OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Downham v. Alexandria/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
76 U.S. 659
Downham v. Alexandria
The act of February, 1867, extends the limitation upon appeals to all cases where original judgments of the Circuit Court are fully sustained by the judgment of the District Court, and where the amount in controversy does not exceed the legislative limit. And the case before us, though not excluded from the appellate jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals by the Constitution, seems to be excluded by this act. The only question, then, is whether this act of the legislature is in conflict with the constitution of the State. And we perceive no conflict. The legislature, then, having thought fit to make the judgment of the District Court in this case final and without appeal, that court is, for this case, the highest court in which the decision could be made; and the writ of error is, therefore, warranted by the act of Congress, and regular. Motion to dismiss must be
DENIED.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Victor

​HOHENLOHE - LANGENBURG, Prince VICTOR of, Count Gleichen, 1833–1891. [See Victor.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Hoghton, Daniel

​HOGHTON, DANIEL (1770–1811), major-general, born 28 Aug. 1770, was second son of Sir Henry Hoghton, sixth baronet, of Hoghton Tower and Waltonhall, Lancashire, M.P. for Preston, by his second wife Fanny, eldest daughter of Daniel Booth, a director of the Bank of England. Without passing through the lower grades he obtained a majority in the 97th (Strathspey highlanders) on its formation, 8 Feb. 1794. After serving as a regiment of marines in the channel fleet, it was disbanded in 1795, and he was transferred to the 67th foot on 12 Aug. 1795. The 67th went to St. Domingo in 1796, and thence to Jamaica in 1798. On 31 Jan. 1799 Hoghton was transferred to the 88th (Connaught rangers), and joined it in India. The regiment formed Birt of the expedition sent to Egypt under aird in 1801, but Hoghton seems to have remained in India, and to have been sent home with despatches from Lord Wellesley in the spring of 1804.
He had become lieutenant-colonel in the army on 3 May 1796, and on 22 Nov. 1804 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the newly raised second battalion of the 8th foot. On 1 Jan. 1805 he was promoted colonel in the army. He remained at home with his battalion till April 1810, when he was appointed to the staff of the British force at Cadiz as brigadier. He was promoted major-general on 25 July, and in September he left Cadiz to join Wellington's army in Portugal. He was given the command of the third brigade of the second division under Stewart [see Stewart, Sir William], with whom he had served at Cadiz, and who had been his lieutenant-colonel in the 67th.
In the battle of Albuera (16 May 1811), when the Spaniards gave way on the right, Stewart's division was hurried up to take their place. Its leading brigade (Colborne's) was nearly destroyed by a flank attack of cavalry, and Hoghton's brigade was deployed and moved up to the crest of the hill, which had become the key of the position. There it maintained itself for some hours against the 5th French corps, eleven thousand strong, its three regiments (29th, 57th, and first battalion 48th) losing three-fourths of their men. Hoghton himself was killed as he led forward the 29th. Wellington wrote to Lord Wel- ​lesley: 'I understand that it was impossible for anybody to behave better than he did throughout the terrible scene, to him novel, in which he was an actor. He was not only cool and collected, as he ought to have been throughout the action, but animated and anxious to a degree beyond what could have been expected from his former habits, and the indifference with which he always appeared to perform the ordinary duties of his profession; and he actually fell waving his hat and cheering his brigade on to the charge' (Suppl. Desp. vii. 134). A public monument was voted to him by parliament, and was placed in the north transept of St. Paul's.
[Gent. Mag. 1811, i. 679; Betham's Baronetage, 1801, i. 39; Records of the 8th Regiment (2nd edition), p. 280; Wellington Despatches (supplementary), iv. 383, vi. 574; Annals of the Peninsular Campaigns, iii. 87; Everard's History of the 29th Regiment.]
E. M. L.
# Dutch Courage & Other Stories

"Dutch courage" is a euphemism for drunken, foolish "bravery"
* Preface
* Dutch Courage
* Typhoon Off the Coast of Japan
* The Lost Poacher
* The Banks of the Sacramento
* Chris Farrington: Able Seaman
* To Repel Boarders
* An Adventure in the Upper Sea
* Bald-face
* In Yeddo Bay
* Whose Business is to Live
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Early Christianity outside the Roman Empire

