OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of Spoken Russian/Russian-English/Section 28

§28. IRREGULAR INFINITIVE AND PAST
Some verbs whose inf stem has only one syllable (not counting preverbs) have shifting stress in the p forms. Some stress only the F ending: жить "to live," живу, живёт, p жил, жила, жило, жили. Mostly such verbs draw the stress back to a preverb in the other p forms: занять "to occupy," займу, займёт, p занял, заняла, заняло, заняли, and they similarly stress the ppp forms: занятый "occupied," sh занят, занята, занято, заняты. In the p refl forms they often stress the last syllable throughout, but in this there is much variation: занялся "occupied himself," занялась, занялось, занялись. A few draw the stress back to a preceding не "not": быть "to be," буду, будет, p был, была, было, были, but не был [nje b'l] "he was not," не была [nj' bila], не было, не были.
Some few verbs stress all the p endings: вёл "he led," вела, вело, вели.
Some irregular verbs make the ppp with [-t]: занять "to occupy," занятый; дуть "to blow" (otherwise regular: дую, дует, дуй, дул, дула), надутый "puffed up"; брить "to shave," брею, бреет, побритый; петь "to sing," пою, поёт (imv пой), петый "(one that has been) sung."
Some irregular verbs have the inf stem ending in a consonant. This consonant combines in various ways with the inf ending [-tj], which here sometimes has a stressed form [-tji]. In the p forms, final [d, t] drop before the [-l]; after other consonants the [-l] drops in the M form. After [r] the inf ends in [-etj]. The ppp, when not formed with [-t], is made with [-jonn], before which [g, k] are replaced by [ž, č]. The following are typical instances:
stem [vjod-] вести "to lead," веду, ведёт, p вёл, вела, вело, вели, поведённый
stem [strjig-] стричь "to shear," стригу, стрижёт, imv стриги, p стриг, стригла, стригло, -и, стриженный ​stem [žg-] жечь "to burn," жгу, жжёт [žjot], imv жги, p жёг, жгла, жгло, жгли, сожжённый stem [pjok-] печь "to bake," пеку, печёт, p пёк, пекла пекло, пекли, печённый stem [tjor-] тереть "to rub," тру, трёт, imv три, p тёр, тёрла, тёрло, тёрли, тёртый stem [njos-] нести "to carry," несу, несёт, imv неси, p нёс, несла, несло, несли, понесённый stem [vjoz] везти [vjistji] "to cart," везу, везёт, p вёз, везла, везло, везли, повезённый
The stem [id-] has p forms from a stem [šd-]: итти or идти [itjf] "to be going," иду, идёт, imv иди, p шёл, шла, шло, шли, pap шедший. After preverbs the stem is [yd-]: войти "to go in," войду, войдёт, imv войди, p вошёл, вошла, вошло, вошли, pap вошедший.
Some verbs in -нуть go by Class Three but drop [nu] in the p forms, гаснуть "to be extinguished," гасну, гаснет, p гас, гасла, гасло, гасли.
# Dictionary of Spoken Russian/Russian-English/Section 29

§29. SPECIAL IRREGULAR FORMS
Irregularities of more special kinds are mentioned in the dictionary. For instance, стоять "to stand," стою, стоит optionally draws back the stress in the prger стоя; ехать "to be riding," еду, едет, and all its compounds lack an imv form; this is supplied from -езжать (used in compounds only): поезжай "drive"; уехать "to depart," уеду, уедет, but imv уезжай. When the dictionary cites irregular forms between slanted lines, this means that the regular forms are also used.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Weyland, John

