OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Campeggio, Lorenzo

​CAMPEGGIO, LORENZO (1472–1539), cardinal, and, although a foreigner, bishop of Salisbury, occupied on his second mission to this country the utterly unprecedented position of a judge, before whom a king of England consented to sue in person. He was born in 1472 of a noble Bolognese family, and at nineteen years of age devoted himself to the study of imperial law at Pavia and Bologna, along with his own father, Giovanni Campeggio, whose works upon that subject were long held in considerable repute. Early in life he married, and had a son born in 1504, who was made a cardinal by Julius III in 1551. But after his wife's death he took holy orders, and became bishop of Feltri and auditor of the rota at Rome. He was sent by Leo X on a mission to the Emperor Maximilian, and while so engaged was created a cardinal, in his absence, in 1517. Next year he was sent to England as legate to incite Henry VIII to unite with other princes in a crusade against the Turks. He was detained some time at Calais before being allowed to cross, Henry VIII having insisted with the pope that his favourite, Cardinal Wolsey, should be invested with equal legatine functions before he landed. He was, however, very well received, and a few years later (1524) Henry VIII gave him, or allowed him to obtain by papal bull, the bishopric of Salisbury. About the same time he was made archbishop of Bologna. He held also at various times several other Italian bishoprics. He was also sent to Germany in 1524, and presided at the diet at Ratisbon, where a vain attempt was made to check the Lutheran movement. In 1527 he was besieged with Pope Clement VII at Rome, in the castle of St. Angelo. Next year he was sent into England on his most celebrated mission, in which Wolsey was again joined with him as legate, to hear the divorce suit of Henry VIII against Catherine of Arragon. On this occasion he suffered much, both physically and mentally. He was severely afflicted with gout, and had to be carried about in a litter; and while he was pledged to the pope in private not to deliver judgment without referring the matter to Rome, he was pressed by Wolsey to proceed without delay. Some of his ciphered despatches from London at this time have been deciphered within the last few years, and show a very creditable determination on his part not to be made the instrument of injustice, whatever might be the cost to himself. The cause, as is well known, was revoked to Rome, and so his mission terminated. On leaving the kingdom he was treated with singular discourtesy by the officers of customs, who insisted on searching his baggage, and on his complaining to the king, it was clear that the insult was premeditated, and was really a petty-minded indication of the royal displeasure. Five years later, in 1534, he was deprived of the bishopric of Salisbury by act of parliament, on the ground that he was an alien and non-resident, though the king had certainly never expected him to keep residence when he gave him the bishopric. He died at Rome in 1539.
[Ciaconii Vitæ Pontificum; Brewer's Reign of Henry VIII.]
J. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Campion, William

​CAMPION, alias Wigmore, WILLIAM (1599–1665), jesuit, a native of Herefordshire, entered the Society of Jesus at Watten, near St. Omer, in 1624, and became a professed father in 1640. He was employed on the mission in this country for many years, was rector of St. Francis Xavier's ‘college’ or district (comprising the Welsh missions) in 1655, and afterwards was appointed rector of the House of Tertians, at Ghent, where he died on 28 Sept. 1665. He published anonymously an octavo volume, without place or date, ‘On the Catholic Doctrine of Transubstantiation, against Dr. John Cosin,’ afterwards bishop of Durham.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Camville, Thomas de

​CAMVILLE, THOMAS de (d. 1235), judge, third son of William, brother of Gerard de Camville [q. v.], by Albreda, daughter of Geoffrey Marmion, held the manors of ​Westerham in Kent and Senefield and Fobbing in Essex. Having taken the side of the barons in the civil war, he was deprived of his estates in 1215, but obtained restitution of them in 1217 on doing homage to Henry III. He acted as a justice in 1229. He died in 1235, leaving a widow named Agnes, and a son Robert, who married a daughter of Hamo de Crevequer.
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Canada, Viscount

​CANADA, Viscount. [See Alexander, Sir William (1567?–1640).]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Candler, Ann

