# Lewis Publishing Company v. Wyman/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
228 U.S. 610
Lewis Publishing Company v. Wyman
Argued: March 11, 1913. --- Decided: May 12, 1913
This action was commenced by the appellant in the month of March, 1907, in a state court in Missouri, and was removed, on the application of the defendants, now respondents, into the circuit court of the United States. The plaintiff's petition averred that it was and for more than three years last past had been a corporation organized under the laws of South Dakota, and doing business in the state of Missouri, operating a publishing plant at Winner Station, a substation of the St. Louis postoffice; that the defendants were respectively postmaster and assistant postmaster of St. Louis; that one of the publications issued, printed, and circulated by the plaintiff was called the 'Woman's Magazine,' a monthly publication issued periodically to hundreds of thousands of subscribers, and admitted many years before by the Postoffice Department as second-class mail matter at the St. Louis postoffice; that differences had arisen between the plaintiff and the defendants and the Postoffice Department respecting the right of the plaintiff to transmit the Woman's Magazine through the mails at the pound rate; that defendants were threatening to deprive the plaintiff of its right to use and enjoy the second-class mail privilege without a hearing upon the question whether it should be annulled or suspended; that its legitimate list of subscribers exceeded in number 840,000, and plaintiff was entitled to mail under the second-class privilege approximately twice that number; and that such threatened suspension would work irreparable damage and loss to the plaintiff; wherefore plaintiff prayed for an injunction to restrain the defendants from detaining any copies of the magazine in transmission through the mail (within the number of 1,600,000 copies), that the court would ascertain and adjudge by its decree the amount of the legitimate subscription list of the magazine as of March 1, 1907, and for prior months since September, 1905, to the end that the controversy raised by the defendants might be terminated, 'and that said defendants, as postmaster and assistant, be perpetually enjoined from interfering with the full use and enjoyment of said second-class privilege by plaintiff according to the finding and decree of this court, ascertaining the proper and just extent and limits thereof, as herein prayed.' There was also a prayer for a temporary injunction, and for other and further relief. Upon submission of the bill of complaint and verifying affidavit the circuit court granted a temporary restraining order, and an order to show cause why an injunction pendente lite should not be allowed. Upon the hearing of this order an injunction was refused, on the ground that no permit had ever been granted allowing the Woman's Magazine the second-class privilege, except a temporary permit issued August 21, 1902, which by its terms was to continue 'until the Postoffice Department shall determine whether it is admissible as second-class matter;' that the only determination of the application was that made by the Postoffice Department in March, 1907, refusing the privilege; that the law did not require the Department to grant a hearing upon the question of admitting the magazine to the second-class privilege, and that there was no provision of law for reviewing the action of the Postmaster General in the matter.
The action proceeded, and while it was pending, and on September 24, 1907, a new application was made by the appellant to the Postoffice Department for the entry of the Woman's Magazine as second-class matter, and this application was granted in December, to take effect as of September 24th. Defendants filed a supplemental plea setting up this order, and that by virtue of it the publication in question was being received and carried by the Postoffice Department at the second-class rate. The appellant replied, and the action proceeded to final hearing, resulting in the dismissal of the bill. The complainant appealed to the circuit court of appeals, where the decree was affirmed, a majority of the court holding that the questions upon which the appellant's right to equitable relief depended had become moot questions, and that its claim for reimbursement for certain payments made pendente lite for postage in excess of the amount calculated at the second-class pound rate was the proper subject-matter of a suit at law, leave to bring which was reserved in the decree. 104 C. C. A. 453, 182 Fed. 13.
It appears that the 'Woman's Magazine' was, except for a change of name, identical with a previous publication called the 'Winner Magazine,' to which the privilege of the second-class rate was accorded by the Postoffice Department in the year 1899. The application for change of name was made in the year 1902. By Postal Laws and Regulations (1902), § 443, in case of a change of name of a publication already entered as second-class matter, publishers are required to apply for re-entry the same as if the publication were a new one. Such an application was made in the present case, and a temporary permit was issued by the defendant postmaster at St. Louis, and confirmed by the Postoffice Department, to continue 'pending consideration of the application for its re-entry as second-class matter upon change of name from 'The Winner." This was in accordance with Postal Laws and Regulations, § 441. Little or nothing seems to have been done respecting this application until March, 1905, when an investigation was commenced, as the result of which, on June 5th, the publishers were required to show cause why the authorization for the admission of the Woman's Magazine to the second class of mail matter should not be revoked, upon the grounds, 'first, it is primarily designed for advertising purposes; second, it is primarily designed to advertise the other businesses in which the stockholders and officers of the publishing company, and especially E. G. Lewis, are interested; third, it is primarily designed for free circulation, or for circulation at nominal rates.' Under date of April 12, 1906, defendant Wyman notified the appellant that 'from facts obtained, which in my judgment justify me in the conclusion that the legitimate subscriptions to the Woman's Magazine are not to exceed 539,901, and that you are entitled to transmit through the mails at the pound rate not to exceed 1,079,802 copies of that publication, including sample copies, you are hereby notified that the transient second-class postage at the rate of 1 cent for each four ounces or fraction thereof must be prepaid by stamps affixed on all copies of said publication in excess of your legitimate mailings, as above indicated, hereafter presented by your company.' The restriction of the second-class privilege to a number of copies not more than double the legitimate list of subscribers was based upon §§ 436 and 456 of the Postal Laws and Regulations. This notice served to renew the controversy between the appellant and the Postoffice Department,-a controversy that continued until March 4, 1907, when the Postmaster General made an order that in effect limited the second-class privilege of the Woman's Magazine to 539,901 copies for legitimate subscribers, and a like number in addition for sample copies, sustained the action of the postmaster at St. Louis, based upon tht finding, and required the postmaster to remit to the Department the excess postage that had been collected by him, and to demand from the publisher the balance due the government at the transient second-class rate upon all excess copies of the publication mailed on and after October 1, 1905. At the same time the Postmaster General denied 'the pending application submitted August 22, 1902, for entry of this publication as second-class matter,' upon the following ground: 'Upon a hearing granted the publisher April 30th and May 1st, 1906, and upon a careful and thorough investigation of all of the evidence by the Department, I find that the publication does not have a legitimate list of subscribers; that it is designed and published primarily for advertising purposes; and that it is being circulated at a nominal rate, contrary to the law and the regulations of the Department.'
