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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Morley, Barons and Earls of

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​MORLEY, BARONS AND EARLS OF.—In 1299 William de Morley of Morley in Norfolk was summoned to parliament as a baron, and his son Robert (d. 1360) was a celebrated warrior, being largely responsible for the English victory at Sluys and fighting at Creçy. His descendant Robert, the 6th baron (d. 1443), had no sons, but he left a daughter Alianore, who married William Lovel (d. 1476), and Lovel was summoned to parliament as Lord Morley, ranking as the 7th holder of the title. He left a son Henry, who was killed in 1489, and Henry’s heir was his sister Alice, the wife of Sir William Parker (d. 1510), hereditary marshal of Ireland. Their son Henry Parker (1476–1556) became the 10th baron, as he was summoned to the House of ​Lords as Lord Morley in 1523. He was a man of literary attainments and translated some of the writings of Plutarch, Boccaccio, Petrarch, Seneca, Cicero and others into English. Most of these are only found in manuscript, but his Tryumphes of Fraunces Petrarcke was published a second time in 1887. His eldest son Henry (d. 1553) died during his father’s lifetime, leaving a son Henry (d. 1577) who became 11th Baron Morley on his grandfather’s death. His son Edward (d. 1618), one of the judges of Mary Queen of Scots, succeeded to the barony; and Edward’s son and successor was William Parker, 4th Lord Monteagle (q.v.). The barony of Morley remained united with that of Monteagle until the death of William’s grandson Thomas about 1686, when it fell into abeyance.
John Parker, 1st earl of Morley (1772–1840), only son of John Parker (1735–1788), who was created Baron Boringdon in 1784, but was no relation of the previous barons Morley, was a prominent supporter of Pitt and of Canning. In 1815 he was created earl of Morley. He was a public benefactor to Plymouth and its neighbourhood. He was succeeded by his son Edmund Henry Parker (1810–1864), whose son, Albert Edmund, the 3rd earl (1843–1905), was chairman of committees in the House of Lords from 1889 to 1905, after having been under-secretary for war and first commissioner of works. In 1905 his son, Edmund Robert (b. 1877), became 4th earl.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Morley, Samuel

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​MORLEY, SAMUEL (1809–1886), English manufacturer and politician, was born at Homerton, not then a part of London, on the 15th of October 1809, the youngest son of a Nottingham hosier. His father, John, and his uncle, Richard, were the founders of the already prosperous Nottingham firm of I. & R. Morley, dealers in hosiery made in the cottages of the local knitters, and as early as 1797 they had opened a London warehouse, in the counting-room of which Samuel Morley began his career at sixteen. On his father’s retirement in 1840 he became practical head of the London concern, and when his brothers retired in 1855 sole owner. In 1860 he was sole owner also of the Nottingham business. Under excellent management the business grew rapidly into the largest of the kind in the world, with huge mills at Nottingham and in Leicestershire and Derbyshire employing thousands of hands. In 1865 Morley was elected M.P. for Nottingham, and from 1868–1885 he sat for one of the Bristol divisions. He was a strong Liberal and a whole-hearted supporter of Gladstone, who in 1885 offered him a peerage. He was one of the principal proprietors of the London Daily News, the chief Liberal organ of the period, and it was owing to him that its price was reduced from 3d. to 1d. and its losses turned to great gains. Morley was a deeply religious man. Like his father before him, he was a Dissenter, and for many years he strongly opposed every scheme of state interference with education. He was keenly interested in the temperance movement, and during the closing years of his life his public' energies were chiefly confined to its promotion. His philanthropy was active, his charity widespread and munificent, and he was a model employer. He died on the 5th of September 1886. His son, Arnold Morley (b. 1849), was Liberal M.P. for Nottingham from 1880–1885, and for East Nottingham from 1885–1895. From 1886–1892 he was chief Liberal whip, and from 1892–1895 postmaster-general.
See Edwin Hodder, Life of Samuel Morley (1887); Frederic M. Thomas, I. & R. Morley: a Record of a Hundred Years (1900).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Morley