​CANDLER, ANN (1740–1814), poetess, ‘The Suffolk Cottager,’ born at Yoxford, Suffolk, 18 Nov. 1740, was one of the children of William More, a working glover of Yoxford. Her mother was a daughter of Thomas Holder of Woodbridge, the surveyor of the window-lights for that part of the county. In 1750 her father removed to Ipswich, where his wife died in 1751. Ann taught herself to read and write, and studied all accessible travels, plays, and romances. In 1762 she married Candler, a cottager of Sproughton, a village about three miles out of Ipswich. From 1763 to 1766 Candler served in the militia (Poetical Attempts, p. 5), and this service, combined with the man's drinking habits, kept Ann and her growing family poor. In 1777 Candler enlisted in the line; Ann was forced to put four of her six children into the workhouse, and was herself upon a sick bed for eleven weeks. In 1780, after a brief visit to her husband in London (ib. p. 10), she took refuge in Tattingstone workhouse, where she gave birth to twin sons on 20 March 1781; she wrote one of her poems on their deaths a few weeks after. In 1783, when Candler came back discharged, she joined him for a time; but illness made them both return to the workhouse, whence Candler dismissed himself in six months, and Ann never saw him again. Staying in the workhouse she set to work upon the little poems by which she is known. The ‘Ipswich Journal’ published one in March 1785, ‘On the Death of a Most Benevolent Gentleman’ (Metcalfe Russell of Sproughton); she wrote one in 1787, ‘To the Inhabitants of Yoxford;’ one in 1788 to a lady who had befriended her, with the title ‘An Invitation to Spring,’ and another spring song to the same lady in 1789. The ‘Ipswich Journal’ (17 Sept. 1814) ascribes the following poems also to her; ‘A Paraphrase of the 5th chap. of the 2nd Book of Kings;’ the ‘History of Joseph, in an Address to a Young Man;’ and the ‘Life of Elijah the Prophet,’ which probably appeared in that journal from 1790 onward, and remain uncollected. By 1800 it was proposed to publish a little volume of Ann Candler's work by subscription; and by 24 May 1802 she was under a roof of her own at Copdock, just by Sproughton, near a married daughter. Her book was published at Ipswich in 1803, 8vo. She died on 6 Sept. 1814, at Holton, Suffolk, aged 74 (Ipswich Journal, 17 Sept. 1814).
J. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Campion, George B.

​CAMPION, GEORGE B. (1796–1870), water-colour painter, born in 1796, was one of the original members of the New Society (now the Royal Institute) of Painters in Water Colours (1834), and contributed landscapes to the exhibitions of that society and to those of the Society of Artists. Many of his views have been published. He was the author of 'The Adventures of a Chamois Hunter,' and of some papers on German art in the 'Art Journal.' He was for some time drawing-master at the Military Academy, Woolwich. He resided at Munich for some years before his death in 1870. There is a drawing by him of a 'Boy with Rabbits' in the South Kensington Museum.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists, 1878; Bryan's Dict. of Painters (Graves); Graves's Dict. of Artists.]
C. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Brien, Terence (d.1460)

Donnchad Ó Briain in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The ODNB speaks of a traditional error in identification.
​O'BRIEN, TERENCE or TOIRDHELBHACH (d. 1460), bishop of Killaloe, second son of the lord of Thomond, was appointed bishop of Killaloe by papal provision, apparently in succession to James O'Ghonelan, or O'Conghalain, who held the see in 1441. He was treacherously slain at Ennis in 1460 by Brian-an-Chobhlaigh O'Brien (Brian of the Fleet), one of his own kinsmen.
[Ann. of the Four Masters, iv. 1005, ed. O'Donovan; Ware's Works, i. 594, ed. Harris; Cotton's Fasti Eccl. Hibern. i. 400.]
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Brien, Matthew

​O'BRIEN, MATTHEW (1814–1855), mathematician, was born at Ennis in 1814, the son of Matthew O'Brien, M.D. He entered Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, as a scholar in 1834, and graduated third wrangler in the mathematical tripos of 1838 (M.A. 1841). He became junior fellow of his college in 1840, but resigned his fellowship in the following year. He was moderator in the mathematical tripos for 1843 and 1844. He was lecturer in practical astronomy in the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, from 10 Jan. 1849 till his death, and professor of natural philosophy and astronomy in King's College, London, from 8 March 1844 to 17 Aug. 1854. He died in Petit Ménage, Jersey, on 22 Aug. 1855. He was the author of two elementary text-books—on ‘Differential Calculus’ (1842), and on ‘Plane Co-ordinate Geometry’ (1844). In the former of these he makes exclusive use of the method of limits. He published ‘Solutions to the Senate-House Problems for 1844;’ ‘Lectures on Natural Philosophy,’ given at Queen's College, London (1849); and ‘A Treatise on Mathematical Geography,’ being part i. of ‘A Manual of Geographical Science’ (1852). He also wrote some tracts on mathematical questions connected with astronomy, in which he claimed a certain latitude in the symbolic use of divergent series.
[O'Brien's Works; information kindly supplied by Dr. Venn; Gent. Mag. 1855, ii. 551.]
C. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nisbet, Alexander

