OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Milky Way

See also Milky Way on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Milky Way, a band of faint light which stretches across the sky from horizon to horizon. The light is produced by a multitude of stars so distant or so small that they can be distinguished only by the telescope. It is brighter in the southern than in the northern sky. In one part of its course it divides into two branches. Most of the stars in the Milky Way are of less than eighth magnitude. Among them are many star-clusters, but very few nebulae. In the constellation of Hercules is a most striking star-cluster, estimated to have between one and two thousand stars. The Milky Way was regarded in ancient times as the pathway of the gods, strewn with golden sands. The Indians speak of it as the Milkmaid’s Path. Very frequently it is called the Galaxy, Greek for Milky Way. Herschel, a profound student of this subject, suggested that the galaxy is a natural plane of reference for the stellar universe, just as the ecliptic is a natural plane of reference for the solar system.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mildew

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​Mil′dew, the name of various plants (fungi), but chiefly applied to a large group of the ascomycetes (which see), which are external parasites growing chiefly upon the leaves of seed-plants and covering the surface like a delicate cobweb. The mildew on lilac leaves is one of the most common forms, this host-plant being very seldom free from it. Apple, cherry and pear mildews are familiar. There are two classes; true or powdery and false or downy mildews. The downy mildews belong to the phycomycetes (which see), and are destructive internal parasites. One of the commonest forms attacks grape-leaves, making its presence known by small, downy patches which come to the surface and consist of minute branches bearing spores. Dusting with sulphur is recommended for plants affected by powdery mildew; and spraying with a fungicide is used for powdery and for downy mildews.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Miles, Nelson A.

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* GEN. NELSON A. MILES
Miles, Nelson A., an American general, was born at Westminster, Mass., Aug. 8, 1839. At the outbreak of the Civil War he entered the 22d Massachusetts volunteers as lieutenant. He distinguished himself at Fair Oaks, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Malvern Hill, Spottsylvania, Richmond and many other battles. He won promotion until he became a major-general and was placed in command of a division. When the volunteer army was disbanded in September, 1866, he was commissioned colonel of the 40th United States infantry. He was made brigadier-general in 1880 and major-general in 1890. After the close of the Civil War General Miles earned fame as an Indian fighter. He conquered the hostile Sioux in Montana, and drove Sitting Bull, their leader, into Canada in 1876 after the massacre of General Custer and his force. In 1886 he compelled the Apache chiefs, Geronimo and Natchez, to surrender. In 1890, during the ghost-dance outbreak among the Sioux, General Miles forced a surrender in January, 1891, at Wounded Knee, South Dakota. On the retirement of General Schofield in 1895 General Miles succeeded him and was in command of the United States army during the Spanish-American War. He has published Personal Recollections and Military Europe. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general in 1901, and retired in 1904.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Milk

See also Milk on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Milk, the well-known white fluid, the secretion of the mammary gland, obtained from the cow, though the milk of goats and asses has been used. It is one of our most important foods, as it contains all the elements needed for the body and is easily digested. When examined by a microscope, it is seen to consist of a large number of round substances or globules, which are transparent and very small and float in a colorless fluid. These globules are made of fat, with a thin coating somewhat like the white of an egg, called casein. When the milk stands, the larger globules rise to the top and make ​the cream, which is the fattest or richest part of the milk. When the cream is shaken, as in a churn, these globules break and the fat runs together, making lumps, which are called butter. The casein which surrounds the globules of fat, and is also dissolved in the liquid, if it becomes sour, either naturally by exposure to the air or by the addition of rennet or an acid of any kind, collects into masses called curd. This change is brought about partly by minute forms of animal life, called microbes, which get into the milk from the air. This is one reason why it is so necessary to purify by heat, usually hot water, all the articles used about milk. Sterilization and pasteurizing of milk are effective in removing or neutralizing the intrusion of bacteria. The clots or curds, made by the addition of rennet to the milk, are pressed into blocks and make cheese, which is a very rich food, containing all the fat of the milk, as do cream and butter, and the casein, also, which is an albuminous substance. Condensed milk is prepared by sweetening the milk and evaporating it, until it loses about half or three fourths of its bulk. It is poured into tins while hot, and sealed. When used, it is diluted with several times the quantity of water. The adulteration of milk by adding water, starch or chalk is frequent in large cities, and has called for boards of inspectors and produced instruments, known as lactometers, for detecting it. The most common fraud, however, in the sale of milk is removing the cream. Supplying a large city with cream and milk creates a great business and employs many men: those who milk the cows at all hours; the railroad employees who run the great milk-trains; the large dealers who distribute it to the wagons; and the drivers of the milk-carts whose noisy clatter disturbs the early-morning nap, but whose faithful labors in heat and cold furnish our milk and cream for breakfast. A quart of milk at eight cents is as nourishing as a pound of beefsteak at 18 cents; while a pound of American cheese, costing 20 cents, authorities affirm, contains almost as much nourishment as two pounds of the best beefsteak.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mill, John Stuart

