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# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Pepper

Edition of 1802.
​PEPPER, an aromatic berry, chiefly employed for culinary purposes.—There are three species of this spice at present in use, which are known under the names of black, white, and long pepper.
The first, or black pepper, is the fruit of the Piper nigrum, L. a ​native of the East Indies, where the berries are gathered in the month of October, and exposed to the sun for seven or eight days. They are at first green, but afterwards assume a red colour; and, on being divested of their external covering, they appear in the state in which the corns are used.
The white pepper is prepared by steeping the preceding sort in sea-water, and afterwards exposing it to the heat of the sun for several days, till the rind become loose. It is then taken out, half-dried, and rubbed till the husky shell separates; after which the white fruit is perfectly dried. By this process, the spice is deprived of a considerable portion of its heating property, and thus rendered more fit for various purposes, than the native black pepper.—There is, however, a kind of white pepper produced on a species of the Piper, that is far preferable to the factitious, and is little inferior to the black spice of that name.
Long pepper is said to be obtained from a third species of the same genus of trees: it is of a cylindrical form, about an inch and a half in length: its external surface appears to consist of several small grains, arranged in a spiral direction.
All the species of pepper possess a strongly aromatic smell, and a hot, pungent taste. The long sort, being the most powerful, is generally employed for medicinal purposes: the black is chiefly used in culinary preparations. On account of their heating and stimulating properties, however, the use of every sort requires some circumspection.
Pepper is an excellent spice, which should always be coarsely ground, and eaten only with fat, smoked, or tough animal food; with cabbages, cucumbers, and other flatulent and cold vegetables; and likewise with fish, and all substances that are difficult to be digested.—On the Continent, this spice is highly esteemed for its efficacy in relieving flatulency, weak or impaired digestion, and the giddiness which generally accompanies the complaint last mentioned. For this purpose, from six to ten grains are directed to be swallowed every morning, previously to taking food: such practice, however, ought to be adopted only in cases where the stomach is in a high degree vitiated; or the patient has been habituated to the free use of spices and spirituous liquors.
Pepper is permitted to be imported from the East Indies into London only; being also prohibited to be brought from Germany, and the Netherlands: it is subject to the sum of 2l. per cent. according to its value, on being deposited in the warehouses of the East-India Company; and also to the farther duty of 9 1/2d. per lb. on being taken out for domestic consumption.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Pepper-mint

Edition of 1802.
​Pepper-mint. See Mint.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Pencils

Edition of 1802.
​Pencils. See Black-Lead, p. 78, of the present volume.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Penny-cress

Edition of 1802.
​Penny-cress. See Mithridate-mustard.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Penny-grass

Edition of 1802.
​Penny-grass.—See Yellow-rattle.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Pennywort

Edition of 1802.
​PENNYWORT, the Marsh, or Hydrocotyle vulgaris, L. an indigenous perennial plant, growing in marshy or inundated grounds; and flowering in the months of May and June.—This herb is supposed to occasion the rot in sheep: it certainly contains an acrid, poisonous juice, which, according to Bechstein, produces in the animals feeding on it, inflammations, bloody urine, and other mortal symptoms. Hence, every industrious farmer will endeavour to eradicate the pennywort from his meadows.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Pickle

Edition of 1802.
​PICKLE, a kind of brine or liquor, which is generally prepared of salt and nitre, with the occasional addition of spices, or aromatic herbs, for the preservation and seasoning of flesh-meat.—Pickle also signifies vegetables preserved by the use of vinegar and aromatics.—See Pickling, of Vegetables.
Under the articles Bacon and Brine, we have already stated the general requisites to a good pickle: we shall, therefore, only add a few particular directions relative to this subject.—It has been ascertained by experience, that the best proportion of salt and nitre to that of beef, is the following: Take 8 lbs. of common salt, previously dried in a warm room, and 1 1/2 oz. of salt-petre, likewise in a dry and pulverized state, to every 112 lbs. of meat: let the salts be properly incorporated before they are applied. The beef should be perfectly fresh and cool; as otherwise it cannot be preserved for a considerable time: the cask or vessel ought to be clean, dry, and provided with a moveable lid or cover, so as to support a weight on its top. Much, however, depends on the exact proportion of the saline ingredients in the pickle; and the accuracy with which these compound salts are distributed between the different layers of the meat; for, if any cavities remain between the pieces, so that air can penetrate and circulate through the interstices, it will be impossible to keep such meat many weeks, in an eatable state.
A similar preparation may be used for pork, mutton, and geese; which last, however, should be divided at least into two equal parts. Thus, the farmers in Germany pickle the different kinds of meat above mentioned, together with their beef, in the same vessels; chiefly with a view to fill up the vacant places at the sides, and prevent the corruption of the latter.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Pickling

