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# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Maleguzzi, (Veronica)

Was deeply versed in all speculative sciences and liberal arts. She sustained twice public theses, and was patronized by the first people. She had also some talent for poetry, as she wrote a prologue, in verse, to L'Innocence Reconnue, a work in prose, which she published 1660. She became afterwards a nun at Modena, where she led an exemplary life.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Malatesta, (Baptista)

MALATESTA (BAPTISTA), Daughter of Guido, Prince of Urbino, and Wife of Galeas Malatesta,
Was one of the most beautiful and wisest persons of her time. She excelled not only in eloquence, but in philosophy and theology, and was author of many works, amongst which are, 1, De la Condition de la Fragilité Humaine; 2, De la Veritable Religion. There ​are also many letters of hers extant, written in a very elegant stile. After the death of her husband she became a nun at Urbino.
F.C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Manto

MANTO, Daughter of Tiresias; a Woman famous in Antiquity for her Knowledge of Divination.
After the taking of Thebes by the seven chiefs, the Argives, to whose share Manto fell, and who had vowed to consecrate the most valuable part of their plunder to Apollo, thought they fulfilled it, by sending this young woman to be his priestess at Delphi. She was mother of Amphilochus and Tisiphone, by Alcmeon, general of the army which took Thebes. Many of the ancient writers tell different fables concerning her: and Diodorus Sicuius says, that she wrote a number of oracles, and that she was called the Sybil, from the inspiration of ​her answers. They say also, that Homer has ornamented his works with many of her verses.
F. C.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tripoli (Tripoli)

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See also Tripoli on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TRIPOLI (Tarabulus el-Gharb, i.e. Tripoli of the West), capital of the Turkish vilayet of Tripoli, North Africa, situated in 32° 53′ 40″ N. and 13° 11′ 32″ E. on a promontory stretching out into the Mediterranean and forming a small crescent-shaped bay which shelters the harbour from the north winds. Its crenellated enceinte wall has the form of an irregular pentagon. A line of small ancient forts is supposed to protect one side of the harbour, and the citadel the other. This citadel, dating from the time of the Spanish occupation, now serves as the residence of the governor. The harbour has a depth of water varying from 15 to 24 ft.; steamers drawing 21 ft. can anchor inside, but Shoals render the entry difficult. At the quayside the depth of water is from 2 to 5 ft. only. The desert almost touches the western side of the city, while on the east is the verdant oasis of Meshia, where are still to be seen the tombs of the Caramanlian sultanas and the twelve-domed ḳubba of Sidi Hamonda. The aspect of the city is picturesque; the houses (many possessing beautiful gardens) rise in terraces from the seashore. The Turkish quarter contains numerous mosques whose minarets and cupolas break the monotony of the flat-roofed and whitewashed houses. The Grand mosque and the Pasha mosque (originally a church built by the Spaniards) both have octagonal rninarets. By the harbour are several houses built in European style, but the general aspect of the city is Oriental. Many of the streets are arcaded; the suks or markets are the scene of much animation. Near the port stands a Roman triumphal arch. This arch, quadrifrontal in form, is made entirely of white marble, the blocks being held together with cramps, and is richly embellished with sculpture. It was begun in the reign of the emperor Antoninus, according to a still unmutilated 'dedicatory inscription, and finished in that of Marcus Aurelius. In the arch, now partly buried in débris, a cabaret has been installed. A few small manufactures of carpets and silks as well as “Cordova leather ” are carried on, but Tripoli is essentially a trading town, being the chief Mediterranean gateway to the Sahara. The population, about 60,000, is very mixed-Berber, Arab, Turk, ]ew, Maltese, Italian and Negro. The Maltese inhabitants number about 4000, the Italians 1000 and the Jews 8000. The local trade is almost entirely in the hands of the Jews and Maltese; the shipping in the port is largely Italian.
See H. M. de Mathuisieulx, A travers la Tripolitaine (Paris, 1903).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tripolitsa

