (use of compound prefixes obsolete; use pm, picometer)
    μμf—micromicrofarad (use of compound prefixes obsolete; use pF)
    mmHg—conventional millimeter of mercury
    mΩ—megohm
    mo—month
    mol—mole (unit of substance)
    mol wt—molecular weight
    mp—melting point
    ms—millisecond
    μs—microsecond
    Mt—megaton
    mV—millivolt
    μV—microvolt
    MW—megawatt
    mW—milliwatt
    μW—microwatt
    MWd/t—megawatt-days per ton
    Mx—maxwell
    n—nano (prefix, one-billionth)
    N—newton
    nA—nanoampere
    nF—nanofarad
    N·m—newton meter
    N/m 2 —newton per square meter
    nmi—nautical mile
    Np—neper
    ns—nanosecond
    N·s/m 2 —newton second per square meter
    nt—nit
    od—outside diameter
    Oe—oersted (use of A/m, amperes per meter, preferred)
    oz—ounce (avoirdupois)
    p—pico (prefix, one-trillionth)
    P—poise
    Pa—pascal
    pA—picoampere
    pet—percent
    pdl—poundal
    pF—picofarad (micromicrofarad, obsolete)
    pF—water-holding energy
    pH—hydrogen-ion concentration
    ph—phot; phase
    pk—peck
    p/m—parts per million
    ps—picosecond
    psi—pounds per square inch
    pt—pint
    pW—picowatt
    qt—quart
    quad—quadrillion (10$^{15}$)
    °R—rankine
    °R—roentgen
    R—degree rankine
    R—degree reaumur
    rad—radian
    rd—rad
    rem—roentgen equivalent man
    r/min—revolutions per minute
    rms—root mean square
    r/s—revolutions per second
    s—second (time)
    s—shilling
    S—Siemens
    sb—stilb
    scp—spherical candlepower
    s·ft—second-foot
    shp—shaft horsepower
    slug—slug
    sr—steradian
    sSf—standard saybolt fural
    sSu—standard saybolt universal
    stdft³—standard cubic foot (feet)
    Sus—saybolt universal second(s)
    T—tera (prefix, 1 trillion)
    Tft³—trillion cubic feet
    T—tesla
    t—tonne (metric ton)
    tbsp—tablespoonful
    thm—therm
    ton—ton
    tsp—teaspoonful
    Twad—twaddell
    u—(unified) atomic mass unit
    UHF—ultrahigh frequency
    V—volt
    VA—voltampere
    var—var
    VHF—very high frequency
    V/m—volt per meter
    W—watt
    Wb—weber
    Wh—watthour
    W/(m·K)—watt per meter kelvin
    W/sr—watt per steradian
    W/(sr·m²)—watt per steradian square meter
    x—unknown quantity (italic)
    yd—yard
    yd²—square yard
    yd³—cubic yard
    yr—year
    a.—annus, year; ante, before
    A.A.C.—anno ante Christum in the year before Christ
    A.A.S.—Academiae Americanae Socius, Fellow of the American Academy [Academy of Arts and Sciences]
    A.B.—artium baccalaureus, bachelor of arts
    ab init.—ab initio, from the beginning
    abs. re.—absente reo, the defendant being absent
    A.C.—ante Christum, before Christ
    A.D.—anno Domini, in the year of our Lord
    a.d.—ante diem, before the day
    ad fin.—ad finem, at the end, to one end
    ad h.l.—ad hunc locum, to this place, on this passage
    ad inf.—ad infinitum, to infinity
    ad init.—ad initium, at the beginning
    ad int.—ad interim, in the meantime
    ad lib.—ad libitum, at pleasure
    ad loc.—ad locum, at the place
    ad val.—ad valorem, according to
    A.I.—anno inventionis, in the year of the discovery
    al.—alia, alii, other things, other persons
    A.M.—anno mundi, in the year of the world; Annus mirabilis, the wonderful year [1666]; a.m., ante meridiem, before noon
    an.—anno, in the year; ante, before
    ann.—annales, annals; anni, years
    A.R.S.S.—Antiquariorum Regiae Societatis Socius, Fellow of the Royal Society of Antiquaries
    A.U.C.—anno urbis conditae, ab urbe conolita, in [the year from] the building of the City [Rome], 753 B.C.
