OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wise, Henry Alexander

Edition of 1905. See also Henry A. Wise on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WISE, Henry Alexander (1806-76). An American political leader, born at Drummondtown, Accomac County, Va., December 3, 1806. He graduated at Washington College, Pa., in 1825, was admitted to the bar in 1828, and settled in Nashville, Tenn., the same year, but returned to Accomac County in 1830. He was elected to Congress in 1832 as a Jacksonian Democrat and was twice reëlected. On the question of the rechartering of the United States Bank he broke with the Jackson Administration, and became a Whig, but was sustained by his constituents. After his first election in 1832 he fought a duel with his competitor for the seat in Congress. Wise was active in securing the nomination of John Tyler as Vice-President in 1840. He declined the appointment as Secretary of the Navy under Tyler, but from 1844 to 1847 was Minister to Brazil. After his return he identified himself with the Democratic Party, and in 1855, after a remarkable campaign, he was elected Governor of Virginia over the Know-Nothing candidate. During his administration the John Brown raid occurred, and one of the last acts of his term was the signing of Brown's death warrant. Wise was a member of the Virginia secession convention of 1861, and opposed immediate secession. Upon the withdrawal of the State from the Union, however, he joined the Confederate Army as brigadier-general and afterwards was promoted to the rank of major-general. He took part in the campaigns of western Virginia, commanded at Roanoke Island, and was present at Appomattox. After the war he resumed his law practice, and wrote an historical work entitled Seven Decades of the Union (1872). He died September 12, 1876. Consult his Life, (New York, 1899), written by his grandson, B. H. Wise.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wislicenus, Gustav Adolf

Edition of 1905. See also Gustav Adolf Wislicenus on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WISLICENUS, vĭs′lē̇-tsā′nụs, Gustav Adolf (1803-75). A German theologian, one of the
leaders of the Free Congregations (q.v.). He was born at Battaune, Prussian Saxony, studied theology at Halle, and as member of the Burschenschaft was sentenced in 1824 to twelve years' confinement in a fortress. He was pardoned in 1829 and continued his studies in Berlin. Since 1841 paster at Halle, he became associated with the “Friends of Light,” and in consequence of a lecture delivered at Köthen in 1844, was deprived of his pastorate in 1846. Henceforth preacher of the free congregation at Halle, his pamphlet Die Bibel im Lichte der Bildung unserer Zeit caused him to be sentenced to two years' imprisonment, in 1853, when he fled to America, lectured at first in Boston and in 1854 established a school at Hoboken, N. J. Returning to Europe in 1856, he opened a school at Zurich, where he wrote his principal work, Die Bibel, für denkende Leser betrachtet (2d ed. 1866).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wisconsin, University of

Edition of 1905. See also University of Wisconsin–Madison on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WISCONSIN, University of. The highest institution of learning in the educational system of Wisconsin, situated at Madison. It was founded in 1838, organized in 1848, and opened for instruction in 1851. In 1865 the attendance was only 304, of which number all but 51 were preparatory students. In 1880 the preparatory department was abolished. The period of rapid expansion began about 1885, the number of students reaching 500 in the college year of 1886-87. In 1903-04 there were 225 on the regular force of instruction, and an attendance of more than 3000 students. The institution is co-educational in all its departments. The College of Letters and Science has been in the past and still is the centre of the institution, about which the technical work has grown up. The other colleges are those of Law, Agriculture, and Engineering. The College of Engineering includes courses in civil engineering, sanitary engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and general engineering. In the College of Letters and Science are included technical courses in commerce, in pharmacy, in pre-medical studies, in home economics, and in music. The graduate work is being developed rapidly, and is organized as a school. The university confers the baccalaureate degree in arts, science, law, and philosophy; the Master's degree in arts and science; the Doctor's degree in philosophy; and the degrees of Civil, Mechanical, and Electrical Engineer. The university grounds, of remarkable beauty, extend for more than a mile along the shores of Lake Mendota. There were in 1903 eighteen large buildings devoted to instructional and investigative work, besides a number of buildings upon the agricultural farm, some of them of considerable size, of which a part are used for instructional purposes. In 1904 the estimated value of the buildings and equipment, exclusive of the grounds and the library ​building, was $1,500,000. Of the buildings of the university, the more noteworthy are University Hall, Science Hall, the Engineering Building, the Law Building, the Washburn Observatory, the Chemical Building (in construction), the Central Building of the College of Agriculture, and the State Historical Library. The latter building was completed at a cost of $650,000, and is one of the finest and best appointed library buildings in the United States. It contains the library of the State Historical Society, 250,000 volumes; the library of the university, 85,000 volumes; the library of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, 5000 volumes; and many thousands of unbound documents and pamphlets. The income of the university for the year 1903-04 was $650,000. Tuition is free to all students from the State of Wisconsin, except in the College of Law.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wise, Daniel

