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# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Knickerbocker History of New York, The

Edition of 1920. See also Washington Irving on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KNICKERBOCKER HISTORY OF NEW YORK, The. Knickerbocker's ‘History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty,’ planned and partly written by Peter and Washington Irving together, was later replanned by the younger brother, entirely executed by him and published in 1809 under the whimsical pretense of being by an eccentric Dutch antiquary, Diedrich Knickerbocker. It was originally meant to be a mere skit by which two gay young men might poke fun at their fellow-townsmen, but it grew unconsciously into a full-bodied masterpiece of good-humored satire which established the settlers of an obscure Dutch colony as permanent citizens of the wider world of historical legend. Irving did not derive from facts his conception of the first New Yorkers, nor did he invent it; he merely followed a tradition current in British satire since the wars with Holland in the 17th century. The idea of writing burlesque history, too, was not novel. Moreover, Book I of the Knickerbocker ‘History,’ with its parodies of pedantic learning, belongs rather with the plan relinquished than with the mature performance. But Irving's indebtedness and his halting overture only slightly modify the credit due him for his comic masterpiece. Hearty affection for New York, tenderness toward any past with a touch of myth in it, natural mellowness of language — these lend substance to a gay and impudent wit. In the third book, which deals with the unforgettable Wouter Van Twiller and the manners of his reign, Irving is at once brilliant and charming. The books recording the deeds of Peter Stuyvesant are even more spirited, particularly in the passages of mock-heroic, which are hardly to be matched elsewhere in English. Illustrations for the ‘History’ have been made by Allston, Leslie, Jarvis and Darley.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Knigge, Adolphus Francis Frederic Louis, Baron de

Edition of 1920. See also Adolph Freiherr Knigge on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KNIGGE, Adolphus Francis Frederic Louis, Baron de, German author: b. Brendenbeck, near Hanover, 16 Oct 1752; d. Bremen, 6 May 1796. In 1769 he went to the University of Göttingen, where he studied law, later became assessor at Cassel, in 1777 was made a chamberlain at Weimar, and finally in 1791,
after leading a very unsettled life, became a resident of Bremen. Here he joined the Illuminati and later became implicated in the disputes relating to that secret order. Of his writings by far the most important is his ‘Ueber den Umgang mit Menschen’ (‘On Intercourse with Men’), which contains much good advice and a collection of upright methods of living so as to get the greatest joy and happiness at the same time being useful. Of his other works those most read were ‘Die Roman meines Lebens’ (1781-87); and ‘Die Reise nach Braunschweig’ (1792), a humorous romance; and ‘Des seligen Etatsrates von Schafskoff hinterlassene Papiere’ (1792). Consult Goedeke, ‘Adolf Freiherr Knigge’ (1844).
# The Genius of America

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "The Genius of America."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* "The Genius of America" (1923), an essay by Stuart Pratt Sherman
* The Genius of America (1923), an essay collection by Stuart Pratt Sherman

## See also

* America
* American
* Genius
# The Genius of America (collection)

Charles Scribner's Sons New York · London 1923
Copyright, 1923, by Charles Scribner's Sons
It was, I believe, no less an authority than Napoleon who declared that there is no indispensable man. This remark has always seemed to me to strike more deeply into the truth of human affairs than Carlyle's saying that history is the biography of great men. Consequently, I was a little surprised after the appearance of my recent book, Americans, to find one of my most intelligent reviewers classifying me as a "hero-worshipper." Great men serve the explorer of a nation's genius as eminent peaks in a mountain range serve the geologist whose eye, travelling swiftly from peak to peak, sees at a glance what course that vast power has taken which has crumpled a continent. But the hero of my book is neither Emerson nor Roosevelt, by including whom among Americans I have, according to one candid correspondent, written my "obituary."
My hero is that continuous power of the national life in the existence of which all our great ​men appear but as momentary eddies and transient formations in the current. They have achieved greatness only in proportion to their capacity to receive this streaming energy. The most useful pursuit of our history and biography must always lead us from the study of forms to the study of the formative spirit, from the study of individuals to the study of that creative force of which they are but temporary representatives. Where does it reside—in what institutions, in what customary and traditional beliefs, in what elements of the popular culture—that genius of America which dispenses, one after another, with all its great servants, and confidently entrusts the destiny of a people to untried hands?
In this book, which is a kind of sequel to Americans, I have made some rudimentary attempts at an answer. Two of the essays here appear for the first time in print: "Vocation" and "Literature and the Government of Men." For permission to reprint the others I am indebted as follows: to The Atlantic Monthly for "The Genius of America," "What Is a Puritan?" and "The Point of View in American Criticism"; to The Nation for "A Conversation ​on Ostriches" and "Education by the People"; to McCall's Magazine for "The Shifting Centre of Morality"; and to The Literary Review for "The Superior Class."
S. P. S.
Contents
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1926, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 97 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Achard, Louis Amédée Eugène

