OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Kano

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KANO, a town of central Africa, at the head of a province of the kingdom of Sokoto, about 230 miles east of Sokoto and 360 miles west of Kuka. The circuit of the walls is upwards of 15 English miles; but little more than a third of the enclosed area was actually occupied at the time of Barth's visit. The oldest part of the town is that which lies at the foot of the hill Dalá (120 feet), and from this the inhabited portion stretches south for 2½ miles to the walls. To the south of the great market-place lies a deep pond, Jakara, upwards of a mile and a half in length. Two kinds of dwelling-houses are common—square-shaped clay-built structures with flat roofs, and round huts with conical tops. The population, estimated at 30,000, consists of Fellatah, Kanuri (Bornuese), Houssas, and Nupe. Commerce and manufactures go hand in hand, and every family has its share in each. Cotton cloth, woven and dyed in the town, forms a chief article of trade; and to this may be added sandals and shoes, twisted leather straps, and jebiras (purses of a peculiar make), kola-nuts, and slaves. About 20,000 loads of natron pass through the town in a year from Bornu to Nupe.
See Clapperton's Travels, vol. ii.; and Barth, Travels in North and Central Africa, vol ii. The latter gives a sketch plan of Kano.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Kansas City

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KANSAS CITY, in Jackson county, Missouri, U.S., the second city in size and importance in the State, is situated on the right bank of the Missouri immediately below the mouth of the Kansas river, 235 miles west by north of St Louis. It is a large railroad centre, several important lines meeting there, and giving the city large facilities for commanding the trade of western Missouri, Kansas, northern Texas, and part of Colorado and New Mexico. The Missouri at this point is crossed by a bridge 1387 feet long, resting on seven piers. The business in agricultural products is very large, and is constantly increasing, that of packing beef and pork being especially great, and growing with remarkable rapidity. The city was laid out in 1830, but its growth may be said to date from 1860, when its population numbered 4418. In 1870 the population had increased to 32,290, and in 1880 it was 55,787.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Karl Ferdinand von Gräfe

See also Karl Ferdinand von Gräfe on Wikipedia; Karl Ferdinand von Graefe on Wikipedia, Gräfe in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​GRÄFE, Karl Ferdinand von (1787-1840), German surgeon, was born at Warsaw, 8th March 1787. He studied medicine at Halle and Leipsic, and after obtaining licence from the latter university, he was in 1807 appointed private physician to Duke Alexius of Anhalt-Bernburg. In 1811 he became professor of surgery at Berlin, and during the war with Napoleon he was superintendent of the military hospitals. When peace was concluded in 1815, he resumed his professorial duties. He was also appointed to the medical staff of the army, and he became a director of the Frederick-William Institute, and of the Medico-Chirurgical Academy. He died suddenly, 4th July 1840, at Hanover, whither he had been called to operate on the eyes of the crown-prince. Von Gräfe did much to advance the practice of surgery in Germany, especially in the case of wounds, both by the invention of new instruments and the discovery ​of new methods of treatment. He improved the rhinoplastic process, and its revival was chiefly due to him. His lectures at the university of Berlin attracted students from all parts of Europe.
The following are his principal works:—Normen für die Ablösung grosser Gliedmassen, Berlin, 1812; Rhinoplastik, 1818; Neue Beitrage zur Kunst Theile des Angesichts organisch zu ersetzen, 1821; Die epidemisch-kontagiöse Augenblennorrhöe Ægyptens in den europaischen Befreiungsheeren, 1824; Jahresberichte über das klinisch-chirurgisch-augenarztliche Institut der Universität zu Berlin, 1817-34. He also edited, along with Ph. von Walther, the Journal für Chirurgie und Augenheilkunde.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Karl Hildebrand, Count of Canstein

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CANSTEIN, Karl Hildebrand, Count of (1667- 1719), was born at Lindenberg, in 1667. He studied law at Frankfort, travelled in Italy and England, and served in one campaign ; but his health failing, he was obliged to retire into private life. At Berlin he became acquainted with Spener and Francke, whose influence determined him to devote his energies and time to further the circulation of the Bible. For this he obtained a large amount of money by subscription, and established at Halle the Bible Society which is named after him. In 1712, with the aid of Francke, he issued a stereotype edition of the New Testament at about fourpence a copy, and next year a similar edition of the whole Bible. In 1722 editions in Polish and Bohemian appeared. Canstein is . the author of a Life of Spener, a Harmony of the Gospels, and several theological works. He is, besides, one of those to whom the introduction of stereotype printing has been ascribed.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Karl Friedrich Abel

