OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Williams, Frederick Smeeton

​WILLIAMS, FREDERICK SMEETON (1829–1886), congregational divine, born at Newark in 1829, was the second son of Charles Williams. His mother's maiden name was Smeeton.
His father, Charles Williams (1796–1866), congregational divine, born in London on 18 July 1796, was the son of a foreman in an engine factory. After working in his father's factory he entered the establishment of a bookseller in Piccadilly named Sharpe, and soon became principal manager. Resolving to enter the ministry, he studied at Rothwell and at Hoxton Academy, and accepted a call to Newark-upon-Trent, whence in 1833 he removed to Salisbury to minister to the congregation in Endless Street. In 1835 he went to London, and was for twelve years editor to the Religious Tract Society. Besides editing many of the society's periodicals, such as the ‘Visitor’ and the ‘Christian Spectator,’ he wrote seventy-five distinct publications for the society during his term of office. Some of them became popular, but as they were published anonymously many cannot be identified. In 1850 Williams removed to St. John's Wood, and subsequently became pastor at Sibbertoft in Northamptonshire, where he died on 16 June 1866. Among his publications were: 1. ‘The Seven Ages of England, or its Advancement in Art, Literature, and Science,’ London, 1836, 8vo. 2. ‘Curiosities of Animal Life,’ London, 1848, 16mo. 3. ‘George Mogridge: his Life, Character, and Writings,’ London, 1856, 8vo. 4. ‘Dogs and their Ways,’ London, 1863, 8vo. 5. ‘The First Week of Time; or Scripture in Harmony with Science,’ London, 1863, 8vo (Congregational Year Book, 1867, p. 326).
The son, Frederick Smeeton, was educated at University College, London, and entered New College, St. John's Wood, in 1850, as a student for the ministry. In 1857 he became pastor of the newly formed congregation at Claughton, near Birkenhead, but, resigning the charge some years later, he resided for a time with his father at Sibbertoft. Upon the formation of the Congregational Institute in 1861 Williams became tutor in conjunction with the principal, the Rev. John Brown Paton, and remained in that position until his death. He died at Nottingham on 26 Oct. 1886, and was buried in the church cemetery on 30 Oct. He left a widow and eight children.
Williams was widely known as a writer on English railways. In 1852 he published his most important work, ‘Our Iron Roads: their History, Construction, and Social Influences’ (London, 8vo), which reached a seventh edition in 1888. In 1876 appeared ‘The Midland Railway: its Rise and Progress’ (London, 8vo), which attained a fifth edition in 1888. He was also the author of several religious pamphlets and of ‘The Wonders of the Heavens,’ London, 1852, 12mo; new edit. 1860.
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Williams, George (1762-1834)

​WILLIAMS, GEORGE (1762–1834), physician, was baptised at Catherington, Hampshire, on 24 Nov. 1762, being the younger son of John Williams, vicar of Catherington. Williams was entered on the foundation at Winchester in 1775, where he was distinguished for his recitations of Homer, which he had learnt from his father, and in November 1777 entered Corpus Christi College, Oxford, with a Hampshire scholarship. He graduated B.A. in 1781, and became a fellow of his college, and then studied medicine at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, proceeding M.A. in 1785 and M.D. in 1788. He then began to practise in Oxford, and in 1789 was chosen one of the physicians to the Radcliffe Infirmary. On the death of Professor John Sibthorp [q. v.] in 1796 Williams was appointed regius and Sherardian professor of botany; but in this capacity it has been said of him that he, ‘although an elegant scholar, added nothing to botanical science.’ On the death of Thomas Hornsby [q. v.], Williams was in 1810 chosen Radcliffe librarian, being the first physician to hold the office, and he carried out a scheme to devote the Radcliffe Library to books on medicine and physiology, preparing an index catalogue of the collection. In 1832 he became vice-president of Corpus, and on 17 Jan. 1834 he died at his residence in High Street, Oxford. Williams was buried in the churchyard of St. Peter's-in-the-East, Oxford; he is commemorated by a monument in Corpus Christi College Chapel. He bequeathed 500l. to improve the buildings in the Oxford Botanical Garden. Williams became a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1798, and of the Royal College of Physicians in 1799.
[Gent. Mag. 1834, i. 334; Munk's Coll. of Phys. ii. 467; Kirby's Winchester Scholars, p. 269; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715–1886.]
G. S. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Williams, Griffith (1769-1838)

