# Adapting and Writing Language Lessons/Appendix U

APPENDIX U TO CHAPTER 8
ROUTINE MANIPULATIONS BASED ON A SERIES OF SIMPLE NEWS ITEMS
(SWAHILI)
The set of unpublished materials from which the following examples are taken have two different purposes:
1. For students, they introduce simple examples of one type of routine news story (travel of officials), and provide drills based on the content of the stories.
2. For instructors, they show syllable-by-syllable a large number of drills based on the first two stories.
From that point on, the same drills are repeated with each succeeding story, but in progressively more abbreviated forms, until finally the instructor is conducting the drills from a minimal list of reminders (p. 430).
Both students and instructor are led to break texts down into two inventories: nouns and short sentences. The former are important in Swahili because of the role played by concordial agreement between nouns and many other words: the latter serve largely as the basis for drills involving changes of tense, and changes from affirmative to negative. Included here are most of the drills to accompany the first news item; a few, for comparison purposes, derived from the second item; one more item with its 'inventories'; and the final list of key phrases which ​serve as reminders of the full range of 'routine manipulations' for use with news items (or other text material) that may be selected in the future.
Certain other types of pedagogical apparatus which appear in the original have been omitted from these examples. The 'thinking man's glossary,' however, has been retained. English translations in have been added for the benefit of readers who are not students of Swahili. Note that in the sense of Chapter 3, these are not fully developed lessons: they contain 'samples of language use,' and opportunities for 'structural exploration,' but they do not provide for 'lexical exploration' or (more important) for using the materials in ways that conform to the student's own non-linguistic purposes.
ORIGINAL STORY 1:
| BANDA SAFARINI | [BANDA ON A TRIP |
| Dr. Kamuzu Banda, Rais wa Malawi, atafanya ziara ya wiki moja katika Taiwan. Atawasili mjini Taipei Agosti 4. | Dr. K. B., President of M., will make a one-week tour in Taiwan. He will arrive in the city of Taipei August 4.] |
'THINKING MAN'S GLOSSARY':
| safari: | government? | journey? |
| rais: | president? | country? |
| fanya: | pay for? | make? ​ |
| ziara: | official tour? | official complaint? |
| moja: | every? | one? |
| -wasili: | inspect? | arrive? |
INVENTORY OF NOUNS:
| safari | (N class) | [trip] |
| rais | (MA-personal class) | [president] |
| ziara | (N class) | [official tour] |
| mji | (M-MI class) | [city] |
| wiki | (N class) | [week] |
DRILLS BASED ON INVENTORY OF NOUNS:
1. Demonstratives (cf. Learner's Synopsis, par. 18). :
| CUES (by teacher) | RESPONSES (by students) |
| KEY EXAMPLE: ||
| kitu hiki, vitu hivi | kitu hiki, vitu hivi |
| [this thing, these things] |
INVENTORY:
| safari | safari hii, safari hizi |
| rais | rais huyu, (ma)rais hawa |
| ziara | ziara hii, ziara hizi |
| mji | mji huu, miji hii |
| wiki | wiki hii, wiki hizi ​ |
| KEY EXAMPLE: ||
| kitu hicho, vitu hivyo [that thing, those things (sufficiently specified)] | kitu hicho, vitu. hivyo |
| INVENTORY: ||
| safari | safari hiyo, safari hizo |
| rais | rais huyo, (ma)rais hao |
| ziara | ziara hiyo, ziara hizo |
| mji | mji huo, mji hiyo |
| wiki | wiki hiyo, wiki hizo |
| KEY EXAMPLE: ||
| kitu kile, vitu vile [that thing, those things (insufficiently specified)] | kitu kile, vitu vile |
| INVENTORY: ||
| safari | safari ile, safari zile |
| rais | rais yule, marais wale |
| ziara | ziara ile, ziara zile |
| mji | mji ule, miji ile |
| wiki | wiki ile, wiki zile |
(If students have trouble doing singular and plural together, go through these drills first with singular only, then with plural only, then with singular and plural together.)