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​Abel, Karl Friedrich (1726-1787), a celebrated German musician. His adagio compositions have been highly praised, but he attained greater distinction as a performer than as a composer, his instrument being the Viola di gamba, which from his time has given place to the violoncello. He studied under Sebastian Bach, played for ten years (1748-58) in the band formed at Dresden by the Elector of Saxony, under Hasse, and then, proceeding to England, became (1759) chamber-musician to the queen of George III. His life was shortened by habits of intemperance.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Karl Friedrich Hermann

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HERMANN, Karl Friedrich (1804–1856), one of the leading representatives of classical investigation in Germany, was born August 4, 1804, at Frankfort-on-the-Main. His early education was received partly at Frankfort and partly at Weilburg, and his university studies were carried on at Heidelberg and Leipsic. On his return from a tour in Italy he habilitated in 1826 as privat-docent in Heidelberg; in 1832 he was called to Marburg as professor ordinarius of classical literature; and in 1842 he was transferred to Göttingen to fill the chair left vacant by the death of Otfried Müller. Both at Marburg and Göttingen he likewise held the office of director of the philological seminary. He died at Göttingen on the 8th of January 1856. Hermann’s scholarship took in a wide and ever-widening horizon; but his vision was clear and steady, and he knew well how to portray for other eyes the scenes that shaped themselves with new life before his own. Among his more important publications are the Lehrbuch der griechischen Antiquitäten, of which the first portion (Heidelberg, 1841) deals with political, the second (1846) with religious, and the third (1852) with domestic antiquities; the Geschichte und System der Platonischen Philosophie (Heidelberg, 1839); an edition of the Platonic Dialogues (6 vols., Leipsic, 1851–52); and Culturgeschichte der Griechen und Römer (Göttingen, 1857–58, 2 vols.), published after his death by G. Schmidt. A collection of Abhandlungen und Beiträge zur class. Literatur und Alterthumskunde appeared in 1849, but the great mass of his essays and brochures, which deal with a vast variety of archæological, artistic, critical, and philosophical subjects, are still unarranged. See Lechner, Zur Erinnerung an K. F. Hermann (Berlin, 1864).
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Karl Gustav Homeyer

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HOMEYER, Karl Gustav (1795–1874), was born August 13, 1795, at Wolgast, a small town in Pomerania, which at that time was still Swedish territory. After a four years stay in Sweden, whither his father, a merchant, had taken him in 1806, and where he may have laid the foundation of that knowledge of the languages and laws of the North which is so conspicuous in his later works, he was in 1810 received into the house of his uncle Rühs, the learned historian, who had just been called to the professorship of history at the newly-founded university of Berlin. He subsequently went through the course of law study at the universities of Berlin, Göttingen, and Heidelberg (1813-1817). It was in Berlin especially that he was introduced to the principles of the so-called historical school of the science of law by Savigny and Eichhorn, who were his principal teachers. In 1821 he settled as a privat-docent at the university of Berlin, where he was promoted to an extraordinary professorship in 1824, and to the ordinary German law chair in 1827. His principal works are his edition of the Sachsenspiegel (in 3 vols., containing also some other important sources of Saxon or Low German law), which is still unsurpassed in accuracy and sagacity of research, and his book on Die Haus- und Hofmarken (1870), in which he has given a history of the use of trademarks among all the Teutonic nations of Europe, and
which is full of important elucidations of the history of law and also contains valuable contributions to the history of art and civilization. In 1850 Homeyer was elected a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, in the Transactions of which he published various papers exhibiting profound learning (“Ueber die Heimath,” 1852; “Genealogie der Handschriften des Sachsenspiegels,” 1859; “Die Stadtbücher des Mittelalters,” 1860; “Der Dreissigste,” 1864, &c.). He died October 20, 1874.
# Executive Order 13269

