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# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Bourke, Miles, Viscount Mayo

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​Bourke, Miles, sat as Viscount Mayo in the Parliament of 1634, and when the War of 1641-'52 commenced, was appointed governor of Mayo; however he soon went over to the side of the Confederates, and joined the Catholic Church. He did his best to lessen the acerbities of the war, and is said to have retired from the Council in 1644. He died in 1649; and three years later his son and successor in the title was tried by the Commonwealth Commissioners at Galway, for complicity in the rebellion, condemned and shot by their order, and his estates (50,000 acres) were forfeited; these latter were afterwards restored to the family.
* ↑ Irishmen, Lives of Illustrious and Distinguished, Rev. James Wills, D.D. 6 vols. or 12 parts. Dublin, 1840–'7.
* ↑ Lodge's Peerage of Ireland, Revised and Enlarged by Mervyn Archdall. 7 vols. Dublin, 1789.
Addendum
​Bourke, Miles, Viscount Mayo, (page 27), son of preceding, sat in the Parliament of 1634, and when the War of 1641-'52 commenced, was appointed Governor of Mayo; but he soon went over to the side of the Confederates, and joined the Catholic Church. He did his best to lessen the acerbities of the war, and is said to have retired from the Council in 1644. He died in 1649. Three years later his son and successor in the title was tried by the Commonwealth Commissioners at Galway, for complicity in the rebellion, condemned, and shot by their order, and his estates (50,000 acres) were forfeited, but afterwards restored to the family. [For his descendant, Richard Southwell Bourke, Earl of Mayo, see page 27.]
* ↑ Irishmen, Lives of Illustrious and Distinguished, Rev. James Wills, D.D. 6 vols. or 12 parts. Dublin, 1840–'7.
* ↑ Lodge's Peerage of Ireland, Revised and Enlarged by Mervyn Archdall. 7 vols. Dublin, 1789.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Bowden, John

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​Bowden, John, Rev., a distinguished Protestant divine, was born in Ireland, in January 1751. He settled in America, 1770, studied divinity, was ordained in England, and in 1774 became a minister in Trinity Church, New York. There he officiated some years; afterwards, in other places in the United States, and the West Indies. From 1801 to 1817 he was Professor of Moral Philosophy in Columbia College. He was the author of Portrait of Calvinism, and other theological works. He died at Ballstown, New York, 31st July 1817, aged 66.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Boyd, Henry

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​Boyd, Henry, Rev., a minor poet and writer, vicar of Rathfriland, and chaplain to the Earl of Charleville. Besides some poems, his best known work is a translation into English verse of Dante's Divina Commedia (3 vols. 1802). He died at Ballintemple, near Newry, 17th September 1832.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Conti, Francesco

From volume 1 of the work.
[ C. F. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Consonance

From volume 1 of the work.
​CONSONANCE is a combination of notes which can sound together without the harshness which is produced by beats disturbing the smooth flow of the sound.
The consonances which are within the limits of the octave, and the ratios of the vibrational numbers of their notes are—
| The octave . . | 1 : 2. |
| Fifth . . . | 2 : 3. |
| Fourth . . . | 3 : 4. |
| Major third . | 4 : 5. |
| Minor third . | 5 : 6. |
| Major sixth . | 3 : 5. |
| Minor sixth . | 5 : 8. |
[ C. H. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Conti

From volume 1 of the work.
​CONTI. See Gizziello.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Continuo

From volume 1 of the work.
​CONTINUO. The short for Basso Continuo, which see.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Contra-fagotto

From volume 1 of the work.
​CONTRA-FAGOTTO, the ordinary name in orchestral scores for the Double Bassoon. See scores of Beethoven's Symphonies 5 and 9, Brahms's Variations on a theme of Haydn's, etc.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Contrabass Posaune

From volume 1 of the work.
​CONTRABASS POSAUNE. See Trombone.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Contrabass Tuba

From volume 1 of the work.
​CONTRABASS TUBA. See Bombardon.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Contrabasso

From volume 1 of the work.
​CONTRABASSO, the Italian for Double Bass.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Conservatorio