Edition of 1905. See also Daniel Wise (author) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WISE, Daniel (1813-98). A Methodist Episcopal clerical author. He was born in Portsmouth, England, came to America in 1833, and entered the New England Conference (1840). He was editor of Zion's Herald (1852-56), and corresponding secretary of the Sunday-School Union and Tract Society of his Church (1856-72). The rest of his life was spent in literary work. Part of his duty as secretary was to edit all the publications of the society. His published works include more than forty titles. The best known are: The Path of Life (1847); The Saintly and Successful Worker (1879); Heroic Methodists of the Olden Time (1882); Our Missionary Heroes and Heroines (1884); Young Knights of the Cross (1887); and Faith, Hope, Love, and Duty (1891).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wise, Isaac Mayer

Edition of 1905. See also Isaac Mayer Wise on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WISE, Isaac Mayer (1819-1900). An American rabbi and educator, born at Steingrub, Bohemia. He graduated at the University of Vienna in 1843 and became a rabbi at Padnitz. So advanced were his opinions in both religion and politics that he decided to seek a land of greater liberalism, and went to the United States in 1846. His first charge was at Albany, N. Y., and from 1854 until his death he was rabbi of the Congregation Bene Yeshurun, Cincinnati. Here he became a recognized leader of progressive Judaism. In 1854 he established The Israelite (subsequently The American Israelite) and afterwards Die Deborah (published in German) and the Chicago Israelite. He remained the editor of these publications, and was president of the Hebrew Union College, which he founded at Cincinnati in 1875, up to the time of his death. In 1889 he organized the Central Conference of American Rabbis and became its president. His works include: History of the Israelitish Nation (1854), severely criticised by both Jews and Christians and said to be the first rationalistic account of Judaism in English; Origin of Christianity (1870); Judaism: Its Doctrines and Duties (1872); The Martyrdom of Jesus of Nazareth (1874); The Cosmic God (1876); Judaism and Christianity (1883).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wislicenus, Hermann

Edition of 1905. See also Hermann Wislicenus on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WISLICENUS, Hermann (1825-99). A German historical painter, born at Eisenach. In 1844 he began his studies at the Dresden Academy, where he afterwards became a pupil of Bendemann and of Julius Schnorr, under whose influence he painted his first picture, “Abundance and Misery,” which was acquired by the Dresden Gallery. A stipend from the Grand Duke of Weimar enabled him to study (1853-57) in Italy, where he became a follower of Cornelius. On his return he settled at Weimar, and among other oil paintings, water-colors, and cartoons executed “Night With Its Retinue,” for the Grand Duke of Weimar, the “Myth of Prometheus” (1862, Leipzig Museum), “The Flood of Deucalion” (1865, Weimar Museum); the mural paintings “Brutus as Judge of his Sons” and “The Mother of the Gracchi,” in the staircase of Dr. Härtel's Roman House at Leipzig; “Fancy Borne by the Dreams” (Schaek Gallery, Munich); “Angels Singing Psalms,” mural painting (Grand-ducal chapel, Weimar). Appointed professor at the Düsseldorf Academy, in 1868, he painted there “The Four Seasons” (1877, National Gallery, Berlin). In the competition for the decoration of the restored Kaiserhaus at Goslar he won the first prize, and, assisted by some of his pupils, completed the frescoes depicting various characteristic episodes in the evolution of the German Empire, in 1897.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wisconsin River