​NISBET, ALEXANDER (1657–1725), heraldic writer, was son of Adam Nisbet, writer in Edinburgh, the youngest son of Sir Alexander Nisbet of that ilk in Berwickshire. His mother was Janet, only daughter of Alexander Aikenhead, writer to the signet (whose father, David Aikenhead, was provost of Edinburgh 1634–7). He was the third of ten children, and was born in April 1657, being baptised on the 23rd of that month. In 1675 he matriculated at the university of Edinburgh, and was laureated in 1682. Educated for the law, he followed for some years the profession of a writer, but devoted himself chiefly to heraldry and antiquities, and was described by contemporaries as a ‘professor’ and ‘teacher’ of heraldry. After laborious research he proposed in 1699 to publish his ‘System of Heraldry’ by subscription; but the response to his appeal proving inadequate, he, in 1703, applied to parliament for a grant in aid, and was voted a sum of 248l. 6s. 8d. Scots (Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, xi. 50, 85, 195, 203), but the money was never paid. He died on 7 Dec. 1725, and was buried in Greyfriars churchyard, Edinburgh. He was the last male representative of his family.
His published works were: 1. ‘An Essay on Additional Figures and Marks of Cadency,’ 1702. 2. ‘An Essay on the Ancient and Modern use of Armories,’ 1718. 3. ‘A System of Heraldry, speculative and practical, with the true art of blazon,’ 1 vol. folio, 1722. What purported to be a second volume was issued in 1742 by R. Fleming, an Edinburgh printer, but it only contained mutilated extracts from Nisbet's manuscripts. Of the two volumes folio editions were issued in 1804 and in 1816 at Edinburgh.
Nisbet left in manuscript: 1. ‘Part of the Science of Herauldrie and the Exterior Ornaments of the Shield,’ 272 pp., 4to, preserved ​in the Lyon Office, Edinburgh. This forms part of the second volume of the ‘System,’ but was largely altered by the compiler of that volume. 2. ‘An Ordinary of Arms,’ &c., 76 pp., 4to, preserved in the Laing Collection of MSS., University Library, Edinburgh. 3. ‘Genealogical Collections, with some Heraldic Plates, preserved in the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.’ These plates, with a collection recently discovered in the possession of Mr. Eliott Lockhart of Cleghorn, have been reproduced and published as ‘Alexander Nisbet's Heraldic Plates, originally intended for his “System of Heraldry,”’ by Andrew Ross, Marchmont herald, and Francis J. Grant, Carrick pursuivant, fol., 1892.
[Introduction to Alexander Nisbet's Heraldic Plates.]
H. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nisbet, John (1627?-1685)

​NISBET, JOHN (1627?–1685), covenanter, born about 1627, was son of James Nisbet of Hardhill, in the parish of Loudoun, Ayrshire. On attaining manhood he took service as a soldier on the continent. Returning to Scotland in 1650 he witnessed the coronation of Charles II at Scone, and took the covenants. Shortly afterwards he married Margaret Law and settled at Hardhill as a farmer.
After the Restoration he took an active and prominent part in the struggles of the covenanters for religious and civil liberty. He refused to countenance the curates, and attended the ministrations of the ‘outed’ ministers, renewed the covenants at Lanark in 1666, and was one of the small band who published the declarations of the Societies at Rutherglen, Glasgow, and Sanquhar. He fought at Pentland (28 Nov. 1666) till, covered with wounds, he fell down and was stripped and left for dead upon the field. At nightfall, however, he crept away unobserved, and lived to take part in the engagements at Drumclog (1 June 1679) and Bothwell Bridge (22 June), where he held the rank of captain. For this he was denounced as a rebel and forfeited, three thousand merks (165l. sterling) being offered for his head. In November 1685 he was surprised, with three others, at a place called Midland, in the parish of Fenwick, Ayrshire, his captor being a cousin of his own, Lieutenant Nisbet. His companions were instantly shot, but for the sake of the reward he was spared, and, being brought to Edinburgh, was tried and condemned to death. He was executed at the Grassmarket there on 4 Dec. following, in the fifty-eighth year of his age. His wife predeceased him in December 1683. They had several children, but only three sons survived him—Alexander, Hugh, and James, the last, Sergeant Nisbet, being the author of a diary, chiefly of his own religious experiences, in which he relates a number of incidents respecting his parents.
[Nisbet's Manuscript Diary in Signet Library, Edinburgh; Howie's Biographia Scoticana (Scots Worthies), 2nd edit. 1781, pp. 472–85; Cloud of Witnesses, pp. 327–41; Wodrow's Hist. of the Sufferings, &c. Burns's edit., iv. 235, 237; Lauder of Fountainhall's Historical Observes (Bannatyne Club), pp. 676, 681.]
H. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nisbet, William