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​MORLEY, a municipal borough in the Morley parliamentary division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 4 m. S.S.W. of Leeds, on the Great Northern and London & North-Western railways. Pop. (1901), 23,636. The town-hall was opened in 1895; and a park, for which the ground was presented by Lord Dartmouth, in 1890. The chief industries are connected with woollen cloth, machinery for the treatment of wool, coal and stone. The borough, incorporated in 1885, is under a mayor, 7 aldermen and 21 councillors. Area, 3385 acres. In the neighbourhood are ruins of a mansion, Howley Hall, dating from 1590, which, garrisoned for the parliament, sustained a heavy siege from the royalists during the Civil War.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Morlanwelz

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​MORLANWELZ, a town of Belgium in the province of Hainaut, 15 m. E. of Mons. It lies in the centre of the coal-mines district and has extensive foundries and ironworks. Pop. (1904), 8200.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Morley, George

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​MORLEY, GEORGE (1597–1684), English bishop, was born in London and educated at Westminster and Oxford. In 1640 he was presented to the sinecure living of Hartfield, Sussex, and in the following year he was made canon of Christ Church and exchanged to the rectory of Mildenhall, Wiltshire. He preached before the Commons in 1642, but his sermon gave offence, and when in 1647 he took a prominent part in resisting the parliamentary visitation of Oxford University he was deprived of his canonry and living. Leaving England he joined the court of Charles II., and became one of the leading clergy at The Hague. Shortly before the Restoration he came to England on a highly successful mission to gain for Charles the support of the Presbyterians. In 1660 he regained his canonry, and soon became dean of Christ Church. In the same year he was consecrated bishop of Worcester. At the Savoy conference of 1661 he was chief representative of the bishops. He was translated to the see of Winchester in 1662. His works are few and chiefly polemical, e.g. The Bishop of Worcester’s Letter to a friend for Vindication of himself from the Calumnies of Mr Richard Baxter (London, 1662).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Papinian

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​PAPINIAN (Aemilius Papinianus), Roman jurist, was magister libellorum and afterwards praetorian prefect under Septimius Severus. He was an intimate friend of the emperor, whom he accompanied to Britain, and before his death Severus specially commended his two sons to his charge. Papinian tried to keep peace between the brothers, but with no better result than to excite the hatred of Caracalla, to which he fell a victim in the general slaughter of Geta’s friends which followed the fratricide of A.D. 212. The details are variously related, and have undergone legendary embellishment, but the murder of Papinian, which took place under Caracalla’s own eyes, was one of the most disgraceful crimes of that tyrant. Little more is known about Papinian. He was perhaps a Syrian by birth, for he is said to have been a kinsman of Severus’s second wife, Julia Domna; that he studied law with Severus under Scaevola is asserted in an interpolated passage in Spartian (Caracal, c. 8). Papinian’s place and work as a jurist are discussed under Roman Law.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rock

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​ROCK (O. Fr. roke, Sp. roca, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock), in geology a mass of the mineral matter of which the crust of the earth is composed (see Petrology and Geology). In more general usage a “ rock ” is a large mass of this mineral matter, as distinguished from smaller pieces which are termed “ stones.”
From this word must be distinguished the verb “ to rock,” to swing an object to and fro, particularly of a cradle in which a child is rocked to sleep, the original meaning. The O.Eng. word is roccian, and is cognate with many words in Teutonic languages, e.g. Du. rukkea, Dan. rykke, Ger. rücken, to pull, tug, push.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rochford, Earl of

