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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Salisbury, John (1575-1625)

​SALISBURY, JOHN (1575–1625), jesuit and Welsh scholar, born in 1575, is described as a native of Merionethshire, presumably a member of the Rûg branch of the Salisbury or Salesbury family. He entered the Jesuits' College of St. Albans, Valladolid, on 22 June 1595, was ordained priest on 21 Nov. 1600, and in May 1603 was sent to England, where in 1605 he entered the Society of Jesus, being then described as a ‘zealous missioner in North Wales.’ On 6 Dec. 1618 he took the vows of a professed father. On the death of Father Robert Jones, in 1615, Salisbury became superior of the then united North and South Wales district, taking up his residence at Raglan Castle, where he acted as chaplain to Lady Frances Somerset. By adding to some funds which his predecessor had begun to collect, he was enabled to found, in 1622, the college of St. Francis Xavier, of which he became superior. He was appointed procurator of the English province to Rome, but died in England while preparing himself for his journey thither in 1625.
Salisbury translated into Welsh Cardinal Bellarmine's large catechism on Christian doctrine, under the title ‘Eglurhad Helaethlawn o'r Athrawiaeth Gristnogawl.’ This is written in idiomatic Welsh, and was printed anonymously at the English Province press, St. Omer's College, in 1618 (16mo, pp. 348). In the colophon the translation is said to have been completed on 25 March 1618 (Brit. Mus.). Salisbury is said to have composed other works of piety.
He is to be distinguished from John Salisbury (fl. 1627), a member of the English College at Rome, and the author of a Latin poem, which bore the title ‘Panacrides Apes Musicis Concentibus Advocandæ ad Philosophicas Theses,’ which was published at Rome in 1627 (4to), along with three other poems by members of the same college—John Campian, Hadrian Talbot, and Thomas Grine or Grinus (Brit. Mus.).
D. Ll. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Salkeld, William

​SALKELD, WILLIAM (1671–1715), legal writer, was the son of Samuel Salkeld of Fallowden, Northumberland, who died in 1699, and came of an ancient Cumberland family. He was born in 1671, and matriculated at St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, on 22 April 1687, at the age of fifteen (Foster, Alumni Oxon.). He entered himself as a student of the Middle Temple, 2 May 1692, and was called to the bar on 3 June 1698. He settled in Dorset on his marriage, in 1700, with Mary, only daughter and heiress of John Ryves of Fifehide Nevill in that county. He acquired a portion of that manor, disposing in 1707 of his paternal estate of Fallowden. Having in the meanwhile attained to a fair practice at the bar, Salkeld was in 1713 appointed chief justice of the great sessions for the counties of Carmarthen, Cardigan, and Pembroke. On 24 Jan. 1715 he became serjeant-at-law, and, in spite of the change of dynasty, he presided over the Carmarthen circuit until his death on 14 Sept. following. He was buried in the church of Fifehide Nevill, where a monument was erected to his memory. His widow died in 1723, aged 42, leaving three sons and three daughters. Serjeant Salkeld is best remembered as a diligent and painstaking law-reporter, his ‘Reports of Cases in the King's Bench, 1689–1712,’ published after his death in 1717 and 1718, being the standing authority for that period. With others he translated into English the ‘Reports of Sir Creswell Levinz in the King's Bench, 1660–1697,’ which appeared in 1722.
W. R. W.
# Divine Providence

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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Divine Providence by Cecilia Mary Caddell
* Divine Providence by Samuel Francis Smith
# Divine Providence (Caddell)

This hymn was first published in Henry Formby's Catholic Hymns, 1853.
* "Divine Providence" in Catholic Hymns (1st ed.), 1853.
* "Divine Providence" in Catholic Hymns (2nd ed.), 1860.
# Divine Praises

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   The Divine Praises or Laudes Divinae (informally known as Blessed be God) is an 18th-century Roman Catholic expiatory prayer. It is traditionally recited during Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament. It may also be said after having heard, seen or inadvertently uttered profanity or blasphemy.
   The Divine Praises were originally written in Italian by Luigi Felici in 1797 for the purpose of making reparation after saying or hearing sacrilege or blasphemy. The praises were later expanded by Pope Pius VII in 1801 and eventually came to be a recitation following the Benediction, usually with the priest saying each line, which is then repeated by the congregation.
   —Warning: template has been deprecated.
English-language translations of Laudes Divinae include:
* Divine Praises in The Little Book of the Most Holy Child Jesus, 1876.
* Divine Praises (unsourced)
# Divine Praises (unsourced)