more info.
See the Notes section for a listing of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order.
Signed by President George W. Bush Wednesday, July 3, 2002
Federal Register page & date: 67 FR 45287, Monday, July 8, 2002
Executive Order 13269 of July 3, 2002
Expedited Naturalization of Aliens and Noncitizen Nationals Serving in an Active-Duty Status During the War on Terrorism
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 329 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1440) (the "Act"), and solely in order to provide expedited naturalization for aliens and noncitizen nationals serving in an active-duty status in the Armed Forces of the United States during the period of the war against terrorists of global reach, it is hereby ordered as follows:
For the purpose of determining qualification for the exception from the usual requirements for naturalization, I designate as a period in which the Armed Forces of the United States were engaged in armed conflict with a hostile foreign force the period beginning on September 11, 2001. Such period will be deemed to terminate on a date designated by future Executive Order. Those persons serving honorably in active-duty status in the Armed Forces of the United States, during the period beginning on September 11, 2001, and terminating on the date to be so designated, are eligible for naturalization in accordance with the statutory exception to the naturalization requirements, as provided in section 329 of the Act. Nothing contained in this order is intended to affect, nor does it affect, any other power, right, or obligation of the United States, its agencies, officers, employees, or any other person under Federal law or the law of nations.

## Notes

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Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 13264

more info.
See the Notes section for a listing of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order.
Signed by President George W. Bush Tuesday, June 4, 2002
Federal Register page & date: 67 FR 39243, Friday, June 7, 2002
Executive Order 13264 of June 4, 2002
Amendment to Executive Order 13180, Air Traffic Performance-Based Organization
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered that Executive Order 13180 of December 7, 2000, is amended as follows:
Section 1. The first sentence of that order is amended by deleting ", an inherently governmental function,".
Sec. 2. Section 6 of that order is amended to read as follows:
    "This order is intended only to improve the internal management of the executive branch and is not intended to, nor does it, create any right to administrative or judicial review, or any right, whether substantive or procedural, enforceable by any party against the United States, its agencies or instrumentalities, its officers or employees, or any other person."

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### Amends

* Executive Order 13180, December 7, 2000
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Executive Order 13267

more info.
See the Notes section for a listing of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order.
Signed by President George W. Bush Thursday, June 20, 2002
Federal Register page & date: 67 FR 42469, Monday, June 24, 2002
Executive Order 13267 of June 20, 2002
Establishing a Transition Planning Office for the Department of Homeland Security Within the Office of Management and Budget
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows:
Section 1. Establishment.
I hereby establish within the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) a Transition Planning Office for the Department of Homeland Security (the "Transition Planning Office"), to be headed by the Director of the Transition Planning Office for the Department of Homeland Security (the "Director for Transition Planning").
Sec. 2. Missions.
The missions of the Transition Planning Office shall be to:
(a) coordinate, guide, and conduct transition and related planning throughout the executive branch of the United States Government in preparation for establishment of the proposed Department of Homeland Security; and
(b) consistent with Presidential guidance, work with the Congress as it considers legislation to establish that Department.
Sec. 3. Administration.
(a) The Director of OMB shall ensure that the Transition Planning Office receives appropriate personnel (including detailees and assignees, as appropriate), funding, and administrative support for the Office, subject to the availability of appropriations. The Director of OMB is authorized to make expenditures under section 522 of title 31, United States Code, as may be appropriate to carry out this order.
(b) If an individual who is an Assistant to the President is appointed to serve simultaneously as Director for Transition Planning, the functioning, personnel, funds, records, and property of the office of the Assistant to the President and the office of the Director for Transition Planning shall be kept separate in the same manner as if the two offices were headed by two different individuals.
Sec. 4. Other Departments and Agencies.
    This order does not alter the existing authorities of United States Government departments and agencies. In carrying out the missions set forth in section 2 of this order, all executive departments and agencies are directed to assist the Director for Transition Planning and the Transition Planning Office to the extent permitted by law.
Sec. 5. Termination.
    The Transition Planning Office, and all the authorities of this order, shall terminate within 90 days after the date on which legislation creating the Department of Homeland Security is enacted, or within 1 year of the date of this order, whichever occurs first.

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# Estelle v. Gamble

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97 (1976), was a case decided by United States Supreme Court, that held that in order to state a cognizable Section 1983 claim for a violation of Eighth Amendment rights, a prisoner must allege acts or ommissions sufficiently harmful to evidence deliberate indifference to serious medical needs, and that medical malpractice did not rise to the level of "cruel and unusual punishment" simply because the victim was a prisoner.