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​Mill, John Stuart, son of James Mill, who also was known as a writer and utilitarian philosopher, was born at London, May 20, 1806. His early education was carried on by his father, beginning with the study of Greek when three years old and making him at 14 as advanced as most young men at the end of their period of study. His first writings appeared in a newspaper in 1822. Before he was 20 he was recognized as a leader in philosophy and politics, and was the most frequent contributor to the Westminster Review — a magazine which represented the ideas of his party. He somewhat changed his philosophical theories later, under the influence of Maurice, Sterling and Coleridge. His most important works are his System of Logic, Principles of Political Economy, Comte and Positivism, Representative Government, Dissertations and Discussions, England and Ireland and Liberty. He died at Avignon, France, May 8, 1873. See his Autobiography, which appeared in the year of his death; and Life by Bain; and Life and Works by Herbert Spencer, by Thornton, by Fox Bourne and by others.
See the works of this author.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Adriatic Sea

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​Adriatic (a-dri-ă′tic) Sea, is an arm of the Mediterranean, which separates Italy from Trieste, Croatia, Dalmatia and Albania. Its greatest length is 450 miles and its mean breadth 90 miles. The Po is the most important river flowing into the Adriatic Sea, and the chief cities bordering it are Venice, Trieste, Ancona and Brindisi. In 1177 Venice gained a victory on the Adriatic over Otho, the son of Frederick Barbarossa, whereupon the pope gave the doge a ring and instituted the famous ceremony of marrying the Adriatic.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Afrikander

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​Afrikander (äf-rē-kän′der), a name applied to whites of Dutch descent born in South Africa. The term is opposed to Uitlander, which signifies an outsider, or one born in another country. The Afrikander Bund is an organization among the Dutch in Cape Colony which aims at the political independence of South Africa in Dutch interests.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Aeration

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​A′era′tion (ā′ēr-a′shǔn) (in plants). Plants, like animals, respire (see Respiration); therefore, air (oxygen) must reach all the living cells, and carbon dioxid must be got rid of. Green plants also need to absorb carbon dioxid and to get rid of oxygen in the process of food-making (see Photosynthesis). To permit these gaseous exchanges in the larger plants the cells partly separate as they mature, leaving irregular passages, which usually open to the outside by numerous slits, each bounded by two guard cells and called stomata. The air does not flow in mass through these orifices and passages, but the insensible movements of diffusion suffice. This aerating system also permits the evaporation of water by land plants (see Transpiration). Naturally the aerating system is best developed in the larger water-plants, where the great canals can be seen with the naked eye.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Aerotropism

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​Aerotropism (in plants). A form of chemotropism (which see) in which oxygen is the directive agent.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Afghanistan

See also Afghanistan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Afghanistan (äf-găn′ĭs-tän′), is a mountainous country of south Central Asia governed by a hereditary monarch called an amir. The present ruler is Habibullah Khan. The government is under the supervision of Great Britain which contributes to it an annual subsidy. It is frequently spoken of as the “buffer state” between British India on the east and Turkistan, the province of Russia to the north of it.
Afghanistan was a part of the empire of Timur the Great and after changing masters several times became independent in 1747. In 1838 the British sent an army into Afghanistan to place on his throne the Amir Shah Shuja who had been driven into exile in India. In 1841 the British suppressed a revolt in Afghanistan and have ever since been the real power there. In 1879 the English resident and his officers and escort were massacred by the Afghans. For this severe revenge and firmer hold were taken by the English. Under the amir there is a council with governors for the separate provinces.
The army comprises about 68,000 foot soldiery, with 7000 horses and 350 guns. The mounted levies are for the most part, the retainers of the great chieftains or of the latters’ wealthier vassals.
The population, mainly Mohammedan, is estimated at 5,900,000. It is very mixed and rather discordant in character. The majority are Persians. The Afghans are a brave race; but although apparently frank and open-hearted are cruel and treacherous.
The total area (see map of Asia) is 250,000 square miles. There are practically no navigable rivers and but one railway. Travel on the few high-ways is carried on by camels and ponies. Besides these, the domestic animals are goats, dogs, horses and a few cattle and sheep.
The climate varies greatly from regions where snow never falls to regions where it seldom melts. The trade is mainly with British India. Exports are largely horses, cattle, hides, tobacco, grain, pulse, fruits, vegetables, asafoetida, madder, the castor oil plant, spices, wool; imports, sugar, tea, cotton goods and dyes. There are two harvests: wheat, barley, peas and beans sown in autumn and reaped in summer; rice, millet and corn sown in spring and reaped in autumn. The other principal crops are almonds, pomegranates, figs, grapes, peaches, quinces, cherries, apricots and plums.
The minerals include copper, lead and iron with small quantities of gold and there are precious stones, including lapis lazuli. The manufactures include clothes, silks, felts, carpets and various articles made from goat’s and camel’s hair and sheepskin.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Adverb