​WEYLAND, JOHN (1774–1854), writer on the poor laws, born on 4 Dec. 1774, was the eldest son of John Weyland (1744–1825) of Woodrising, Norfolk, and Woodeaton, Oxfordshire, by his wife Elizabeth Johanna (d. 1822), daughter and coheiress of John Nourse, of Woodeaton. He matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford, on 10 Nov. 1792, and was called to the bar by the society of the Inner Temple in 1800. He devoted much time to the study of the English poor-law system, and in 1807 published ‘A Short Enquiry into the Policy, Humanity, and Effect of the Poor Laws,’ London, 8vo. In this treatise, and in a supplemental pamphlet published in the same year entitled ‘Observations on Mr. Whitbread's Poor Bill and on the Population of England,’ London, 8vo, he deprecated too much education for the poor, and affirmed that a certain degree of hardship was a necessary incentive to industry.
On 31 July 1830 he was returned to parliament for Hindon in Wiltshire, and retained his seat until December 1832. He died, without issue, at Woodrising on 8 May 1854. On 12 March 1799 he married Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of Whitstead Keene of Richmond.
Besides the works mentioned, Weyland was the author of ‘A Letter to Sir Hugh Inglis on the State of Religion in India’ (London, 1813, 8vo), and ‘The Principles of Population and Production as they are affected by the Progress of Society’ (London, 1816, 8vo); he edited Robert Boyle's ‘Occasional Reflections’ (London, 1808, 8vo).
[Burke's Landed Gentry; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715–1886; Official Returns of Members of Parliament; Biogr. Dict. of Living Authors, 1816; Gent. Mag. 1854, i. 670.]
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bernays, Albert James

​BERNAYS, ALBERT JAMES (1823–1892), chemist, son of Dr. Adolphus Bernays (d. 22 Dec. 1864), professor of modern languages at King's College, London, was born in London in 1823. He was educated at ​King's College school, and studied chemistry with C. Remigius Fresenius, and afterwards with Justus Liebig at Giessen, where he graduated Ph.D. His doctoral thesis was probably a paper on limonin, a bitter principle which he discovered in the pips of oranges and lemons (published in Buchner's 'Repertorium für die Pharmacie' and abstracted in Liebig's Annalen, 1841, xl. 317). In 1845 he began his career as an analyst and lecturer on chemistry in Derby, and became known for his interest in questions concerning food and hygiene. In 1851 he served as a juror at the Great Exhibition. In 1852 he published the first edition of 'Household Chemistry,' a popular work, of which the fourth edition, published in 1862, was called 'The Science of Home Life,' and the seventh edition, published in 1869, 'The Student's Chemistry.'
In 1855 Bernays was appointed to the lectureship in chemistry at St. Mary's Hospital, London; he resigned in 1860, and accepted a similar post at St. Thomas's Hospital, which he retained till his death. Bernays was also public analyst to St. Giles's, Camberwell, and St. Saviours, Southwark, was for many years chemist and analyst to the Kent Water Company, and sometime examiner to the Royal College of Physicians. He died from bronchitis at Acre House, Brixton, on 5 Jan. 1892, and was by his own desire cremated at Woking.
Bernays was a genial man and a capable and popular teacher; he took a great interest in social matters generally, and gave over a thousand free public lectures during his lifetime. Besides the works mentioned above he published a small manual on food in 1876, an essay on 'The' Moderate Use of Alcohol True Temperance,' published in the 'Contemporary Review ' and reprinted with essays by others in 'The Alcohol Question,' various editions of 'Notes for Students in Chemistry,' and miscellaneous lectures on agricultural chemistry and other subjects. He also carried out investigations on the atmosphere of Cornish mines and on dangerous trades, and made inventions in water filtration. He was a fellow of the Chemical Society and of the Institute of Chemistry.
He married Ellen Labatt, daughter of Benjamin Evans; she died on 6 Feb. 1901 (Times, 8 Feb. 1901).
[Obituaries in the Times, 9 Jan. 1892; Journ. Chem. Soc. 1892, p. 488, by T[homas] S[tevenson]; Chemical News, lxv. 85; Nature, xlv. 258; Brit. Med. Journ. 1892, i. 148; The Analyst, 1892, xvii. 60, and index to vols. i-xx.; Brit. Mus. Cat.; King's Coll. Cal.; Bernays's own works.]
P. J. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bennett, William Cox

