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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Fray Pedro de Betanzos

From volume 2 of the work.
A Franciscan missionary, b. at Betanzos in Galicia; d. at Chomez, Nicaragua, 1570. He was one of the earliest Franciscan missionaries to Guatemala, and founder of the Church in Nicaragua. He is said to have acquired, in eight years, the use of fourteen Indian languages, including the Nahuatl. It is certain that he possessed an extraordinary gift for linguistics since in one year he mastered the three principal idioms of Guatemala, Quiché, Kakchiquel, and Zutuhil, speaking them as perfectly as the Indians themselves. It was during this time, and on account of his writings, that the controversy began between the Franciscans and Dominicans over the use of the Indian term "Cabovil" as a synonym for God. Betanzos insisted that they were not synonymous and always wrote "Dios", even in Indian idioms. The Dominicans on the other hand kept up the native term "Cabovil". The Franciscans were right, since the aborigines had no conception of monotheism, and "Cabovil" means, not a personal supreme Deity, but the spiritual essence which all Indians believe to pervade the world, localizing and individualizing at will; an animistic idea underlying Indian fetishism. Betanzos was one of the authors of a work published at Mexico and entitled, "Arte, Vocabulario y Doctrina Christiana en Lengua de Guatemala". It is probably the book printed in Mexico previous to 1553 and ascribed to the "Franciscan Fathers", and also to Bishop Marroquin of Guatemala. No copy of it, however, is known to exist. It is the earliest work printed in any of the languages of Guatemala.
Casual mention of Fray Pedro de Betanzos is found in Ycazbalceta, Bibliografia mexicana, (Mexico, 1886), in which an edition of the Catecismo y Doctrina is mentioned (Mexico, 1556), and a reimpression (Guatemala, 1724). The title of the 1556 edition is Catecismo y Doctrina Cristiana en idioma Utlateco; of the 1724 print, Doctrina Cristiana en lengua GuatemaltecaBibliot. hispano-americana set. (Mexico, 1816), I, who in turn obtained them from Vazques. Cronica de la Provincia del Illmo, Nombre de Jesus, del Orden de San Francisco de Guatemala (Guatemala, 1714-16). Squier, Monograph of Authors,, etc., (New York, 1861), copies Beristain. See also Ludewig, Literature of American Aboriginal Languages (London, 1858). On the controversy over the use of the words "Dios" and "Cabovil" see Remesal, Historia de la provincia de San Vicente de Chyapa y Guatemala (Madrid, 1619).
AD. F. BANDELIER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Fray Juan Bautista

From volume 2 of the work.
Born at Mexico, 1555; date of death unknown, but probably between 1606 and 1615. He joined the Franciscans in his native city, and taught theology and metaphysics at the convent of St. Francis of Mexico. He was also a definitor of the province, and became Guardian of Tezcuco twice (1595 and 1606), of Tlatelolco (1600), and of Tacuba in 1605. Although born at Mexico, he did not at first care to familiarize himself with the language of the Mexican Indians who formed the main part of the population among which he had been born and raised. He looked with indifference on the Nahuatl, the language of the so-called Aztecs. But after joining the Franciscans and becoming acquainted with the educational work going on through the Church among the Indians he willingly listened to the representations of older members of the order, and soon acquired a thorough knowledge of the idiom. A number of his works are known by title only. Ten of these were written in the Nahuatl language, previous to 1607; several were printed at Mexico.
Mendieta, Historia eclesiastica Indiana (finished in 1599 but first published by Yeazbalceta, Mexico, 1870); Juan de Torquemada, Los veinte y uno Libros Rituales y Monarchia Indiana con el origen y guerras de los Indios occidentales (first ed., Madrid, 1613; 2d ed., ibid., 1725); Pinelo, Epitome (2d ed., Madrid, 1737-58); Nicolas Antonio, Biblioteca Hispana nova (Madrid, 1766), II; Joaquin Garcia Ycazbalceta, Bibliografia mexicana del Siglo XVI (Mexico, 1886).
AD. F. BANDELIER
# Chesuncook

