OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Hays, Alexander

Edition of 1892.
​HAYS, Alexander, soldier, b. in Franklin, Venango co., Pa., 8 July, 1819; killed in the battle of the Wilderness, 5 May, 1864. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1844 with Winfield S. Hancock and Alfred Pleasonton. As 2d lieutenant of the 8th infantry, he entered on the Mexican campaign, and won special distinction in the engagement near Atlixco. In April 1848, he resigned his commission in the army,
and settled in Venango county, Pa., where he engaged in the manufacture of iron in 1848-'50, was assistant engineer on railroads in 1850-'4, and from 1854 till 1861 was a civil engineer in Pittsburg. When the war began in 1861, Hays re-entered the service as colonel of the 63d Pennsylvania regiment, and with the rank of captain in the 16th regular infantry, to date from 14 May, 1861. In the peninsula he was attached with his regiment to the first brigade of Kearny's division of Heintzelman's corps, and at the close of the seven days' contest he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel. He took part in the Maryland campaign, and was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, 29 Sept., 1862. He was wounded at Chancellorsville while at the head of his brigade. He commanded the 3d division of his corps at the battle of Gettysburg, and, after Hancock was wounded, was temporarily in command, gaining the brevet of colonel in the United States army. He was engaged at Auburn and Mine Run. When the Army of the Potomac was reorganized, Hays was placed in command of the second brigade of Birney's 3d division of the 2d corps. In this capacity he fought, and gallantly met his death during the terrible struggle toward the junction of the Plank and Brock roads, which was the feature of the first day's fighting in the Wilderness. Gen. Hays was frank and brave, quick and full of energy, and was a great favorite with his men.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Hayward, James

Edition of 1892.
​HAYWARD, James, civil engineer, b. in Concord, Mass., 12 June, 1786; d. in Boston, Mass., 27 July, 1866. He was graduated at Harvard in 1819, and was a tutor in mathematics there for six years. In 1826 he became a professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Harvard, but in 1829 he severed his relations with the college to enter on the practice of civil engineering. The original survey of the Boston and Providence railroad was made by him. Later he was professionally retained by the Boston and Maine railroad, projecting and having entire charge of the construction of this road, including the building of the bridge at Haverhill, and ultimately being made president of the corporation. Prof. Hayward was recognized as a high authority in his profession, and was a frequent co-laborer with Loammi Baldwin, with whom and Lemuel Shaw he was selected, as a commission of three, to determine the water-power question that was at issue between the Boston and Roxbury water-power company and the Boston iron company. He published “Elements of Geometry, upon the Inductive Method” (Cambridge, 1829).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Hazewell, Charles Creighton

Edition of 1892.
​HAZEWELL, Charles Creighton, journalist, b. in Cranston, R. I., 1 Oct., 1814; d. in Revere, Mass., 6 Oct., 1883. He was chiefly self-educated, and learned printing in the office of the “Providence Journal.” From Providence he went to Boston, and was employed for a time on the “Advocate,” and then on the “Post,” where he was both printer and editor. Mr. Hazewell then edited the “Nantucket Islander,” and was editor and proprietor of the Concord, Mass., “Freeman,” for some time before 1845, when he removed to Columbus, Ohio. There he edited the “Statesman,” and was editor and proprietor of the “Western Review.” He wrote the entire contents of the few numbers of the “Review” that were published, in the intervals of his journalistic duties. He then returned to the east, took up his residence in Concord, and became connected with the “Middlesex Freeman.” In 1852 he was a member of the Massachusetts senate, and in 1853 represented Concord in the constitutional convention. Leaving the “Freeman,” he formed an editorial connection with the Boston “Atlas,” then with the “Times,” and in 1857 became an editorial writer on the “Traveller,” remaining with it until his death. He was for many years the American correspondent of the London “Morning Post.” He acquired French and Italian to aid him in his historical researches, and was regarded as an excellent authority on biographical and his- torical subjects. He is credited with having written a two-page New-Year's article, containing a summary of the events of the past year, entirely from memory, and substantially free from error. He wrote a long and critical obituary of Daniel Webster, on the announcement of his death, without reference to a book; and on one occasion designated correctly the page and paragraph in which would be found certain episodes, mentioned by Gibbon, in two editions, British and American, and widely different in size and paging. He was offered an important diplomatic appointment by President Lincoln, but declined it.—His son, Edward Wentworth, b. in 1853, is a journalist in Boston, and has written short poems that are popular.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Heckewelder, John Gottlieb Ernestus