​BENNETT, WILLIAM COX (1820–1895), miscellaneous writer, born at Greenwich on 14 Oct. 1820, was the younger son of John Bennett, a watchmaker of that place. He was educated at Greenwich in the school of William Collier Smithers, but when he was nine he was compelled, by the death of his father, to remain at home to assist his mother in business. Bennett took much interest in the affairs of his native borough, and succeeded in effecting several useful reforms. In 1868 he proposed Gladstone to the liberals of the borough as their candidate, and assisted to secure his return by very strenuous exertions. He was a member of the London council of the Education League. In 1869 and 1870 he was employed on the staff of the 'Weekly Dispatch' as a leader writer and art critic, and subsequently he contributed to the London 'Figaro.' He died on 4 March 1895 at his residence at Eliot Cottages, Blackheath, and was buried at Nunhead cemetery on 8 March.
Bennett was well known as a writer of songs. His chief works are:
* 'Poems,' London, 1850, 8vo; new edit. 1862.
* 'War ​Songs,' London, 1855, 8vo.
* 'Queen Eleanor's Vengeance and other Poems,' London, 1867, 8vo.
* 'Songs for Sailors,' London, 1872, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1873.
* 'Baby May: Home Poems and Ballads,' London, 1875, 8vo.
* 'Songs of a Song Writer,' London, 1876, 8vo.
* 'Prometheus the Fire-Giver: an attempted Restoration of the lost First Part of the Promethean Trilogy of Æschylus,' London, 1877, 8vo.
* 'The Lark: Songs, Ballads, and Recitations for the People,' London, 1885, 4to.
His 'Songs for Sailors' were set to music in 1878 by John Liptrot Hatton [q. v.] A collective edition of his poems appeared in 1862 in Routledge's 'British Poets.'
His elder brother, Sir John Bennett (1814–1897), sheriff of London and Middlesex, was born on 15 Oct. 1814 at Greenwich. He commenced in 1846 the occupation of a watchmaker, which he carried on at 65 Cheapside until 1889, when he retired. He was a common councillor for the ward of Cheap from 1862 to 1889, and a member of the London school board from 1872 to 1879, and from 1885 to 1889. In 1872 he was sheriff of London and Middlesex, and was knighted on the occasion of the national thanksgiving for the recovery of the prince of Wales. In July 1877 he was elected alderman for the ward of Cheap, but was rejected by the court of aldermen on the ground that he was not a person of fit character. In spite of this decision the ward returned him twice more. On the occasion of his return for the third time, the court of aldermen declared his opponent duly elected despite the far inferior number of votes cast in his favour. Thereupon Bennett withdrew from the struggle. He was a member of several city companies. He died at St. Leonards-on-Sea on 3 July 1897. In 1843 he married Agnes (d. 1889), daughter of John Wilson of Deptford.
[Biograph, new series, 1882, i. 57; Men and Women of the Time, 1895; the Times, 8 March 1895.]
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bentley, Robert