Edition of 1905. See also Wisconsin River on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WISCONSIN RIVER. The principal river in the State of Wisconsin. It rises in Lake Vieux Desert, and flows first southward as far as Portage, then southwest, emptying into the Mississippi near Prairie du Chien after a course of about 600 miles (Map: Wisconsin, D 3). Its upper and middle courses are very picturesque. It flows at first through immense pine forests, in which it receives the water of a large number of small lakes. Farther down it is broken by several falls and rapids, the most noted of which are the Dalles of the Wisconsin. The river is navigable 200 miles to Portage, where a short canal connects it with the Fox River.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wise, Henry Augustus

Edition of 1905. See also Henry Augustus Wise on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WISE, Henry Augustus (1819-69). An American naval officer and author, born in Brooklyn, N. Y. He entered the navy in 1834. During the Mexican War he was lieutenant on board the razee Independence, and took part in the operations in the Gulf of California. In the Civil War he served for a time on board the Niagara off Charleston, was promoted to the rank of commander in 1862, and served during the remainder of the war as assistant chief of the Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography. He was promoted to be captain in 1866, and while on leave of absence died at Naples. Under the pseudonym of Harry Gringo he wrote: Los Gringos, or an Interior View of Mexico and California, with Wanderings in Peru, Chili, and Polynesia (1849); Tales for the Marines (1855); Scampavias, from Gibel-Tarek to Stamboul (1857); The Story of the Gray African Parrot (1859); and Captain Brand of the Centipede (1860-64).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Free Congregations

Edition of 1906. See also Friends of the Light on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FREE CONGREGATIONS (Ger. freie Gemeinden). An association of German rationalists. It originated in Saxony, in 1841, where the members were called ‘Protestant Friends’ and ‘Friends of Light.’ The immediate occasion was an attempt to discipline a Magdeburg preacher who had expressed heretical views. Early leaders in the movement were Leberecht Uhlich (q.v.) and Gustav Adolf Wislicenus (q.v.), both of whom were forced out of the Evangelical Church for expressing liberal views. In like manner, independent congregations arose in a number of places, and in 1847 a union was effected between them on the basis of a simple profession of faith in God. By this time their gatherings, held symbolically in the open air, had come to number more than two thousand, including delegates from England and America. In 1850 they
were united with the German Catholics (q.v.), and in the same year and the years immediately following some forty congregations were established in the United States, but had a short existence. After the revolutionary movements of the middle of the century several of the German governments undertook to suppress them, partly for political reasons. Many congregations were broken up. Those still in existence in 1859, about fifty in number, under Uhlich's leadership, formed a ‘Union of Free Congregations in Germany,’ upon a highly rationalistic basis. Inasmuch as the fullest individual liberty is allowed, the belief of members and congregations varies greatly. There has been a tendency toward radical free thought and some even deny the existence of a personal deity. The association is strongest in Berlin, Breslau, and Magdeburg. Its numbers and influence have gradually diminished. Consult: Uhlich, Handbüchlein der freien Religion (Magdeburg, 1859); Kampe, Geschichte der religiösen Bewegung der neuern Zeit (Leipzig, 1852-60); Freidenker-Almanach (Gotha, annually).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Freiligrath, Ferdinand

