OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley

Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley (PIERREPONT) (1690-1762). -- Letter-writer, was the eldest dau. of the 1st Duke of Kingston. In her youth she combined the attractions of a reigning beauty and a wit. Her early studies were encouraged and assisted by Bishop Burnet, and she was the friend of Pope, Addison, and Swift. In 1712 she m., against the wishes of her family, Edward Wortley-Montagu, a cousin of the celebrated Charles Montagu, afterwards Earl of Halifax. Her husband having been appointed Ambassador to the Porte, she accompanied him, and wrote the sparkling Letters from the East which have given her a place high among the great letter-writers of the world. While in Turkey she became acquainted with the practice of inoculation against smallpox, which she did much to introduce into western countries. After her return to England she settled at Twickenham, and renewed her friendship with Pope, which, however, ended in a violent quarrel, arising out of her publication of Town Eclogues. She was furiously attacked by both Pope and Swift, and was not slow to defend herself. In 1737, for reasons which have never been explained, she left page 276her husband and country, and settled in Italy. Mr. M. having d. 1761, she returned at the request of her dau., the Countess of Bute, but d. the following year.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Montgomerie, Alexander

Montgomerie, Alexander (1545?-1610?). -- Poet, probably b. in Ayrshire, was in the service of the Regent Morton and James VI., by whom he was pensioned. He is sometimes styled "Captain," and was laureate of the Court. He appears to have fallen on evil days, was imprisoned on the Continent, and lost his pension. His chief work is The Cherrie and the Slae (1597), a somewhat poor allegory of Virtue and Vice, but with some vivid description in it, and with a comparatively modern air. He also wrote Flyting (scolding) betwixt Montgomerie and Polwart, pub. 1621, and other pieces.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Montgomery, James

Montgomery, James (1771-1854). -- Poet, s. of a pastor and missionary of the Moravian Brethren, was b. at Irvine, Ayrshire, and ed. at the Moravian School at Fulneck, near Leeds. After various changes of occupation and abode, he settled in Sheffield in 1792 as clerk to a newspaper. In 1796 he had become ed. of the Sheffield Iris, and was twice imprisoned for political articles for which he was held responsible. In 1797 he pub. Prison Amusements; but his first work to attract notice was The Wanderer of Switzerland (1806). It was followed by The West Indies (1809), The World before the Flood (1812), Greenland (1819), and The Pelican Island (1828), all of which contain passages of considerable imaginative and descriptive power, but are lacking in strength and fire. He himself expected that his name would live, if at all, in his hymns, and in this his judgment has proved true. Some of these, such as For ever with the Lord, Hail to the Lord's Anointed, and Prayer is the Soul's sincere Desire, are sung wherever the English language is spoken. M. was a good and philanthropic man, the opponent of every form of injustice and oppression, and the friend of every movement for the welfare of the race. His virtues attained wide recognition.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Montgomery, Robert

Montgomery, Robert (1807-1855). -- Poet, a minister of the Scottish Episcopal Church, wrote some ambitious religious poems, including The Omnipresence of the Deity and Satan, which were at first outrageously puffed, and had a wide circulation. Macaulay devoted an essay to the demolition of the author's reputation, in which he completely succeeded.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Triangle

[ V. de P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Trihoris

​TRIHORIS, TRIORI, TRIHORY, TRIORY, an old Breton dance, long obsolete. Cotgrave describes it as 'a kind of British and peasantly daunce, consisting of three steps, and performed, by three hobling youths, commonly in a round.' It is mentioned by Rabelais ('Pantagruel,' bk. iv. ch. xxxviii.) and by his imitator, Noël du Fail, Seigneur de la Herrisaye, in chapter xix. of his 'Contes et Discours d'Eutrapel' (1585). From this passage it would seem that it was a 'Basse Danse,' and was followed by a 'Carole'—a low Breton name for a dance in a round, or according to Cotgrave 'a kind of daunce wherein many daunce together.' [See Tourdion.] (Compare the Italian 'Carola,' described in Symonds' 'Renaissance in Italy,' vol. iv. p. 261, note.) Du Fail says the dance was 'trois fois plus magistrale et gaillarde que nulle autre.' It was the special dance of Basse Bretagne, as the Passepied (vol. ii. p. 662) was of Haute Bretagne. Jehan Tabourot, in his 'Orchésographie' [see vol. ii. p. 560a], says the Trihoris was a kind of Branle, and that he learnt it at Poitiers from one of his scholars. He gives the following as the air to which it was danced:
[ W.B.S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Trillo del Diavolo, Il