Chesuncook is an essay by Henry D. Thoreau, originally serialized in 1858.
* Chesuncook (1858), serialized from Jun–Aug in The Atlantic Monthly:
    Vol. 2, No. 1, pages 1–12
    Vol. 2, No. 2, pages 224–233
    Vol. 2, No. 3, pages 305–317
* Chesuncook (1864), pages 85–160 of The Maine Woods. Boston: Ticknor and Fields.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Chever v. Horner

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
142 U.S. 122
Chever v. Horner
J. Q. Charles, for plaintiff in error.
Mr. Chief Justice FULLER delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Chet

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Chet."
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* "Chet" (1899), a novel by Arthur Firmin Jack
* "Chet" (1909), a novel by Katherine Merritte Yates

## See also

* Chester
# Cheung Sum Shee v. Nagle

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
268 U.S. 336
Cheung Sum Shee v. Nagle
Argued: April 17, 20, 1925. --- Decided: May 25, 1925
Messrs. George A. McGowan, of San Francisco, Cal., Frederic D. McKenney, of Washington, D. C., and John L. McNab, of San Francisco, Cal., for petitioner Cheung Sum Shee.
Mr. Assistant Attorney General Donovan, for Commissioner.
Roger O'Donnell and W. J. Peters, both of Washington, D. C., amici curiae.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 337-343 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. Henry W. Taft, of New York City, A. Warner Parker, of Washington, D. C., John J. Sullivan, of New York City, and
Mr. Justice McREYNOLDS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/John Baptist Tolomei

From volume 14 of the work.
A distinguished Jesuit theologian and cardinal, born of noble parentage, at Camberaia, between Pistoia and Florence, 3 Dec., 1653; died at Rome in the Roman College, 19 Jan., 1726, and was buried before the high altar of the Church of Saint Ignatius. At the age of fifteen, after an early schooling at Florence, he studied law at the University of Pisa; on 18 Feb., 1673, he entered the Society of Jesus at Rome. He was master of eleven languages, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, English, French, Spanish, Illyrian, and Italian. He began his public career at Rome by expounding the Sacred Scriptures on Sunday evenings in the Church of the Gesù. At the age of thirty he was elected in the General Congregation of the Jesuits as the procurator general of the order, which office he held for five years, relinquishing it to take the chair of philosophy at the Roman College. Here his lecture-room was thronged. His lectures were printed at Rome in 1696 under the title of "Philosophia mentis et sensuum", and demonstrated that, while loyal to the principles and method of Aristotle, he welcomed every discovery of his time in the natural sciences and wove these into his course. The lectures were reprinted in 1698 in Germany and evoked the warmest encomiums from the Academy of Leipzig as well as from Leibniz. He later filled the chair of theology at the Roman College (now the Gregorian University) and renewed the courses in controversial dogma begun by Bellarmine a century before. These lectures in MS. filled six volumes in folio but were never printed. Successively Rector of the Roman College and of the German College, he was at the same time Consultor of the Congregations of Rites, of the Index, and of Indulgences, as well as being one of the appointed examiners of bishops. On 17 May, 1712, unexpectedly created cardinal by Clement XI, under the title of Santo Stefano in Monte C lio, he became chief adviser to the pontiff in matters theological, particularly in the preparation of the condemnation of the errors of Quesnel. As cardinal he assisted at the conclaves which elected Innocent XIII and Benedict XIII. His published works are the "Philosophia mentis et sensuum" (with the addition of natural theology and ethics, Rome, 1702), "De primatu beati Petri" (in the second series of the miscellany printed from the manuscripts in the library of the Roman College, Rome, 1867), and a little pamphlet containing "Daily Prayers for a Happy Death" (in Latin, Vienna, 1742; also in German, Augsburg, 1856).
HURTER, Nomenclator literarius, IV (Innsbruck, 1910); SOMMERVOGEL, Biblioth que de la compagnie de J sus, VIII (Brussels, 1898).
Charles Macksey.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/John Barrow