Edition of 1906. See also Ferdinand Freiligrath on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FREILIGRATH, frī'lĭK-rät, Ferdinand (1810-76). A German poet of almost bizarre originality, an admirable translator, and a sturdy liberal agitator, born at Detmold. His father was a teacher. Though apprenticed to a grocer at fifteen, Freiligrath continued his studies, and published verses in local journals before he was twenty. The years 1831 to 1836 he spent as banker's clerk in Amsterdam. Then, after publishing translations of Hugo's Odes, and Chants du crépuscule, and launching a literary journal, Rheinisches Odeon (1836-38), he became a bookkeeper at Barmen, but continued writing lyrics, of which a volume (1838) won immediate and wide favor. This contained the famous “Löwenritt,” “Prinz Eugen,” and “Der Blumen Rache,” probably his masterpieces. He afterwards gave himself wholly to literature, coöperating in several now unimportant works, and gaining a pension of 300 thalers from the Prussian King. Gradually his associates drew him into political strife. In 1844 he surrendered his pension, and in his Glaubensbekenntnis placed his poetic gifts at the service of the democratic agitation that was to culminate in the Revolution of 1848. Such poems as “Trotz alledem” (a translation of Burns's “A man's a man for a' that”), “Die Freiheit,” “Das Recht,” and “Hamlet,” made his absence from Germany expedient. He went to Belgium and Switzerland, published in 1846 Englische Gedichte aus neuerer Zeit, a volume of fine translations, and Ça ira a collection of political songs, and lived till 1848 in England. At the invitation of Longfellow, he meditated going to America, but on the short-lived triumph of liberalism returned to Germany as a democratic leader, was for a time imprisoned, published Zwischen den Garben (1849) and Neue politische und soziale Gedichte (1850), after which he went once more into exile in England (1851), where he remained till 1868, supporting himself by office work and admirable poetic translations, among which an anthology, the Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock (1854), and Longfellow's Hiawatha (1857), with Shakespeare's Cymbeline and Winter's Tale, are worthy of record for their felicity and faithfulness. These kept up his popularity in Germany, where in 1866 a subscription of 60,000 thalers was
raised for him, partly as a political manifesto. The general amnesty proclaimed in 1868 brought him back in time to celebrate the triumph of 1870 in the popular “Hurrah, Germania!” and “Die Trompete von Vionville.” Freiligrath's works are collected in 8 vols. (Stuttgart, 1870-71), and those up to 1858 in 6 vols. (New York, 1858-59). There is a volume of select translations into English, edited by his daughter, Mrs. Kroeker (Leipzig, 1871). For his biography consult: Kippenberg (Leipzig, 1868); Schmidt-Weissenfels (Stuttgart, 1876); Buchner, Ferdinand Freiligrath, Ein Dichterleben in Briefen (Lahr, 1881-82); Richter, Freiligrath als Uebersetzer (Berlin, 1899); and Rodenberg, Jugenderinnerungen (Berlin, 1901).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fredericksburg (Virginia)

Edition of 1906. See also Fredericksburg, Virginia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FREDERICKSBURG. A city in Spottsylvania County, Va., 60 miles north of Richmond; on the Rappahannock River at the head of tidewater, and on the Potomac, Fredericksburg and Piedmont and the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac railroads (Map: Virginia, G 3). The city lies in a valley inclosed by high hills, and has a public library, several bridges across the river, a beautiful park, and the famous Stonewall (Confederate) and National cemeteries, the latter having 15,300 graves. It is the seat of Fredericksburg College (Presbyterian) opened in 1893. A dam above the city, 900 feet long and 18 feet high, affords valuable water-power; and there are manufactures of flour, silk and woolen goods, iron, shoes, shirts, pickles, cigars, sumac, carriages, wheels, hubs, spokes, tanned leather, and excelsior. Fredericksburg is governed under a revised charter of 1871 which provides for a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council. The city owns and operates its waterworks and gas and electric-light plants. Population, in 1890, 4528; in 1900, 5068. On the site of Fredericksburg, Captain John Smith fought a skirmish with the Rappahannock Indians in 1608. The town was named in 1727 in honor of the Prince of Wales, and was incorporated in 1782. It was the home of Gen. Hugh Mercer, killed in the battle of Princeton, and of the Revolutionary officers George Weedon, William Woodford, and Gustavus B. Wallace. An imposing monument has been erected in honor of Washington's mother, who died here in 1789. During the Civil War Fredericksburg changed hands several times, and was the scene of several battles. See Fredericksburg, Battle of; and Chancellorsville, Battle of.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Freethinker