​TRILLO DEL DIAVOLO, IL. A famous sonata by Tartini, for violin solo with bass accompaniment, which is so called from its being an attempt to recollect the playing of the devil in a dream. [See Tartini; vol. iv. p. 62a.] The Sonata consists of Larghetto affettuoso, Allegro, and Finale—Andante and Allegro intermixed. All the movements are in G minor. It is in the Allegro of the Finale that the Trill occurs, a long shake with a second syncopated part going on at the same time.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Triplet

​TRIPLET (Fr. Triolet; Ital. Terzina; Ger. Triole). In modern notation each note is equal to two of the next lower denomination, and the division of a note into three is not provided for, although in the ancient 'measured music' it was the rule. [See Dot, vol. i. p. 455.] On this account notes worth one third of the next longer kind have to be written as halves, and are then grouped in threes by means of curved lines, with the figure 3 usually placed over the middle note as an additional distinction. Such a group is called a Triplet, and is executed at a slightly increased speed, so that the three triplet-notes are equal to two ordinary notes of the same species: for example—
Beethoven. Sonata, op. 2. no. 1.
Triplets may be formed of notes of any kind, and also of rests, or of notes and rests together.
Beethoven. Sonata, op. 22.
So also a group of two notes, one twice the length of the other, is read as the equivalent of a triplet, provided it is marked with the distinctive figure 3.
Schumann. Trio, op. 63.
In instrumental music, when the fingering is marked, there is some risk of the figure 3 of a triplet being confounded with the indication for the third finger. To obviate this, the two figures are always printed in different type, or, better still, the triplet figure is enclosed in brackets, thus (3). This plan, which has recently been rather extensively adopted, appears to have been first introduced by Moscheles, in his edition of Beethoven, published by Cramer & Co.
[ F. T. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Tribut de Zamora, Le

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Trill

​TRILL (Ital. Trillo; Fr. Trille; Germ. Triller). An ornament consisting of the rapid alternation of a note with its major or minor second, generally known in English by the name of Shake, under which head it is fully described. [See vol. iii. p. 479.] The ornament itself dates from about the end of the 16th century, but it received the name of Trill at a somewhat later date, not to be exactly ascertained. It is described in the 'Nuove Musiche' of Caccini, published in Florence in 1601, under the name of Gruppo, a name which is now used to express a turn-like group of four notes, also called Groppo, thus:—
* or
[ F. T. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Trinity College, London

​TRINITY COLLEGE, LONDON. This institution is the development of a Musical Society founded in 1872, under the title of the Church Choral Society, with the object of promoting the improvement of church music and church singing. In the following year examinations of a practical and theoretical character were established for admission to the position of Fellow of the Society, and in 1874 so that of Associate, diplomas or certificates being granted to the successful candidates, who were subsequently classed as 'Licentiates,' 'Associates,' and 'Students.'
In 1875 the Society was incorporated under the Companies' Act, and in 1881 reincorporated on a wider basis, under the name of Trinity College, London; lectures and classes were organised for musical and general instruction; examinations for diplomas and prizes were held; and a library was opened. In 1876 women were admitted to the classes then instituted, and soon afterwards the local examinations throughout the United Kingdom, which had been for some years held by the Society of Arts, but had lately been discontinued, were resumed and carried on by Trinity College.
As at present constituted the College is under the direction of a Council, an Academical Board, and a Senate, and the studies, musical and literary, are conducted by a Warden and a staff of professors.
The first Warden of the College was the Rev. H. G. Bonavia Hunt, who still holds the office, and to whose exertions the present position of the College is due. Among the professors and lecturers are Sir Julius Benedict; Mr. Carrodus; Mr. Dubrucq; Mr. James Higgs, Mus.B.; Mr. W. S. Hoyte; Mr. Lazarus; Mr. George Mount; Dr. W. H. Stone; Mr. E. H. Turpin; Mr. Bradbury Turner, Mus.B.; Mr. A. Visetti; and Mr. C. E. Willing.
The College has about 300 students at present on its books, and holds examinations at nearly 200 local centres. A scholarship and two exhibitions, open to all comers, have been instituted, and prizes are awarded amongst the students of the College. A class for the practice of orchestral music meets weekly during Term, and instruction, is given in French, German, and Italian.
[ G. A. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Triple Time

