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# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume III/Apologetic/A Treatise on the Soul/Chapter XXIX

Chapter XXIX.—The Pythagorean Doctrine Refuted by Its Own First Principle, that Living Men are Formed from the Dead.
It is indeed, manifest that dead men are formed from living ones; but it does not follow from that, that living men are formed from dead ones. For from the beginning the living came first in the order of things, and therefore also from the beginning the dead came afterwards in order. But these proceeded from no other source except from the living. The living had their origin in any other source (you please) than in the dead; whilst the dead had no source whence to derive their beginning, except from the living. If, then, from the very first the living came not from the dead, why should they afterwards (be said to) come from the dead? Had that original source, whatever it was, come to an end? Was the form or law thereof a matter for regret? Then why was it preserved in the case of the dead? Does it not follow that, because the dead came from the living at the first, therefore they always came from the living? For either the law which obtained at the beginning must have continued in both of its relations, or else it must have changed in both; so that, if it had become necessary for the living afterwards to proceed from the dead, it would be necessary, in like manner, for the dead also not to proceed from the living. For if a faithful adherence to the institution was not meant to be perpetuated in each respect, then contraries cannot in due alternation continue to be re-formed from contraries. We, too, will on our side adduce against you certain contraries, of the born and the unborn, of vision and blindness, of youth and old age, of wisdom and folly. Now it does not follow that the unborn proceeds from the born, on the ground that a contrary issues from a contrary; nor, again, that vision proceeds from blindness, because blindness happens to vision; nor, again, that youth revives from old age, because after youth comes the decrepitude of senility; nor that folly is born with its obtuseness from wisdom, because wisdom may possibly be sometimes sharpened out of folly.  Albinus has some fears for his (master and friend) Plato in these points, and labours with much ingenuity to distinguish different kinds of contraries; as if these instances did not as absolutely partake of the nature of contrariety as those which are expounded by him to illustrate his great master’s principle—I mean, life and death. Nor is it, for the matter of that, true that life is restored out of death, because it happens that death succeeds life.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Visualitatis.
* ↑ Insipientiam. “Imbecility” is the meaning here, though the word takes the more general sense in the next clause.
* ↑ Deferatur.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume III/Apologetic/A Treatise on the Soul/Chapter XXII

Chapter XXII.—Recapitulation. Definition of the Soul.
Hermogenes has already heard from us what are the other natural faculties of the soul, as well as their vindication and proof; whence it may be seen that the soul is rather the offspring of God than of matter. The names of these faculties shall here be simply repeated, that they may not seem to be forgotten and passed out of sight. We have assigned, then, to the soul both that freedom of the will which we just now mentioned, and its dominion over the works of nature, and its occasional gift of divination, independently of that endowment of prophecy which accrues to it expressly from the grace of God. We shall therefore now quit this subject of the soul’s disposition, in order to set out fully in order its various qualities. The soul, then, we define to be sprung from the breath of God, immortal, possessing body, having form, simple in its substance, intelligent in its own nature, developing its power in various ways, free in its determinations, subject to be changes of accident, in its faculties mutable, rational, supreme, endued with an instinct of presentiment, evolved out of one (archetypal soul). It remains for us now to consider how it is developed out of this one original source; in other words, whence, and when, and how it is produced.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Tertullian had shown that “the soul is the breath or afflatus of God,” in ch. iv. and xi. above. He demonstrated its “immortality” in ch. ii.–iv., vi., ix., xiv.; and he will repeat his proof hereafter, in ch. xxiv., xxxviii., xlv., li., liii., liv. Moreover, he illustrates the soul’s “corporeity” in ch. v.–viii.; its “endowment with form or figure,” in ch. ix.; its “simplicity in substance” in ch. x. and xi.; its “inherent intelligence,” in ch. xii.; its varied development, in ch. xiii.–xv. The soul’s “rationality,” “supremacy,” and “instinctive divination,” Tertullian treated of in his treatise De Censu Animæ against Hermogenes (as he has said in the text); but he has treated somewhat of the soul’s “rational nature” in the sixteenth chapter above; in the fourteenth and fifteenth chapters he referred to the soul’s “supremacy or hegemony;” whilst we have had a hint about its “divining faculty,” even in infants, in ch. xix. The propagation of souls from the one archetypal soul is the subject of the chapter before us, as well as of the five succeeding ones (La Cerda).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/schaben

