OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Disciplina Clericalis/Tale 17

Cleveland, Ohio: Western Reserve University, pages 47–48
XVII. The Churl and the Bird
"Suche oon had a greene orchard or gardyn in whiche was moche and grete fuysoun of grene herbis. What shal I say ellis? Ther was a place also Right delectable in whiche ther gadred grete multitude of briddis with dyvers melodic of dyuers and many swete songes executyng. Vpon a day while he for werynes Restid in his orchard suche a bridde (f. 130) sat vpon the tre, whiche that he sye and herd his voice and deceivaibely toke hym in a snare. To whom the brid: 'Why hastow laboured so moche to take me, or what profite hopistow to have in takyng of me?' [To this the man]: 'Only thi songes I desire to here.' To whom the brid: 'Triewly forwhi? for nothing price nor praier shal I syng.' Than he: 'But if thow syng I shal etei the.' And the brid: 'In what maner wilt thow ete me? If thow ete me soden or bake what shal it availe of so litel a brid?' And if I be Rosted moche lasse shal I be. But if thow wilt lete me go, grete profite therof wil folowe.' Quod he: 'What profite wil ther be therof?' The brid saide: 'I shal shewe the iii wisdam that shuln availe the more than the flessh of iii calves.' And he folowyng the briddes promyse leete hym go. To whom the brid: 'Oon of the promises [is] that thow beleeve nor ​trust nat to every man. The secunde is, that shalbe thyn alwey thow shalt have. The thrid is, ne sorowe thow nat of thynges lost.' This saide, the litel brid ascendid vpon the tree and with a sweete voice bigan to synge: 'Blessid be god that hath shit and closed the sight of thyn eyen and taken awey thi wisdam, forwhi if thow haddest sought in the plites of myn entrailes thow shuldest have founde a jacinct the weight of an vnce.' He heryng this bigan to wepe and to sorowe and to smyte his brest with his fist for he yave feith to the litel brid. And than the brid saide vnto hym: 'Thow art soone foryetful of [the] wit of whiche I saide vnto the. Whether I saide nat to the that thow shuldist nat beleeve everyman of that he saith to the? And how belevistow that in me shuld be a jacynt the weight of an vnce, whan I and al my body is nat of somoche weight? And now I say to the that that thyn is alwey thow shalt have. And how maistow have a stone in me a fleeyng foul? Now I saie to the: ne sorowe thow never of thynges lost. And why sorowest thow of the jacynct whiche in me is?' Suche thynges saide to grete scorn to the Cherl the brid fligh awey to the woode."
* ↑ No. XXII in the original, I, 30, l. 26.
* ↑ This entire passage corresponds to the following sentence of the Latin (I, p. 30): Quidam habuit virgultum, in quo rivulis fluentibus herba viridis erat et pro habilitate loci conveniebant ibi volucres modulamine vocum cantus diversos exercentes.
* ↑ Ms. 'that' for 'wilt.'
* ↑ English omits Et etiam caro erit hispida.
* ↑ Lat. (I, 31, l. 8) sapientiae manerias.
* ↑ The English omits the first paragraph of the connecting link as given in the Latin version. See I, 31, l. 21.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Touchet, George

​TOUCHET, GEORGE (d. 1689?), Benedictine monk, born at Stalbridge, Dorset, was second son of Mervyn Touchet, twelfth lord Audley and second earl of Castlehaven, and younger brother of James Audley, third earl of Castlehaven [q. v.] He made his solemn profession in the chapel of the English Benedictine monastery of St. Gregory at Douay on 22 Nov. 1643, taking in religion the name of Anselm (Collins, Peerage of England, ed. Brydges, vi. 555; Weldon, Chronicle, App. p. 10). He was sent to the mission in the southern province of England, and was appointed chaplain to Queen Catherine of Braganza about 1671 with a salary of 100l. a year and apartments in Somerset House. He was banished in 1675, and, by act of parliament in 1678, was expressly excluded from the succession to the earldom of Castlehaven. He probably died about 1689.
