OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Epicrates 1.

​EPI'CRATES (Ἐπικράτης), an Athenian, who took a prominent part in public affairs after the end of the Peloponnesian war. He was a zealous member of the democratical party, and had a share in the overthrow of the Thirty Tyrants (Dem. de Fals. Legat. p. 430); but afterwards, when sent on an embassy to the Persian king Artaxerxes, he was accused not only of corruption, in receiving money from Artaxerxes, but also of peculation. (Lys. Or. 27, c. Epicratem, p. 806, &c.) Hegesander (ap. Athen. vi. p. 251, a.) and Plutarch (Pelop. 30) say, that he so grossly flattered Artaxerxes as to propose that instead of nine archons, nine ambassadors to the Persian king should be annually chosen by the Athenians. Plutarch also says that he did not deny the charge of corruption. He seems, however, to have been acquitted (Plut. and Ath. ll. cc.) probably through the powerful interest possessed by himself and by his fellow criminal, Phormisius. (Dionys. Vit. Lys. 32. ) He had been guilty of corruption on a former occasion also, but had been equally fortunate in escaping punishment. (Lys. l. c.) This first offence of his was probably on the occasion when Timocrates the Rhodian was sent by Tithraustes to bribe the Greek states to attack Sparta (b.c. 395); for though Xenophon (Hell. iii. 5. § 1.) asserts, that the Athenians did not receive any money from Timocrates (a statement suspicious on the face of it), Pausanias (iii. 9. § 4) has preserved an account that at Athens bribes were taken by Cephalus and Epicrates.
The above statement of the acquittal of Epicrates on the charge of corruption in his embassy to Artaxerxes, seems at first sight opposed to the statement of Demosthenes (de Fals. Legat. pp. 430, 431), that he was condemned to death, and that he was actually banished. But, in fact, Demosthenes seems to be referring to a distinct and third occasion on which Epicrates was charged with corruption; for in his repetition of the charge there is the important head, καταψευδόμενοι τῶν συμμάχων, of which we find nothing in the oration of Lysias, but which is just the charge we should expect to be made against the Athenian envoy who took part in accepting the peace of Antalcidas (b.c. 387); and that Epicrates was really that envoy is the more probable from the fact, which is expressly stated, that it was Epicrates who recommended that peace to the Athenians. (Schol. Aristeid. i. p. 283, ed. Dindorf.)
Epicrates and Phormisius were attacked by Aristophanes (Eccles. 68—72, Ran. v. 965, and Schol.) and by Plato, the comic poet, who made their embassy the subject of a whole play, the Πρέσβεις. Both are ridiculed for their large beards, and for this reason Epicrates was called σακεσφυρός. (Comp. Etym. Mag. s.v. ; Suid. s.v., and s.v. πώγων; Harpocrat. s.v. p. 162, cum not. Maussac. et Vales.; Epist. Socrat. 13. p. 29; Plat. Phaedr. p. 227, b.; Meineke, Hist. Crit. Com. Graec. pp. 182, 183; Bergk, de Relqu. Com. Att. Ant. pp. 389—394.) [P. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Echembrotus

ECHE'MBROTUS (Ἑχέμβροτος), an Arcadian flute-player (αὐλῳδός), who gained a prize in the Pythian games about Ol. 48. 3 (B. C. 586), and dedicated a tripod to the Theban Heracles, with an inscription which is preserved in Pausanias (x. 7. § 3), and from which we learn that he won the prize by his melic poems and elegies, which were sung to the accompaniment of the flute. [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Elpidius 1.

ELPI´DIUS (Ἐλπίδιος), is called a remarkable man and fond of learning. Leontius, in his comentary on the "Phaenomena" of Aratus, says, that he had constructed for Elpidius a sphaera according to the description of Aratus, and Fabricius (Bibl. Gr. iv. p. 94, note) supposes that this Elpidius is the same as the patrician who was sent as ambassador to Chaganus, king of the Avari, in the first year of the reign of the emperor Mauritius, and who is mentioned by Cedrenus and other writers of that period. [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Enarete

ENA'RETE. [Aeolus, No. 1.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Elpidius 2.

