OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Veleda, or Velleda

Layout 2
VELEDA, or VELLEDA,
Was a German prophetess, who lived in the country of Bructeri in the first century. She exercised a powerful influence over her own countrymen, and the Romans regarded her with great awe and dread. She was venerated as a goddess, and to increase the respect with which she was regarded, she lived in a high tower, allowing no one to see her, and communicating her directions, on the important affairs of her nation, to the people through one of her relations. She instigated her countrymen to rebel against the Romans.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Varano di Costanza

Layout 2
VARANO DI COSTANZA,
Born at Camerino, 1428. She had a learned and literary education. Her family having lost the signoiy of Camerino, she made a Latin harangue to Bianca Visconti, in order to obtain its restitution. Having failed in her eloquence, she wrote to the principal sovereigns of Italy to procure assistance, and this time her efforts resulted successfully. At the restoration of her father <he addressed a large assembly in a Latin oration. This erudite lady became the wife of Alexander Sforza, sovereign of Pesaro. She died in 1447, at the age of nineteen, leaving a son, Costanzo. She has left several orations and some epistles.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Vashti

Layout 2
VASHTI,
The beautiful wife of Ahasuerus, (or Artaxerxes,) King of Persia, gained her celebrity by disobeying her husband. Ahasuerus, ​who was then the most powerful monarch of the world, reign over a kingdom stretching from "India to Ethiopia," gave a great feast to the governors of his provinces, his courtiers, and the people who were at his palace of Shushan. This fast lasted seven days, and every man drank wine "according to his pleasure which means that they were very gay, at least. Queen Vashti also gave a feast, at the same time, to the women of her household. On the seventh day, "when the king's heart was merry with wine," he commanded Vashti to be brought before him with the crown-royal on her head, "to show the people and the princes her beauty."
She refused to come. The sacred historian does not inform us why she refused; the presumption is, that the thing was unprecedented, and she considered it, as it was, an outrage on her modesty to show her face to these drunken men. Her courage most have been great as her beauty, thus to have braved the displeasure of her royal and drunken husband.
In his wrath the king instantly referred the matter to his "wise men," who "knew law and judgment;" for since the days of Cyrus the Great, the kingdom of Persia had been, ostensibly, government by established laws. But it appears there was no law which reached Vashti's case; so the king was advised to repudiate his wife by royal decree, unjust because retrospective, and issued expressly for her conjugal disobedience. The speech of Memucar, who delivered the opinion of the council, is curious, as showing the reasons which have, usually, (in all countries more or less,) influenced men in making laws for the government of women, namely—what man requires of the sex for his own pleasure and convenience, not that which would be just towards woman, and righteous in the sight of God. See chap. i. of the Book of Esther. What became of Vashti after she was repudiated is not known. These events occurred B.C. 519.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Nitocris

Layout 2
NITOCRIS,
Mentioned by Herodotus, is supposed by some to have been the wife or at least the contemporary of Nebuchadnezzar, King of Assyria. She contributed much to the improvement of Babylon, and built a bridge to connect the two parts of the city divided by the Euphrates, and also extensive embankments along the river. She gave orders there should be an inscription on her tomb, signifying that her successors would find great treasures within, if they were in need of money; but that their labour would be ill repaid if they opened it without necessity. Cyrus opened it from curiosity, and found within it only these words:—"If thy avarice had not been insatiable, thou never wouldst have violated the monuments of the dead!"
Other historians suppose her to have been the wife of Evil-Merodach, son and successor of Nebuchadnezzar, who also governed during the lunacy of his father. She was a woman of extraordinary abilities, and did all that she could by human prudence to sustain a tottering empire. She lived in the sixth century before Christ.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Noe, Canedi Maddalena

Layout 2
NOE, CANEDI MADDALENA,
Is a native of Bologna. Early in life she had the opportunity at her native city of acquiring a knowledge of literature and science, for which she manifested decided abilities. She was admitted to that celebrated university, and then, after going through the regular studies, attended a course of law lectures. In this science she became so thoroughly versed, that the faculty determined to bestow a degree upon her. This was done on the 26th. of April, 1807. The college of lawyers, in endowing her with the doctoral ring, presented her with a black velvet gown, embroidered in gold with laurel leaves, and in the centre, woven in gold letters, these words, "Collegium Doctorum Jusis Archigymnasii Bonon, dat merenti." Shortly after this she married, and has since lived in the most retired domestic privacy. Nor has the remembrance of her laurels or literary triumphs diminished in the least the mildness and modesty which are an essential part of her character.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Nogarola, Isotta

Layout 2
NOGAROLA, ISOTTA,
A learned lady of Verona. She was well acquainted with philosophy, theology, and the learned languages; and her reputation ​was so great, that Cardinal Bessarien went to Verona to converse with her. In a dialogue on the question whether Adam or Eve were the greater sinner in eating the forbidden fruit, she ably defended the cause of the mother of mankind against Louis Foscaro, She died, universally respected, in 1468, aged thirty, eight. Five hundred and sixty-six of her letters were preserved in De Thou's library. She was the daughter of Leonardo and Bianca Borromeo. She passed her life in the bosom of her family, loved by all her friends, and honoured and esteemed by the most illustrious literati of her day. She has done much to render her name celebrated, but would probably have accomplished still more, had not a premature death removed her from earthly glories. Her works, are—"A Dialogue on Original Sin;" "An Elegy on a Beautiful Villa;" "Epistles preserved in the Ambrosian Library;" "Oration to the Bishop Ermolao, written in Latin;" "An Euology on Girolano, Doctor of Divinity;" and a "Latin Enistle to Ludovico Foscarni."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Nogarola, Arco d'Angela

