OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Becker, Karl Ferdinand (philologist)

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Becker (philologist) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BECKER, Karl Ferdinand (1775-1849). A German philologist, born at Lieser, Prussia. He studied at the University of Göttingen, became a physician at Offenbach in 1815, and there opened a small private school. Here his work as an instructor led him to make researches in philology, which for a time met with considerable recognition. His view was that all languages are subject to certain logical and philosophical principles, and that thus a science of comparative philology might be arrived at by a process of deduction. This method was later largely discredited by the investigations of Jakob Grimm and others, whereby comparative philology is based on principles of history and ethnology and is attained inductively. Becker's works include: Deutsche Wortbildung (1824), Ausführliche deutsche Grammatik (3 parts, 1836-39), and Der deutsche Stil (1848; 3d ed. revised by Lyon, 1884). Consult Helmsdörfer, Becker der Grammatiker (Frankfort, 1854).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Becker, Karl Ludwig Friedrich

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Becker (painter) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BECKER, Karl Ludwig Friedrich (1820-1900). A German historical painter, born in Berlin. He was a pupil of von Klöber, Cornelius, and Hess, afterwards studied in Paris, Rome, and Venice, and first attained success with subjects of the Venetian Renaissance. The chief
characteristics of his manner are historical fidelity, skillfulness of technique, and richness of coloring. His works include “Belisarius as a Beggar” (1850), “Doge in Council” (1864), “Charles V. and Fugger” (1870), and “Emperor Maximilian Receiving the Venetian Embassy” (1877).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Becker, Wilhelm Adolf

Edition of 1905. See also Wilhelm Adolf Becker on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BECKER, Wilhelm Adolf (1796-1840). A German archæologist, born in Dresden. He was professor at Leipzig, and author of the famous stories of classical antiquity, Charikles (1840) and Gallus (1838; rev. ed. by Göll, 1880-82), in which he reproduced with an extraordinary, minute learning and deftness the familiar life of the days of Pericles and of Augustus. These are translated, with modifications, by Metcalfe (1886). They were suggested by the Anacharsis of J. J. Barthélemy (q.v.). Becker wrote, also, a good Latin treatise on Roman dramatic poetry, De Comicis Romanorum Fabulis (1837), and a useful Handbuch der römischen Alterthümer (1843-46).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Becker, Karl Friedrich

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Friedrich Becker on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BECKER, Karl Friedrich (1777-1806). A German historian, born in Berlin. He studied at Halle, and for a time was a teacher at Kottbus and Berlin. He wrote Erzählungen aus der alten Welt für die Jugend (Halle, 1873), and a Weltgeschichte für Kinder und Kinderlehrer (Halle, 1801-05), since frequently reprinted and so enlarged and revised by Woltmann, Menzel, Loebell, and others as to leave, in spite of the gain in fullness and scientific accuracy, scant traces of its original charm of style and arrangement.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Becker, Oskar

Edition of 1905. See also Oskar Becker (assailant) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BECKER, Oskar (1839-68). A German political fanatic, known for his attempted assassination of King William I. of Prussia. He was born at Odessa. In 1850 he entered Leipzig University, and in 1861, at Baden-Baden, endeavored to kill the King by firing two shots from a pistol, at a distance of three paces. The monarch suffered only a slight injury of the neck. The assassin, in a letter found upon him, stated as his motive the conviction that King William was unequal to the task of uniting Germany. He was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment, but was pardoned by the King, and released in 1866, with the stipulation that he should leave Germany forever. He lived for a time at Chicago, and subsequently went to Alexandria, Egypt, where he died.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Becker, Nikolaus

Edition of 1905. See also Nikolaus Becker on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BECKER, Nikolaus (1809-45). A German poet, born at Bonn. He is the author of the well-known song beginning, “Sie sollen ihn nicht haben, den freien, deutschen Rhein,” which, as an outburst of the popular German sentiment of the day, became widely celebrated. There are more than seventy different musical settings of it, only one of which, however, has become popular. The song was answered by a number of French poets, notably Alfred de Musset (“Nous l'avons eu, votre Rhin allemand”) and Lamartine (“Marseillaise de paix”).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Becker, Rudolph Zacharias