    B.A.—baccalaureus artium, bachelor of arts
    B. Sc.—baccalaureus scientiae, bachelor of science
    C.—centum, a hundred; condemno, I condemn, find guilty
    c.—circa, about
    cent.—centum, a hundred
    cf.—confer, compare
    CM.—chirurgiae magister, master of surgery
    coch.—cochlear, a spoon, spoonful
    coch. amp.—cochlear amplum, a tablespoonful
    coch. mag.—cochlear magnum, a large spoonful
    coch. med.—cochlear medium, a dessert spoonful
    coch. parv.—cochlear parvum, a teaspoonful
    con.—contra, against; conjunx, wife
    C.P.S.—custos privati sigilli, keeper of the privy seal
    C.S.—custos sigilli, keeper of the seal
    cwt.—c. for centum, wt. for weight, hundredweight
    D.—Deus, God; Dominus, Lord; d., decretum, a decree; denarius, a penny; da, give
    D.D.—divinitatis doctor, doctor of divinity
    D.G.—Dei gratia, by the grace of God; Deo gratias, thanks to God
    D.N.—Dominus noster, our Lord
    D.Sc.—doctor scientiae, doctor of science
    d.s.p.—decessit sine prole, died without issue
    D.V.—Deo volente, God willing
    dwt.—d. for denarius, wt. for weight pennyweight
    e.g.—exempli gratia, for example
    et al.—et alibi, and elsewhere; et alii, or aliae, and others
    etc.—et cetera, and others, and so forth
    et seq.—et sequentes, and those that follow
    et ux.—et uxor, and wife
    F.—filius, son
    f.—fiat, let it be made; forte, strong
    fac.—factum similis, facsimile, an exact copy
    fasc.—fasciculus, a bundle
    fl.—flores, flowers; floruit, flourished; fluidus, fluid
    f.r.—folio recto, right-hand page
    F.R.S.—Fraternitatis Regiae Socius, Fellow of the Royal Society
    f.v.—folio verso, on the back of the leaf
    guttat.—guttatim, by drops
    H.—hora, hour
    h.a.—hoc anno, in this year; hujus anni, this year's
    hab. corp.—habeas corpus, have the body—a writ
    h.e.—hie est, this is; hoc est, that is
    h.m.—hoc mense, in this month; huius mensis, this month's
    h.q.—hoc quaere, look for this
    H.R.I.R—hie requiescat in pace, here rests in peace
    H.S.—hie sepultus, here is buried; hie situs, here lies; h.s., hoc sensu, in this sense
    H.S.S.—Historiae Societatis Socius, Fellow of the Historical Society
    h.t.—hoc tempore, at this time; hoc titulo, in or under this title
    I—Idus, the Ides; i., id, that; immortalis, immortal
    ib. or ibid.—ibidem, in the same place
    id.—idem, the same
    i.e.—id est, that is
    imp.—imprimatur, sanction, let it be printed
    I.N.D.—in nomine Dei, in the name of God
    in f.—in fine, at the end
    inf.—infra, below
    init.—initio, in the beginning
    in lim.—in limine, on the threshold, at the outset
    in loc.—in loco, in its place
    in loc. cit.—in loco citato, in the place cited
    in pr.—in principio, in the beginning
    in trans.—in transitu, on the way
    i.q.—idem quod, the same as
    i.q.e.d.—id quod erat demonstrandum, what was to be proved
    J.—judex, judge
    J.C.D.—juris civilis doctor, doctor of civil law
    J.D.—jurum or juris doctor, doctor of laws
    J.U.D.—juris utriusque doctor, doctor of both civil and canon law
    L.—liber, a book; locus, a place
    £—libra, pound; placed before figures thus £10; if l., to be placed after, as 40l.