​2. Possessive pronouns (cf. Learner's Synopsis, par. 19).
| CUES | RESPONSES |
| KEY EXAMPLE: ||
| kitu chetu, vitu vyetu [our thing, our things] | kitu chetu, vitu vyetu |
| INVENTORY: ||
| safari | safari yetu, safari zetu |
| rais | rais wetu, (ma)rais wetu |
| ziara | ziara yetu, ziara zetu |
| mji | mji wetu, miji yetu |
| (The noun wiki has been omitted from this drill because it does not easily make sense with possessive pronouns:*wiki yetu 'our week'.) ||
| KEY EXAMPLE: ||
| kitu changu, vitu vyangu [my thing, my things] | kitu changu, vitu vyangu |
| INVENTORY: ||
| safari | safari yangu, safari zangu |
| ziara | ziara yangu, ziara zangu |
| rais | rais wangu, marais wangu |
| mji | mji wangu, miji yangu ​ |
| KEY EXAMPLES: ||
| kitu chake, vitu vyake [his thing, his things] | kitu chake, vitu vyake |
| INVENTORY: ||
| safari | safari yake, safari zake |
| rais | rais wake , marais wake | 0 | ziara | ziara yake, ziara zake |
| mji | mji wake, miji yake |
| KEY EXAMPLE: ||
| kitu chako, vitu vyako [your thing, your things] | kitu chako, vitu vyako |
| CUES | RESPONSES |
| INVENTORY: ||
| safari | safari yako, safari zako, |
| rais | rais wako, marais wako |
| ziara | ziara yako, ziara zako |
| mji | mji wako, miji yako |
| KEY EXAMPLE: ||
| kitu chenu, vitu vyenu ​ |
| INVENTORY: ||
| safari | safari yenu, safari zenu |
| rais | rais wenu, marais wenu |
| ziara | ziara yenu, ziara zenu |
| mji | mji wenu, miji yenu |
| KEY EXAMPLE: ||
| kitu chao, vitu vyao [their thing, their things] | kitu chao, vitu vyao |
| CUES | RESPONSES |
| INVENTORY: ||
| safari | safari yao, safari zao |
| rais | rais wao, marais wao |
| ziara | ziara yao, ziara zao |
| mji | mji wao, miji yao |
3. Adjectives, Vowel Stem (cf. Learner's Synopsis, par. 21)
| CUES | RESPONSES |
| KEY EXAMPLE: ||
| kitu kingine, vitu vingine [another thing, other things] | kitu kingine, vitu vingine |
| INVENTORY: ||
| safari | safari nyingine, safari nyingine |
| rais | rais mwingine, marais wengine |
| ziara | ziara nyingine, ziara nyingine |
| mji | mji mwingine, miji mingine ​ |
| KEY EXAMPLE: ||
| vitu vingi. [Many things. ] | vitu vingi |
| INVENTORY: ||
| safari | safari nyingi |
| rais | marais wengi |
| ziara | ziara nyingi |
| mji | miji mingi |
| CUES | RESPONSES |
| KEY EXAMPLE: ||
| kitu cheusi, vitu vyeusi [a black thing, black things] | kitu cheusi, vitu vyeusi |
| INVENTORY: ||
| safari | |
| rais | rais mweusi, marais weusi |
| ziara | |
| mji | mji mweusi, miji myeusi |
​4. Adjectives, Consonant Stem (cf. Learner's Synopsis, par. 20)
| CUES | RESPONSES |
| KEY EXAMPLE: ||
| kitu kizuri, vitu vizuri [a good thing, good things] | kitu kizuri, vitu vizuri |
| INVENTORY: ||
| safari | safari nzuri, safari nzuri |
| rais | rais mzuri, marais wazuri |
| ziara | ziara nzuri, ziara nzuri |
| mji | mji mzuri, miji mizuri |
| KEY EXAMPLE: ||
| kitu kirefu, vitu virefu [a long thing, long things] | kitu kirefu, vitu virefu |
| INVENTORY: ||
| safari | safari ndefu, safari ndefu |
| rais | rais mrefu, marais warefu |
| ziara | ziara ndefu, ziara ndefu |
| mji | mji mrefu, miji mirefu |
More drills of this kind may be done, using the adjective stems -kubwa 'big', -kali 'fierce', —bovu 'spoilt' etc.,as long as they make sense with the nouns.