From volume 2 of the work.
Priest, descended from a family of stanch Catholic yeomen, b. 13 May, 1735, at Westby-in-the-Fylde, Lancashire; d. 12 February, 1811, at Claughton, Lancashire. His uncle, Father Edward Barrow, S. J., had been serving the mission at Wesby Hall in 1717 when he was outlawed as a popish priest and his goods forfeited. John Barrow, after a course of seven years at the English College in Rome, was impressed at Portsmouth and served five years in the navy. Deserting at Dunkirk, he was acquitted by the court-martial through pretending successfully to understand no language but Italian. In 1761, after escorting two young women from London to the Convent of the Poor Clares at Gravelines, where his sister was a nun, he resumed his studies at Douai, and was ordained there 17 June, 1766. After a short stay in London at the house in Red Lion Square occupied by the parents of Bishop Milner, he set out on horseback for Claughton in Lancashire. At this mission, which had been formerly attached to the Hall, the seat of the ancient family of Brockholes, he remained from the time of his arrival, in July, 1766, until his death. He was buried at the adjoining mission of New House.
Father Barrow was a man of notable courage, will and industry. He ws a master of French and Italian, wrote elegant Latin and forceful English. "He may sometimes have shown but scant courtesy to the wishes or commands of his own bishop, but he insisted that everybody else should be obedient and deferential to ecclesiastical authority" (Gillow). He enlarged the parish church of Claughton, in 1794, improved the roads as township overseer, made wise reinvestments of the fund for the secular clergy, and negotiated with Sir Edward Smythe for the acquirement by exchange of the land for Ushaw College. Though his name is on the list of Douai writers, no description of his writing is recorded. It is likely that he contributed to the Catholic Committee controversy. Gillow's quotations from unpublished letters would imply that Barrow was no gentle opponent. In a letter preserved at Claughton the Cardinal Secretary of State praises warmly Father Barrow's Catholic loyalty and his zeal for the cause of the Holy See.
GILLOW, Bibl. Dict. Eng. Cath., I, 145; GRADWELL, Historical Sketch of the Mission of Claughton in the Liverpool Catholic Almanac, 1885.
J. V. Crowne.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/John Barry (2)

From volume 2 of the work.
Second Bishop of Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A.; b. 1799 in the parish of Oylegate, Co. Wexford, Ireland; d. in Paris, 19 November, 1859. He was accepted as an ecclesiastical student by Bishop England, and was ordained priest at Charleston, S.C., 24 September, 1825. After ministering for several years in Georgia, in which State he opened the first Catholic day school at Savannah, he was made Vicar-General of the Diocese of Charleston and superior of the seminary in 1844, while still retaining charge of the parish at Augusta, Georgia. In 1853 he was appointed Vicar-General of Savannah, under Bishop Gartland, and when, in 1854, that prelate died of yellow fever, he was named administrator of the diocese, and as such attended the Eighth Provincial Council of Baltimore, in May, 1855. He was then appointed to the vacant see and consecrated at Baltimore, 2 August, 1857. He governed the diocese with energy and was especially notable during his missionary labours for his charity and zeal in several yellow-fever epidemics. Ill health forcing him to make a visit (July, 1859) to Europe, he died at the house of the Brothers of St. John of God, in Paris, 19 November, 1859, having lost is reason some time before his death. His body was brought back to Savannah for burial, in September, 1865.
Shea, Hist. Cath. Ch. In U. S. (New York, 1904); Reuss, Biog. Cycl. Of the Cath. Hierarchy (Milwaukee, Wis., 1898); Clarke, Lives of the Deceased Bishops (New York, 1872); Catholic Almanac, 1833 to 1860.
THOMAS F. MEEHAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/John Belasyse