See also our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TRIPOLITSA, officially Tripolis, a town of Greece, capital of the nomarchy of Arcadia, and the seat of an archbishop, situated in a plain over 2,000 ft. above sea-level, 22 m. S.W. of Argos. The name has reference to the three ancient cities of Mantineia, Pallantium and Tegea, of which Tripolitsa is the modern representative. It does not stand on any ancient site. Before the war of independence it was the capital of the Morea and the seat of a pasha, with about 20,000 inhabitants; but in 1821 it was taken and sacked by the insurgents, and in 1825 its ruin was completed by Ibrahim Pasha. The town has since been rebuilt, and contains 10,789 inhabitants (1907).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trinoda Necessitas

See also Trinova necessitas on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ TRINODA NECESSITAS, the name used by modern historians to describe the threefold obligation of serving in the host (fyrd), repairing and constructing bridges (bryc-geweorc), and the construction and maintenance of fortresses (burhbot), to ​which all freeholders were subject in Anglo-Saxon times. The obligations are usually mentioned in charters as the sole exceptions to grants of immunities; sometimes, however, a fourth obligation (singulare praetium contra alium) is reserved, as in the charter granted by Wiglaf of Mercia on the 28th of December 831 (Cod. dip. i. 294). Ceolwulf's charter of 822 to Archbishop Wilfred is remarkable, as the military service is there restricted to expeditiones contra paganos ostes (ibid. i. 272). The threefold obligation is first mentioned in a Latin charter (expeditione pontis arcisue construction) of doubtful authenticity, which professes to have been granted by Eadbald of Kent in A.D. 616 (Cod. dip. v. 2), but it is not until the 8th century that it appears in documents which are generally admitted to be genuine. Although there were corresponding obligations in the Frankish Empire which were called by Charles the Bald (antiquam et aliarum gentium consuetudinem), Stubbs held that the arguments which refer them to a Roman origin want both congruity and continuity.
The phrase “ trinoda necessitas " is not to be found in the Anglo-Saxon laws and charters; and Selden was probably the first historian of eminence who used it. “ These three exceptions," he says, “ are noted by the term of a three-knotted necessity in an old charter wherein King Cedwalla granted to Wilfrid, the first bishop of Shelsey in Sussex, the village of Paganham." This charter is an 11th-century copy of a lost original, but the words to which Selden referred are plainly written as trimoda necessitas not trinova necessitas. Du Cange gives two examples of the word trimoda in medieval Latin, in which language it meant “ triple "; but he cites no medieval example of trinoda; and in classical Latin the form is unknown, while trinodis (ter-nodus, “ triple-knotted ") occurs only rarely (Ovid. Her. iv. 115; Fast. i. 575).
See Du Cange, Glossarium; W. Stubbs, The Constitutional History of England, i. 86, 87; J. M. Kemble, Codex anglo-saxonicus, passim; Selden, English Janus (London, 1682), p. 43; Walter de Gray, Birch, Cartularium saxonicum, passim; Facsimiles of Ancient Charters in the British Museum, pt. iv. Cotton MS. Augustus, ii. 86. (G. J. T.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tripoli (Syria)

