OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Statute Merchant and Statute Staple

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​STATUTE MERCHANT and STATUTE STAPLE, two old forms of security, long obsolete in English practice, though references to them still occur in some modern statutes. The former security was first created by the Statute of Acton Burnell (1283) and amplified by the Statute of Merchants (1285)—whence its name-and the latter by an act of 1353, which provided that in every staple (i.e. public mart) the seal of the staple should be sufficient validity for a bond of record acknowledged and witnessed before the mayor of the staple. They were originally permitted only among traders, for the benefit of commerce, but afterwards extended by an act of Henry VIII. (1532) to all subjects, whether traders or not. The creditor under either form of security was allowed to seize the goods and hold the lands of a defaulting debtor until satisfaction of his debt. While he held the lands he was termed tenant by statute merchant or by statute staple. In addition to the loss of his goods and lands the debtor was liable to be imprisoned. Statute merchant, owing to the summary method of enforcing payment, was sometimes known as “pocket judgment.” Both were repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1863.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stavanger

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​STAVANGER, a seaport of Norway, capital of Stavanger amt (county), on the west coast in 59° N. (that of the Orkney Islands and northern Labrador). Pop. (1900), 30,541. It lies on the south side of the Bukken Fjord, and has a picturesque harbour well sheltered by islands. The town is one of the oldest in Norway, founded in the 8th or 9th century, but the present town is modern, though narrow, winding streets and wooden houses give it an antique appearance. It became the seat of a bishopric in the 13th century. Though the bishop's see was removed to Christiansand in 1685, the Romanesque cathedral church of St Swithun, founded by the English bishop Reinald in the end of the 11th century, and rebuilt after being burned down in 1272, remains, and, next to the cathedral of Trondhjem, is the most interesting stone church in Norway. There is an ornate painted pulpit of carved wood (1658). The old episcopal palace of Kongsgaard is now a Latin school. There are a theatre, an interesting museum of antiquities, natural history and art; and a picturesque park (Bjergsted). The industries of the town and its environs (Sandnaes, &c.) are prosperous, including factories for preserved foods, woollens and linens, lime, iodine from seaweed, and domestic commodities. The ​fisheries are important—for herring, mackerel, sprats, cod, salmon, lobsters and anchovies. On Rennes Island in the fjord, over against the town, there is a Cheviot sheep-breeding farm under government auspices. The imports consist principally of coal, salt, grain and flour, groceries, textiles, wood, and mineral oils. The most important export is fish, other items being seaweed, marble, preserved foods, butter and margarine and infusorial earth.
Stavanger is the first port of call for northward-bound passenger steamers from Hull and Newcastle, and has regular services from all the Norwegian coast towns, from Hamburg, &c. A railway runs south along the wild and desolate coast of Jaederen, one of the few low and unprotected shores in Norway, the scene of many wrecks. Stavanger commands a considerable tourist traffic. It is the starting-point of a favourite tour, embracing the fine valley of the Sand River, the great Lake Suldal and the Bratlandsdal. The Lyse Fjord, a branch of the Bukken Fjord, is a fine narrow inlet enclosed by precipitous mountains. Stavanger is the birthplace of Kjelland the novelist (1849).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stavelot

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​STAVELOT, an ancient town of Belgium, in the south-east of the province of Liége. Pop. (1904), 5037. Here Charles Martel gained a signal victory over Neustria in 719. A monastery had been established there half a century, earlier by St Remacle, bishop of Tongres. The prince-abbot of Stavelot exercised secular authority over many towns in the Ambléve and Warche valleys, including Malmédy (now in Prussia), and had a seat in the old German Diet. In 1815 the treaty of Vienna broke up the Stavelot principality, giving half to Prussia and half to the Netherlands. Only the tower of the old Benedictine abbey remains, and the shrine of St Remacle is preserved in the parish church.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Tott, (Bridget)