    L.A.M.—liberalium artium magister, master of the liberal arts
    L.B.—baccalaureus literarum, bachelor of letters
    lb.—libra, pound (singular and plural)
    L.H.D.—literarum humaniorum doctor, doctor of the more humane letters
    Litt. D.—literarum doctor, doctor of letters
    LL.B.—legum baccalaureus, bachelor of laws
    LL.D.—legum doctor, doctor of laws
    LL.M.—legum magister, master of laws
    loc. cit.—loco citato, in the place cited
    loq.—loquitur, he, or she, speaks
    L.S.—locus sigilli, the place of the seal
    l.s.c.—loco supra citato, in the place above cited
    £ s. d.—librae, solidi, denarii, pounds, shillings, pence
    M.—magister, master; manipulus, handful; medicinae, of medicine; m., meridies, noon
    M.A.—magister artium, master of arts
    M.B.—medicinae baccalaureus, bachelor of medicine
    M. Ch.—magister chirurgiae, master of surgery
    M.D.—medicinae doctor, doctor of medicine
    m.m.—mutatis mutandis, with the necessary changes
    m.n.—mutato nomine, the name being changed
    MS.—manuscriptum, manuscript; MSS., manuscripta, manuscripts
    Mus. B.—musicae baccalaureus, bachelor of music
    Mus. D.—musicae doctor, doctor of music
    Mus. M.—musicae magister, master of music
    N.—Nepos, grandson; nomen, name; nomina, names; noster, our; n., natus, born; nocte, at night
    N.B.—nota bene, mark well
    ni. pri.—nisi prius, unless before
    nob.—nobis, for (or on) our part
    nol. pros.—nolle prosequi, will not prosecute
    non cul.—non culpabilis, not guilty
    n.l.—non licet, it is not permitted; non liquet, it is not clear; non longe, not far
    non obs.—non obstante, notwithstanding
    non pros.—non prosequitur, he does not prosecute
    non seq.—non sequitur, it does not follow logically
    O.—octarius, a pint
    ob.—obiit, he, or she, died; obiter, incidentally
    ob.s.p.—obiit sine prole, died without issue
    o.c.—opere citato, in the work cited
    op.—opus, work; opera, works
    op. cit.—opere citato, in the work cited
    P.—papa, pope; pater, father; pontifex, bishop; populus, people; p., :partim, in part; per, by, for; pius, holy; pondere, by weight; post, after; primus, first; pro, for
    p.a.—or per ann., per annum, yearly; pro anno, for the year
    p. ae.—partes aequales, equal parts
    pass.—passim, everywhere
    percent.—per centum, by the hundred
    pil.—pilula, pill
    Ph. B.—philosophiae baccalaureus, bachelor of philosophy
    P.M.—post mortem, after death
    p.m.—post meridiem, afternoon
    pro tem.—pro tempore, for the time being
    prox.—proximo, in or of the next [month]
    P.S.—postscriptum, postscript; P.SS., postscripta, postscripts
    q.d.—quasi dicat, as if one should say; quasi dictum, as if said; quasi dixisset, as if he had said
    q.e.—quod est, which is
    Q.E.D.—quod erat demonstrandum, which was to be demonstrated
    Q.E.F.—quod erat faciendum, which was to be done
    Q.E.I.—quod erat inveniendum, which was to be found out
    q.l.—quantum libet, as much as you please
    q. pl.—quantum placet, as much as seems good
    q.s.—quantum sufficit, sufficient quantity
    q.v.—quantum vis, as much as you will; quern, quam, quod vide, which see; qq. v., quos, quas, or quae vide, which see (plural)
    R.—regina, queen; recto, right-hand page; respublica, commonwealth
    ℞—recipe, take
    R.I.P.—requiescat, or requiescant, in pace, may he, she, or they, rest in peace
    R.P.D.—rerum politicarum doctor, doctor of political science
    R.S.S.—Regiae Societatis Sodalis, Fellow of the Royal Society
    S.—sepultus, buried; situs, lies; societas, society; socius or sodalis, fellow; s., semi, half; solidus, shilling
    s.a.—sine anno, without date; secundum artem, according to art
    S.A.S.—Societatis Antiquariorum Socius, Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries
    sc.—scilicet, namely; sculpsit, he, or she, carved or engraved it
    Sc. B.—scientiae baccalaureus, bachelor of science
    Sc. D.—scientiae doctor, doctor of science
    S.D.—salutem dicit, sends greetings
    s.d.—sine die, indefinitely
    sec.—secundum, according to
    sec. leg.—secundum legem, according to law
    sec. nat.—secundum naturam, according to nature, or naturally
    sec. reg.—secundum regulam, according to rule