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/schaben | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ schaben, vb., ‘to shave, scrape, scratch,’ from MidHG. schaben, OHG. scaban, ‘to scratch, erase, scrape,’ corresponding to Goth. skaban, ‘to shear’; OIc. skafa, ‘to scratch, shave,’ AS. sčęafan, E. to shave, Du. schaven, ‘to shave, smooth.’ Teut. root skab, from the pre-Teut. root skā̆p; comp. Gr. σκάπ-τω, ‘to dig,’ σκαπάνη, ‘spade,’ Lith. skópti, ‘to hollow out,’ skáptas, ‘woodcarver's knife’; allied also probably to Lat. scabo, ‘to scratch, shave,’ OSlov. skoblĭ, ‘spokeshave,’ Lith. skabùs, ‘sharp’ (Aryan root skā̆b). See the preceding words as well as Schuppe and Schaft.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/schachern

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/schachern | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ schachern, vb., ‘to chaffer, haggle,’ ModHG. only, allied to Hebr. suchar, ‘gain.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/sapperlot

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/sapperlot | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ sapperlot, see sackerlot.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/satt

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/satt | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ satt, adj., ‘sated, satiated,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. sat (gen. sates), adj.; corresponding to the equiv. OSax. sad, AS. sœd, ‘sated’ (E. sad), OIc. saðr (saddr), Goth. saþs, ‘sated.’ A Teut. partic., in -da- (see laut and falt) connected with an Aryan root sā̆, ‘to satiate,’ from whose long vowel form Goth. sô-þjan, ‘to satisfy,’ and sô-þs, ‘repletion,’ are constructed. Comp. Lat. sat, satis, satur; Lith. sōtas, m., ‘repletion,’ sōtus, ‘satiating, easily satiated’; Gr. ἄμεναι (ā), ‘to satiate,’ ἄ-ατος, ‘insatiable,’ and ἄ-δην, ‘sufficiently’; OIr. sathach, ‘sated,’ súsaim, ‘to sate, satiate,’ sáith, ‘repletion’ (OSlov. sytŭ, ‘sated,’ is, on account of its vowel, not allied). The meaning of E. sad is curiously developed from the idea expressed by satt.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/sauber

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/sauber | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ sauber, adj., ‘neat, clean, nice, pretty,’ from MidHG. sûber, sûver, ‘neat, clean, pretty,’ OHG. sûbar, sûbiri; OSax. *sûƀri, Du. zuiver, AS. sŷfre, ‘clean, purified, spotless’; Goth. *sûbri- is wanting. Since the agreement of the OWest Teut. dials. proves the early existence of the Teut. word, the assumption that it was borrowed from Lat. sobrius or Gr. σῦφαρ cannot be maintained.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/saufen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/saufen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ saufen, vb., ‘to drink’ (of beasts), from MidHG. sûfen, OHG. sûfan, ‘to sip, lap, drink’; MidLG. sûpen, AS. sûpan, and OIc. súpa have the same sense; comp. further Du. zuipen, ‘to drink,’ E. to sup (the verb to sip seems to be connected with Goth. *sŭpjan). For the Teut. root sū̆p, which has not yet been found in other groups, see Soff and Suppe; comp. further seufzen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/saugen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/saugen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ saugen, vb., ‘to suck, absorb,’ from the equiv. MidHG. sûgen, OHG. sûgan; Du. zuigen, MidLG. sûgen, AS. sûgan (also sûcan, E. to suck), OIc. súga have the same meaning; Goth. *sûgan, *sûkan are by chance not recorded. Teut. root sū́g (sū̆k), from pre-Teut. sū̆k (sū̆g); comp. Lat. sûgere, Lett. sūzu (sūkt), ‘to suck,’ OIr. súgim (also OSlov. sŭsą, sŭsati, ‘I suck’?).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/sauer