​NISBET, WILLIAM, M.D. (fl. 1808), medical writer, practised for a time at Edinburgh, but by 1801 had settled in Fitzroy Square, London. He was fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh. His writings are: 1. ‘First Lines of the ​Theory and Practice in Venereal Diseases,’ 8vo, Edinburgh, 1787, being the substance of a course of lectures delivered at Edinburgh in the winter of 1786; a German translation was published at Leipzig in 1789. 2. ‘The Clinical Guide; or, a concise view of the leading facts on the history, nature, and cure of diseases; to which is subjoined a practical pharmacopœia,’ 12mo, Edinburgh, 1793 (2nd edit. 2 pts. 1796–9; another edit., 1800). 3. ‘An Inquiry into the History, Nature, Causes, and Different Modes of Treatment hitherto pursued in the Cure of Scrophula and Cancer,’ 8vo, Edinburgh, 1795. 4. ‘A practical Treatise on Diet,’ 12mo, London, 1801. 5. ‘The Edinburgh School of Medicine; containing the preliminary … branches of professional education, viz. anatomy, medical chemistry, and botany,’ 4 vols. 8vo, London, 1802, intended as an introduction to the ‘Clinical Guide.’ 6. ‘A Medical Guide for the Invalid to the principal Watering Places of Great Britain,’ 8vo, London, 1804. 7. ‘A General Dictionary of Chemistry,’ 12mo, London, 1805; a useful little book, revised and completed by another writer. 8. ‘Two Letters to the Duke of York on the Medical Department of the Army,’ 8vo, London, 1808.
[Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Biogr. Dict. of Living Authors (1816).]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nixon, Francis Russell

​NIXON, FRANCIS RUSSELL (1803–1879), bishop of Tasmania, son of the Rev. Robert Nixon [see under Nixon, John], was born 1 Aug. 1803, and was admitted into Merchant Taylors' School, London, in March 1810 (Robinson, Register). In 1822 he was elected from the school a probationary fellow of St. John's College, Oxford, whence he graduated B.A. (third class in classics) in 1827, M.A. 1841, and D.D. 1842. After having held several minor charges and acted as chaplain to the embassy at Naples, he was made, in January 1836, incumbent of Sandgate, Kent, and in November 1838 was preferred to the vicarage of Ash next Wingham by the archbishop, who also appointed him one of the six preachers in Canterbury Cathedral. Both at Sandgate and Ash he was much beloved, and in the latter parish was instrumental in erecting a chapel of ease. On 24 Aug. 1842 he was consecrated in Westminster Abbey by the archbishop as bishop of the newly constituted see of Tasmania, which he retained for twenty-one years and administered with much success. Returning to England in 1863, he was presented in the following year to the valuable rectory of Bolton-Percy, York, as a recognition, on the part of Archbishop Thomson, of his services to the colonial church. He resigned this charge in 1865, and retired to a home which he had made for himself on Lago Maggiore, where he died on 7 April 1879.
Nixon was an accomplished musician and artist, as well as a preacher of no little eloquence. The little history of his old school, which he published after he had left it, is of interest only for its illustrations. His ‘Lectures on the Catechism’ were well received, and are still held in esteem. Besides charges and pamphlets issued in Tasmania between 1846 and 1856, he published: ‘The History of Merchant Taylors' School,’ with five lithographic views, pp. 32, London, 4to, 1823; ‘Lectures, Historical, Doctrinal, and Practical, on the Catechism of the Church of England,’ London, 8vo, 1843; ‘The Cruise of the Beacon: a Narrative of a Visit to the Islands in Bass's Straits,’ London, 8vo, 1857.
[Personal and parochial recollections; Guardian, 16 April 1879.]
C. J. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nisbet, Charles