* related portals: Christianity.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Early Christianity outside the Roman Empire is a short set of lectures describing a number of important texts in early eastern Syriac Christianity, that is, the form of Christianity that emerged in Mesopotamia and Persia beyond the limits of the Roman Empire. The texts discussed are the Homilies (or Demonstrations) of Aphrahat, a treatise on fate ascribed to Bardaisan, and the apocryphal Acts of Thomas.
​Early Christianity outside the Roman Empire
Two Lectures delivered at Trinity College, Dublin, by F. CRAWFORD BURKITT, M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge.
CAMBRIDGE, at the University Press, 1899.
CONTENTS.
I dedicate this Book to the Rev. GEORGE SALMON D.D. Provost of Trinity College, Dublin, in grateful acknowledgment of his kindness to myself and in admiration of the unfailing acuteness of his critical judgment.
​"With matter of Heresie the West hath beene often and much troubled; but the East part neuer quiet, till the deluge of miserie wherein now they are, overwhelmed them, the chiefest cause whereof doth seeme to haue lien in the restlesse wits of the Grecians, euermore proud of their owne curious and subtile inuentions, which when at any time they had contriued, the great facilitie of their language serued them readily to make all things faire and plausible to men's understanding. Those graund hereticall impieties therefore, which most highly and immediatly touched God and the glorious Trinitie, were all in a manner the monsters of the East."
Hooker, Ecclesiasticall Politie v iii.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1935, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 88 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Mulhall, Michael George

​MULHALL, MICHAEL GEORGE (1836–1900), statistical compiler, third son of Thomas Mulhall of St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, was born at 100 Stephen's Green on 29 Sept. 1836. He was educated at the Irish College, Rome, went out to South America, and founded in 1861 the Buenos Ayres ' Standard,' said to be the first daily paper in English to be printed in that continent. As a journalistic venture it was daring, but success was the ultimate reward, and Mulhall did not finally abandon his connection with the enterprise until 1894, making frequent journeys between Buenos Ayres and the British Isles. In 1869 Mulhall issued the first English book printed in Argentina, a 'Handbook of the River Plate,' which went through six editions. In 1873 he published in London 'Rio Grande do Sul and its German Colonies,' which was followed in 1878 by 'The English in South America' (Buenos Ayres, 8vo). For some years previous to this Mulhall, who had a large European correspondence, had been collecting materials with a view to a survey of the whole field of his favourite study, statistics. In 1880 he brought out his 'Progress of the World in Arts, Agriculture, Commerce, Manufactures, Instruction, Railways, and Public Wealth, since the beginning of the Nineteenth Century,' a useful supplement to the invaluable record of George Richardson Porter [q. v.], which had been completed in 1851. It was followed up in 1881 by 'The Balance Sheet of the World, 1870-80,' and in 1883 by his 'Dictionary of Statistics,' a standard work of reference (revised editions, 1886, 1892, 1899). Few modern compilations have been more extensively used or abused. Mulhall has been charged with ​guess-work, but unfairly; for although some of his data are far from being as trustworthy as could be desired, his deductions are all carefully worked out, and the whole volume was most carefully printed, owing to the indefatigable zeal of his proof-corrector, Marion Mulhall (born Murphy), whom he had married at Buenos Ayres in 1878, and to whom he dedicated his chief work. Mulhall further issued a ‘History of Prices since 1850’ (1885), ‘Fifty Years of National Progress’ (1887), ‘Industries and Wealth of Nations’ (1896), and ‘National Progress in the Queen's Reign’ (1897). In 1896, at the instance of the Hon. Horace Plunkett, he travelled extensively in Western Europe, collecting material for the recess committee's report upon the prospect of a department of agriculture for Ireland. Mulhall, who was cameriere segreto of the pope (who sent him his blessing in articulo mortis), died at Kelliney Park, Dublin, on 13 Dec. 1900. He was buried at Glasnevin cemetery, beside his only child who had died at Buenos Ayres in 1886. He is survived by his widow, the writer of a valuable book of travel, ‘Between the Amazon and the Andes’ (1881), for which she received a diploma from the Italian government.
[Times, 14 Dec. 1900; Tablet, 22 Dec. 1900; Illustrated London News, 22 Dec. 1900 (portrait); Allibone's Dict. of Engl. Lit. Suppl.; Brit. Mus. Cat.; private information.]
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Munk, William

