OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brewster, Abraham

1904 Errata appended.
​BREWSTER, ABRAHAM (1796–1874), lord chancellor of Ireland, son of William Bagenal Brewster of Ballinulta, Wicklow, by his wife Mary, daughter of Thomas Bates, was born at Ballinulta in April 1796, received his earlier education at Kilkenny College, and, then proceeding to the university of Dublin in 1812, took his B. A. degree in 1817, and long after, in 1847, his M.A. degree. He was called to the Irish bar in 1819, and, having chosen Leinster for his circuit, soon acquired the reputation of a sound lawyer and a powerful speaker. Lord Plunket honoured him with a silk gown on 13 July 1835. Notwithstanding the opposition of Daniel O'Connell, he was appointed legal adviser to the lord-lieutenant of Ireland on 10 Oct. 1841, and was solicitor-general of Ireland from 2 Feb. 1846 until 16 July. By the influence of his friend Sir James Graham, the home secretary, he was attorney-general of Ireland from 10 Jan. 1853 until the fall of the Aberdeen ministry, 10 Feb. 1855.
Brewster was very active in almost all branches of his profession after his resignation, and his reputation as an advocate may be gathered from the pages of the 'Irish Law and Equity Reports,' and in the later series of the 'Irish Common Law Reports,' the 'Irish Chancery Reports,' and the 'Irish Jurist,' in all of which his name very frequently appears. Among the most important cases in which he took part were the Mountgarrett case in 1854, involving a peerage and an estate of 10,000l. a year; the Carden abduction case in July of the same year; the Yelverton case, 1861; the Egmont will case, 1863; the Marquis of Donegal's ejectment action; and lastly, the great will cause of Fitzgerald v. Fitzgerald, in which Brewster's statement for the plaintiff is said to have been one of his most successful efforts.
On Lord Derby becoming prime minister, Brewster succeeded Francis Blackburne [q.v.] as lord justice of appeal in Ireland in July 1866, and lord chancellor of Ireland in the month of March following. As lord chancellor he sat in his court for the last time on 17 Dec. 1868, when Mr. Disraeli's government resigned. He then retired from public life. There are in print only three or four judgments delivered by him, either in the appellate court or the court of chancery. As far back as January 1853 he had been made a privy councillor in Ireland. He died at his residence, 26 Merrion Square South, Dublin, on 26 July 1874, and was buried at Tullow, co. Carlow, on 30 July. By his marriage in 1819 with Mary Ann, daughter of Robert Gray of Upton House, co. Carlow, who died in Dublin on 24 Nov. 1862, he had issue one son, Colonel William Bagenal Brewster, and one daughter, Elizabeth Mary, wife of Mr. Henry French, both of whom died in the lifetime of their father.
[Burke's Lord Chancellors of Ireland (1879), pp. 307-14; Illustrated London News (1874), lxv. 115, 427.]
G. C. B.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.36 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 299 | i | 14 f.e. | Brewster, Abraham: for home secretary read first lord of the admiralty |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brewer, George

