OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Teisserenc de Bort, Pierre Edmond

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​TEISSERENC DE BORT, PIERRE EDMOND (1814–1892), French writer and politician, was born at Chateauroux on the 17th of September 1814, and entered the civil service after the completion of his education at the École Polytechnique. He was a railway expert, becoming secretary-general of the Railway Commission established in 1842, government commissioner to the authorized railway companies, administrator of the Lyons-Mediterranean railway, and commissioner to examine foreign railways. In 1846 he was returned to the Chamber of Deputies for Herault, but the revolution of 1848 drove him into private life, from which he only emerged after the downfall of the Empire, when in February 1871 he was returned to the National Assembly. He supported the government of Thiers and was minister of agriculture and commerce in 1872–73. He sat in the Left Centre, and steadily supported republican principles. He entered the Senate in 1876, and was minister of agriculture in the Dufaure-Ricard cabinet of that year, retaining his portfolio in the Jules Simon ministry which fell on the 16th of May 1877. In 1878, when he joined the new Dufaure cabinet, he opened the Paris exhibition of agriculture and manufactures, the original suggestion of which had been made by him during his 1876 ministry. In 1879 he was sent as ambassador to Vienna, whence he was next year recalled on the score of health. Two years later he re-entered the Senate, where he did good service to the cause of “Republican Defence” during the Boulangist agitation. He died in Paris on the 29th of July 1892. His works consist of discussions of railway policy from the technical and economic side.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Telamones

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​TELAMONES (Gr. τελάμων, supporter, from τλήναι, to bear), in architecture the term used by the Romans as equivalent to Atlantes (the Greek term) for male figures employed to carry architraves and cornices. The best-known examples are those in the tepidarium of the baths of Pompeii, which consist of small figures in terra-cotta, 2 ft. high, placed between niches and carrying a cornice.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Telang, Kashinath Trimbak

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​TELANG, KASHINATH TRIMBAK (1850–1893), Indian judge and oriental scholar, was born at Bombay on the 30th of August 1850. By profession an advocate of the high court, he also took a vigorous share in literary, social, municipal and political work, as well as in the affairs of the university of Bombay, over which he presided as vice-chancellor from 1892 till his death. At the age of five Telang was sent to the Amarchaud Wadi vernacular school, and in 1859 entered the high school in Bombay which bears the name of Mountstuart Elphinstone. Here he came under the influence of Narayan Mahadev Purmanand, a teacher of fine intellect and force of character, afterwards one of Telang’s most intimate friends. ​From this school he passed to the Elphinstone College, of which he became a fellow, and after taking the degree of M.A. and LL.B., decided to follow the example of Bal Mangesh Wagle, the first Indian admitted by the judges to practise on the original side of the high court, a position more like the status of a barrister. than a vakil or pleader. He passed the examination and was enrolled in 1872. His learning and other gifts soon brought him an extensive practice. He had complete command of. the English language, and his intimacy with Sanskrit enabled him to study and quote the Hindu law-books with an ease not readily attained by European counsel. Telang, finding his career assured, declined an offer of official employment. But in 1889 he accepted a seat on the high court bench, where his judgments are recognized as authoritative, especially on the Hindu law. He was syndic of the university from 1881, and vice-chancellor from 1892 till his death. In that year also he was elected president of the local branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. These two offices had never been held by a native of India before. The decoration of C.I.E. conferred on him in 1882 was a recognition of his services as a member of a mixed commission appointed by the government to deal with the educational system of the whole of India. He was nominated to the local legislative council in 1884, but declined a similar position on the viceroy's council. Along with P.M. Metha, he was the originator of the Bombay Presidency Association. When a student he had won the Bhugwandas scholarship in Sanskrit, and in this language his later studies were profound. His translation of the Bhagwadgita into English prose and verse is a standard work; and he criticized Professor Weber's hypothesis that the story of the Ramayana was influenced by the Homeric epics. While devoted to the sacred classics of the Hindus, Telang did not neglect his own vernacular, Mahratti literature being enriched by his translation of Lessing's Nathan the Wise, and an essay on Social Compromise. He died at Bombay on the 1st of September 1893.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Telav