Edition of 1905. See also Rudolph Zacharias Becker on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BECKER, Rudolph Zacharias (1752-1822). A German educator and author. He was born at Erfurt, and studied theology at the University of Jena. As instructor at the Basedow ‘Philanthropin,’ at Dessau, he founded a journal entitled Dessauische Zeitung für die Jugend und ihre Freunde, which he afterwards continued at Gotha (1784), under the title of Deutsche Zeitung für die Jugend, and which in 1796 was
published as the Nationalzeitung der Deutschen. In consequence of an article in the latter publication, he was arrested by the French and imprisoned at Magdeburg for seventeen months. His experiences during that period were admirably described in the interesting narrative entitled Beckers Leiden and Freuden in 17monatlicher französischer Gefangenschaft (1814) — a work of genuine historical merit. One of his publications, bearing the title of Not- und Hilfsbüchlein für Bauerleute, oder lehrreiche Freuden- und Trauergeschichte des Dorfes Mildheim (Gotha, 1787-98), became exceedingly popular.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Kaalund, Hans Vilhelm

Edition of 1905. See also Hans Vilhelm Kaalund on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KAALUND, ka̤'lōōn, Hans Vilhelm (1818-85). A Danish poet, born at Copenhagen. He studied sculpture and painting, but the enthusiasm with which his verses were received on the return of Thorwaldsen (1838) decided him to take up literature as a profession. His poems, Kong Haldan den Stœrke (1840), and Valkyrien Göndul (1842), were successful but not profitable, and the same was true of his other works until the publication of Et Foraar (1858), a collection of his best old and new poems. In 1875 his drama Fulvia appeared, and in 1877 another collection of poetry, En Eftervaar. A posthumous volume of verse was printed in 1885. Besides these, he wrote Fabler og blandede Digte (1844), and Fabler for börn (1845), a book for young children, illustrated by Lundye.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Kaisarieh

Edition of 1905. See also Kayseri on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KAISARIEH, kī'sȧ-rē'e. A town of Asiatic Turkey, situated in the Vilayet of Angora, a short distance from Mount Argæus, and 160 miles southeast of Angora (Map: Turkey in Asia, F 3). It has narrow and crooked streets, and is partly surrounded by walls. There are a mosque, dating from 1238. and extensive bazaars. The chief occupation of the inhabitants is trade, for which the city is well adapted on account of its location. Kaisarieh is the seat of a Greek bishop, an Armenian archbishop, and a Roman Catholic bishop. In the town are also a high school, a kindergarten, and an American mission. Population, estimated at 72,000. Kaisarieh occupies the site of the ancient Cæsarea, in Cappadocia.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Kaiser

Edition of 1905. See also Kaiser on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KAISER, kī'zẽr (OHG, keisur, AS. cāsere, OS. kēsur, Goth. kaisar, Gk. καῖσαρ, kaisar, emperor, from Lat. Cæsar, referring especially to Gaius Julius Cæsar). The German equivalent for Emperor. Under the early Roman Empire the
acknowledged heirs to the throne added the name Cæsar to their own in honor of the ‘divine Julius.’ Diocletian (q.v.) made it distinctively a title and bestowed it on the two associates and successors of the senior Emperors or Augusti. On the division of the Roman Empire (395 A.D.) the title was borne by the Emperors of the West and of the East. It passed away in the West with the dethronement of the last Emperor (A.D. 476), but was revived in 800, when Charles the Great was crowned Roman Emperor in Saint Peter's, at Rome. From this time dates the association of the Roman Imperial title with the kingship of a ‘barbarian’ nation, first the Franks and then after 962 the Germans. (See Holy Roman Empire.) From Otho the Great to Francis II. the King chosen by the German nation as King of the Romans became Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, at first by consecration at Rome, but later through the very act of election. It was customary, however, for the German King of the Romans to be chosen during the lifetime of the Emperor, on whose death he succeeded to the higher title. Charles V. was the last German King crowned in Italy, namely at Bologna, in 1530. In 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved, but the Imperial title was retained by the House of Hapsburg, the head of which since 1804 has borne the title of Emperor (Kaiser) of Austria. On January 18, 1871, William I. of Prussia assumed the title of German Kaiser as head of the newly created Empire. See Cæsarism; Czar.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Kankakee (city)