He was the author of ‘Historical Collections out of several grave Protestant Historians concerning the Changes in Religion, and the strange confusions following from thence; in the reigns of King Henry the Eighth, Edward the Sixth, Queen Mary and Elizabeth’ (anon.), sine loco, 1674, 8vo; with an addition of ‘several remarkable passages taken out of Sir Will. Dugdale's “Antiquities of Warwickshire,” relating to the Abbies and their Institution,’ London, 1686, 8vo; and ‘with an appendix, setting forth the Abbies, Priories, and other Religious Houses dissolved in Ireland, and an historical account of each,’ Dublin, 1758, 12mo. The authorship of this work has been erroneously ascribed to Dr. George Hickes [q. v.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tottenham, Charles

​TOTTENHAM, CHARLES (1685–1758), Irish politician, son of Edward Tottenham of Tottenham Green, co. Wexford, by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Samuel Hayman of Youghal, was born in 1685. He sat for New Ross in the Irish House of Commons from 1727 until shortly before his death, and was sheriff of co. Wexford in 1737, his local influence being great. In 1731 a great opposition was set on foot to a proposal that an Irish surplus of 60,000l. should be made over to the British government. Having heard that the question was likely to come on earlier than he expected, ​Tottenham, who was in the country, is said to have mounted his horse at Ballycarny, to have ridden sixty miles by night, and rushed into the parliament-house, Dublin, where the sergeant-at-arms endeavoured to bar his entrance on the ground that he was ‘undressed, in dirty boots, and splashed up to his shoulders.’ The speaker decided that he had no power to exclude him, and Tottenham strode into the house in jack boots ‘to vote for the country.’ The division was just about to be taken, and his casting vote gave a majority of one against the unpopular measure. Thenceforth he was known and toasted by Irish patriots as ‘Tottenham in his boots,’ although details of the story have been questioned. He died on 20 Sept. 1758. A character-portrait by Pope Stevens, dated 1749, was engraved in mezzotint by Andrew Miller, and bore the legend, ‘Tottenham in his Boots.’
By his first wife, Ellinor (d. 1745), daughter of John Cliffe of Mulrancan, co. Wexford, he had, with other issue, John, M.P. for New Ross in 1758, and for Fethard, co. Wexford, in 1761 and 1769, and sheriff for his county in 1749, who was created Sir John Tottenham, bart., of Tottenham Green, on 2 Dec. 1780, and died 29 Dec. 1786; and Charles, the ancestor of the Tottenhams of Ballycurry, co. Wicklow.
By his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Nicholas, and sister and coheir of Henry Loftus, earl of Ely, Sir John, the first baronet, had issue Charles Tottenham (afterwards Loftus) (1738–1806), who in connection with the negotiations preceding the Act of Union was on 29 Dec. 1800 created Marquis of Ely, having previously been made Baron (1785) and Viscount (1789) Loftus and Earl of Ely (1794). He assumed the name of Loftus in 1783, and on 19 Jan. 1801 he was created Baron Loftus of Long Loftus in the United Kingdom, having thus obtained no fewer than five separate peerage creations within fifteen years. ‘Prends-moi tel que je suis’ was the marquis's motto (G. E. C[okayne], Peerage, iii. 263 n.).