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​TELAV, a town of Russian Transcaucasia, in the government of Tiflis, 63 m. N.E. of the town of Tiflis, on the river Alazan and at an altitude of 2420 ft. Pop. (1897) 11,810, chiefly Armenians (9000) and Georgians (2000). Telav is a very old town, founded in 893, and until 1797 it was the capital of Kakhetia, and has ruins of old forts. In the neighbourhood are the Ikaltoi monastery (6th century), the Shuanty monastery (16th century), and the originally 10th century Alaverdi church, visited by many pilgrims. Wine is exported.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Telemark

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​TELEMARK, or Thelemark, a district of southern Norway, wholly comprised in the amt (county) of Bratsberg. It covers the uplands and fjelds of the southward projection of the country, having its highest point in the Gaustafjeld (6200 ft.); and contains several large and beautiful lakes, as Nordsjö, Bandaksvand, Tinsjö, Mjösvand and Totakvand. The two ​first are connected by the Bandaks canal, a fine engineering work giving access from the port of Skien to Dalen at the head of Bandaksvand. From Dalen, which may be reached by road from the railway at Kongsberg (38 miles) a driving road much frequented by travellers runs north-west. It traverses a precipitous wooded gorge, its course in parts hewn out of the rock, and skirts the Borte and Grungedal lakes, follows the Flaathyl river, passes the Vafos and Little Rjukanfos (waterfalls), and Lake Voxli, and culminates at Haukelidsaeter, a station grandly situated among the fjelds at a height of 3085 ft. It rises to the watershed (3715 ft.) and then, leaving the district, descends abruptly with a remarkable winding course to Roldal (58 miles from Dalen), and soon divides, one branch surmounting the Horrebraekke pass and continuing to Odde, the other traversing the beautiful Bratlandsdal. On the Kongsberg-Dalen road is Hitterdal. with a good specimen of the Stavekirke or medieval timber-built church. A divergence from this route may be made by way of Tinsjo to Fosso, where the Maan river forms a fine fall (Rjukanfos) of 415 ft.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Telemachus

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​TELEMACHUS, in Greek legend (Odyssey i.–iv., xv.–xxiv.; Hyginus, Fab. 127), son of Odysseus and Penelope. When he reached manhood, he visited Pylos and Sparta to make inquiries about his father, who had been absent for nearly twenty years. On his return, he found that Odysseus had reached home before him. Then father and son, aided by Eumaeus and Philoetius, slew or drove out the suitors of Penelope (see Odysseus). According to later tradition, Telemachus became the husband of Circe and by her the father of Latinus and of a daughter Roma, afterwards the wife of Aeneas. In another story, he married a daughter of Circe, named Cassiphone; having slain his mother-in-law in a quarrel, he was himself killed by his wife. This is the only notice of the death of Telemachus. The foundation of Clusium in Etruria was attributed to him.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Teleology

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​TELEOLOGY (Gr. τέλος, end), in philosophy and theology, strictly that branch of study which considers "final causes" as real principles of explanation, i.e. which explains things as existing solely as prerequisites of the results which they produce. More commonly the term is applied to the doctrine that the universe as a whole has been planned on a definite design, or at least that it tends towards some end. The term has been used very loosely, and its meaning has changed considerably. The root idea arises from the analogy of the acts of human beings which are observed to have certain purposes: hence it was natural to assume that the whole sum of existence with its amazing complexity and its orderly progress can be explained only on the assumption of a similar plan devised by a conscious agent. Such a view is essential to any theistic view of the universe which postulates God as the Creator, omniscient and all-good. The modern theory of evolution, on the other hand, has reintroduced a scientific teleology of another type. This is discussed, from the biologist's point of view, in the article Zoology. Teleology, in this narrower sense, as the study of the adaptation of organic structures to the service of the organisms in which they occur, was completely revolutionized by Darwinism and the research founded on it.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vermorel, Auguste Jean Marie