ELPI´DIUS or HELPIDIUS (Ἐλπίδιος), one of the physicians of Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths, A. D. 493—526, whom he attended in his last illness. (Procop. de Bello Goth. lib. i. p. 167, ed. Höschel.) He was a Christian, and in deacon's orders, and probably a native of Milan. There is extant a letter to him from king Theodoric (ap. Cassiod. Variar. iv. 24), and four from Ennodius. (Epist. vii. 7, viii. 8, ix. 14, 21; ap. Sirmondi Opera, vol. i.) [W. A. G.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Epicles

​EPICLES (Ἐπικλῆς), a medical writer quoted by Erotianus (Gloss. Hippocr. p. 16), who wrote a commentary on the obsolete words found in the writings of Hippocrates, which he arranged in alphabetical order. He lived after Baccheius, and therefore probably in the second or first century b.c. [W. A. G.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Echedemus

ECHEDE'MUS [Echemus.]
ECHEDE'MUS (Ἑχέδημος), the chief of the Athenian embassy which was sent, in B. C. 190, to meet Publius and Lucius Scipio at Amphissa, and to obtain peace for the Aetolians. When the consul Lucius refused to recede from the hard terms which had been already proposed by the senate, the Aetolians, by the advice of Echedemus, applied for and obtained a truce of six months, that they might again send ambassadors on the subject to Rome. (Polyb. xxi. 2, 3; Liv. xxxvii. 6, 7.) [E. E.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Echemenes

ECHE'MENES (Ἑχεμένης), is mentioned by Athenaeus (xiii. p. 601) as the author of Κρητικά, from which a statement relating to the mythical history of Crete is there quoted. Vossius {de Hist. Graec. p. 436, ed. Westerm.) proposes to read in Fulgentius (Mythol. i. 14), Echemenes for Euxemenes, who is there spoken of as the author of Μυθολογούμενα, of which the first book is quoted. But this conjecture is without support. [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Echemon

E'CHEMON (Ἑχέμων), a son of Priam, who was killed, with his brother Chromius, by Diomedes. (Hom. Il. v. 160 ; Apollod. iii. 12. § 5.) [L. S.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Boste, John

​BOSTE or BOAST, JOHN (1543?–1594), catholic priest, was born of a good family at Dufton, in Westmoreland, in or about 1543, and educated at Oxford, where he graduated M.A. On being converted to Catholicism he quitted the university repaired to the English college of Douay, then temporarily removed to Rheims, was ordained priest, and sent back on the mission in 1581. After many narrow escapes he was betraved into the hands of the Earl of Huntington, lord president of the north, who sent him to London to be examined by the privy council. He was imprisoned in the Tower, where he was 'often most cruelly rack'd, insomuch that he was afterwards forced to go crooked upon a staff.' When he had so far recovered as to be fit to travel, he was sent back to the north, and was tried and condemned for high treason at Durham, on account of exercising-his priestly functions in England. He was a man of undaunted courage and resolution, as was shown by his behaviour at the trial. George Swallowfield, formerly a minister of the established church, who was arraigned at the same time on a similar charge, showed signs of wavering, but Boste vehemently exhorted him to stand firm. Thereupon Swallowfield declared himself sincerely penitent, and Boste publicly gave him absolution in open court. Boste drawn to the place of execution, and was scarcely turned oft the ladder when he was cut down so that he stood on his feet, and in that posture was cruelly butchered alive on 19 or 24 July 1594.
[MS. Lansd. 75 f. 44; Dairies of the English College. Douay; Dodd's Church Hist. ii. 88; Challoner's Memoirs of Missionary Priests (1741). i. 312; Memorials of the Rebellion of 1569, p. 312; Strype's Annals, 199. 344.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bostock, John (1740-1774)

​BOSTOCK, JOHN, the elder (1740–1774), was born in England, but educated at the university of Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. in 1769. His inaugural dissertation is his only published work. It is dedicated to Cullen, under whom he had studied, and for whom he expresses very warm admiration. This dissertation is on gout, and extends to forty-three octavo pages, of which four and a half are occupied by a quotation from Sydenham's famous treatise on the disease. Under the heading of diagnosis a lucid summary of the distinctions between gout and rheumatism is given, which is, however, much less complete than Heberden's well-known passage on the subject. The thesis contains nothing original, and the author in the last paragraph gracefully acknowledges that all his matter is drawn from Cullen. Bostock became an extra licentiate of the College of Physicians of London in 1770, and began practice immediately after at Liverpool. He was elected physician to the Royal Infirmary, married, and had a son, Dr. John Bostock [q. v.]. and but died when only thirty-four years old, 10 March 1774. Some of Bostock's books are preserved in the library of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society in London, and among them a copy of his 'Tentamen Medicum inaugurale de Arthritide,' Edinburgh. 1769.
[Munk's Coll. of Physicians (1878), vol. ii.; Bostock's Works.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bossewell, John