​5. Numerals (cf. Learner's Synopsis, par. 20)
| CUES | RESPONSES |
| KEY EXAMPLE: ||
| kitu kimoja, vitu viwili [one thing, two things) |
| kitu kimoja, vitu viwili |
| INVENTORY: ||
| safari | safari moja, safari mbili |
| rais | rais mmoja, marais wawili |
| ziara | ziara moja, ziara mbili |
| mji | mji mmoja, miji miwili |
Other numbers may of course be substituted for 'one' and 'two'.
6. Subject prefixes (cf. Learner's Synopsis, par. 23, 28)
| CUES | RESPONSES |
| KEY EXAMPLE: ||
| Kitu kilikuwa kizuri. [The thing was good. ] | Kitu kilikuwa kizuri. |
| vitu vilikuwa vizuri. [(The) things were good.] | vitu vilikuwa vizuri. |
| INVENTORY: ||
| safari | Safari i1ikuwa nzuri. Safari zilikuwa nzuri. |
| rais | Rais alikuwa mzuri. Marais walikuwa wazuri. ​ |
| ziara | Ziara ilikuwa nzuri. Ziara zilikuwa nzuri. |
| mji | Mji ulikuwa mzuri. Miji ilikuwa mizuri. |
7. Relative Affixes (cf. Learner's Sznopsis, par. 25, 28, 42)
| CUES | RESPONSES |
| KEY EXAMPLE: ||
| Ndicho kitu alichotaja. [It is the thing which he mentioned.] | Ndicho kitu alichotaja. |
| Ndivyo vitu alivyotaja. [They are the things which he mentioned.] | Ndivyo vitu alivyotaja. |
| INVENTORY: ||
| safari | Ndiyo safari aliyetaja. Ndizo safari alizotaja. |
| rais | Ndiye rais aliyetaja. Ndio marais aliotaja. |
| ziara | Ndiyo ziara aliyotaja. Ndizo ziara alizotaja. |
| mji | Ndio mji aliotaja. Ndiyo miji aliyetaja. |
​INVENTORY OF SHORT SENTENCES: Malawi ina raise [M. has a president. ]
Dr. Banda ni Rais wa Malawi. [Dr. B. is president of M. ]
Dr. Banda atafanya ziara. [Dr. B. will make an official tour. ]
Ziara itachukua wiki moja. [The tour will take one week. ]
Atawasili Taipei Agosti 4. [He will arrive in T. on August 4.]
Taipei ni mji. [T. is a city.]
Mji uko Taiwan. [The city is on Taiwan. ]
DRILLS BASED ON INVENTORY OF SHORT SENTENCES:
8. Six major tenses (cf. Learner's Synopsis, par. 28, 29, 33, 36)
| CUES | RESPONSES |
| KEY EXAMPLE: ||
| Ki tu hiki ni kizuri. [This thing is good.] | Kitu hiki ni kizuri. ​ |
| TENSE MODIFIERS: ||
| sasa [now] | Kitu hiki ni kizuri sasa. |
| jana [yesterday] | Kitu hiki kilikuwa kizuri jana. |
| kesho [tomorrow] | Kitu hiki kitakuwa kizuri kesho. |
| Wanataka nini? [What do they want?] | Wanataka kitu hiki kiwe kizuri. [They want this thing to be good. ] |
| ingewezekana [if it were possible] | Ingewezekana, kitu hiki kingekuwa kizuri. [If it were possible, this thing would be good.] |
| Watafanya nini? [What will they do?] | Kitu hiki kikiwa kizuri watafanya nini? [If this thing is good, what will they do?] |
| SENTENCE FROM THE INVENTORY: ||
| Dr. Banda ni Rais wa Malawi. | Dr. Banda ni Rais wa Malawi. |
| TENSE MODIFIERS: ||
| sasa | Dr. Banda ni Rais wa Malawi sasa. |
| Jana | Dr. Banda alikuwa Rais wa Malawi jana. |
| Kesho | Dr. Banda atakuwa Rais wa Malawi kesho. ​ |
| Wanataka nini? | Wanataka Dr. Banda awe Rais wa Malawi. |
