OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Suttner, Bertha, Baroness von

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​SUTTNER, BERTHA, Baroness von (1843-), Austrian writer, was born at Prague on the 9th of July 1843, the daughter of Count Franz Kinsky, Austrian field marshal, who died shortly after her birth. On her mother's side she was descended from the family of the German poet, Theodor Körner. After receiving a careful education she travelled abroad and resided for a long period in Paris and in Italy. In 1876 she married the novelist, Freiherr Arthur Gundaccar von Suttner (1850-1902), and for the next nine years lived with him at Tiflis in the Caucasus. After 1885 she resided at Schloss Harmansdorf, near Eggenburg, in Lower Austria. The Baroness von Suttner, a fertile writer, has produced numerous tales, books on social science and romances, among which the best known are Inventarium einer Seele (1882), Die Waffen nieder (1889), Hanna (1894), La Traviata (1898), Schach der Qual (1898), Martha's Kinder (1903), a continuation of Die Waffen nieder. She was at one time secretary to Alfred Nobel, and as a champion of the “brotherhood of nations,” had much influence on him and others; and in this connexion has published Krieg und Frieden (1896), Das Maschinen-Zeitalter, Zukunfts-Vorlesungen über unsere Zeit (1899) and Die Haager Friedenskonferenz (1900). In 1905 she was awarded a Nobel prize of £5000 for her endeavours in the cause of peace.
Her Memoiren, full of interesting autobiographical matter, were published at Stuttgart in 1908.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sutton, Sir Richard

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​SUTTON, SIR RICHARD (d. c. 1524), the founder, with William Smyth, bishop of Lincoln, of Brasenose College, Oxford, and the first lay founder of any college, is said to have come of a good north-country family, the Suttons of that ilk, near Macclesfield, Cheshire. Little is known of his life, but he was a barrister, and in 1497 a member of the privy council. In 1513 he became steward of the monastery of Sion, a house of Brigittine nuns at Isleworth. How Smyth and Sutton came to plan a college is not known, but in 1508 we find Edmund Croston, or Crofton, bequeathing £6, 13s. 4d. towards the building of “a college of Brasynnose” if the projects of “the bishop of Lincoln and master Sotton” were carried into effect within a stipulated period. In the same year Sutton obtained a ninety two year lease of Brasenose Hall and Little University Hall for £3 per annum, and from that time until the end of his life was occupied in purchasing estates with which he might endow the new college. He is thought to have contributed to the funds of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, as well. He was knighted some years before his death, which occurred about 1524.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sutler

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​SUTLER, a camp-follower who sells provisions, liquor and other things to an army in the field, in camp or in quarters. The word was one of the numerous naval and military terms adapted in English from the Dutch, where it appears as soetetaar or zoetelaar. It meant originally one who does dirty work, a drudge, a scullion, and' is derived from zoetelen, to foul, sully, a word cognate with “suds,” hot soapy water, “seethe,” to boil, and “sodden.”
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sutri

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​SUTRI (anc. Sutrium), a town and episcopal see of Italy, in the province of Rome, 4 m. W.N.W. of the railway station of Capranica, which is 36 m. from Rome; 955 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1001), 2701. The town is picturesquely situated on a narrow hill, surrounded by ravines, a narrow neck on the west alone connecting it with the surrounding country. There are some remains of the ancient city walls of rectangular blocks of tufa on the southern side of the town, and some rock-cut sewers in the cliffs below them. The cathedral is modern, but the crypt, with twenty columns, is old, and the campanile dates from the 13th century. In the cliffs opposite the town on the south is the rock-cut church of the Madonna del Parto, developed, no doubt, out of an Etruscan tomb, of which there arc many here; and close by is a rock-hewn amphitheatre of the Roman period, with axes of 55 and 44 yds., now most picturesque.
The position of Sutri was important, commanding as it did the road into Etruria, the later Via Cassia; and it is spoken of by Livy as one of the keys of Etruria, Nepet being the other. It came into the hands of Rome after the fall of Veii, and a Latin colony was founded there; it was lost again in 386, but was recovered and recolonized in 383 (?). It was besieged by the Etruscans in 30-10 B.C., but not taken. With Nepet and ten other Latin colonies it refused further help in the Hannibalic War in 209 B.C. Its importance as a fortress explains, according to Festus, the proverb Sutrium ire, of one who goes on important business, as it occurs in Plautus. It is mentioned in the war of 41 B.C., and received a colony of veterans under the triumviri (Colonia coniuncta Iulia Sutrina). Inscriptions show that it was a place of some importance under the empire, and it is mentioned as occupied by the Lombards.
See G. Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, i. 62 (London, 1883).  (T. As.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sutton

