OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Burbidge, Frederick William

​BURBIDGE, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1847–1905), botanist, born at Wymeswold, Leicestershire, on 21 March 1847, was son of Thomas Burbidge, a farmer and fruit-grower. He entered the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Chiswick as a student in 1868, and proceeded in the same year to the Royal Gardens, Kew. Here he showed skill as a draughtsman and was partly employed in making drawings of plants in the herbarium. Leaving Kew in 1870, he was on the staff of the 'Garden' from that year until 1877.
In 1877 Burbidge was sent by Messrs. Veitch as a collector to Borneo. He was absent two years, during which he also visited Johore, Brunei, and the Sulu Islands. He brought back many remarkable plants, especially pitcher-plants, such as 'Nepenthes Rajah' and 'N. bicalcarata'; orchids, such as 'Cypripedium Laurenceanum,' 'Dendrobium Burbidgei' and 'Aerides Burbidgei'; and ferns, such as 'Alsophila Burbidgei ' and 'Polypodium Burbidgei.' The chronicle of his journey was published in 1880 as 'The Gardens of the Sun, or a Naturalist's Journal on the Mountains and in the Forests and Swamps of Borneo and the Sulu Archipelago.' The first set of the dried specimens brought back by him numbered nearly a thousand species, and was presented by Messrs. Veitch to the Kew herbarium. Sir Joseph Hooker in describing the Scitamineous 'Burbidgea nitida ' (Botanical Magazine 1879 t. 6403) names it 'in recognition of Burbidge's eminent services to horticulture, whether as a collector in Borneo, or as author of "Cultivated Plants, their Propagation and Improvement," a work which should be in every gardener's library.' In 1880 Burbidge was appointed curator of the botanical gardens of Trinity College, Dublin, at Glasnevin. There he did much to encourage gardening in Ireland (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1901, ii. 460). In 1889 Dublin University conferred on him the honorary degree of M.A., and in 1894 he became keeper of the college park as well as curator of the botanical gardens. While at Dublin he published The Chrysanthemum : its History, Culture, Classification and Nomenclature' (1883) and 'The Book of the Scented Garden' (1905). On the establishment of the Victoria medal of honour by the Royal Horticultural Society, in 1897, Burbidge was one of the first recipients, and he was also a member of the Royal Irish Academy.
Burbidge died from heart-disease on Christmas Eve 1905, and was buried in Dublin. He married in 1876 Mary Wade, who died, without issue, six months before him. Although no scientific botanist, nor very skilful as a cultivator, Burbidge did admirable service as a horticultural writer.
[Journal of Botany, 1906, 80; Gardeners' Chronicle, xxxviii. (1905) 460, and xxxix. 10 (with portrait); Kew Bulletin, 1906, 392; Journal of the Kew Guild, 1906, 326 (with portrait); and 'Hortus Veitchii' (1906) 75, 399.]
G. S. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vokins, Joan

​VOKINS, JOAN (d. 1690), quakeress, was the daughter of Thomas Bunce, a substantial yeoman of Charney, Berkshire. A pious woman from her youth, she joined the society some time after her marriage to Richard Vokins of West Challow in the Vale of White Horse, and induced her father, husband, and children to do likewise. She at once began to preach and to travel. In February 1680 she went on a missionary journey to America, arriving in New York in May. She visited Long Island, Rhode Island, Boston, East and West Jersey, and Pennsylvania. On the return journey she went to Antigua, Nevis, and most of the West Indian islands. In Barbados, where there were many quakers who had been transported from England, she held sometimes two and three meetings a day.
She landed at Dover on 3 June 1681, and spent three weeks preaching in Kent. At Sandwich she was haled out of the church by the vicar, although the mayor before whom she was brought would not commit her to prison. In 1686 she travelled for about a year in Ireland, holding constant meetings. She was at the Whitsuntide yearly meeting in London, 1690, and died at Reading, on her way home, on 22 July 1690. Her husband and eldest son were at the time in gaol for not paying tithes.
Besides two sons, one of whom predeceased her, she had four daughters. Her various writings were collected by her brother-in-law, Oliver Sansom, in ‘God's Mighty Power Magnified,’ London, 1691, 8vo; republished at Cockermouth, 1871.
C. F. S.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Wood-waxen