From volume 1 of the work.
​CONSERVATORIO. The Conservatorios in which the great schools of Italian music were formed were so called because they were intended to preserve (conservare) the science of music from corruption. Of these the most ancient were the Neapolitan ones—Santa Maria di Loreto (1537), I Poveri di Gesu Cristo (1589), La Pietà de' Turchini (1583), San Onofrio (1583), which all sprang from the first school of music founded at Naples (1496) by Jean Tinctor, [App. p.597 "the date of the foundation of the first school by Tinctor is probably much earlier than 1496, as he left Italy in 1490. [See Tinctoris, iv. 128.]"] a Fleming, reconstituted by Gesualdo, Prince of Venosa, and Alessandro Scarlatti, and illustrated by a long roll of eminent musicians. [See Naples.] [App. p.597 "The dates of the various Neapolitan Institutions are more correctly given under Naples, ii. 444–6."]
The Conservatories of Venice arose out of the school founded by another Fleming, Willaert, at the same date with that of Naples, and were also four in number:—L'Ospedale della Pieta, Dei Mendicanti, Degl' Incurabili, L'Ospedaletto de' SS. Giovanni e Paolo. [See Venice.] Nor does this list include the various 'chapel schools' of music for the choirs of the great cathedrals, after the pattern of the musical school founded in the 6th century by Gregory the Great for the Pontifical Chapel at Rome, the archives of which were destroyed in the sack of Rome by Charles V, 1527. [See Rome.]
The Venetian Conservatories have ceased to exist, those of Naples are now represented by a Royal Neapolitan College, and there is a 'Reale Conservatorio di Musica' extant and flourishing at Milan.
[ C. M. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Construction

From volume 1 of the work.
​CONSTRUCTION is the writing of a piece of music according to an appreciable plan.
[ C. H. H. P. ]
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 1

| Fig. 1 to 33. | Class, ANNELIDES. Order, Sedentaria. Fam. Dorsalia. FIG. 1. Siliquaria anguina. Agathirses, Montf. Fam. Maldania. 2. Dentalium octogonum. 3. Pharetrium fragile, with the outer tube broken. Fam. Serpulacea. 4. Serpula bicarinata. 5. Spirorbis Nautiloides, on sea-weed. 6. Galeolaria decumbens, on a Conia. 7. Vermilia triquetra. 8. Spiroglyphus, on a portion of Patella. 9. Magilus antiquus, old shell. Campulotus, Guild. (from Guerin.) 10. The same, in a young state. 11. Leptoconchus striatus. 12. Stylifer astericola. 13. The same, in a portion of Star-fish. Class, CIRRIPEDES. Order, Sessile Cirripedes 14. Tubicinella Balænarum. 15. Coronula Testudinaria. Chelonobia, Leach, Astrolepas, Klein. 16. —— Balænaris. Cetopirus, Ranz. 17. —— diadema. Diadema, Ranz. 18. Chthalamus, Ranz. (from Blainville.) 19. Platylepas pulchra, Leach. One valve separate, showing the inside. 20. Clitia Verruca, Leach. Octhosia, Ranz. Verruca, Schum. 21. Conia porosa. Teraclita, Schum. 22. Elminius Leachii. 23. Catophragmus imbricatus, (from Sowerby's Genera.) 24. Octomeris angulosus, (from Sow. Gen.) 25. Balanus tintinnabulum. 26. —— Montagui. Acasta, Leach. 27. —— galeatus, Conoplæa, Say. 28. Creusia gregaria. b. showing the internal structure. 29. Nobia grandis. 30. Savignium crenatum. $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ Pyrgoma, Auct. Pyrgoma cancellata. Adna Anglicum. Megatrema semicostata. 31. 32. 33. |
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Degree

From volume 1 of the work.
[ C. H. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Deiss, Michael

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Delibes, Léo

[ A. J. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Defesch, William

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Dehn, Siegfried

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Delaire, Jacques

​DELAIRE, Jacques August. See vol. iii. p. 99a note 1.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Deldevez, Ernest

