OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Helena (Montana)

Edition of 1905. See also Helena, Montana on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ HELENA. A city, the capital of Montana, and the county-seat of Lewis and Clarke County, 73 miles north by east of Butte; on the Great Northern and the Northern Pacific railroads (Map: Montana, C 2). It lies at an elevation of 4200 feet, in Prickly Pear Valley, a fertile agricultural district, and is surrounded by a highly productive mineral region. It is the commercial centre of the State; is extensively engaged in gold, silver, and iron mining; and has foundries and machine-shops, flour, saw, and planing mills, quartz-crushing plants, and smelters. From the famous Last Chance Gulch which traverses the city, it is estimated that more than $30,000,000 worth of gold has been mined. Helena was settled as a mining camp in 1864, and laid out as a town in the same year, and was incorporated in 1881. The city is the seat of the Montana Wesleyan University (Methodist Episcopal), opened in 1890, and has public, State, and other libraries, and a United States Assay Office. The State Capitol is an imposing structure. Under the general code provision passed in 1895, the city government is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council which confirms the executive's nominations to all subordinate offices except those of police magistrate and city treasurer, which are filled by popular election. Population, in 1890, 13,834; in 1900, 10,770.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hellriegel, Hermann

Edition of 1905. See also Hermann Hellriegel on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HELLRIEGEL, hĕl'rḗ-gel, Hermann (1831-95). A noted German agricultural chemist, born at Mausitz, in Saxony. In 1857 he became director of the agricultural experiment station of Brandenburg and Niederlausitz at Dahme, from which he resigned in 1873, and in 1882 accepted a similar post at Bernberg, where he died. From 1873 to 1882 he was wanderlehrer at Bernberg. Among his many agricultural investigations with plants none rank in importance with his demonstration of the ability of leguminous plants to assimilate the free nitrogen of the air, and his discovery of the tubercles on the roots as the agency through which this takes place. The question of the ability of leguminous plants to use the nitrogen of the air had long been one of inquiry, and its settlement by him marked an epoch in the agricultural world. The important parts of these experiments he published in Untersuchungen über die Stickstoffnahrung der Gramineen und Leguminosen (Berlin, 1888), and Ueber Stickstoffnahrung landwirtschaftlicher Kulturgewächse (Vienna, 1890). See Leguminosæ. Consult Römer, Hermann Hellriegel, Nachruf (Leipzig, 1896).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Heliand

Edition of 1905. See also Heliand on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HELIAND, Hā'lḗ-änd (OS. Hēliand, Savior). A Saxon poem of the ninth century. The portion still preserved relates the life of Christ as told by the four Evangelists, whose various narratives the author seeks to harmonize. It is thought to have been composed by a Saxon writer of unknown name at the request of the Emperor Louis the Pious. Like all early Germanic poems, the Heliand is written in alliterative verse, in the use of which the author shows marked skill. Until the publication by Zangenmeister and Braune in 1894 of fragments of a Saxon paraphrase of Genesis, the Heliand was the only important monument of Saxon known to the present age. Apart from its great value to the student of language, the Heliand is of interest because of its spirited and sympathetic treatment of the Gospel narrative. The author shows himself to be no mere slavish transcriber, but a true poet. In accordance with the taste and knowledge of the age, scenes and incidents are strongly localized, the spirit of the whole work being
Germanic rather than Christian. To modern readers the intense reality of the characterization often seems irreverent, suggesting the later treatment of biblical narratives in the religious drama; but the purpose of the poet is evidently earnest and extremely reverent. It is doubtful whether an historically correct treatment of the New Testament would have appealed to the primitive audience for whom the poem was composed. The most recent and the fullest edition of the Heliand is that of Piper, the first volume of which, containing the text, appeared in 1897. The latest German translation is by E. Behringer (Aschaffenburg, 1898).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hellwald, Friedrich von

