OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Harding, Chester

Edition of 1905. See also Chester Harding (painter) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ HARDING, Chester (1792-1866). An American portrait painter. He was born in Conway, Mass., September 11, 1792. In 1812 he enlisted in the army as a drummer boy. Owing to failure in business, he went to Pittsburg, where he was engaged as a house-painter. At this time he became interested in portrait painting, and went to Paris, Ky. After a short time spent in study at Philadelphia he spent successful seasons at Saint Louis and Washington. In 1823 he established a studio in Boston, where he enjoyed great popularity. In 1832 he went to Europe. In London he met David Leslie and Sir Thomas Lawrence, and during a stay of three years painted the portraits of several prominent Englishmen, including the Dukes of Essex, Norfolk, and Hamilton, Samuel Rogers, and Lord Aberdeen. The chief characteristic of his portraits is their indication and appreciation of character. Harding had many friends, one of whom was Daniel Webster, whose portrait by Harding hangs in the Bar Association, New York. He died in Boston, April 1, 1866. Among his principal portraits are those of Washington Allston, John Randolph (Corcoran Gallery, Washington), General Sherman, Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Chief Justice Marshall, Charles Carroll, and Presidents Madison, Monroe, and John Quincy Adams.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Harding, Karl Ludwig

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Ludwig Harding on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ HARDING, Karl Ludwig (1765-1834). A German astronomer, born at Lauenburg. He was educated at Göttingen, where he studied theology, and became a tutor in the family of Schröter in Lilienthal. Schröter was an enthusiastic astronomer, and Harding was soon appointed observer and inspector in his observatory. Here he discovered the third planetoid, June (1804). In 1805 he went to Göttingen as professor of astronomy, and eight years afterwards discovered, independently of Pons, the second comet of 1813. His published works include: Atlas Novus Cœlestis (1808-23; reëdited by Jahn, 1856), for long
the most complete astronomical chart; Kleine astronomische Ephemeriden (edited with Wiessen, 1830-35); and the fifteenth in the series of Sternkarten of the Berlin Academy's publications (1830).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Harmonious Blacksmith, The

Edition of 1905. See also The Harmonious Blacksmith on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ HARMONIOUS BLACKSMITH, The. An old tune to which Handel wrote variations, and the composition of which, after his death, was ascribed to him. The composer of the original is unknown.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Harris, William Victor

Edition of 1905. See also Victor Harris (composer) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ HARRIS, William Victor (1869—). An American song composer, born in New York. He was a pupil of Charles Blumm, William Courtney, F. K. Schilling, and Anton Seidl. He was a successful organist, and from 1889 to 1895 held important appointments in Tuxedo Park, Brooklyn, and New York. He was for three years a teacher and coach at the Metropolitan Opera, New York; for one season was conductor of the Utica Choral Union, and served as assistant conductor under Seidl at the Brighton Beach summer concerts (1895-96). He afterwards took up his residence in New York, and established himself as a vocal instructor and composer. He published compositions for piano, organ, and chorus, but is principally known for his songs, which have been remarkably successful.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Harding, Stephen

Edition of 1905. See also Stephen Harding on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ HARDING, Stephen (?-1134). The third abbot of the celebrated monastery of Cîteaux. Of his parentage and youthful history little is known beyond the fact that he was born at Sherborne, near Dorchester, England, of a respectable family, and in early life traveled first to Scotland, then to Paris, and later to Rome, On his way back he stopped at the Benedictine monastery at Molesme, near Dijon, Burgundy, and joining the Order, received the name of Stephen. He delighted in austerities, and left the monastery with some twenty companions, including the abbot and prior, in order that they might start a new monastery where the Benedictine rule should be strictly observed. Cîteaux, the ‘cisterns,’ fifteen miles south of Dijon, a barren and marshy spot, seemed attractive to the band, and there the monastery was built. In 1110 Stephen was elected its abbot. The rigor of observance which he enforced had such an effect in deterring novices from entering the new Order that at first grave fears were entertained for its stability; but Stephen persevered, and was rewarded in 1113 by the accession of Saint Bernard (q.v.) and thirty others, who gave such an impulse to the institute that in a short time the number ot claimants for admission compelled him to found several new convents, and especially that ot Clairvaux (1115), which, under the rule of Saint Bernard, attained to the very highest distinction in that age. Stephen continued till his death, at Cîteaux, March 28, 1134, to direct the fortunes of the Cistercian Order. In 1119 he drew up, in conjunction with Saint Bernard and other members of the brotherliood, the well-known constitutions of the Order, entitled the Charter of Charity, which were approved by Popes Calixtus II. and Eugenius III., and, with some modifications, have continued down to modern times as the rule of the Cistercian institute. Two of Stephen's letters are preserved among the Epistolæ Sancti Bernardi (Epp. 45 and 49). See Cistercians.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Harmonic Stop