Edition of 1920. See also Louis Amédée Achard on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ACHARD, Louis Amédée Eugène, ăsh-ar, loo-ē ạm-ā-dā ė-zhān, French novelist: b. April 1814; d. 25 March 1875. Originally a merchant, he became a contributor to several Paris journals in 1838. After the revolution of 1848 he was as a royalist political writer; 1848–72 the Revue des Deux Mondes brought out almost annually a new story from his pen. He depicts pre-eminently conflicts in family life and society. ‘Parisian Letters,’ published in 1838 under the pseudonym of “Grimm,” made his reputation. Other works of his are ‘Belle Rose’ (1847); ‘The Royal Chase’ (1849–50); ‘Castles in Spain’ (1854); ‘The Shirt of Nessus’ (1855); ‘Chains of Iron’ (1867); ‘The Viper’ (1874).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Acheen

Edition of 1920. See also Aceh on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ACHEEN. See Achin.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Achensee

Edition of 1920. See also Achen Lake on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ACHENSEE, ä′ʜen-zā, a lake in northern Tyrol, Austria, 5½ miles long by ½ mile wide, 20 miles northeast of Innsbruck. Its shores are of great beauty, and it is a noted summer resort, having many hotels and private villas, while steamers carry passengers to points of interest.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Achelous

Edition of 1920. See also Achelous River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ACHELOUS, ak-e-lō′us (now Aspropotamo, “White River”), the largest river in Greece, 130 miles long, and not navigable. It rises on the Pindus range, flows south in a boisterous torrent, forming the boundary between Ætolia and Acarnania, and empties into the Ionian Sea opposite Ithaca. In its lower course it is an alluvial stream, winding in great loops through very fertile and marshy plains; it comes from the mountains heavily laden with fine white mud, which it deposits along its banks and in the sea at its mouth, where it has formed a number of small islands.
In Greek legend, the son of Oceanus and Terra, or Tethys, god of the river. As one of the numerous suitors of Dejanira, daughter of Œneus, Achelous entered the lists against Hercules, and, being inferior, changed himself into a serpent and afterward into an ox. Hercules broke off one of his horns, and Achelous, being defeated, retired into his bed of water. The broken horn was given to the goddess of plenty.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Achenwall, Gottfried

Edition of 1920. See also Gottfried Achenwall on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ACHENWALL, Gottfried, ä′ʜen-väl, got′frēd, German statistician: b. Elbing, 20 Oct. 1719; d. Göttingen, 1 May 1772. He studied at Jena, Halle and Leipzig, and became professor, of philosophy, and later of law at Göttingen. In economics he belongs to the school of “moderate mercantilists”; but it is in statistics that he holds a really high place. The work by which he is best known is his ‘Constitution of the Present Leading European States’ (1752). In this he gives a comprehensive view of the constitutions of the various countries, describes the condition of their agriculture, manufactures and commerce, and frequently supplies statistics in relation to these subjects. German economists claim for him the title of “Father of Statistics”; but English writers dispute this, asserting that it ignores the prior claims of Petty and other earlier writers on the subject. He gave currency to the term Staatswissenschaft (politics), which he proposed should mean all the knowledge necessary to statecraft or statesmanship.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Acharnæ

Edition of 1920. See also Acharnae on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ACHARNÆ, a-kar′nē, a large town of Attica, where the Thirty Tyrants (q. v.) encamped when they marched against Thrasybulus; and where the Lacedæmonians, under their king Archidamus, pitched their tents when they made an irruption into Attica at the beginning of the Peloponnesian war. Aristophanes, in his comedy ‘The Acharnians’ – where a citizen of the place, sick of war, ravage and the stoppage of trade, makes a treaty of peace with the Lacedæmonians on his own account – represents the inhabitants as charcoal-makers; and other comic writers stigmatize them as rough and boorish.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Achates