TOTT (BRIDGET), a Danish Lady, of a noble Family, in the 17th century.
She translated, into Danish, the works of the most celebrated authors of antiquity. Sophia and Mary Belowe, her mother and aunt, were learned in ancient and modern languages, in history and genealogy. Elizabeth Tott, her niece and pupil, was also very learned, and composed works which shewed talents, but she died at the age of twenty.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Timarete

TIMARETE, Daughter and Scholar of Micon, junior, the Painter.
She drew a Diana, in Ephesus.
Pliny, lib. 35, cap. 6, and 11.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Tintoretta, (Marietta)

TINTORETTA (MARIETTA), of Venice, Daughter and Disciple of the famous Tintoret;
For a long time dressed as a man. She assisted her father in painting: she excelled in singing and music; and was so beloved by her father, that he could not bear to part with her, though the Emperor, the king of Spain, and other princes, invited her to their courts. She was always using her pencil, in portraits of ladies and cavaliers, copied exactly the works of her father, and made others of her own invention. But she died in the flower of her age, 1590, bitterly lamented by her father, and her husband, who was a German.
Abec. Pitt.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Tymicha

TYMICHA, was a Lacedemonian Lady, the Consort of one Myllias, a native of Crotona.
Jamblichus, in his life of Pythagoras, places her at the head of his list or roll of the most celebrated female ​philosophers of the Pythagorean sect. When Tymicha was taken into custody with her husband, and carried before Dionysius the tyrant, he made them both very advantageous offers; but they rejected them with scorn and detestation. Whereupon the tyrant took the husband aside first; and promised to release him with honour, on condition only that he would discover the reason why the Pythagoreans chose rather to die than to trample upon beans: without the least hesitation, he made him the following reply, viz. that as that sect chose rather to die, than to tread upon beans, so he would chuse to tread upon beans, rather than to gratify his curious enquiry. The tyrant not succeeding with the husband, took the wife apart, not doubting from her situation at that time, and the additional terror of the torture with which he intended to menace her, she would soon be prevailed on to discover the important secret. Upon the trial, however, he found himself perfectly baffled: for she instantly bit off her tongue, and spat it in the tyrant's face, that no torture, how inhuman soever, might force her to divulge the mysteries of the Pythagorean science.
Female Worthies, &c.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Uttman, (Barbara)

U.
UTTMAN (BARBARA) a German,
The inventor of the method of weaving lace, in 1561.
Beckmann's Hist. of Inventions.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Trimouille, (Gabriella de Bourbon, Dame de la)

TRIMOUILLE (GABRIELLA DE BOURBON, DAME DE LA), a distinguished French Writer; died 1516.
Daughter of Louis, Comte de Montpensier, and wife of Louis de la Trimouille. She had by him an only son, who falling in a duel, his disconsolate mother did not long survive him.
​Her works are, L'Instruction des Jeunes Pucelles; Le Temple du S. Esprit; Le Voyage de Penitente; Les Contemplations de l'Ame Devoté sur les Mysteres de l'Incarnation et de la Passion de Jesus Christ.
F. C. &c.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Tollet, (Elizabeth)

She received a handsome fortune from her father, who also bestowed on her a liberal education. Besides great skill in music and drawing, she applied herself to the study of the Latin, Italian, and French languages, and ​spoke them all with fluency and ease. She afterwards made great progress in the mathematics and history. In the former part of her life she resided in the Tower of London; in the latter, at Stratford and Westham, in Essex. She died, 1754, aged sixty, and was buried in Westham church.
In her Poems, published 1755, are several imitations and translations of Horace; a translation of Claudian's Old Man of Verona; An Ode on the Crucifixion; Rules, in verse, to her Brother, on his Conduct in Life; A Paraphrase of Agur's Wish; The Destruction of Babylon, from Isaiah; select Psalms; and other little compositions, equally entertaining and pious.
Christian's Magazine.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Trivulce, (Damigella)

TRIVULCE (DAMIGELLA), of Milan, a Lady of a noble Family,
Who wrote many works, in Greek and Latin; pronounced many orations before popes, bishops, and princes; and was considered learned at an age when youth is hardly supposed capable of application.
F. C. &c.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Trother, (Catherine)