​BOSSEWELL, JOHN (fl. 1572), heraldic writer, was, according to his own statement, a northern man, and probably a member of the family of Bosvile, established for many generations in the neighbourhood of Doncaster. It has indeed been ingeniously suggested that he was son and heir of Thomas Bosvile of Stainton, who died in the fifth year of Edward VI (Nichols, Herald and Genealogist, ii. 113). He describes himself as ‘gentleman,’ and appears to have acted as a notary public, but by taste he was an antiquary and specially devoted to heraldic pursuits. In the latter he was a close follower of Gerard Legh, and the first part of his ‘Workes of Armorie,’ entitled ‘Concordes,’ is in fact a mere abridgement of Legh's ‘Accedens.’ Like his master, he delighted in symbolism and allegory, in conceits and legendary fables; nor can it be said that his writings are of much value, even from an heraldic point of view. The dates of his birth and death are alike unknown. The first edition of his ‘Workes of Armorie’ was published by Tottell in 1572, the second (a mere reprint) in 1597.
[Moule's Bibliotheca Heraldica, p.21 ; Hunter's South Yorkshire, i. 32.]
C. J. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bossam, John

​BOSSAM, JOHN (fl. 1550), painter, is mentioned by Nicholas Hilliard in a manuscript quioted by Vertue as 'that most rare English drawer of story works in black and white,' and as 'worthy to have been sergeant-painter to any king or emperor.' His poverty prevented him doing much in colours, and latterly he found painting so unremunerative that he gave it 'clean over,' On the accession of Elizabeth he became a reading minister. According to Walpole, Vertue never discovered any of his works.
[Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting (Dallaway), i. 136-7.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Boso

​BOSO (d. 1181?), third English cardinal, is described by Cardella as Boso Breakspear, an Englishman by birth, the nephew of Pope Adrian IV (Nicholas Breakspear), and a monk of the order of St. Benedict. He was a member of the monastery of St. Albans, but went to Rome to follow the fortunes of his uncle. In 1165 (Ciaccone) he was created cardinal-deacon by the title of St. Como and St. Damian. He was sent by his uncle on a mission of uncertain date and purpose to Portugal. He was greatly beloved by Adrian, who gave him charge of the castle of St. Angelo. On the death of Adrian, Boso upheld the cause of Alexander III, who, according to Cardella, owed his election mainly to Boso's influence in the conclave. He was raised to the higher grade of cardinal-priest of St. Pudenziana by Alexander. Baronius mentions his name as one of the pope's companions on the celebrated journey to Venice in 1177. His name appears among the list of witnesses to a charter of privileges and immunities granted by Alexander III to the monastery of St. Maria in Organo of the order of St. Benedict. His signature is also attached to many bulls and other documents of the period of Adrian and Alexander (Cabdella). He died at Home in the autumn (Ciaccone), probably of the year 1181 ; for though Cardella states that his influence maimy secured the election of Lucius III (1181-82), yet his name does not appear in any of the documents of that pontificate.
Ciaccone says that he wrote several learned theological works referred to in the 'Catalogs Scriptorum Angliæ.' He certainly wrote nine poetical lives of female saints, which exist in the Cotton MSS. He was a poet of no inconsiderable merit for his time, and took care to hand down his name to posterity in his own rhymes.
[Migne's Troisième Encyclopedie Théologique, Dictionnaire des Cardinaux, vol. xxxi. ; Alonso Ciaccone (Chacon or Chaconius), Nomenclator Sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ, 487, h. 16 ; Baronius (Pagius), Annales Ecclesiatici, xix. 443, 445, and Index, vol. i. ; Cardella's Memorie de' Cardinali, vol. i. ; Williams's Lives of the English Cardinals (very imperfect) ; Greenwood's Cathedra Petri.]
B. C. S.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Q. Atrius

​Q. A'TRIUS, was left on the coast in Britain to take care of the ships, b. c. 54, while Caesar himself marched into the interior of the country. (Caes. B. G. v. 9, 10.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Quirinus, P. Sulpicius 1.

​QUIRI´NUS, P. SULPI´CIUS. 1. Censor B. C. 42 with L. Antonius Pietas, and consul suffectus B. C. 36 in the place of M. Cocceius Nerva (Fasti).
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Rhoecus 1.