Edition of 1892.
​HECKEWELDER, John Gottlieb Ernestus, missionary, b. in Bedford, England, 12 March, 1743; d. in Bethlehem, Pa., 21 Jan., 1823. He came to Pennsylvania in 1754, and, after finishing his education, was apprenticed to a cooper. After a visit to Ohio with Christian F. Post, a colonial agent, in 1762, and temporary employment in the Moravian missions at Friedenshuetten and Sheshequin, Pa., in 1765-'71, he entered, in the latter year, upon his actual career as an evangelist to the Indians, being appointed assistant to David Zeisberger, in Ohio, where he remained fifteen years. In 1792, at the request of the secretary of war, he accompanied Gen. Rufus Putnam to Post Vincennes to treat with the Indians. In 1793 he was a second time commissioned to assist at a treaty with the Indians of the lakes. Between 1797 and 1800 he remained mainly in Ohio, and was for a time in the civil service, being a post-master, a justice of the peace, and an associate justice of the court of common pleas. He settled at Gnadenhütten, Ohio, in 1801, and devoted himself to the duties of his agency, but resigned in 1810 and engaged in literary pursuits in Bethlehem, Pa., till his death. He studied carefully the languages, manners, and customs of the Indians, particularly the Delawares, and after he had become a member of the American philosophical society, at Philadelphia, several of his contributions of Indian archaeology were published in their transactions. He also published “Account of the History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations who once inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighboring States” (Philadelphia, 1818; German translation, Göttingen, 1821; French translation, Paris. 1822); “Narrative of the Mission of the United Brethren among the Delawares and Mohegan Indians” (Philadelphia, 1820); and a collection of “Names which the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians gave to Rivers, Streams, and Localities within the States of Pennsylvania. New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia, with their Signification” (1822). Many of his manuscripts are in the collections of the Pennsylvania historical society. See “Life of Heckewelder,” by the Rev. Edward Rondthaler (Philadelphia, 1847).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Heck, Barbara

​HECK, Barbara, an early American Methodist, b. in Ballingarry, County Limerick, Ireland; d. in Augusta, Canada, in 1804. She was a member of a colony of Germans who came from the Rhine Palatinate and settled in Ballingarry and other parts of the west of Ireland about 1708. She ​married Paul Heck, a member of the same community. By the preaching of Wesley many of these Germans, whose descendants were long afterward known as Palatines in Ireland, became converts to Methodism. The Hecks emigrated from Ireland about 1760, and settled in New York, where other Methodists from Ireland became domiciled about the same time. They had no pastor and grew careless of religious observances. In 1765 they were joined by Philip Embury, who had been a local preacher in Ireland. Soon after his arrival Mrs. Heck entered a room in which, according to some accounts, Embury was present, and found the emigrants playing cards. She seized the cards and threw them into the fire, expostulated with the players in pathetic language, and then went to Embury and charged him that he should preach to them, or God would require their blood at his hands. In consequence meetings were shortly afterward begun. (See Embury, Philip.) When the Revolutionary war began the Hecks retired to Salem, in northern New York, in order to be among loyalists, and founded the first Methodist society in that district. Paul joined the army of Burgoyne, and, while at home on a furlough at the time of the surrender at Saratoga, was arrested by patriot soldiers, but escaped at night while they slept, and made his way through the woods into Canada, where he was joined by his wife. They settled in Augusta, and with others from New York formed the earliest Methodist society in Canada. Paul died several years before his wife, toward the close of the last century. Barbara Heck is known as the “mother of American Methodism.”
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Hecker, Friedrich Karl Franz