See also Adverb on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ad′verb (Latin adverbium, from ad, to + verbum, word, verb). In grammar, an adverb is a word used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb. It is essentially “the word” of a sentence, and has a number of functions, in showing how, where and when a given action is performed, besides its general use as a modifier. Adverbs are classed as follows: (1) those of place, used in answering the questions Where? Whence? Whither? Of these the following are some examples: here, there, when, forth, far, etc; (2) those of time, answering questions When? How often? How long? Ex: once, ago, always, seldom, now, then, etc.; (3) those of manner, answering the question How? Ex: then, so, how, well, fast, chiefly, wholly, slowly, etc. Many of this class are derived from adjectives by adding ly; (4) those of degree, answering the question How much? Ex: less, least, enough, more, most, scarcely, etc.; (5) those of cause, answering the question Why? Ex: hence, wherefore, therefore, consequently, accordingly, etc. When used to ask questions, these adverbs of the various classes are termed interrogative adverbs. The words soon, away, ​sometimes, often, are used only as adverbs; while other words, such as early, late, fast, etc., are sometimes adverbs and sometimes adjectives, according as we use them. Many adjectives become adverbs by adding ly, as violent, violently, swift, swiftly, slow, slowly, etc. A few adverbs, like adjectives, are compared, such as soon, sooner, soonest; often, oftener, oftenest; long, longer, longest, etc.; some also are compared by the use of the adverbs more and most, less and least. Ex: wickedly, more wickedly, most wickedly; quickly, less quickly, least quickly. For other details and examples in the use of adverbs see any good text-book on grammar.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Adrianople

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​Adriano′ple (ăd-ri-an-ō′pl), meaning the city of Hadrian, is a city of European Turkey. It is next to Constantinople in importance, though not in population. The streets are narrow, crooked and filthy; its ancient citadel and the walls which formerly surrounded the town are now in ruins. It was called Uskadama till renamed by the Emperor Hadrian. In 1360 it was captured by the Turks, who made it their capital for almost a hundred years, or until they came into possession of Constantinople. It has also been twice taken by the Russians, in 1829 and in 1878. Population, 83,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Adulteration of Foods

See also Adulterant on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Adul′tera′tion of Foods, any changing of a food for the purpose of deceiving the purchaser. The term includes, for example, the mixing of cheaper substances with the food so as to increase the amount of profit from its sale, the mixing in of preservatives and materials calculated to improve the appearance of partly spoiled food, the extraction of cream from milk, etc.
The practice is, no doubt, as old as trade, and has frequently been legislated against by all civilized countries. At the present time the laws against it throughout the greater part of Europe are stringent and usually enforced. The laws in the United States concerning adulteration are carefully drawn, but it has not always been possible to enforce them. Recently a law of national scope has been passed, which requires that the wrapper of any food shall have upon it a statement of the exact contents, including preservatives.
# The Poison Belt

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* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, Wikidata item.
The second story, a novella, about Professor Challenger; written roughly a year before the outbreak of World War I: much of the action takes place in a single room in Challenger's house in Sussex—rather oddly, given that it follows The Lost World, a story set largely outdoors in the wilds of South America
Layout 2
THE POISON BELT
THE STILLNESS AND THE SILENCE OF UNIVERSAL DEATH (p. 98).
THE POISON BELT
By
ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE
AUTHOR OF "THE LOST WORLD," "SIR NIGEL,"
"THE WHITE COMPANY," ETC.
Being an account of another adventure of Prof. George E. Challenger, Lord John Roxton, Prof. Summerlee, and Mr. E. D. Malone, the discoverers of
"The Lost World"
With 16 Illustrations by
HARRY ROUNTREE
TORONTO
HODDER AND STOUGHTON LIMITED
Printed in 1913
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
PAGE
CHAPTER II
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
CHAPTER VI
ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1930, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 93 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Poison Belt/front matter

THE POISON BELT
Works by the Same Author
THE LOST WORLD
Crown 8vo, cloth, 6s. Presentation Edition, 10s. 6d. net
THE MYSTERY OF CLOOMBER
Cloth, 7d. net
UNCLE BERNAC
Cloth, 7d. net
DUET WITH CHORUS
Cloth, 7d. net
THE TRAGEDY OF THE KOROSKO
Cloth, 7d. net
London: HODDER & STOUGHTON
# The New Student's Reference Work/R