Edition of 1905. See also Friedrich von Hellwald on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HELLWALD, Friedrich von (1842-92). An Austrian writer on geography and the history of civilization; brother of Ferdinand von Hellwald, and born at Padua. He entered the Austrian Army in 1858, and was lieutenant of cavalry (1866) in the war with Prussia; from 1871 to 1873 at Augsburg, then till 1882 at Cannstatt, he was editor of Das Ausland. His many works, which are more popular than scientific, include: Maximilian I., Kaiser von Mexiko (1869); Kulturgeschichte in ihrer natürlichen Entwicklung bis zur Gegenwart (4th ed. 1896-98); Die Erde und ihre Völker (4th ed. 1897); Naturgeschichte des Menschen (1883-84); Amerika in Wort und Bild (1883-85); Frankreich in Wort und Bild (1884-87); Die menschliche Familie nach ihrer Entstehung und natürlichen
Entwicklung (1889); and the posthumous work, edited by Möller, Kulturbilder (1894).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hemlock-tree

See also Tsuga on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HEMLOCK-TREE, or Hemlock Spruce. A name applied to the coniferous trees which belong to the genus Tsuga, especially to Tsuga Canadensis. This is a large, graceful tree with much the habit and appearance of some spruces. It is found from Nova Scotia to Alabama and Georgia, and west to Wisconsin and Minnesota. The leaves are one-half inch long, bright green above and silvery beneath. The cones, which have few thin bracts, are scarcely longer than the leaves. The wood, light, soft, brittle, and light-red in color, is extensively used in building. It warps badly when exposed. The bark is largely employed in tanning leather, for which purpose it is preferred and more extensively used than any other American product. Hemlock oil is distilled from the branches and leaves, and pitch is obtained from the trees. There are numerous cultivated varieties which are very ornamental, especially while the trees are young. Tsuga Caroliniana is a second species, which occurs locally in Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia. Other species are found in Asia. See Spruce.
HEMLOCK :
| 1. TREE SHOWING FORM OF GROWTH | 2. SPRAY SHOWING CONES |
# The New International Encyclopædia/Minimum Deviation, Angle of

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ MINIMUM DEVIATION, Angle of. See Light.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Minna von Barnhelm

See also Minna von Barnhelm on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MINNA VON BARNHELM, mǐn′na fō̇n bärn′hĕlm. A comedy by Lessing, produced at Hamburg in 1767. The action occupies part of a single day, and the scene throughout is an inn. The plot rests on the ruse employed by the heroine to overcome the false sense of honor of her fiancé, Major von Tellheim, who refuses to bind her to him, because of his poverty.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mineral Tallow

Edition of 1905. See also Hatchettite on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MINERAL TALLOW, or Hatchettite. A yellowish-white, soft, flexible mineral wax or tallow that melts at 46° or 47° C., and consists of about 86 per cent. of carbon and 14 per cent. of hydrogen. It is found in the coal measures in Glamorganshire, Wales; Argyleshire, Scotland; and Moravia, Austria. See Ozocerite.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Minkopis

See also the disclaimer.
​MIN′KOPIS. The inhabitants of the Andaman Islands. See Mincopies.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mining Claim

Edition of 1905. See also Mineral rights on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MINING CLAIM. The claim of a person to the exclusive right to work land in which he supposes he has discovered deposits of a precious metal; hence, the parcel of land supposed to contain the metallic deposits. The term is specifically used to designate the area of such metalliferous land which may be held under one location under the statutes of the United States, in which case the claim and location are identical if there is but one location; but if the miner acquires two or more locations the claim is usually used to designate the whole tract of land.
A mining claim is real estate, and descends to the heir, and is subject to taxation, execution, etc., as is any other real estate, and may also, in like manner, be protected by the action of ejectment. See Mines and Mining.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mink-Frog

See also Mink frog on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MINK-FROG, or Hoosier-Frog. A small frog (Rana septentrionalis) of the Northwestern United States. It is 2¼ inches long from nose to vent, dark olive green above, with sooty brown bars and blotches, and pure white underneath. Its hazel iris, minky color, and quiet solitary habits, distinguish it from others. A detailed account of its features and ecology was given by J. H. Garnier in The American Naturalist, vol. xvii. (Philadelphia, 1883).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Index-U