From volume 1 of the work.
[ G. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Delicati, Margherita

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Delmotte, Henri

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yamagata, Aritomo, Prince

See also Aritomo Yamagata on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YAMAGATA, ARITOMO, Prince (1838–), Japanese field-marshal, was born in Choshu. He began life as an ordinary samurai and rose steadily in reputation and rank, being created a count in 1884, a marquess in 1895 (after the war with China) and a prince in 1907 (after the war with Russia). He twice held the post of premier, and was the leader of Japanese conservatism, being a staunch opponent of party cabinets.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yamboli

See also Yambol on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YAMBOLI, a town of Bulgaria, on the river Tunja, 49 m W. of Burgas by rail. Pop. (1906) 15,708. It has a large agricultural trade, being situated in the centre of one of the chief corn districts. In the town are the remains of old fortifications, and the ruins of a fine mosque. The bezetlan, or old market-house, is entire, but is now used as a military magazine. An ancient Macedonian town lay some 4 m. N., but Yamboli is first mentioned in the 11th century, when it was known by the Byzantines as Dampolis or Hyampolis.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yamèthin

See also Yamethin on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YAMÈTHIN, a town and district in the Meiktila division of Upper Burma. The town has a station on the railway 275 m. N. of Rangoon. Pop. (1901) 8680. It is an important centre of trade with the Shan States. The district lies between the Shan States and the Meiktila, Magwe and Toungoo districts; area, 4258 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 243,197, showing an increase of 18% in the decade. The staple crop is rice, which is irrigated from tanks and canals. Millets and oil-seeds are grown in the N., where drought has more than once caused distress. There are special industries of inlaid metal-work and ornamental pottery. Besides the chief town, Pyinmana and Pyawbwè, both also on the railway, carry on an active trade with the Shan States.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yankton

* related portals: South Dakota.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
See also Yankton, Yankton County, and Yankton Dakota on Wikipedia; Yankton in the 9th Edition; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
YANKTON, a city and the county-seat of Yankton county, South Dakota, U.S.A., on the left bank of the Missouri river, about 60 m. N.W. of Sioux City, Iowa. Pop. (1900) 4125 (850 foreign-born); (1910) 3787. It is served by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul, the Great Northern, and the Chicago & North-Western railways. The Missouri is navigable at this point, and the city has a considerable river traffic. Yankton is the seat of Yankton College (founded by Congregationalists in 1881, opened in 1882; now non-sectarian). The city is built on a nearly level plateau, averaging about 1200 ft. above the sea-level. It is in a rich grain-growing and stock-raising district, has grain-elevators, and manufactures flour, beer and cement. The water supply is obtained from artesian wells. The first permanent settlement, a trading post, was made here in 1858, when a treaty was concluded with the Yankton Indians. This was the first settlement made in the Missouri Valley in Dakota. Yankton was laid out in 1859, first chartered as a city in 1869, rechartered in 1873, and in 1910 adopted a commission form of government. In 1861-82 Yankton was the capital of the Territory of Dakota. The name is a corruption of the Sioux name Ihanktonwan, meaning “end village.”
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yanaon

See also Yanaon on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YANAON, or Yanam, a French settlement in India, near the mouth of the river Godavari, within the Godavari district of Madras. It is situated in 16° 44′ N. and 82° 13′ E.; area, 5 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 5005. Yanaon was founded about 1750, and followed the vicissitudes of French history in S. India. It was finally restored to the French by the treaty of 1815.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yang-chow Fu

See also Yangzhou on Wikipedia; Yang-chow Fu in the 9th Edition; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YANG-CHOW FU, a prefectural city in the province of Kiangsu, China, forming the two distinct cities of Kiang-tu and Kanch'üan, on the Grand Canal, in 32° 21′ N., 119° 15′ E. Pop. about 100,000. The walls are between three and four miles in circumference. The streets are well supplied with shops, and there are handsome temples, colleges, and other public buildings. There was a serious religious outbreak in 1868, when Hudson Taylor, the founder of the China Inland Mission, opened a station here; but Yang-chow is now one of the centres of the Protestant ​missionaries in the province. Yang-chow Fu possesses an early historical connexion with foreigners, for Marco Polo ruled over it for three years by appointment from Kublai Khan (?1282–85).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yankee