​HECKER, Friedrich Karl Franz, German revolutionist, b. in Eichtersheim, Baden, 28 Sept., 1811; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 24 March, 1881. He went to school in Mannheim, and studied law at Heidelberg. He began practice as an advocate at Mannheim in 1838, entered politics, and was elected to the Baden assembly in 1842. His expulsion from the Prussian dominions, while upon a visit to Berlin with Itzstein in 1845, made his name known in all German lands. In 1846-’7 he was the leader of the extreme left in the Baden diet. His energy and eloquence made him popular, and he was carried by the drift of the age toward Republicanism, until he took ground with Struve as a Republican and Socialist-Democrat when the arrangements for a German parliament were under discussion. His political plans having been rejected by the majority of the constituent assembly, he appealed to the masses. Appearing at the head of columns of working-men, he unfolded the banner of the social republic, and advanced into the highlands of Baden from Constance. He was beaten by the Baden soldiery at Kandern, 20 May, 1848, and retreated into Switzerland. There he learned that the national assembly, which had met meanwhile at Frankfort, had denounced him as a traitor. His hopes of a revolution having been dashed, with the prospect of a felon's death before him if he remained, he fled to the United States in September. The following year, at the news of the May revolution, he returned to Germany, but arrived after the rising had been suppressed. Hecker recrossed the Atlantic, became a citizen of the United States, and settled as a farmer in Belleville, Ill. Like others of the German revolutionists, he took part in American politics, but did not make a new career for himself. He refused brilliant diplomatic positions, feeling an honorable reluctance to accept a personal gain in requital for the services he performed for the party to which he attached himself. The anti-slavery cause awakened the enthusiasm of his nature, and to the end of his life he was a powerful speaker on the Republican side. He joined the Republican party on its formation, and in the civil war led a regiment of volunteers in Fremont's division of the National army. He resigned his colonelcy in 1864, and devoted himself thenceforth to agricultural occupations. During the Franco-German war he uttered words of hope and sympathy for the German cause, but, after visiting Germany in 1873, he expressed disappointment at the actual political condition.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Hedge, Levi

Edition of 1892.
​HEDGE, Levi, educator, b. in Hardwick, Mass., 19 April, 1766; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 3 Jan., 1844. He was graduated at Harvard in 1792, appointed a tutor in 1795, and in 1810 became professor of logic and metaphysics. In 1827 he exchanged that post for the Alford professorship of natural religion, moral philosophy, and civil polity, but was compelled by an attack of paralysis to resign in 1830. He published a “System of Logic” (Boston, 1818), which went through many editions, and was translated into German. He also prepared an abridgment of Brown's “Mental Philosophy” (1827). — His son, Frederic Henry, educator, b. in Cambridge, Mass., 12 Dec., 1805; d. there, 21 Aug., 1890, was sent to school in Germany at the age of twelve, and remained five years. On his return he entered the junior class at Harvard, and was graduated in 1825. He then studied theology at the Cambridge divinity-school, was ordained in 1829, and settled over the Unitarian church in West Cambridge. In 1835 he took charge of a church in Bangor, Me.; in 1850, after spending a year in Europe, became pastor of the Westminster church in Providence, R. I., and in 1856 of the church in Brookline, Mass. In 1857 he was made professor of ecclesiastical history in the divinity-school at Harvard, still retaining his pastoral charge, but resigned the pastorship in 1872 in order to assume the professorship of the German language in the college. He was noted as a public lecturer as well as a pulpit orator. In 1853-'4 he lectured on mediæval history before the Lowell institute. He became editor of the “Christian Examiner” in 1858. Besides essays on the different schools of philosophy, notably magazine articles on St. Augustine, Leibnitz, Schopenhauer, and Coleridge, and other contributions to periodicals in prose and poetry, he published “The Prose Writers of Germany,” containing extracts and biographical sketches (Philadelphia, 1848); “A Christian Liturgy for the Use of the Church” (Boston, 1856); “Reason in Religion” (Boston, 1865); and “The Primeval World of Hebrew Tradition” (1870). He also wrote hymns for the Unitarian church, and assisted in the compilation of a hymn-book (1853), and published numerous translations from the German poets.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Heflin, Robert Stell

Edition of 1892.
​HEFLIN, Robert Stell, lawyer, b. in Morgan county, Ga., 15 April, 1815. He was educated at Fayetteville, Ga., where his parents settled in 1832, was clerk of the county court in 1836-'9, admitted to the bar in 1840, and practised in Fayetteville and Wedowee. He was a member of the Georgia senate in 1840-'1, of the house of representatives in 1846 and 1849, and of the senate in 1857 and 1860. As an uncompromising Union man he was compelled to pass through the lines to Sherman's army in August, 1864. He was appointed judge of probate in 1865, and elected to that office in 1866, was a presidential elector in 1868, and was then elected to congress as a Republican, serving from 7 Dec., 1869, to 3 March, 1871.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Heg, Hans C.

