OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Date

See also Date Palm on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Date, the fruit of a well-known palm, Phœnix dactylifera, which is native to northern Africa and Arabia, and is more or less cultivated in other tropical and subtropical regions. It is one of the most common food-articles of the Arabs, and other parts of the plant furnish them with materials for various purposes. The tree becomes 100 feet high, having a straight, rough trunk, and is said to bear its enormous clusters of fruit for one or two centuries. The date palm has been cultivated in the Spanish parts of North America for many years, but chiefly for decorative purposes. The only part of the United States suitable for growing the tree for commercial purposes is said to be southern Arizona and southern California, where some interesting experiments are being made and considerable success has already been attained. Dates rank very high as food, and are eaten both fresh and dried. In the date-palm staminate flowers are borne on one tree, pistillate ones on another. To insure perfect pollination the Arabs cut off sprays of staminate flowers and place them in the pistillate trees. The tree is propagated by seeds and by suckers; if a certain variety is desired, suckers are used; the date is like the apple in not growing true to seed.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Daubigny, Charles François

See also Charles-François Daubigny on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Daubigny, Charles François (frän-swä′ dō′ bḗn′ yḗ′), a French etcher and landscape-painter, was born in 1817. He studied with his father, with Delaroche and with others, exhibited when only 21, but did not receive full recognition for 28 years. He devoted himself to close and sympathetic study of nature, working much from a houseboat on the Seine, and painted landscape with originality, naturalness and fidelity. He also became a vigorous etcher, frank in method and retaining the painter’s freedom. The Pool of Gylien and the Rising Moon rank with his best pictures. He died in 1878.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Davenport

See also Davenport, Iowa on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Davenport, a city of Iowa ranking third in the state in population, is located on the Mississippi, 183 miles west of Chicago. The site was formerly occupied by an Indian village, and was visited by Père Marquette and Louis Joliet in 1673. The city was incorporated in 1838, and the first school was established in the same year. The population, which was 1,848 in 1850, had increased to 43,028 in 1910. Davenport is largely a manufacturing city, the capital invested in manufactures being $15,000,000, and the men employed 8,000. The value of the output, in 1909, in lumber, metal-wheels, glucose-products, wagons, cigars, pearl-buttons and other manufactures was $18,801,842.
Davenport is at the western terminus of the Illinois and Mississippi Canal, and is on six railways. It has all the institutions and agencies of the most advanced cities. Among the public institutions are Iowa Soldiers’ Orphans’ Home, C. C. Cook Home for the Friendless, St. Vincent’s Orphanage and the Home for Old Farmers. A $75,000 public library has been erected through the munificence of Andrew Carnegie. The city has five semipublic libraries.
Davenport has five miles of river frontage and a model water-service with the largest filter-plant in the world. It is the see-city of the Roman Catholic and Episcopal denominations. The museum of the Academy of Sciences has the largest collection of relics of mound-builders extant. Its public-school system is up-to-date in every respect, and has a large enrollment. Other schools are St. Katharines Hall; St. Ambrose College; the Academy of the Immaculate Conception; and parochial and private schools.
Davenport forms with Rock Island and Moline a community of 91,000 people whose social interests and commercial advantages are like those of the citizens of one place.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Darwin, Charles Robert

See also Charles Darwin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Dar′win, Charles Robert, one of the world’s greatest naturalists, was born at Shrewsbury, England, Feb. 12, 1809. He studied at Edinburgh University and at Christ’s College, Cambridge. Both Darwin’s father and grandfather were naturalists, and he early became interested in the same line of study. At the close of 1831 he sailed as naturalist on the Beagle. On this voyage, which lasted five years, he gained a knowledge of the animals, plants and rocks of many countries, which equipped him for his future studies. His Journal, giving his observations while on the Beagle, was published in 1839. In the same year Darwin married and sett led upon his country-estate. He devoted himself largely to the problem of the origin of species, the different kinds of animals and plants. This work he carried on in spite of distressing sickness. After five years’ work “he allowed himself to speculate” on the subject, and drew up some short notes. He was a cautious student, and his conclusions were not published till 1859. That year his Origin of Species came out. It made such a stir in the intellectual world that it is in some ways the most important book of the 19th century. In it he attempts to explain the way in which species have been evolved through a process of natural selection, or survival of the fittest, in the struggle for existence. We should avoid the common error of supposing that Darwinism is the same thing as evolution. His theory of natural selection is merely one explanation of how the evolution of life was brought about. (See Evolution.) The book was received with great interest throughout the world, and was violently attacked and defended, but to-day has become accepted in the main by theologians, scientific men and philosophers. Darwin published a number of other books. His kindliness of character, honesty of purpose, devotion to truth and attachment to his friends made him loved wherever known. He died on April 19, 1882. See his Life and Letters, by his son, Francis Darwin, who has become a great and famous astronomer. See also “The Debt of Science to Darwin” in The Century Magazine, Vol. XXV, 1883.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dauphin

