OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Macmonnies, Frederick

Edition of 1900. Supplement.
MACMONNIES, Frederick, sculptor, b. in Brooklyn, 20 Sept., 1863. He was admitted to the studio of Augustus St. Gaudens in 1880, and worked four years, studying at night in the life classes of the Academy of design and the Art students' league. In 1884 he went to Paris, but an outbreak of the cholera drove him thence to Munich, where he spent a few months in the painting-school. He returned to France after a walking trip among the Alps, but was soon recalled to New York. After a year in the studio of St. Gaudens he returned again to Paris, where he entered the atelier Falguière in the École des beaux-arts, spending part of his time also in the private studio of Antonin Mercié. For two successive years he received the prix d'atelier, the highest prize open to foreigners, which ranks next to the prix de Rome. He then left the school and established his own studio, still giving part of his time to work with Mercié. His first figure was a Diana, exhibited in the Salon of 1889, for which he received honorable mention. His success was now certain, and after this followed his three life-size bronze angels for St. Paul's church, New York city, his statues of Nathan Hale for City-hall park, and of James Samuel Thomas Stranahan for Prospect park, Brooklyn. Both of the last two statues were exhibited in the Salon of 1891, and for the Stranahan the sculptor received a second medal, the first and only American so to be honored. The great fountain executed by him for the Columbian exposition at Chicago in 1893 was one of the artistic features of that exposition that remains in the memory of all that saw it. In 1894 he produced his “Bacchante,” designed for the fountain in the court of the Boston public library; the French government ordered a replica
for the Luxembourg. Among his other works may be mentioned the statue of Sir Harry Vane in the Boston public library, the army and navy groups for the soldiers' and sailors' monument at Indianapolis, the pediments on the Bowery savings bank. New York city, the central pair of bronze doors and the statue of Shakespeare for the Library of congress, and the figure of Victory for the battle monument unveiled at West Point in 1897. In 1896 he received the decoration of the Legion of honor from the French government.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Macgeorge, Robert Jackson

Edition of 1900.
​MACGEORGE, Robert Jackson, Canadian clergyman, b. in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1811. His father, Andrew, was a well-known solicitor in Glasgow. Robert was educated at the Universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, in 1839 was ordained a minister of the Episcopal church of Scotland, and in 1841 he removed to Canada, where he was appointed incumbent of Trinity church, Streetsville. During his connection with this congregation he did much missionary work at adjoining stations. While in Canada he edited the “Church,” a weekly newspaper, and the “Anglo-American Magazine.” In 1858 he returned to Scotland, and was placed in charge of the Episcopal church in Oban. Mr. Macgeorge was for some time synod clerk, and in 1872 was appointed dean of Argyll and the Isles. In 1881 he resigned his charge, as well as his office of dean and canon of the cathedral. He has written numerous songs which have been set to music, and is also the author of a volume of “Tales, Lyrics, and Sketches” (Toronto, 1858).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Mackey, John