Edition of 1802.
​Pickling, of Vegetables, is one of the modern refinements of luxury, which, in point of health, deserves no commendation. It is effected by employing the strongest vinegar, together with the most heating spices. This compound is ​rendered still more efficacious by previously boiling the vinegar with cream of tartar, before the aromatics are added. In such state, most vegetable roots, plants, fruits, seeds, walnuts, &c. may indeed be preserved for any length of time, in order to stimulate the palate occasionally; and, as it is supposed, to promote the digestion of animal food: but, as the nourishing juices of vegetables are thus decomposed, and the fibrous or woody parts alone remain in the form of a sponge, we conceive such artificial preparations to be useless to a robust stomach, and detrimental to the digestive organs of invalids, or delicate constitutions. When used in very small portions, and only with fat and tough animal food or fish, pickles may serve as substitutes for salt, mustard, horse-radish, or pepper.—It deserves farther to be remarked, that all pickles should be kept in earthen, but unglazed, vessels; no copper or verdigrease must be employed; the air should be carefully excluded; and the room in which they stand ought neither to be damp nor warm.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Dew

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Dew : "There is no dew properly so called in Palestine, for there is no moisture in the hot summer air to be chilled into dew-drops by the coldness of the night. From May till October rain is unknown, the sun shining with unclouded brightness day after day. The heat becomes intense, the ground hard, and vegetation would perish but for the moist west winds that come each night from the sea. The bright skies cause the heat of the day to radiate very quickly into space, so that the nights are as cold as the day is the reverse, a peculiarity of climate from which poor Jacob suffered thousands of years ago (Gen. 31:40). To this coldness of the night air the indispensable watering of all plant-life is due. The winds, loaded with moisture, are robbed of it as they pass over the land, the cold air condensing it into drops of water, which fall in a gracious rain of mist on every thirsty blade. In the morning the fog thus created rests like a sea over the plains, and far up the sides of the hills, which raise their heads above it like so many islands. At sunrise, however, the scene speedily changes. By the kindling light the mist is transformed into vast snow-white clouds, which presently break into separate masses and rise up the mountain-sides, to disappear in the blue above, dissipated by the increasing heat. These are `the morning clouds and the early dew that go away' of which Hosea (6:4; 13:3) speaks so touchingly" (Geikie's The Holy Land, etc., i., p. 72). Dew is a source of great fertility (Gen. 27:28; Deut. 33:13; Zech. 8:12), and its withdrawal is regarded as a curse from God (2 Sam. 1:21; 1 Kings 17:1). It is the symbol of a multitude (2 Sam. 17:12; Ps. 110:3); and from its refreshing influence it is an emblem of brotherly love and harmony (Ps. 133:3), and of rich spiritual blessings (Hos. 14:5).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Desolation, Abomination of

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Desolation, Abomination of: (Matt. 24:15; Mark 13:14; comp. Luke 21:20), is interpreted of the eagles, the standards of the Roman army, which were an abomination to the Jews. These standards, rising over the site of the temple, were a sign that the holy place had fallen under the idolatrous Romans. The references are to Dan. 9:27. (See ABOMINATION.)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Destruction

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Destruction : In Job 26:6, 28:22 (Heb.@abaddon) is sheol, the realm of the dead.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Desire of all nations

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Desire of all nations : (Hag. 2:7), usually interpreted as a title of the Messiah. The Revised Version, however, more correctly renders "the desirable things of all nations;" i.e., the choicest treasures of the Gentiles shall be consecrated to the Lord.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Destroyer

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Destroyer : (Ex. 12:23), the agent employed in the killing of the first-born; the destroying angel or messenger of God. (Comp. 2 Kings 19:35; 2 Sam. 24:15, 16; Ps. 78:49; Acts 12:23.)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Devil

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Devil: (Gr. diabolos), a slanderer, the arch-enemy of man's spiritual interest (Job 1:6; Revelation 2:10; Zechariah 3:1). He is called also "the accuser of the brethen" (Revelation 12:10).
In Leviticus 17:7 the word "devil" is the translation of the Hebrew sair, meaning a "goat" or "satyr" (Isaiah 13:21; 34:14), alluding to the wood-daemons, the objects of idolatrous worship among the heathen.
In Deuteronomy 32:17 and Psalm 106:37 it is the translation of Hebrew shed, meaning lord, and idol, regarded by the Jews as a "demon," as the word is rendered in the Revised Version.
In the narratives of the Gospels regarding the "casting out of devils" a different Greek word (daimon) is used. In the time of our Lord there were frequent cases of demoniacal possession (Matthew 12:25-30; Mark 5:1-20; Luke 4:35; 10:18, etc.). See SATAN
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Derbe

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Derbe : A small town on the eastern part of the upland plain of Lycaonia, about 20 miles from Lystra. Paul passed through Derbe on his route from Cilicia to Iconium, on his second missionary journey (Acts 16:1), and probably also on his third journey (18:23; 19:1). On his first journey (14:20, 21) he came to Derbe from the other side; i.e., from Iconium. It was the native place of Gaius, one of Paul's companions (20:4). He did not here suffer persecution (2 Tim. 3:11).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Destruction, City of