See also Dauphin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Dauphin (da̤′ fĭn), the title given to the eldest son of the king of France, the heir-apparent to the throne. The title in this form originated with Humbert II, Lord of Viennois, in 1349. Humbert died childless, and transferred his possessions to Charles of Valois on condition that the heir-apparent to the throne of France bear the title of Dauphin of Viennois. Dauphin was a title earlier held by some of the feudal lords of France who wore dolphins upon their helmets, or used them as a family crest.
# The New Student's Reference Work/David

See also David on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Da′vid, meaning beloved, the second king of Israel. He sprang from the family of Judah, and was the youngest son of Jesse. He is described as a handsome youth, “red-haired, with beautiful eyes and fair face,” when he first distinguished himself in Israel by slaying the Philistine giant, Goliath. Because of his heroic deed, or because of his skill with the harp, Saul took him to his court and gave him a military command. But the king became jealous of him, and he had to flee. In the cave of Adullam, near Gath, he gathered a band of 400 freebooters, which afterward increased to 600, with which he ranged through the country, never attacking the king or his countrymen, but always their enemies. He had difficulty in avoiding the king’s expeditions sent against him, and finally left Judah, becoming vassal of the Philistine king of Gath. After the death of Saul and Jonathan, at Gilboa, David reigned seven and one-half years in Hebron over Judah, and on the death of Ishbosheth he was chosen king of all Israel. He conquered the independent city of Jebus (Jerusalem), and made it the center of his kingdom, building a palace for himself on the highest hill, Zion, and placing the ark of the covenant there under a tent. In the course of a few years the conquest of the Philistines, Moabites, Arameans, Edomites and Ammonites reduced the whole territory from Egypt to the Euphrates. In the last year of his long reign of 32 years in Jerusalem, there were popular troubles and two rebellions under his sons, Absalom and Adonijah. He died between 1018 and 993 B. C. David is by far the greatest of the kings of Israel. He was courageous and skillful in war and prudent and far-seeing in government. He also was the greatest poet of his time, and the founder of the religious lyric poetry of the Hebrews—“the sweet singer of Israel.”
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tariff