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/sauer | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ sauer, adj., ‘sour, acid, bitter,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. sûr, adj.; corresponding to Du. zuur, MidLG. and AS. sûr, E. sour, OIc. súrr; Goth. sûrais by chance not recorded. Pre-Teut. *sûró-s is further attested by OSlov. syrŭ, ‘raw,’ and Lith. sū́ras, ‘salty.’ Perhaps Gr. ξὺρός, ‘sour’ (in Hesych.), and the root ἕυ, ‘to scrape, scratch,’ are also allied; in that case sauer would mean ‘scratching.’ From Teut. is derived Fr. sur, ‘sour.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/sanft

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/sanft | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ sanft, adj., ‘soft, gentle,’ from MidHG. sęnfte, adj., sanfte, adv., OHG. sęmfti, adj., samfto, adv., ‘softly’; corresponding to the equiv. OSax. sâfti, adj., safto, adv. (comp. sacht), AS. sêfte, adj., sôfte, adv., ‘softly’ (E. soft); wanting in East Teut. Do the cognates belong to Goth. samjan, ‘to please’? (comp. Ranft, from the root ram). Deriv. Sänfte.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/sausen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/sausen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ sausen, ‘to rage, bluster, buzz,’ from MidHG. sûsen (siusen), OHG. sûsôn, ‘to bluster, hum, hiss, creak, gnash’; derived from an OAryan root sûs (OSlov. sysati, ‘to whistle, bluster,’ Sans. root çuš, ‘to snort’). —
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Lybrand, Archibald

Edition of 1900.
LYBRAND, Archibald, congressman, b. in Tarlton, Ohio, 23 May, 1840, and was graduated from the Wesleyan university of his native state. He entered the army in 1861 as a private in the 4th Ohio infantry, later becoming captain of the 73d regiment of Ohio infantry, was in the battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, and was wounded at Peach Tree Creek, and again at Dallas during the Atlanta campaign. After the war he became mayor of Delaware, Ohio, where he practised law, and partner in the Delaware chair company, to which for many years Mr. Lybrand has devoted much time. He is also a large landholder and has extensive farming interests. In 1897 he was elected to congress as a Republican, and was re-elected in 1899, representing the 8th Ohio district.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ludewig, Hermann Ernst

Edition of 1900.
​LUDEWIG, Hermann Ernst, author, b. in Dresden, Saxony, 14 Oct., 1809; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 12 Dec., 1856. He was educated at the universities of Leipsic and Göttingen, studied law, and engaged in its practice, and during his leisure devoted much time to bibliographical studies and to books of travels. He removed to the United States in 1844, and, after spending nearly two years in travel, became naturalized and settled in New York city in the practice of his profession. Previous to his removal to the United States he had published two valuable catalogues of European libraries, “Le Livret des Ana” (Dresden, 1837) and “Zur Bibliothekekonomie” (1840), and in 1846 he contributed to the Leipsic “Serapeum” articles on American libraries and bibliography that were considered as pioneer sketches on these topics. In 1854 he communicated to the Société de géographie of Paris an article entitled “De l'histoire des aborigenes du Mexique,” which was printed in the 9th volume of its bulletins. His other works include “Literature of American Local History” (printed privately. New York, 1846); “Supplement relating to Local History of New York” (1848); and “Literature of American Aboriginal Linguistics,” edited by Nicolaus Trübner, with additions by William W. Turner (London, 1858), which is the first volume of Trübner's “Bibliotheca-Glottica.”
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Lunt, George

