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# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Butler, James, 2nd Earl of Ormond

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​Butler, James, 2nd Earl of Ormond, was born at Kilkenny, 4th October 1331, and was consequently but six years of age at his father's decease. He was given in ward to the Earl of Desmond, and afterwards to Sir John d'Arcy, whose daughter he married during his minority. He is often spoken of as the "Noble Earl." Edward III., his cousin, granted him an annuity of about £40, besides some additional estates. In 1359 he was Lord-Justice, with a salary of £500. He attended Lionel, Duke of Clarence in his Irish wars, and was for a time, during the Duke's absence in England, Lord-Deputy. In 1362 he defeated MacMurrough in the County of Kildare, and slew 600 of his men. In 1372 he was created Constable of Dublin Castle. In 1378 he surrendered the sword of Lord-Justice to Alexander Balscot, Bishop of Ossory. The Earl died at Knocktopher, 18th October 1382, aged 51, and was buried in St. Canice's, Kilkenny.
* ↑ Lodge's Peerage of Ireland, Revised and Enlarged by Mervyn Archdall. 7 vols. Dublin, 1789.
* ↑ Ormond, Duke of. Life 1610–'88: Thomas A. Carte, M. A. 6 vols. Oxford, 1851.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Butler, 3rd Theobald

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​Butler, 3rd Theobald, was very young when his father died. He married a daughter of Richard De Burgh, and thereby considerably increased the family estates. In 1264, he was, with Richard de Capella, Lord-Justice, and other knights, taken prisoner at Castledermot by the Lord of Desmond. He died, and was buried in the Convent of Friars Preachers at Arklow.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Butler, 4th Theobald

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​Butler, 4th Theobald, succeeded his father. By his marriage with a daughter of the Earl of Essex, he acquired considerable estates in Buckinghamshire. He died 26th September 1285, leaving eight children. He also was buried at Arklow. Carte considers it most probable that the 3rd and 4th Theobalds were one and the same person, who married twice.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Butler, 1st Theobald Walter

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​Butler, 1st Theobald Walter, a descendant of one of the companions of the Conqueror, attended Henry II. to France in 1170, and accompanied him in his Irish expedition next year. On account of his services, large possessions were conferred upon him. He was, in 1177, as a mark of royal favour, made Chief-Butler of Ireland, with a perquisite of two tuns of wine out of every cargo of eighteen tuns or upwards breaking bulk in Ireland. [This right of prisage, as it was termed, was repurchased from the Butler family by the Government in 1810, for £216,000.] Carte cites some interesting charters from his hand. Besides Irish property, he possessed large estates in Norfolk and Suffolk. He founded abbeys and churches in several parts of Ireland and England. He died in 1206, and was buried at "Witheney," in the County of Limerick.
* ↑ Burke, Sir Bernard: Peerage and Baronetage.
* ↑ Ormond, Duke of. Life 1610–'88: Thomas A. Carte, M. A. 6 vols. Oxford, 1851.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Butler, 2nd Theobald

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​Butler, 2nd Theobald, son of preceding, was born about 1200. When he came of age he was put in possession of his father's estates. He was Lord-Justice in 1247, and died in the year following.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Butler, Edmund, Earl of Carrick

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​Butler, Edmund, Earl of Carrick, upon his brother's death, succeeded. In 1303 he was appointed Custos Hibernie, and in 1309 was knighted by Edward II. in London. In 1312 he defeated the O'Byrnes and O'Tooles in Glenmalure. In 1315 he appears to have been created Earl of Carrick. He distinguished himself in an engagement with Bruce. He died in London, 13th September 1321, but was buried at Gowran, County of Kilkenny. By his wife Joan, daughter of the 1st Earl of Kildare, he had several children, the eldest of whom succeeded.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Onihah, City of

​ONIHAH, CITY OF. One of the wicked cities swallowed up in the earth during the great cataclysms that, on this continent, bore record of the death of the Redeemer. When the convulsions were ended, a stagnant lake occupied the place where this city stood; it and all its sin-stained inhabitants were destroyed. This city is nowhere mentioned except in the statement of its destruction. (III Nephi, 9:7.)
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Oreb, Rock of