​WILLIAMS, GRIFFITH (1769–1838), Welsh bard, only son of William Williams and his wife Catherine, daughter of Morgan Griffith, was born at Hafod Oleu in the parish of Llan Beblig, Carnarvonshire, on 2 Feb. 1769. Not long after his birth the family moved to Llwyn Celyn, Llan Beris; his father died soon afterwards, and when he had been a twelve month at school he was forced to seek employment as a farm hand. After serving in various farms at Anglesey he found work in 1790 at Lord Penrhyn's quarry, and henceforward followed for thirty years the occupation of a quarryman, holding subordinate offices as he grew older. He married, on 21 June 1794, Elizabeth, daughter of Ellis Jones, and in a few years moved to her home at Braich Talog, Llan Degai, where he spent the rest of his days. He died on 18 Sept. 1838, and was buried at Llan Degai.
'Gutyn Peris' (such was his bardic title) won his first triumph as a bard in 1803, when the Gwyneddigion Society awarded him their medal for his ode to the memory of Goronwy Owen [q. v.] In 1808 he composed for Lady Penrhyn a Welsh elegy upon her husband; two years later he was the winner at St. Asaph eisteddfod of prizes for an ode on the royal jubilee and another to the memory of Queen Elizabeth. Some of his ​poems were printed by Dafydd Ddu Eryri in 'Corph y Gaine' (1810), and in 1816 he published a volume of Welsh verse himself, entitled 'Ffrwyth Awen.' In 1811 he again won a prize for an ode to 'Agriculture.' During the rest of his life he was less successful; his ode on 'Belshazzar's Feast' was second at Denbigh in 1828, but was printed with the winner's in the 'Transactions' of the eisteddfod (Chester, 1830); at Beaumaris also in 1832 he took the second place in the competition for the best ode on the 'Wreck of the Rothesay Castle.' His knowledge of the Welsh metres was thorough, but he had few of the gifts of a poet.
[There is a full memoir, with a portrait, in the Gwladgarwr for 1839; letters which passed between the poet and his brother bards will be found in Adgof uwch Anghof, Penygroes, 1883.]
J. E. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Robin Ddu o Fon

​ROBIN Ddu o Fon. [See Hughes, Robert, 1744?–1785, Welsh poet.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Robin of Redesdale

​ROBIN of Redesdale (fl. 1469), rebel captain, is difficult to identify. After Edward IV's marriage with Elizabeth Woodville, the consequent political disaffection centred in the north of England. There were two risings in 1469. One was headed by Robert Hildyard; the other, instigated by Warwick and Clarence, was led by ‘Robin of Redesdale.’ It was probably thought convenient to have a popular fictitious name as a watchword [see Hood, Robin], and Robin of Redesdale seems to have been the pseudonym adopted by a member of the numerous Conyers family. He was either Sir William Conyers (d. 1495) of Marske or his brother, Sir John Conyers, K.G., who, as head of his family, lived at Hornby, Yorkshire. Warkworth identifies Robin with Sir William (Chron. pp. 6, 44–5), and is followed by Mr. Gairdner. But Sir John and his son (also Sir John) took a prominent part in the rebellion. The two Sir Johns seem to have marched south with the rebels, and at Edgecote in Northamptonshire, on 26 July 1469, helped to defeat the Earl of Pembroke and his brother, Richard Herbert, but the younger Sir John was slain there. A year later, when Edward went into the north after his victory over rebels in Lincolnshire, at the battle of Lose Coat Field, the elder Sir John Conyers and Hildyard came in to him. The former lived until 1490, and was much favoured by Henry VII (cf. Campbell, Materials for the Reign of Henry VII, Rolls Ser., i. 63, 277, &c.), to whom he was a knight of the body. He married Margery, daughter of Philip, lord Darcy, and was succeeded in his estates by his grandson William (b. 1468), son of the Sir John who was killed at Edgecote.
W. A. J. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Robin Ddu o'r Glyn