Edition of 1905. See also Kankakee, Illinois on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​KANKAKEE. A city and the county-seat of Kankakee County, Ill., 50 miles south of Chicago; on the Kankakee River, and on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago, and Saint Louis, the Illinois Central, the Indiana, Illinois and Iowa, and other railroads (Map: Illinois, E 2). The river, broad and deep at this point, furnishes excellent water-power, which is used for manufacturing purposes, as well as for generating electricity for city lighting and the operation of street railways. The most important manufactures are plows, buggies, starch, and iron beds. There are also carriage and wagon factories, grain-elevators, stone-quarries, household furnishings, and ornament works, brick and tile works, and establishments producing nails, foundry and machine-shop products, wire, flour, mattresses, cigars, etc. Kankakee has also considerable commercial importance as a distributing centre. The Eastern Illinois Hospital for the Insane, accommodating 2300 patients, is situated here. Other fine structures are the arcade and opera-house, public library, high school, county jail, Conservatory of Music, and Y. M. C. A. building. Electric and Athletic parks are the two principal pleasure-grounds. At Bourbonnais Grove, a suburb three miles distant, is Saint Viateur's College, with about 300 students, one of the most prominent Roman Catholic divinity schools in the West. Settled in 1853, Kankakee was incorporated in the following year. The government, as provided by the charter of 1892, revised in 1895, is vested in a mayor, chosen every two years; a unicameral council, which elects boards of health and of local improvements and the customary administrative officials. Population, in 1890, 9025; in 1900, 13,595.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Kannegiesser, Karl Friedrich Ludwig

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Ludwig Kannegiesser on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​KANNEGIESSER, kän′ne-gē′sẽr, Karl Friedrich Ludwig (1781-1861). A German author, translator, and critic. He was born at Wendemark, and was educated at Halle. He translated Beaumont and Fletcher (1808), the Divina Commedia (5th ed. 1873), Dante's lyrics (2d ed. 1842), and many others, ranging from Horace's Odes, Anacreon, and Sappho to Chaucer, Byron, and Scott. He was also famed as an exegete of Goethe, and edited with valuable notes a selection from that author's lyrical verse (1835).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Kankakee (river)

Edition of 1905. See also Kankakee River on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​KANKAKEE, kăṉ′kȧ-kē′. One of the two rivers whose junction in Grundy County, Illinois, forms the Illinois River (Map: Illinois, D 2). It rises near the northern boundary of Indiana, and flows west-southwest, past the city of Kankakee, Ill., to its junction with the Des Plaines.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Kaiserswerth

Edition of 1905. See also Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KAISERSWERTH, kī'zẽrs-vĕrt. A town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the right bank of the Rhine, six miles from Düsseldorf (Map: Germany, B 3). It is chiefly important for the house of evangelical deaconesses established by Theodor Fliedner (q.v.) in 1836 and now having branches all over the civilized world. Population, in 1890, 2379.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Kaiserslautern

Edition of 1905. See also Kaiserslautern on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KAISERSLAUTERN, kī'zẽrs-lou'tĕrn. A prominent and thriving town of the Bavarian Palatinate, Germany, situated on the Waldlauter, 42 miles by rail west of Mannheim (Map: Germany. B 4). It has fine schools, hospitals, an industrial museum, a municipal theatre, and all the modern improvements. The most prominent church is the Protestant. The principal industries comprise spinning factories (worsted and cotton), and manufactories of sewing and other machines, boilers, bells, furniture, and shoes. There are also extensive railway shops and ironworks. The trade in lumber and fruit is extensive. The town is of ancient origin. In the twelfth century Frederick Barbarossa built a fine palace here. It was demolished during the Spanish War of Succession. Kaiserslautern became a free Imperial city in the thirteenth century, but lost its independence in 1357, when it passed to the rulers of the Palatinate. It became French in 1801, and passed to Bavaria in 1816. It was the seat of the Provisional Government during the uprising in the Palatinate in 1849. Population, in 1890, 37,047; in 1900, 48,306.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Northwestern University