​MUNK, WILLIAM (1816–1898), physician, eldest son of William Munk, an ironmonger, and his wife Jane Kenward, was born on 24 Sept. 1816 at Battle, Sussex, and after education at University College, London, graduated M.D. at Leyden in 1837. He began practice in London in September 1837, and in 1844 he became a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of London, and in 1854 a fellow. In 1857 he was elected the Harveian librarian of the college, and held office till his death. In that year he published 'Memoirs of the Life and Writings of J. A. Paris, M.D.'[see Paris, John Ayrton], and in 1861 'The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London,' in two volumes. A second edition of this work appeared in 1878 in three volumes, and it is the best general work of reference on the physicians of England. It is exact in its references to the manuscript records of the College of Physicians, and contains much information from other sources, the origin of which is not always indicated, but which is generally valuable. Its bibliography is imperfect and does not show any profound acquaintance with the contents of English medical books, yet almost every subsequent writer on subjects relating to the history of physicians owes something to Dr. Munk. In 1884 he edited 'The Gold-headed Cane' of Dr. William MacMichael [q.v.], and in 1887 published 'Euthanasia, or Medical Treatment in aid of an Easy Natural Death,' and in 1895 'The Life of Sir Henry Halford, Bart., M.D.' The College of Physicians voted him one hundred guineas in consideration of this work. He also published some 'Notæ Harveianæ' ​in the 'St. Bartholomew's Hospital Reports' (vol. xxii.); and in 1885 'Marvodia,' a genealogical account of the Marwoods, a Devonshire family; and wrote several essays on medical subjects in the 'Lancet.' He was elected physician to the Smallpox Hospital in February 1853, and held office there for forty years. When Prince Arthur (afterwards duke of Connaught) had smallpox at Greenwich in October 1867 he was called in consultation. He long resided at 40 Finsbury Square, London, enjoyed a considerable practice, and there died on 20 Dec. 1898. He was of short stature. His portrait, by the Hon. John Collier, hangs in the dining-room of the Royal College of Physicians, to which, in the last year of his life, it was presented by the fellows in memory of the great service which he had rendered to the college by the publication of the 'Roll.' He became a Roman catholic in 1842, and from 1857 to 1865 was the medical adviser of Cardinal Wiseman. He had much information, and readily imparted it in aid of the studies of others. He admired the College of Physicians, but late in life was inclined to think that in it, and in the world at large, past times were the best. He was for many years an active member of the committee of the London Library. He married, 30 April 1849, Emma, eighteenth child of John Luke of Exeter, and left two sons and three daughters.
[Lancet. 1898, vol. ii.; British Medleal Journal, 1898, vol. ii.; Works; personal knowledge: private information.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Murphy, Denis (1833-1896)