Edition of 1802.
​Wood-waxen. See Dyer's-Greenweed.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Yam

Edition of 1802.
​YAM, or Dioscorea bulbifera, L. is a native of Ceylon, whence its culture has been introduced into the West Indies, and other parts of America: it is divided into two varieties, known under the names of red, and white; from the colour of their bulbous roots.
Yams flourish best on poor soils; and retain their beautiful verdure till a late period in the year: hence, they are said to ameliorate the ground nearly as much as a crop of turnips. Being propagated by setting the eyes, their culture corresponds with that of potatoes; ​and, like these roots, yams often prove an excellent preparatory crop for wheat. Farther, they are very productive; so that the red variety yields, in general, 12 tons per acre: the white sort is less fruitful; but, being more delicate, it is chiefly raised for the table, in the West Indies.
The culture of these bulbous roots in Britain is, at present, we understand, confined to the counties of Mid-Lothian and Stirling; where they are given to cows; the milk of which is thus considerably increased, without affecting its quality or flavour.
As an article of food, the yam possesses similar properties with the potatoe, excepting that it is less mealy. in a raw state, it is viscous; but, when roasted, this bulbous root is equally wholesome and nourishing, so that the inhabitants of the West Indies prefer it even to bread. In some respects, therefore, yams are more valuable than potatoes; because the former are much lighter, and more easily digested:—when first dug out of the ground, then dried in the sun, and preserved from humidity, in casks full of dry sand, they may be kept for several years, uninjured by frost, and without losing any part of their nutritive quality.—These beneficial roots may also be peeled, deprived of their moisture by pressure, and dried in the same manner as Mr. Millington directs potatoes to be preserved (see vol. iii. p. 438). In this manner, yams may be packed in casks, like flour, and imported in a perfectly sound state, from the West Indies: when grated, and mixed with wheaten or barley-flour, they may be formed into a light and salubrious bread. Nor are they less nourishing, when converted into pottage, or pudding, with the addition of milk. Thus, Mr. R. Pearson ("Annals of Agriculture," vol. 35), informs us, that the meal, obtained from the boiled and grated roots, when beaten up with milk and eggs, without any flour, yielded a firm and well-flavoured dish; which could with difficulty be distinguished from a common batter-pudding. By this treatment, the yams are divested of their saccharine taste, which renders them at first disagreeable to some persons; though such property is, on the whole, of considerable use; as it saves the expence of sugar.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Woodroof

Edition of 1802.
​WOODROOF, the Sweet, or Asperula odorata, L, an indigenous perennial, growing in woods and shady places; where it flowers in the month of May.—This plant possesses an exceedingly grateful odour, that increases on being moderately dried: it has a sub-saline, and somewhat austere taste; which, together with a peculiar, fine flavour, it also imparts to vinous, liquors.—According to Linnæus, the smell of this herb, expels ticks, and other insects.
The sweet woodroof is supposed to attenuate viscid humours, and strengthen the bowels; to remove obstructions of the liver and biliary ducts; and was formerly esteemed a medicine of great efficacy in epilepsies and palsies.—The plant is eaten by cows, horses, sheep, and goats; having the remarkable property of increasing the milk of animals, and especially of those first mentioned.—See also Tea; p. 194.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Wrestling

Edition of 1802.
​WRESTLING, is a wanton combat, or engagement between two unarmed persons, who exert all their strength and dexterity to throw each other on the ground.
Wrestling was in great repute among the ancients; but, with the modern nations, it is seldom practised. Indeed, it is almost forgotten in Britain, excepting in a few of the less civilized counties, where it forms a favourite game at wakes. This exercise, however, like that of cudgel-playing, ought to be abolished; on account of the accidents thus wilfully occasioned; for every nerve is strained by the candidates for rural fame, who thus frequently lay the foundation of some severe chronical complaint, or meet with dislocations, fractures, and other casualties, which often terminate in lingering illness, or premature death.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Wood-sorrel

Edition of 1802.
​Wood-sorrel. See Sorrel the Common Wood.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Woody-nightshade