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​SUTTON, an urban district in the Epsom parliamentary division of Surrey, England, 11 m. S. of London by the London Brighton & South Coast railway. Pop. (1891), 13,977; (1901) 17,223. It is pleasantly situated at the edge of the Downs, and is in favour as an outer residential district of London. The manor, according to Domesday, belonged to the abbey of Chertsey at the Conquest and continued so until the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sutton, Thomas

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​SUTTON, THOMAS (c. 1532-1611), founder of Charterhouse school and hospital, was the son of an official of the city of Lincoln, and was educated at Eton College and probably at Cambridge. He then spent some time travelling in Europe and appears to have acted as secretary to two or three English noblemen. He became a soldier, and in 1569 was with the troops engaged in suppressing the rising in the north of England; in 1570 he was ​made master and surveyor of the ordnance in the northern parts of the realm and in this capacity he took part in the siege of Edinburgh Castle by the English in May 1573. Sutton obtained great wealth by the ownership of coal mines in Durham and also by his marriage in 1582 with Elizabeth (d. 1602), widow of John Dudley of Stoke Newington. His wish to devote some of his money to charitable purposes led him in 1611 to purchase for £13,000 the Charterhouse (q.v.) from Thomas Howard, earl of Suffolk. On this spot Sutton erected the hospital and school which he had originally intended to build at Hallingbury in Essex. Sutton died at Hackney on the 12th of December 1611 and was buried in the chapel in the Charterhouse. His wealth was left for charitable uses, but in 1613 James I. ordered his executors to make an allowance to his natural son, Roger Sutton.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sutton-in-Ashfield

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​SUTTON-IN-ASHFIELD, an urban district in the Mansfield parliamentary division of Nottinghamshire, England, lying in a picturesque district on the border of Sherwood Forest, on branch lines of the Midland and Great Northern railways, 15 m. N. by W. of Nottingham. Pop. (1891), 10,562; (1901), 14,862. The church of St Mary Magdalene of the 12th and 14th centuries was restored in 1868. There are collieries and limeworks in the vicinity. Cotton hosiery and thread are the principal manufactures.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leman, Gérard Joseph Mathieu Georges

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LEMAN, GÉRARD JOSEPH MATHIEU GEORGES (1851-1920), Belgian general, was born at Liége Jan. 8 1851, the son of an artillery captain who was a professor at the École Militaire. He entered the École Militaire at Brussels, and when he left it in 1869 had acquired a reputation for brilliance. During the Franco-German War he served in a Belgian observation corps. In 1882 he became a member of the teaching staff of the École Militaire, and both then and later, as head of the school, he exerted considerable influence on military matters. In Jan. 1914 he was appointed commander of the fortress of Liége and also of the 3rd Div., and concentrated all his efforts upon strengthening the defences of the town against a possible German attack. This came in Aug. 1914, when Gen. von Emmich's army appeared before Liége and summoned it to surrender. On Gen. Leman's refusal the fortress was attacked and ultimately destroyed, while its heroic defender was captured and imprisoned in Germany. As a token of respect, however, he was allowed to retain his sword. He returned to Belgium after the Armistice, and died at Brussels Oct. 17 1920.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lehmann, Liza