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The Divine Praises or Laudes Divinae (informally known as Blessed be God) is an 18th-century Roman Catholic expiatory prayer. It is traditionally recited during Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament. It may also be said after having heard, seen or inadvertently uttered profanity or blasphemy.
Blessed be God. Blessed be His Holy Name.
Blessed be Jesus Christ, true God and true Man. Blessed be the Name of Jesus. Blessed be His Most Sacred Heart. Blessed be His Most Precious Blood. Blessed be Jesus in the Most Holy Sacrament of the Altar. Blessed be the Holy Spirit, the Paraclete. Blessed be the great Mother of God, Mary most Holy. Blessed be her Holy and Immaculate Conception. Blessed be her Glorious Assumption. Blessed be the Name of Mary, Virgin and Mother. Blessed be St. Joseph, her most chaste spouse. Blessed be God in His Angels and in His Saints.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Witchell, Edwin

1904 Errata appended.
​WITCHELL, EDWIN (1823–1887), geologist, was born in June 1823, his father Edward Witchell of Nympsfield, Gloucestershire, being a yeoman of good standing. The boy showed an aptitude for study, and was placed at the age of thirteen in the office of a solicitor of Stroud, named Paris, to whom he was afterwards articled, and to whose practice he succeeded in 1847. Though fond of outdoor sports, and especially of hunting, Witchell gradually devoted more and more time to geology, perhaps incited thereto by George Julius Poulett Scrope [q. v.], M.P. for Stroud, for whom he acted as confidential agent for many years. From 1884 he suffered at times from angina pectoris, but he continued to work at his profession and at science till he died suddenly on a geological excursion at Swift's Hill, near Stroud, on 20 Aug. 1887.
He was elected F.G.S. in 1861, communicating papers to that society and to the ‘Proceedings’ of the Cotteswold Club (of which he was treasurer), about ten in all, and published a small book on the geology of Stroud (1882). He formed a good collection of fossils, which were often delineated by his own hand, and was an energetic promoter of science in his neighbourhood, where he won universal respect.
T. G. B.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.283 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 257 | i | 38 | Witchell, Edwin: for Nymphsfield read Nympsfield |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Witherington, William Frederick

​WITHERINGTON, WILLIAM FREDERICK (1785–1865), landscape-painter, was born in Goswell Street, London, on 26 May 1785. At school and afterwards in business he cultivated a taste for drawing, and at length, in 1805, became a student at the Royal Academy, though he did not decide till some time later to become a painter by profession. In 1808 he exhibited his first picture, ‘Tintern Abbey,’ at the British Institution, and made his first appearance at the Royal Academy in 1811, with two views of Hartwell, Buckinghamshire. He remained a constant contributor to the Royal Academy exhibitions till the year of his death, sending 138 pictures in all, in addition to sixty-two at the British Institution. He also exhibited for several years in succession at the Birmingham Society of Arts, founded in 1821. His early pictures were principally landscapes, but he varied them with such subjects as ‘Lavinia,’ ‘The Soldier's Wife,’ ‘Sancho Panza,’ and ‘John Gilpin.’ In 1830 he was elected an associate of the Royal Academy. He had lived hitherto chiefly in London, but his health failed about this time, and he was compelled to spend several months of each year in the country, chiefly in Kent.
In 1840 he became an academician. Henceforth he employed his renewed health and vigour in painting views in Devonshire, the lake country, Wales, and other parts of England, though Kent was still his favourite county. His pictures are simple unaffected studies of English scenery, varied with incidents of country life, in which the figures are well painted. Two of his best known works, ‘The Hop Garland,’ engraved by H. Bourne, and ‘The Stepping Stones,’ engraved by E. Brandard, were presented to the National Gallery as part of the Vernon collection in 1847, but they are among the pictures temporarily on loan to other galleries. ‘The Hop Garden’ (1834), one of his best works, is in the Sheepshanks collection at the South Kensington Museum. ‘Angling,’ ‘The Beggar's Petition,’ and several other pictures have been engraved. There is a lithograph, ‘The Young Anglers,’ by Witherington himself. He died at Mornington Crescent, London, on 10 April 1865.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Exhibition Catalogues; Times, 15 April 1865.]
C. D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Witham, George