It was and is contended by the appellant that this order, instead of being the denial of an application for admission to the second-class privilege, was in effect the suspension or annulment of an existing privilege; that this could not be done without a bearing because of the provisions of the act of March 3, 1901 (31 Stat. at L. 1107, chap. 851, U.S.C.omp. Stat. 1901, p. 2655); and that there had not been any proper hearing.
One of the matters in contention between the parties at the time of the inception of the action was the actual extent of the bona fide circulation of the magazine; the appellant averring that it had a 'legitimate list of subscribers' exceeding in number 840,000, and that under the established practice, allowing as many sample copies in addition, it was entitled to the pound rate upon at least 1,600,000 copies of each issue. It was this that gave rise to the prayer of the original petition for an ascertainment of the amount of the legitimate subscription list, and for an injunction to restrain the defendants from detaining any copies within the number of 1,600,000.
We agree, however, with the court of appeals, that the new application made pending the suit, and the order of the Postoffice Department thereon, admitting the magazine to the second-class privilege as of September 24, 1907, which privilege the appellant has ever since enjoyed, render the above contentions moot questions, inasmuch as the appellant is no longer in a position to ask for an injunction.
It is contended that the bill ought to have been retained, and other equitable relief accorded to the appellant thereunder, principally for three reasons: First, that upon the granting of the temporary restraining order in March, 1907, the appellant, pursuant to the order of the court, gave a bond to defendants in the penal sum of $10,000, conditioned that if, upon a later hearing or final hearing, it should be determined that this restraining order was improperly issued, the appellant would pay to the postmaster or to the government all sums of money lost by the Postoffice Department by reason of the granting of the restraining order. But so far as appears no action has been taken or threatened looking to the enforcement of this bond, and so it would be improper to retain the main cause, after the primary object to be accomplished by it has been accomplished by voluntary action of the parties pendente lite, in order to determine whether any and what relief should be accorded respecting the bond. Besides, it was not determined at any hearing in the suit that the restraining order was improperly issued. On the contrary, the bill was dismissed because of a subsequent change in the situation. There is nothing to show that appellant is in any danger from an action to enforce this bond.
Some mention is made of indemnity bonds demanded of appellant by the defendant postmaster and given by the appellant and sureties, as security for excess postage. There is nothing before us, however, to show the facts respecting these bonds, or any reason for retaining the suit in order that the rights of the parties under them may be adjudicated.
Secondly, it is said that because the defendant postmaster insisted that the Woman's Magazine did not have the number of subscribers claimed by the appellant, he demanded during the period from April, 1906, to May, 1907, payments of alleged excess postage as a condition to mailing the copies that were being sent out monthly, and that because of that demand appellant made monthly payments under protest, aggregating $20,650. Reference is made to the prayer of the bill,-'that this court may ascertain and adjudge by its decree herein the amount of the legitimate subscription list of said Woman's Magazine, as of March 1, 1907, and for prior months since September, 1905, to the end that there may be a close of the unseemly controversy raised by said defendants,' etc. But this prayer was manifestly incidental to the main prayer for an injunction. There is nothing in the facts that would justify the retention of the bill in order to secure an accounting respecting the transactions that antedated the commencement of the action. Of the $20,650 in question, all but $3,500 appear to have been paid prior to the inception of the suit. This smaller amount only would, in any view, be within the fair scope of inquiry under the bill, and it would still be necessary for appellant to resort to an action at law for the previous payments. No sufficient reason is shown for retaining the bill in order to determine this controversy in the court of equity.
Thirdly, the order made pendente lite by the Postmaster General, admitting the magazine to the second-class privilege as of September 24, 1907, was accompanied with an order that ascertained the legitimate list of subscribers, for the purpose of adjusting the postage that had been paid at the full rate for the October issue, at the number of 343,341, and authorized the postmaster to accept pound-rate postage on mailings as to subscribers of that number of copies, and an equal number of sample copies, and required him to charge postage at the transient second-class rate-1 cent for each four ounces or fraction thereof upon the mailings in excess of the number mentioned. Also, it is contended that the Department refused to allow the appellant to send copies to those whose subscriptions expired during a considerable part of the interval of suspension. But these are matters of administration, for the orders in question appear to have been made by the Postmaster General with respect to the new application for admission to the second-class privilege that was made pending the suit, and granted, as already mentioned. They afford no proper ground for any kind of relief in the present action.
Decree affirmed.

## Notes

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