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tours, Berthold

​TOURS, BERTHOLD (1838–1897), musician and musical editor, whose baptismal name was Bartolomeus was son of Bartolomeus Tours, organist of the church of St. Lawrence, Rotterdam, and was born in that city on 17 Dec. 1838. He was a pupil of, and assistant to, his father and he also studied under Verhulst. He subsequently became a student at the Brussels and (in 1857) Leipzig conservatoires. From January 1859 to April 1861 Tours lived in Russia in the service of the music-loving Prince Galitzin, and then migrated to London, where he remained till his death, though he retained his nationality. He played the violin in the orchestra at the Adelphi Theatre and in Alfred Mellon's band, and joined the Italian opera orchestra in 1862. He also played in the orchestra at various provincial festivals. He held the post of organist at St. Helen's, Bishopsgate Street (1864–5), St. Peter's, Stepney (1865–7), and Église Suisse, Bloomsbury (1867–79). In 1872 he joined the editorial staff of the music publishing house of Novello, Ewer, & Co., and in 1877 became chief editor, a post in which he turned to advantage his critical acumen, judgment, and perseverance. Tours died at his residence at Hammersmith, on 11 March 1897, and is buried in Highgate cemetery. He married, June 1868, Susan Elizabeth Taylor, and by her had a daughter and five sons.
Tours was a prolific composer of services, anthems, songs, &c., of which his ‘Service in F’ is well known. He also composed an excellent primer for the violin, which attained wide popularity.
[Musical Times, April 1897; private information.]
F. G. E.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Violet, Thomas

​VIOLET, THOMAS (fl. 1634–1662), writer on trade, was a goldsmith and alderman of London. In 1634 he was fined by the company for not attending the warden's dinner (Prideaux, Mem. of Goldsmiths' Company, 1896, i. 161). He was imprisoned for twenty weeks in the same year for exporting gold and silver from the kingdom, and obtained his pardon on condition of discovering like offenders, and on paying into the king's privy purse a fine of 2,000l. Accordingly, in the following year a number of merchants were brought on his information before the Star-chamber and heavily fined. He claimed that he spent 1,960l. in this matter, ‘but received never a penny’ (cf. ib. i. 174). Soon after the outbreak of the civil war Violet was imprisoned for refusing to pay his share in the parliamentary taxation, and in 1643 he became one of the main instruments in Sir Basil Brooke's plot for winning over the city of London to Charles I's side (Gardiner, Civil War, i. 269). In December 1643 he went to Oxford to see the king and to bring a letter from him to the city of London; he was committed by parliament to the Tower of London on 6 Jan. 1643–4; and did not regain his liberty for four years, his estates in Essex and elsewhere being meanwhile sequestered. In 1652–3 he was occupied, in behalf of the Commonwealth, in prosecuting in the admiralty court suits against the owners of the ships Samson, Salvador, and George, who had been detected in the attempt to take silver out of the country. Harleian MS. 6034 is a thin folio ‘shewing the case of Thomas Violet, goldsmith, who secured to the state 278,000 pounds arising from the silver in the ships Sampson, Salvador, and George, wherein is contained his petition to his highness Richard, Lord Protector …’ The state papers from 1650 to 1662 contain many petitions presented by him to parliament, embodying his views on the ‘transportation’ of gold and silver, projects for arresting the decay of trade, and proposals for rectifying abuses at the mint. Most of these petitions are embodied in the numerous pamphlets which he published against the exportation of coin. It does not appear that his petitions met with success. He was probably a restless, meddling man, who failed to please his friends, while he certainly displeased his enemies. In 1660 Richard Pight of the mint complained in a petition of Violet's conduct to him, and in the same year a pamphlet was printed to disclose his practices ‘to trapan the Jews and ruin many families in and about London.’ His ‘Humble Declaration … touching the Transportation of Gold and Silver,’ 1643, was reprinted at Hull about 1812.
[Violet's pamphlets; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1650 to 1661–2; Lords' Journals, vii. 58; Commons' Journals, ii. 107; Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. App. p. 58; Ruding's Annals of the Coinage, 1840, i. 390, 391, 421; Shaw's English Monetary History, 1896, p. 83. The titles of Violet's pamphlets are given in the Brit. Mus. Cat. and in Lowndes's Bibliogr. Manual.]
C. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vivares, François

​VIVARES, FRANÇOIS (1709–1780), landscape-engraver, was born at St. Jean-de-Bruel, near Montpellier, France, on 11 July 1709, and brought up at Geneva. At the age of eighteen he came to London, where, according to Strutt, he obtained instruction from John Baptist Claude Chatelaine [q. v.]; but as that engraver was his junior, this is somewhat improbable. Vivares was an artist of great genius, and is regarded as one of the founders of the school of landscape-engraving in this country, of which William Woollett [q. v.] was the most distinguished member. Of his plates, which number about 160, and were largely published by Boydell, the most important are from pictures by the old masters, Claude, Gaspar Poussin, Il Bolognese, Vanderneer, and Cuyp; but a large proportion of them are views of English scenery after Gainsborough, Wootton, Smith of Derby, the Smiths of Chichester, and others. He particularly excelled in translating the works of Claude, and his ‘Morning,’ ‘Evening,’ ‘View of Naples,’ and ‘Enchanted Castle,’ after that painter, are masterpieces of the art. The last-mentioned plate he left unfinished at his death, and it was completed by Woollett. Vivares exhibited engravings with the Incorporated Society of Artists in 1766 and 1768. During the last thirty years of his life he resided in Great Newport Street, where he kept a print-shop. There he died on 28 Nov. 1780, and was buried in Paddington churchyard. He was thrice married, and had thirty-one children. There is a portrait of Vivares, engraved by himself and James Caldwall.
Thomas Vivares (fl. 1770–1790), a son of François, worked as assistant to his father, and in 1764 gained a premium from the Society of Arts for two engravings. He afterwards executed a few landscapes after J. Vernet, Zuccarelli, A. Zingg, and others, but these possess little merit. His name ​appears on some of the plates in Robert and James Adam's ‘Works in Architecture,’ 1773, and Orme's ‘Rudiments of Landscape.’
[Strutt's Dict. of Engravers; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Dussieux's Artistes Français à l'Étranger; Nagler's Künstler-Lexikon.]
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vivian, Hussey Crespigny

​VIVIAN, Sir HUSSEY CRESPIGNY, third Baron Vivian (1834–1893), diplomatist, born on 19 June 1834, was eldest son of Sir Charles Crespigny Vivian, second baron Vivian, by his first wife, Arabella (d. 1837), daughter of John Middleton Scott of Ballygannon, co. Wicklow.
The father, Sir Charles Crespigny Vivian, second Baron (1808–1886), son of Sir Richard Hussey Vivian, first baron Vivian [q. v.], was born at Truro on 24 Dec. 1808, and educated at Eton. He became cornet in the 7th light dragoons 1825, lieutenant 1826, captain 1829, major in the army 12 Aug. 1834, when he retired. He represented Bodmin from 1835 to 1842, when he succeeded to the title. He was appointed special deputy-warden of the Stannaries in 1852 and lord-lieutenant of Cornwall in 1856, resigning the latter office in 1877. He died at Ventnor on 24 April 1886, leaving six sons and three daughters by his two wives. A portrait of Lord Vivian, by ‘Spy,’ with a kindly notice, appeared in ‘Vanity Fair,’ 19 Aug. 1876 (cf. Spectator, 26 April 1879).
Educated at Eton, the eldest son was appointed a clerk in the foreign office on 18 Nov. 1851. He was attached to several important special missions, accompanying the Earl of Clarendon to Paris in 1856, and the Earl of Breadalbane to Berlin in 1861. In 1864 he was sent to Athens with the draft treaty for the annexation of the Ionian Islands to Greece. He became senior clerk in the foreign office on 3 July 1869. In 1873 he was appointed acting agent and consul-general at Alexandria, and was transferred to Bucharest the following year. He was again appointed to Egypt in 1876; while there he was made C.B.