​NISBET, CHARLES (1736–1804), Scottish divine, was the son of William Nisbet, schoolmaster at Long Yester, near Haddington, East Lothian, where he was born 21 Jan. 1736. He was educated at the high school and the university of Edinburgh, and was licensed by the Edinburgh Presbytery in September 1760. He officiated for a time at Gorbals chapel-of-ease, and was called to the first charge of Montrose, Forfarshire, in 1764. In the course of the war with the American colonies he advocated the colonial cause in such a way as to make his position at home uncomfortable. In 1783 he was made D.D. of the college of New Jersey for his advocacy of the cause of the colonists. Having absented himself from his charge by a visit to America, the presbytery declared his church vacant on 5 Oct. 1785. Meanwhile he had been appointed principal of Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and this post he held till his death on 18 Jan. 1804. In 1766 he married Anne Tweedie, who died 12 May 1807. His theological lectures delivered at Dickinson College were the first of the kind in America, and, in addition, he lectured on logic, belles-lettres, and philosophy. He was an excellent classical scholar, and had such a retentive memory that at one time he could repeat the whole of the Æneid and Young's ‘Night Thoughts.’ His library was presented by his grandson to the theological seminary at Princeton. He left no important work, but some miscellaneous productions were collected and published in 1806, and a ‘Memoir,’ by Samuel Miller, appeared in 1840. An ‘Address to the Students of Dickinson College’ was published at Edinburgh in 1786.
[Miller's Memoir as above; Scott's Fasti Eccles. Scot. iii. 845; Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography; Irving's Book of Scotsmen; Anderson's Scottish Nation; Scots. Mag. vol. lxvi.; Cleland's Annals, vol. i.; Statistical Account, vol. i.; Presbytery and Synod Records.]
J. C. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Modestus

​MODESTUS, Saint (fl. 777), missionary to the Carinthians and regionary bishop, was an Irishman by birth (Ep. vii. quoted by Dempster, Hist. Eccles. Gent. Scot. xii. No. 920). He was a disciple of St. Fergil or Virgilius [q. v.], bishop of Salzburg, who sent him with a band of missionaries to preach among the Carinthians, then under the rule of Chetmar. Modestus received authority as a bishop, but probably, after the Irish custom, was without a definite see. It is only in the late anonymous life of Gebehard (Mon. Germ. Scriptores, xi. 38 1. 38), that he is called bishop of Liburnia. Modestus and his companions founded one church at S. Maria in Solio, now Maria-Saal, another at a place called Liburnia or Tiburnia, the site of which is probably now marked by a field called Lurnfeld, in Spital, Upper Carinthia, and a third at a place, Adandrinas or Undrimas, spelt by the manuscripts in a variety of ways, believed to be a valley situated between S. Vitus and Maria-Saal (ib. xi. p. 71. 30 and p. 87; Eichhorn, Beiträge zur Gesch. Kärnthen, ii. 95). Modestus is said to have baptised St. Domitian, a Carinthian prince, at Milstadt, which may, perhaps, be identical with Adandrinas (Hansitz, Ger. Sac. ii. 92; Acta SS. 1 Feb. 700). According to the older manuscripts, Modest us stayed in Carinthia till his death; one late manuscript says he died in France (Hansitz, ib.), but his tomb is shown at Maria-Saal (Eichhorn, p. 112, §4). His feast is celebrated on 5 Dec. (Dempster, Menology, in Forbes, Kal. Scottish Saints, p. 221). Dempster calls him a companion of St. Boniface [q. v.], and Ferrarius says he is mentioned in Boniface's life (Cat. Gen. SS. qui in Martyrol. Rom. non sunt, 1625, p. 468). It is probable that in both cases St. Fergil was meant.
A manuscript by him, 'ad ecclesiam suam,' was said to be at Salzburg, and a volume of his letters at Strasburg (Dempster, Hist. Gent. Scot. loc. cit.) Neither manuscript can now be traced.
M. B.