​ROBIN Ddu o'r Glyn. [See Davies, Robert, 1769?–1835, Welsh poet.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Robertson, Wybrow

​ROBERTSON, Mrs. WYBROW (1847–1884), actress. [See Litton, Marie.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Robin ab Gwilym Ddu

​ROBIN ab Gwilym Ddu. [See Williams, Robert, 1767–1850, Welsh poet.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Robertson, William Tindal

​ROBERTSON, Sir WILLIAM TINDAL (1825–1889), physician, eldest son of Frederick Fowler Robertson of Bath, and of Anne Tindal his wife, was born in 1825. He was educated at King Edward VI's grammar school at Grantham, and he afterwards became a pupil of Dr. H. P. Robarts of Great Coram Street, and a student of University College, London. He matriculated at the London University in 1846, but he does not appear to have graduated. He obtained a license to practise from the Apothecaries' Company in 1848, and was admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1850. He acted as resident medical officer at the Middlesex Hospital in 1848–9, and he became a resident surgeon to the Royal Free Hospital in 1850. He afterwards proceeded to Paris to complete his medical studies, and in 1853 he graduated M.D. at Edinburgh. He commenced to practise in Nottingham in the following year, and for nearly twenty years he acted as physician to the Nottingham General Hospital. An able speaker and an excellent organiser, he soon made his influence felt in Nottingham. Largely owing to his energy, the town now holds a conspicuous position among the great teaching centres of the north of England, for it was through his exertions that the Oxford local examinations were introduced into the town. The Literary and Philosophical Society also owed its origin largely to his endeavours, and he helped to found the Robin Hood rifles. He was a member of the Nottingham town council, and acted as a local secretary when the British Association met in the town in 1866. He also delivered the address on medicine at the meeting of the British Medical Association in 1857. His eyesight began to fail, and he soon became blind from glaucoma in 1873. He retired to Brighton, and in 1874 he was elected a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London. At Brighton he interested himself in politics and municipal affairs. He was chairman of the Brighton town council, J.P. for Brighton and Sussex, chairman of the Brighton Conservative Association in 1880, and M.P. for that borough from 1886 till death. He was knighted in 1888. He died suddenly on 5 Oct. 1889. He married, in 1855, Elizabeth Ann, daughter of John Leavers of The Park, Nottingham, by whom he had four sons.
D’A. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Robin Hood

​ROBIN Hood. [See Hood, Robin, legendary hero.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1904 errata/Volume 49

Dictionary of National Biography
ERRATA IN VOLUME XLIX
ROBINSON—RUSSELL
N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1904 errata/Volume 51

Dictionary of National Biography
ERRATA IN VOLUME LI
SCOFFIN—SHEARES
N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1904 errata/Volume 55

Dictionary of National Biography
ERRATA IN VOLUME LV
STOW—TAYLOR
N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1904 errata/Volume 48

Dictionary of National Biography
ERRATA IN VOLUME XLVIII
REILLY—ROBINS
N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1904 errata/Volume 50

Dictionary of National Biography
ERRATA IN VOLUME L
RUSSEN—SCOBELL
N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1904 errata/Volume 54

Dictionary of National Biography
ERRATA IN VOLUME LIV
STANHOPE—STOVIN
N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1904 errata/Volume 5

Dictionary of National Biography
ERRATA IN VOLUME V
BICHENO-BOTTISHAM
N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1904 errata/Volume 56

Dictionary of National Biography
ERRATA IN VOLUME LVI
TEACH—TOLLET
N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1904 errata/Volume 52

Dictionary of National Biography
ERRATA IN VOLUME LII
SHEARMAN—SMIRKE
N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1904 errata/Volume 53

Dictionary of National Biography
ERRATA IN VOLUME LIII
SMITH—STANGER
N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/khok
### khokkhok

* 咯khok553306
* To clear the throat.