​BENTLEY, ROBERT (1821–1893), botanist, was born at Hitchin, Hertfordshire, on 25 March 1821. He was apprenticed to William Maddock, a druggist at Tunbridge Wells, where he began the study of botany. He then became assistant to Messrs. Bell & Co. in Oxford Street, and, on the establishment of the Pharmaceutical Society, became one of the first associates. He attended the lectures of Anthony Todd Thomson [q. v.] on botany and materia medica, and gained the first prize for botany awarded by the new society. Having matriculated in the university of London, Bentley entered the King's College medical school, and qualified as a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1847. He became a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1849. He soon after was appointed lecturer on botany at the London Hospital medical school, and then professor of botany at the London Institution and at King's College, and professor of botany and materia medica to the Pharmaceutical Society. For ten years he edited the 'Pharmaceutical Journal,' in which all the original papers with which he is credited in the Royal Society's 'Catalogue of Scientific Papers' (i. 282, ix. 192) were published. He acted as president of the Pharmaceutical Conference at Nottingham in 1866 and at Dundee in 1867, and was for many years chairman of the garden committee of the Royal Botanical Society, giving an annual course of lectures to the fellows. On his resignation of his professorship to the Pharmaceutical Society in 1887, Bentley was elected emeritus professor. He also took an active part in the affairs of the English Church Union, serving for some years on the council. Bentley died at his home in Warwick Road, Kensington, on 24 Dec. 1893, and was buried at Kensal Green cemetery. In 1885 he edited the 'British Pharmacopoeia' jointly with Professors Redwood and Attfield. His chief works are: 1. 'Manual of Botany,' 1861, 8vo; 4th edit. 1881; a text-book of considerable pharmaceutical value, which has since been rewritten by the author's successor. Professor Green. 2. 'Characters, Properties, and Uses of Eucalyptus,' ​1874, 8vo. 3. ' Botany,' 1875, 8vo; one of the 'Manuals of Elementary Science' issued by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 4. 'Medicinal Plants,' 1875-80, 8vo; written in conjunction with Henry Trimen [q. v.], with excellent coloured plates by D. Blair.
[Pharmaceutical Journal, 1893-4, p. 559; Proceedings of the Linnean Society, 1893-4, p. 28.]
G. S. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Godwin, George Nelson

​GODWIN, GEORGE NELSON (1846–1907), Hampshire antiquary, only surviving son of Edward Godwin, a draper of Winchester, and afterwards a farmer of Melksham, by his wife Mary Tugwell, was born at Winchester on 4 July 1846. With an only sister, Sarah Louisa, he was brought up at Winchester, and was educated there at a private school. After engaging in private tuition, and qualifying in 1868 at the London College of Divinity, he was ordained deacon in 1869 and priest in 1870. He subsequently proceeded to Trinity College, Dublin, where he gained the Cluff memorial prize in 1882, and graduated B.A. in 1884 and B.D. in 1887. After filling curacies at Heanor (1869–72), East Bergholt (1873–6), and Capel St. Mary (1876–7), he was appointed chaplain of the forces in 1877, and continued in the army until 1890, serving at Malta, Cairo, Dublin, the Curragh, and Netley Hospital. From 1890 to 1893 he was vicar of East Boldre, and after holding other parochial appointments, became curate in charge of Stokesby, Great Yarmouth, in 1904.
Godwin was best known as an antiquary and local historian. He was one of the founders of the Hampshire Field Club and Archæological Society, and was a leading authority on the history of Hampshire and neighbouring counties. His 'Civil War in Hampshire, 1642-45, and the Story of Basing House' (1882; new edit. 1904) embodies exhaustive researches into original authorities. He also wrote, amongst other topographical works, 'The Green Lanes of Hampshire, Surrey, and Sussex' (1882), and (with H. M. Gilbert) 'Bibliotheca Hantoniensis' (1891). He was editor of 'Hampshire Notes and Queries' 1896–9. His special knowledge was freely placed at the service of antiquarian and scientific societies. He died suddenly of heart failure while staying for the night at an inn in Little Walsingham on 10 Jan. 1907, and was buried in the churchyard of that village. Godwin was twice married: (1) on 13 Feb. 1870 to Mary Godwin (of a different family), by whom he had one daughter; (2) on 8 Aug. 1899 to Rose Elizabeth, daughter of George Jay of Camden Town, who survived him without issue.
In addition to the works mentioned, Godwin published: # 'A Guide to the Maltese Islands,' 1880. # 'Materials for English Church History, 1625-49,' 1895. He left unpublished 'French Prisoners of War at Rye and Winchester.'
[Hampshire Observer and Hampshire Chronicle, 19 Jan. 1907; Crockford's Clerical Directory; Brit. Mus. Cat.; private information.]
C. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Goodman, Julia