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LEHMANN, LIZA (1862-1918), English singer and composer, was born in London July 11 1862, the daughter of the artist Rudolf Lehmann. She studied singing under Alberto Randegger and Hamish MacCunn, making her début in 1885, and became extremely popular as a concert singer. In 1894 she married Herbert Bedford, the composer, and retired from the concert platform, devoting herself henceforward chiefly to composition. Her most popular works are the song cycles In a Persian Garden (1896, words from the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam) and The Daisy Chain (1900), and various Shakespearean songs, while she also produced a light opera, The Vicar of Wakefield (1907); the music
for the farce Sergeant Brue (1904) and the morality play Everyman (1915). Madame Lehmann became well known as a teacher of singing. She died at Hatch End, Pinner, Sept. 19 1918.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lawes-Wittewronge, Sir Charles Bennet

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LAWES-WITTEWRONGE, SIR CHARLES BENNET, 2nd Bart. (1843-1911), English sculptor, was born at Teignmouth Oct. 3 1843. The only son of Sir John Lawes of Rothamsted (see 16.300), he was educated at Eton and Cambridge, where he was a notable athlete. Subsequently he devoted himself to sculpture, while doing much also to further the scientific side of the Lawes Agricultural Trust, founded by his father, of which he was chairman. In 1882 he was defendant in a famous libel action, brought by another sculptor, Mr. Belt, for a criticism published in Vanity Fair, imputing dishonesty to Mr. Belt in taking credit for work done by another man. The question of how much a sculptor may be aided by others in work to which he attaches his name was inconclusively debated through a long and costly trial, and the verdict of the jury, awarding £5,000 damages to the plaintiff, was much discussed at the time. He died at Rothamsted, Herts., Oct. 6 1911.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lawrence, Thomas Edward

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LAWRENCE, THOMAS EDWARD (1888-), British traveller, archaeologist and soldier, was born in Wales Aug. 15 1888, and educated in Jersey and at Dinard as well as at the High School, Oxford, proceeding on to Jesus College, Oxford, and graduating 1st class in modern history 1910. He went the same year to Carchemish on the Euphrates, as assistant in the British Museum's excavation of that ancient Hittite site. There he was still working when the outbreak of the World War and the decision of Turkey to join the Central European Powers put an abrupt stop to all archaeological work and called Lawrence to what proved a wider field. From Oct. to Dec. 1914 he worked at home in a department of the War Office. In 1915 he went to Egypt as a staff captain. The following spring he was in Mesopotamia at Army Headquarters, whence he returned to Cairo as intelligence officer for the Mesopotamia expeditionary force. In the autumn he was attached to the Arab Bureau at Cairo, under Lt.-Comm. D. G. Hogarth, being then a staff captain on the Foreign Office list, not under War Office control. In that capacity he was attached in 1917 to the staff of Gen. Sir F. Wingate, the general in command of the Hejaz expeditionary force. This gave Lawrence his great opportunity. He possessed, to an extraordinary degree, a power of getting into intimate association with the Arabs of the desert, such as has belonged to but one or two of his predecessors in Arabian travel, and he combined with this gift the soldier's instinct and a capacity for leadership which raised him at once to the first rank of commanders in desert warfare. The story of how he raised and led a force of Arabs, which cut the Hejaz railway, pushed forward in the van of Allenby's advancing army and were first into Damascus, is but faintly reflected in the dry official record of his various promotions to major (Aug. 1917) and lieutenant-colonel (1918), when he was transferred to Gen. Allenby's staff.
To decorations and official recognitions he was notoriously indifferent. He was a Prince of Mecca, a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, the holder of the Croix de Guerre (with palms), the Italian silver medal and various British war medals. But what he cared for was the cause of the Arabs, whom he had learned to know and admire, and for whose interests he pleaded at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. In that year he was demobilized and retired into academic life, being elected to a research fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford. Unofficially he remained in frequent touch with the Emir Faisal; but he did not reëmerge officially until March 1921, when Mr. Winston Churchill, on succeeding Lord Milner at the Colonial Office, appointed Lawrence to be his adviser there on Middle Eastern affairs, with a view to the subsequent creation of a special department dealing with them.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lee, Vernon