Edition of 1905. See also List of pipe organ stops on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ HARMONIC STOP. An organ-stop, having pipes double the usual length, and pierced mid-way, so that the tone produced is an octave higher than the ordinary pitch. Harmonic stops are composed generally of more than a single rank of pipes, tuned in octaves, double octaves, and double or triple thirds and fifths above the natural pitch of the keys; they comprise the mixture, furniture, cornet, etc. Those which have only a single rank of pipes tuned in thirds, fifths, with their octaves above the pitch represented on the keyboard, are called ‘mutation stops.’ They were introduced to give additional power to the ‘foundation stops,’ and also to produce a more brilliant effect in the performance of certain styles of music. See Organ.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Harris Buck

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ HARRIS BUCK. The sable antelope (q.v.), so called because discovered by Sir W. C. Harris, author of Portraits of the Game and Wild Animals of Southern Africa, issued in London in 1840 as a magnificent folio book, with colored plates.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Harding, James Duffield

Edition of 1905. See also James Duffield Harding on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ HARDING, James Duffield (1798-1863). An English landscape painter and teacher, born in Deptford. He first studied painting and engraving, and then took up water-colors and became a member of the Water-Color Society (1821). He was one of the first after Turner to use body-color in this medium, and obtained excellent results with it. His paintings treat European scenes in a rather studied manner. He was the inventor of ‘Harding's papers’ (paper in different tints and textures for sketching), which were used until recently. He gave much attention to lithography, and obtained two gold medals from the Academic des Beaux-Arts for his plates. Among his works in it are Home and Abroad (1836, fifty plates), Park and Forest (1841), and Picturesque Selections (1861). Harding was a successful teacher, and published a number of text-books of no great importance.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Harmonium

Edition of 1905. See also Harmonium on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ HARMO'NIUM (Neo-Lat., from Gk. ἁρμόνιος, harmonios, harmonious). A reed organ with bellows which are operated by the feet of the performer. The tone is produced by free vibrating reeds. The harmonium is a development from the older regal (q.v.). In 1810 Grenié exhibited the first harmonium, which he called orgue expressif, because this instrument was capable of greater expression, as well as of producing a crescendo and diminuendo. A. Debain, of Paris, improved it, and first gave it the name of harmonium when he patented his instrument in 1840. A complete revolution in the construction of the harmonium was begun in America when a mechanic who had worked in the factory of Alexandre in Paris emigrated to America. This man conceived the idea of a suction bellows, instead of the ordinary bellows which forced the air outward through the reeds. The firm of Mason & Hamlin, of Boston, in 1860 made their instruments with the suction bellows, and this method of construction soon superseded all others.
# The National Being: Some Thoughts on an Irish Polity/Chapter 14

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# The National Being: Some Thoughts on an Irish Polity/Chapter 15

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# The National Being: Some Thoughts on an Irish Polity/Chapter 13

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# The National Being: Some Thoughts on an Irish Polity/Chapter 17

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# The National Being: Some Thoughts on an Irish Polity/Chapter 16

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# The National Being: Some Thoughts on an Irish Polity/Chapter 18

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# The National Being: Some Thoughts on an Irish Polity/Chapter 19

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# The National Being: Some Thoughts on an Irish Polity/Chapter 20

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# The Part Taken by Women in American History/Federation of Women Clubs