​OREB, ROCK OF. The spot, east of the Jordan, where thousands of the Midianites fell by the hands of the Ephraimites. It is mentioned but once in the Book of Mormon, in Nephi's quotations from the prophecies of Isaiah. (II Nephi, 20:26.)
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Omner

​OMNER. One of the sons, apparently the third, of king Mosiah II. With his brothers, in early life, he appears to have been an unbeliever in the gospel, and an enemy to the people of God's church; with them he was brought to an understanding of his position by the appearance of an angel. He then, with the rest who witnessed this heavenly visitation, went abroad among the Nephites, endeavoring, by his diligence, zeal and self-abnegation, to atone for the wrongs he had beforetime committed. In B. C. 91, he formed one of the party who went to the land of Nephi to convert the Lamanites, and remained in that mission until its close; suffered in all its privations and persecutions and rejoiced abundantly in its triumphs. Of his individual labors in that mission little is said, though the inference may be drawn that he spent a considerable portion of the time with and assisted his brother Aaron in his labors and ministrations. He returned with his fellow missionaries to Zarahemla in B. C. 78. In later years (B. C. 75), he accompanied Alma and others to the land of Antionum, to minister among the apostate Zoramites.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Omner, City of

​OMNER, CITY OF. A city of the Nephites on the east borders by the sea shore, in other words, a seaport town on the South Atlantic Ocean or Caribbean Sea. It was probably named after Omner, the son of Mosiah, and, if so, we are justified, from the custom of the Nephites, in believing that he was its founder. It fell into the hands of the Lamanites in B. C. 67 (Alma, 51: 26), and undoubtedly again in B. C. 35, (or about that time), though it is not then mentioned by name.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Orihah

​ORIHAH. The youngest of Jared's four sons and the first king of the Jaredites. When Jared and his brother had grown old and desired to know the wishes of their people before they went down to their graves, the people desired to be ruled by a king. This idea was displeasing to their leaders, but they ultimately consented to one being chosen. All the sons of Jared and of his brother refused this dignity, until Orihah was reached and he accepted the kingly honor. He reigned in righteousness, executing judgment injustice, walking humbly before Heaven, and instructing his subjects in the ways of the Lord. He lived to a very great age, was the father of thirty-one children, twenty-three of whom were sons, and ​when he died he was succeeded on the throne by his son Kib. The Jaredites prospered and multiplied greatly under his wise and beneficent reign.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Ophir

​OPHIR. The Bible land of gold. Its locality has not been determined. Some suppose it to have been in India, some in Arabia, some in eastern Africa. It is named but once in the Book of Mormon (II Nephi, 23:12), in a quotation from the prophecies of Isaiah.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Omni

​OMNI. A Nephite prophet, son of Jarom, and a descendant of Jacob, the younger brother of Nephi. He lived in the land of Nephi, and was the custodian of the plates of Nephi from the 239th to the 283d year of the Nephite annals, or 44 years. He characterizes himself as a wicked man, who had not kept the commandments and statutes of the Lord as he ought to have done, but had been principally engaged in defending his people from the constantly recurring onslaught of the Lamanites. The history of his times he sums up in one short sentence: "And it came to pass that 276 years had passed away [from the time Lehi left Jerusalem] and we had many seasons of peace and we had many seasons of serious war and bloodshed.' ' Having kept the plates according to the commandments of his fathers, he conferred them upon his son Amaron. (B. C. 318.)
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Onidah, Hill

​ONIDAH, HILL. A hill in the land of Antionum, from which Alma, the younger, preached to the Zoramites (B. C. 75) (Alma, 32: 4).
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Onidah, Place

​ONIDAH, PLACE. The gathering place of the dissatisfied Lamanites, led by Lehonti, who refused to give heed to the king's proclamation of war against the Nephites (B. C. 75). Thither the malcontents were followed by Amalickiah and an army. By the latter's strategy and plotting he obtained an interview with Lehonti on Mount Antipas, and arranged to surrender his troops. Onidah is called "the place of arms," and may ​possibly be the hill Onidah in the land of Antionum, though we are of the opinion that it was not, it being within the borders of the Lamanite possessions. (Alma, 47:5.)
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Omer