    seq.—sequens, sequentes, sequentia, the following
    S.H.S.—Societatis Historiae Socius, Fellow of the Historical Society
    s.h.v.—sub hac voce or sub hoc verbo, under this word
    s.l.a.n.—sine loco, anno, vel nomine, without place, date, or name
    s.l.p.—sine legitima prole, without lawful issue
    s.m.p.—sine mascula prole, without male issue
    s.n.—sine nomine, without name
    s.p.—sine prole, without issue
    S.P.A.S.—Societatis Philosophiae Americanae Socius, Fellow of the American Philosophical Society
    s.p.s.—sine prole superstite, without surviving issue
    S.R.S.—Societatis Regiae Socius or Sodalis, Fellow of the Royal Society
    ss—scilicet, namely (in law)
    S.S.C.—Societas Sanctae Crucis, Society of the Holy Cross
    stat.—statim, immediately
    S.T.B.—sacrae theologiae baccalaureus, bachelor of sacred theology
    S.T.D.—sacrae theologiae doctor, doctor of sacred theology
    S.T.P.—sacrae theologiae professor, professor of sacred theology
    sub.—subaudi, understand, supply
    sup.—supra, above
    t. or temp.—tempore, in the time of
    tal. qual.—talis qualis, just as they come; average quality
    U.J.D.—utriusque juris doctor, doctor of both civil and canon law
    ult.—ultimo, last month (maybe abbreviated in writing but should be spelled out in printing)
    ung.—unguentum, ointment
    u.s.—ubi supra, in the place above mentioned
    ut diet.—ut dictum, as directed
    ut sup.—ut supra, as above
    ux.—uxor, wife
    v.—versus, against; vide, see; voce, voice, word
    v. —— a., vixit —— annos—lived [so many] years
    verb. sap.—verbum [satis] sapienti, a word to the wise suffices
    v.g.—verbi gratia, for example
    viz—videlicet, namely
    vs.—vide supra, see above
    AARP—Apple Address Resolution Protocol
    ABLS—Automated Bid List System
    ABM—asynchronous balanced mode
    ACES—access certificates for electronic services
    ACP—Access Content Package
    ACS—Access Content Storage
    ACSIS—Acquisition, Classification, and Shipment Information System
    AES—advanced encryption standard
    AIFF—audio interchange file format
    AIP—Archival Information Package
    AIS—Archival Information Storage
    ANSI—American National Standards Institute
    AP—access processor
    ARK—archival resource key
    ARP—address resolution protocol
    ASCII—American Standard Code for Information Interchange
    ASP—application service provider
    BAC—billing address code
    BBS—bulletin board service
    BPEL—business process execution language
    BPI—business process information
    BPS—business process storage
    CA—certification authority
    CCSDS—Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
    CD—compact disk
    CDN—content delivery network
    CDR—critical design review
    CD-ROM—compact disk read only memory
    CE—content evaluator
    CFR—Code of Federal Regulations
    CGP—Catalog of U.S. Government Publications
    CMS—content management system
    CMYK—cyan, magenta, yellow, black
    CO—content originator
    COOP—continuity of operations plan
    CP—content processor
    CPI—content packet information
    CRC—cyclic redundancy checks
    CSV—comma separated variable
    DBMS—database management system
    DES—data encryption standard
    DIP—Dissemination Information Package
    DMI—desktop management interface
    DNS—domain name system
    DO—digital objects
    DOI—Digital Object Identifier
    DoS—denial of service
    DPI—dots per inch
    DSR—deployment system review
    DSSL—document style and semantics language
    DVD—digital versatile disc
    EA—enterprise architecture
    EAD—encoded archival description
    EAC—estimate at completion
    EAP—enterprise application platform
    EBCDIC—Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
    ePub—Electronic Publishing Section
    FAQ—frequently asked question
    FBCA—Federal Bridge Certificate Authority
    FDDI—fiber distributed data interface
    FDLP—Federal Depository Library Program
    FDsys—Federal Digital System
    FICC—Federal Identity Credentialing Committee
    FIFO—first in first out
    FIPS—Federal Information Processing Standard
    FOB—free on board
    FOSI—format output specification instance
    FTP—file transfer protocol
