OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Colby v. Ledden

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
48 U.S. 626
Colby v. Ledden
THIS, like the preceding case of Peck v. Jenness, was brought up from the Superior Court of Judicature of the State of New Hampshire, by a writ of error issued under the twenty-fifth section of the Judiciary Act.
Ledden was an inhabitant of the Province of New Brunswick, and Colby of the State of New Hampshire. The attachment was issued in 1837.
The case was similar, in its principal circumstances, to that of Peck v. Jenness, and was argued together with it.
C. B. Goodrich, for the defendant in error.
As to the principal question, I rely upon the argument submitted in the case of Peck v. Jenness. The attachment in this case was made before the passage of the bankrupt statute. It cannot with much reason be said, that the right which the defendant below acquired by his attachment, legal when made, can be taken from him by subsequent legislation. Every objection, however, can be made in this case, which can be taken in relation to any attachment. The debt is discharged here, to the same extent as any other debt.
As to the objections, that the statute requisites have not been complied with which are essential to constitute an attachment, I submit that the State court is the exclusive judge in this particular, and that its judgment is not open to review in this court.
Mr. Justice GRIER delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Colby v. Reed

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
99 U.S. 560
COLBY v. REED.
ERROR to the Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Wisconsin.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
Mr. Edwin H. Abbot for the plaintiff in error.
Mr. Matt. H. Carpenter, contra.
MR. JUSTICE CLIFFORD delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cold Fusion Research

Cold Fusion Research
November 1989
A Report of the Energy Research Advisory Board to the United States Department of Energy
Washington, DC 20585
DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED
DOE/S-0073 DE90 005611
Table of Contents :
| | | page |
| | Cover Letter, J.W. Landis to Secretary Watkins | n/a |
| | Cover Letter, J.R. Huizenga to J.W. Landis | n/a |
| | Energy Research Advisory Board | i |
| | Cold Fusion Panel | ii |
| | Executive Summary | 1 |
| I. | Introduction | 5 |
| II. | Calorimetry and Excess Heat | 9 |
| III. | Fusion Products | 15 |
| IV. | Materials Characterization | 32 |
| V. | Conclusions and Recommendations | 36 |
| Appendix 1.A | Charge Letter | 39 |
| Appendix 1.B | Panel Meetings | 40 |
| Appendix 2.A | Early Chronology of Heat Production | 41 |
| Appendix 2.B | Types of Calorimeters Employed in Studies | 43 |
| Appendix 2.C | Experimental Problems in the Evaluation of Heat Effects | 44 |
| Appendix 2.D | Large Heat Bursts | 50 |
| Appendix 3.A | Neutron Detection | 51 |
| Appendix 3.B | Considerations in Tritium Concentrations | 52 |
| Appendix 4 | Materials for Cold Fusion | 53 |
| | Bibliography | 62 |
​Cold Fusion Research: Contents
2 of 2
Appendix 4 -
http://www.ncas.org/erab/contents.htm
Materials for Cold Fusion
53 62
Bibliography FIGURES 3.1: Neutron & Proton Branches of the D+D Reaction 4.1: Phase Diagram of the Palladium - Hydrogen System 4.2: Hydrogen Diffusivity in Palladium 4.3 Concentration of Hydrogen in Solid Solution vs Gas Pressure 4.4: Titanium - Hydrogen Phase Diagram
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
5/11/2006 10:20 AM
# Cold Fusion Research/Cover Letter, Huizenga-Landis

| UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER | COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY |
John R. Huizenga Tracy H. Harris Professor
November 8, 1989
Mr. John W. Landis, Chairman Energy Research Advisory Board U.S. Department of Energy Washington, D.C. 20585
Dear John,
I am pleased to forward to you the Final Report of the Cold Fusion Panel. This report reviews the current status of cold fusion and includes major chapters on Calorimetry and Excess Heat, Fusion Products and Materials Characterization. In addition. the report makes a number of conclusions and recommendations, as required by the Secretary of Energy.
The Panel or subgroups thereof have participated in the Workshop on Cold Fusion in Santa Fe, have visited several laboratories, have examined many published articles and preprints, studied numerous communications and privately distributed reports, and have participated in many discussions. In addition, the Panel held five public meetings where its findings were discussed and drafts of both the Interim and Final Reports were formulated.
I wish to thank the members of the Panel and its staff for their cooperation and their diligent work during the last six months. I hope the Department finds this report useful in formulating funding policy.
                                                       Sincerely,
                                                       John R. Huizenga
                                                       [Signature]
                                                       Co-Chairman, Panel on Cold Fusion
JRH:dsm
467 Hutchison Hall University of Rochester Rochester, New York 14627 (716) 275-4217
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jean-Antoine Nollet

