OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brett, Richard

​BRETT, RICHARD (1560?–1637), a learned divine, was descended from a family which had been settled at Whitestanton, Somersetshire, in the time of Henry I (Collinson, Somersetshire, iii. 127). He was entered a commoner of Hart Hall in Oxford University in 1582, took one degree in arts, and was then elected a fellow of Lincoln College, where he set himself to perfect his acquaintance with the classical and eastern languages. According to Wood, 'he was a person famous in his time for learning as well as piety, skill'd and versed to a criticism in the Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Chaldaic, Arabic, and Ethiopic tongues.' In 1597 he was admitted bachelor of divinity, and he proceeded in divinity in 1605. In February 1595 he was presented to the rectory of Quainton, near Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. On account of his special knowledge of the biblical languages he was appointed by James I one of the translators of the Bible into English. He published two translations from Greek into Latin: 'Vitæ sanctorum Evangelistarum Johannis et Lucæ à Simeone Metaphraste concinnatæ,' Oxford, 1597, and 'Agatharchidis et Memnonis historicorum quæ supersunt omnia,' Oxford, 1597. He was also the author of 'Iconum sacrarum Decas in quâ è subjectis typis compluscula sanæ doctrinæ capita eruuntur,' 1603. He died on 15 April 1637, aged 70, and was buried in the chancel of his church at Quainton. Over his grave a monument with his effigies and a Latin and English epitaph was erected by his widow. By his wife Alice, daughter of Richard Brown, sometime mayor of Oxford, he left four daughters.
[Wood's Athenæ (Bliss), ii. 611–2; Lipscomb's Buckinghamshire, i. 422, 434, 436; Collinson's Somersetshire, iii. 127.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brett, Robert

​BRETT, ROBERT (1808–1874), surgeon, was born on 11 Sept. 1808, it is believed at or near Luton, Bedfordshire. As soon as he was old enough, he entered St. George's Hospital, London, as a medical pupil, and passed his examinations, both as M.R.C.S.E. and ​L.S.A.L., in 1830. He then probably filled some hospital posts, and most certainly married; and at this time he was so deeply imbued with religious feeling that he wished to take holy orders, and go abroad as a missionary. But he was dissuaded from such a step, and continued the practice of his profession. On the death of his wife, he went as assistant to Mr. Samuel Reynolds, a surgeon at Stoke Newington, whose sister he married, and with whom he entered into a partnership which lasted fourteen years. He continued to practise at Stoke Newington until his death, on 3 Feb. 1874.
He entered heart and soul into the tractarian movement from its commencement, doing all in his power as a layman to forward it; he was honoured with the friendship of most of the leaders, especially Dr. Pusey, and his whole life and means were spent in promoting the interests of this section of the Church of England. Even the motto on his carriage was 'Pro Ecclesia Dei.' It was owing to his calling the attention of Edward Coleridge, of Eton, to the deplorable condition of the ruins of St. Augustine's, Canterbury, that a scheme was set on foot which resulted, through the munificence of Mr. Beresford Hope, in the establishment of St. Augustine's Missionary College. He parcelled out the parish of St. Matthias, Stoke Newington, and was the chief agent in the building of its church, as he also was subsequently in the erection of two churches at Haggerston and St. Faith's, Stoke Newington. He did other practical good work in founding the Guild of St. Luke, which consists of a band of medical men who co-operate with the clergy. He was an active member of the first church union that was started, and was at the time of his death a vice-president of the English Church Union.
Although, as may be imagined, his time was well occupied, yet he found leisure to write many devotional books (sixteen in number), such as 'Devotions for the Sick Room,' 'Companion for the Sick Room,' 'Thoughts during Sickness,' &c. He was buried on 7 Feb. 1874 at Tottenham cemetery. A large number of clergymen, noblemen, physicians, and barristers attended his funeral.
J. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brettingham, Matthew