* U — Ulfilas, p. 1964
* Ulm — Uncle Sam, p. 1965
* Underground Railroad — Uniforms of the U. S., p. 1966
* Unio — United States, p. 1967
* United States, p. 1968
* United States, p. 1969
* United States, p. 1970
* United States, p. 1971
* United States, p. 1972
* United States, Map
* United States, p. 1973
* United States, p. 1974
* United States, p. 1975
* United States, p. 1976
* United States, p. 1977
* United States, p. 1978
* Eminent Characters of Colonial Period
* United States, p. 1979
* United States, p. 1980
* United States, p. 1981
* United States, p. 1982
* United States, p. 1983
* U. S. Departments, p. 1984
* United States Presidents. 1st — 13th
* United States Presidents. 14th — 27th
* U. S. Departments — United States Names, p. 1985
* U. S. Steel Corporation — University, p. 1986
* University, p. 1987
* University — University Extension, p. 1988
* University of Chicago — University of Illinois, p. 1989
* University of Kansas — Upper Canada College, p. 1990
* Upsala — Urban VIII, p. 1991
* Urbana — Uruguay, p. 1992
* Uruguay — Usury, p. 1993
* Utah, p. 1994
* Utah — Utica, p. 1995
* Utica — Utrecht, p. 1996
# The New Student's Reference Work/Index-Z

* Z — Zambezi, p. 2128
* Zanesville — Zebra, p. 2129
* Zebu — Zemstvos, p. 2130
* Zend-Avesta — Zinc-Etching, p. 2131
* Zinc-White — Zodiac, p. 2132
* Zodiacal Light — Zoology, p. 2133
* Zoology, p. 2134
* Zoology, p. 2135
* Zoophyte — Zoroaster, p. 2136
* Zouaves — Zuyder Zee, p. 2137
* Zwingli — Zygospore, p. 2138
# The New Student's Reference Work/Index-W

* W — Wagner, p. 2032
* Wagram — Wake-Robin, p. 2033
* Waldenses — Wales, p. 2034
* Wales — Wallace, p. 2035
* Wallace — Wallenstein, p. 2036
* Walloons — Wall Street, p. 2037
* Walnut — Walrus, p. 2038
* Walsall — Walther, p. 2039
* Walton — Warbler, p. 2040
* Group of Warblers
* Ward — Waring, p. 2041
* Warming — Warner, p. 2042
* Warren — Warsaw, p. 2043
* Wartburg — Washington, p. 2044
* Washington, p. 2045
* Washington, p. 2046
* Washington, p. 2047
* Washington, p. 2048
* Washington, p. 2049
* Washington College, p. 2050
* Water — Water, Ascent of, p. 2051
* Water-Bug — Waterspout, p. 2052
* Watertown — Water-Wheel, p. 2053
* Water-Wheel — Water-Works, p. 2054
* Watson, p. 2055
* Watson — Watt, p. 2056
* Watterson — Watts, p. 2057
* Waukegan — Wave-Motion, p. 2058
* Wax — Waxwing, p. 2059
* Wayland — Weaver-Bird, p. 2060
* Weaving — Weber, p. 2061
* Weber — Webster, p. 2062
* Webster, p. 2063
* Webster — Weimar, p. 2064
* Weir — Welland Canal, p. 2065
* Welland — Wellesley, p. 2066
* Wellington — Wells, p. 2067
* Wellston — West, p. 2068
* West Chester — Westfield, p. 2069
* West Hoboken — Westminster, p. 2070
* Westphalia — West Virginia, p. 2071
* West Virginia University — Whale, p. 2072
* Whaleback Boats — Wheat, p. 2073
* Wheatstone — Wheel, p. 2074
* Wheeler — Whig Party, p. 2075
* Whipple — Whisky, p. 2076
* Whistler — White, p. 2077
* White — Whitefish, p. 2078
* White House — Whitman, p. 2079
* Whitney, p. 2080
* Whitney — Whittier, p. 2081
* Whittington — Wight, Isle of, p. 2082
* Wilberforce — Wilkesbarre, p. 2083
* Wilkie — Willard, p. 2084
* Wllard — William, p. 2085
* William, p. 2086
* William, p. 2087
* William and Mary College — Williams, p. 2088
* Williams — Willis, p. 2089
* Willow — Wilmington, p. 2090
* Wilson, p. 2091
* Wilson, p. 2092
* President Wilson and Cabinet
* President Wilson's Cabinet
* Winchell — Windom, p. 2093
* Window — Wine, p. 2094
* Winfield — Winnipeg, p. 2095
* Winnipegosis — Winsor, p. 2096
* Winston — Wire, p. 2097
* Wirt — Wisconsin, p. 2098
* Wisconsin, p. 2099
* Wisconsin — Wisconsin University, p. 2100
* Wise — Witch, p. 2101
* Witch-Hazel — Woburn, p. 2102
* Wolcott — Wolseley, p. 2103
* Wolsey — Women's Club, p. 2104
* Women's Rights — Wood, p. 2105
* Wood Alcohol — Wood-Engraving, p. 2106
* Woodcock
* Wood-Pewee — Wool, p. 2107
* Woolen Manufacture — Wooster, p. 2108
* Story of Wool. 1
* Story of Wool. 2
* Story of Wool. 3
* Story of Wool. 4
* Worcester — Wordsworth, p. 2109
* Wordsworth — Worth of Coins, p. 2110
* Worth of Coins, p. 2111
* Wren — Wright, p. 2112
* Writing — Wu, p. 2113
* Wyandots — Wycliffe College, p. 2114
* Wyoming, p. 2115
* Wyoming — Wyoming Valley, p. 2116
# The New Student's Reference Work/Index-X