Edition of 1900.
​MACKEY, John, educator, b. in Charleston, S. C., in 1765; d. there, 14 Dec., 1831. He was educated as a physician and practised many years in his native city. In 1812 he established there a morning paper called “The Investigator,” which he edited until 1817, when it changed hands and became “The Southern Patriot and Advertiser.” During the remainder of his life he devoted himself to teaching and published “The American Teacher's Assistant and Self-Instructor's Guide, containing all the Rules of Arithmetic properly Explained, etc.” (Charleston, 1826). This was the most comprehensive work on arithmetic that had then been published in this country. — His son, Albert Gallatin, writer on Freemasonry, b. in Charleston, S. C., 12 March, 1807; d. in Fortress Monroe, Va., 20 June, 1881, obtained by teaching the means of studying medicine, and was graduated at the medical department of the College of South Carolina in 1832. He settled in Charleston, and was in 1838 elected demonstrator of anatomy in that institution, but in 1844 he abandoned the practice of his profession, and divided his time between miscellaneous writing and the study of Freemasonry. After being connected with several Charleston journals, he established in 1849 “The Southern and Western Masonic Miscellany,” a weekly magazine, which he maintained for the following three years almost entirely with his own contributions. In 1858-'60 he conducted a “Quarterly,” which he devoted to the same interests. He acquired the Greek, Latin, Hebrew, and continental languages almost unaided, and lectured frequently on the intellectual and moral development of the middle ages. Subsequently he turned his attention exclusively to the investigation of abstruse symbolism, and to cabalistic and Talmudic researches. Besides contributing frequently to periodicals, he published “A Lexicon of Freemasonry” (New York, 1845; 3d ed., enlarged and improved, Philadelphia, 1855); “The Mystic Tie” (Charleston, 1849); “Book of the Chapter” (New York, 1858); “A History of Freemasonry in South Carolina” (1861); “A Manual of the Lodge” (1862); “Cryptic Masonry” and “Masonic Ritualist” (1867); “Symbolism of Freemasonry” and “A Text-Book of Masonic Jurisprudence” (1869); and “Masonic Parliamentary Law” (1875). His largest and most important contribution to masonic literature, however, is the “Encyclopaedia of Freemasonry” (1874), the second edition of which, published after his death, contains an extended biographical sketch of the author. These works are considered authoritative, and the majority of them have passed through many editions both in this country and in England.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Mackie, John Milton

Edition of 1900.
​MACKIE, John Milton, author, b. in Wareham, Plymouth co., Mass., 19 Dec., 1813. He was graduated at Brown in 1832, and studied at the University of Berlin, Germany, in 1833-'4. On his return to this country he was tutor from 1835 till 1838 in the former institution. Besides contributing to the “North American,” “American Whig,” and “Christian” reviews chiefly papers relating to German history and literature, Mr. Mackie has published “Life of Godfrey William von Leibnitz” (Boston, 1845); and “Life of Samuel Gorton” in Sparks's “American Biography” (1848); “Cosas de España, or Going to Madrid via Barcelona” (New York, 1848); “Life of Schamyl, the Circassian Chief” (1856); “Life of Tai-Ping-Wang, Chief of ​the Chinese Insurrection” (1857); and “From Cape Cod to Dixie and the Tropics” (1864).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Mackenna, Juan

Edition of 1900.
​MACKENNA, Juan, Chilian soldier, b. in Monaghan, Ireland, 26 Oct., 1771; d. in Buenos Ayres, 21 Nov., 1814. At the age of thirteen he left Ireland by order of his uncle, Count O'Reilly, who destined him for the Spanish military service, entered the Royal academy of mathematics in Barcelona, and in 1787 was appointed cadet in the corps of military engineers. He served during the African campaign in 1787-'8 in the garrison of Ceuta, and later in the campaign of Roussillon against the French republic, and at first rose rapidly in rank, but afterward, remaining for a long time without promotion as brevet lieutenant-colonel, he thought himself neglected, and determined to seek his fortune in the New World. He obtained leave, and left in 1796 for Peru with warm recommendations from his uncle to the Viceroy Ambrosio O'Higgins, an Irishman, like himself. He was favorably received, and in 1797 appointed civil and military governor of the colony of Osorno, Chili, which place he filled till 1808. In 1809, when an English invasion was threatened, Mackenna, as the most experienced military officer in the country, was commissioned to erect fortifications along the coast, and take the necessary measures of defence, but in 1810, dissatisfied with the Spanish government, he joined the revolutionists, and became an ardent defender of the cause of independence. Early in 1811 he was appointed provisional governor of Valparaiso, and in September of the same year became a member of the governing junta, under the auspices of José M. Carrera, and at the same time commander-in-chief of artillery and engineers, with the rank of colonel. By a mutiny that was headed by the brothers Carrera, he lost his place in the government, but retained the command of the artillery, till, as he continued his opposition to Carrera, he was banished to the province of Rioja. In 1813 he was recalled, commissioned to make a strategical map of the republic, and appointed chief of staff for the army of the south, to repel the invasion of Pareja. He assisted in the campaign and was promoted brigadier. On his return to Santiago he was appointed military commander of the city, but when José M. Carrera returned to power he was arrested in his ​bed, thrown into prison, and banished to Mendoza, 14 July, 1814. He then went to Buenos Ayres, and, meeting Carrera's brother Luis, was killed in the duel that resulted from their quarrel.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Madockawando