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​VERMOREL, AUGUSTE JEAN MARIE (1841–1871), French journalist, was born at Denicé, France, on the 21st of June 1841. A radical and socialist, he was attached to the staff of the Presse (1864) and the Liberté (1866). In the latter year he was appointed editor of the Courrier Français, and his attacks on the government in that organ led to his imprisonment. In 1869 he was editor of the Réforme, and was again imprisoned for denouncing the government. On the overthrow of the Empire in 1870 he was released and took an active part in the Commune. He was dangerously wounded while fighting at the barricades, taken prisoner and removed to Versailles, where he died on the 20th of June 1871.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Verneuil

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​VERNEUIL, a town of north-western France, in the department of Eure, 34 m. S.S.W. of Evreux by rail. Pop. (1906) 3529. Verneuil, situated on the left bank of the Avre, has a number of old houses and churches. Of the latter the most important is the church of La Madeleine (11th to 17th century), the facade of which is flanked by an imposing square tower of the first half of the 16th century, similar in origin and appearance to the Tour de Beurre of Rouen cathedral. The church contains old stained glass, an ironwork pulpit and other works of art. The church of Notre Dame (12th and 16th centuries) possesses stone carvings of the Romanesque period and good stained glass. The Tour Grise is a fine cylindrical keep built in 1120 by Henry I., who fortified Verneuil as a stronghold for the Norman frontier. The town rose to -considerable importance, and is said to have numbered as many as 25,000 inhabitants.
In 1424 the French were severely defeated by John, duke of Bedford, under the walls of Verneuil, which was then surrendered to the English; this victory confirmed the supremacy of the English over the country north of the Loire. The town was recaptured in 1449. It carries on ironfounding, dyeing and the manufacture of machinery.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Verneuil, Phillippe Édouard Poulletier de

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​VERNEUIL, PHILLIPPE ÉDOUARD POULLETIER DE (1805–1873), French palaeontologist, was born in Paris on the 13th of February 1805. He was educated for the law, but being of independent means he was free to follow his own inclinations, and having attended lectures on geology by Elie de Beaumont he was so attracted to the subject that he devoted himself assiduously to the study of science. He spent several years in travel through various parts of Europe, specially examining the geology of the Crimea, on which he published an essay (Mem. Soc. Géol. France, 1837). He next investigated the Devonian rocks and fossils of the Bas-Boulonnais; and in 1839 accompanied Sedgwick and Murchison in a study of the older Palaeozoic rocks of the Rhenish provinces and Belgium, the palaeontological results being communicated to the Geological Society of London in conjunction with D’Archiac. When Murchison commenced his geological examination of the Russian empire, he requested de Verneuil to accompany him, and the researches of the latter were incorporated in the second volume of The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains (1845). Subsequently de Verneuil paid a visit to the United States to study the history of the palaeozoic rocks in that country, and the results were published in 1847 (Bull. Soc. Géol. France). In later years he made numerous expeditions into Spain, and his observations were embodied in Cartegiologique de l’Espagne et du Portugal (1864), prepared in association with E. Collomb. In 1853 the Wollaston medal of the Geological Society of London was awarded to him, and in 1860 he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Society. He died in Paris on the 29th of May 1873.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vermouth

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​VERMOUTH, an alcoholic beverage, the basis of which consists of a fortified and aromatized white wine. The best French vermouth is made from the white wines of the Hérault district. The wine is fortified with spirit up to a strength of about 15% of alcohol, and is then stored in casks exposed to the sun’s rays for a year or two. Another portion of the wine is fortified up to a strength of about 50% of alcohol, and in this various aromatic and tonic materials are macerated, in casks which are exposed to the sun in the same way as the bulk of the wine. The two liquids are then mixed in such proportions as to make the strength of the ultimate product about 17% of alcohol by volume. Excellent vermouth is also manufactured in Italy, the produce of that country being generally of a “sweet,” that made in France of a “dry” type.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vernacular