Edition of 1892.
​HEG, Hans C., soldier, b. in Norway in 1829; killed in the battle of Chickamauga, Ga., 19 Sept., 1863. He was brought by his father to the United States when eleven years of age, and settled in Wisconsin. He went to California during the gold excitement in 1849, returned in 1851, established himself as a farmer and merchant near Milwaukee, and was elected commissioner of state-prisons in 1859. In 1861 he entered the volunteer army as a major, and was commissioned colonel of the 15th Wisconsin infantry, a Scandinavian regiment, on 30 Sept., 1861. His regiment took part in the reduction of Island No. 10, and afterward in the surprise and capture of Union City, Tenn.; also in the battle of Chaplin Hills, in the pursuit of Gen. Bragg's forces, and the contests at Stone River and Murfreesboro. On 29 April he was placed in command of a brigade, and took part in the movements of the 20 corps, resulting in the evacuation of Shelbyville, Tullahoma, and Chattanooga, and at Chickamauga, where he fell at the head of his forces on the second day of the fight.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IX/The Narrative of Zosimus
## Contents

* Introduction
* The Narrative of Zosimus Concerning the Life of the Blessed
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IX/The Gospel of Peter

The Gospel of Peter.
by
Professor J. Armitage Robinson.
Editor of the Cambridge Texts and Studies
Introduction and Synoptical Table
by
Andrew Rutherfurd, B.D.

## Contents

* Introduction
* The Gospel According to Peter
* Synoptical Table
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IX/The Passion of the Scillitan Martyrs
## Contents

* Title Page
* Introduction
* The Passion of the Scillitan Martyrs
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IX/The Narrative of Zosimus/Introduction

The Narrative of Zosimus.
Introduction.
The Greek text of this work is printed for the first time in the same part of “Texts and Studies” as the Acts of Xanthippe and Polyxena. The sources for it are two manuscripts—one in Paris, belonging to the twelfth century, and the other in Oxford, dating from the fifteenth or sixteenth. The latter, however, only extends to the close of c. viii., the copy used by the scribe having been imperfect. There are versions of the work in Slavonic, Syriac, Ethiopic, and Arabic; in the former of these the Blessed Ones are called the Brachmani.
From two passages in the poems of Commodian (c. 250 a.d.) it would seem that the work was known in his day, and the canon of Nicephoras (c. 850 a.d.) places it among certain apocryphal books which are to be rejected. At the same time, it is doubtful whether, in its present form, it can be put as far back as the earlier of these dates.
It professes to be the account of a visit to the Makares, or Blessed Ones, given by a hermit, Zosimus, who was privileged to visit them. For forty years he had abstained from bread and wine and from seeing the face of man, always praying to be permitted to see the life of the Blessed. With the second chapter the narrative begins in the first person, and is continued in this up to c. xxi., just where the angels come to receive the soul of Zosimus, and the work is then finished off by one of the hermits who were present at his last moments.
While the style is inelegant and sometimes obscure, the matter of the book is very interesting, and shows considerable powers of imagination. The land of the Blessed is reached by means of a camel, which comes from the desert, and then by a storm of wind, which carries Zosimus along with it. He is addressed by the river to which he comes, as well as by the wall of cloud which rises above it, and is finally lifted across it by two trees. The origin of the Blessed Ones is noteworthy, as connecting the story with early literature on the Lost Tribes. They are the descendants of Rechab in the days of Jeremiah the prophet, who, for refusing to give up their observances, are cast into prison by the king. From this they are delivered by an angel, and brought to the place they now inhabit,—a level land covered with flowers,—a view of Paradise which continues all through the Middle Ages. The chapters (x.–xv.) in which the Blessed describe their life and death are of special merit, and form the best part of the whole.  In striking contrast to its lofty tone is the appearance of Satan with his 1360 demons, whom Zosimus finally overcomes and drives away.
To the various accounts of the Earthly Paradise, the story of Zosimus forms an important addition; on these it may, either directly or indirectly, have had considerable influence, although the difficulty of assigning a definite date to it makes this very uncertain.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IX/The Passion of the Scillitan Martyrs/Introduction