​BRETTINGHAM, MATTHEW, the elder (1699–1769), architect, was born at Norwich. He was a pupil of the better known William Kent, along with whom he was engaged in the erection of Holkham, the Earl of Leicester's seat in Norfolk. As a youth he travelled on the continent of Europe, and in 1723, 1725, 1728, and 1738 published 'Remarks on several Parts ​of Europe, viz. France, the Low Countries, Alsatia, Germany, Savoy, Tyrol, Switzerland, Italy, and Spain, collected upon the spot since the year 1723,' in 4 vols. fol. The works at Holkham were commenced in 1729 from the plans of Kent, upon whose death in 1748 they were carried on under the superintendence of Brettingham till their completion in 1764. In 1761 he published 'Plans, Elevations, and Sections of Holkham in Norfolk, the seat of the Earl of Leicester,' London, atlas fol., of which another edition was published a few years later by his nephew, Robert Furze Brettingham [q. v.] It is curious that in neither of these publications is the real authorship of the plans acknowledged, although the fact that Kent designed them is beyond dispute. It is impossible now to ascertain the share of credit for the completed work to which Brettingham is entitled. As the construction of the house extended over so long a period after Kent's death, Brettingham no doubt modified the latter's original designs; but the drawings published by him do not differ in any way from the prevailing heaviness and regularity of the then fashionable 'Vitruvian' style of which Kent was master, and suggest at best but successful imitation on the part of his follower. Brettingham's other known works were Norfolk House (now 21 St. James's Square), London, erected in 1742; Langley Park, Norfolk, in 1740-4; the north and east fronts of Charlton House, Wiltshire; and a house in Pall Mall, afterwards known as Cumberland House, and subsequently used as the ordnance office, erected in 1760-7 for the Duke of York, brother to George III. In 1748-50 he again visited Italy, and in the first of these years travelled for some time in company with the well-known architects, Hamilton, ' Athenian Stuart,' and Nicholas Revett. Brettingham does not appear to have been influenced by the investigations made by these architects into the architecture of Greece. He always confined himself to the heavy Palladian style in which he had been educated, and in which, while exhibiting no great novelty of conception, it must be admitted he displayed knowledge and skill equal to those of any architect of his time. He died at Norwich at the advanced age of seventy, and is buried in St. Augustine's Church there.
Brettingham, Matthew, the younger (1725-1803), architect, son of the preceding, worked also in Palladian style (Redgrave).
G. W. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brettargh, Katharine

​BRETTARGH, KATHARINE (1579–1601), puritan, was daughter of a Cheshire squire, John Bruen of Bruen Stapleford, father of John Bruen [q. v.] She was baptised on 13 Feb. 1579, and from an early age she was distinguished by earnest religious feeling. When she was about twenty she was married to William Brettargh or Brettergh, of 'Brellerghoult' - Brettargh Holt - near Liverpool, who shared her puritan sentiments. The couple were said to have had some persecution at the hands of their Roman catholic neighbours. 'It is not unknowne to Lancashire what horses and cattell of her husband's were killed upon his grounds in the night most barbarously at two seuerall times by seminarie priests (no question) and recusants that lurked thereabouts.' Her piety, however, was such as to impress them in spite of her dislike of their creed. 'Once a tenant of her husband's being behinde with his rent, she desired him to beare yet with him a quarter of a yeare, which he did; and when the man brought his money, with teares she said to her husband, "I feare you doe not well to take it of him, though it be your right, for I doubt he is not well able to pay it, and then you oppresse the poore."' It is perhaps characteristic of the times that her biographer insists upon the circumstance that 'she never used to swear an oath great or small.' After a little more than two years of married life she was attacked by 'a hot burning ague,' of which she died on Whit Sunday, 31 May 1601. She was encouraged by a visit from her brother, John Bruen, and by the consolations of William Harrison and other puritans. Her biographers are indignant at the ​imputation that she died despairing. She was buried at Childwall Church on Wednesday, 3 June, as appears from the title of the little book which forms the chief authority as to her life: 'Death's Advantage little Regarded, or the Soule's Solace against Sorrow, preached in two funerall sermons at Childwall, in Lancashire, at the buriall of Mistris Katherine Brettergh, 3 June 1601. The one by William Harrison, the other by William Leygh, B.D., whereunto is annexed the christian life and godly death of the said gentlewoman,' London, 1601. There is a portrait: of her in Clarke's second part of the 'Marrow of Ecclesiastical History,' book ii., London, 1675, p. 52, from which it seems that her puritanism did not forbid a very elaborate ruff. The face is oval, the features refined, the hair closely confined by a sort of skull-cap, over which towers a sugarloaf hat.
W. E. A. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Aitken, Robert