| ingewezekana | Ingewezekana, Dr. Banda angekuwa Rais wa Malawi. |
| Watafanya nini? | Dr. Banda akiwa Rais wa Malawi, watafanya nini? |
9. 'Have' (cf. Learner's Synopsis, par.63 )
KEY EXAMPLE: :
| Watoto wana vitabu. [The children have books.] | Watoto wana vitabu. |
| TENSE MODIFIERS: ||
| sasa | Watoto wana vitabu. |
| zamani [long ago] | Watoto walikuwa na vitabu zamani. |
| siku zijazo [in the future] | Watoto watakuwa na vitabu siku zijazo. |
| Anataka nini? | Anataka wawe na vitabu. |
| Atafanya nini? | Atafanya nini, watoto wakiwa na vitabu? |
| ingewezekana | Ingewezekana, watoto wangekuwa na vitabu. |
| SENTENCE FROM INVENTORY: ||
| Malawi ina rais. [Malawi has a president.] | Malawi ina rais. ​ |
| TENSE MODIFIERS: ||
| sasa | Malawi ina rais sasa. |
| zamani | Malawi ilikuwa na rais zamani. |
| siku zijazo | Malawi itakuwa na rais siku zijazo. |
| Anataka nini? | Anataka Malawi iwe na raise |
| Atafanya nini? | Atafanya nini, Malawi ikiwa na rais? |
| ingewezekana | Ingewezekana, Malawi ingekuwa na raise |
10. 'Have not'
KEY EXAMPLE: :
| Watoto wana vitabu? [no the children have books?] | La, hawana. [No, they haven't.] |
| TENSE MODIFIERS: ||
| Watoto wana vitabu sasa? | La, hawana vitabu sasa. |
| watoto wa1ikuwa na vitabu zamani? | La, hawakuwa na vitabu zamani. |
| watoto watakuwa na vitabu siku zijazo? | La, hawatakuwa na vitabu siku zijazo. |
| Anataka watoto wawe na vitabu? | La, anataka wasiwe na vitabu. |
| Watoto wangekuwa na vitabu? | La, wasingekuwa na vitabu. |
| Atafanya nini, watoto wakiwa na vitabu? | Ata£anya nini, wasipokuwa na vitabu? ​ |
| EXAMPLE FROM INVENTORY: ||
| Malawi ina rais? [Does Malawi have a president?] | La, haina. |
| TENSE MODIFIERS: ||
| Malawi ina rais sasa? | La, haikuwa na rais zamani. |
| Malawi ilikuwa na rais zamani? | La, haikuwa na rais zamani. |
| Malawi itakuwa na rais siku zijazo? | La, haitakuwa na rais siku zijazo. |
| Anataka Malawi iwe na rais? | Anataka Malawi isiwe na raise |
| Malawi ingekuwa na rais? | La, isingekuwa na rais |
| Watafanya nini, Malawi ikiwa na rais? | Watafanya nini, Malawi isipokuwa na rais? |
11. 'Be located' (cf. Learner's Synopsis, par. 62)
KEY EXAMPLE: :
| Kitu kiko huko. [The thing is there.] | Kitu kiko huko. |
| TENSE MODIFIERS: ||
| sasa | Kitu kiko huko sasa. |
| zamani | Kitu ki1ikuwa huko zamani. |
| siku zijazo | Kitu kitakuwa huko siku zijazo. |
| Wanataka nini? | Wanataka kitu kiwe huko. ​ |
| ingewezekana | Ingewezekana, kitu kingekuwa huko. |
| Watafanya nini? | watafanya nini, kitu kikiwa huko? |
| SENTENCE FROM INVENTORY: ||
| Mji uko huko. [The city is there. ] | Mji uko huko. |
| TENSE MODIFIERS: ||
| sasa | Mji uko huko sasa. |
| zamani | Mji u1ikuwa huko zamani. |
| siku zijazo | Mji utakuwa huko siku zijazo. |
| Wanataka nini? | Wanataka mji uwe huko. |
| ingewezekana | Ingewezekana, mji ungekuwa huko. |
| Watafanya nini? | Watafanya nini, mji ukiwa huko? |