See also Yankee on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
YANKEE, the slang or colloquial name given to a citizen of the New England states in America, and less correctly applied, in familiar European usage, to any citizen of the United States. It was used by the British soldiers of their opponents during the War of Independence, and during the Civil War by the Confederates of the Federal troops and by the South of the North generally. The origin of the name has given rise to much speculation. In Dr William Gordon's History of the American War (ed. 1789, i. 324) it is said to have been a cant word at Cambridge, Mass., as early as 1713, where it was used to express excellency, and he quotes such expressions as “a Yankee good horse.” Webster gives the earliest recorded use of its accepted meaning, from Oppression, a Poem by an American (Boston, 1765), “From meanness first this Portsmouth Yankee rose,” and states that it is considered to represent the Indian pronunciation of “English” or Anglais, and was applied by the Massachusetts Indians to the English colonists. On the other hand, the Scots “yankie,” sharp or clever, would seem more probable as the origin of the sense represented in the Cambridge expression. Other suggestions give a Dutch origin to the name. Thus it may be a corruption of “Jankin,” diminutive of “Jan,” John, and applied as a nickname to the English of Connecticut by the Dutch of New York. Skeat (Etym. Dict., 1910) quotes a Dutch captain's name, Yanky, from Dampier's Voyages (ed. 1699, i. 38), and accepts the theory that “Yankee” was formed from Jan, John, and Kees, a familiar diminutive of Cornelius (H. Logeman, Notes and Queries, 10th series, iv. 509, v. 15).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yaos

See also Yao people (East Africa) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YAOS, or Ajawa, a Bantu-Negroid people of east-central Africa, whose home is the country around the upper reaches of ​the Rovuma river, and the north of Portuguese East Africa. They are an enterprising and intelligent race, and have spread into British territory south of Lake Nyasa and throughout the Shire districts. They are the tallest and strongest of the natives in the Mozambique country, have negroid features and faces which are noticeable for their roundness, and, for Africans, have light skins. They have long been popular among Europeans as carriers and servants. They earned, however, a bad name as slave-traders, and gave much trouble to the British authorities in Nyasaland until 1896, when they were reduced to submission. They do not tattoo except for tribal marks on their foreheads. The women wear disks of ivory or burnished lead in the sides of their nostrils, and some, probably of Anyanja origin, disfigure the lip with the pelele or lip-ring. The Yaos have elaborate ceremonies of initiation for the youth of both sexes. They bury their dead in a contracted position, the grave being roofed with logs and earth sprinkled over, in the case of a rich man, some of his property is buried with him and the rest is inherited by his eldest sister's son.
See Miss A. Werner, The Natives of British Central Africa (1906); Sir H. H. Johnston, British Central Africa (1897); H. L. Duff, Nyasaland under the Foreign Office (1903). For the Yao language see Bantu Languages.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lieblich Gedact

From volume 2 of the work.
[ E. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Liederkreis