See also Tariff on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Tar′iff. A tax on imports. The following summary of United States tariff legislation gives the date, purpose and character of each measure and the name by which it is known:
1789. Hamilton (q. v.). Object, to put money into country's empty treasury. Articles listed 51; duties 5 to 15%; amended six times (1789-1804).
1812. Lowndes-Calhoun. First to protect as well as raise revenue. Many manufactures had sprung up during the war. Duties 7½ to 33% ad valorem.
1824. Clay (q. v.) and “Tariff of Abominations” (1828), both of which further raised duties. Average of latter 37%.
1832. The “Modifying” tariff. Endeavored to readjust duties more equally.
1833. “Compromise” tariff. Reduced duties ⅓ yearly down to uniform rate of 20%.
1842: Polk-Walker. For revenue only. Duties reduced by 1857 to average of 15.66%.
1861. Morrill, Protective. Doubled existing duties.
1890. McKinley. Increased duties 60% but enlarged free list and empowered president to remove from free list certain products of any country charging unreasonable duties on U. S. products. (Reciprocity clause.)
1894. Wilson. Removed duties on raw materials, lowered duties generally and provided for income tax (q. v.). Latter declared unconstitutional.
1896. Dingley. Rates somewhat lower than McKinley.
1910. Payne-Aldrich. Made some reductions but Democrats won on platform condemning the act as failing to fulfill Republican promise of reduction. (See Taft.)
The Tariff of 1913.
The tariff of 1913 made 938 reductions of duty, 86 increases and left 307 rates unchanged. Reductions and removals of duty affect raw material, machinery and manufactured goods including cotton, woolen, linen and silk, sugar and other food stuffs. The average rate on cotton goods was cut from over 45% to about 30%. The duty on wool was removed and on woolen cloth fixed at the uniform rate of 35% ad valorem as against 90 to 152%; on clothing at 35% as compared with 75%. Comparative rates (ad valorem) on woolen products are as follows: 35-90 to 152; clothing 35-75; flannels 25 to 30-75 to 110; blankets, 25-68 to 200%. Agricultural products 15-29, and all food animals are admitted free. Free admission of sugar after May 1, 1916; immediate free admission from the Philippine Islands and reduction of about one-fourth after March, 1914. Leather and tanning extracts are admitted free; also agricultural machinery and implements of every kind. Wood and woodenware and furniture reductions, all the way from 25 to 60%. Original works of art on free list. The increase affects mostly articles of luxury.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tannin

See also Tannin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Tan′nin or Tan′nic Ac′id is of great importance in tanning leather. The chief source of tannin is oak-bark, though in America hemlock-bark is much used, while the mimosa or wattle-barks of Australia are important. However, tannin is found in the bark and leaves of most forest-trees, as the elm, willow, horse-chestnut, and pine, and in many fruit-trees as the pear and plum. Coffee, tea and, especially, Paraguay tea also contain tannin.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tarkington, Newton Booth

See also Booth Tarkington on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Tark′ington, Newton Booth, American novelist, was born at Indianapolis, Ind., on July 29, 1869, and graduated at Princeton in 1893. When, later, pursuing a business career, he discovered gifts in himself as a writer, especially of realistic and romantic stories. His first notable work, The Gentleman from Indiana, met with instant success, and was followed in 1900 by Monsieur Beaucaire, a novelette subsequently dramatized and produced on the stage by Richard Mansfield. In 1902 appeared The Two Vanrevels, in 1903 Cherry, in 1905 The Conquest of Canaan and The Beautiful Lady, besides In the Arena: Tales of Political Life. In 1902 he entered practical politics as a member of the Indiana legislature.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tangier

See also Tangier on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Tangier (tȧn-jēr′), a seaport of Morocco near the western entrance of the Strait of Gibraltar, is built on high ground and is defended by forts. It is the principal center of commerce in Morocco, has important trade with Europe, doing a foreign business of $4,000,000 yearly, and is the residence of consuls and the diplomatic corps sent to Morocco. Tangier, once called Tangis, is an old city, and is thought to have been founded by the Carthaginians. It became the capital of a Roman province, was held by the Portuguese for nearly two centuries, and in 1662 was presented to Charles II of England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza. England held it for 22 years. In 1844 it was bombarded by the French. Population about 35,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tannhäuser and the Singers' Contest at the Wartburg

See also Tannhäuser (opera) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Tannhäuser and the Singers' Contest at the Wartburg is the title of a music drama by Richard Wagner, who wrote both words and music. First performed at Dresden, Oct. 20, 1845. The conception of the opera occurred during a visit of Wagner to the castle of Wartburg, in the Thuringian Valley, in the spring of 1842. The castle was the traditional scene of the contests between the minnesinger and the knightly poets, whom the landgraves of the 13th century assembled for tournaments of song. Schumann mentions the opera as one “which cannot be spoken of briefly,” adding that “it certainly has an appearance of genius.”
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tarbell, Ida Minerva