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Destruction, City of : (Isa. 19:18; Heb.@Ir-ha-Heres, "city of overthrow," because of the evidence it would present of the overthrow of heathenism), the ideal title of On or Heliopolis (q.v.).
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Swayne, Joseph Griffiths

​SWAYNE, JOSEPH GRIFFITHS (1819–1903), obstetric physician, born on 18 Oct. 1819 at Bristol, was second son of John Champeny Swayne, lecturer on midwifery in the Bristol medical school, whose father was for nearly sixty years vicar of Pucklechurch, Gloucestershire. His mother was eldest daughter of Dr. Thomas Griffiths, a medical practitioner in Bristol. After education at the now extinct proprietary Bristol college, where one of his teachers was Francis William Newman [q. v. Suppl. I], Swayne was apprenticed to his father and at the same time studied at the Bristol medical school and the royal infirmary. Later he went to Guy's Hospital and became M.R.C.S. and a licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries in 1841. He also studied in Paris, and in 1842 graduated M.B. of the University of London, obtaining the gold medal in obstetric medicine and being bracketed with Sir Alfred Baring Garrod [q. v. Suppl. II] for the gold medal in medicine. In 1845 he proceeded M.D. at London and joined his father as lecturer on midwifery in the Bristol medical school; he was sole lecturer from 1850 until 1895, when he was appointed emeritus professor. In 1853 he was elected physician accoucheur to the Bristol general hospital, one of the first appointments of the kind out of London; he held this post until 1875, when he became consulting obstetric physician. Greatly esteemed as a consultant, he had a large practice in the west of England. He attached an importance in advance of his time to asepsis, and deprecated long hair or beards for those who practise surgery or midwifery. As early as 1843 he investigated cholera, and described a micro-organism which some have suggested was the comma bacillus which Koch proved to be the cause of the disease in 1884. Swayne died suddenly on 1 Aug. 1903, and was buried at Arno's Vale cemetery, Bristol. He married Georgina (d. 1865), daughter of the Rev. G. Gunning, and had issue one son and one daughter.
Swayne possessed much artistic and literary ability. He published, in addition to many papers in medical journals, 'Obstetric Aphorisms for the Use of Students' (1856; 10th edit. 1893), which was translated into eight languages, including Japanese and Hindustani.
[Bristol Med. Chir. Journal, 1903, xxi. 193-202 (with photograph and bibliography); Brit. Med. Journal, 1903, ii. 338.]
H. D. R.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Matthew

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Matthew – Gift of God, a common Jewish name after the Exile. He was the son of Alphaeus, and was a publican or tax-gatherer at Capernaum.
On one occasion Jesus, coming up from the side of the lake, passed the custom-house where Matthew was seated, and said to him, "Follow me." Matthew arose and followed him, and became his disciple Mt 9:9 Formerly the name by which he was known was Levi Mr 2:14 Lu 5:27 he now changed it, possibly in grateful memory of his call, to Matthew. The same day on which Jesus called him he made a "great feast" Lu 5:29 a farewell feast, to which he invited Jesus and his disciples, and probably also many of old associates. He was afterwards selected as one of the twelve Lu 6:15
His name does not occur again in the Gospel history except in the lists of the apostles. The last notice of him is in Ac 1:13 The time and manner of his death are unknown.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Matthias

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Matthias —gift of God. Acts 1:23.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Market-place

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* Jam
* 1Pet
* 2Pet
* 1Jn
* 2Jn
* 3Jn
* Ju
* Rev
Market-place Any place of public resort, and hence a public place or broad street (Matt. 11:16; 20:3), as well as a forum or market-place proper, where goods were exposed for sale, and where public assemblies and trials were held (Acts 16:19; 17:17). This word occurs in the Old Testament only in Ezek. 27:13.
In early times markets were held at the gates of cities, where commodities were exposed for sale (2 Kings 7:18). In large towns the sale of particular articles seems to have been confined to certain streets, as we may infer from such expressions as "the bakers' street" (Jer. 37:21), and from the circumstance that in the time of Josephus the valley between Mounts Zion and Moriah was called the Tyropoeon or the "valley of the cheesemakers."
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Mede

* A
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* D
* E
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* I
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* L
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* O
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* U
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* Dt
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* 1-2 Sam
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* Jnh
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* Habk
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* Mal
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* Mk
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* Jn
* Act
* Rom
* 1Cor
* 2Cor
* Gal
* Eph
* Philp
* Col
* 1-2Thes
* 1Tim
* 2Tim
* Titus
* Phim
* Hebr
* Jam
* 1Pet
* 2Pet
* 1Jn
* 2Jn
* 3Jn
* Ju
* Rev
Mede: (Heb. Madai), a Median or inhabitant of Media (Daniel 11:1). In Genesis 10:2 the Hebrew word occurs in the list of the sons of Japheth. But probably this is an ethnic and not a personal name, and denotes simply the Medes as descended from Japheth.