1904 Errata appended.
​WITHAM, GEORGE (1655–1725), Roman catholic prelate, born on 16 May 1655, was the third son of George Witham of Cliffe Hall, near Darlington, Yorkshire, by his wife Grace, daughter of Sir Marmaduke Wyvill, bart., of Constable Burton in that county (Foster, Yorkshire Pedigrees). Robert Witham [q. v.] was his brother. George entered the English College at Douay in 1666, and subsequently proceeded to the seminary of St. Gregory at Paris to take the theological degrees. Having graduated B.D. at the Sorbonne, he taught philosophy at Douay in the vacations of 1684 and 1685. He returned to Paris, and was created D.D. at the Sorbonne on 14 Aug. 1688. He taught theology at Douay from 1688 to 1692. After serving on the English mission at Newcastle-on-Tyne he was appointed vicar-general under Bishop James Smith in the northern district. In 1694 he was sent to Rome by Bishops Leybourne, Giffard, and Smith, and he continued to reside there as agent for the English vicars-apostolic until 1703, when he was nominated vicar-apostolic of the midland district of England, being consecrated at Montefiasconi to the see of Marcopolis in partibus infidelium. In 1715 he was translated to the northern district. He died at Cliffe Hall on 16 April 1725, and was buried at the parish church of Manfield.
His brother, Thomas Witham, D.D. (d. 1728), was educated at Douay and at the English seminary of St. Gregory at Paris. Being appointed one of the chaplains of James II, he came to London and discharged the duties of his office until the Revolution. He was created a Doctor of the Sorbonne on 25 April 1692, was superior of St. Gregory's seminary from 1699 to 1717, and died at Dunkirk on 8 Jan. 1728. He wrote ‘A Short Discourse upon the Life and Death of Mr. George Throckmorton,’ sine loco, 1706, 12mo, pp. 120, and a volume of manuscript sermons now in the possession of Mr. Joseph Gillow, who has prepared it for publication.
T. C.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.283 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 258 | i | 9 f.e. | Witham, George: for Burton Constable read Constable Burton |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Withers, Thomas

​WITHERS, THOMAS (1769–1843), captain in the navy, son of Thomas Withers, yeoman, of Knapton, North Walsham, Norfolk, and Priscilla his wife, was baptised on 17 Sept. 1769. On 4 June 1779 he was admitted one of the nautical scholars of Christ's Hospital, where he continued for upwards of six years, though for part of the time (14 July 1781–31 Jan. 1784) he was borne on the books of the Grana as servant of the purser, Joseph Withers, presumably his uncle. On 1 Dec. 1785 he was discharged from Christ's Hospital and bound apprentice to Richard Harding, commander of the East India Company's ship Kent, for a term of seven years ‘unless his majesty should require his last year's service’ (information from Christ's Hospital per Mr. W. Lempriere). In May 1793 he entered on board the Agamemnon, then newly commissioned by Captain Horatio (afterwards Viscount) Nelson [q. v.], to whom his North Walsham connection had probably introduced him. In the Agamemnon Withers continued as midshipman, schoolmaster, and master's mate till July 1796, when he followed Nelson to the Captain. During this time he had seen much exceptional service; had been landed at Bastia and Calvi; had been wounded at Oneglia on 29 Aug. 1795, and been captured at Vado in November (Nicolas, Nelson Despatches, ii. 77, 111). On the day after the battle of Cape St. Vincent he was made lieutenant into the prize-ship Salvador del Mundo (15 Feb. 1797, confirmed 22 March). From February 1798 to December 1800 he was serving in the Terrible in the Channel, with Sir Richard Hussey Bickerton [q. v.], as afterwards in the Kent in the Mediterranean and on the coast of Egypt till August 1802, when he was made acting commander of the expedition. The commission was confirmed on 11 April 1803. For a few months in the end of 1804 he commanded the Tartarus sloop in the Channel, and in 1805 was appointed agent for transports to the Elbe and Weser. In this service he continued: in Sicily, the Ionian Islands, and Alexandria, 1806–7; Halifax and Martinique, 1808–10. During 1810–16 he was principal agent in the Mediterranean—coast of Spain and Italy. He was made post-captain on 13 May 1809. After the war he had no service, and lived in retirement at North Walsham till his death on 4 July 1843.
[Marshall's Royal Naval Biogr. v. (Suppl. pt. ii.), 476; Service-book in the Public Record Office; Gent. Mag. 1843, ii. 435.]
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wissing, Willem