​AITKEN, ROBERT (1800–1873), popular preacher, was born at Crailing, near Jedburgh, 22 Jan. 1800. Almost before he had attained to manhood he became a school-master in Sunderland, and, whilst living in the village of Whitburn near that town, was ordained as deacon in 1823 by Bishop Van Mildert. He was for some time resident in the Isle of Man, and was married there; but in consequence of some irregularities in preaching, he fell under the displeasure of the Bishop of Chester, and withdrew from the church of England. Although he was never properly received into the Wesleyan ministry, he was permitted to occupy the pulpits of that body, and remained in sympathy with them until the Warren controversy arose. Subsequently he preached at Liverpool and elsewhere in chapels of his own, but finally, on 20 Dec. 1840, took leave of his congregation at Zion Chapel, Waterloo Road, Liverpool, and returned to the church of England. Mr. Aitken officiated from 1842 to 1844 as curate of the little parish of Perranuthnoe, near Marazion, in Cornwall, and then became the first incumbent of the new parish of Pendeen in the same county. In this remote district, on the borders of the Atlantic, there was erected, from his own designs and under his own personal supervision, a fine cruciform church on the model of the ancient cathedral of Iona, the labour being supplied entirely by the people of the neighbourhood, and chiefly in their own leisure hours. He never held any other preferment, but his services were often sought by the incumbents of other churches in large towns, and he was well known throughout England as a preacher of almost unrivalled fervour. A fine presence and a commanding voice, combined with untiring zeal and sympathy for others, concealed his rashness of judgment. His religious creed was taken partly from the teachings of the methodist church, and partly from the views of the tractarians: he wished the one class to undergo the process of ‘conversion,’ the other to be imbued with sacramental beliefs. Whether his opinions were in accord with the principles of the established church or not, was fiercely disputed both before and after his death. His sermons and pamphlets, as well as the replies which they provoked, are described at considerable length in the first and third volumes of the ‘Bibliotheca Cornubiensis.’ Worn out with labour Mr. Aitken died suddenly on the Great Western Railway platform at Paddington 11 July 1873.
W. P. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Aitkin, John

​AITKIN, JOHN, M.D. (fl. 1770–1790), surgeon, the date of whose birth is not recorded, must have studied medicine at Edinburgh, where he became M.R.C.S. in 1770. In 1779 he is described as surgeon and lecturer on surgery in Edinburgh. Either at that time or later, his lectures included besides the practice of physic, anatomy, midwifery, and chemistry. He appears to have been a successful teacher, and wrote several books, chiefly as text-books for his lectures. They are said, and truly, to ‘contain much valuable information and to be well written;’ but to a reader of the present day they are of little value, having shared the unfortunate fate of most text-books written for purposes of instruction, and having become rapidly superannuated.
John Aitkin made certain practical improvements in surgery. He introduced an alteration in the mode of locking the midwifery forceps. He also invented a flexible blade to the lever. He likewise invented and described in his ‘Essays and Cases in Surgery’ a pair of forceps for dividing and diminishing the stone in the bladder, when too large to remove entire by lithotomy. ​His portrait forms the frontispiece to ‘Elements of Physic and Surgery,’ London 1783.
He wrote:
* ‘Essays on several important subjects in surgery, chiefly with regard to the nature and cure of fractures,’ London, 1771, 8vo.
* ‘Essays and Cases in Surgery,’ London, 1775, 8vo.
* ‘Conspectus Rei Chirurgicæ,’ Edin. 1777, 8vo.
* ‘Medical Improvement; an Address to the Medical Society of Edinburgh,’ Edin. 1777, 12mo.
* ‘Elements of the Theory and Practice of Surgery,’ Edin. 1779, 8vo, republished with the ‘Elements of the Theory and Practice of Physic,’ thus forming 2 vols. entitled ‘Elements of the Theory and Practice of Physic and Surgery,’ London, 1783, 8vo (with portrait).
* ‘Outlines of the Theory and Cure of Fever,’ London, 1781, 12mo.
* ‘Principles of Midwifery or Puerperal Medicine,’ 1784, 8vo.
* ‘Osteology; or a Treatise on the Bones of the Human Skeleton,’ London, 1785, 8vo.
* ‘Principles of Anatomy and Physiology,’ Edin. 1786, 2 vols. 8vo.
* ‘Essays on Fractures and Luxations,’ London 1790, 8vo.
[Medical Register, 1779; Life by Mr. G. M. Humphry, in Biog. Dict. of Useful Knowledge Society.]
J. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Aiton, William (1731-1793)