TROTHER (CATHERINE), descended of Scotch Parents, but born in England.
She wrote five plays, wherein the passions are well described, and the diction is just and familiar. They are Agnes de Castro, Fatal Friendship, The Unhappy Penitent, The Revolution of Sweden, tragedies; and Love at a Loss, a comedy.
Mrs. Trother was inclined to philosophical studies, and wrote a small piece in defence of Mr. Locke's Essay on the Human Understanding. Some time after writing her last play, she was, by the late bishop of Salisbury, converted from the Romish persuasion, and by his lordship's recommendation married to a clergyman.
Female Worthies.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Valada

V.
VALADA, a Moorish Spaniard, Daughter of King Almostakeph, of Corduba,
Wonderfully skilled in polite learning, and on that account much celebrated by writers. She more than once contending with scholars noted for their learning, in rhetoric, and always bore away the palm from them. She died 1091.
Bibliotheca Arabico–Hispanæ Escurialiensis.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Eisner, Kurt

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EISNER, KURT (1867-1919), Bavarian Socialist politician and author, was born in Berlin on May 14 1867. He became a journalist, and at an early stage of his career had the first of his many experiences of imprisonment for the subversive tendency of his writings. He was successively on the editorial staff of the Vorwaerts in Berlin 1898-1905 and of other socialist newspapers at Nürnberg and Munich. On the outbreak of the World War he at first seemed to be going to side with the Government, but, after having obtained some private knowledge of the way in which German public opinion had been duped, he turned against his own party, the Social Democrats, and attacked them for supporting the war. In Jan. 1918 he was prosecuted at Munich on a charge of treason for inciting munition workers to strike. He was released from prison on the ground that he was a candidate for the Reichstag, and recovered his liberty in time to arrange the mass meeting on the Theresienwiese at Munich on Nov. 7 1918, which the same day led to the overthrow of the Bavarian monarchy, the flight of the King, and the institution of a Bavarian revolutionary Government under the presidency of Eisner. A red-haired Jew, he possessed a magnetic and artistic temperament, and had various special methods of arousing and restraining the revolutionary masses, including orchestral and vocal concerts of high excellence in the formerly royal theatres and the opera house of Munich. His policy followed extreme lines in the sense of furthering the Workmen's and Soldiers' Councils system, while at the same time he manifested a Bavarian particularism of his own in his efforts to maintain his conceptions of republican government in conjunction with the Councils in Bavaria as against the centralizing tendencies of the Berlin policy. It was with difficulty that he was induced to agree to the arrangements for reëstablishing the Federal system of the German Reich and for the election of a National Constituent Assembly. Meanwhile a Bavarian Assembly had been elected, and the Bavarian reactionaries feared that, when it assembled, Eisner's influence might continue to predominate or might even be fortified. He was, further, obnoxious to them on account of his revelations as to the origin of the war, and at an international Socialist conference at Berne he had urged the German delegates to make a clean breast of Germany's war guilt. He was on his way to open this Assembly, when he was shot dead in the street by a young Count Arco on Feb. 21 1919. This crime was speedily followed by the Bolshevist chaos into which Munich was for a brief period plunged in April.
Eisner was the author of various books and pamphlets, which display considerable literary faculty. They include Psychopathia Spiritualis (1892); Eine Junkerrevolte (1899); Wilhelm Liebknecht (1900); Feste der Festlosen (1903), and Die Neue Zeit (1919).
    (G. S.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Enneking, John Joseph

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​ENNEKING, JOHN JOSEPH (1841–1916), American painter (see 9.647), died at Hyde Park, Mass., Nov. 17 1916.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Essad