​WISSING, WILLEM (1656–1687), portrait-painter, born at Amsterdam in 1656, studied painting under W. Doudyns at The Hague. After a short stay at Paris he came to England about 1680, and worked for Sir Peter Lely [q. v.] After Lely's death he became a formidable rival to Sir Godfrey Kneller for the patronage of the court and nobility. He painted the Duke of Monmouth more than once. On the accession of James II he became the favourite painter of that king and Mary of Modena. He was sent to Holland to paint the Prince and ​Princess of Orange, and also painted the Princess Anne and her husband, Prince George of Denmark. Wissing was young and good-looking, and obtained a reputation for flattering ladies in their portraits. He is said to have taken by the hand those who had too pale a complexion, and to have danced them about the room until the colour came into their cheeks. His portraits of children were also much admired. He was specially employed by the Earl of Exeter, and while on a visit to him at Burghley House he died unexpectedly, on 10 Sept. 1687, in his thirty-second year. Wissing was buried in St. Martin's Church at Stamford, where a monument was erected to his memory. A large number of Wissing's portraits were engraved in mezzotint, and show greater charm than most of the works of his contemporaries. Matthew Prior [q. v.] wrote a poem ‘To the Countess Dowager of Devonshire on a Piece of Wiessen's [sic], whereon were all her Grandsons painted.’ His own portrait, by himself, was finely engraved in mezzotint by John Smith. In the National Portrait Gallery there are portraits by Wissing of Mary of Modena, Mary II, the Duke of Monmouth, Prince George of Denmark, John, lord Cutts, and the poet Earl of Rochester.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Witherow, Thomas

​WITHEROW, THOMAS (1824–1890), Irish divine and historian, son of Hugh Witherow, a farmer at Aughlish, near Dungiven, Londonderry, by Elizabeth Martin, was born at Ballycastle on 29 May 1824. He received his early education at Ralliagh church school, whence he passed to the care of James Bryce (1806–1877) [q. v.], and, later on, successively to the Academy and the Royal Academical Institution in Belfast. In 1839 he entered the collegiate department of the latter seminary, and here, with the exception of a session at Edinburgh, all his college days were spent. In 1845 he was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Glendermot, and in 1845 ordained at Maghera, Londonderry, by the presbytery of Magherafelt as colleague to Charles Kennedy. He proved himself a most able and faithful ​clergyman. In 1865, on the opening of the Magee presbyterian college, Londonderry, he was appointed by the general assembly professor of church history and pastoral theology. The duties of this chair he discharged during the remainder of his life with much zeal and efficiency. In 1878 he was elected moderator of the general assembly, and in 1884 a senator of the royal university of Ireland. He died on 25 Jan. 1890 at Londonderry, and was buried in the city cemetery there.
He married Catharine, daughter of Thomas Milling, Maghera, by whom he had seven daughters and three sons.
Witherow was author of a number of valuable works, the chief of which are:
* ‘Three Prophets of our own,’ 1855.
* ‘The Apostolic Church—which is it?’ 1856.
* ‘A Defence of the Apostolic Church,’ 1857.
* ‘Scriptural Baptism; its Mode and Subjects,’ 1859.
* ‘Derry and Enniskillen in the year 1689,’ 1873.
* ‘The Boyne and Aghrim,’ 1879.
* ‘Historical and Literary Memorials of Presbyterianism in Ireland’ (1623–1800), 2 vols. 1879.
* ‘History of the Reformation; a primer,’ 1882.
* ‘Life of Rev. A. P. Goudy, D.D.’ (commenced by Thomas Croskery [q. v.], but left unfinished), 1887.
* ‘Two Diaries of Derry in 1689, being Richards's Diary of the Fleet and Ash's Journal of the Siege, with Introduction and Notes,’ 1888.
* ‘The Form of the Christian Temple,’ 1889.
He was a frequent contributor to the ‘British and Foreign Evangelical Review,’ the Belfast ‘Witness,’ and the Londonderry ‘Standard,’ and was one of the editors of the ‘Presbyterian Review.’ He was made hon. D.D. in 1883 by the Presbyterian Theological Faculty, Ireland, and LL.D. by the royal university in 1885.
[Personal knowledge; Minutes of General Assembly of Presbyterian Church in Ireland; obituary notice in Belfast Witness; information supplied by Rev. R. G. Milling, B.D., Ballynahinch.]
T. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Witham, Robert