See also Ida Tarbell on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Tar′bell, Ida Minerva. A noted American writer upon historical and economic subjects. Born in Erie County, Pennsylvania, on Nov. 5, 1857, she grew up in the oil-region. She graduated with honors from Titusville High School and Allegheny College, and studied in Paris, 1891-4, at the Sorbonne and the College of France where she began to make her mark as an historical writer. She for eight years was associate-editor of The Chautauquan, later was on the editorial staff of McClure's Magazine, and finally was an associate-editor of it. Among her writings are Short Life of Napoleon Bonaparte; Life of Madam Roland; Life of Abraham Lincoln; and History of the Standard Oil Company. She has written extensively for magazines.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tarifa

See also Tarifa on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Tarifa (tȧ-rē′fȧ), a famous Spanish city, is 25 miles southeast of Cape Trafalgar. It has old walls, towers, a fortress and a Moorish castle. Tarifa was founded by the Moors, who forced all vessels passing through the Strait of Gibraltar to pay tribute at this town. From this fact comes our word “tariff.” The Castilians captured Tarifa in 1292 and held it in the face of several sieges by the Moors. The French besieged it in vain in 1811, but captured it in 1823. Population 11,725.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tanganyika

See also Lake Tanganyika on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Tanganyika (tän-gän-yē' kä), meaning the meeting place of waters, is the name of a great Central African lake discovered by Burton and Speke in 1858. It lies south of Lakes Albert Edward and Albert and northwest of Lake Nyasa; is about 400 miles long and from 10 to 60 wide; and is about 2,700 feet above the ocean. A wide bay at the southern end was named Lake Liemba by Livingstone. The eastern coast is hilly, and the western coast mountainous and covered with forests. There are many small rivers flowing into it, and the Lukuga flows from it into the Kongo. Ujiji, where Stanley found Livingstone, is the principal town on the lake. Telegraph lines now run through the Nyasan protectorate to Tanganyika.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tanjore

See also Thanjavur on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Tanjore (tăn-jōr′), an Indian city, 180 miles southwest of Madras. There are two strong forts; in the larger one is the rajah's palace, in the smaller, one of the finest of Indian pagodas. Silk, muslin and cotton cloths are manufactured. Tanjore was first the capital of a Hindu state of the same name, which was conquered by the Mahrattas, and fell into the hands of the British about 1800. Population 57,870.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tannhäuser

See also Tannhäuser on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Tannhäuser (tän′hoi-zẽr), a famous knight of the middle ages, who, according to the German legend, goes to Venusberg and enters the cave-palace to behold the wonders of Lady Venus and her court. Conscience-smitten at the life of careless pleasure he lives here, he betakes himself to Rome to crave forgiveness of the pope. The pope, however, holding a wand in his hand tells Tannhäuser that he can as little get God's forgiveness as that dry wand can become green again. In despair the knight goes back to Lady Venus in the mountain. But three days afterwards the wand begins to sprout and bears green leaves, and the pope at once sends messengers to every country, but in vain — Tannhäuser can nowhere be found. Such is the story as told in the popular ballad once sung all over Germany. On this saga Wagner based his well-known opera of Tannhäuser.
# The Oldest English Epic/Chapter 1/Beowulf 07