From volume 11 of the work.
Physicist, b. at Pimpré, Oise, France, 19 November, 1700; d. at Paris, 25 April, 1770. His peasant parents sent him to study at Clermont and Beauvais. He went later to Paris to prepare for the priesthood. In 1728 he received the deaconship and applied immediately for permission to preach. Soon love of science became uppermost and together with Dufay and Réaumur he devoted himself to the study of physics and especially to research work in electricity. Abbé Nollet was the first to recognize the importance of sharp points on the conductors in the discharge of electricity. This was later applied practically in the construction of the lightning-rod. He also studied the conduction of electricity in tubes, in smoke, vapours, steam, the influence of electric charges on evaporation, vegetation, and animal life. His discovery of the osmosis of water through a bladder into alcohol was the starting-point of that branch of physics.
In 1734 Nollet went to London and was admitted into the Royal Society. In 1735 he started in Paris, at his own expense, a course in experimental physics which he continued until 1760. In 1738 Cardinal Fleury created a public chair of experimental physics for Nollet. In 1739 he entered the Academy of Sciences, becoming associate member in 1742, and pensionary in 1758. In April, 1739 the King of Sardinia called him to Turin to instruct the Duke of Savoy, and to furnish the instruments needed for the new chair of physics at the university. After lecturing a short time at Bordeaux, he was called to Versailles to instruct the dauphin in experimental science. He was appointed professor of experimental physics at the Royal College of Navarre, in 1753. In 1761 he taught at the school of artillery at Mézières. Nollet was also a member of the Institute of Bologna and of the Academy of Sciences of Erfurt. He was calm and simple in manner, and his letters and papers showed that he had been devoted and generous to his family and his native village. Nollet contributed to the "Recueil de l'Académie des Sciences" (1740-67) and the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society"; his larger works include among others: - "Programme d'un cours de physique expérimentale" (Paris, 1738); "Leçons de physique expérimentale" (Paris, 1743); "Recherches sur les causes particulières des phénomenes électriques" (Paris, 1749); "L'art des expériences" (Paris, 1770).
GRANDJEAN DE FOUCHY, Eloge de J.-A. Nollet; Histoire de l'Academie Royale des Sciences (Paris, 1773), 121-36.
WILLIAM FOX
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jean-Baptiste-Alphonse Lusignan

From volume 9 of the work.
French-Canadian writer, b. at St-Denis on the Richelieu, P.Q., 27 September, 1843; d. 5 January, 1893, son of Jean-Baptiste Lusignan, a merchant, and Onésime Masse. He was educated at St-Hyacinthe College and studied theology there and at Montreal Seminary. Judging after three years that he was not called to the Church, he studied law at St-Hyacinthe and at Laval University, Quebec, and practised in the former city for a few years. He contributed to several newspapers and was chief editor (1865-68) of "Le Pays", the principal organ of the French-Canadian Liberal party at the time, a paper the attitude of which in politico-religious questions, notably the so-called undue influence of the clergy in politics, was frequently at variance with the views of ecclesiastical authority. Lusignan published (1872), as a continuation of a similar work by Judge Ramsay, a "Digest of Reported cases"; "Coups d'oeil et coups de plume" (1884). He was an ardent patriot and a thorough student of the French tongue, ever zealous by his criticism and by his example to preserve its purity. All his Canadian contemporaries looked upon him as a master of the language, his lexicographical erudition being unrivalled in Canada. All the delicacies and intricacies of French grammer and phraseology were familiar to him. His style, remarkably deft and fluent, would have given him a foremost rank had he been placed in a more favourable field. He was elected (1885) a member of the Royal Society of Canada.
MACLEAN ROSE, Cyclopedia of Canadian Biography (Toronto, 1886); A la memoire d'Alphonse Lusignan (Montreal, 1892).
LIONEL LINDSAY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jean-Antoine Dubois