The Passion of the Scillitan Martyrs.
Introduction.
The Scillitan Martyrs were condemned and executed at Carthage on the 17th July, a.d. 180. The martyrs belonged to Scili, a place in that part of Numidia which belonged to proconsular Africa. The proconsul at the time, who is said by Tertullian to have been the first to draw the sword against the Christians there, was P. Vigellius Saturninus. The consuls for the year were Præsens II. and Condianus. Marcus Aurelius had died only a few months before.
The exact date of the martyrdom was long under dispute, and the question has recently arisen whether the Acts were originally written in Latin or Greek. Baronius placed the date as late as 202. The text had become corrupt in passing through various Latin and Greek versions and transcriptions, and it was long impossible to recognize the names of the consuls for the year in the first line of the piece. But M. Leon Renier conjectured that the word bis pointed to a consul’s name underlying the word preceding it, and suggested the year 180, when Præsens and Condianus were consuls. This conjecture was confirmed by Usener’s publication in 1881 of a Greek version from a ninth century ms. in the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris, though even here the names, though recognizable, were in a corrupt form. Usener believed this version to be a translation from a Latin original, and his theory has been confirmed by Mr. Armitage Robinson’s discovery of a Latin ms. of the ninth century in the British Museum, containing the Acts of the Scillitan Martyrs in a form briefer than any of the other versions and believed to be the original. Mr. A. Robinson’s translation which follows, is from the Latin which he discovered, and which is printed in Texts and Studies, vol. i., No. 2.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume V/Cyprian/The Treatises of Cyprian/Three Books of Testimonies Against the Jews/Book III/Part 71

71. And that fathers also should not be harsh in respect of their children.
Also in the same place: “And, ye fathers, drive not your children to wrath: but nourish them in the discipline and rebuke of the Lord.”

## Footnotes

* ↑ Eph. vi. 4.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume V/Cyprian/The Treatises of Cyprian/Three Books of Testimonies Against the Jews/Book III/Part 68

68. That we must depart from him who lives irregularly and contrary to discipline.
Paul to the Thessalonians: “But we have commanded you, in the name of Jesus Christ, that ye depart from all brethren who walk disorderly, and not according to the tradition which they have received from us.” Also in the forty-ninth Psalm: “If thou sawest a thief, at once thou rannest with him, and placedst thy portion with the adulterers.”

## Footnotes

* ↑ 2 Thess. iii. 6. [A very noteworthy safeguard of apostolic ordinances; but mark the charity with which it is softened, 2 Thess. iii. 14, 15. Compare also cap. ii. 15.]
* ↑ Ps. l. 28.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume V/Cyprian/The Treatises of Cyprian/Three Books of Testimonies Against the Jews/Book III/Part 67

67. That it was foretold that men should despise sound discipline.
Paul, in the second to Timothy: “There will be a time when they will not endure sound doctrine; but according to their own lusts will heap to themselves teachers itching in hearing, tickling their ears; and shall turn away their hearing indeed from the truth, but they shall be converted unto fables.”

## Footnotes

* ↑ 2 Tim. iv. 3, 4.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume V/Cyprian/The Treatises of Cyprian/Three Books of Testimonies Against the Jews/Book III/Part 7

7. That we must not grieve the Holy Spirit, whom we have received.
Paul the apostle to the Ephesians:  “Grieve not the Holy Spirit of God, in which ye were sealed in the day of redemption. Let all bitterness, and wrath, and indignation, and clamour, and blasphemy, be taken away from you.”

## Footnotes

* ↑ Eph. iv. 30, 31. [For the sealing, see Acts xix. 6, Heb. vi. 2.]