​AITON, WILLIAM (1731–1793), botanist, was born at a small village near Hamilton, Lanarkshire, and brought up as a gardener. In 1754 he came to London in search of employment, and was engaged as an assistant by Mr. Philip Miller, then gardener to the Botanic Garden at Chelsea. In 1759 he was appointed to the management of the Botanic Garden at Kew, which was then in the possession of the Princess Dowager of Wales. He soon raised the position of the garden to one of importance, and indeed may be said to have founded the reputation which Kew has ever since enjoyed. He took every opportunity of increasing the collections, and was mainly instrumental in sending out Francis Masson in 1772, one of the earliest botanical collectors at the Cape. In 1783 he was promoted to the management of the royal forcing and pleasure gardens at Kew and Richmond, at the same time retaining his former post, a house being built for him at Kew by George III. In 1789 he published the ‘Hortus Kewensis, being a Catalogue of the Plants cultivated in the Royal Garden at Kew,’ in 3 vols. 8vo, with 13 plates. To this important work, which contains an enumeration of 5,600 species, he devoted ‘a large proportion of the leisure allowed by the daily duties of his station during more than sixteen years.’ It met with a cordial reception, the whole impression being sold off in two years. A second edition appeared in 1810–13, in five volumes, edited by Aiton's eldest son [see Aiton, William Townsend]. He received the assistance of Dr. Solander, then curator of Sir Joseph Banks's herbarium, to whom the plants from Kew, as well as from other important gardens, were sent to be named. Although no indication is given in the book, the descriptions of the new species contained in it were contributed by Solander, and are so recognised by botanists: the types of these novelties were placed in the Banksian herbarium, now incorporated in the British Museum collections. Dryander, another assistant of Banks, also helped Aiton. The ‘Hortus Kewensis’ is of historical value on account of the care with which the dates of the introduction of the plants enumerated were ascertained by Aiton, not only from books but from personal inquiry among his contemporaries. His eldest son succeeded him; another son, John Townsend Aiton, was placed in charge of the Royal Garden at Windsor. Aiton was extremely active; his private character is described as ‘highly estimable for mildness, benevolence, piety, and every domestic and social virtue.’ Among his friends was Sir Joseph Banks. He died of a disease of the liver, 2 Feb. 1793, and is buried in Kew churchyard. A portrait, in oil, exists in the museum of the Royal Gardens, Kew, from which an engraving was published.
[Preface and Introduction to Hortus Kewensis; Gent. Mag. 1793, lxiii. pt. i. 389; Rees's Cyclopædia.]
J. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Aitken, John

1904 Errata appended.
​AITKEN, JOHN (1793–1833), editor of ‘Constable's Miscellany,’ was born at the village of Camelon, Stirlingshire, 25 March 1793. After a good elementary school education, he became clerk in the East Lothian Bank, whence he was transferred to the bank of Mr. Park (brother of Mungo Park, the traveller) at Selkirk. Subsequently he became teller in the East Lothian Bank, but on its failure he, in 1822, removed to Edinburgh, where he commenced business as a bookseller, and published the ‘Cabinet,’ a selection of miscellaneous pieces in prose and verse, which extended to three volumes, and met with considerable success. Shortly after this he was appointed editor of ‘Constable's Miscellany.’ On the death of Constable he, in conjunction with Messrs. Hurst, Chance, & Co., of London, and Mr. Henry Constable, purchased the work, but his connection with it ceased after the failure of the London firm in 1831. He had established a printing-office, with the view of starting a publication similar to the ‘Miscellany,’ when he died somewhat suddenly, 15 Feb. 1833. Aitken took an active part in founding the ‘Edinburgh Literary Journal.’ He was an occasional contributor to periodicals, and wrote verse with elegance and taste.
T. F. H.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.4 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Aiton, John