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North′west′ern University, a Methodist Episcopal institution, is at Evanston, Ill., 12 miles north of the center of Chicago. It was first opened in 1855. The university comprises the following departments, each having a distinct faculty of instruction: the college of liberal arts, the medical school, the law school, the school of pharmacy, the dental school, the woman’s medical school, the school of music. Garrett Biblical Institute, though under a separate management, is closely affiliated, and serves as the theological school of the university. The university has a permanent productive endowment of $3,960,000, with an annual income, exclusive of benefactions, of $560,762. The value of its buildings and grounds is $2,096,000. The college library contains 105,200 volumes and 30,000 pamphlets. The faculty numbers 365, and the number of students in degree-conferring departments is 3,863.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Norway

See also Norway on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nor′way, the western and northernmost part of the Scandinavian peninsula, before November of 1905 united to Sweden only through having a common ruler; it is divided from Sweden by Keel Mountains, which run parallel to the coast from the north to 63° and then separate, the main division continuing to mark the boundary by a plateau from 2,000 to 4,000 feet wide. The higher peaks are Galdhopiggen, Glittertind, 8,379 feet; Snæhaetten, 7,566; and Lodalskaupen, 6,790. Bear, lynx and deer abound in these mountains, and the only inhabitants are the men and women who tend the large herds of cattle and sheep. On account of the Gulf Stream the winter on the coast is much warmer than in the interior, whereas the summer is much cooler. The largest cities are Kristiania, the capital (population 227,626); Bergen, Trondhjem, Stavanger, Drammen, Kristiansand and Fredrikstad. The hardiest grains and vegetables flourish, but the occupation of the people is mainly connected with the great fisheries. The mineral wealth has been practically exhausted since 1870, only a few mines being worked. Norway is divided into 20 districts, has an area of 124,130 square miles, and a population of over 2,391,782. It nominally is a limited monarchy, but actually, to all intents and purposes, almost is a free republic. The head of the government is a king, Haakon VII (q. v.), but his acts are limited by an appointed executive council of nine and one minister of state. The religion is Lutheranism, which still is the state-church of Norway. Non-Lutherans number only 53,000. One of the first peoples to settle Europe, their history does not, however, become free from myth until the 9th century, when the Lapps and Finns were found in the country by the Gothic descendants who then crossed the Baltic and settled there. For a long time it was a part of the kingdom of Denmark. Her history is intimately associated with that of the Norsemen, who were a part of her people, but from 1130 to 1240 the country suffered both in war and in commerce, and commenced a rapid retrograde movement which did not end until it was attached to Sweden in 1814. All titles of nobility were abolished in 1821, and in the struggle from 1872 to 1884 the right of veto was taken from the king. Then came a constitutional struggle of Norway against Sweden, Norway demanding consuls of her own and greater independence in her foreign policy. On June 7, 1905, the Norwegian legislature dissolved the union with Sweden, and on Oct. 16 the Swedish parliament ratified a treaty recognizing Norway’s independence. In November Prince Karl of Denmark was called to the throne, and became king under the title of Haakon VII. See Carlyle’s Early Kings of Norway and Boyesen’s History of Norway.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nova Zembla

See also Novaya Zemlya on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​No′va Zem′bla, an archipelago and two islands in the Arctic Ocean, attached to the Archangel government of northern Russia, lying between Kara and Barents Seas. It is about 600 miles long and 80 wide, almost cut into two narrow strips by the sea-passage of Matochkin Shar. Nothing is known of the interior, and it is only visited by Russians and Norwegians to capture sea-fowl, seal, whale, walrus and dolphin. The country was known to the Novgorod hunters in the 11th century, and was rediscovered by Sir Hugh Willoughby in 1553, and has since that time afforded much search and interest. Much has of late been learned of the country, which may be said to be uninhabited since 1868, save for a small colony of Russian and Samoyedes, who subsist by hunting and fishing. The Russian name for the archipelago is Novaya Zemlya.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nose