See also R on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
R (ǎr), the eighteenth letter, is a voiced consonant. Sometimes it is made between the hard palate (or the teeth) and the tip of the tongue, as in array, rise, trace. This is dental r, employed before a vowel and usually rolled or trilled. Sometimes r is made with the upper surface of the tongue on the back of the hard palate. This is palatal r, as in arm, raw, war. Sometimes r also is a semi-vowel, sometimes a liquid. R is closely related to such mixed vowels as u in up and urn and e in fern. The Scotch and Irish roll r strongly, but the Chinese cannot even say it, substituting l.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Rabbi

See also Rabbi on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Rab′bi, an honorary title applied to teachers and masters of the Jewish law, being in common use in the time of Christ, who was frequently addressed as such by his disciples. Other forms of the same title are Rab, master; Rabban, our master; and Rabboni, my master.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Rabbit

See also Rabbit on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Rab′bit, a rodent with long ears, belonging to the same genus as the hares. The smaller burrowing varieties are called rabbits; the larger ones and those that do not construct a burrow are called hares. Hares are born with fur and open eyes; rabbits, naked and blind. A typical hare is large, has long ears and legs, is a swift and tireless runner; rabbits are small, have short ears and legs, and are not strong runners. Both hares and rabbits have numerous enemies, who cause their timidity and tremors. The so-called jack-rabbit really is a jack-hare. The cotton-tail is a typical rabbit. They feed on grass, herbs and tender bark. Those in captivity will eat nearly all kinds of vegetables and at times should be given dry food, as shelled corn. The tame rabbits have been modified and varied by selection and breeding. They multiply rapidly, having from four to eight litters a year. They were introduced into Australia about the middle of the 19th century and into New Zealand in 1860. They multiplied till they were a great menace to the crops and to vegetation. The government offered a bounty for their skins, and in a single year more than twenty-five millions were killed in New South Wales alone. The skin is of little value, but the hair has been used in making the body for felt hats. See Hare.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Rabelais, François

See also François Rabelais on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Rabelais (rȧ′b'-lā′), François, the greatest of French humorists, was born, according to the general statements of biographers, in 1493, but more probably a few years earlier, near Chinon, a small town in Touraine. At the request of his father he became a brother of the Order of St. Francis in the convent of Fontenay-le-Comte about 1519, and devoted himself with the utmost ardor to his hitherto neglected studies. To medicine in particular he seems to have been strongly attracted, and, in addition to Latin and Greek, he is said to have mastered Italian, Spanish, German, Hebrew and Arabic. Charged with heresy on account of his devotion to learning, he left the convent, and later was a monk of the order of St. Benedict, then lecturer in the University at Montpelier and finally canon of Cardinal Bellay's abbey near Paris. He died at Paris, April 9, 1553. Rabelais' great romance, in which are narrated the adventures of Gargantua and Pantagruel, continues to hold its rank as a masterpiece of humor and grotesque invention. In form a sportive and extravagant fiction, it is a pointed criticism of the corrupt society of the period, the follies and vices of which are pictured with marked ingenuity and effect; but, at the same time, on account of its free tone and plainness of speech few books are less suitable for general perusal. Rabelais also ranks among the theoretical reformers of education.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Quintilian, M. Fabius Quintilianus

See also Quintilian on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Quintil' ian, M. Fabius Quintilianus, was born about 35 A. D., at Calagurris in Spain, and attended the lectures of Domitius Afer in Rome. After 59 A. D., however, he revisited Spain, whence he returned to Rome in the train of Galba and began to practise as a pleader in courts, gaining considerable reputation. He was more distinguished as a teacher of oratory, however, and his instructions were eagerly sought, his pupils including the younger Pliny and the two grand-nephews of Domitian, who conferred the title and insignia of consul. After 20 years of labor as advocate and teacher, he retired to private life and died about 95 A. D. His reputation rests securely on his great but mutilated Institutes of Oratory, a complete system of rhetoric. It was written after he had ceased to be a teacher, and was the fruit of two years' labor, as he says in his preface. The best edition of Quintilian's work is that of Burmann. There also are special editions of the tenth book, a masterly criticism of classic literature that ranks Quintilian with the great critics.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Quæstor

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Quæstor (kwěs'tǒr) anciently was the title of a class of Roman magistrates, reaching as far back, according to all accounts, as the period of the kings. The oldest quæstors were the quæstores parricidii (investigators of murder, finally public accusers), who numbered two. Their office was to conduct the trial of persons accused of murder and to execute the sentence that might be pronounced. They ceased to exist as early as 366 B. C., when their duties were transferred to the triumviri capitales. But a far more important though later office was the quæstores classici, to whom was intrusted the charge of the public treasury. They seem to have gained the name of classici from their having been elected originally by the centuries. At first there were only two, but in 421 B. C. two more were added. Shortly after the breaking out of the First Punic War the number was increased to eight; and, as province after province was added to the Roman republic, they amounted in the time of Sulla to twenty and in the time of Cæsar to forty. At first only patricians could be quæstors; but after 421 B. C. the office was open to plebeians also.