​GOODMAN, Mrs. JULIA, whose maiden name was Salaman (1812–1906), portrait painter, born in London on 9 Nov. 1812, was eldest of the family of twelve sons and two daughters of Simeon Kensington Salaman by his wife Alice Cowen. Charles Kensington Salaman [q. v. Suppl. II] was her eldest brother After attending a private school in Islington, Julia developed a taste for art, receiving lessons from Robert Falkner, a pupil of Sir Joshua Reynolds. At first she successfully copied old masters but soon devoted herself to portrait painting, and obtained many commissions. In 1838 she exhibited for the first time at the Royal Academy, her last picture appearing there in 1901. Among her sitters were many persons prominent in society, including the Earl of Westmorland, Sir John Erichsen, Sir Francis Goldsmid, Sir G. A. Macfarren, Prof. David Marks [q. v. Suppl. II], and Gilbert Abbott à Beckett. Her portraits in oils or pastels numbered more than a thousand. She died at Brighton on 30 Dec. 1906, and was buried in the Golder's Green cemetery of the West London Synagogue of British Jews.
In 1836 she married Louis Goodman, a City merchant, who died in 1870. Among her seven children were Edward John Goodman, at one time sub-editor of the 'Daily Telegraph,' and Walter Goodman, a portrait painter, who painted a good portrait of his mother.
[Jewish Chronicle, 4 Jan. 1907.]
M. E.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Gore, Albert Augustus

​GORE, ALBERT AUGUSTUS (1840–1901), surgeon-general, born at Limerick in 1840, was eldest son of William Ringrose Gore, M.D., by his wife, Mary Jeners Wilson. He was educated in London, Paris, and Dublin, taking honours in science and medicine at Queen's College, Cork, in 1858, graduating M.D. at the Queen's University, Ireland, and being admited L.R.C.S., Ireland, in 1860. He joined the army medical staff in 1861, and was appointed assistant surgeon to the 16th lancers. When the regimental service was reduced he volunteered for service in West Africa, and took part in the bombardment and destruction of the Timni town of Massougha, on the Sierra Leone river, on 10 Dec. 1861, the attack on Madoukia on 27 Dec., and the storming and capture of the stockaded fetish town of Rohea on 28 Dec. He was mentioned in general orders for his services and for bravery in bringing in a wounded officer. In 1868 he was recommended for promotion on account of services rendered during an epidemic of yellow fever at Sierra Leone. He acted as sanitary officer to the quartermaster-general's staff during the Ashanti war in 1873, and was severely wounded in the action of 3 Nov. near Dunquah, and again at Quarman on 17 Nov. After six years' service at various base hospitals and as principal medical officer of the army of occupation in Egypt (1882) Gore was appointed principal medical officer north-west district, Mhow division, central India, and afterwards in a similar position to the forces in India. In this capacity he was responsible for the medical arrangements of the Chitral and ​North-West Frontier campaigns of 1896 and 1897. He retired from the army in 1898, was made C.B. in 1899, and was granted a distinguished service pension.
He died at his residence, Dodington Lodge, Whitchurch, Shropshire, on 10 March 1901. He married in 1866 Rebecca, daughter of John White, by whom he had two sons and two daughters.
Gore was author of: 1. ‘A Medical History of our West African Campaigns,’ 1876. 2. ‘The Story of our Service under the Crown,’ 1879.
[Brit. Med. Journal, 1901, i. 679; information from Dr. W. R. Gore, his son.]
D’A. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Otté, Elise