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LEE, VERNON, the pen-name of Violet Paget (1856-), English author, was born in France of English parentage Oct. 14 1856, and made her home at Maiano, near Florence, identifying herself with her adopted country and making special study of its art and history. Amongst her publications are Studies of the Eighteenth Century in Italy (1880) and many volumes of essays; certain novels and stories, such as Miss Brown (1884); A Phantom Lover (1886); Hauntings (1890); Vanitas (1892); Sister Benvenuta (1906) and Louis Norbert (1914); a play in verse, Ariadne in Mantua (1903), and Satan the Waster, a philosophic trilogy (1920), as well as a volume of political essays, Gospels of Anarchy (1908).
Her half-brother, Eugene Lee-Hamilton (1845-1907), who was also born in France Jan. 6 1845, was educated in France and Germany and at Oriel College, Oxford, afterwards entering the diplomatic service. He married in 1898 Annie E. Holdsworth, author of Joanna Traill, Spinster; The Years that the Locust Hath Eaten, and other novels. He published a number of volumes of poetry, as well as a translation of Dante's Inferno, and (with his wife) Forest Notes (1899). He died at Florence Sept. 7 1907.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Legros, Alphonse

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LEGROS, ALPHONSE (1837-1911), Anglo-French artist (see 16.380), died in London Dec. 8 1911.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leland Stanford Jr. University

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LELAND STANFORD JR. UNIVERSITY (see 16.406). The work of the university was so reorganized during the decade 1910-20 that the first two years constituted a so-called lower division with certain specified requirements, including biology, a course in citizenship, etc. The major department system became operative at the beginning of the junior year, and degrees were granted upon the recommendation of the departments. The institution sold some of its large ranch property in 1919, and in 1921 had about $25,000,000 in investment securities and an educational plant that included the Stanford Medical School, Lane and Stanford hospitals, Stanford school for nurses, the Lane medical library, all in San Francisco, and the Hopkins marine station on Monterey Bay, the whole valued at $10,000,000. The medical school owed its origin to the fact that the directors of the Cooper Medical College in 1910 turned over that institution and the associate Lane hospital to Stanford. In addition to the schools of law, medicine and education, a graduate school was organized with a dean at its head in 1917. New dormitories for women were constructed and a housing scheme inaugurated whereby practically all the faculty and students will eventually live on the college campus. Volumes in the library numbered 319,872 in 1920, of which 48,187 are in the Lane medical library and 23,360 in the law library.
In 1920-1 the students numbered 2,489, of whom 500 were women and 281 graduates, a gain of 43% over the 1907-8 figures, which were 1,738, of whom 500 were women and 126 graduates. Limitation in the size of the endowments and of the facilities of the plant caused a restriction in the student body to something over 2,000. Only 500 men with less than a year and a half of college standing are admitted each year, but there are no limitations for upper-class students. The tuition fee in 1920 was $40 per quarter, but after Oct. 1 1921 it was to be $75.00. There was in operation a tuition note system by which worthy students might delay payment of tuition until three or more years after graduation. Although in 1921 military training was not required, there was a field artillery unit of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps.
During the World War Stanford was represented by about 3,000 of its members, graduates and undergraduates, of whom 70 lost their lives. A Students' Army Training Corps unit, comprising practically all the men students, was organized during the war period.
Dr. John Casper Brauner, a distinguished geologist, was president from 1913 to 1915. Dr. Ray Lyman Wilbur became president Jan. 1 1916.
(R. L. W.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lawless, Emily

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LAWLESS, EMILY (1845-1913), Irish novelist and poet, was born at Lyons, co. Kildare, June 17 1845. She was the
daughter of the 3rd Baron Cloncurry and wrote a number of novels and verses dealing with Irish life. Of her novels Hurrish (1886), With Essex in Ireland (1890) and Grania (1902) are the most important, and of her verses With the Wild Geese (1902) is the best-known volume. She was given an hon. degree at Dublin University in 1905. She died at Gomshall, Surrey, Oct. 19 1913.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/I'll tell you a story