​MURPHY, DENIS (1833–1896), historical writer, was born at Newmarket, co. Cork, in 1833. Having been trained in various Jesuit colleges of England, Germany, and Spain, he was admitted to the Society of Jesus as a novitiate in his sixteenth year. He became an active and devoted missionary priest, but soon began to devote his chief attention to teaching and historical research. He was professor of history and literature at the Jesuit colleges of Clongowes Wood, Limerick, and finally at University College, Dublin. His best known work, published at Dublin in 1883, was 'Cromwell in Ireland,' an excellent account of the suppression of the catholic rebellion of 1648-9, which gives evidence of great research, and is destitute of sectarian prejudice. The text is accompanied with good maps, plans, and illustrations. A new edition appeared in 1885. Another important historical work was his edition of O'Clery's 'Life of Hugh Roe O'Donnell,' 1893, 4to, which he was the first to render into English. The parallel bilingual text is preceded by an historical introduction. Murphy also published 'The Annals of Clonmacnoise' (1896) and a 'History of Holy Cross Abbey.' He edited for many years the 'Kildare Archæological Journal,' to which he contributed some valuable papers, and was connected with similar publications in Cork, Waterford, and Belfast. His last published work was 'A School History of Ireland' (in T. A. Findlay's School and College Series), issued in 1894, which is remarkable for containing a eulogy of Charles Stewart Parnell. Just before his death he was at work upon 'The Martyrs of Ireland,' an account of Roman catholics who had been put to death since the time of Henry VIII, a compilation suggested to him by the Irish bishops. Murphy received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the royal university of Ireland in recognition of his historical writings. He was vice-president of the Royal Irish Academy and a member of the council of the Royal Society of Antiquaries in Ireland. He was found dead in his bed, on the morning of 18 May 1896, in his rooms at University College, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, and was buried in Glasnevin cemetery on 20 May.
[The Irish Catholic, 23 May 1896; Tablet, 23 May 1896; Times, 25 May; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Allibone's Dict. Engl. Lit. (Suppl.)]
G. Le G. N.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Muirhead, George

​MUIRHEAD, GEORGE (1715–1773), professor at Glasgow University, born on 24 June 1715, was second son of John Muirhead of Teggetsheugh, Stirlingshire, a patrimony held for generations by this branch of the Muirheads of Lauchop. Matriculating at Glasgow in 1728, and graduating M.A. Edinburgh in 1742, he was in 1746 ordained minister of Mingaff, Wigtonshire, and within a year was promoted to the parish of Dysart in Fife. In December 1762 he resigned this charge, on being elected professor of oriental languages in the university of Glasgow, and on 2 Dec. 1754 he was promoted to the chair of humanity, which he held with distinction till his death on 31 Aug. 1773. He was 'an enthusiastic and accomplished classical scholar,' and with James Moor [q. v.], professor of Greek, superintended the noble edition of Homer in 4 vols. fol., printed by Robert and Andrew Foulis of Glasgow (the 'Iliad' in 1756, the 'Odyssey,' with the 'Hymns' and 'Fragments,' in 1758). He also supervised the equally beautiful edition of Virgil, printed somewhat later under the same auspices. In memory of Muirhead his surviving brothers (John of Teggetsheugh, and Patrick, 1718-1807, who succeeded George as minister of Dysart) founded in 1776, with a gift of 100l., the 'Muirhead Prizes,' which are given annually in the humanity class of Glasgow College.
[Nisbet's Heraldry; Account of the Family of the Muirheads of Lachop, a very rare work, n. d., but, from internal evidence, about 1750; Memorials of the Rev. Robert Morehead, D.D. (with supplementary note on the Family of Muirhead or Morehead of Lauchop), by Charles Morehead; Deeds instituting Bursaries, Scholarships, and other Foundations in the College and University of Glasgow, printed for the Maitland Club, 1850; the Snell Exhibitions, by W. Innes Addison; private information.]
B. M. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Mummery, Albert Frederick

​MUMMERY, ALBERT FREDERICK (1855–1895), political economist and Alpine climber, born on 10 Sept. 1855 at Maison-Dieu, Dover, was son of William Rigden Mummery of Dover. His business was that of a tanner at Dover and Canterbury in partnership with his brother. Being a man of means he devoted his leisure to economic studies and to mountaineering. In 1889, in conjunction with Mr. J. A. Hobson, he published ‘The Physiology of Industry’ (London, 8vo), a criticism of several current economic theories. He was a well-known climber both in the Alps and in the Caucasus, and in 1895 he published ‘My Climbs in the Alps and Caucasus’ (London, 8vo), a work of great merit. In 1895 he was mountaineering in the Nanga Parbat group of the Kashmir Himalayas. He was last seen on 23 Aug., and it is believed that he was overwhelmed by an avalanche while traversing a snow pass.
[Alpine Journal, November 1895; information kindly given by Mrs. A. F. Mummery.]
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/O'Brien, Cornelius