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ESSAD (c. 1875-1920), Turkish pasha and Albanian leader, sprang from the rich Albanian family of the Toptani, and was born at Elbasan. In his youth he sought and obtained the favour of ‘Abdul Hamid. He entered the political service of the Sultan, enriched himself therein, and, as was then usual, became a pasha while still a young man. In Elbasan he played the leading political part. When the Turkish Revolution broke out, Essad quickly bent his steps to the new path, which seemed to him the most promising, and was deputy for Albania in the first Turkish Parliament. His influence over the somewhat uncertain Albanian population, and the desire of the Constantinople Government not to have so exceedingly cunning and skilful a man for their enemy, led to his being in 1912 given the high command at Scutari, then under siege by the Montenegrins, though he knew almost nothing of military matters. Indeed, he never showed himself to the troops except once, in March 1913, when he had 50 men shot for an insignificant revolt. Political antagonisms and personal motives combined to make the town commandant, Hasan Riza, the target of his hatred. This honourable Old Turk was the soul of the defence of Scutari; and, in order to have a free hand for his own secret dealings with the Montenegrins, Essad had him assassinated on Jan. 13 1913. On April 25 Essad took the lead in the unreal and theatrical ceremony of handing over the fortress to Montenegro, but when the princedom of Albania was constituted after the Balkan War, Essad became Minister of War and also Minister of the Interior to William of Wied, and brought his policy into close touch with that of Italy. During the World War he was president of the Albanian delegation in Paris but appeared at frequent intervals at Salonika and on the Albanian front as a guerrilla leader. He succeeded in bringing about the overthrow, by a so-called National Assembly in Cusonio, of the “Provisional Government of Durazzo” which was under Italian influence, and this National Assembly purposed to proclaim Essad King of Albania. But on June 13 1920 he was killed in front of the Hotel Continental in Paris by Aveni Rustam, an Albanian. (F. C. E.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Einem, Karl von

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EINEM, KARL VON (1853- ), Prussian general, was born at Hertzberg in the Harz Jan. 1 1853. He entered the Prussian army in 1870 and rose to the rank of major-general in 1900. In the same year he was entrusted with the organization of the German section of the international military expedition to Peking. In 1903 he was raised to the rank of lieutenant-general and appointed Minister of War, an office which he held till 1909. He had meanwhile been promoted to be a general of the cavalry, and in 1909 he was placed in command of the VII. Army Corps, which under Kluck he led in the advance through Belgium in 1914. In Sept. 1914 he was appointed to the command of the III. Army (the army of the Aisne), which he successfully handled throughout the heavy fighting in Champagne in Feb. 1915. He continued his defence of his section of the German position with this army throughout 1917 and the early months of 1918.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Esmein, Jean Paul Hippolyte Emmanuel Adhémar

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ESMEIN, JEAN PAUL HIPPOLYTE EMMANUEL ADHÉMAR (1848-1913), French jurist, was born at Tourvérac, Charente, Feb. 1 1848, In 1888 he became professor of law in the university of Paris, and in 1904 member of the Institute of France. His best-known works are Cours élémentaire d'histoire du droit français (1895) and Éléments de droit constitutionnel français et comparé (1903). He died July 22 1913.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/March, (Agnes, Countess of)

MARCH (AGNES, COUNTESS OF),
A Scotch heroine, called by her countrymen, Black Agnes, defended the castle of Dunbar successfully against the English, in about 1340. When a bulwark was battered by them, she would order her waiting-maids to brush off the dust with their handkerchiefs; and when a dreadful engine approached, "Montague," she cried to the English commander, "beware!" and straightway it was crushed by an enormous mass of rock.
Andrew's Great Britain.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Manley, (Mrs.)