​OMER. A righteous, but unfortunate king of the early Jaredites. He was the son of Shule, and the father of a prince named Jared. Jared rebelled against his father and by his flatteries led away the people of half the kingdom. He then gave battle to his father and took him prisoner, holding him in servitude half his days. While thus in bondage Omer begat several children, among whom were two sons, named Esrom and Coriantumr. When these young men grew to manhood they espoused the cause of their father, raised an army, attacked the forces of Jared by night, and utterly routed them. Jared obtained his life by renouncing his rights to the throne, and Omer was reinstated in the kingly authority. Jared, greatly chagrined at the loss of the royal power, entered into secret combination with Akish, a friend of Omer, to assassinate the king and restore Jared to the throne. Their attempt was partially successful. Omer was driven from the throne, but, being warned by the Lord in ​a dream, he fled, with the faithful portion of his family, to the far off North Atlantic sea-board, passing in his journey the hill Shim, where the Nephite records were in after ages hid, and the hill Cumorah. From the direction of his journey we are justified in believing that the land Ablom, where he established himself, was on the New England coast. From time to time, others joined Omer, while the Jaredite people were rent by internecine wars, which ended in their almost entire destruction. Then Omer returned with his followers and reigned over the remnant of a once numerous people. He lived to be exceedingly old, and two years before his death he anointed his son Emer to reign in his stead. His days were many and full of sorrow.
# A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature/ב

    ב - באדן
    באדן - באר
    באר - בבלאה
    בבלאה - בגר
    בגר - בדד
    בדד - בדי
    בדי - בדן
    בדן - בדרסין
    בדרסין - בהק
    בהק - בואנא
    בואנא - בוטלן
    בוטלן - בולאות
    בולאות - בון
    בון - בוצית
    בוצית - בור
    בור - בורה
    בורה - בורסיון
    בורסיון - בזבחא
    בזבחא - בזי
    בזי - בזך
    בזך - בחורא
    בחורא - בטא
    בטא - בטינין
    בטינין - בטל
    בטל - ביאה
    ביאה - ביזגא
    ביזגא - בייבא
    בייבא - בילרין
    בילרין - בין
    בין - ביסא
    ביסא - ביצעא
    ביצעא - בירולין
    בירולין - בירתא
    בירתא - בית
    בית - ביתרי
    ביתרי - בכייה
    בכייה - בלבל
    בלבל - בלוריתא
    בלוריתא - בלים
    בלים - בלמא
    בלמא - בלע
    בלע - בלתי
    בלתי - בנוני
    בנוני - בסבסטי
    בסבסטי - בסיס
    בסיס - בסר
    בסר - בעטן
    בעטן - בעיר
    בעיר - בער
    בער - בצוצריות
    בצוצריות - בצץ
    בצץ - בקיא
    בקיא - בקעי
    בקעי - בקרות
    בקרות - בר
    בר - ברברי
    ברברי - ברוקא
    ברוקא - ברזניתא
    ברזניתא - ברי
    ברי - בריכה
    בריכה - בריתא
    בריתא - ברכייר
    ברכייר - ברקא
    ברקא - ברר
    ברר - בשכר
    בשכר - בשרא
    בשרא - ג
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Agthe, Carl

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Aguilera de Heredia, Sebastian

From volume 1 of the work.
​AGUILERA DE HEREDIA, Sebastian, a monk and Spanish composer at the beginning of the 17th century. His chief work was a collection of Magnificats for four five, six, seven, and eight voices, many of which are still sung in the cathedral of Saragosa, where he directed the music, and at other churches in Spain.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ahle, Johann

From volume 1 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Aguado, Dionisio

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Agricola, Wolfgang

From volume 1 of the work.
​AGRICOLA, Wolfgang Christoph, lived about the middle of the 17th century, composed a 'Fasciculus Musicalis' (Wurzburg and Cologne, 1651), of masses, and 'Fasciculus variarum cantionuin,' of motetts.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Agujari, Lucrezia