See also Tripoli, Lebanon on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TRIPOLI, or Tarabulus (anc. Tripolis), the chief town of a sanjak of the same name in the Beirut vilayet of Syria, situated about 2 m. inland from its port, al-Mina. The ancient Phoenician city, which we know only by its Greek name of Tripolis, was the seat in Persian times of the federal council of Sidon, Tyre and Aradus, each of which cities had its separate quarter in the “triple town.” In the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C., under Seleucid and Roman influences successively, it struck autonomous coins. These are succeeded by imperial coins ranging from 32 B.C. to A.D. 221. About 450, and again in 550, it was destroyed by earthquake. The Arabs took it in 638 after a prolonged siege, the inhabitants withdrawing by sea. Moawiya recruited the population by a colony of Jews and gave it fortifications and a garrison against the naval attacks of the Greeks, who, notwithstanding, retook it for a brief space in the time of Abdalmalik. It was again taken by the Greeks in the war of 966–69 and was besieged by Basil II. in 995, after which date it was held by a garrison in the pay of the Fatimite caliphs of Egypt, who treated the city with favour and maintained in it a trading fleet. At this time, according to the description of Nāsir Khosrau, who visited it in 1047, it lay on the peninsula of Al-Mīnā, bathed on three sides by the sea, and had about 20,000 inhabitants and important industries of sugar and paper-making. Of the great sea-walls and towers there are still imposing remains. From this date till it was taken by the Crusaders, after a five years siege, in 1109, the ruling family was that of ʽAmmār, which founded a library of over 100,000 volumes. Under the crusaders Tripoli continued to flourish, exported glass to Venice, and had 4000 looms. In 1289 it was taken and destroyed by the sultan Kolāʽūn of Egypt, and a new city was begun on the present site, which rapidly rose to importance. Its medieval prosperity has obliterated most relics of remoter antiquity. Tripoli had a troubled existence during the period of Ottoman weakness (the 18th and early 19th centuries), being frequently in dispute between the pasha of Aleppo and the rebel pashas of Acre. After the Egyptian conquest of Syria it was made the capital of a province in 1834; but in 1840 it reverted to the minor position which it now holds. It is connected by a ​carriage road with Homs and by a steam tramway with Beirut, and is the natural outlet of the upper Orontes valley; but its inland trade has been greatly damaged by the Homs-Aleppo railway. From its own district, however, it exports silk, tobacco, oil, soap, sponges, eggs and fruit, and is a prosperous and growing place with a large Christian element in its population (about 30,000, the port-town included). It is served regularly by the Levantine lines of steamers.  (D. G. H.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Triptolemus

See also Triptolemus on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TRIPTOLEMUS, in Greek mythology, the inventor of agriculture, first priest of Demeter, and founder of the Eleusinian mysteries. His name is probably connected with the “triple ploughing” (τρίς, πολεῖν), recommended in Hesiod's Works and Days and celebrated at an annual festival. It may be noted that in some traditions he is called the son of Dysaules (possibly identical with diaulos, the “double furrow” traced by the ox), and that, according to the Latin poets (e.g. Virgil, Georgics, i. 19), he is the inventor of the plough. Later, as the god of ploughing, he is confounded with Osiris, and on a vase-painting at St Petersburg he is represented leaving Egypt in his dragon-drawn chariot on his journey round the world. According to the best known Attic legend (Apollodorus, i. 5, 2) Triptolemus was the son of Celeus, king of Eleusis, and Metaneira. Demeter, during her search for her daughter Persephone, arrived at Eleusis in the form of an old woman. Here she was hospitably received by Celeus, and out of gratitude would have.made his son Demophon immortal by anointing him with ambrosia and destroying his mortal parts by fire; but Metaneira, happening to see what was going on, screamed out and disturbed the goddess. Demophon was burnt to death, and Demeter, to console his parents, took upon herself the care of Triptolemus, instructed him in everything connected with agriculture, and presented him with a wonderful chariot, in which he travelled all over the world, spreading the knowledge of the precious art and the blessings of civilization. In another account (Hyginus, Fab. 147) Triptolemus is the son of Eleusinus, and takes the place of Demophon in the above narrative. Celeus endeavoured to kill him on his return, but Demeter intervened and forced him to surrender his country to Triptolemus, who named it Eleusis after his father and instituted the festival of Demeter called Thesmophoria. In the Homeric hymn to Demeter, Triptolemus is simply one of the nobles of Eleusis, who was instructed by the goddess in her rites and ceremonies. The Attic legend of Eleusis also represented him as one of the judges of the underworld. His adventures on his world-wide mission formed the subject of a play of the same name by Sophocles. In works of art Triptolemus appears mounted on a chariot (winged or drawn by dragons, symbols of the fruitfulness of the earth), with Demeter and Persephone handing him the implements of agriculture. His attributes were a sceptre of ears of corn, sometimes a drinking-cup, which is being filled by Demeter, His altar and threshing-floor were shown on the Rarian plain near Eleusis; hence he is sometimes called the son of Rarus.
See the Homeric hymn to Demeter, 153, 474; Ovid, Metam. v. 642–661; Virgil, Georgics i. 19, and Servius ad loc.; Hyginus, Astronom. ii. 14; Dion Halic. i. 12; Preller, Griechische Mythologie (4th ed., 1894).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trinovantes