Mrs. Manley received an education suitable to her birth; and gave early discoveries of a genius above her years. She had the misfortune to lose her mother while ​yet an infant, and her father before she was grown up; which was the cause of many calamities that befel her: for she was cheated into a marriage by a relation of the same name, to whose care Sir Roger had bequeathed her, and who at the time had a wife living. She was brought to London, and soon deserted by him; and in the morning of her life, passed away three wretched years in solitude. When she appeared in the world again, she fell by mere accident in the way of the duchess of Cleveland, a mistress of Charles II, who protected her for a little time; but being a woman of a fickle temper, she grew tired of her in six months, and discharged her under pretence that she intrigued with her son. On this she retired again into solitude, and wrote her first tragedy, called The Royal Mischief, which was acted at the theatre in Lincoln's-Inn Fields, in 1696, and received such unbounded applause, that her acquaintance began to be courted by meh of wit and gaity; and relaxing from the conduct she had hitherto maintained, she afterwards engaged in a life of intrigue. In her retired hours she wrote the four vols, of the Memoirs of the New Atalantis, in which she was not only free with her own sex, but with many distinguished personages. Her father had always been attached to the cause of Charles I, and she herself had a confirmed aversion to a Whig ministry; so that many of the characters were only satires on those who had brought about the revolution. Upon this a warrant was granted to seize the printer and publisher; but Mrs. Manley, who had too much generosity to let them suffer on her account, voluntarily presented herself before the court of King's Bench, as the author. She was, however, admitted to bail; and, from the feigned names and places of action, nothing being brought home to her, she was acquitted. ​Not long after, a total change of ministry ensued, when she lived in high reputation, and amused herself with writing poems and letters, and conversing with wits. The second edition of a volume of her Letters was published in 1713. Lucius, the first Christian King of Great Britain, a Tragedy, was likewise acted at Drury-lane in 1717. She dedicated it to Sir Richard Steele, whom she had abused in her Atalantis; but with whom she was now on such good terms, that he wrote the prologue, as Mr. Prior did the epilogue. These, with the comedy of the Lost Lover, or the Jealous Husband, acted in 1696, were all her dramatic works. She was employed in writing for Queen Anne's ministry, certainly with the consent and privity, if not under the direction of Doctor Swift; during which time, she formed a connexion with Mr. John Barber, alderman of London, at whose house she died 1724.
Gen. Biog. Dic.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Malipiera, (Olympia)

MALIPIERA (OLYMPIA), a Lady of Venice, who died 1559.
Many of her pieces are scattered in the poetical collections of the 17th century, and they are published in the Rime di Cinquante Poëtesse, printed at Naples.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Mantovana, (Diana)

MANTOVANA (DIANA),
A beautiful girl, whom Vasari saw at Mantua, in the year 1366; and at the sight of whose finely cut intaglios, he expressed the greatest surprise and delight.
Abec. Pitt,
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Marcella

MARCELLA,
A Roman widow, the intimate friend of Paula, and of Eustochium, who was instructed by her; from whence it is easy to judge, says St. Jerom, the merit of a mistress who could form such disciples. It was in 389, that, going to Rome, he became acquainted with Marcella, who, being very learned in the scriptures, consulted him on many difficult passages. She was consulted from all parts, as a great theologian; and her answers were always dictated by prudence and humility. She was a great enemy to the heresy of Origen, who ​mingled the dogmas of philosophy with the doctrines of Christianity. She died 409, soon after Rome was taken by the Goths.
F.C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Magdalen, (Mary)

MAGDALEN (MARY).
It was an opinion of the Jewish Rabbis, that the world was governed by ministering spirits. Good actions or the immediate commands of God performed by angels, and the contrary by devils. In the latter class were diseases: and when it is said in the scripture that ​out of Mary Magdalen our Saviour cast seven devils, it is allowed by divines to mean so many different mental or bodily diseases. Her gratitude for this benefit induced her to become his disciple. She was present at his crucifixion, saw him laid in the tomb, carried perfumes thither to embalm him, and was the first person to whom he appeared after his resurrection. Mary Magdalen attempted to detain him, and to kiss his feet, but Jesus said unto her, "Touch me not, for I am not yet ascended to my father." He ordered her at the same time to announce his resurrection to his apostles and disciples. She is believed to have died and been buried at Ephesus. She was not the sister of Martha, for the scripture always distinguishes them; nor was she the sinner mentioned in the Gospel, who was a common woman of Nain, whose name is not mentioned, and who only appears to have seen Christ when she anointed his feet, and was dismissed by him with these words: "Go in peace, and sin no more." Nothing of this is applicable to Mary Magdalen, of whom there is no reason for the presumption that she had led a bad life, though the mistake has been perpetuated from age to age.
L'Advocat's Dictionary.