Edition of 1900.
LUNT, George, author, b. in Newburyport, Mass., 31 Dec., 1803; d. in Boston, 17 May, 1885. He was graduated at Harvard in 1824 with special distinction in Greek, studied law, and began practice in Newburyport in 1827. He was elected successively representative for Newburyport and senator from Essex county in the legislature, was an active member of the convention that nominated Gen. Zachary Taylor for the presidency, and was appointed U. S. district attorney under Taylor's administration. He eventually resumed the private practice of his profession, devoting his leisure to literary pursuits. Prior to and during the civil war he was editor of the Boston “Courier” in conjunction with George S. Hillard. Again returning to the practice of his profession, he appeared frequently in the state courts, and was counsel before congressional committees in reference to French claims, preparing a bill and efficiently pressing it for the action of congress. Mr. Lunt's later years were marked by labors in behalf of harbors of refuge, notably at Scituate, on the south shore of Boston bay. By persevering effort he succeeded in securing very considerable appropriations from congress to this end, and the harbor at Scituate will, when completed, be a fitting monument to his intelligence, energy, and zeal. In earlier life Mr. Lunt was an active member of the Whig party, and in its interests was distinguished as a public speaker. On the dissolution of that party he became a Democrat. He was a man of firm convictions in both political and religious matters, and fearless and manly in their expression. As a writer his style was marked by strength, dignity, and grace. Besides orations and addresses, he published “Poems” (New York, 1839); “The Age of Gold” (Boston, 1843); “The Dove and the Eagle” (1851); “Lyric Poems” (1854); “Julia” (1855); “Eastford, or Household Sketches” (1855); “Three Eras of New England” (1857); “Radicalism in Religion, Philosophy, and Social Life” (1858); “The Union, a Poem ” (1800); “Origin of the Late War” (New York, 1866); “Old New England Traits” (1873); and “Miscellanies, Poems, etc.” (1884).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Luzenberg, Charles Aloysius

Edition of 1900.
​LUZENBERG, Charles Aloysius, physician, b. in Verona, Italy, 31 July, 1805; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 15 July, 1848. He was educated at Landau, and at Weissenburg college, Alsace, and in 1819 accompanied his father, who had been commissary in the Austrian army, to Philadelphia. He attended lectures at Jefferson medical college in 1825, removed to New Orleans in 1829, and became surgeon to the Charity hospital. He soon became well known in his profession, established the New Orleans medical school, of which he was the first dean, and founded the Society of natural history in 1839, and in 1843 the Louisiana medico-chirurgical society, being of both first president. In 1832-'4 he visited Europe, and was made a corresponding member of the Academy of Paris. He performed successfully many of the most difficult surgical operations, such as the extirpation of the parotid gland, the excision of six inches of ilium, and the tying of the primitive iliac artery. Dr. Luzenberg is also credited with being the first physician on this continent to prevent pitting in small-pox by exclusion of light.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Lutz, Nicholas

Edition of 1900.
​LUTZ, Nicholas, soldier, b. in the Palatinate, Germany, 20 Feb., 1740; d. in Reading, Pa., 28 Nov., 1807. He was captain of a battery at the battle of Long Island, where he was taken prisoner, but was exchanged in 1779. He was a delegate to the Pennsylvania convention to ratify the Federal constitution in 1787, a member of the Pennsylvania house of representatives in 1783-'94, and was appointed assistant justice of Berks county courts on 6 Feb., 1795.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Lyon, John Christian

Edition of 1900.
​LYON, John Christian, clergyman, b. in Leonsberg, Würtemberg, Germany, 11 Feb., 1802; d. in Catonville, Md., 21 May, 1868. His parents were Lutherans. The son came to this country in 1817, united with the Methodist Episcopal church in 1826, and soon afterward entered its ministry, in which he served until he was superannuated in 1862. He preached generally in German and did much to bring his countrymen into his denomination. He has been called the founder of the German Methodist church in the United States. He was the author and translator of several theological works.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Lussan, Raveneau de