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​TRINOVANTES (commonly Trinobantes), a powerful British tribe about 50 B.C.–A.D. 50 dwelling north and north-east of London, rivals and neighbours of the Catuvellauni. When Caesar invaded Britain B.C. they joined him against their domestic rivals and it is possible (though not certain) that half a century after Caesar’s departure they succumbed to them. Certainly they were conquered by Rome in A.D. 43 and joined in Boadicea’s revolt in 61. In the tribal division of Roman Britain given by Ptolemy their land included Camulodunum (Colchester), but nothing more is known of them. But their name plays a part in medieval legends and romances. There it was interpreted as Troy Novant, the “ new Troy,” and connected with the names of the Trojans Brutus and Corineus who were reputed to have given their names to Britain and Cornwell.
(F. J. H.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tripod

See also Tripod on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TRIPOD (Gr. τρίπους, Lat. tripus), in classical antiquities, any “three-footed” utensil or article of furniture. The name is specially applied to the following: (1) A seat or table with three legs. (2) A stand for holding the caldron used for boiling water or cooking meat; when caldron and stand were made in one piece, the name was given to the complete apparatus. (3) A sacrificial tripod, or altar, the most famous of which was the Delphic tripod, on which the Pythian priestess took her seat to deliver the oracles of the god, the seat being formed by a circular slab on the top, on which a branch of laurel was deposited when it was unoccupied by the priestess. Another well-known tripod was the “Plataean,” made from a tenth part of the spoils taken from the Persian army after the battle of Plataea. This consisted of a golden basin, supported by a bronze serpent with three heads (or three serpents intertwined), with a list of the states that had taken part in the war inscribed on the coils of the serpent. The golden bowl was carried off by the Phocians during the Sacred War; the stand was removed by the emperor Constantine to Constantinople, where it is still to be seen in the Atmeidan (hippodrome), but in a damaged condition, the heads of the serpents having disappeared. The inscription, however, has been almost entirely restored (see Frazer on Pausanias, v. 299 seq.). Such tripods were usually of bronze and had three “ears” (rings which served as handles). They also frequently had a central upright as support in addition to the three legs. Tripods are frequently 'mentioned in Homer as prizes in athletic games and as complimentary gifts, and in later times, highly decorated and bearing inscriptions, they served the same purpose. They were also used as dedicatory offerings to the gods, and in the dramatic contests at the Dionysia the victorious choregus (a wealthy citizen who bore the expense of equipping and training the chorus) received a crown and a tripod, which he either dedicated to some god or set upon the top of a marble structure erected in the form of a small circular temple in a street in Athens, called the “street of tripods,” from the large number of memorials of this kind. One of these, the “monument of Lysicrates,” erected by him to commemorate his victory in a dramatic contest in 335 B.C. is still in existence (see Frazer, ii. 207).
See C. O. Müller, De tripode delphico (1820); F. Wieseler, Ueber den delphischen Dreifuss (1871); E. Reisch, Griechische Weihgeschenke (1890), and his article “Dreifuss” in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, v. pt. 2 (1905).
# A Birthday

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "A Birthday."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* A Birthday, a poem by William James Roe
* A Birthday, a poem by Christina Georgina Rossetti
* A Birthday, a work by Katherine Mansfield
* "A Birthday" by Florence Tylee in Littell's Living Age, 162 (2091)
# A Birthday Tribute