​BREWER, GEORGE (b. 1766), miscellaneous writer, was a son of John Brewer, well known as a connoisseur of art, and was born in 1766. In his youth he served as a midshipman under Lord Hugh Seymour, Rowland Cotton, and others (Biog. Dram. i. 67), and visited America, India, China, and North Europe. In 1791 he was made a lieutenant in the Swedish navy. Afterwards abandoning the sea, he read for law in London, and established himself as an attorney. He is believed to have written a novel, 'Tom Weston,' when in the navy, but his first appeal to the public of which there is evidence was a comedy, 'How to be Happy,' acted at the Haymarket in August 1794. After three nights, 'owing to the shaft of malevolence,' this comedy was withdrawn, and it was never printed. In 1795 Brewer wrote 'The Motto, or the History of Bill Woodcock,' 2 vols.; ​and he wrote 'Bannian Day,' a musical entertainment in two acts, which was published and performed at the Haymarket in the same year for seven or eight nights, though but 'a poor piece.' In 1799 the 'Man in the Moon,' one act, attributed to Brewer, was announced for the opening night of the season at the Haymarket, but its production was evaded, and it disappeared from the bills. The next year (1800) Brewer published a pamphlet, 'The Rights of the Poor,' &c., dedicating it to 'Men who have great power, by one without any,' and this received copious notice in the 'Gentleman's Magazine' (lxx. 1168 et seq.) He was writing at this time also in the 'European Magazine,' some of his contributions being 'Siamese Tales' and 'Tales of the 12 Soubahs of Indostan;' and some essays, announced as after the manner of Goldsmith, which were collected and published by subscription in 1806 as 'Hours of Leisure.' In 1808 Brewer produced another two-volume tale, 'The Witch of Ravensworth;' and about the same time he published 'The Juvenile Lavater,' stories for the young to illustrate Le Brun's 'Passions,' which bears no date, but of which there were two or more issues, with slightly varying title-pages. A periodical, 'The Town,' attempted by Brewer after this, and stated by the authors of the 'Biog. Dram.' in 1812 to be 'now publishing,' would appear to have had but a short existence. The date of Brewer's death is not known. In his allusions to himself he speaks of having been 'misplaced or displaced in life,' of having had Vicissitude for his tutor, and of being luckless altogether.
Another work, 'The Law of Creditor and Debtor,' is set down in 'Biographica Dramatica,' and in Allibone, as by Brewer; and Allibone gives in addition 'Maxims of Gallantry,' 1793, and states 1791 as the date of publication of 'Tom Weston,' but there is no trace of either of these works in the British Museum.
[Baker's Biog. Dram. i. 67, ii. 48, 311, iii. 13; Introd. to Brewer's The Motto, pp. v-vii; Introd. to Brewer's Hours of Leisure, pp. xiv, xvi; Genest's Hist, of Engl. Stage, vii. 275; Biog. Dict, of Living Authors, p. 37.]
J. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brewer, James Norris

​BREWER, JAMES NORRIS (fl. 1799–1829), topographer and novelist, was the eldest son of a merchant of London. He wrote many romances and topographical compilations, the best of the latter being his contributions to the series called the 'Beauties of England and Wales.' All the former are now forgotten. The titles of his works are as follows:
* 'A Winter's Tale, a romance,' 1799, 4 vols. 12mo; 2nd edit., 1811.
* 'Some Thoughts on the Present State of the English Peasantry,' 1807, 8vo.
* 'Secrets made Public, a novel,' 4 vols., 1808, 12mo.
* 'The Witch of Ravensworth,' 2 vols., 1808, 12mo.
* 'Mountville Castle, a Village Story,' 3 vols., 1808, 12mo.
* 'A Descriptive and Historical Account of various Palaces and Public Buildings, English and Foreign; with Biographical Notices of their Founders or Builders, and other eminent persons,' 1810, 4to.
* 'An Old Family Legend,' 4 vols., 1811, 12mo.
* 'Sir Ferdinand of England, a romance,' 4 vols., 1812, 12mo.
* 'Sir Gilbert Easterling, a romance,' 4 vols. 12mo, 1813.
* 'History of Oxfordshire' ('Beauties of England and Wales'), 1813, 8vo.
* 'Warwickshire,' 1814.
* 'Middlesex,' 1816.
* 'Introduction to the Beauties of England and Wales, comprising observations on the Britons, the Romans in Britain, the Anglo-Saxons, the Anglo-Danes, and the Normans,' 1818, 8vo.
* 'Histrionic Topography, or the Birthplaces, Residences, and Funeral Monuments of the most distinguished Actors,' 1818, 8vo.
* 'The Picture of England, or Historical and Descriptive Delineations of the most curious Works of Nature and Art in each County,' 1820, 8vo.
* 'The Delineations of Gloucestershire,' 4to.
* 'The Beauties of Ireland,' 1826, 2 vols. 8vo.
* 'The Fitzwalters, Barons of Chesterton; or Ancient Times in England,' 1829, 4 vols. 12mo. Brewer was a contributor to the 'Universal,' 'Monthly,' and 'Gentleman's' magazines.
[Biog. Dict. of Living Authors, 1816; Walt's Bibl. Brit.; Monthly Review, 2nd ser., lviii. 217.]
C. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brewer, Samuel