| FURTHER SENTENCE FROM INVENTORY: ||
| Dr. Banda yuko safarini. [Dr. Banda is on a trip. ] | Dr. Banda yuko safarini. |
| TENSE MODIFIERS: ||
| sasa | Dr. Banda yuko safarini sasa. |
| siku zijazo | Dr. Banda atakuwa safarini siku zijazo. ​ |
| ingewezekana | Ingewezekana, Dr. Banda angekuwa safarini. |
| Watafanya nini? | Watafanya nini, Dr. Banda akiwa safarini? |
| Wanataka nini? | Wanat aka Dr. Banda awe safarini. |
| jana | Dr. Banda alikuwa safarini jana. |
| FURTHER SENTENCE FROM INVENTORY: ||
| Dr. Banda atafanya ziara. [Dr. Banda will make an official tour. ] | Dr. Banda atafanya ziara. |
| TENSE MODIFIERS: ||
| kesho | Dr. Banda atafanya ziara kesho. |
| Wanataka nini? | Wanataka Dr. Banda afanye ziara. |
| sasa | Dr. Banda anafanya ziara sasa. |
| ingewezekana | Ingewezekana, Dr. Banda angefanya ziara. |
| watafanya nini? | Watafanya nini, Dr. Banda akifanya ziara? |
| jana | Dr. Banda alifanya ziara jana. |
​12. Affirmative vs. negative. (cf. Learner's Synopsis, par. 53-61)
KEY EXAMPLE: :
| Watoto watasoma? [Will the children study?] | La, hawatasoma. [No, they won't study. ] |
| AFFIRMATIVE QUESTIONS: ||
| Watoto wanasoma sasa? | La, hawasomi sasa. |
| Watoto walisoma jana? | La, hawakusoma jana. |
| Watoto watasoma kesho? | La, hawatasoma kesho. |
| Wanataka watoto wasome? | La, wanataka watoto wasisome. |
| Ingewezekana, watoto wangesoma? | La, hawangesoma. |
| Watoto wamesoma? | La, hawajasoma. |
| Watoto wakisoma, tutafanya nini? | Au, wasiposoma, tutafanya nini? |
| SENTENCE FROM THE INVENTORY: |
| Rais atafanya ziara? [Will the president make an official trip?] | La, hatafanya ziara. |
| AFFIRMATIVE QUESTIONS: |
| Rais anafanya ziara sasa? | La, hafanyi ziara sasa. |
| Rais alifanya ziara jana? | La, hakufanya ziara jana. |
| Rais atafanya ziara kesho? | La, hatafanya ziara kesho. |
| Anataka rais afanye ziara? | La, ana taka asifanye ziara. ​ |
| Ingewekana, rais angefanya ziara? | La, hangefanya ziara. |
| Rais akifanya ziara tutafanya nini? . | Asipofanya ziara tutafanya nini? |
| Rais amefanya ziara? | La, hajafanya ziara. |
13. Relative affixes. (cf. Learner's Synopsis, par. 42-47)
KEY EXAMPLE: :
| Watoto wanasoma. | Alitaja watoto wanaosoma. |
| [The children are reading. ] | [He mentioned the children who are reading. ] |
| TENSES: ||
| Watoto wanasoma sasa. | Alitaja watoto wanaosoma sasa. |
| Watoto walisoma jana. | Alitaja watoto waliosoma jana. |
| Watoto watasoma kesho. | Alitaja watoto watakaosoma kesho. |
| Watoto wamesoma mara nyingi. | Alitaja watoto waliosoma mara nyingi. |
| SENTENCE FROM INVENTORY: ||
| Ziara itakachukua wiki moja. | Alitaja ziara itakayochukua wiki moja. |
| [The tour will take one week.] | [He mentioned a tour that will take one week.] |
| TENSES: ||
| Alitaja ziara inayochukua wiki moja sasa. | Ziara inachukua wiki moja sasa. ​ |
| Ziara ilichukua wiki moja mwaka jana. | Alitaja ziara iliyochukua wiki moja mwaka jana. |