April 4, 1860
J. F. CLARKE
Who is the shepherd sent to lead,  Through pastures green, the Master's sheep? What guileless "Israelite indeed"  The folded flock may watch and keep?
He who with manliest spirit joins  The heart of gentlest human mould, With burning light and girded loins,  To guide the flock, or watch the fold;
True to all Truth the world denies,  Not tongue-tied for its gilded sin; Not always right in all men's eyes,  But faithful to the light within;
Who asks no meed of earhtly fame,  Who knows no earthly master's call, Who hopes for man, through guilt and shame,  Still answering, "God is over all";
Who makes another's grief his own,  Whose smile lends joy a double cheer; Where lives the saint, if such be known?—  Speak softly,—such an one is here!
O faithful shepherd! thou hast born  The heat and burden of the day; Yet o'er thee, bright with beams unshorn,  The sun still shows thine onward way.
To thee our fragrant love we bring,  In buds that April half displays, Sweet first-born angels of the spring,  Caught in their opening hymn of praise.
What though our faltering accents fail,  Our captives know their message well, Our words unbreathed their lips exhale,  And sigh more love than ours can tell.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# A Birthday Tribute. Addressed to Her Royal Highness the Princess Alexandrina Victoria, On Attaining Her Eighteenth Year

This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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This work is available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication.
The person who associated a work with this deed has dedicated the work to the public domain by waiving all of their rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law. You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.
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A BIRTHDAY TRIBUTE. Addressed to Her Royal Highness the Princess Alexandrina Victoria, On Attaining Her Eighteenth Year. by Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) For 24th May, 1837
compiled by Peter J. Bolton
Notice
Somewhat surprisingly, this tribute has not yet been digitised on the internet, so this copy of the poetical tribute has been taken from The Poetical Works of Miss Landon, Philadelphia, 1839, a source that naturally omits the portrait of the Princess and the opening Memoir. The Memoir itself has been taken from The Christian’s Penny Magazine, 1837, pages 154-155 and the plate is assumed to be that already on Wikimedia commons, namely Alexandrina Victoria of Saxe-Coburg J Cochran after George Hayter.jpg, although Landon has already used this in her Fisher’s Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837, and it shows the princess at just under 14 years of age.
# A Birthday Song. To S. G.

Sidney Lanier composed “A Birthday Song” in 1866 in Montgomery, Alabama.
For ever wave, for ever float and shine Before my yearning eyes, oh! dream of mine Wherein I dreamed that time was like a vine,
A creeping rose, that clomb a height of dread Out of the sea of Birth, all filled with dead, Up to the brilliant cloud of Death o’erhead.
This vine bore many blossoms, which were years. Their petals, red with joy, or bleached by tears, Waved to and fro i’ the winds of hopes and fears.
Here all men clung, each hanging by his spray. Anon, one dropped; his neighbor ’gan to pray; And so they clung and dropped and prayed, alway.
But I did mark one lately-opened bloom, Wherefrom arose a visible perfume That wrapped me in a cloud of dainty gloom.
And rose—an odor by a spirit haunted— And drew me upward with a speed enchanted, Swift floating, by wild sea or sky undaunted,
Straight through the cloud of death, where men are free. I gained a height, and stayed and bent my knee. Then glowed my cloud, and broke and unveiled thee.
“O flower-born and flower-souled!” I said, “Be the year-bloom that breathed thee ever red, Nor wither, yellow, down among the dead.
“May all that cling to sprays of time, like me, Be sweetly wafted over sky and sea By rose-breaths shrining maidens like to thee!”
Then while we sat upon the height afar Came twilight, like a lover late from war, With soft winds fluting to his evening star.
And the shy stars grew bold and scattered gold, And chanting voices ancient secrets told, And an acclaim of angels earthward rolled.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# A Bird came down the Walk—

* "In the Garden" in Poems: Second Series (1891)
* "A bird came down the walk" in The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson (1924)
# A Birthday (Roe)

SHOT, like an arrow, thro’ the air, My life is flying. Where, oh where? The sudden flights on which I go, And what the aim I may not know.
Ah, when this troubled heart is dead, When the mark the shaft has sped; Then should my soul unerring know The mark to which I trembling go.
Then speeding toward this unknown mark Need I go trembling thro’ the dark? No. For one thing I surely know, It was God’s hand that bent the bow.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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