VII
Hrothgar spake, the Scyldings’-helmet:— “For fight defensive. Friend my Beowulf, to succor and save, thou hast sought us here. Thy father’s combat a feud enkindled 460when Heatholaf with hand he slew
among the Wylfings; his Weder kin for horror of fighting feared to hold him. Fleeing, he sought our South-Dane folk, over surge of ocean the Honor-Scyldings, 465when first I was ruling the folk of Danes, wielded, youthful, this widespread realm, this hoard-hold of heroes. Heorogar was dead, my elder brother, had breathed his last, Healfdene’s bairn: he was better than I! 470Straightway the feud with fee I settled, to the Wylfings sent, o’er watery ridges, treasures olden: oaths he swore me. ​Sore is my soul to say to any of the race of man what ruth for me 475in Heorot Grendel with hate hath wrought, what sudden harryings. Hall-folk fail me, my warriors wane; for Wyrd hath swept them into Grendel’s grasp. But God is able this deadly foe from his deeds to turn! 480Boasted full oft, as my beer they drank, earls o’er the ale-cup, arméd men, that they would bide in the beer-hall here, Grendel’s attack with terror of blades. Then was this mead-house at morning tide 485dyed with gore, when the daylight broke, all the boards of the benches blood-besprinkled, gory the hall: I had heroes the less, doughty dear-ones that death had reft. —But sit to the banquet, unbind thy words, 490hardy hero, as heart shall prompt thee.” Gathered together, the Geatish men
in the banquet-hall on bench assigned, sturdy-spirited, sat them down, hardy-hearted. A henchman attended, 495carried the carven cup in hand, served the clear mead. Oft minstrels sang blithe in Heorot. Heroes revelled, no dearth of warriors, Weder and Dane.
* ↑ There is no irrelevance here. Hrothgar sees in Beowulf’s mission a heritage of duty, a return of the good offices which the Danish king rendered to Beowulf’s father in time of dire need.—F. Seebohm, Tribal Customs in Anglo-Saxon Law, London, 1902, comments on this ethical side of the feud, and makes great use of the material in Beowulf.
* ↑ Repeated from v. 463, also in the original.
* ↑ Money, for wergild, or man-price.
* ↑ Ecgtheow, Beowulf’s sire.
* ↑ “With terrible blades,”—drawn swords.—“Boast” is not used in the modern sense, nor was it “Dutch courage” that inspired the utterance. As in the Indian war-dance, so at the Germanic feast in hall or camp before battle, the warrior was expected to make his beót or promise of prowess,—and to keep it. These vaunts easily lent themselves to jocose treatment in the declining days of epic or romance; witness the famous “gabs” in Charlemagne’s Journey to Jerusalem.
* ↑ In spite of v. 476, Hrothgar still has a large band of retainers.
# The Oldest English Epic/Chapter 1/Beowulf 10

X
Then Hrothgar went with his hero-train, defence-of-Scyldings, forth from hall; fain would the war-lord Wealhtheow seek, 665couch of his queen. The King-of-Glory against this Grendel a guard had set, so heroes heard, a hall-defender, who warded the monarch and watched for the monster. In truth, the Geats’ prince gladly trusted 670his mettle, his might, the mercy of God! Cast off then his corselet of iron, helmet from head; to his henchman gave, — choicest of weapons, — the well-chased sword, bidding him guard the gear of battle. 675Spake then his Vaunt the valiant man, Beowulf Geat, ere the bed he sought:— “Of force in fight no feebler I count me, in grim war-deeds, than Grendel deems him. Not with the sword, then, to sleep of death 680his life will I give, though it lie in my power. No skill is his to strike against me, ​my shield to hew though he hardy be, bold in battle; we both, this night, shall spurn the sword, if he seek me here, 685unweaponed, for war. Let wisest God, sacred Lord, on which side soever doom decree as he deemeth right.” Reclined then the chieftain, and cheek-pillows held the head of the earl, while all about him 690seamen hardy on hall-beds sank. None of them thought that thence their steps to the folk and fastness that fostered them, to the land they loved, would lead them back! Full well they wist that on warriors many 695battle-death seized, in the banquet-hall, of Danish clan. But comfort and help, war-weal weaving, to Weder folk the Master gave, that, by might of one, over their enemy all prevailed, 700by single strength. In sooth ’tis told that highest God o’er human kind hath wielded ever!—Thro’ wan night striding, came the walker-in-shadow. Warriors slept whose best was to guard the gabled hall,— 705all save one. ’Twas widely known that against God’s will the ghostly ravager him could not hurl to haunts of darkness; wakeful, ready, with warrior’s wrath, bold he bided the battle’s issue.
* ↑ See above, vv. 572 f.
* ↑ This Vaunt, or Boast, spoken to the hero’s few comrades on the eve of the vigil and fight, is different from the Vaunt at the banquet, and in its sentimental turn has some distant resemblance to the later “Good-Nights,” particularly the type of Lord Maxwell’s Last Good-Night.
* ↑ The usual mingling of pagan tradition and Christian doctrine. The weaving, as in classical myths, is work of the Norns, or fates, but God disposes it as he will. Often, however, the Germanic fates stand alone at their loom. “Wyrd wove me this.”
* ↑ Beowulf,—the “one.” Ms. has “them.”