From volume 5 of the work.
French missionary in India, b. in 1765 at St. Remèze (Ardèche); d. in Paris, 17 Feb., 1848. The Abbé Dubois was a director of the Seminary of the Foreign Missions, a member of the Royal Societies of Great Britain and Paris, and of the Literary Society of Madras. At the outbreak of the French Revolution he went to India to preach Christianity to the natives, whose favour he soon won by his affability and patience. For their instruction he composed elementary treatises on Christian doctrine which won general commendation. Though he remained thirty-two years in that arduous field, his labours were all fruitless and he returned convinced that the conversion of the Hindus with the deep-rooted prejudices of centuries was impossible under the existing conditions. This opinion which he broached in "Letters on the State of Christianity in India" etc. (London, 1823), was vigorously attacked in England. Two Anglican ministers, James Hough and H. Townley, published, respectively, "A Reply to the Letters of the Abbé Dubois" etc. (London, 1824) and "An Answer to the Abbé Dubois" (London, 1824). "The Friend of India", a journal of Calcutta (1825), contained a refutation of his letters, to which the abbe rejoined in a letter of much gravity and moderation. It found its way into the "Bulletin des Sciences", May, 1825, and the first volume of the "Asiatic Journal" (1841). Besides these letters he wrote: "Description of the Character, Manners and Customs of the People of India, and of their Institutions, religious and civil" (London, 1816). This work was bought by the East India Company for twenty thousand francs and printed at their expense. The author published an enlarged edition in French under the title "Moeurs, institutions, et cérémonies des peuples de l'Inde" (Paris, 1825, 2 vols.), which is considered the best and most complete work on the subject. "Exposé de quelques-uns des principaux articles de la théologie des Brahmes" (Paris, 1825); "Le Pantcha-tantra ou les cinq ruses, fables du Brahme Vichnou-Sarma" (Paris, 1826). Abbé Dubois was one of the collaborators of the "Bulletin Universel des Sciences" of the Baron de Férussac.
EDWARD P. SPILLANE.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jean-Antoine d'Aubermont

From volume 2 of the work.
Theologian of Bois-le-Duc; died 22 November, 1686. He joined the Dominicans in 1633, taught philosophy and theology in several convents of his order, was made doctor of theology at Louvain in 1652, and president of the local Dominican college in 1653. His theological writings are mostly in defence of papal infallibility (1682) and against the Gallican teachings of the Declaration of 1682. Shortly before his death he defended against Papebroch St. Thomas of Aquin's authorship of the Mass for Corpus Christi.
THOMAS J. SHAHAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Ferland

From volume 6 of the work.
A French Canadian historian, b. at Montreal, 25 December, 1805; d. at Quebec, 11 January, 1865. He studied at the college of Nicolet and was ordained 1828. He ministered to country parishes until 1841, when he was made director of studies in the college of Nicolet. He became its superior in 1848. Being named a member of the council of the Bishop of Quebec, he took up his residence in that city, where he was also chaplain to the English garrison. From his college days he had devoted himself to the study of Canadian history; the numerous notes which he collected had made him one of the most learned men of the country. It was not, however, until he had reached the age of forty that he thought of writing a history of Canada. In 1853 he published his "Observations sur l' histoire ecclésiastique du Canada", a refutation and criticism of the work of the Abbé Brasseur de Bourburg; it was reprinted in France in 1854. In the latter year he published "Notes sur les régistres de Notre Dame de Québec", a second edition of which, revised and augmented appeared in the "Foyer canadien" for 1863. In 1855 he was appointed professor of Canadian history at the University of Laval (Quebec), and went at once to France to collect new documents to perfect him in his work. He returned in 1857, bringing with him valuable notes. The public courses which he delivered from 1858 to 1862 attracted large audiences, and his lectures, printed as "Cours d' Histoire du Canada", established Ferland's reputation. The first volume appeared in 1861; the second was not published till after the author's death in 1865. This work, written in a style at once simple and exact, is considered authoritative by competent judges. It is, however, incomplete, ending as it does with the conquest of Canada by the English (1759). Ferland aimed above all at establishing the actual facts of history. He desired also to make known the work of the Catholic missions. His judgments are correct and reliable. Ferland also published in the "Soirées Canadiennes" of 1863 the "Journal d'un voyage sur les côtes de la Gaspésie", and in "Littérature Canadienne" for 1863 an "Etude sur le Labrador", which had previously appeared in the "Annales de l'Association pour la Propagation de la Foi". For the "Foyer Canadien" of 1863 he wrote a "Vie de Mgr Plessis", Bishop of Quebec, translated later into English.
J. EDMOND ROY
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Beecher, Edward