He was appointed resident minister to the Swiss confederation in 1879, and two years afterwards was raised to the rank of envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Denmark. He was sent to Brussels with the same rank in 1884; while there he was made K.C.M.G. He succeeded to his father's title on 24 April 1886. He was appointed British plenipotentiary to the slave-trade conference held at Brussels in 1889, and for his services was made G.C.M.G. He was appointed ambassador in Rome on 1 Jan. 1892, where he remained until his death on 21 Oct. 1893. At his funeral on the 25th the Prince of Naples followed on foot with Lord Vivian's son.
Vivian, who was a conscientious but not a brilliant diplomatist, was elected a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in 1872. He married, on 8 June 1876, Louisa Alice, daughter of Robert Gordon Duff of Ryde, and had issue Sir George Crespigny Brabazon Vivian, the present baron, and three daughters.
[Hertslet's Foreign Office List; Baily's Magazine; Times; Daily Telegraph; J. L. Vivian's Pedigree of the Family of Vivian of Cornwall, p. 13; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub.]
E. L. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vitell, Christopher

​VITELL or VITELLS, CHRISTOPHER (fl. 1555–1579), translator, a native of Delft and joiner by trade, settled in England some time before the middle of the sixteenth century. He exhibited some inconstancy in matters of religion, professing Arianism under Queen Mary, and being imprisoned in Wood Street, London, until on Elizabeth's succession he recanted his errors before Grindal at St. Paul's Cross.
Eventually, however, Vitells became a convert to the teaching of Henry Nicholas or Niclaes [q. v.], the founder of the ‘Family of Love.’ He wandered up and down in East Anglia using his powers of persuasion, which John Rogers implies were great, in spreading the mystical doctrines, and found a hearing at Cambridge, Willingham in Cambridgeshire, Strethall in Essex, at Colchester (where he was living at Michaelmas 1555), and other places. He became a chief elder in the family, among whom Rogers says his credit was ‘not small.’
Abandoning his trade, he proceeded, although a ‘simple scholar,’ to translate into very fair English the voluminous writings of Niclaes, and one or two by Elidad and Fidelitas, his elders. There is no direct evidence that Vitells himself was identical with the latter.
Eight of the treatises—‘The Prophetie of the Spirit of Love,’ ‘A Publishing of the Peace upon Earth,’ ‘A joyful Message of the Kingdom,’ ‘Proverbs,’ ‘Documentall Sentences,’ ‘Correction and Exhortation out of Heartie Loue,’ ‘A good and fruitfull Exhortation,’ ‘A Distinct Declaration’—were printed abroad in 1574 and secretly introduced into England. They occasioned the attack of John Rogers, ‘The Displaying of an Horrible Sect,’ 1578, to which Vitells replied in a work not apparently now extant, but entitled ‘Testimonies of Sion of the ​great Stone of Foundation layd therein of Judgement and Righteousness and of holy Priesthood, and spiritual Oblation through Jesus Christ brought forth through the Lord's elected minister Henry Nicholas.’ This was reprinted and answered, paragraph by paragraph, by Rogers in his ‘Answere vnto a wicked and infamous Libel made by Christopher Vitels, one of the chiefe English Elders of the pretended Family of Loue’ [1578], 8vo; another ed. 1579.
The result of Vitells's translation was a proclamation issued in 1580 by Archbishop Grindal against the ‘family’ and all their writings (Wilkins, Concilia, iv. 297). There is no authentic record of Vitells's later life.
[Strype's Annals, vol. ii. pt. i. p. 487, pt. ii. p. 284; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. p. 738; Bateman's Doome warning all Men to Judgements, 1581, 4to, p. 414; Pagitt's Heresiography, 6th edit., 1661, p. 109; John Rogers's books above mentioned, and Thomas Rogers's Faith, Doctrine, and Religion, reprinted (1854) by the Parker Society as the Catholic Doctrine of the Church of England, pp. 135, 163, 202; Wilkinson's Confutation of certain Articles, 1579.]