RHOECUS (Ῥoίκος), a centaur who, conjointly with Hylaeus, pursued Atalanta in Arcadia, but was killed by her with an arrow (Apollod. iii. 9. § 2; Callim. Hymn. in Dian. 221; Aelian, V. H. xiii. 1). This centaur is perhaps the same as the one who is called Rhoetus by Latin poets. (Rhoetus.) [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Q. Veranius

​Q. VERA'NIUS, was appointed by Tiberius the Caesar's legatus or governor of Cappadocia, when the country was reduced to the form of a Roman province in A. D. 18. Veranius was one of the friends of Germanicus, and accordingly took an active part in A. D. 20 in the prosecution of Cn. Piso, who was believed to have poisoned Germanicus. After the death of Piso in this year [Piso, No. 23], Veranius was rewarded with one of the priestly dignities. He was consul in the reign of Claudius A. D. 49 with C. Pompeius Gallus. In the reign of Nero, A. D. 58 he succeeded Didius Gallus as governor of Britain, but died there within a year, and was followed in the government by Suetonius Paulinus. (Tac. Ann. ii. 56, 74, iii. 10, 13, 17, 19, xii. 5, xiv. 29, Agr. 14.) It was probably to this Veranius that Onosander dedicated his work on military tactics. [Onosander.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Procne

​PROCNE (Πρόκνη), a daughter of king Pandion of Athens, was the wife of Tereus, and was metamorphorsed into a swallow. (Apollod. iii. 14. § 8; Thucyd. ii. 29.) [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Rhesus

​RHESUS (Ῥῆσος). 1. A river-god in Bithynia, one of the sons of Oceanus and Thetys, (Hes. Theog. 340; Hom. Il. xii. 21; comp. Strab. xiii. p. 590.)
2. A son of king Eioneus in Thrace, and an ally of the Trojans in their war with the Greeks. He possessed horses white as snow and swift as the wind, which were carried off by night by Odysseus and Diomedes, the latter of whom murdered Rhesus himself in his sleep (Hom. Il. x. 435, 495, &c.; Virg. Aen. i. 469, with Serv. note). In later writers Rhesus is described as a son of Strymon and Euterpe, or Calliope, or Terpsichore. (Apollod. i. 3. §4; Conon, Narrat. 4; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 817; Eurip. Rhesus.)
[L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Rhoecus 2.

Rhoecus (Ῥoίκος), the son of Phileas or Philaeus, of Samos, an architect and statuary, belonging to the earliest period in the history of Greek art, is mentioned as the head of a family of Samian artists,the accounts respecting whom present considerable difficulties, the discussion of which belongs more properly to the articles Telecles and Theodorus. It is enough, in this place, to give as the most probable result of the inquiry, the genealogy by which Müller (Arch. d. Kunst. § 60) exhibits the succession and dates of these artists.
Respecting Rhoecus himself we are informed that he was the first architect of the great temple of Hera at Samos (Herod. iii. 60), which Theodorus completed; and also, in conjunction with Smilis and Theodorus, of the labyrinth at Lemnos (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 13, s. 19. § 3); that he, and the members of his family who succeeded him, invented the art of casting statues in bronze and iron (Paus. viii. 14. § 5, s. 8; Plin. H. N. xxxv. 12, s. 43), and that there still existed, at the time of Pausanias, in the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, a bronze statue of rude antique workmanship, which was said to represent night, and to have been the work of Rhoecus. (Paus. x. 38. § 3, s. 6.) [P. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Rhoetus 1.

RHOETUS 1. A centaur, probably the same whom Greek poets call Rhoecus. At the wedding of Peirithous he was wounded by Dryas and took to flight. (Ov. Met. xii. 300; comp. Virg. Georg. ii. 456.) [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Leonidas (literary) 1.

LEO′NIDAS or LEO′NIDES, literary. 1. Of Tarentum, the author of upwards of a hundred epigrams in the Doric dialect. His epigrams formed a part of the Garland of Meleager. In Brunck's Analecta, some of the epigrams ascribed to Leonidas of Tarentum belong properly to Leonidas of Alexandria; and on the other hand, some, which are found in other parts of the Anthology, should be restored to Leonidas of Tarentum. Jacobs (Anth. Graec. vol. xiii. pp. 909, 910) points out the necessary corrections; Meineke (Delect. Poet. Anth. Graec. pp. 24-52) has re-edited and re-arranged the epigrams of this writer, the number of which he makes 108. The epigrams are chiefly inscriptions for dedicatory offerings and works of art, and, though not of a very high order of poetry, are usually pleasing, ingenious, and in good taste. Bernhardy not unhappily characterises them as being "in a sharp lapidary style" (Grundriss. d. Griech. Litt. vol. ii. p. 1055). All that we know of the poet's date is collected from his epigrams, and the indications are not very certain. He seems, however, to have lived in the time of Pyrrhus (Jacobs, l. c.). From one of the epigrams ascribed to him (No. 100, Br. and Jac., No. 98, Meineke), and which may either have been written after his death, or by himself for his own epitaph, we learn that he was born at Tarentum, and after many wanderings during which the Muses were his chief solace, he died and was buried at a distance from his native land.
[P. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Leonidas 2.