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BEECHER, EDWARD, an American clergyman and author, brother of Henry Ward Beecher, born in Easthampton, N. Y., Aug. 27, 1803. He graduated at Yale, studied theology at Andover, and New Haven; was pastor of various Congregational churches, especially the Park ​Street, Boston (1826-1830), and Salem Street, Boston (1844-1855). He was President of Illinois College, Jacksonville (1830-1844), and for some years Professor of Exegesis in the Chicago Theological Seminary. He wrote many religious books, including "The Conflict of Ages" (1853), and "The Concord of Age" (1860). He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., July 28, 1895.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bedouins

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BEDOUINS (bed-ö-enz′), Mohammedan people of Arab race, inhabiting chiefly the deserts of Arabia, Syria, Egypt, and North Africa. They lead a nomadic existence in tents, huts, caverns and ruins, associating in families under sheiks or in tribes under emirs. In respect of occupation they are only shepherds, ​herdsmen, and horse breeders, varying the monotony of pastoral life by raiding on each other and plundering unprotected travelers whom they consider trespassers. The ordinary dress of the men is a long shirt girt at the loins, a black or red and yellow handkerchief for the head, and sandals; of the women, loose drawers, a long shirt, and a large dark-blue shawl covering the head and figure. The lance is the favorite weapon.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Beech

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BEECH, a tree, the fagus sylvatica, or the genus fagus to which it belongs. It is ranked under the order coryloideae (mast-worts). The nuts are triquetrous, and are placed in pairs within the enlarged prickly involucre. They are called mast, and are devoured in autumn by swine and deer. The wood is brittle and is used by turners, joiners, and millwrights. The fine thin bark is employed for making baskets and band-boxes.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Beecher, Henry Ward

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BEECHER, HENRY WARD, an American clergyman, born in Litchfield, Conn., June 24, 1813. He was the son of Lyman Beecher; graduated from Amherst in 1834; studied in Lane Theological Seminary, near Cincinnati, O.; and began clerical duty as pastor of a church in Lawrenceburg, Ind., removing to Indianapolis in 1839. From 1847 until his death he was Pastor of Plymouth Congregational Church in Brooklyn. He was one of the founders of the "Independent" and of the "Christian Union" (now the "Outlook"). He was also a prominent anti-slavery orator, as well as a famous lecturer. Among his numerous publications are "Star Papers; or Experiences of Art and Nature" (1855); "Freedom and War" (1863); "Eyes and Ears" (1864); and a novel, "Norwood, or Village Life in New England" (1867). His "Sermons" were edited by Dr. Lyman Abbott (2 vols., 1868). He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., March 8, 1887.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Beebe, (Charles) William

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BEEBE, (CHARLES) WILLIAM, an American ornithologist and writer, born in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1877. He graduated from Columbia University in 1898 and in the following year took post-graduate courses in that institution. In 1902 he was appointed curator of ornithology at the New York Zoological Park and was director also of the British Guiana Zoological Station. He carried on many researches in British Guiana and contributed many articles to scientific and popular magazines. Among his published writings are "Two Bird Lovers in Mexico" (1905); "Our Search for a Wilderness" (1910); "Tropical Wild Life" (1917); "Monograph of the Peasants" (1918); etc. He was a frequent contributor to magazines.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bedlam