* X — Xerophytes, p. 2117
* Xerxes — Xylem, p. 2118
# The New Student's Reference Work/Index-Y

* Y — Yakutsk, p. 2119
* Yale District — Yankton, p. 2120
* Yard — Yellow Fever, p. 2121
* Yellow Race — Yellowstone Park, p. 2122
* Yen — York, p. 2123
* York — Yosemite, p. 2124
* Youmans — Y. M. C. A., p. 2125
* Youngstown — Yucca Moth, p. 2126
* Yukon Territory — Yumas, p. 2127
# The New Student's Reference Work/Index-V

* V — Vacuum, p. 1997
* Valdai — Valentinian III, p. 1998
* Valentinus — Valley Forge, p. 1999
* Vallombrosa — Vampire, p. 2000
* Van — Vancouver Island, p. 2001
* Vandals — Van Dyke, p. 2002
* Van Dyke — Van Rensselaer, p. 2003
* Vane — Vascular Bundles, p. 2004
* Vases — Vassar, p. 2005
* Vatican — Vault, p. 2006
* Vauxhall — Velasquez, p. 2007
* Velocity — Venezuela, p. 2008
* Venezuela — Venice, p. 2009
* Venice, Gulf of — Verdi, p. 2010
* Verestchagin — Vermes, p. 2011
* Vermilion — Vermont, p. 2012
* Vermont, p. 2013
* Vernation — Verona, p. 2014
* Veronese — Vertebrates, p. 2015
* Vespasian — Vest, p. 2016
* Vesta — Via-Mala, p. 2017
* Viburnum — Victoria, p. 2018
* Victoria, p. 2019
* Victoria Nyanza — Villafranca, p. 2020
* Villars — Vine, p. 2021
* Vinegar — Virchow, p. 2022
* Vireo — Virginia, p. 2023
* Virginia, p. 2024
* Virginia City — Vishnu, p. 2025
* Visigoths — Voice, p. 2026
* Volapuk — Volcanoes, p. 2027
* Volcanoes — Volta, p. 2028
* Voltaire — Voodooism, p. 2029
* Voorhees — Vulture, p. 2030
* Vulture, p. 2031
# The New International Encyclopædia/Vollmar, Georg Heinrich von