| Ziara itachukua wiki moja mwaka ujao. | Alitaja ziara itakayochukua wiki moja mwaka ujao. |
| Ziara imechukua wiki moja mara nyingi. | Alitaja ziara iliyochukua wiki moja (inayochukua). |
ORIGINAL STORY 2: :
| Bw. KAWAWA KAREJEA | [Mr. KAWAWA RETURNS |
| Makamu wa Pili wa Rais, Bw. Rashidi Kawawa, amerejea Dar es Salaam jana kutoka ziara yake ya kirafiki ya nchi ya Scandinavia. Bw. Kawawa alikuwa safarini kwa muda wa wiki mbili. | The second vice-president Mr. R. K., returned to D. yesterday from his friendly tour of Scandinavia. Mr. K. was on the trip for a period of two weeks.] |
'THINKING MAN'S GLOSSARY':
| rejea: | return? | amaze? |
| makamu: | deputy? | bodyguard? |
| wa pili: | chief? | second? |
| kutoka: | leaving on? | from? |
| kirafiki: | friendly? | expensive? |
| safari: | home? | trip? |
| muda: | period? | end? |
​INVENTORY OF NOUNS:
| bwana (MA-personal class) | [gentleman, Mr. ] |
| makamu wa rais (personal class) | [vice-president] |
| ziara (N class) | [official tour] |
| rafiki (MA-personal Class) | [friend] |
| nchi (N class) | [land] |
| safari (N Class) | [journey] |
| muda (M-MI class) | [period of time] |
| wiki (N class) | [week] |
MANIPULATIONS BASED ON THE INVENTORY OF NOUNS:
1. Demonstratives. (cf. Learner's Synopsis, par. 18)
| CUES | RESPONSES |
| KEY EXAMPLE: ||
| kitu hiki, vitu hivi [this thing, these things] | kitu hiki, vitu hivi |
| INVENTORY: ||
| bwana | bwana huyu, mabwana hawa |
| makamu wa rais | makamu huyu wa rais, makamu hawa wa rais |
| ziara | ziara hii, ziara hizi |
| rafiki | rafiki huyu, (ma)rafiki hawa |
| nchi | nchi hii, nchi hizi |
| safari | safari hii, safari hizi |
| muda | muda huu |
| wiki | wiki hii, wiki hizi ​ |
| KEY EXAMPLE: ||
| kitu hicho, vitu hivyo | kitu hicho, vitu hivyo |
| INVENTORY: ||
| bwana | bwana huyo, mabwana hao |
| makamu wa rais | makamu wa rais huyo, makamu wa rais hao |
| ziara | ziara hiyo, ziara hizo |
| rafiki | rafiki huyo, marafiki hao |
| nchi | nchi hiyo, nchi hizo |
| safari | safari hiyo, safari hizo |
| muda | muda huo |
| wiki | wiki hiyo, wiki hizo |
| KEY EXAMPLE: ||
| kitu kile, vitu vile | kitu kile, vitu vile |
| INVENTORY: ||
| bwana | bwana yule, mabwana wale |
| makamu wa rais | makamu wa rais yule, makamu wa rais wale |
| ziara | ziara ile, ziara zile |
| rafiki | rafiki yule, marafiki wale |
| nchi | nchi ile, nchi zile |
| safari | safari ile, safari zile |
| muda | muda ule |
| wiki | wiki ile, wiki zile |
​INVENTORY OF SHORT SENTENCES:
Bw. Kawawa ni Makamu wa pili wa Rais. [Mr. Kawawa is Second Vice-President. ]
Bw. Kawawa amerejea Dar es Salaam jana. [Mr. Kawawa returned to D. yesterday.]
Bw. Kawawa alitoka ziara yake. [Mr. Kawawa came from his official tour.]
Ziara ilikuwa ya kirafiki. [The tour was unofficial ('friendly').]
Scandinavia ni nchi. [Scandinavia is a land.]
Bw. Kawawa alikuwa safarini. [Mr. Kawawa was on a trip.]