Edition of 1802.
​Woody-nightshade. See Nightshade.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Wry-Neck

Edition of 1802.
​WRY-NECK, or Jynx torquilla, L. is a bird of passage, somewhat larger than a lark; of a brown and black colour, with wave-like stripes; appearing in Britain in the spring, and preceding the Cuckow: it has received its name from a whimsical habit of turning and twisting its neck, so as to bring the head over its shoulders: it also possesses the faculty of erecting the feathers of its head, similar to those of the Jay.
Wry-necks construct their nests of dry grass, in the hollows of trees: the female lays 6 or 8 white eggs, which have a very thin shell: it is remarkable, that the young brood, while in the nest, utter a hissing noise, not unlike that of snakes. During the period of incubation, the male attentively supplies the hen with ants, which furnish to these birds a very agreeable repast.
M. Buffon informs us that, toward the end of summer, the Wry-neck becomes exceedingly fat; and that its flesh, in point ot delicacy, is equal to that of the Ortolan.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Yard

Edition of 1802.
​YARD, is a measure of length, employed for measuring cloth, stuffs, &c.
The English yard contains three feet, or 36 inches: it is converted into ells English, by subtracting a fifth part, or 7 one-5th inches; and into ells Flemish, by adding one-eighth, or 4 1/2 inches.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Wymote

Edition of 1802.
​Wymote. See Marsh-mallow.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Mansel-Pleydell, John Clavell

​MANSEL-PLEYDELL, JOHN CLAVELL (1817–1902), Dorset antiquary, born at Smedmore, Dorset, on 4 Dec. 1817, was eldest son of Colonel John Mansel (1776–1863) of Smedmore by his wife Louisa, fourth daughter of Edmund Morton Pleydell of Whatcombe, Dorset.
Educated privately, he entered St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1836, and graduated B.A. in 1839. He was admitted a student of Lincoln's Inn on 2 May 1840, but was not called to the bar. For thirty years he was an officer in the Queen's Own yeomanry cavalry. He was one of the promoters of the Somerset and Dorset railway, and suffered considerable financial loss in consequence. In 1856 he built at his own expense the Milborne Reformatory, which was converted in 1882 into an industrial school. In 1857 he was made a fellow of the Geological Society, and was later a fellow of the Linnean Society. He succeeded on his mother's death to the family estate of Whatcombe, Dorset, and to ​landed property in the Isle of Purbeck in 1863. In 1872 he assumed the additional name of Pleydell, his mother's maiden name. He founded the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club in 1875, and was its president till his death. In 1876 he was high sheriff of Dorset, and he was a member of the county council from its establishment in 1887 till his death. He was an evangelical churchman. A liberal in politics till 1886, he changed his party in consequence of the home rule bill. He died at his Dorset residence on 3 May 1902.
Mansel-Pleydell married twice: (1) on 6 June 1844, Emily (d. 4 Nov. 1845), daughter of Captain A. Bingham; and (2) on 21 June 1849, Isabel, the daughter of F. C. Acton Colville (sometime captain in the Scots guards and A.D.C. to Lord Lynedoch in the Peninsular war). He celebrated his golden wedding on 21 June 1899. Of three sons, two survived him.
Mansel-Pleydell was a keen student of geology, botany, and ornithology. To the County Museum of Dorset he presented many valuable geological finds made by himself, including a perfect fore paddle of the Pleiosaurus macromerus and the tusks and molars of the rare Elephas meridionalis. He was the author of:
* 'The Flora of Dorsetshire,' 1874; 2nd edit. 1895.
* 'The Birds of Dorsetshire,' 1888.
* 'The Mollusca of Dorsetshire,' 1898.
He also contributed many papers on natural science and archaeology to the journals of learned societies.
[The Times, 5 and 20 May 1902; Who's Who; The Eagle (Mag. of St. John's Coll. Cambridge), June 1902; Quart. Journ. of the Geol. Soc. 1903.]
S. E. F.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Spearwort, the Great