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​VERNACULAR (Lat. verno, dim. vernaculus, a slave born in his master’s house), a term meaning native or indigenous, belonging to the country where a person is born. The word is practically confined in English usage to language, whether of the country as a whole or of particular dialects or idioms.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Veronese, Angela

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VERONESE, ANGELA,
Of Treviso. Under the Arcadian name of Aglaia Anassilide, she began at an early age to produce the aspirations of her muse. The Abé Bernardi and the Abé Viviani were struck by the talent of these little effusions, that they offered the young authoress valuable criticisms and instructions. So rapid was her improvement, that she received praise and encouragement from the celebrated Cesarotti. Her style is elegant, and beauty of thought, embellished by a fine imagination, is seen in all her poems.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Verza, Curtoni-Guastaveza Silvia

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VERZA, CURTONI-GUASTAVEZA SILVIA,
Is a Venetian. This erudite and excellent lady was happily formed by nature—of an amiable disposition, and wisely-balanced character, adapted to fulfil every duty. Educated in a Benedictine convent, her first wish was to continue among the sisters who had guided her childhood. An acquaintance with her future husband banished these thoughts of seclusion, and a happy marriage brought a brief felicity to her life. She lost the object of her affections, and her days have since been passed in widowhood. This affliction has perhaps given the tender flow which distinguishes her "Elegies," poems that breathe the very soul of sorrow. She has written poetic epistles to her nephew, and some agreeably sketched portraits of friends in lively prose. Her works are comprehended in several Tolumes published at Verona.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Victoria the Heroine

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VICTORIA,
Has been denominated the Heroine or Empress of the West; she was contemporary with Zenobia, the no less celebrated Empress of the eastern division of the Roman territory, and is said to have illuminated by her character and actions the darkness which enveloped Gaul, Spain, and Britain, over which countries she held absolute dominion, although commonly ruling in the name of one or other of the six emperors, who were through her influence invested with the purple. The first of these was her son Victorinus, the second her grandson Victorinus Augustus, both of whom died a violent death, as did also Marius, who, from an humble station was raised to the imperial dignity; Posthumus, the next emperor, was likewise killed; of Ælianus, the next, who reigned seven years, the fate is not recorded; he was succeeded by Tetricus, who afterwards rewarded his relative Victoria for obtaining his nomination and accession to the throne, by procuring her destruction. Amid all these changes, up to the time of her death, "Aurelia Victoria Augusta," as historians have called her, maintained, in defiance of the Roman arms, supreme authority over those she had exalted and over the people she was appointed to rule. The city of Cologne was the seat of her government. Equally bold and sagacious, she attended alike to the affairs of state and to the conduct of war. She has been styled the mother of armies; and there is no doubt that she exercised a wonderful influence in the troublous times in which she lived, and dying before her people had submitted to the Roman arms, (in this respect being more happy than the ungrateful Tetricus,) "left," as a modern writer observes, "her fame, untarnished by disgrace, to descend with the memory of her virtues to succeeding ages." A. D. 273 may be assigned as the date of her death.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Varnhagen, Rachel Levin, or Robert