Federation of Women's Clubs.
This organization represents 850,000 members. No other organization of women in the world represents such a powerful and active militant movement for social betterment. The ​Sorosis of New York and the Woman's Club of Boston have long been rivals in their claim of being the oldest organization in the United States. Each was founded in 1868, but it has been decided that the Ladies' Library Society, of Kalamazoo, Michigan, deserves this honor. It was founded in 1852, and the Minerva Club, of New Harmony, Indiana, was organized in 1859. The Sorosis, however, was the leader of the federation movement and is responsible for broadening the scope of women's club work. The first biennial convention of the General Federation of Women's Clubs was held in Philadelphia, in 1894. Every state in the Union has its state federation, and there are to-day organizations in the Canal Zone and our insular possessions. Almost every one of the five thousand clubs has taken up some measure of active interest. The subject of home economics has been one of the principal issues for club work throughout the United States. Perhaps no other organization in the country represents a greater force for good than the General Federation of Women's Clubs.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Scott, William Amasa

Edition of 1905. See also William Amasa Scott on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SCOTT, William Amasa (1862— ). An American economist, born in Clarkson, Monroe County, N. Y., and educated at the University of Rochester, with a post-graduate course in Johns Hopkins University (1890-92). He had taught political economy in the University of South Dakota from 1887 to 1890. and, on leaving Johns Hopkins, where he had acted as instructor in history, became assistant professor of economics in the University of Wisconsin, was titular professor from 1897 to 1900, and then director of the School of Commerce and professor of economic history and theory. His publications include Repudiation of State Debts (1893) and ''Reports'' of State Committees of Wisconsin.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New International Encyclopædia/Scott, Thomas (1705-75)

Edition of 1905. See also Thomas Scott (hymnwriter) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SCOTT, Thomas (1705-75). An English hymn writer, son of an Independent minister of Hitchin, in Hertfordshire. He began preaching when a young man and afterwards held various appointments in Norfolk and Suffolk. Best known of his hymns are "Happy the Meek" and "Hasten, Sinner, to be Wise." Consult his Lyric Poems, Devotional and Moral (1773). He also turned into English verse The Table of Cebes (1754) and The Book of Job (1771). His sister, Elizabeth Scott (1708?-76), likewise wrote many hymns, several of which are still used. To her belongs "All hail. Incarnate God."
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New International Encyclopædia/Scott, Thomas (1747-1821)

Edition of 1905. See also Thomas Scott (commentator) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SCOTT, Thomas (1747-1821). An English Bible commentator. He was born at Braytoft, Lincolnshire, and spent the early years of his life as a grazier. In 1773 he was ordained priest and became curate in Buckinghamshire; he succeeded John Newton, curate of Olney, in 1781; was chaplain to the Lock hospital in 1785; and rector of Aston Sandford in 1803. Among his publications are: The Force of Truth (1770); The Articles of the Synod of Dort, translated (1818); and his commentary on the Bible (1788-92), which had immense circulation and influence in its day. His collected works appeared in 10 volumes (1823-25), and his Letters and Papers (1824), edited by his son, who also wrote his Life (1822), including in it a valuable autobiographical fragment.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New International Encyclopædia/Scott, Thomas Alexander

Edition of 1905. See also Thomas Alexander Scott on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SCOTT, Thomas Alexander (1824-81). An American railroad manager, born at Loudon, Pa. Entering the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1851, he was rapidly promoted, and in 1859 became vice-president. In 1801 he was appointed by President Lincoln Assistant Secretary of War,in which capacity he rendered invaluable services by reorganizing the entire system of transportation. Returning to the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad, he inaugurated the policy of securing control of Western railway lines for operation in connection with the Pennsylvania system. He was president at different times of various railroad lines, and from 1874 until a short time before his death was president of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sea-Squirt

Edition of 1905. See also Sea cucumber and Ascidiacea on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SEA-SQUIRT. Any of several marine animals which have the power of ejecting water when removed from their native element. In the West Indies the large holothurians (q.v.) which eject water from the respiratory trees through the anal opening are often so called. The name is more commonly and rather more properly applied to the larger ascidians (q.v.), which force the water out of the atrial cavity through the atrial pore by the contraction of the tunic, often with considerable velocity, and for many inches.