​TRIPLE TIME (Fr. Mésure à trois temps; Ger. Tripeltakt). The rhythm of three beats in a bar, the accent falling on the first beat. In quick tempo this single accent is sufficient, but in slow and expressive movements a second weaker accent is generally required to avoid monotony. This second accent is variously placed by different writers, some assigning it to the second beat (see Hauptmann 'Harmonik und Metrik,' p. 226) while others place it on the third. [Accent, vol. i. p. 12.] The truth appears to be that it may occupy either position according to the requirements of the phrasing. A comparison of the following examples will serve as a proof of this.
Beethoven. Trio, op. 70, no. 2.
Beethoven. Quartet, op. 130 (Alla danza tedesca).
When a bar of triple time consists of two notes only the accent is always on the longer note. Compare the first and last bars of the following example:—
Schumann. Estrella (Carneval, op. 9).
[ F. T. ]
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/White, Mark

Layout 4
​WHITE. (Commander, 1815. f-p., 13; h-p., 31.)
Mark White entered the Navy, 25 March, 1803, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Salvador del Mundo, Capt. Chas. Henry Lane, flag-ship at Plymouth of Admirals Lord Keith and Wm. Young. In April, 1805, exactly two years after he had attained the rating of Midshipman, he removed to the Bellerophon 74, Capts. John Cooke, Wm. Pryce Cumby (Acting), Edw. Rotheram, and Sam. Warren. In her he fought at Trafalgar and continued employed in the Channel, off Rochefort and Cape Finisterre, and in the North Sea, until transferred, in March, 1809, to the Melpomène 38, Capts. Sir Peter Parker and Fred. Warren. The latter ship, while he was in her, was attacked, in the Belt, about a mile from the shore, during a perfect calm and in a dark night, by 20 large Danish gun-boats; whom at the end of the action, which lasted from lOh. 30m. p.m. until daylight, she beat off, having defeated every attempt made by the enemy to board. Her hull and rigging were on this occasion much damaged, and her loss extended to several men killed and wounded. On leaving the Melpomène Mr. White who in the affair just recorded had performed the duties of Master’s Mate, was received as a Supernumerary, in Sept. 1809, on board the Namur 74, ​flag-ship at Sheerness of Vice-Admiral Thos. Wells. He acted as Lieutenant, from 25 Dec. following until 11 Jan. 1810, in the Thracian sloop, Capt. Jas. Grant, on the Downs station; and on 13 Aug. ensuing, after having again served with Vice-Admiral Wells as a Supernumerary in the Namur, and with Vice-Admiral Billy Douglas in the Roebuck 44 at North Yarmouth, he was officially promoted. He was next, from 7 Oct. 1810 until promoted to the rank of Commander 10 Oct. 1815, employed in the North Sea, Channel, and Mediterranean, in the Berwick 74, Capts. Jas. Macnamara, Sir Robt. Laurie, and Edw. Brace. On 24 March, 1811, he assisted, as Senior of the latter ship, in driving the French frigate Amazon on the rocks near Barfleur lighthouse : he boarded, in the boats, off Cavalacie, 16 May, 1813, La Fortune national xebec of 10 long 9-pounders, 4 swivels, and 95 men, previously abandoned by the enemy, who had fired a shot through the bottom, and left a train to the magazine; and in April, 1814, he commanded a division of boats at the siege of Genoa. Since his last promotion he has been on half-pay.
Commander White is married and has issue. Agents – Hallett and Robinson.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/White, Richard Dunning

Layout 4
​WHITE. (Commander, 1847. f-p., 20; h-p., 1.)
Richard Dunning White is youngest son of the late Rear-Admiral Thos. White.
This officer entered the Navy, 15 April, 1826, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Windsor Castle 76, Capts. Edw. Durnford King and Hon. Duncombe Pleydell Bouverie; in which ship he continued to serve off Lisbon and in the Mediterranean, a great part of the time as Midshipman, until transferred, in Nov. 1830, to the Melville 74, on the latter station. He returned to England in Sept. 1831; and was employed next as Midshipman and Mate (he passed his examination 6 Sept. 1832) – from 5 Dec. 1831 until 30 April, 1833, in the San Josef 110, flagship of Sir Manley Dixon at Plymouth – from 19 Sept. 1833 until 14 March, 1834, in the Pandora packet, Lieut.-Commander Wentworth Parsons Croke, on the Falmouth station – from 26 March, 1834, until June, 1837, in the Revenge 78, Capt. Wm. Elliott, in the Mediterranean – from 18 Nov. 1837 until 21 Dec. 1839, in the Pique 36, Capt. Edw. Boxer, on particular service – and from 28 Feb. 1840 until rewarded for his services on the coast of Syria and at the bombardment of St. Jean d’Acre with a commission dated 5 Nov. in the same year, in the Thunderer 84, Capt. Maurice Fred. Fitzhardinge Berkeley. His succeeding appointments were – 15 Jan. and 17 April, 1841, to the Implacable 74 and Vanguard 80, Capts. Edw. Harvey and Sir David Dunn, on the Mediterranean and Lisbon stations – and 4 Dec. 1843, as Senior Lieutenant (the Vanguard had been paid off 16 Aug. preceding) to the Sealark sloop, Capt. Thos. Lewis Goooh, fitting for the coast of Africa. The latter vessel, of which he obtained acting-command 20 March, 1847, he brought home and paid off towards the close of that year. He has not been since afloat.
His commission as Commander bears date 28 Aug. 1847.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/White, William (a)