​XXI.
I'll tell you a story Of Jack-a-Nory. And now my story's begun, I'll tell you another About Jack's brother, And now my story is done.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Here stands a fist

​XXVI.
Here stands a fist. Who put it there? A better man than you. Touch it if you dare.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/I Love Sixpence

​XXVIII. I LOVE SIXPENCE
I love sixpence, jolly, jolly sixpence, I love sixpence, dearly as my life. I spent a penny of it, I lent a penny of it, I brought fourpence of it home to my wife. May the pipe and the bowl never leave us; Kind friends who never deceive us; And happy the girls who receive us, When we come rolling home. Rolling home! Rolling home! Rolling home, And happy the girls who receive us When we come rolling home.
​I love fourpence, jolly, jolly fourpence, I love fourpence, dearly as my life. I spent a penny of it, I lent a penny of it, And I brought twopence of it home to my wife. May the pipe, etc.
I love twopence, jolly, jolly twopence, I love twopence, dearly as my life. I spent a penny of it, I lent a penny of it, And I brought nothing of it home to my wife. May the pipe, etc.
I love nothing, jolly, jolly nothing, I love nothing, dearly as my life. I spent nothing of it, I lent nothing of it, And I love nothing but my bonny wife. May the pipe, etc.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/I like little pussy, her coat is so warm

​LX.
I like little pussy, her coat is so warm, And if I don't hurt her she'll do me no harm. So I'll not pull her tail, nor drive her away, But pussy and I very gently play.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/I'll sing you a song

​VII.
I'll sing you a song: The days are so long. The woodcock and the sparrow: The little dog has burnt his tail, And he must be hanged to-morrow.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/I see the moon, and the moon sees me

​XXXVIII.
I see the moon, and the moon sees me, God bless the moon, and God bless me!
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/I doubt, I doubt, my fire is out

​XXV.
I doubt, I doubt, my fire is out, My little wife isn't at home. I'll saddle my dog and I'll bridle my hog, And I'll fetch my little wife home.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/I had a little husband no bigger than my thumb

​LII.
I had a little husband no bigger than my thumb, I put him in a pint-pot and told him there to drum. I bought a little horse that galloped up and down, I bridled him and saddled him, and sent him out of town. I gave him yellow garters to garter up his hose, And little silken handkerchief for the wiping of his nose.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/If I'd as much money as I could spend

​LXIX.
If I'd as much money as I could spend, I never would cry, 'Old chairs to mend! Old chairs to mend! Old chairs to mend!' I never would cry, 'Old chairs to mend!'
If I'd as much money as I could tell, I never would cry, 'Old clothes to sell! Old clothes to sell! Old clothes to sell!' I never would cry, 'Old clothes to sell!'
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Humpty-dumpty sat on a wall

​XLVII.
Humpty-dumpty sat on a wall, Humpty-dumpty had a great fall; Not all the king's horses, nor all the king's men Can put Humpty-dumpty on the wall again.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Varley, Cornelius

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​VARLEY, CORNELIUS (1781–1873), English water-colour painter, a younger brother of John Varley (q.v.), was born at Hackney, London, on the 21st of November 1781. He was educated by his uncle, a philosophical instrument maker, and under him acquired a knowledge of the natural sciences; but about 1800 he joined his brother in a tour through Wales, and began the study of art. He was soon engaged in teaching drawing. From 1803 till 1859 he was an occasional exhibitor in the Royal Academy; and he also contributed regularly to the displays of the Water-Colour Society, of which, in 1803, he was one of the founders, and of which he continued a member till 1821. His works consist mainly of carefully finished classical subjects, with architecture and figures. He published a series of etchings of “Boats and other Craft on the River Thames,” and during his life as an artist he continued deeply interested in scientific pursuits. For his improvements in the camera lucida, the camera obscura and the microscope he received the Isis gold medal of the Society of Arts; and at the International ​Exhibition of 1851 he gained a medal for his invention of the graphic telescope. He died at Hampstead on the 2nd of October 1873.