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VARNHAGEN, RACHEL LEVIN, or ROBERT,
Was born at Berlin, in 1771. She was a Jewess by birth; and with no outward advantages to compensate for this grand mischance, she nevertheless raised herself by degrees—and without seeking it, but by sheer instinctive elasticity—to be a queen of thought and taste in the most intellectual country of Europe. Her early education seems to have been much neglected; but, with the strength and compass of soul with which she was gifted, this absence of external influence only caused the internal might to develop itself with more freshness and originality.
In the year 1815, after a long-continued struggle with herself, she felt constrained to make an open profession of Christianity; in the same year, she married K. A. Vamhagen von Ense, and their union was a pre-eminently happy one, although she was several years older than her husband. Her husband published her letters and biography after her death. As an authoress, she is only known through her letters, every one of which breathes a spirit of purity, devotion, and Christian humility, that makes them worthy of a place in every Christian library. She was acquainted and corresponded with most of the distinguished persons in Germany. Schleienmacher, Frederick Shlegel, Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia, and Gentz, the famous historian, all knew and acknowledged the Berlin Jewess, as Pope Paul the Fifth did Cardinal Pen-on:—"May God inspire that man with good thoughts, for whatsoever he says, we must do it!" She was noted for her great strength, vigour, and activity of mind; for her ardent love of truth, and her strong, resolute, and vehement contempt for falsehood or shams of all kinds; and also for the truly womanly grace and kindliness which marked all her actions. Amid the horrors of war in Berlin in 1813, and the greater horrors of pestilence in 1831, she moved about like a magnificent Valkyrie, and exclaimed triumphantly, "My whole day is a feast of doing good!" She died in 1833, at Berlin.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Viardot, Pauline

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VIARDOT, PAULINE,
One of the most celebrated vocalists of the day, is altogether musical in her family relations: her father was the great tenor Emmanuel Garcia, her sister Madame Malabran, and her brother Manuel Garcia, professor of singing at the Conservatoire in Paris, while her mother, formerly Joquina Stiches, had won laurels on the stage of Madrid, under the name of Brian's. Pauline Garcia was born at Paris, on the 18th. of July, 1821. She appears to have been quite an infant prodigy, for we are told that when only four years of age she spoke, in her childish way, four languages, and three years later was capable of playing the piano-forte accompaniments for her father's pupils. It does not appear that Pauline Garcia profited much by her musical connexions; her father died in 1832, before her voice was fixed; her sister was constantly absent fulfilling her various engagements, so that the had only an opportunity of witnessing her performance twice; and her brother residing in Paris, while she was at Brussels, where, when the family had returned from their travels, first to England and then to New York and Mexico, it was decided she should remain to complete her education. Her youthful studies, it seems, comprehended most branches of the arts, and for a while she devoted as much attention to drawing and painting as to music and singing. In consequence of her great manual dexterity, it was thought that she would shine most as a pianist; she was therefore placed under Liszt, and became one of his most accomplished pupils; but as her vocal powers developed themselves, the design of devoting her to this line of musical art was abandoned. In April, 1840, Mdlle. Garcia married M. Louis Viardot, director of the Italian Opera in Paris; she had the year previous made her English débût at the London Opera House in the character of Desdemona, and the year after her marriage she appeared again upon that stage, singing with Mano, and giving evidence of dramatic power of the highest order. Her voice, like that of her sister Malabran, combines the two requisites of soprano and contralto, and embraces a compass of three octaves; it is pure and mellow, remarkable not so much for power as for wonderful flexibility. Her performance of Julia, in "Le Prophet," is considered by many critics to be the finest impersonification of of passion and pathos to be met with on the lyric stage of the ​present day. For their thrilling effect her Spanish songs are equal to the Swedish melodies of Jenny Lind. Her name is associated with the first performance of "Les Huguenots," in which she took the part of Valentine, as well as with the "Splagenia" and "La Juive," and many other of the operatic master-pieces in which she has appeared on the Spanish, German, French, and English stages.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Vigne, Anne de la

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VIGNE, ANNE DE LA,
Was born in 1634, at Vernon, in Normandy. She was the daughter of one of the king's physicians, and was one of the most beautiful and intellectual persons of her time. Her extreme devotion to study brought on a disease of which she died, at Paris, in 1684. She belonged to the academy of the Ricovrati at Padua; and was the intimate friend of Mademoiselle de Scuderi and Marie Dapré. She was distinguished for her poetical talents, and her scientific attainments. Her ode, entitled "Monseigneur le Dauphin au Roi," obtained great reputation.