#### khok ŭ hueh chut lâi;

    spat blood.

#### i cē khok-cē-kìe i cū cai;

    as soon as he made the sound of clearing his throat he understood (the signal agreed upon).
* 柝khok915755
* A board with a hole and short handle, used by watchmen to strike the hours.

#### khà khok, tńg jī khok a būe?

    Has the watchmen sounded the second watch yet?

#### úa thiaⁿ-kìⁿ saⁿ khok hŵn-lío būe ût;

    I had not yet been asleep when the third watch struck.

#### lṳ́ tīam-tīam thiaⁿ thóiⁿ khà kúi khok;

    you listen intently and see how many raps there are on the watchman's board.
* 酷khok4561647
* Inhuman; tyrannical.

#### cí kâi kuaⁿ tham khok;

    this ofiicer is avaricious and tyrannical.

#### khok-ngîak;

    inhuman.

#### hêng-huap chám-khok;

    the punishment is cruelly severe.
* 觳觫khok-sok823
* To start, to tremble, as an ox at the sight of a lion.

#### kàu àiⁿ lîah khṳ̀ phōiⁿ cŭe, thóiⁿ tîeh kâi īeⁿ cū khok-sok;

    when he was to be seized and taken to trial, he appeared dreadfully frightened.

#### kiaⁿ kàu khok-khok sok-sok;

    livid with fear.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/kho̤h
### kho̤hkho̤h

* 喀kho̤h429309
* To cough in order to get something out of the throat.

#### jw̆n kho̤h, kho̤h m̄ chut;

    however much I cough, I can't cough it up.
* 兢khô̤h4051012
* Solicitous lest a thing miscarry; cautious; fearful.

#### cék kĭaⁿ sṳ̄ khô̤h-khô̤h-sih;

    is very solicitous about this matter.

#### kiaⁿ kàu khô̤h-khô̤h-sih;

    in an agony of fear.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/khoi
### khoi

* 溪khoi3418510
* A river; a creek; a rivulet.

#### khoi-hô̤;

    rivers.

#### khoi kàu cí-kò̤ pun cò̤ nŏ̤ a;

    the stream here branches off into two forks.

#### khoi cúi tĭⁿ, im kàu bô̤ khoi sua-pà;

    when the river rises the sand banks are wholly submerges.

#### i tŏ̤ khoi-kîⁿ tìeⁿ hṳ̂, ngŏ̤ tîeh kâi nâng khṳ̀ thìo khoi, khṳt i kìu tîeh;

    he was on the margin of the river fishing with hook and line, when a man came along and jumped into the river, and was rescued by him.

#### khoi chíen căi;

    the stream is very shallow.

#### khoi cúi jîeh chim?

    How deep is the river?

#### i ŏi siu kùe khoi;

    he can swim across the stream.

#### lṳ́ cîah tîeh khoi hṳ̂ hó̤ a hái hṳ̂ hó̤?

    Which do you like best, the fish from fresh or from salt waters?

#### pun cêk tîo khoi-kíaⁿ tùi cìeⁿ pôiⁿ khṳ̀;

    sends off a small branch to flow on the hither side.

#### khoi cúi kháu;

    the mouth of a stream.

#### cí tîo khoi kâi ngŵn-thâu sĭ tŏ̤ tī-kò̤?

    Where does this river has its source?

#### i kâi cúi-sì sĭ lâi tùe khoi cìeⁿ pôiⁿ kò̤ lâi;

    the strongest current flows along down this side the river.

#### cīeⁿ-sî kâi khoi bí lâi cōi căi;

    there is lately a great quantity of inland rice coming in.

#### khoi khàm;

    the banks of the river.

#### bī lô̤h khoi tói;

    dive to the bottom of the river.

#### khoi tèng tó̤ phah sua pê;

    dredging out a passage in the river.