​OTTÉ, ELISE (1818–1903), scholar and historian, was born at Copenhagen on 30 September 1818, of a Danish father and an English mother. In 1820 her parents went to Santa Cruz, in the Danish West Indies, where her father died. Her mother returned to Copenhagen, where she met the English philologist, Benjamin Thorpe [q. v.], while he was studying Anglo-Saxon under Rask in Denmark, and married him. Elise accompanied her mother and step-father to England. From her step-father Elise Otté received an extraordinary education, and at a very tender age knew so much Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic as to be able to help Thorpe in his grammatical work. His tyranny, however, became more than she could bear, and in 1840 she went to Boston, U.S.A., to secure her independence. Here her mind turned from grammar to ​science, and she studied physiology at Harvard. Later on she travelled much in Europe, and then resumed her life with her step-father, whom she helped in his version of the 'Edda of Sæmund.' But the bondage was again found intolerable, and in 1849 Elise Otté escaped to St. Andrews, where she worked at scientific translations for the use of Dr. George Edward Day [q. v.], Chandos professor of anatomy and medicine. In 1863 she went to reside with Day and his wife at Torquay, and in 1872, after Day's death, made London her home. Here, for years, she carried on an active literary career, writing largely for scientific periodicals. In 1874 she published a 'History of Scandinavia,' which is her most durable work; she compiled grammars of Danish and of Swedish, and issued translations of standard works by De Quatrefages, R. Pauli, and others. Her translation of Pauli's 'Old England' (1861) was dedicated to her step-father, Thorpe. Miss Otté was one of the most learned women of her time, especially in philology and physical science, but she never acquired ease in literary expression. She lived wholly in the pursuit of knowledge, even in extreme old age, when rendered inactive and tortured by neuralgia. She died at Richmond on 20 Dec. 1903, in her eighty-sixth year.
[Personal knowledge; Athenæum, 2 Jan. (by the present writer) and 16 Jan. (by Miss Day), 1904.]
E. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Owen, Robert

​OWEN, ROBERT (1820–1902), theologian, born at Dolgelly, Merionethshire, on 13 May 1820, was third son of David Owen, a surgeon of that town, by Ann, youngest daughter of Hugh Evans of Fronfelen and Esgairgeiliog, near Machynlleth. His brothers died unmarried in early manhood. Educated at Ruthin grammar school, where he showed much, precocity (Harriet Thomas, Father and Son, p. 60), he matriculated from Jesus College, Oxford, on 22 Nov. 1838; was scholar from 1839 to 1845; graduated B.A. in 1842 with a third class in classical finals, proceeding M.A. in 1845, and B.D. in 1852 (Foster, Al. Oxon.). He was fellow of his college from 1845 till 1864, and public examiner in law and modern history in 1859-60.
Though he was ordained by Dr. Bethell, bishop of Bangor, in 1843, and served a curacy till 1845 at Tremeirchion, he held no preferment. Coming under the influence of the Tractarians, he maintained an occasional correspondence with Newman long after the latter seceded to Rome. In 1847 Owen edited, for the Anglo-Catholic Library, John Johnson's work on 'The Unbloody Sacrifice,' which had been first issued in 1714. He reached the view that establishment and endowment were all but fatal to the 'catholic' character of the Church of England, and in 1893 he joined a few other Welsh clergymen in discussing such proposed legislation as would restore to the church her independent liberty in the appointment of bishops and secure some voice to the parochial laity.
In 1864, owing to an allegation of immorality, he was called upon to resign his fellowship. He was at that time probably the most learned scholar on the foundation. He shortly afterwards retired to Bronygraig, Barmouth, in which district he owned considerable property. There he died unmarried on 6 April 1902, and was buried at Llanaber, Owen's original works were: 1. 'An Introduction to the Study of Dogmatic Theology,' 1858; 2nd edit. 1887. 2. 'The Pilgrimage to Rome: a Poem,' Oxford, 1863. 3. 'Sanctorale Catholicum, or Book of Saints,' 1880: 'a sort of Anglican canon of saints, especially strong in local British saints.' 4. 'An Essay on the Communion of Saints, together with an Examination of the Cultus Sanctorum,' 1881; nearly the whole issue perished in a fire at the publishers. 5. 'Institutes of Canon Law,' 1884, written at the instance of Dr. Walter Kerr Hamilton, bishop of Salisbury. 6. 'The Kymry: their Origin, History, and International Relations,' Carmarthen, 1891.
[The Times, 10 April 1902; T. R. Roberts, Dict. of Eminent Welshmen, 1907, p. 386; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
D. Ll. T.