## Dissenting Opinion

    Stevens
Supreme Court of the United States
429 U.S. 97
Estelle v. Gamble
Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
No. 75-929 Argued: October 5, 1976 --- Decided: November 30, 1976
Respondent state inmate brought this civil rights action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against petitioners, the state corrections department medical director (Gray) and two correctional officials, claiming that he was subjected to cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment for inadequate treatment of a back injury assertedly sustained while he was engaged in prison work. The District Court dismissed the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. The Court of Appeals held that the alleged insufficiency of the medical treatment required reinstatement of the complaint.
Held: Deliberate indifference by prison personnel to a prisoner's serious illness or injury constitutes cruel and unusual punishment contravening the Eighth Amendment. Here, however, respondent's claims against Gray do not suggest such indifference, the allegations revealing that Gray and other medical personnel saw respondent on 17 occasions during a 3-month span and treated his injury and other problems. The failure to perform an X-ray or to use additional diagnostic techniques does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment, but is, at most, medical malpractice cognizable in the state courts. The question whether respondent has stated a constitutional claim against the other petitioners, the Director of the Department of Corrections and the warden of the prison, was not separately evaluated by the Court of Appeals, and should be considered on remand. Pp. 101-108.
516 F.2d 937, reversed and remanded.
MARSHALL, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which BURGER, C.J., and BRENNAN, STEWART, WHITE, POWELL, and REHNQUIST, JJ., joined. BLACKMUN, J., concurred in the judgment. STEVENS, J., filed a dissenting opinion, post, p. 108. [p98]
# Estep v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Estep v. United States, 327 U.S. 114 (1946), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that a draft board's refusal to classify a Jehovah's Witness as minister is, after exhausting administrative remedies, subject to judicial review. Warning: template has been deprecated.

## Concurring Opinions

    Murphy
    Rutledge
    Frankfurter

## Dissenting Opinion

    Burton
United States Supreme Court
327 U.S. 114
Estep v. United States
Argued: Nov. 7, 1945. --- Decided: Feb 4, 1946
The duty to report for induction in accordance with draft board's order includes duty to submit to induction, and breach of such duty is a crime as defined by provision of Selective Service Act making criminal a willful failure to perform any duty required of a registrant by the act or the rules and regulations made under it. Selective Training and Service Ac of 1940, § 11, 50 U.S.C.A.Appendix § 311.
Mr.Hayden C. Covington, of Brooklyn, N.Y., for petitioners.
Mr. Irving S. Shapiro, of Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

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Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Estelle's Letter to the Virgin Mary

Oh, My good Mother, behold me once again, prostrate at thy feet. Thou canst not refuse to hear me. Thou hast not forgotten that I am thy child and that I love thee. Obtain for me then, from thy Divine Son, for His glory, the health of my poor body. Look upon the grief of my parents. Thou knowest that I am their sole support. May I not complete the work begun by me. If, on account of my sins, a complete cure cannot be granted, obtain for me at least a little strength to enable me to support my parents. Thou seest, my good Mother, that they are on the point of being obliged to beg their bread. I cannot think of it without being deeply afflicted. Remember the sufferings thou didst endure the night of the birth of the Saviour, when thou wert obliged to go from door to door, seeking for shelter. Remember, also, all the grief thou didst endure when Jesus was extended on the Cross. I have confidence in thee, my good Mother. If thou dost will it, thy Son can cure me. He knows that I have ardently desired to be numbered among His Spouses, and that it was solely to please Him that I sacrificed my life for my family who needed my services so much. Deign to listen to my supplications, my good Mother, and to repeat them to thy Divine Son. May He restore me health, if it is pleasing to Him, but His will, not mine be done. May He at least grant me perfect resignation to His decrees, and may this tend to my salvation, and that of my parents. Thou dost possess my heart, holy Virgin; keep it always, and may it be the pledge of my love and gratitude for thy maternal goodness. I promise thee, my good Mother, if thou dost grant me the graces I implore, to do everything in my power for thy glory and that of thy Divine Son. Take under thy protection my dear little niece, and keep her out of the way of bad example. Grant, O holy Virgin, that I may imitate thee in thy obedience and that one day I may with thee possess Jesus for all eternity. Amen.
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