​WITHAM, ROBERT (d. 1738), biblical scholar, brother of Bishop George Witham [q. v.], received his education in the English College at Douay, where he was for several years professor of philosophy and divinity. Subsequently he was sent to England on the mission, and was much esteemed by his brethren. Upon the decease of Edward Paston [q. v.], president of Douay College, he was promoted to that dignity in 1714. Resuming his studies, he delivered lectures on divinity and was created doctor in that faculty by the university of Douay on 8 July 1692. He built a handsome church and erected a noble structure upon part of the ruins of the ancient college, and he was most diligent in promoting learning and discipline. He died on 29 May (N. S.) 1738.
He was the author of: 1. ‘Theologia,’ Douay, 1692, fol., containing the theses which he maintained on being created D.D. 2. ‘Annotations on the New Testament of Jesus Christ, in which, 1. The literal sense is explained according to the Expositions of ​the ancient Fathers. 2. The false Interpretations, both of the ancient and modern Writers, which are contrary to the received Doctrine of the Catholic Church, are briefly examined and disproved. 3. With an Account of the chief differences betwixt the Text of the ancient Latin Version and the Greek in the printed Editions and Manuscripts,’ [Douay], 1730, 2 vols. 8vo. This work contains a translation of the whole of the New Testament. The preface is reprinted in the appendix to ‘Rhemes and Doway’ (1855) by Archdeacon Henry Cotton [q. v.], who says that the work ‘stands in high favour with Roman catholics at present, both as to its text and its annotations.’ The annotations were reprinted at Manchester in 1813 in Oswald Syers's ‘Bible.’ A reply appeared under the title of ‘Popery an Enemy to Scripture. By James Serces, vicar of Appleby, Lincolnshire,’ London, 1736, 8vo.
T. C.
# Downey v. Hicks

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## Dissenting Opinion

    Daniel
United States Supreme Court
55 U.S. 240
Downey v. Hicks
Mr. Chief Justice Taney did not sit in this cause.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Downes v. Scott

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United States Supreme Court
45 U.S. 500
Downes v. Scott
THIS case was brought up from the Ninth Judicial District Court of the State of Louisiana, by a writ of error issued under the twenty-fifth section of the judiciary act.
Mr. Crittenden, for the defendant in error, moved to dismiss the writ for the following reasons. Because,--1st. Said writ of error is directed to the 'Judge of the Ninth Judicial District Court of the State of Louisiana,' when in truth no writ of error lies from this to that court.
2d. Said writ is for alleged error in a judgment of the said District Court of Louisiana, when in truth this court has no jurisdiction to judge of or correct said error if it exists, and no power to reverse said judgment upon writ of error.
3d. That the record filed in this case, or what purports to be such, is not duly certified, or legally authenticated and verified,-the certificate of 'John T. Mason, clerk of the Ninth District Court, Parish of Madison, La.,' being no evidence of the truth or verity of any record which this court has power to judge of on writ of error.
4th. The subject-matter of said suit and judgment, and the parties thereto, were proper matters and subjects of the jurisdiction of the courts of the State of Louisiana, and there is nothing therein to give this court any cognizance or right to revise or reverse said judgment, and the same is final and conclusive.
The motion was argued by Mr. Crittenden, for the defendant in error, and Mr. Mason (Attorney-General), for the plaintiff in error.
Mr. Justice McLEAN delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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