Edition of 1920. See also Achates (Aeneid) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ACHATES, ȧ-kä′tĕz, in the Æneid, a friend of Æneas, whose fidelity is depicted as so exemplary that fidus Achates (the faithful Achates) has become a proverb.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Achen, Johann von

Edition of 1920. See also Hans von Aachen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ACHEN, Johann, (“Hans”) von, ä′ʜen, yō′hän fon, or ACKEN, ä′ken, German painter: b. Cologne, 1512; d. 1615. He studied at home, and at Venice under Kaspar Rems, and took service with the Bavarian court 1590; later went to Prague at the invitation of Emperor Rudolph II. The Protestant church at Cologne contains his ‘Crucifixion,’ the cathedral at Bonn his ‘Entombment,’ and among his other works are ‘Christ Raising the Widow's Son,’ and ‘Truth Victorious under Protection of Justice.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Achenbach, Andreas

Edition of 1920. See also Andreas Achenbach on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ACHENBACH, Andreas, ä′ʜen-bäʜ, German landscape and marine painter: b. Cassel, 1815; d. 1910. He studied under the eminent Schadow at Düsseldorf, and became one of the leading artists of that school. He painted in Holland, along the Rhine, and in Norway, producing landscapes of rich coloring and intense realism. He was made R. A. in Berlin, and knight of the Legion of Honor in France; and took a first medal in Paris, 1855. Private galleries in the United States have many of his finest works.
His younger brother Oswald, b. Düsseldorf, 1827: d. 1 Feb. 1905, was also a landscape artist, esteemed of more ideal quality than Andreas; and his pictures of Switzerland, Italy etc., were largely bought in the United States. Consult Achenbach, C. ‘Andreas Achenbach in Kunst und Leben’ (1912).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Achene

Edition of 1920. See also Achene on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ACHENE, ACHENIUM, AKENE, a-kēn′, etc. (“not gaping”), a dry, hard, one-seeded fruit in which the wrappings of the seed set closely to it, forming almost a coat. The entire family of Compositæ are of this sort: the “seeds” of borage, the sunflower, thistle, dandelion, etc. Sometimes they are grouped on a common receptacle, called an etærio; as in the strawberry, where it is fleshy, the achenes being the “pits,” or in the centre of the buttercup, where they form the “fruit”; sometimes they are inclosed in the fleshy tube of the calyx, as in the rose.
# The Europeans (London: Macmillan & Co., 1878)/Volume 1

THE EUROPEANS.
A Sketch.
BY
HENRY JAMES, Jr.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. I.
London:
MACMILLAN AND CO.
1878.
Bungay:
CLAY AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS.
[Copyright.]
* Chapter 1
* Chapter 2
* Chapter 3
* Chapter 4
* Chapter 5
* Chapter 6
# The European Magazine/Volume 87/March 1825

THE
EUROPEAN MAGAZINE,
MARCH, 1825:
PUBLISHED ON THE FIRST OF APRIL, 1825.
EMBELLISHED WITH A PORTRAIT OF WASHINGTON IRVING, ESQ.
CONTENTS.
LONDON:
PRINTED
FOR SHERWOOD, JONES AND CO. PATERNOSTER ROW;
And Sold by all Booksellers in the United Kingdom.
[TWO SHILLINGS.]
Shackell and Arrowsmith, Johnson’s Court, Fleet Street.
# The Europeans