Edition of 1802.
​SPEARWORT, the great, or Ranunculus Lingua, L. an indigenous perennial, growing in wet pastures, and at the sides of lakes: it flowers in the months of June and July.—The stem of this poisonous plant is very thick, and attains the height of two feet; the leaves have no stalks; and the large bright-yellow, glossy flowers, appear on the extremities of the shoots. The whole is extremely acrid, and if any part of this herb be eaten by cattle in a fresh state, it is apt to produce fatal distempers.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Spear-mint

Edition of 1802.
​Spear-mint: See vol. iii. pp. 216-17.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Spearwort, the Lesser

Edition of 1802.
​SPEARWORT, the lesser, or Ranunculus Flammula, L. is also a native perennial, growing on bogs, swampy meadows, and the sides of rivulets; flowering from June to September.—It is eaten by horses, in which it occasions many concealed disorders, but is refused by cows, goats, sheep, and hogs.—This plant is very acrid; if externally applied, it inflames and blisters the skin:—its distilled water is a most powerful emetic, operating as soon as it is swallowed; and Dr. Withering states, from his own experience, that, in cases of poison having been accidentally swallowed, or in which it becomes necessary to produce an immediate vomiting, such distilled water is preferable to any other preparation; as it does not excite the painful contractions, which are sometimes consequent on the use of white vitriol, and thus defeat the object for which the latter is administered.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Spirit of Wine

Edition of 1802.
​SPIRIT OF WINE, an ardent, colourless liquor, destitute of any peculiar flavour: it may be obtained by distilling the farinaceous or saccharine roots, as well as the ​pulpy fruit of vegetables, in general, by means of a common still, but more effectually in what is termed a water-bath (balneum maris); after which, the spirituous fluid is purified by repeated rectification; and, when divested of nearly all its aqueous particles, it is called Alkohol.
This expensive liquor is chiefly employed for dissolving gum-resins in the preparation of varnishes; for separating resins from the vegetable matters containing them; and also for making essences, tinctures, elixirs, and various other compounds, for medicinal use. It may, likewise, be applied with advantage to different parts of the body, especially in sprains and bruises; as it strengthens the vessels; but, if inadvertently swallowed in a pure state, and in a large quantity, it corrugates the membranous parts of the stomach; being attended with a temporary suspension of their functions, and sometimes even inducing apoplexy or palsy, which generally ends in death. Hence, spirit of wine ought to be preserved with the greatest caution, so that children or ignorant persons may not have an opportunity of tasting so deleterious a liquor.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Spatling-Poppy

Edition of 1802.
​SPATLING-POPPY, White Bottle, or Bladder Campion, Cucubalus Behen, L. a native perennial, which grows in corn-fields, dry meadows, and pastures: it flowers in July and August.—The leaves of this vegetable, when boiled, possess the flavour of pease; and are by the Gothlanders advantageously applied to erysipelatous eruptions. The flowers are eagerly visited by bees, as well as by the most beautiful butterflies, in twilight.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Spawn

Edition of 1802.
​Spawn: See Roe.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Sparrow-hawk

Edition of 1802.
​Sparrow-hawk: See Hawk, the Common.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Spavin

Edition of 1802.
​Spavin: See Bone-spavin.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Huntington, George