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​ROCHFORD, EARL OF, an English title borne by the family of Nassau de Zulestein from 1695 to 1830. William Henry Nassau de Zulestein (1645–1709) was born at Zuylestein, near Utrecht, his father being Frederick Nassau de Zulestein (1608–1672), a natural son of Henry Frederick, prince of Orange, land his mother an English lady, Mary Killegrew; One of the most trusted companions of his kinsman, William of Orange, Zulestein wash sent to England in 1687 and again in 1688 to report on the condition of affairs, and later in 1688 he sailed with the prince on his famous expedition. After the Revolution he was naturalized and served the king in the field, being created Viscount Tunbridge and earl of Rochford in 1695. He was succeeded by his son William (1681–1710), who was killed at the battle of Almenara, and then by another son Frederick (1682–1738). Frederick’s son, William Henry, the 4th earl (1717–1781), was a diplomatist and a statesman. Having gained experience as envoy at Turin from 1749 to 1753, he was ambassador at Madrid from 1763 to 1766 and at Paris from 1766 to 1768. From 1768 to 1775 he was one of the secretaries of state. This earl left no children when he died on the 28th of September 1781, and his nephew, William Henry, the 5th earl (1754–1830), dying in September 1830 the earldom became extinct. The estates of the earls of Rochford were in Suffolk and Essex, their principal residence being St Osyth Priory in the latter county.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rock Hill

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​ROCK HILL, a city of York county, South Carolina, U.S.A., 84 m. by rail N. of Columbia. Pop. (1890) 2744; (1900) 5485 (1706 negroes); (1910) 7216. Rock Hill is served by two lines of the Southern railway. It lies at an elevation of about 670 ft. above the sea. Among its buildings and institutions are the Federal Government Building, the City Hall, the Carnegie Library and the Winthrop Normal and Industrial College (chartered in 1891 and opened in 1894), a state institution for white girls. Cotton is the most important product of the surrounding country. The Catawba river, 5 m. distant, furnishes good water-power, and in a large power-plant electricity is generated for the city’s manufactories. Among the manufactures are cotton goods, cotton-seed oil, yarn, wagons and carriages, foundry and machine-shop products; and there are cotton gins, marble and stone works. The growth of the city has been almost entirely since the Civil War. Rock Hill was incorporated as a village in 1870, and was chartered as a city in 1892.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rockefeller, John Davison

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​ROCKEFELLER, JOHN DAVISON (1839–), American capitalist, was born in Richford, Tioga county, New York, on the 8th of July 1839. In 1853 his family removed to Ohio, living after 1857 in Cleveland, where Rockefeller had begun to work as a bookkeeper in 1855 and where in 1858 he went into the produce commission business. His firm, Clark & Rockefeller, in 1862 invested in an oil refinery, planned by Samuel Andrews, and in 1865 Rockefeller sold out his share to his partner Clark, bought for $72,500 a larger share in another refinery, and formed the partnership of Rockefeller & Andrews. At about the same time another refinery was started by Rockefeller's brother William (b. 1841), but in 1867 Rockefeller & Andrews absorbed this business, and Henry M. Flagler was added to the partnership. In 1870 the two Rockefellers, Flagler, Andrews and a refiner named Stephen V. Harkness formed the Standard Oil Company, with a capital of $1,000,000 (increased in 1872 to $2,500,000 and in 1874 to $3,500,000), of which John D. Rockefeller was president. This great corporation gradually established itself in practical control of the oil production in America, by means of business methods and financial operations which have been severely criticized, but which brought immense wealth to those concerned. Its capital was further increased in 1882, when separate companies were organized in each state; and in later years, as the first great American “ trust,” the Standard Oil Company was hotly attacked during the anti-trust movement (see Inter-State Commerce). Into the merits of this question it is impossible to enter here. Rockefeller himself retired from active business in 1895; he had for a time large iron interests (mines and ore-carrying vessels) on Lake Superior, which he sold to the United States Steel Corporation, and his personal wealth was probably greater than that of any other man in the country. In private life he was a devoted member of the Baptist church, and his benefactions were numerous. To “ the University of Chicago founded by John D. Rockefeller ” (in 1892) he had given, up to 1910, $24,809,666, while to the General Education Board he had given $43,000,000§ he founded (1901) and supported the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City; he gave large sums to Rush Medical College in Chicago, to Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, to Barnard College in New York City and to the Baptist Missionary Society; and in 1909 he gave $1,000,000 to endow a medical commission to investigate the nature of the hook-worm and to suppress the hook-worm disease.
See Ida M. Tarbell's History of the Standard Oil Company (New York, 1903), a severe attack on the Trust; also his own Random Reminiscences (1909).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rochford