#### cí-kò̤ kâi khoi-mīn ío khuah;

    the river is wider here.
* 剃khoi884187
* To shave; to trim and dress hair.

#### hàm kâi thì-thâu-kâi lâi khoi chiu;

    call a barber to trim the beard.

#### khoi mâk-bâi;

    trim the eyebrows.

#### màiⁿ tò̤ khoi, khoi lío jîet-thìaⁿ;

    do not shave in a direction contrary to that in which the hair naturally grows, if you do it it will smart after being shaved.

#### khoi thâu-mô̤;

    cut the hair.
* 契khòi349376
* A covenant; an agreement intended to be enduring; to join; adopted.

#### khòi kṳ̆;

    documentary evidence.

#### âng khòi;

    a stamped deed.

#### pêh khòi;

    an unstamped deed.

#### sùe khò̤i;

    the official fee for stamping a document.

#### châng khòi, chù khòi;

    the deed for the field, and for the house.

#### lâi khṳ̀ i kò̤ sŭ khòi khuah cē;

    going to his house to chat about what happened while we were separated.

#### khòi pĕ;

    an adopted father.

#### in sie-khòi cò̤ cí-mūe;

    they have entered into a compact with each other that they will be sisters.

#### i khòi i cò̤ a hiaⁿ;

    he is bound to stand in the place of elder brother to him.

#### khòi kâi cáu-kíaⁿ;

    a daughter adopted by a compact.

#### cía sĭ i kit khòi kâi hiaⁿ-tĭ;

    this is his brother, adopted by a covenant. (Relationships thus entered into are frequently unwholesome ones).
* 齧khòi10802116
* To gnaw.

#### i tó̤ khòi tṳ-kha-pê;

    he is gnawing a pig's foot.

#### kâk kò̤ kut khṳt i khòi;

    throw him a bone to gnaw.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/khoiⁿ
### khóiⁿ

* 輕槌khóiⁿ102
* To beat with a hammer lightly.

#### i tó̤ cò̤ khóiⁿ ôi-hue kâi khang-khùe;

    he is employed in making the ornaments that are used upon silk shoes.

#### saⁿ-sì cho̤h chòi-thâu cò̤ cêk ē khîeh khṳ̀ khŭ kò̤ khóiⁿ;

    take the three or four lumps of dough and pound them up together in the mortar.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/khong
### khongkhong

* 空khong4641163
* Void; vacant.

#### khong-khong jû;

    entirely empty.

#### pue tŏ̤ khong tang;

    soar in the heavens.

#### kiaⁿ kàu i kâi hûn pue tŏ̤ pùaⁿ khong tèng;

    so frightened that he lost all presence of mind.

#### phêng khong bô̤ kù, cò̤-nî phah i?

    Having no reason for so doing, why did you strike him?

#### phah khong khûn kâi sṳ̄ o̤h cò̤;

    fighting empty handed is hard work.

#### chíeⁿ kàu khong-khong;

    seized and carried off everything that was there.

#### khong mn̂g;

    the abstracted class, Buddhist priests.
* 倥侗khong-thong465
* Rude; doltish; clownish.

#### i sui sĭ cìeⁿ tōa hŵn-lío mih sṳ̄ khong-khong thông-thông;

    although he is large, he is still very awkward and ignorant.
* 孔khóng465391
* An orifice; great.

#### khóng-chieh khui phîn;

    the peacock spreads its tail.

#### i kâi mâk-khóng khuah căi;

    his eyes are very large.

#### i ŭ thâk khóng-cṳ́ cṳ a bô̤?

    Has he read Confucius?

#### i khṳ̀ chūe khóng huang hiaⁿ;

    he has gone in search of the brother with the square hole, i.e. cash.

#### phah kàu i chit khóng lâu hueh;

    beat him till the blood ran from the seven orifices of his head.

#### khì kàu i chit khóng chut in;

    so angry that smoke issued from all the orifices of his head.