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BEDLAM, a contraction from Bethlehem, and the name of an English hospital for lunatics. The Hospital of St. Mary Bethlehem was first a priory, founded in 1247, by an ex-sheriff, Simon Fitz Mary. Its original site was in Bishopsgate. The Priory of St. Mary Bethlehem, like the other English monastic establishments, was dissolved at the Reformation, Henry VIII., in 1547, granting its revenues to the mayor, the commonalty and the citizens of London. They made it a hospital for lunatics. In 1676 the original buildings were superseded by those of the New Hospital of Bethlehem, erected near London Wall. Finally, in 1815, the hospital was transferred to Lambeth.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bedloe's Island

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BEDLOE'S ISLAND, an island in New York harbor; ceded to the United States Government in 1800; the site of Fort Wood, erected in 1841 and mounted with 77 guns; now the location of Bartholdi's colossal statue of "Liberty Enlightening the World."
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bedford Level

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BEDFORD LEVEL, an eastern district of England, comprising about 450,000 acres of what is called the "Fen" country, in the counties of Cambridge (including the whole of the Isle of Ely), Suffolk, Norfolk, Huntingdon, Northampton, and Lincoln. It was a mere waste of fen and marsh, until the time of Charles I., when, in 1634, a charter was granted to Francis, Earl of Bedford, who undertook to drain the level, on condition of being allowed 95,000 acres of the reclaimed land. It now forms one of the most fertile and grain-productive districts in the kingdom.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bedfordshire

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BEDFORDSHIRE, a county of England, in the midland group. It has an area of 466 square miles, the greater part of which is meadow and pasture land. The chief industries are stock raising, dairying, and agricultural pursuits. The industries include the manufacture of agricultural implements, lace, and straw goods. The chief towns are Bedford, the capital, Dunstable, and Luton. Pop. about 200,000.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Saint Francis Mission

From volume 13 of the work.
(Properly Saint François de Sales, Quebec)
A noted Catholic Indian mission village under Jesuit control near Pierreville, Yamaska district, Province of Quebec, Canada. It was originally established (1683) at the falls of the ChaudiËre, on the south side of the St. Lawrence, above Quebec, as a refuge for the Abnaki and Pennacook Indians who were driven from New England by the wars of that and the subsequent colonial period: these tribes were French in sympathy and, especially the Abnaki, largely Catholic in religion through the efforts of the Jesuit missionaries. The Algonquin, Montagnais, and Micmac of Canada as well as the Nipmuc and others of southern New England were also largely represented, but from the final preponderance of the Abnaki their language became that of the mission. In 1700 the mission was removed to its present situation. After the destruction of Norridgewock and the death of Father Sebastian Rasle at the hands of the New England men in 1724, the majority of the Abnaki removed to Canada and settled at Saint Francis, which became thenceforth a centre of Indian hostility against New England. In 1759 a strong New England force under Major Rogers surprised and destroyed the settlement, including the mission church and records, killing 200 Indians. It was soon rebuilt and still exists as one of the oldest mission settlements of Canada. In the war of the Revolution and again in the war of 1812, a number of the men fought on the British side. Among the Jesuit workers at St. Francis the most distinguished name is that of the venerable Father Joseph Aubéry, in charge from 1709 until his death in 1755, who before coming to the mission had served ten years with the Micmac of Nova Scotia. Having mastered the Abnaki language he wrote much in it, his most important contribution being a manuscript French-Abnaki dictionary, which is still preserved in the archives of the mission. Owing to the former migratory habit of the Indians the population of the mission varied greatly at different periods, but is estimated to-day (1911) at approximately three hundred souls, all of mixed blood, and more French than Indian in characteristic, although they still retain their old language in their homes. Their chief industry is basket-making, which furnishes a comfortable income. (See also PENOBSCOT INDIANS; MISSIONS, CATHOLIC INDIAN, OF THE UNITED STATES. - New England.)
Jesuit Relations, ed. THWAITES (73 vols., Cleveland, 1896-1901), particularly Abnaki, Lower Canada, Quebec; Annual Reports of Dept. of Ind. Affairs, Ottawa (Canada); MAURAULT, Hist. des Abenakis (Quebec, 1866); SHEA, Catholic Missions (New York, 1855); PILLING, Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages (Bur. Amer. Ethnology. Washington, 1891).
JAMES MOONEY