Layout 4
​WHITE. (Retired Commander, 1831. f-p., 14; h-p., 53.)
William White died in 1846.
This officer entered the Navy 6 April, 1780, as Captain’s Servant, on board the Marlborough 74, Capt. Taylor Penny; in which ship he continued employed as Midshipman in the Channel and West Indies until July, 1783. He served next on the same stations, from May, 1784, until July, 1786, and from Feb. 1787 until Sept. 1790, in the Orestes 18, Capt. Jas. Ellis, and Sybil frigate, Capt. Rich. Bickerton. In Jan. 1793 he became Master’s Mate of the Thalia 36, Capt. Rich.Grindall, employed in the Channel, among the Western Islands, and off Lisbon; he was made Lieutenant, 20 Aug. 1794, into the Andromeda frigate, Capts. Thos. Sotheby and Wm. Taylor; he left that ship, after having served in her in the North Sea and at Halifax, in June, 1797; and he was lastly, from July, 1806, until Feb. 1807, stationed on the coast of Ireland in the Brisk 18, Capt. John Coode. He was placed on the Junior List of Retired Commanders 26 Nov. 1830, and on the Senior 17 Sept. 1831.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/White, John William

Layout 4
​WHITE. (Lieutenant, 1843.)
John William White entered the Navy, from the Royal Naval College, 24 June, 1832; passed his examination 17 Oct. 1836; served for some years on the North America and West India and Portsmouth stations, as Mate, in the Comus 18, Capt. Evan Nepean, Vestal 26, Capt. John Parker, and Excellent gunnery-ship, Capt. Sir Thos. Hastings; obtained his commission 1 Nov. 1843; and was appointed, 9 March and 27 Nov. 1844, to the Ringdove 16 and Larne 18, Capts. Sir Wm. Daniell and John Wm. Douglas Brisbane, both on the coast of Africa, whence he returned to England in 1847 and was paid off. Agent – J. Hinxman.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/White, Richard

Layout 4
​WHITE. (Lieutenant, 1815.)
Richard White entered the Navy, 2 Feb. 1806, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Quebec 32, Capt. Geo. M‘Kinley; with whom, after having cruized in the North Sea, he removed, in the following summer, to the Lively 38. In that frigate, of which he became Midshipman, he continued very actively employed, in the manner detailed in our memoir of her Captain, until wrecked, 10 Aug. 1810, on a reef of rocks, near Point Coura, in the island of Malta. He served afterwards, from Nov. 1810 until promoted to the rank of Lieutenant 20 Feb. 1815, with Capts. Patrick Campbell, Adam Drummond, and Thos. Briggs in the Unité 36 and Leviathan 74, on the Mediterranean, Jamaica, and Cork stations. His last appointments afloat were, 27 June, 1822, to the Superb 78, Capt. Adam Mackenzie, lying at Plymouth – and 23 March, 1829, to the command, which he retained until June, 1834, of the Nimble Revenue-cruizer. He was subsequently employed in the Quarantine service at Standgate Creek.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/White, Richard Hamond

Layout 4
​WHITE. (Lieutenant, 1825.)
Richard Hamond White entered the Navy 15 Sept. 1813; passed his examination in 1822; and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant 1 July, 1825. He has since been on half-pay. Agents – Messrs. Ommanney.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Craigie, Mrs. Pearl Mary Teresa