See also Nose on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nose, the external organ containing the nostrils and connected with the sense of smell. Many lower animals possess the power of smell but have no nose. The nose proper begins in the vertebrate animals. The nostrils serve as paths for air into the respiratory passages. They lead also into the chamber of the nose, which is divided by a fiat bony partition into right and left sides. The walls of each cavity are convoluted (turbinated bones), and covered with a soft membrane from which the nerves of smell pass to the brain. The sense-cells, which are especially modified for smelling, are located in the membrane, and the nerve fibers forming the olfactory nerve grow from them. The olfactory nerve usually enters into an olfactory lobe before making connection with the brain.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nottingham

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Not′ting′ham, the capital of Nottinghamshire, England, a municipal county and parliamentary borough, lies on the Trent, 126 miles from London. It was formerly surrounded by high walls, which have now disappeared, and the 20 square miles of the city have of late been much improved by the widening of the streets and the erection of new buildings. It contains a city hall, St. Mary’s church, guildhall, University College, a library and museum, an old hospital and a Roman Catholic cathedral. The most important manufactures are lace and hosiery, but baskets, bicycles, cigars and needles are also manufactured. The principal events of its history are the occupation by the Danes until 868; destruction by fire in 1140 and 1153; its first charter in 1155, the convention of three parliaments and the raising of the standard of Charles I in the parliamentary war in 1642. Population 259,942.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Norwalk, Ct.

See also Norwalk, Connecticut on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nor′walk, Ct., a town in Fairfield County, at the mouth of Norwalk River on Long Island Sound, 41 miles from New York. The city has a state armory, Fairfield County Hospital and Norwalk Hospital. Public and parish schools and a Carnegie Library are the principal educational institutions. It has the largest straw hat factory in the United States and large manufactories of felt hats and goods, woolens, shirts, shoes, silks, corsets, locks, door knobs, besides foundries and iron works. It has a good harbor and large oyster fisheries. Population of Norwalk, 6,954; of South Norwalk, 8,968—total, including Norwalk town, 24,211.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Norwich

See also Norwich on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Norwich, the capital of Norfolk, England, a municipal county and parliamentary borough, lies on the Wensum, 114 miles from London, and covers an area of about 10,000 acres. It contains Pull’s Ferry and Bishop’s Bridge (1295), St. Giles’ Hospital (1249), Ethelbert gateway (1300), Guildhall (1413), the music house, Bridewell and Dolphin inn, — all old buildings. It also has a cathedral, founded in 1096, which has a spire 315 feet high. The principal manufactures are crapes, mustard, starch, ironware, and boots and shoes. The city in olden times was often plundered by the Danes, then burned by Sweyn and held by Canute. It has been the seat of 65 bishops. Population 121,493.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Norton, Charles Eliot

See also Charles Eliot Norton on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nor′ton, Charles Eliot, an American author and educator, was born at Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 16, 1827. Young Norton graduated at Harvard College in 1846, and traveled in Europe and the far east for the following two or three years. He spent nine years abroad between 1849 and 1873. In 1864—68, he was joint editor with Lowell of the North American Review. In 1874 he was appointed professor of the history of art at Harvard, and in 1879 he became president of the Archæeological institute of America, holding that office for 11 years. He received the honorary degree of Lit. D. from Cambridge, England, and LL.D. from Harvard. He published and edited about 20 volumes. His writings largely dealt with art and sociology, as in his Recent Social Theories and Historical Studies of Church Building in the Middle Ages. He wrote lives or edited works of Dante, Michael Angela, Carlyle, Emerson, Lowell, etc. He died, Oct. 20,1908.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Norwich, Ct.

See also Norwich, Connecticut on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nor′wich, Ct., shares with New London the honor of being county seat of New London County. It stands at the head of the Thames, the chief portion of the town lying on an eminence between the Yantic and Shetucket, which here unite. It manufactures paper, cotton and woolen goods, cords, pistols, files, iron pipes, and has large leather belt factory, also tanneries and iron works. The town is well-known for its schools; Norwich Free Academy, an incorporated and heavily endowed institution, takes the place of a high school. An art school, a fine art museum and manual training are connected with this academy. The land on which it stands was given to an Englishman by Uncas, the chief of the Mohicans, in 1656. Population 28,219.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wisdom, Book of

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​WISDOM, Book of. See Solomon, Wisdom of.