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Liederspiel

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Liedertafel

From volume 2 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lied

From volume 2 of the work.
​LIED, a German poem intended for singing; by no means identical with the French chanson, or the Italian canzone. All three terms are in fact untranslateable, from the essentially national character of the ideas embodied in each form; the German Lied being perhaps the most faithful reflection of the national sentiment. A German looking at nature in her infinite variety of moods is almost irresistibly impelled to utter his thoughts in song. Certain aspects of nature appeal with peculiar force to the German mind—such, for instance, as the forest, the waste, the fall of rain, the murmur of the brook, the raging of the tempest; and connected with these certain other objective ideas, such as the hunter in the forest, the lonely bird, or the clouds stretching over the landscape, the house sheltering from wind and rain, the mill-wheels turned by the brook, etc. Such are the topics of the secular Lied, which have been embodied by Goethe, Schiller, Heine, and a hundred smaller poets, in imperishable lyrics, perfectly suited for music. Those of the sacred Lied are, trust in God, the hope of future blessedness and union, and other religious sentiments, etc. There are Volkslieder, that is to say, Lieder whose origin is lost in obscurity, of both kinds. The development of instrumental music during the earlier half of the last century having provided other means of expression for such feelings besides song, the Volkslied has gradually disappeared, giving place to the Kunstlied, of which the accompaniment is an important feature. This new form, naturalised by Haydn, Mozart, Reichardt, Schultz, Himmel, Beethoven, Conradin Kreutzer, and C. M. von Weber, attained in the hands of Franz Schubert to that extension and perfection of expression which makes it so dear to the German nation. Since his time the accompaniment has constantly assumed greater prominence, so that the original form has nearly disappeared, the musical treatment being everything, and the poetry comparatively of less moment. Schumann may be considered the pioneer in this direction, and after him follow Brahms and Robert Franz. With the two last composers the accompaniment, as rich in melody as it is in harmony and modulation, more than divides attention with the words.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Licenza

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lichfild, Henry

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Industrial Workers of the World, The

See also Industrial Workers of the World on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD, THE.—A union of wage-earners in the United States, organized in 1905, with a membership in 1920 of about 100,000, commonly spoken of as the I.W.W. (For a discussion of the I.W.W. see Trade Unions.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Inouye, Kaoru, Marquess

See also Inoue Kaoru on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​INOUYE, KAORU, Marquess (1835-1915), Japanese statesman (see 14.587), died Sept. 1 1915. Although he passed the later years of his life in retirement in his villa in Oiso, a seaside resort near Hakone, he was invariably consulted when matters of moment arose in politics or finance, and his name will go down in his country's history as one of the five Meiji statesmen, namely, Princes Ito and Yamagata, Marquesses Inouye and Matsukata and Count Okuma.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gerard, James Watson

See also James W. Gerard on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​GERARD, JAMES WATSON (1867–), American lawyer and diplomat, was born at Geneseo, N.Y., Aug. 25 1867. He was educated at Columbia University (A.B. 1890; A.M. 1891) and at the New York Law School (LL.B. 1892). He was admitted to the bar in 1892 and began to practise in New York City. The same year he became a member of the New York National Guard, rose to captain, and served through the Spanish-American War (1898) on the staff of Gen. McKoskry Butt. From 1900 to 1904 he was quartermaster, with the rank of major, of the 1st Brigade of the New York National Guard. In 1908 he became associate justice of the Supreme Court of New York and served until 1913, when he resigned on being appointed ambassador to Germany. At the outbreak of the World War in 1914 he assumed the care of British interests in Germany, later visiting the camps where British prisoners were confined and doing much to alleviate their condition. His responsibilities were further increased by the fact that German interests in France, Great Britain, and Russia were placed in the care of the American embassies in those countries, the American embassy in Berlin thus becoming a sort of clearing house. From first-hand knowledge he was able to settle the question, much disputed among the Germans themselves, as to the official attitude of the German Government toward the violation of Belgian neutrality. At the request of von Jagow, after the fall of Liége, he served as intermediary for offering the Belgians peace and indemnity if they would grant passage of German troops through their country. On Aug. 10 1914 the Kaiser placed in his hands a telegram addressed personally to President Wilson declaring that Belgian neutrality “had to be violated by Germany on strategical grounds.” At the request of a high German official this telegram was not made public as the Kaiser had wished, but was sent privately to the President. After the sinking of the “Lusitania” with many Americans on board, on May 7 1915, the American ambassador’s position became more difficult, and finally, on Feb. 3 1917, diplomatic relations were broken off by America and he was recalled. He was detained for a time because of wild rumours that the German ambassador in America was being mistreated and German ships had been confiscated; but this being disproved he was allowed to depart. While in Germany in 1914 he was Democratic nominee in New York for the U.S. Senate, but without success. On his return to America in 1917 he again entered the practice of law in New York City. In 1917 he published My Four Years in Germany and in 1918 Face to Face with Kaiserism. For his services to England he was decorated with the G.C.B.