C. F. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vitelli, Cornelio

​VITELLI, CORNELIO (fl. 1489), scholar, was born of a noble family at Corneto in the Romagna. He was the earliest teacher of Greek at Oxford. In or before 1475 Vitelli accepted an invitation from Thomas Chaundler, warden of New College, to become prælector. His first lecture was answered by the warden. It is supposed that William Grocyn [q. v.] and Thomas Linacre [q. v.] were among his pupils. Erasmus (Opp. i. 1010) speaks somewhat slightingly of his Latin. Polydore Vergil (Hist. Angl. 1603, p. 1566), after styling him ‘vir optimus gratiosusque,’ says ‘omnium primus Oxonii bonas literas docuerat’ (cf. Knight, Colet, p. 106, where the passage is inaccurately rendered). He taught at New College till 1489, when he was summoned to Paris by Charles VIII, who appointed him, with Publius Faustus Andrelinus, to teach there; but, owing to the jealousy of the logicians, he seems to have returned to Oxford, and perhaps lodged in Exeter College in 1491. He had probably died or again left England before 1509, as no mention of him occurs in the ‘Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII.’
Vitelli was the author of various classical commentaries. His ‘Annotationes in Cornucopiæ N. Perotti libellum’ were printed with Perottus's book at Venice in 1499, fol. (Aldus), and reprinted in 1513, 1521, 1522, and 1527; they also appear in ‘In C. Plinium Prælectio’ by Marinus Becichemus (Basel, 1519, fol.). His ‘Epistola in Defensionem Plinii et Domitii Calderini contra Georgium Merulam Alexandrinum’ was first printed about 1490 in quarto, and was reprinted in Badius's ‘Annotationes Doctorum Virorum,’ Paris, 1511, fol., and in Gruter's ‘Lampas sive Fax Artium Liberalium,’ 1602 (i. 583–648).
[Oxford Hist. Soc. Collectanea, ii. 339; Hallam's Lit. of Europe, i. 230, and authorities there cited; Wood's Annals of Oxford, an. 1488 (inaccurate); Budinszky's Die Universität Paris, p. 186; Boase's Reg. of Rectors, &c., of Exeter College, p. xviii; Lyte's Hist. of Univ. of Oxford, p. 387; Harpsfield's Hist. Angl. 1622, p. 651, refers to him as ‘illud ex Italia lumen;’ works in Brit. Mus. Libr.]
E. C. M.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Manufacture

Edition of 1802.
​MANUFACTURE, signifies a commodity, or piece of workmanship, produced from raw materials, whether by hand, or by the aid of machinery.
The extensive utility of manufactures to a commercial nation, is generally acknowledged; and it is a circumstance worthy of remark, that the greatest improvements have, in general, proceeded from persons of no liberal education.
Manufactures, it is true, furnish employ for numerous families, but at the same time they greatly contribute to that depravity of manners for which the labouring classes are, at present, but too conspicuous. Indeed, it is a melancholy fact, that so long as agriculture is but partially attended to, and in a manner neglected, for the more speedy acquisition of wealth, the progress of luxury necessarily tends to change the most virtuous habits, and to vitiate the morals of a mercantile nation.
By the 23 Geo. II. c. 13, it is enacted, that if any person export the tools or utensils used either in the silk, linen, or woollen manufactures, he incurs a forfeiture, and the sum of 200l.; and, if the captain of the ship be acquainted with such illegal proceeding, he is liable to pay a fine of 100l.—The forfeiture of the articles, and of 200l. is farther imposed on all persons collecting them for the purpose of exportation; and, if any captain of a King's ship, or officer of the customs, knowingly suffer such exportation, both (by the 21 Geo. III. c. 37), incur a penalty of 200l. lose their employment, and are for ever incapacitated from ​holding any office under government. This act likewise subjects all persons having tools in their possession, or procuring them to be made, with a view to exportation, to the forfeiture of the same, as well as of the sum of 200l. and to imprisonment for the term of 12 months. Lastly, the 22 Geo. III. c. 60, declares, that every person exporting such tools, shall forfeit them, together with the sum of 500l.