The Europeans: A Sketch is a short novel by Henry James, published in 1878. It is essentially a comedy contrasting the behaviour and attitudes of two visitors from Europe with those of their relatives living in the 'new' world of New England.Warning: template has been deprecated.
* "The Europeans" in The Atlantic Monthly 42 (249–252).
** "The Europeans" in The Atlantic Monthly, 42 (249) (July 1878)
** "The Europeans" in The Atlantic Monthly, 42 (250) (August 1878)
** "The Europeans" in The Atlantic Monthly, 42 (251) (September 1878)
** "The Europeans" in The Atlantic Monthly, 42 (252) (October 1878)
    — First publication in any form
* The Europeans (London: Macmillan & Co., 1878).
    — First English book edition; two volumes; published on 18 September 1878.
* The Europeans (Boston: Houghton, Osgood & Co., 1878).
    — First American book edition, published on 12 October 1878. This edition is closer to the author's manuscript version than the first English book edition, so is generally regarded as the more authoritative text.
* The Europeans (Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz, 1878).
    — First Continental book edition.
* The Europeans (London: Macmillan & Co., 1879)
    — Second English book edition; in a single volume; uses the text of the first English book edition.
* The Europeans (London: Macmillan & Co., 1883)
    —Volume 9 of the "Collective Edition of 1883"
* The Europeans (London: Macmillan & Co., 1921)
    — Volume 3 of The Novels and Stories of Henry James, the first posthumous collection of James' works.
# The Europeans (London: Macmillan & Co., 1878)

THE EUROPEANS.
* Volume 1
* Volume 2
# The European Magazine/Volume 87

* January 1825
* February 1825
* March 1825
* April 1825
* May 1825
* June 1825
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Flowers

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
FLOWERS, in chemistry, a term formerly applied to a variety of substances procured by sublimation in the form of slightly cohering power, hence in all old books we find mention made of the flowers of antimony, arsenic, zinc and bismuth, which are the sublimed oxides of these metals in a more or less pure state. We have also still in use, though not generally, the terms flowers of sulphur, of benzoin, etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Flowers, Artificial

Edition of 1920. See also Artificial flower on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FLOWERS, Artificial, flowers made from various materials to imitate natural blossoms.
These are not a modern invention. The famous floral wreaths made by the ancient Egyptians were formed from thin plates of horn stained in different colors, sometimes also of leaves of copper, gilt or silvered over. The Romans excelled in the art of imitating flowers in wax and in this branch of the art attained a degree of perfection which has not been approached in modern times. Crassus, renowned for his wealth, gave to the victors in the games he celebrated at Rome crowns of artificial leaves made of gold and silver. In modern times the Italians were the first to acquire celebrity for the skill and taste they displayed in this manufacture, but they are now far surpassed by English, American and French manufactures, more especially by the last-named. The Chinese and Japanese show great dexterity in this work.
The first artificial flowers made in modern times in civilized countries were manufactured out of many-colored ribbons which were twisted together and attached to small pieces of wire. But these first attempts were decidedly crude. In course of time feathers were substituted for ribbons, a more delicate material, but one to which it was not so easy to give the requisite shades of color. The plumage of the birds of South America is admirably adapted for artificial flowers on account of the brilliancy and permanence of the tints and the natives of that continent have long practised with success the making of feather flowers. The Zoological Gardens in Regent's Park, London, contains a magnificent collection of artificial flowers made out of the feathers of humming-birds. In South America artificial flowers are also composed of the wing cases and other parts of some brilliant specimens of beetles. In Italy the cocoons of silkworms are frequently used for the purpose, as these take on a brilliant color and have a velvety appearance. Among the other materials used in this manufacture are cambric, muslin, satin, velvet and other woven fabrics, blown glass, mother of pearl, brass, thin layers of whalebone, etc., besides the various vegetable and mineral coloring matters. Flowers were at one time made of porcelain and were perfumed. Great skill has been attained in the making of glass flowers and a remarkable collection of this kind is owned by Harvard University. The art of artificial flower making was introduced in the United States by French immigrants, whose workmanship successfully imitated the form and hue of natural flowers. In 1909 there were 225 artificial flower establishments in the United States employing 4,835 persons and products of a value of $9,041,447. Consult Van Kleeck, M., ‘Artificial Flower Makers’ (New York 1913).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fleischer, Heinrich Leberecht