Edition of 1905. See also Georg von Vollmar on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
VOLLMAR, fṓl'mär, Georg Heinrich von (1850—). One of the leaders of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, born at Munich. He entered the Bavarian army at an early age and served as lieutenant in the war with Prussia in 1866. He then enlisted in the Papal army, and after a short service entered the Bavarian railway service, which he left to take part in the Franco-German War, in which he served as an oflicer until badly wounded at Blois. Having become interested in social studies, he was led to embrace Socialism, and between the years 1878 and 1886 was imprisoned several times as a result of his activity in propagating socialistic ideas, organizing secret societies, etc. Vollmar became prominent in the German Reichstag, to which he was repeatedly elected after 1881, except during the period 1887-90; in the
Legislature of Saxony (1883-89); and particularly in the Legislature of Bavaria, of which he became a member in 1893. He became one of the leaders of the Conservative wing of the Social Democrats. He showed himself ready to make concessions to the principle of private ownership in the case of the small landowners, or peasants. His publications include: Der isolierte socialistische Staat (1880); Ueber die nächsten Aufgaben der Socialdemokratie (1891); and Ueber Staatssocialismus (1892).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Volkelt, Johannes Immanuel

Edition of 1905. See also Johannes Volkelt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
VOLKELT, fṓl'kĕlt, Johannes Immanuel (1848—). A German philosopher, born in Lipnik, Galicia, and educated at Vienna, Jena, and Leipzig. He became professor of philosophy at Basel in 1883 and at Würzburg in 1889, and in 1894 was made professor of philosophy and pedagogy in Leipzig. In philosophy his main efforts have been his opposition to positivism and his attempt at a new metaphysical theory. His independent position was arrived at after successive periods in which he followed Hegel, Schopenhauer, and Hartmann. Volkelt has written on æsthetics as well as on philosophy proper. His more important works are: Pantheismus und Individualismus im System Spinozas (1872); Die Traumphantasie (1875); Kants Erkenntnistheorie, a searching piece of criticism (1879); Aesthetische Zeitfragen (1895); Arthur Schopenhauer, seine Persönlichkeit, seine Lehre, sein Glaube (1900); and Die Kunst des Individualisierens in den Dichtungen Jean Pauls (1902).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Volkmann, Richard von

Edition of 1905. See also Richard von Volkmann on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
VOLKMANN, fṓlk'män, Richard von (1830-89). A German surgeon, born in Leipzig, son of the physiologist Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann
(1801-77). He studied medicine at Halle, Giessen, and Berlin, and in 1867 became professor of surgery and director of the clinic at Halle. He was one of the most prominent surgeons of his day, and a pioneer in the introduction of antiseptic methods in Germany. He edited (1870-89) Beiträge zur Chirurgie, and contributed to the Pitha-Billroth Handbuch der Chirurgie a section on diseases of the locomotory organs (1865-72). Under the pseudonym Richard Leander, he wrote a juvenile Träumereien an französischen Kaminen (1871), which passed through more than a score of editions, Gedichte (3d ed. 1885), Kleine Geschichten (2d ed. 1888), and Alte und neue Troubadourlieder (2d ed. 1890). Consult Krause, Zur Erinnerung an Richard von Volkmann (Berlin, 1890).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Volkmann, Robert

Edition of 1905. See also Robert Volkmann on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
VOLKMANN, Robert (1815-83). A German instrumental composer, born at Lommatzsch. He studied both organ and piano with his father, violin and 'cello with Friebel, and composition with Anacker at Freiberg and K. F. Becker at Leipzig, where he received great encouragement from Schumann. From 1839 to 1842 he taught music at Prague and finally settled at Pest (Hungary, from 1873: Budapest), where he spent most of his time, with the exception of a four years' stay at Vienna (1854-58). He was invited to the Hungarian King's Music Academy (Budapest) at its opening in 1875 where he taught to his death. Among his works are: For pianoforte solo, Phantasiebilder; Dithyrambe und Toccate; Souvenir de Mahrohl; Nocturne; Cavatine und Barcarole. For pianoforte duets, Sonatina; Musikalisches Liederbuch; Die Tageszeiten; three marches; Rondino and Marcia-Capriccio; transcriptions of his other works and variations for two pianofortes on a Handel theme. Among his vocal works are masses, offertories, sacred songs, and a Christmas carol of the twelfth century. He also wrote symphonies, serenades, and much instrumental music.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Vollmöller, Karl