Edition of 1900.
​MADOCKAWANDO, Indian chief, b. in Maine about 1630. He was the adopted son of Assaminasqua, whom he succeeded as sachem of the Penobscot Indians. Their lands, lying east of Penobscot river, were a part of Acadia, which was given back to France in 1667 by the treaty of Breda, though the English claimed that the country between the Penobscot and the St. Croix was included in the Duke of York's patent. The Indians were brought under French influence by the Baron de St. Castine, called in New England chronicles Castin (q. v.), who settled among them, and married a daughter of Madockawando. When King Philip's confederacy rose against Plymouth colony, the eastern Indians and the English settlers in Maine and New Hampshire became involved in war. The Penobscots were the first to treat for peace among the Indian tribes, and offered to enter into an alliance with the English. Articles were drawn and subscribed at Boston on 6 Nov., 1676, and the peace was ratified by Madockawando. The English, however, found a pretext for renewing hostilities. The Indians were successful, and destroyed all the English settlements in that part of Maine. In 1678 a treaty was made at Casco whereby the English were permitted to return to their farms on the condition of paying rent to the Indians. The peace was kept until the territorial dispute with France was brought to an issue in 1688 by Gov. Andros, who went to Penobscot in a frigate, plundered Castin's house, and destroyed his fort. The Indian chiefs took up the quarrel, being abundantly supplied with arms by Castin, attacked the white settlements, and thus began King William's war. In the atrocities committed on this border Madockawando took a prominent part. When the English built Fort William Henry at Pemaquid he hastened to Quebec to carry the intelligence to Frontenac, but divulged it to John Nelson, whose messengers warned the authorities in Boston of Iberville's expedition. In 1693 the English gained Madockawando's consent to a treaty of peace, yet he was unable to persuade the chiefs who were under the influence of French Jesuit emissaries, and was compelled to recommence hostilities. The Indian war continued for more than a year after the peace of Ryswick had been concluded between France and England, and until by the treaty of Casco the Penobscots, on 7 Jan., 1699, acknowledged subjection to the crown of England. In the later operations Castin was their leader, Madockawando having been, perhaps, one of the chiefs treacherously slain by Capt. Pascho Chubb at a conference at Pemaquid in February, 1696.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Prescott, Benjamin

Edition of 1900.
​PRESCOTT, Benjamin, clergyman, b. in Concord, Mass., 16 Sept., 1687; d. in Danvers, Mass., 28 May, 1777. He was the son of Capt. Jonathan Prescott, of Concord, was graduated at Harvard in 1709, and ordained minister of Danvers, 23 Sept., 1713. He resigned his charge, 16 Nov., 1756. Mr. Prescott was the author of “Examination of Certain Remarks” (Boston, 1735); “Letter to Joshua Gee” (1743); “Letter to Rev. George Whitefield” (1745); and “A Free and a Calm Consideration of the Unhappy Misunderstandings and Debates between Great Britain and the American Colonies” (Salem, 1768).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Prescott, William (physician)

Edition of 1900.
​PRESCOTT, William, physician, b. in Gilmanton, N. H., 29 Dec., 1788; d. there, 18 Oct., 1875. He was indentured to a farmer at sixteen years of age, received few educational advantages, taught, studied medicine, and in 1815 was graduated at Dartmouth medical college. He practised in Gilmanton and Lynn, and served in both branches of the legislature. Dr. Prescott was an enthusiastic collector of minerals and shells, and was a member of many literary and scientific societies. He wrote the “Prescott Memorial” (Boston, 1870).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Preston, Ann