From volume 1 of the work.
​AGUJARI, Lucrezia, a very celebrated singer, who supplies an extraordinary example of the fashion of nicknaming musicians; for, being a natural child of a noble, she was always announced in the playbills and newspapers as La Bastardina, or Bastardella. She was born at Ferrara in 1743, instructed in a convent by the P. Lambertini, and made her début at Florence in 1764. Her triumph was brilliant, and she was eagerly engaged for all the principal towns, where she was enthusiastically received. She did not excel in expression, but in execution she surpassed all rivals. The extent of her register was beyond all comparison. Sacchini said he had heard her sing as high as B♭ in altissimo, and she had two good octaves below: but Mozart himself heard her at Parma in 1770, and says of her that she had 'a lovely voice, a flexible throat, and an incredibly high range. She sang the following notes and passages in my presence:—
Ten years later, in speaking of Mara, he says, 'She has not the good fortune to please me. She does too little to be compared to a Bastardella—though that is her peculiar style—and too much to touch the heart like an Aloysia Weber.' Leopold Mozart says of her, 'She is not handsome nor yet ugly, but has at times a wild look in the eyes, like people who are subject to convulsions, and she is lame in one foot. Her conduct formerly was good; she has, consequently, a good name and reputation.
[ J. M. ]
* ↑ Letter of March 23, 1770.
* ↑ Letter of Nov. 12, 1780.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Aguilar

From volume 4 of the work.
​AGUILAR, Emanuel. See ii. 733 b.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Agus, Henri

From volume 1 of the work.
​AGUS, Henri, born in 1749, died 1798; composer and professor of solfeggio in the Conservatoire of Paris (1795). His works, which display more learning than genius, consist of trios for strings, two compositions for violoncello, published in London, where he lived for some time, and six duos concertants for two violins, published by Barbieri (Paris) as the op. 37 of Boccherini.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ahlstroem, A.

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Artusi, Giovanni

From volume 1 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Artaria

From volume 1 of the work.
[ C. F. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Artaxerxes

From volume 1 of the work.
​ARTAXERXES, an opera in three acts composed by Dr. Arne, the words translated from Metastasio's 'Artaserse,' probably [App. p.523 omits "probably"] by Arne himself. Produced at Covent Garden Theatre Feb. 2, 1762, and long a favourite piece on the London boards.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Artôt, Alexandre

From volume 4 of the work.
​ARTÔT, Alexandre Joseph, born Jan. 25, 1815, at Brussels, was the son of Maurice Artôt (1772–1829) first horn-player at the theatre there, by his wife Theresa Eva, daughter of Adam and cousin of Ferdinand Ries. He received instruction in music and on the violin from the former, and at the age of seven played at the theatre a concerto of Viotti. He received further ​instruction from Snel, principal first violin at the theatre, and afterwards at the Paris Conservatoire from Rodolphe and August Kreutzer, and in 1827 and 1828 he obtained the second and first violin prizes respectively. According to Fétis, Artôt then played in concerts in Brussels and London with the greatest success, and became for a time player in the various Parisian orchestras. He became famous as a soloist, and made tours through Belgium, Holland, Italy, Germany, etc. On June 3, 1839, on the same occasion that Mario first appeared in England, Artôt played at the Philharmonic a fantasia of his own for violin and orchestra, and was well received, rather on account of the delicacy and feeling of his playing and his remarkable execution, than from his tone, which was very small. We do not find that he played at any other public concert, and this is borne out by a letter of August 6 of the same year from Berlioz to Liszt, wherein details are given concerning musical taste in London at the time, received from Batta, who had just returned from there, and whose mutual conversation he reports at length: 'I arrived too late, and it is the same with Artôt, who, despite his success at the Philharmonic, despite the incontestable beauty of his talent, has a tedious time of it.' In 1843 he went to America, Cuba, etc., on a concert tour with Mme. Cinti-Damoreau, and while there he received the first symptoms of a lung disease. He never recovered, but died July 20, 1845, at Ville d'Avray near Paris.
[ A. C. ]
* ↑ His real surname was Montagny or Montaguey, but he adopted professional the name Artôt instead, which name was retained by all his family.
* ↑ Athenæum, June 8, 1880.
* ↑ 'Berlioz, Correspondence Inédite' (1879), p. 184.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Arteaga, Stefano

From volume 1 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Arwidsson, Adolf

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ascanio in Alba

From volume 1 of the work.
​ASCANIO IN ALBA. A 'theatrical serenade' in two acts (overture and twenty-four numbers), composed by Mozart at Milan, Sept. 1771, for the betrothal of the Archduke Ferdinand and Princess Maria of Modena. First performance, Oct. 17, 1771 (Köchel, No. 111).
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Artôt, Marguerite

From volume 4 of the work.
[ A. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Asantschewsky, Michel von