#### i kâi mīn chit khóng seⁿ cò̤ cêk phóng;

    his features are all huddled together.
* 控khòng465648
* To accuse; to inform the rulers.

#### khṳ̀ kuaⁿ-hú kò̤ khòng-kò̤;

    go before the magistrate and accuse him.

#### cía sǹg sĭ bû khòng i;

    this is probably a false charge against him.

#### niap-khòng;

    to trump up a charge against.

#### tī-hng kuaⁿ tẁn m̄ tît, ciang-lâi tîeh tì-kàu ​sĭang-khòng;

    if the local magistrate does not decide the case rightly, it must in the future be appealed to a higher court.

#### àiⁿ sĭang-khòng tîeh îu cí ĕ cêk câng cêk câng khòng khí khṳ̀, put lêng hó̤ wt-khòng;

    in appealing, one must carry the case step by step from the lower to the higher courts, one cannot appeal directly to the high officers.
* 空khòng4641163
* Unoccupied; vacant; empty; void.

#### bô̤ kâi sî-hāu ŏi tit khòng;

    have no time unemployed.

#### i sái khui khòng jîeh cōi ngṳ̂n;

    expended a large amount of money.

#### khò-pâng kâi ngṳ̂n khṳt i sái khui-khòng khṳ̀;

    the treasury was emptied by him.

#### khṳt i sái khòng saⁿ sì chng-ngâu chek;

    he used up three or four bins of paddy, from the public granary.
* 朌khòng6511304
* A big forehead.

#### lâi thóiⁿ kâi a-khòng-thâu;

    come and see the jester.

#### i seⁿ lâi sĭ a-khòng;

    he is a natural clown.

#### seⁿ lâi thâu khòng-khòng;

    is big headed, like one who has the rickets.
* 戅khòng1146424
* Stupid; doltish; simple.

#### i kâi nâng, thóiⁿ tîeh khòng-khì khòng-khì;

    he appears to be but half witted.

#### khòng-khòng;

    very stupid.

#### i khòng căi;

    he is very dull.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/khng
### khngkhng

* 糠khng32011911
* Chaff; blasted grain; broken grain.

#### cho-khng;

    the chaff.

#### chio cē khng-pn̄g khṳt koi cîah;

    mix up some food for the fowls.

#### khng-kíaⁿ;

    finely broken grain mingled with chaff.

#### tṳ khng;

    the refuse left after pounding rice for the last time.
* 藏khǹg95014014
* To lay away for safe keeping; to store up; to put by carefully; to conceal.

#### khǹg miⁿ-miⁿ;

    put away out of sight.

#### jû tó̤ khǹg châng phò khòi cêk īeⁿ;

    as carefully as you would put away the title deeds of fields and shops.

#### lṳ́ thóiⁿ khǹg ŭ sĭm-mûeh tŏ̤;

    you look and see what there is put away there.

#### àm-cĕⁿ khǹg ki to̤ tŏ̤ sin tèng;

    secretly concealed a knife upon his person.

#### khǹg-pàng ​tī-kò̤?

    Where is is laid away?

#### khǹg ŭ ku-ā cun;

    he has put away several bottles of it.

#### i khǹg ŭ tōa-bó̤-mûeh cîⁿ;

    he has a large amount of money laid away.

#### khǹg tŏ̤ càng tèng;

    stored in the go-down.

#### lṳ́ hó̤ kio úa khǹg hó̤;

    you keep it carefully for me.

#### bô̤ kò̤ hó̤ khǹg;

    I have no place to keep it.

#### hṳ́ ciah tû khǹg sĭm-mûeh?

    What is in that cupboard?
* 勸khǹg4531918
* To exhort; to expostulate with; to urge.

#### khǹg kòi kàu i hûe sim tńg ì;

    plead with him till he changes his mind.

#### khǹg ì hûa;

    exhort to peace.

#### cía sĭ khǹg sì bûn;

    these are moral exhortations.

#### khǹg nâng tôi cîⁿ;

    urge people to contribute money.

#### khǹg cíu;

    urge to take wine.