Edition of 1906. See also Freethought on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FREETHINKER. One who forms his theological or religious beliefs by the exercise of his own reason, instead of accepting them on authority. The term came into common use early in the eighteenth century, after the publication of Anthony Collins's Discourse of Freethinking, occasioned by the Rise and Growth of a Sect called Freethinkers (London, 1713), and was applied particularly to the English Deists. (See Deism.) It has been used to designate rationalists, infidels, or skeptics.
# The New International Encyclopædia/French, Alice

Edition of 1906. See also Alice French on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FRENCH, Alice (1850—). An American novelist, better known as Octave Thanet. She was born at Andover, Mass., and began her literary career, about 1878, with studies of a social and economic bent, but soon turned to short stories, in which she achieved much success, especially after her removal to the West, Iowa und Arkansas, gave her opportunities for exploiting regions hitherto little attempted in fiction. Noteworthy among her stories are The Bishop's Vagabond (1884), Whitsun Harp, The Regulator, and The Mortgage on Jeffy. Knitters in the Sun, a collection of stories (1887), Otto the Knight, and other trans-Mississippi stories (1891), A Book of True Lovers, and Stories of a Western Town (1893), are volumes characteristic of her work in this field. A longer novel, Expiation (1890), won, and deserved, high praise for its nervous vitality, truth to life, and vivid local color. We All (1891) is a story for children. “Octave Thanet” has also edited The Best Letters of Mary Wortley Montague.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Freeden, Wilhelm Ihno Adolf von

Edition of 1906. See also Wilhelm von Freeden on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FREEDEN, frā'den, Wilhelm Ihno Adolf von (1822-94). A German mathematician and expert on navigation, born at Norden, Hanover, and educated at Bonn and Göttingen. He was director of the school of navigation at Elsfleth, Oldenburg, and later became established at Hamburg, where, in 1867, he founded the German Naval Observatory, which he conducted until 1875. The purpose of this institution is to promote and to facilitate maritime intercourse. It comprises the department of maritime meteorology; a bureau of nautical, meteorological, and magnetic instruments; the department of coast meteorology and signal service; and a bureau for testing chronometers. Freeden, who was a member of the Reichstag from 1871 to 1876, founded, with H. Tecklenborg-Bremen, the publication entitled Hansa, Zeitschrift für Seewesen, which he edited until 1891.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fredericksburg (Texas)

Edition of 1906. See also Fredericksburg, Texas on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FREDERICKSBURG. The county-seat of Gillespie County, Texas, 80 miles west of Austin and 25 miles north of Comfort, the shipping point, on the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railroad (Map: Texas, E 4). Stock-raising and farming are the leading industries, and there are some manufactures. A German colony founded Fredericksburg in 1846. Population, about 1800.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fredericq, Paul

Edition of 1906. See also Paul Fredericq on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FREDERICQ, frắ'de-rḗk, Paul (1850—). A Flemish historian, born at Ghent. He was educated at Liège, and was appointed to the chair of history at Arlon, Liège, and Ghent, where he became a prominent leader of the national movement for the extension of the Flemish language, customs, and laws. His numerous works, which are distinguished by scholarly research and clearness of exposition, include: De Nederlanden onder Keizer Karel, vol. i. (1885); Verzameling van
stukken betreffende de pauselijke en bisschoppelijke Inquisitie in de Nederlanden (1889-96); and Onze historische volksliederen van voor de zestiende eeuw (1894).