​BREWER, SAMUEL (d. 1743?), botanist, was a native of Trowbridge in Wiltshire, where he possessed a small estate, and was engaged in the woollen manufacture, but seems to have been unsuccessful in business. He communicated some plants to Dillenius for the third edition of Ray's 'Synopsis,' published in 1724, and accompanied the editor in 1726 from Trowbridge to the Mendips, and thence to Bristol, passing onward to North Wales and Anglesey. Brewer remained in Bangor for more than a twelvemonth, botanising with Rev. W. Green and W. Jones, and sending dried plants to Dillenius, particularly ​mosses, thus clearing up many doubtful points. In the autumn of 1727 he went into Yorkshire, living at Bingley, and afterwards at Bierley, near Dr. Richardson, who befriended him. The loss of 20,000l. of his own earnings, and of a large estate left to him by his father, which was taken by his elder brother, gave a morbid tone to his letters. His son was sent to India through the influence of Dr. James Sherard of Eltham, but the father quarrelled with the doctor in 1731 about some plants. His daughter also seems to have acted 'undutifully' towards him. He had a small house and garden at Bierley, and devoted himself to the culture of plants ; afterwards he became head-gardener to the Duke of Beaufort at Badminton, and died at Bierley, at Mr. John Pollard's house ; he was buried close to the east wall of Cleckheaton chapel. Although unfortunate in business, he was a good collector of plants, insects, and birds ; the botanical genus Breweria was founded by Robert Brown in his honour, and a species of rock-rose, a native of North Wales, discovered by him, bears the name of 'Helianthemum Breweri.' He is mentioned in the Richardson correspondence in 1742, but the dates of his birth and death are uncertain.
B. D. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brewer, Jehoiada

​BREWER, JEHOIADA (1752?–1817), dissenting minister, was born at Newport in Monmouthshire about 1752. Influenced by a minister of Lady Huntingdon's connection, he took to preaching in the villages around Bath, and afterwards preached with remarkable popularity throughout Monmouthshire. Intending to enter the national church, he applied for ordination, but was refused by the bishop. Brewer persisted in preaching, whether ordained or not, and for some years he settled at Rodborough in Gloucestershire. He afterwards attracted a large congregation at Sheffield, where he spent thirteen years, and ultimately settled at Birmingham, where his ministry at Livery Street was numerously attended to the close of his life. He died 24 Aug. 1817. A spacious chapel was being built for him at the time he died, and he was buried in the grounds adjoining the unfinished edifice. A specimen of Brewer's ​preaching is printed as part of the service at the ordination of Jonathan Evans at Foleshill in 1797, and Brewer's oration at the burial of Samuel Pearce at Birmingham was printed with Dr. Rylands's sermon on the same occasion in 1799. Brewer is now remembered only by a single hymn, printed with the signature of 'Sylvestris' in the 'Gospel Magazine,' 1776. A portrait of him was inserted in the 'Christian's Magazine,' 1791. A different portrait of him appeared in the 'Evangelical Magazine' in 1799.
[Evangelical Magazine, October 1817; Bishop's Christian Memorials of the Nineteenth Century, 1826; Gadsby's Hymn Writers, 1855.]
J. H. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brewer, Thomas (b.1611)

​BREWER, THOMAS (b. 1611), a celebrated performer on the viol, was born (probably in the parish of Christchurch, Newgate Street) in 1611. His father, Thomas Brewer, was a poulterer, and his mother's Christian name was True. On 9 Dec. 1614 Brewer was admitted to Christ's Hospital, although he was only three years old. Here he remained until 20 June 1626, when he left school, and was apprenticed to one Thomas Warner. He learnt the viol at Christ's Hospital from the school music-master, but although his compositions are met with in most of the printed collections of Playford and Hilton, published in the middle of the seventeenth century, nothing is known as to his biography. His printed works consist chiefly of rounds, catches, and part-songs, but in the Music School Collection at Oxford are preserved three instrumental pieces, consisting of airs, pavins, corrantos, &c., for which kind of composition he seems to have been noted. Two pieces by him are in Elizabeth Rogers's Virginal Book (Add. MS. 10337). In a collection of anecdotes (Harl. MS. 6395), formed by one of the L'Estrange family in the seventeenth century, the following story is told on the authority of a Mr. Jenkins: 'Thom: Brewer, my Mus: seruant, through his Pronenesse to good-Fellowshippe, hauing attaind to a very Rich and Rubicund Nose; being reproued by a Friend for his too frequent vse of strong Drinkes and Sacke; as very Pernicious to that Distemper and Inflamation in his Nose. Nay Faith, sayes he, if it will not endure sack, it's no Nose for me.' The date of Brewer's death is unknown.
[Bodl. Lib. MSS. Wood, 19 D (4), No. 106; Records of Christ's Hospital (communicated by Mr. R. Little); Hawkins's Hist. of Music (ed. 1853), ii. 569; Burney's Hist. of Music, iii. 478; Catalogue of Music School Collection; Harl. MS. 6395; Grove's Dict. of Music, i. 275 a.]
W. B. S.
# Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Repealing Relevant Provisions of Law on Custody and Education and the Custody and Education System