Edition of 1920. See also Heinrich Leberecht Fleischer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FLEISCHER, Heinrich Leberecht, German Orientalist: b. Schandau, Saxony, 21 Feb. 1801; d. Leipzig, 10 Feb. 1888. He studied at the University of Leipzig from 1819-24. In the latter year he went to Paris where he continued his studies of the Arabic, Turkish and Persian languages under de Sacy. From 1831-36 he taught at one of the Dresden high schools. In 1836 he accepted the chair of Oriental languages at the University of Leipzig, which he occupied until his death in spite of invitations to accept similar positions in Saint
Petersburg and Berlin. He was one of the few foreign members of the French Academy of Inscriptions, a member of many German and foreign scientific societies, possessor of honorary degrees from the universities of Königsberg, Prague, Saint Petersburg, Dorpat and Edinburgh, and one of the founders of the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft. He edited Abulfeda's ‘Historia Ante-Islamica’ (Leipzig 1831); Samachshari's ‘Golden Necklaces’ (Leipzig 1835); ‘Ali's Hundred Sayings’ (Leipzig 1837); Beidhawis, ‘Commentary on the Koran’ (2 vols., Leipzig 1846-48); catalogues of oriental manuscripts in the Royal Library at Dresden and in the Town Library at Leipzig. After Habicht's death he continued his edition of ‘The Thousand and One Nights,’ bringing out Vols. IX-XII (Leipzig 1842-1843). He also published a German edition of Mirza Mohammed Ibrahim's ‘Grammar of the Modern Persian Language’ (Leipzig 1847); ‘Hermes Trismegistus an die Menschliche Seele’ (Leipzig 1870); ‘Kleinere Schriften’ (3 vols., Leipzig 1885-88).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fleischmann, Wilhelm

Edition of 1920. See also Wilhelm Fleischmann on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FLEISCHMANN, flīsh'män, Wilhelm, German agriculturist and chemist: b. Erlangen 1837. He received his education at Nuremberg, Würzburg, Erlangen and Munich. In Liebig's laboratory in 1862 he began work on agricultural chemistry and in 1864-67 while teaching in the Realschule at Memmingen conducted experiments there. From 1867-76 he was principal of the Realschule at Lindau and for the following 10 years directed the first dairy experiment station of Germany, in the vicinity of Lalendorf, Mecklenburg. From 1886 to 1896 he was director of the Agricultural Institute at Königsberg and of that at Göttingen after 1896. He did important work in the chemistry of milk. His works include ‘Handbuch des Molkereiwesens’ (1876); ‘Altgermanische und altrömische Agrarverhaltnisse’ (1906); ‘Lehrbuch der Milkwirtschaft’ (1908; English and Russian translations), and ‘Cäsar, Tacitus, Karl der Grösse, und die deutsche Landwirtschaft’ (1911).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fleischer, Charles

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
FLEISCHER, flī'sher, Charles, American divine: b. Breslau, Germany, 23 Dec. 1871. Coming to America in 1880 he was graduated at the College of the City of New York in 1888 and from the University of Cincinnati in 1893, and rabbi from the Helven Union College of Cincinnati in the same year. In 1894 he succeeded Rabbi Solomon Shindler at Temple Israel, Boston, where he remained until 1911, founding in the latter year an independent religious institution, known as the “Sunday Commons” of Boston, of which he has since been leader. He is also known as a lecturer and contributor to magazines and newspapers. He wrote ‘American Aspirations’ (1914).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Flegel, Eduard Robert

Edition of 1920. See also Eduard Robert Flegel on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FLEGEL, flā'gel, Eduard Robert, German traveler: b. Vilna, Russia, 1 Oct. 1855; d. Brass, mouth of the Niger, 11 Sept. 1886. He received a commercial education and in 1875 was employed by a company at Tagos, West Africa. Four years later he surveyed the Benue River, penetrating about 125 miles beyond the farthest point hitherto explored. The German African Society commissioned him to explore the entire Benue district and in 1880 he ascended the Niger to Gomba, and secured a permit from the sultan at Sokoto for an expedition to Adamawa. In 1882 he discovered the source of the Benue at Ngaundere. In 1883-84 he led another expedition up the Benue, visited Europe in the latter year and returned with a commission from the German African Company to open the Niger-Benue district to German trade. Flegel arrived to find that the district had been taken over by the English Niger Company. Although very ill he attempted the ascent of the Benue, but turned back at Yola and died soon after arriving at the coast. He wrote 'Lose Blätter aus dem Tagebuche meiner Haussafreunde' (Hamburg 1885); ‘Vom Niger-Benue; Briefe aus Afrika’ (Leipzig 1890).