​O'BRIEN, CORNELIUS (1843–1906), catholic archbishop of Halifax, Nova Scotia, born near New Glasgow, Prince Edward Island, on 4 May 1843, was seventh of the nine children of Terence O'Brien of Munster by his wife Catherine O'Driscoll of Cork. After school training ​he obtained, as a boy, mercantile employment, but at nineteen entered St. Dunstan's College, Charlottetown, to study for the priesthood. In 1864 he passed to the College of the Propaganda in Rome, and concluded his seven years' course in 1871 by winning the prize for general excellence in the whole college. While he was in Rome Garibaldi attacked the city, the Vatican Council was held, and the temporal power fell. O'Brien, who had literary ambition and a taste for verse, founded on these stirring events an historical novel which he published later under the title 'After Weary Years' (Baltimore, 1886). On his return to Canada he was appointed a professor in St. Dunstan's College and rector of the cathedral of Charlottetown, but failing health led to his transfer in 1874 to the country parish of Indian River. There he devoted his leisure to writing, issuing 'The Philosophy of the Bible vindicated' (Charlottetown, 1876); 'Early Stages of Christianity in England' (Charlottetown, 1880); and 'Mater Admirablia,' in praise of the Virgin (Montreal, 1882). He twice revisited Rome, and in 1882 O'Brien, on the death of Archbishop Hannan, was appointed his successor in the see of Halifax. O'Brien administered the diocese with great energy, building churches and schools, founding religious and benevolent institutions, and taking an active part in public affairs whenever he considered the good of the community demanded it. His hope of seeing a catholic university in Halifax was not realised, but he established a French College for the Acadians at Church Point, and founded a collegiate school, St. Mary's College, in Halifax, which was to be the germ of the future university. He died suddenly in Halifax on 9 March 1906, and was buried in the cemetery of the Holy Cross. A painted portrait is in the archi-episcopal palace in Halifax. O'Brien, who was elected president of the Royal Society of Canada in 1896, was a representative Irish-Canadian prelate, combining force of character with depth of sentiment and winning the esteem of his protestant fellow-subjects while insisting on what he believed to be the rights of the Roman catholic minority. Advocating home rule for Ireland, he was at the same time a staunch imperialist and a strong Canadian. In addition to the books named he wrote 'St. Agnes, Virgin and Martyr' (Halifax, 1887), his patroness; 'Aminta,' a modern life drama (1890), a metrical novel after the model of 'Aurora Leigh'; and 'Memoirs of Edmund Burke (1753-1820), the first Bishop of Halifax' (1894). The last work called forth a reply, 'Mémoires sur les Missions de la Nouvelle Ecosse' (Quebec, 1895).
[Archbishop O'Brien: Man and Churchman, by Katharine Hughes (his niece), Ottawa, 1906 (with portraits); Morgan, Canadian Men and Women of the Time, 1898; Toronto Globe, 10 March 1906.]
D. R. K.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Pennyroyal

Edition of 1802.
​PENNYROYAL, or Mentha Pulegium, L. an indigenous plant, growing on moist heaths and pastures; flowering in the months of August and September.—This herb possesses properties similar to those of the mint; but it is more acrid, and less agreeable to the palate. It has long been esteemed as an aperient and deobstruent, particularly in hysteric and other female complaints. Hence, the distilled water is generally preferred; though an infusion of the leaves would answer the purpose, without giving an opportunity for tippling.—Dr. Withering observes, that the expressed juice of pennyroyal, with a little sugar, is an useful medicine in the hooping-cough.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Pepperwort

Edition of 1802.
​PEPPERWORT, Dittander Pepperwort, or Poor-man's-Pepper; Lepidium latifolium, L. an indigenous plant, growing in meadows and pastures, where it flowers in the months of June and July.—The whole plant possesses an extremely hot taste, not unlike pepper; and the leaves are frequently employed by the country people, as a substitute for that spice.—It is esteemed an acrid antiscorbutic; was formerly used instead of the Horse-radish Scurvy-grass; and may be easily propagated by its spreading roots.