Six major tenses. (cf. Learner's Synopsis, par. 28, 29, 33, 36)
KEY EXAMPLE: :
| Kitu hiki ni kizuri. [This thing is good. | Kitu hiki ni kizuri. |
| TENSE MODIFIERS: ||
| sasa [now] | Kitu hiki ni kizuri sasa. |
| jana [yesterday] | Kitu hiki kilikuwa kizuri jana. |
| kesho [tomorrow] | Kitu hiki kitakuwa kesho. ​ |
| Wanataka hini? [What do they want?] | Wanataka kitu hiki kiwe kizuri. [They want this thing to be good.] |
| ingewezekana [If it were possible.] | Ingewezekana, kitu hiki kingekuwa kizuri. [If it were possible, this thing would be good.] |
| Watafanya nini? [What will they do?] | Kitu hiki kikiwa kizuri watafanya nini? [If this thing is good, what will they do?] |
| SENTENCE FROM THE INVENTORY: ||
| Bw. Kawawa ni Makamu wa Pili wa Rais. [Mr.Kawawa is Second Vice-President.] | Bw. Kawawa ni Makamu wa Pili wa Rais. |
| TENSE MODIFIERS: ||
| sasa | Bw. Kawawa ni Makamu wa pili wa Rais sasa. |
| jana | Bw. Kawawa alikuwa Makamu wa pili wa Rais jana. |
| siku zijazo | Bw. Kawawa atakuwa Makamu wa pili wa Rais siku zijazo. |
| Wanataka nini? | Wanataka Bw. Kawawa awe Makamu wa pili wa Rais. |
| Watafanya nini? | Watafanya nini Bw. Kawawa akiwa Makamu wa pili wa Rais? |
| Ingewezekana | Ingewezekana, Bw. Kawawa angekuwa Makamu wa pili wa Rais. |
​FURTHER SENTENCE FROM THE INVENTORY:
Bw. Kawawa amerejea Dar es Salaam. [Mr. Kawawa returned to Dar.]
TENSE MODIFIERS:
| sasa | Bw. Kawawa anarejea D. sasa. |
| jana | Bw. Kawawa alirejea D. jana. |
| kesho | Bw. Kawawa atarejea D. kesho. |
| Watafanya nini? | Watafanya nini Bw. Kawawa akirejea D? |
| Wanataka nini? | Wanataka Bw. Kawawa arejee D. |
| ingewezekana | Ingewezekana, Bw. Kawawa angerejea D. |
ORIGINAL STORY 3:
| Rais wa Liberia, Bw. William Tubman aliwasili Ujerumani ya Magharibi jana kwa matembezi. Dr. Tubman aliandamana na wanawe, John na Eli. Watatembelea sehemu kadha. | [The President of Liberia, Mr. Wm. Tubman, arrived in West Germany yesterday for a visit. He was accompanied by his sons John and Eli. They will visit various parts of the country.] |
​INVENTORY NOUNS:
| rais (MA-personal class) | [president] |
| matembezi (MA class) | [visit] |
| rnwana (MU-WA class) | [offspring] |
| sehemu (N class) | [part] |
INVENTORY OF SHORT SENTENCES:
a. [·]
b. [·]
c. Rais (atafanya) matembezi. [The President (will make) a visit.]
d .Rais ______________________ wanawe. [The President ___________ his sons. ]
___________(wanaitwa) John na Eli. ___________(are called) John and Eli. ]
f. [·]
[The 'inventory of short sentences' has been left incomplete, to encourage users to begin making their own. Words in ( ) are common Swahili words which the student can be expected to know, but which do not occur in the story itself. ]
* ↑ The prefix ma in the plural of this word may be used or not, according to the preference of the instructor.
* ↑ These words may be used in this drill or not, according to whether the instructor feels that they make sense with singular possessive pronouns.
* ↑ This corresponds to 'its president', and not to 'his/her president'
* ↑ Since the singulars of these nouns do not make sense with -ingi, they are not used in this drill.
* ↑ Colors, as modifiers, do not make sense with these nouns. More drills of this kind may be done, using the adjective stems -embamba 'narrow', -eupe, 'white', etc., as long as they make sense with the nouns.
* ↑ If sasa doesn't sound good, use leo, mwaka huu, or some other present tense time expression.
* ↑ If jana doesn't sound good, use mwaka jana, mwezi uliopita, or some other past tense time expression.
* ↑ If kesho doesn't sound good, use rnwaka kesho, rnwezi ujao, or some other future time expression.