    GAP—GPO Access Package
    GDI—graphical device interface
    GFE—government furnished equipment
    GFI—government furnished information
    GGP—gateway-to-gateway protocol
    GIF—graphics interchange format
    GILS—Government Information Locator Service
    GUI—graphical user interface
    HDTV—high definition television
    HMAC—key hashed message authentication code
    HSM—hardware security module
    HTML—hypertext markup language
    HTTP—hypertext transfer protocol
    Hz—Hertz
    ICMP—internet control message protocol
    ID—Information Dissemination
    IDD—interface design description
    IEEE — Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers
    IETF — Internet Engineering Task Force
    ILS — Integrated Library System
    IP — internet protocol
    IPR — internal progress review
    IPSEC — internet protocol security
    ISO — International Organization for Standardization
    ISP — internet service provider
    ISSN — International Standard Serial Number
    IT — information technology
    ITU — International Telecommunications Union
    JDF — Job Definition Format
    JPEG — Joint Photographic Experts Group
    LAN — local area network
    LDAP — lightweight directory access protocol
    LPI — lines per inch
    MAC — message authentication code
    MARC— Machine Readable Cataloging
    METS — Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard
    MHz — megahertz
    MIME — multipurpose internet mail extensions
    MIPS — millions of instructions per second
    MMAR— Materials Management Procurement Regulation
    MODS— Metadata Object Descriptive Schema
    MPCF — marginally punched continuous forms
    NAT — network address translation
    NDIIPP— National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program
    NFC — National Finance Center
    NIST— National Institute of Standards and Technology
    NNTP — network news transfer protocol
    OAI — Open Archives Initiative
    OAI-PMH— Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
    OAIS — Open Archival Information Systems
    OCLC — Online Computer Library Center
    OCR — optical character recognition
    OLTP — online transaction processing
    PRONOM— Practical Online Compendium of File Formats
    PTR — program tracking report
    PURL — persistent uniform resource locator
    RAID — redundant array of inexpensive disks
    RAM — random access memory
    RFC — request for comments
    RGB — red, green, blue
    RI — representation information
    RMA — reliability, maintainability, availability
    RPC — remote procedure call
    RSA — Rivest, Shamir, Adleman (public key decryption algorithm)
    RTF — rich text format
    RVTM — requirements verification traceability matrix
    SAML — security assertion markup language
    SDLC — software/system development life cycle
    SDR — system design review
    Section 508— Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act
    SGML — standard generalized markup language
    SHA — secure hash algorithm
    SIP—Submission Information Package
    SLIP—serial line internet protocol
    SMP—storage management processor
    SMS—storage management system
    SMTP—simple mail transfer protocol
    SNMP—simple network management protocol
    SPA—simplified purchase agreement
    SSL—secure sockets layer
    SSP—system security plan
    SSR—software specification review
    TDES—Triple Data Encryption Standard
    TIFF—tagged image file format
    TLS—transport layer security
    UDP—user datagram protocol
    URL—uniform resource locator
    URN—uniform resource name/number
    VLAN—virtual local area network
    VPN—virtual private network
    VRML—virtual reality modeling language
    W3C—World Wide Web Consortium
    WAIS—wide area information service
    WAN—wide area network
    WAP—wireless application protocol
    WAV—waveform audio format
    WIP—work in process
    WML—wireless markup language
    WMS—workflow management system
    WWW—World Wide Web
    WYSIWYG—what you see is what you get
    XML—extensible markup language
    XMLDsig—xml signature
    XMLENC—xml encryption
* ↑ Without figures preceding it, °C or °F should be used only in boxhead and over figure columns in tables.
* ↑ Preferred form (superseding Centigrade).