From volume 2 of the work.
Baron Belasyse
Born about 1614; died 1689, a loyal Catholic English nobleman, second son of Thomas first Lord Fauconberg. His mother was Barbara, daughter of Sir Henry Cholmondeley of Roxby, Yorkshire.
John Belasyse, who represented Thirsk in both the Short and Long Parliaments, but was "disabled" as a Royalist to sit, played a conspicuous part in the civil war, commanding a "Tertia" on the Royalist side. He raised six regiments of horse and foot at his own expense, took part in the battles of Edgehill, Newbury, and Naseby, as well as the sieges of Reading and Bristol, and was subsequently made Lieutenant-General of the King's forces in the North of England and Governor of York. He was wounded several times and in January, 1645, was raised to the peerage by the King at Oxford under the title of Baron Belasyse of Worlaby, Lincolnshire. During the Commonwealth Lord Belasyse acted as a sort of Royalist agent in England and was in frequent communication with Charles II and his supporters in the Netherlands. After the Restoration he was made Lord-Lieutenant of the East Riding of Yorkshire (1661-73) and Governor of Hull, while from 1664 to 1666 he held the post of Captain-General of the forces in Africa and Governor of Tangier. Somewhat later, however, upon the passing of the Test Act (1673) he found himself as a Catholic unable to take the necessary oath and resigned all his appointments. At the time of the Oates plot, Belasyse, along with four other Catholic peers, the Lords Arundell of Wardour, Stafford, Powys, and Petre, was denounced as a conspirator and formally impeached in Parliament. Belasyse in particular was said to have been designated Commander-in-Chief of the Popish army, but Charles II, according to Von Ranke, ridiculed the idea on the ground that the man could then hardly stand on his feet with gout. Nevertheless, Lord Belasyse lived on for another ten years. The impeached Catholic peers, though they endured a long imprisonment in the Tower, were never brought to trial, and at the accession of James II Belasyse was again received into high favour. His appointment in 1687 as First Lord Commissioner of the Treasury was a step which roused strong religious feeling against James's government. Lord Belasyse died in 1689, the year of the accession of William of Orange. He was three times married, and left five children, but the title became extinct upon the death of his grandson Henry, third Baron Belasyse of Worlaby.
Dodd, Church History of England (Brussels, 1742), III; Gillow, Bibl. Dict. of Eng. Cath., I; Keary in Dict. Nat. Biog., IV, 142; Clarendon, History of the Great Rebellion, and Clarendon State Papers in the Bodleian Library.
Herbert Thurston.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Bearing notes

Bearing notes. In the tuning of keyed instruments, harps, &c., bearing notes signify those notes between which the most erroneous or highly-tempered fifth is situate, on which also the wolf is said to be thrown. Many tuners begin at C, and tune upwards, through the progression of fifths, C, G, D, A, E, B, G b, D b, and Ab, and then stop and begin again at C, the octave above the former note, and tune downwards, through the fifths F, B b, a. it E b, and thus the resulting fifth Ab, Eb, produces bearing notes; owing to each fifth having been made more or less flat than the system of twelve notes will bear, the least sum of all their errors or temperaments being the Diaschisma. Some tuners are in the habit of throwing their wolf into the fifth Ab, Db, and others into that of D b, G b, which last, as being nearest to the middle of the whole progression of fifths, seems its most appropriate place for general use.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Beard, John

Beard, John. An English singer of celebrity. His name first appears in the dramatis per-soiree of Handel's operas performed at Covent Garden in 1736. Beard had his musical education in the Chapel Royal under Bernard Gates He first became a great favorite of the town by his style of singing Galliard's hunting song, "With early horn." His voice was a rich tenor. He died in 1791, in the seventy-fifth year of his age. He was highly esteemed in private life.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Beat

Beat, or BATTEMENT. (F.) A transient grace or ornament in the performance of a note, denoting that a kind of shake is to be made, by beginning with the half tone below the given note, and quickly repeating the given note and that ; on the contrary, the shake, marked tr., is effected by beginning on the note above the given one, (whether a half or whole tone distant,) and repeating the given note and it alternately. The tarn differs from both of these in using the notes above and below the given one. When, therefore, a whole tone lies below any note marked for a beat, an accidental sharp is to be supposed on that lower note, except that A is seldom thus sharpened in a beat. The beat is, therefore, the reverse of the shake, (but without the turn,) and is made generally at the distance of a semitone below ; and all the notes, excepting C and F, re-quire the note below to be sharped for the beat. The beat upon B natural, however, is seldom made with A sharp, on account of the great harshness arising from the vicinity of the semi-tone B C. In some cases of regular accent, it is recommended not to make the beat with the semitone, unless particularly so marked.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Beating time

Beating time. That motion of the hand or foot used by the performers themselves, or some person presiding over the concert, to specify, mark, and regulate the measure of the movements. If the time be common, or equal, the beating is also equal-as, down, left, right, up, or one down and one up ; if the time be triple, or unequal, the beating is also unequal - as, down, left, up, &c.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Beats