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​ROCHFORD, a town in the south-eastern parliamentary division of Essex, England, 39 m. E. by N. from London by the Southend branch of the Great Eastern railway. Pop. (1901) 1829. It lies on the small river Roach, near the head of a long estuary. The town has a Perpendicular church (St Andrew), a corn exchange and some agricultural trade. Rochford Hall, a picturesque gabled mansion of various dates, belonged once to the Boleyns, and it has been stated that Anne Boleyn, the unfortunate queen of Henry VIII., was born here, but this is in no way proved. Near Rochford the Lawless or Whispering Court, a remarkable survival of unknown origin, is held by a manorial tenure on the Wednesday following Michaelmas Day, beginning at midnight. No light is permitted, nor may voices be raised above a whisper. Nearly 3 m. N.W. from Rochford is Ashingdon. This is generally accepted as the scene of the fight of Assandun in 1016 between Canute and Edmund Ironside, in which the English were defeated through treachery in their ranks. Earthworks, of this or an earlier date, remain.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rock, Daniel

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​Rock's principal works are: Hierurgia, or the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass expounded (London, 1833; revised edition by W. H. J. Weale, 1893), an exhaustive account of the Eucharistic rites in the Latin, Greek and Oriental Churches, and illustrated from early paintings, sculptures and inscriptions; The Church of Our Fathers, as seen in St Osmund's Rite for the Cathedral of Salisbury, with Dissertations on the Belief and Ritual in England before the Coming of the Normans (3 vols., 1849–54; new edition by G. W. Hart and W. H. Frere, London, 1903).
See the Memoir prefixed to Hart & Frere's edition of The Church of Our Fathers by the Rev. B. W. Kelly; a full list of his writings is given in J. Gillow's Bibl. Dict. of the Engl. Catholics, vol. v. p. 436.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Radhanpur

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​RADHANPUR. a native state of India, in the Palanpur agency, Bombay. It is situated in the north-western corner of Gujarat, close to the Runn of Cutch. The country is an open plain without hills and with few trees. It contains an area of 1150 sq. m. with a population in 1901 of 61,548, showing a decrease of 37% during the decade, due to the results of famine. The estimated revenue is £27,000. The chief products are cotton, wheat and the common varieties of grain; the only manufacture of any importance is the preparation of a fine description of saltpetre. Radhanpur first came under British protection in 1813. The chief, whose title is Nawab, belongs to the Babi family, who have held power in Gujarat for more than two centuries. The town of Radhanpur had a population in 1901 of 11,879. It is a walled town, with an export trade in rapeseed, grain and cotton.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Radiata

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​RADIATA, a term introduced by Cuvier in 1812 to denote the lowest of his four great animal groups or “ embranchements.” He defined them as possessing radial instead of bilateral symmetry, and as apparently destitute of nervous system and sense organs, as having the circulatory system rudimentary or absent, and the respiratory organs, on or coextensive with the surface of the body; he included under this title and definition five classes,—Echinodermata, Acalepha, Entozoa, Polypi and Infusoria. Lamarck (Hist. nat. d. Anim. s. Vertébres) also used the term, as when he spoke of the Medusæ as radiata medusaria et anomala; but he preferred the term Radiaria, under which he included Echinodermata and Medusæ. Cuvier’s term in its wide extension, however, passed into general use; but, as the anatomy of the different forms became more fully known, the difficulty of including them under the common designation made itself increasingly obvious. Milne-Edwards removed the Polyzoa; the group was soon further thinned by the exclusion of the Protozoa on the one hand and the Entozoa on the other; while in 1848 Leuckart and Frey clearly distinguished the Coelenterata from the Echinodermata as a separate sub-kingdom, thus condemning the usage by which the term still continued to be applied to these two groups at least. In 1855, however, Owen included under Lamarck’s term Radiaria the Echinodermata, Anthozoa, Acalepha and Hydrozoa, while Agassiz also clung to the term Radiata as including Echinodermata, Acalepha and Polypi, regarding their separation into Coelenterata and Echinoderrnata as “an exaggeration of their anatomical differences” (Essay on Classification, London, 1859). These attempts, however, to perpetuate the usage were finally discredited by Hux1ey’s important Lectures on Comparative Anatomy (1864), in which the term was finally abolished, and the “ radiate mob ” finally distributed among the Echinodermata, Polyzoa, Vermes (Platyhelminthes), Coelenterata and Protozoa.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Radcliffe, Ann