Edition of 1900.
​PRESTON, Ann, physician, b. in West Grove, Pa., 1 Dec., 1813; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 18 April, 1872. She was the daughter of Amos Preston, a Quaker, and, owing to the delicate condition of her mother's health, the family was early placed under her care. Meanwhile she received her education in the local school, and evinced more than a usual fondness for her books. In 1850 the Woman's medical college of Philadelphia was founded, and she studied there until her graduation in 1852. Settling in Philadelphia, she began the practice of her profession, in which she achieved deserved success. In 1854 she was elected professor of physiology and hygiene in the college where she was graduated, and in 1866 to the office of dean, which places she held until her death. Her lectures and addresses were filled with striking thoughts and practical knowledge. Dr. Preston was active in the stablishment of the Woman's hospital of Philadelphia, and was from its beginning one of the managers, its corresponding secretary, and its consulting physician. The Philadelphia county medical society in 1867 made public objections to the practice of medicine by women, and Dr. Preston at once defended the claims of her sex so ably that much of the adverse criticism was disarmed; indeed her influence in removing prejudices against female physicians was very extended. She published various essays on the medical education of women, and was the author of a book of poems entitled “Cousin Ann's Stories for Children” (Philadelphia, 1848).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Powhatan

Edition of 1900.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Prescott, Robert

Edition of 1892.
​PRESCOTT, Robert, British soldier, b. in Lancashire, England, in 1725: d. near Battle, Sussex, 21 Dec., 1816. He became captain of the 15th foot, 22 Jan., 1755, and served in the expeditions against Rochefort in 1757, and Louisburg in 1758. He acted as aide-de-camp to Gen. Amherst in 1759, and afterward joined the army under Gen. James Wolfe. On 23 March, 1761, he was appointed major of the 95th foot, which formed part of the force that was sent under Gen. Robert Monckton to reduce Martinico. 110 became lieutenant-colonel of the 28th regiment, 8 Sept., 1775, and was present at the battle of Long Island, the several engagements in Westchester county, and the storming of Fort Washington in November, 1775. He was attached to the expedition against Philadelphia in 1777. appointed colonel by brevet on 29 Aug, and engaged in the battle of the Brandywine. In 1778 he was appointed ﬁrst brigadier-general in the expedition under Gen. James Grant against the French West Indies. He became colonel, 13 Oct. 1780; major-general. 19 Oct., 1781; was appointed colonel of the 28th regiment, 6 July. 1789; and lieutenant-general, 12 Oct., 1793. In October, 1793, he was ordered to Barbadoes to take command there, and in February, 1791, he sailed with the troops to Martinique, where he landed without opposition. He effected the complete reduction of the island and forts, which capitulated on 22 March, and was afterward appointed civil governor of the island. His wise and judicious management of affairs prevented an uprising of the natives. From Martinique he was sent to Guadaloupe, where he pursued the same ﬁrm and conciliatory policy, and at this time he refused the proffered governorship of St. Lucia. Finding it impossible to effect much at Guadaloupe, he withdrew the British troops there, and sent some to Antigua and Dominica, and the rest to Martinique, where he returned. His health failing, he applied for leave to return to England, where he arrived, 10 Feb. 1795. On 13 July, 1796, he succeeded Lord Dorchester as governor of Canada, and on his arrival in Quebec he began strengthening the fortiﬁcations of that city. In 1797 he was also appointed governor of Nova Scotia, and he remained at the head of the government of that colony, and of Canada and New Brunswick, till 1799, when he was recalled and succeeded by Sir Robert Shore Milnes. The principal event of his administration, during which he was made full general. was the attempt of David McLean to excite the people to insurrection. and to capture the city of Quebec, in which attempt McLean lost his life. Gen. Prescott returned to England, and settled at Rose Green, near Battle, where he died.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Powers, Horatio Nelson