From volume 1 of the work.
[ E. D. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ascending Scale

From volume 1 of the work.
​ASCENDING SCALE. It is a peculiarity of the minor scale adopted in modern music, that its form is frequently varied by accidental chromatic alterations, to satisfy what are assumed to be the requirements of the ear; and as these alterations most commonly take place in ascending passages, it is usual, in elementary works, to give different forms of the minor scale, for ascending and descending.
For example, the normal form of the scale of A minor is
and in descending, as here shown, the progressions seem natural and proper.
But if the motion take place in the reverse direction, thus—
No. 1.
it is said that the succession of the upper notes in approaching the key note A, do not give the idea which ought to correspond to our modern tonality. It is argued that the penultimate note, or seventh, being the leading or sensible note of the key, ought to be only a semitone distant from it, as is customary in all well-defined keys; and that, in fact, unless this is done, the tonality is not properly determined. This reason has led to the accidental sharpening of the seventh in ascending, thus—
No. 2.
But here there is another thing objected to; namely, the wide interval of three semitones (an augmented second) between the sixth and the seventh, F♮ and G♯, which it is said is abrupt and unnatural, and this has led to the sharpening of the sixth also, thus—
No. 3.
to make the progression more smooth and regular. This is the succession of notes usually given as the ascending minor scale.
The first alteration—namely, the sharpening of the leading note—is no doubt required if the perfect modern tonality is to be preserved, for no doubt an ascending passage, thus—
would give rather the impression of the key of C or of F than that of A.
But the necessity for sharpening the sixth is by no means so obvious; it may no doubt be smoother, but the interval of the augmented second is one so familiar in modern music, as to form no imperative reason for the change. Hence this rule is frequently disregarded, and the form marked No. 2 is very commonly used, both for ascending and descending.
We may instance the fine unison passage in the last movement of Schumann's Symphony, No. 1:—
[ W. P. ]
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Homer (T .)

​HOMER (T.), bookseller (?) in London, 1642. Associated with J. Jackson and G. Tomlinson. He was the publisher of numerous political pamphlets, and may be identical with the preceding. His address has not been found.
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Hopkinson (Jonathan)

​HOPKINSON (JONATHAN), bookseller in London; Without Aldgate, 1647. Only known from the entry in Smyth's Obituary, p. 24: "Aug 31. 1647 Jonathan Hopkinson, bookseller wthout Algate, died."
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Holeman (William)

​HOLEMAN (WILLIAM), bookseller (?) in London; near the stairs, next to the Black-Swan in Wapping, 1666. Only known from the imprint to a pamphlet entitled, Horne (Henry), Perfect and Compleat Bel-man, 1666. [Douce Coll.]
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Holmer (Thomas)

​HOLMER (THOMAS), printer in London, 1641. In the Commons Journals (vol. ii., p. 160), under date May 27th, 1641, is an order that Thomas Holmer, who was committed to the Gatehouse for printing an Elegy upon the Earl of Strafford, which was considered to be scandalous, should be admitted to bail. No master printer of this name is known, and Holmer was probably a journeyman. There are two broadsides in the British Museum of this date with the imprint. Printed in the year 1641. The first, entitled The Earl of Strafford his Ellegaick Poem as it was pen'd by his owne hand a little before his death, and the second Verses lately written by Thomas Earle of Strafford. [C. 20, f. 2 (6) (7).] It was perhaps the first of these that was referred to in the order.
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Hope (William)

​HOPE (WILLIAM) bookseller in London, (1) Glove in Cornhill, 1636; (2) Unicorn near the Royal Exchange in Cornhill, 1639-40; (3) the Blew Anchor at the back-side of the Roiall Exchange, 1657; (4) Blue Anchor Old Exchange; (5) Near the Exchange, 1657; At the Anchor over against St. Bartholomew's Church, near the Royal Exchange, 1665 (1634-65). Took up his freedom October 4th, 1630. First book entry April 14th, 1636. [Arber, iii. 686; iv. 360.] In partnership for a time with Edward Farnham. Bought books of Robert Bryson, of Edinburgh, q. v. A list of 31 books "printed or sold" by this bookseller in 1653 occurs on sig. 17 of The Holy lives of God's Prophets, 1654 (1653). [B.M. E. 1493 (1).]