Beats. The audible phenomenon attending the sounding of two notes at the same time, which approach within certain limits to the producing of a concord with each other, which the late Dr. Robert Smith, in his "Harmonics," has applied, with the happiest effect. to the practical tuning of instruments, according to any given system or arrangement of the intervals. The phenomenon of beats forms, also, the means by which practical tuners, unacquainted with theory, or the exact comparative magnitudes of intervals, adjust the notes of organs, piano-fortes, harps, &c., by the judgment of their ear, in the daily exercise of the tuning profession.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Beale

Beale, professor of music at Manchester, was an excellent violoncellist. He performed at the York meeting in 1823.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Beale, John

Beale, John. An English pianist, and pupil of the celebrated Cramer. In 1820 he was elected a member of the Philharmonic, having performed repeatedly at the concerts of that society. About the same period he became associated with Messrs. Attwood, Braham, &c., in the unfortunate speculation of rebuilding the Argyle Rooms, was a performer and director in the concerts undertaken by that musical combination, and contributed as a composer in the formation of their musical catalogue. In 1821, a commemoration of Mozart took place, at Beale's suggestion, on which occasion Cramer united with his pupil in the performance of a duet, (on two piano-fortes,) selected from the most classical music of that departed genius. Beale was since recently appointed a professor of his instrument, in the Royal Academy of Music, and to one of his pupil; was adjudged the annual prize medal distributed at the first concert of the students. Among various pleasing compositions by Beale for his instrument may be mentioned the two dramatic airs, "Will great lords and ladies," from the " Haunted Tower," and "Fra tante angoscie," by Carafa, both arranged beautifully as rondos for the piano-forte.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Beale, William

Beale, William. An English composer of madrigals, glees, and other vocal music. He was educated as a chorister of Westminster Abbey, and was an excellent part singer. In 1813, he obtained the prize cup given by the Madrigal Society, his composition on that occasion being "Awake, sweet Muse." W. Beale published at Birchall's, in 1820, a collection of glees and madrigals, which did him great credit. "He borrows," says an eminent modern critic, "from the old school, with the lofty and independent air of a man who is conscious he can repay ; and as he has given us sufficient proof of his ability to copy other styles, we trust that he will go on to form and improve a style of his own." Certainly we may add, that the peculiar harmony of the old madrigals has never been so well imitated as by Beale, since the publication of Dr. Cooke's "In the merry month of May." Among various songs by Beale, the cantata of "Brutus" is especially worthy the attention of amateurs.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Beatings

Beatings. Those regular pulsative heavings, or swellings of sound, produced in an organ, by pipes of the same key, when they are not exactly in unison, i. e., when their vibrations are not perfectly equal in velocity ; not simultaneous and coincident ; which, as Mr. Emerson observes occasions a repetition of noises like waw, aw, aw, wee, or ya, ya, ya, ya; these are called beats by Dr. Robert Smith, Mr. Emerson, and we believe every other mathematical writer that notices the phenomena. Earl Stanhope, in a letter in the "Philosophical Magazine," vol. xxviii. page 1.50, has labored to make a distinction between the meaning of beats and beatings, in order to identify the former with the pulses or VIBRATIONS of the sounds themselves, and to denominate the above
phenomenon by the exclusive use of the term beatings.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Beattie, Dr. James

Beattie, Dr. James, the celebrated author of the poem "The Minstrel," wrote also an essay on poetry and music as they affect the mind. In his essay on the nature and immutability of truth are likewise to be found several ingenious observations on the subject of music. Born, in Scotland, 1735, died 1803.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Norwalk (Ohio)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
NORWALK, a town and county-seat of Huron co., O.; on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Lake Shore Electric, and the Wheeling and Lake Erie railroads; 56 miles W. S. W. of Cleveland. It has a public library, waterworks, electric street railroad, National banks, several daily and weekly newspapers, and manufactories of pianos, shoes, plows, sewing machines, automobile accessories, tobacco, besides railroad machine shops. Pop. (1910) 7,852; (1920) 7,379.