Edition of 1900.
​LUSSAN, Raveneau de, French buccaneer, b. in Paris in 1663; d. in France. He belonged to a noble but impoverished family, and embraced a military career at the age of fourteen. In 1679 he embarked for Santo Domingo in search of fortune, but was unsuccessful, and joined the buccaneers under Cornelius Laurent (q. v.), sailing from Petit-Goave, 22 Nov., 1684. He soon left Laurent at the head of a band of his own, and in 1685 pillaged the town of Realejo in Guatemala. In 1686 his band took part in the capture of Grenada, and, not finding the booty they expected, set fire to the city. After this Lussan separated from the English pirates, but he joined them again for the purpose of attacking Guayaquil, which they took with much booty. Lussan and a part of his followers then sailed for Tehuantepec, which they captured, and went as far north as Acapulco. They returned to Mapala, a port north of Realejo, and deliberated on the route they should take to reach the Antilles. It was agreed to march to Nueva Segovia, a town situated on the Yara or Cape river, which empties into the Atlantic. Of this expedition Voltaire said: “The retreat of the ten thousand will always be more celebrated, but is not to be compared to it.” Lussan formed four companies, of seventy men each, and made them swear to observe the severest discipline. On 2 Jan., 1688, after praying together, and sinking their boats for fear they might fall into the power of the Spaniards, they began their march, and in ten days, during which they were almost constantly engaged in fighting superior numbers, they reached Nueva Segovia. One evening, in a defile surrounded by rocks of great height on which the Spaniards had intrenched themselves, the buccaneers sought hopelessly for a way of escape. Lussan proposed that, leaving eighty men to guard the sick, they should get in the rear of the mountains and then surprise the enemy. His advice was at first rejected, but was adopted when their case became desperate. They found a path which led behind the mountains, and, favored by a thick fog, they forced the intrenchments of the Spaniards and put them to flight. After this victory they chanted a Te Deum. They then descended the Yara on the wretched boats of the country, and came in sight of Cape Gracias-a-Dios on 9 Feb. Lussan embarked on an English lugger on 14 Feb., and reached Santo Domingo on ​6 April. He had marched nearly 1,000 miles, constantly harassed by the Spaniards, although the distance from the point where he started to that which he wished to reach was but 240 miles in a straight line. Lussan published “Journal du voyage fait à la mer du Sud avec les flibustiers de l'Amérique” (Paris, 1688, 1690, 1705). It was dedicated to the minister of the navy, who, in common with most Frenchmen of the time, appeared to consider the exploits of Lussan worthy of approval. Although the work is confused, it contains curious and interesting details on the productions and manners of the natives of the countries he visited.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Luz-Caballero, José de la

Edition of 1900.
​LUZ-CABALLERO, José de la (looth), Cuban educator, b. in Havana, Cuba, 11 July, 1800; d. there, 22 June, 1862. He studied in his native city, began in 1827 a tour through the United States and Europe, and in his travels came in contact with the chief scientific and literary celebrities of the time, including the German philosopher Krause, who paid a public tribute to Luz's scientific and philosophical views. With Humboldt he arranged to establish in Cuba a magnetic observatory in correspondence with like institutions in Germany. In 1831 he returned to Cuba, and devoted all his time and energies to the cause of education, assuming the direction of a college from 1834 till 1839. In 1848 he founded the College el Salvador, where many that have attained reputation in Cuba in literature, science, or politics have been educated. La Luz is by general consent the man who has done most for public education in Cuba. There is a movement to erect a monument to his memory in Havana. Among his works are a translation of Volney's “Travels in Egypt and Syria,” with notes and additions (Paris, 1829); Siegling's “Public Prisons and their Reforms,” from the German (1837); and numerous memoirs and pamphlets on educational, scientific, and philosophical subjects. There are several biographies of La Luz, the best being that in Spanish by José Ignacio Rodriguez (New York, 1874).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Lucas, Robert

Edition of 1900.
​LUCAS, Robert, statesman, b. in Sheppardstown, Va., 1 April, 1781; d. in Iowa City, Iowa, 7 Feb., 1853. His father was a descendant of William Penn, and a captain in the Revolutionary army. The son removed to Ohio in 1800, and rose to the rank of major-general of militia. He was commissioned a captain in the 19th U.S. infantry, 14 March, 1812, and lieutenant-colonel, 20 Feb., 1813, but resigned on 30 June, and served as brigadier-general of Ohio militia in defence of the frontier from 25 July till 19 Sept. of that year. He was a member of the Ohio legislature in 1814, and in 1832 presided over the Democratic national convention that nominated Andrew Jackson for a second term. Gen. Lucas was governor of Ohio in 1832-'36, and in 1838-'41 was first territorial governor of Iowa. He was an active freemason and a man of strong impulses, but of strict integrity.