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​RADCLIFFE, ANN (1764–1823), English novelist, only daughter of William and Ann Ward, was born in London on the 9th of July 1764. She was the author of three famous novels: The Romance of the Forest (1791), The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) and The Italian (1797). When she was twenty-three years old she married William Radcliffe, an Oxford graduate and student of law. He gave up his profession for literature, and afterwards became proprietor and editor of the English Chronicle. After The Italian she gave up writing for publication, and was reported to have been driven mad ​by the horrors of her own creations, but the nearest approach to eccentricity on Mrs Radcliffe's part was dislike of public notice. Of scenery Mrs Radcliffe was an enthusiastic admirer, and she made driving tours with her husband every other summer through the English counties. She died on the 7th of February 1823. In the history of the English novel, Mrs Radcliffe holds an interesting place. She is too often confounded with her imitators, who vulgarized her favourite “ properties ” of rambling and ruinous old castles, dark, desperate and cadaverous villains, secret passages, vaults, trapdoors, evidences of deeds of monstrous crime, sights and sounds of mysterious horror. She deserves at least the credit of originating a school of which she was the most distinguished exponent; and none of her numerous imitators approach her in ingenuity of plot, fertility of incident or skill in devising apparently supernatural occurrences capable of explanation by human agency and natural coincidence. She had a genuine gift for scenic effect, and her vivid imagination provided every tragic situation in her stories with its appropriate setting. Sir Walter Scott wrote an appreciative essay for the edition of 1824, and Miss Christina Rossetti was one of her admirers. She exercised a great influence on her contemporaries, and “ Schedoni ” in The Italian is one of the prototypes of the Byronic hero.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Radcliffe, Sir George

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​RADCLIFFE, SIR GEORGE (1593–1657), English politician, son of Nicholas Radcliffe (d. 1599) of Overthorpe, Yorkshire, was educated at Oldham and at University College, Oxford. He attained some measure of success as a barrister, and about 1626 became the confidential adviser of 'Sir Thomas Wentworth, afterwards earl of Stratford, who was related to his wife, Anne Trappes (d. 1659). Like his master he was imprisoned in 1627 for declining to contribute to a forced loan, but he shared the good, as well as the ill, fortunes of Wentworth, acting as his adviser when he was president of the council of the north. When Wentworth was made lord deputy of Ireland, Radcliffe, in January 1633, preceded him to that country, and having been made a member of the Irish privy council he was trusted by the deputy in the fullest possible way, his advice being of the greatest service. In 1640, Radcliffe, like Strafford, was arrested and was impeached, but the charges against him were not pressed, and in 1643 he was with Charles I. at Oxford. He died at Flushing in May 1657. Radcliffe wrote An essay towards the life of my Lord Strajord, from which the material for the various lives of the statesman has been largely taken.
See Sir T. D. Whitaker, Life and Correspondence of Sir G. Radcliffe (1810).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Radeberg

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​RADEBERG, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Saxony, pleasantly situated in a fertile district on the Röder, 10 m. N.E. of Dresden, by the railway to Görlitz and Breslau. Pop. (1905) 13,301. It has an Evangelical and a Roman Catholic church, and an old castle. Its principal industries are the manufacture of glass, machinery, furniture and paper, and it produces a light Pilsener beer which is largely exported. Near the town are the Augustusbad and the Hermannsbad, two medicinal springs.