Edition of 1900.
​POWERS, Horatio Nelson, author, b. in Amenia, N. Y., 30 April, 1826; d. in Piermont, N. Y., 6 Sept., 1890. He was graduated at Union college in 1850, at the General theological seminary of the Protestant Episcopal church, New York city, and was ordained a deacon in Trinity church, New York. He was assistant at Lancaster, Pa., till April, 1857; rector of St. Luke's church, Davenport, Iowa, in 1857-'62; of St. John's church, Chicago, in 1868-'74; of Christ church, Bridgeport, Conn., in 1875-'84; and became rector of Christ church, Piermont, N. Y., in 1886. He was president of Griswold college in 1864-'7, and president of the Foundlings' home, Chicago, in 1872-'4. He received the degree of D. D. from Union college in 1867. Dr. Powers published “Through the Year” (Boston, 1875); “Poems, Early and Late” (Chicago, 1876); and “Ten Years of Song” (Boston, 1887); and was one of the authors of “Homes and Haunts of our Elder Poets” (New York, 1881).—His brother, Edward, civil engineer, b. in Amenia, Dutchess co., N. Y., 1 Sept., 1830, was educated in the public schools. He served as a civilian clerk in the quartermaster's department during the civil war, afterward taught for a time, and then became a civil engineer. In 1872 and 1874 he unsuccessfully petitioned congress that an experiment might be performed with the powder and cannon of the United States to determine the influence of explosions on rainfall, with a view to the prevention of droughts. He has published “War and the Weather, or the Artificial Production of Rain” (Chicago, 1871).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Preface (supplement)

Edition of 1900.
PREFACE.
In this volume will be found nearly two thousand notices of Americans of the army and navy who won renown in the recent war with Spain and the Philippine Islands, also of persons of the New World who have in various ways become prominent in the peaceful activities of life during the decade that has passed since the first appearance of “Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography,” in six octavo volumes. In this new volume is included complete lists of Pen-names, Nicknames, and Sobriquets mentioned in the complete work; also of persons who have died ainoe the publication of the original six volumes in 1887-'8, together with lists of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, of the Presidents of the Continental Congress and of the Congress of the Confederation, 1775-'88, and of the Presidents of the United States, Vice-Presidents, and Cabinet officers from the adoption of the Constitution to the year 1900. This additional volume includes an exhaustive Index, and numerous small portraits, executed by the same skilful artist who, through his fifteen hundred admirable vignettes, added so much to the value of the original work, together with twelve full-page steel portraits and other illustrations.
    New York, December, 1899.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Presstman, Stephen Wilson

Edition of 1900.
​PRESSTMAN, Stephen Wilson, clergyman, b. in Charleston. S. C., 1 Oct., 1794; d. in Newcastle, Del., in 1843. He obtained a good education in Baltimore, Md. When the war of 1812 was declared he applied for and received a commission in the U. S. Army, becoming ensign in the 5th infantry on 14 April, 1812, and 2d lieutenant in July. He was in active service on the Canada frontier, gained credit on several occasions in battle, especially at Lyon's Creek, and was wounded in the attack on La Cole mill, 30 March, 1814. He engaged in business for several years, but, having a desire to enter the ministry of the Episcopal church, he studied for orders under a clergyman in Baltimore. He was ordained deacon, 11 July, 1822, by Bishop Richard C. Moore, and priest, 15 June, 1823, by the same bishop. While a deacon he served the church in Dumfries, Va., and in 1823 he was called to the rectorship of Immanuel church, Newcastle, Del. This post he held during the remainder of his life. Mr. Presstman, though publishing no contributions to theological or general literature, was very active and useful in various departments of church work. He was for many years president of the standing committee of the diocese of Delaware, and was uniformly elected a clerical deputy to the triennial general convention of the Protestant Episcopal church.
# Austin v. The Aldermen of Boston

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
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United States Supreme Court
74 U.S. 694
Austin v. The Aldermen of Boston
THE record showed that this cause had been brought here from the Circuit Court for Iowa, as on a writ of error, by agreement of parties, and without the issuing or service of such a writ. Coming before this court on a printed argument for the defendant in error, and the fact above-mentioned being observed by the court, the appeal was DISMISSED; the CHIEF JUSTICE stating it to be the opinion of the court, that an appeal allowed or a writ of error served, was essential to the exercise of tis appellate jurisdiction.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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