* related portals: National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
(Adopted at the 15th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Thirteenth National People's Congress on December 28, 2019)
Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Repealing Relevant Provisions of Law on Custody and Education and the Custody and Education System
(Adopted at the 15th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Thirteenth National People's Congress on December 28, 2019)
At its 15th Meeting, the Standing Committee of the Thirteenth National People's Congress has decided as follows:
1. The second and fourth paragraphs of Article 4 of the Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Prohibiting Prostitution and Whoring are repealed, and the custody and education system based thereon is abolished.
2. The decisions on imposing custody and education that were made according to law prior to the abolition of the custody and education system shall remain effective. After the system is abolished, the persons who are under custody and education according to law shall be released, and their remaining terms shall no longer be executed.
This Decision shall go into effect as of December 29, 2019.
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Implementing the Constitutional Oath System

* Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Implementing the Constitutional Oath System (2015)
* Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Implementing the Constitutional Oath System (2018)
# Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Postposing the Time for Convening the Third Session of the Thirteenth National Congress

* related portals: National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
(Adopted at the 16th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Thirteenth National People's Congress on February 24, 2020)
Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Postposing the Time for Convening the Third Session of the Thirteenth National Congress
(Adopted at the 16th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Thirteenth National People's Congress on February 24, 2020)
At its 15th Meeting on December 28, 2019, the Standing Committee of the Thirteenth National People's Congress decided that the Third Session of the Thirteenth National Congress was to be convened on March 5, 2020. However, considering a recent major outbreak of the novel coronavirus epidemic, to implement the arrangements made by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on coordinating control of novel coronavirus outbreak and economic and social development, and to continue the efforts to win the battle against the epidemic and protect people's lives, health and safety, the Standing Committee of the Thirteenth National People's Congress has decided as follows at its 16th Meeting:
The Third Session of the Thirteenth National People's Congress is postponed and the specific opening time will be decided by the Standing Committee of the National People' s Congress as it deems appropriate.
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Pericleitus 2.

​PERICLEITUS, artist. [Periclytus.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Periclymenus 2.

​PERICLY′MENUS (Περικλύμενος), a statuary of unknown age and country, is enumerated by Pliny among those who made athletas et armalos et venatores sacrificantesque (H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. § 34). One of his works, a female statue, is mentioned by Tatian (adv. Graec. 55. p. 118, ed. Worth.). [P. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Perieres 1.

PERIE'RES (Περιήρης). 1. A son of Aeolus and Enarete, king of Messene, was the father of Aphareus and Leucippus by Gorgophone. (Apollod. i. 7. § 3; Paus. iv. 2. § 2, 3. § 3, &c.) In some traditions Perieres was called a son of Cynortas, and besides the sons above mentioned he is said to have been, by Gorgophone, the father of Tyndareos and Icarius. (Tzetz. ad Lye. 511; Apollod. i. 9. § 5, iii. 10. § 3.) Oebalus also is called a son of Perieres. (Schol. ad Eurip. Orest. 447.) After the death of Perieres, Gorgophone is said to have married Oebalus, and to have been the first widow in Greece that married a second husband. (Paus. ii. 21. § 8, comp. iii. i. § 4.) [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Phaedra

​PHAEDRA (Φαίδρα), a daughter of Minos by Pasiphaë or Crete, and the wife of Theseus. (Apollod. iii. 1. § 2,) She was the stepmother of Hippolytus, the son of Theseus, by Antiope or Hippolyte, and having fallen in love with him he repulsed her, whereupon she calumniated him before Theseus. After the death of Hippolytus, his innocence became known to his father, and Phaedra made away with herself. (Hom. Od. xi. 325; Eurip. Hippol.; compare Theseus and Hippolytus.) [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Phaedrias

​PHAE′DRIAS {^aiZplas), is mentioned by Xenophon {Hell. ii. 3. § 2), as one of the Thirty Tyrants. [Phaedimus,] [E. E.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Perieres 2.

PERIE'RES 2. The charioteer of king Menoeceus in Thebes. (Apollod. ii. 4. § 11.) [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Periclymenus 1.