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Vollmöller (philologist) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
VOLLMÖLLER, fṓl'mẽl'ẽr, Karl (1848—). A German philologist, born in Ilsfeld, Württemberg, and educated in Tübingen, Bonn, Munich, Berlin, and Paris. He traveled in Spain in 1874-75 and became a lecturer in Strassburg in 1875. He was professor at Erlangen (1877-81), and then at Göttingen until 1891, when he retired, settled in Dresden, and devoted himself to Romance philology. He was editor of the valuable yearly summary, Kritischer Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der romanischen Philologie (1890 et seq.), and published Kürenberg und die Nibelungen (1874), Poema del Cid (1879), Spanische Funde (1890), Beiträge zur Litteratur der Cancioneros und Romanceros (1897), Rezensionsexemplar und bezahlte Rezension (1902).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Volkmann, Wilhelm Fridolin

Edition of 1905. See also Wilhelm Fridolin Volkmann on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
VOLKMANN, Wilhelm Fridolin, Ritter von Volkmar (1821-77). An Austrian psychologist, born in Prague. In 1846 he became a lecturer in æsthetics, afterwards in philosophy, at the University of Prague, and in 1856 was appointed to a professorship in philosophy there. His chief studies were in the exact psychology of the school of Herbart. His most important publication is the Grundriss, afterwards the Lehrbuch der Psychologie vom Standpunkte des philosophischen Realismus (1856; 4th ed., by Cornelius, 1894-95).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Siemering, Rudolf

Edition of 1905. See also Rudolf Siemering on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SIEMERING, zē'me-rĭng, Rudolf (1835—). A German sculptor, born at Königsberg. Having frequented the academy there, he studied afterwards under Bläser in Berlin, where his first important work was the marble statue of King William, for the Exchange, and where, in 1882, he completed the handsome monument to Dr. Gräfe, the famous oculist. This was preceded by the monument of Frederick the Great (1877) at Marienburg and followed by the statue of Luther (1883) at Eisleben and the “War Monument” (1888) on the Market Square at Leipzig, his principal work. Besides the “Washington Memorial” at Fairmount Park, Philadelphia (1883, unveiled 1897), there are to be noticed the equestrian statue of William I. (1897) at Magdeburg, and in Berlin the heroic statue of William I. (1892) in the Hall of the Rulers, at the Arsenal, the group in bronze of “Saint Gertrude” (1896) on the Gertraudt Bridge, and the marble group of “Frederick William I.” (1900) in the Sieges-Allée.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Siemiradzki, Henryk

Edition of 1905. See also Henryk Siemiradzki on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SIEMIRADZKI, syĕ'mḗ-rädz'kḗ, Henryk (1843-1902). A Polish historical painter, born near Kharkov, Little Russia. After frequenting the Academy of Saint Petersburg he traveled in Germany, France, and Italy, and spent some time in Munich. In 1872 he settled in Rome, whence he sent home his “Christ and the Adulteress” (1873, Alexander Museum, Saint Petersburg). The subjects of most of his brilliantly colored pictures are scenes from the life of ancient Greece and Rome, witness his first large composition, “The Living Torches of Nero” (1876, National Museum, Cracow), which was exhibited all over Europe and brought him the decoration of the Legion of Honor in 1878. He also painted “Orgy in the Time of Tiberius,” “Vase or Woman?” (1878, Kestner Museum, Hanover). “Sword Dance” (1880), “Phryne at Eleusis” (1889, Alexander Museum, Saint Petersburg), also themes from the New Testament, to wit, “Christ with Mary and Martha” (1886, ib.), “The Last Supper” (Church of the Saviour, Moscow), and “Christ Pouring Oil on the Troubled Waters” (Evangelical Church, Cracow).