​Craigie, Mrs. Pearl Mary Teresa (Richards) (1867-1906). Dau. of John Morgan, R. b. in Boston, Massachusetts. Most of her education was received in London and Paris, and from childhood she was a great reader and observer. At 19 she m. Mr. R. W. Craigie, but the union did not prove happy and was, on her petition, dissolved. In 1902 she became a Roman Catholic. She wrote, under the pseudonym of "John Oliver Hobbes,", a number of novels and dramas, distinguished by originality of subject and treatment, brightness of humour, and finish of style, among which may be mentioned Some Emotions and a Moral, The Gods, Some Mortals and Lord Wickenham (1895), The Herb Moon and The School for Saints (1897), and Robert Orange (1900), The Dream and The Business (1907). Her dramas include The Ambassador and The Bishop's Move.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Craik, George Lillie

​Craik, George Lillie (1798-1866).—Writer on English literature, etc., b. at Kennoway, Fife, and ed. at St. Andrews, went to London in 1824, where he wrote largely for the "Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge." In 1849 he was appointed Prof. of English Literature and History at Belfast. Among his books are The Pursuit of Knowledge under Difficulties (1831), History of British Commerce (1844), and History of English Literature and the English Language (1861). He was also joint author of The Pictorial History of England, and wrote books on Spenser and Bacon.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Crashaw, Richard

​Crashaw, Richard (1613?-1649).—Poet, s. of William C., a Puritan divine, was b. in London, and ed. at Charterhouse and Camb., where he became a Fellow of Peterhouse, from which, however, he was, in 1643, ejected for refusing to take the Solemn League and Covenant. Thereafter he went to France, and joined the Roman communion. He suffered great straits, being almost reduced to starvation, but was, through the influence of Queen Henrietta Maria, appointed Sec. to Cardinal Palotta. About 1649 he went to Italy, and in the following year became a canon of the Church of Loretto. He d. the same year. C. is said to have been an eloquent preacher, and was a scholar as well as a poet of a high order in the ecstatic and transcendental style. His chief work is Steps to the Temple (1646), consisting mainly of religious poems somewhat in the style of Herbert; his Weeping of the Magdalen is full of the most extravagant conceits, a fondness for which is, indeed, his besetting sin as a poet. His friend Cowley commemorated him in a beautiful ode.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Creech, Thomas

​Creech, Thomas (1659-1700).—Translator, b. near Sherborne, ed. at Oxf., became Head Master of Sherborne School. He translated Lucretius in verse (1682), for which he received a Fellowship at Oxf., also Horace, Theocritus, and other classics. Owing to a disappointment in love and pecuniary difficulties he hanged himself.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Crabbe, George

​Crabbe, George (1754-1832).—Poet, b. at Aldborough, Suffolk, where his f. was collector of salt dues, he was apprenticed to a surgeon, but, having no liking for the work, went to London to try his fortune in literature. Unsuccessful at first, he as a last resource wrote a letter to Burke enclosing some of his writings, and was immediately befriended by him, and taken into his own house, where he met Fox, Reynolds, and others. His first important work, The Library, was pub. in 1781, and received with favour. He took orders, and was appointed by the Duke of Rutland his domestic chaplain, residing with him at Belvoir Castle. Here in 1783 he pub. The Village, which established his reputation, and about the same time he was presented by Lord Thurlow to two small livings. He was now secured from want, made a happy marriage, and devoted himself to literary and scientific pursuits. The Newspaper appeared in 1785, and was followed by a period of silence until 1807, when he came forward again with The Parish Register, followed by The Borough (1810), Tales in Verse (1812), and his last work, Tales of the Hall (1817-18). In 1819 Murray the publisher gave him £3000 for the last named work and the unexpired copyright of his other poems. In 1822 he visited Sir Walter Scott at Edinburgh. Soon afterwards his health began to give way, and he d. in 1832. C. has been called "the poet of the poor." He describes in simple, but strong and vivid, verse their struggles, sorrows, weaknesses, crimes, and pleasures, sometimes with racy humour, oftener in sombre hues, ​His pathos, sparingly introduced, goes to the heart; his pictures of crime and despair not seldom rise to the terrific, and he has a marvellous power of painting natural scenery, and of bringing out in detail the beauty and picturesqueness of scenes at first sight uninteresting, or even uninviting. He is absolutely free from affectation or sentimentality, and may be regarded as one of the greatest masters of the realistic in our literature. With these merits he has certain faults, too great minuteness in his pictures, too frequent dwelling upon the sordid and depraved aspects of character, and some degree of harshness both in matter and manner, and not unfrequently a want of taste.
Life prefixed to ed. of works by his son (1834), Ainger (Men of Letters, 1903). Works (Ward, 3 vols., 1906-7).