​AITON, JOHN, D.D. (1797–1863), religious writer, was the youngest son of William Aiton, a sherrif-substitute of Lanarkshire [see Aiton, Wiliam, 1760–1848], and was born at Strathaven, June 1797. He published, in 1824, ‘A Refutation of Mr. Robert Owen's Objections to Christianity.’ For this pamphlet he was presented by the then Lord Douglas to the benefice of Dolphinton, South Lanarkshire. His other works are:
* ‘The Life and Times of Alexander Henderson,’ Edin. 1836.
* ‘Clerical Economics,’ Edin. 1842.
* ‘Eight Weeks in Germany,’ Edin. 1842.
* ‘The Lands of the Messiah, Mahomet, and the Pope,’ Edin. 1852.
* ‘The Drying-up of the Euphrates,’ London, 1853.
* ‘St. Paul and his localities in their past and present condition,’ London, 1856.
He held his living till his death in 1863.
[Clerical Economics, 2nd edition, 1856; Catalogue of Library of Faculty of Advocates.]
T. J.
# Daugherty v. California

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
386 U.S. 271
Daugherty v. California
John Edward Daugherty, pro se.
Thomas C. Lynch, Atty. Gen. of California, William E. James, Asst. Atty. Gen., and C. Anthony Collins, Deputy Atty. Gen., for respondent.
On Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the Supreme Court of California.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Daugherty v. California/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Per Curiam Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
386 U.S. 271
Daugherty v. California
The motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis and the petition for a writ of certiorari are granted. The judgment is vacated and the case remanded for further consideration in light of Chapman v. State of California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824.
Mr. Justice STEWART would grant certiorari and reverse the judgment for the reasons stated in his opinion concurring in the result in Chapman v. State of California, 386 U.S., at 42, 87 S.Ct., at 837.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Campbell, Colin (1644-1726)

​CAMPBELL, COLIN (1644–1726), Scottish divine, was the younger son of Patrick Campbell of Innergeldies (called Patrick Dubh Beg, i.e. ‘Little Black’), ancestor of the Barcaldine family, and descended from Sir Duncan Campbell, first baronet of Glenorchy, of the noble house of Breadalbane. He was born in 1644, studied at St. Salvator's College, St. Andrews, and afterwards accompanied his relative, John, first earl of Breadalbane [q. v.], to one of the English universities. In June 1667 he was admitted minister of the parish of Ardchattan and Muchairn. On 12 Jan. 1676 he was suspended from the ministry, on the charge of ante-nuptial intercourse; but on 8 March following a letter from the Bishop of Ross gave permission for his readmission. At the Revolution he conformed, and he continued in the active discharge of his parochial duties till his death on 13 March 1726, in the fifty-ninth year of his ministry, after he had been for some time the father of the church. Campbell had the reputation of being one of the most profound mathematicians and astronomers of his day, and was a correspondent of Sir Isaac Newton, who said of him, in a letter to Professor Gregory, ‘I see that were he among us he would make children of us all.’ Several letters to Campbell from Professor Gregory, written in 1672 and 1673, annotated by Professor Wallace, have been published in vol. iii. of the ‘Transactions of the Antiquarian Society of Scotland.’ He wrote some Latin verses prefixed to the Rev. Daniel Campbell's ‘Frequent and Devout Communicant,’ 1703; and to another work by the same author, published in 1719, he contributed ‘A Brief Demonstration of the Existence of God against the Atheists, and of the Immortality of Man's Soul.’ This treatise, with another entitled the ‘Trinity of Persons in the Unity of Essence,’ was printed for private circulation at Edinburgh in 1876. In the former three chief heads and several subordinate ones are made to converge in demonstrating the necessity in the rational nature of a Being without beginning, boundless and uncompounded; the second seeks to prove the natural necessity for a Trinity in the unity of the already demonstrated Divine Being. Campbell's manuscripts and correspondence, formerly in the possession of his descendant, John Gregorson of Ardtornish, are now deposited in the library of the university of Edinburgh.
T. F. H.