​HUNTINGTON, GEORGE (1825–1905), rector of Tenby, born at Elloughton near Hull, on 25 Aug. 1825, was youngest of the family of four sons and three daughters of Charles William Huntington of Elloughton by his wife Harriet, daughter of Wilham Mantle, curate in charge of Siderston, Norfolk. After education at home he studied from 1846 to 1848 at St. Bees theological college (closed in 1896). Ordained deacon in 1848 and priest in 1849 by the bishop of Manchester, he first served as curate at St. Stephen's, Salford. In 1850 he removed to Wigan, where his work among the Lancashire coUiers came to the notice of the earl of Crawford and Balcarres, who made him his domestic chaplain.
After acting as clerk in orders of Manchester cathedral from 1855 to 1863, and receiving the Lambeth degree of M.A. in 1855, he became rector of St. Stephen's, Salford, in 1863. Huntington was active in Manchester during the cotton famine, and his 'Church's Work in our Large Towns' (1863) gave him a high reputation. On 6 Jan. 1867 he was inducted into the crown rectory of Tenby, in Pembrokeshire, where he remained until his death at Bath on 8 April 1905. He was buried at Tenby.
Huntington was an earnest high churchman, and at first came into conflict with evangelical sentiment in Tenby. A mission conducted there in 1877 by ritualist clergy under Huntington's auspices led to controversy in which William Basil Jones, bishop of St. David's, took part (cf. Three Letters on the Subject of the Late Tenby Mission 1877). But the hostility gradually disappeared, and Huntington was able to restore and beautify his church, with the active support of his parishioners. He was an impressive preacher, at once practical and somewhat mystical. He was also a governor of the county school, chairman of the managers of the parish schools, and an energetic freemason.
Besides the work mentioned, Huntington pubhshed sermons, addresses, articles in magazines, and three volumes exhibiting some power in describing character, viz. 'Autobiography of John Brown, Cordwainer' (1867), of which he represented himself as editor and which went into five editions; the 'Autobiography of an Alms-Bag' (1885) which depicts some local figures, and his 'Random Recollections' (1895) which contains attractive sketches of friends and neighbours.
Huntington married on 26 April 1849 Charlotte Elizabeth, daughter of John Henry Garton of Hull, who survived him. He had issue five daughters and two sons.
[The Times, 14 April 1905; Church Times, 14 April 1905; obituary by J. Leach in Tenby and County News, 12 April 1905; Crockford's Clerical Directory; St. Bees College Calendar, 1848; Brit. Mus. Cat.; private information.]
E. S. H-r.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Hurlstone, William Yeates

​HURLSTONE, WILLIAM YEATES (1876–1906), musical composer and pianist, born at 12 Richmond Gardens, Fulham, on 7 Jan. 1876, was grandson of Frederick Yeates Hurlstone [q. v.], president of the Royal Society of British Artists, and only son of the four children of Martin de ​Galway Hurlstone, a surgeon, by his wife Maria Bessy Styche.
Without receiving any regular training, he at the age of nine was allowed to publish a set of five waltzes for piano, and in 1894 he gained a scholarship at the Royal College of Music. There he studied composition under (Sir) Villiers Stanford and piano under Algernon Ashton and Edward Dannreuther, leaving the college in December 1898 an excellent pianist and performer of chamber-music and a composer of decided promise. He thereupon published some trifling songs and pieces, but public attention was soon drawn to the fine series of orchestral variations on a Swedish air which he produced at the first concert of the Patrons' Fund on 20 May 1904. At the second (chamber) concert his pianoforte quartet was played and warmly received. In 1906 he won a prize of 50l, offered by the Worshipful Company of Musicians for the best 'Fantasy-Quartet' for strings. Always of a delicate constitution, he died of consumption on 30 May 1906, and was buried at Mitcham, Croydon. He was unmarried. After his death many of his MS. compositions were published at the expense partly of private friends and partly of the Society of British Composers, of which he was a valued member.
Besides the works mentioned his chief pieces were his pianoforte concerto in D, his suite 'The Magic Mirror,' and a cantata 'Alfred the Great.' There is an engaging sincerity and simple charm in his music that seemed to promise a brilliant future.
[Grove's Dict. of Music; Mus. Times, July 1906; Society of British Composers' Year-book for 1907, giving full list of works.]
F. C.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Accuser

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Accuser Satan is styled the "accuser of the brethren" (Rev. 12:10. Comp. Job 1:6; Zech. 3:1), as seeking to uphold his influence among men by bringing false charges against Christians, with the view of weakening their influence and injuring the cause with which they are identified. He was regarded by the Jews as the accuser of men before God, laying to their charge the violations of the law of which they were guilty, and demanding their punishment. The same Greek word rendered "accuser" is found in John 8:10 (but omitted in the Revised Version); Acts 23:30, 35; 24:8; 25:16, 18, in all of which places it is used of one who brings a charge against another.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Aceldama

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Aceldama The name which the Jews gave in their proper tongue, i.e., in Aramaic, to the field which was purchased with the money which had been given to the betrayer of our Lord. The word means "field of blood." It was previously called "the potter's field" (Matt. 27:7, 8; Acts 1:19), and was appropriated as the burial-place for strangers. It lies on a narrow level terrace on the south face of the valley of Hinnom. Its modern name is Hak ed-damm.