LEO′NIDAS （Λεωνίδας), physician who was a native of Alexandria, and belonged to the sect of the Episynthetici (Pseudo-Galen, Introd. c. 4. vol. xiv. p. 684; Cael. Aurel. De Morb. Acut. ii. 1, p. 75). As he is quoted by Caelius Aurelianus (l. c.), and himself quotes Galen (ap. Aët. iv. 2, 11, p. 688), he probably lived in the second and third centuries after Christ. Of his writings, which appear to have chiefly related to surgical subjects, nothing remains but some fragments preserved by Aëtius (pp. 241, 397, 686, 687, 688, 689, 691,692, 736, 741, 743, 799, 800, 802) and Paulus Aegineta (iv. 59,p. 534, vi. 32, 44, 64, 67, 78, pp. 562, 569, 578, 580, 585), from which we may judge that he was a skilful practitioner.
[W. A. G.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Leonidas (historical) 4.

LEO′NIDAS 4. A general of Antigonus, who, in B. C. 320, repressed by a skilful stratagem the revolt of 3000 Macedonians in Lycaonia (Polyaen. iv. 6). It is possible that he may have left the service of Antigonus for that of Ptolemy, in which case he may be identified with the one immediately below.
[E. E.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Leonidas (literary) 5.

LEO′NIDAS 5. The tutor of Cicero's son Marcus, at Athens. (Cic. ad Div. xvi. 21, ad Att. xiv. 16.)
[P. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Leonidas (historical) 5.

LEO′NIDAS 5. A general of Ptolemy Soter, who sent him in B. C. 310 to dislodge from the maritime towns of Cilicia the garrisons of Antigonus, which, it was alleged, the treaty of the preceding year required him to withdraw. Leonidas was successful at first, but Demetrius Poliorcetes, arriving soon after, defeated him and regained the towns (Diod. xx. 19). Suidas tells us (s. v. Δημήτριος ῾ο Ἀντιγόνου) that Ptolemy, after having restored freedom to the Greek cities, left Leonidas in Greece as governor. He may perhaps be referring to Ptolemy's expedition to Greece in B. C. 308, with the professed object of vindicating the liberty of the several states there (see Diod. xx. 37; Plut. Dem. 15), and the name Leonidas may be intended for Cleonidas. But the whole statement in Suidas is singularly confused.
[E. E.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Leonidas (literary) 4.

LEO′NIDAS 4. A Stoic philosopher of Rhodes (Strab. xiv. p. 655), and perhaps the same as the author of a work on Italy, which is quoted by Tzetzes (Schol. ad Lycophr. 756).
[P. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Leonidas 1.

LEO′NIDAS a patronus causarum in the tribunal of the praefectus praetorio at Constantinople. He was one of the 16 commissioners appointed to compile the Digest under the presidency of Tribonian. (Const. Tanta, § 9; Const. Δέδωκεν, § 9.)
[J.T. G.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Leonidas (historical) 3.

LEO′NIDAS 3. A kinsman of Olympias, the mother of Alexander the Great, was entrusted with the main superintendence of Alexander's education in his earlier years, apparently before he became the pupil of Aristotle. Leonidas was a man of austere character, and trained the young prince in hardy and self-denying habits. Thus, he would even examine the chests which contained his pupil's bedding and clothes, to see whether Olympias had placed any thing there that might minister to luxury. There were two excellent cooks (said Alexander afterwards) with which Leonidas had furnished him,-a night's march to season his breakfast, and a scanty breakfast to season his dinner. On one occasion, when Alexander at a sacrifice was throwing large quantities of incense on the fire, "be more sparing of it," said Leonidas, "till you have conquered the country where it grows." Alexander sent him afterwards from Asia 600 talents' weight of incense and myrrh, "that he might no longer be penurious" (so ran the message) "in his offerings to the gods." (Plut. Alex. 22, 25, Reg. et Imp. Apoph. Alex. 4, 9.) It may be questioned whether the rough discipline of Leonidas was not carried further than was altogether beneficial to Alexander's character (see Plut. Alex. 7; Thirlwall's Greece, vol. vi. p. 90, note 3).
[E. E.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Leonidas (literary) 3.

LEO′NIDAS 3. Of Byzantium, the son of Metrodorus, who wrote a work, Ἁλιευτικά (Athen. i. 13, c.) which is often quoted by Aelian (N. A. ii. 6, 50, iii. 18, xii. 42).
[P. S.]