​PERICLY′MENUS (Περικλύμενος). 1. One of the Argonauts, was a son of Neleus and Chloris, and a brother of Nestor. (Hom. Od. xi. 285; Apollod. i. 9. § 15; Orph. Argon. 155.) Poseidon gave him the power of changing himself into different forms, and conferred upon him great strength, but he was nevertheless slain by Heracles at the taking of Pylos. (Apollod. i. 9. § 9, ii. 7. § 3; Apollon. Rhod. i. 156 with the Schol.; Ov. Met. xiii, 556, &c.; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1685.) According to Hyginus (Fab. 10) Periclymenus escaped Heracles in the shape of an eagle.
2. A son of Poseidon and Chloris, the daughter of Teiresias, of Thebes. In the war of the Seven against Thebes he was believed to have killed Parthenopaeus (Apollod. iii. 6. § 8; Paus. viii. 18, in fin.; Eurip. Phoen. 1157), and when he pursued Amphiaraus, the latter by the command of Zeus was swallowed up by the earth. (Pind. Nem. ix. 57, &c. with the Schol.) [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Perieres 3.

PERIE'RES 3. The father of Borus, who was the husband of Polydora. (Hom. II. xvi. 177.) [L. S.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cowper, Edward

​COWPER, EDWARD (1790–1852), inventor, was born in 1790. In 1816, when he described himself as of ‘St. Mary, Newington Butts, ironmonger and mechanist,’ he obtained a patent (No. 3974) under the title of ‘a method of printing paper for paper-hangings and other purposes,’ of which the chief feature consisted in curving stereotype plates and fixing them on cylinders for printing long rolls of paper. In 1818, styling himself as ‘of Nelson Square, printer,’ he patented (No. 4194) certain improvements in printing, which consisted of a method for a better distribution of the ink, and an improved manner of conveying the sheets from one cylinder to another. This was the origin of the ‘perfecting machine,’ which prints on both sides of the paper at once, and is the model on which the great majority of such machines are contrived down to the present day. In conjunction with the inking arrangement, it formed the first machine, as distinguished from a press, on which good bookwork could be executed. Cowper did not invent the soft composition for distributing the ink, which superseded the old pelt-balls in hand-presses, but devised the system of forming it into rollers. He went into partnership as a printer with his brother-in-law, Augustus Applegath; their business in Duke Street, Stamford Street, was afterwards taken over by William Clowes [q. v.], and they exclusively devoted themselves to machine-making. In 1827 they jointly invented the four-cylinder machine, which Applegath erected for the ‘Times,’ superseding Koenig's machine. The rate of printing was five thousand an hour, an enormous acceleration of speed. Until lately nearly all country newspapers were produced by machines of this design. For many years Edward was in partnership with his brother Ebenezer, and the machines of Messrs. E. & E. Cowper were widely used, not only in Great Britain, but throughout Europe. They also invented a cylinder card-printing machine. Towards the end of his life Edward Cowper was professor of manufacturing art and mechanics at King's College, London. His improvements were of extreme importance, and he may be said to have done for the printing machine what Watt did for the steam-engine. He was the improver, as Nicholson was the projector, and Koenig the first inventor, of the steam printing machine. He died at Kensington 17 Oct. 1852, in his sixty-third year. His brother Ebenezer, who was born in 1804, and died at Birmingham 17 Sept. 1880, aged 76, carried on the practical part of the business.
H. R. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cowper, Henry

​COWPER, HENRY (1758–1840), lawyer, was the third son of General Spencer Cowper, by Charlotte, daughter of John Baber; grandson of William Cowper, clerk of the parliaments 1739–40, and great-grandson of Spencer Cowper, judge (1669–1727) [q. v.] (Pedigree in Clutterbuck's Hertfordshire, ii. 195). He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple 26 May 1775. From 1785 to 1826 he was deputy clerk of the parliaments and clerk assistant of the house of lords. He published in 1783 ‘Reports of Cases in the Court of King's Bench from Hilary term 14 George III to 18 George III’ (3 vols.); second edition 1800. He died at Tewin Water 28 Nov. 1840. He married his cousin-german, Maria Judith, eldest daughter of Rev. John Cowper, D.D., rector of Berkhampstead St. Peter's, but had no issue. By his will he left a sum of money for educating the poor children of Hertingfordbury parish.
[Clutterbuck's Hertfordshire, ii. 195; Cussans's Hertfordshire, ii. 118; Gent. Mag. new series, 1841, xv. 320; Brit. Mus. Cat.]