Layout 2
NOGAROLA, ARCO D'ANGELA,
Of Verona, was very learned in the Holy Scriptures, and made metrical translations of some of the poetical books. She was a remarkably beautiful and virtuous woman. She lived contemporary with the celebrated Isotta. She has left some epistles elegantly written.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Novella

Layout 2
NOVELLA,
Daughter of John Andreas, a famous canonist of the fourteenth century, was born in Bologna, where her father was professor. He loved his daughter Novella extremely, and instructed her so well in all parts of learning, that when he was engaged in any affair that hindered him from reading lectures to his scholars, he sent his daughter in his stead; but lest her beauty should prevent the attention of her hearers, she had a little curtain drawn before her. She was married to John Caldesimus, a learned canonist, and did not long survive her marriage. To perpetuate her memory, her father, Andreas, entitled his commentary on the Decretals of Gregory the Tenth, "The Novellæ."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Norden-Fleicht, Chederig Charlotte de

Layout 2
NORDEN-FLEICHT, CHEDERIG CHARLOTTE DE,
A native of Stockholm, celebrated among her countrymen for her poems. Besides an ingenious "Apology for Women," a poem, she wrote "The Passage of the Belts," two straits in the Baltic, over which, when frozen, King Charles Gustavus marched his army in 1658. She died June 29th., 1793, aged forty-four.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Norton, Lady Frances

Layout 2
NORTON, LADY FRANCES,
Was descended from the Frekes of Dorsetshire, and married Sir George Norton, of Somersetshire, by whom she had three children. On the death of her daughter, who had married Sir Richard Gethin, she wrote "The Applause of Virtue," and "Memento Mori, or Meditations on Death." She took for her second husband Colonel Ambrose Norton, and for her third Mr. Jones, and died in 1720, aged about seventy.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Plimer, Andrew

See also Andrew Plimer on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PLIMER, ANDREW (c. 1763–1837), English miniature painter, was the son of a clock-maker at Wellington. Disliking his father’s business, he and his brother Nathaniel joined a party of gypsies and wandered about with them, eventually reaching London, where he presented himself to Mrs Cosway in 1781 and was engaged by her as a studio boy. His skill in painting was quickly detected by Cosway, who sent him to a friend to learn drawing, and then received him into his own studio, where he remained until 1785, when he set up for himself in Great Maddox Street. It was of this artist that Cosway said “Andrew will be my Elisha,” adding with characteristic vanity, “if I am not constrained to carry my mantle up to Paradise with me.” Plimer married Joanna Louisa Knight, whose sister, Mary Ann, was his pupil and a well-known artist. He had five children, only one of whom, Louisa, married. He exhibited many times in the Royal Academy, resided for a time in Exeter. travelled a good deal through England, and died at Brighton and was buried at Hove. His miniatures are of great brilliance and in considerable demand among collectors. They are to be distinguished by the peculiar wiry treatment of the hair, and by the large full expressive eyes Plimer invariably gave to his female sitters, eyes resembling those of his own wife and daughters.
See Andrew and Nathaniel Plimer, by G. C. Williamson (London, 1903). (G. C. W.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Plimer, Nathaniel

See also Nathaniel Plimer on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PLIMER, NATHANIEL (1754–c. 1822), English miniature painter, was the brother of Andrew Plimer (q.v.). He worked for a while with Henry Bone the enameller, eventually entering Cosway’s studio. He exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1787 until 1815, when he is lost sight of, although he is said to have lived until 1822. He had four daughters, one of whom married the painter, Andrew Geddes, and left children. He exhibited twenty-six works, and many of his smaller portraits are of extreme beauty.
See Andrew and Nathaniel Plimer, by G. C. Williamson (London, 1903). (G. C. W.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Plinlimmon

See also Plinlimmon on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PLINLIMMON (Plynlimmon, Pumplumon, Pumlumon, Penlumon: Pumlumon is the name used locally: pump means five: lumon, chimney, flag or beacon; pen, head), a mountain of Wales of the height of 2463 ft., equidistant (about 10 m.) from Machynlleth and Llanidloes. Much inferior in elevation to Snowdon or Cader Idris, Plinlimmon is certainly the most dangerous of the Welsh hills because of its quaking bogs. The scenery is comparatively poor, consisting chiefly of sheep-downs (in Montgomeryshire) and barren turbaries (in Cardiganshire). If the name means “five beacons,” only three of these are high, with a carnedd (stone-pile, probably a military or other landmark, rather than the legendary barrow or tomb) on each of the three. Plinlimmon is notable as the source of five streams—three small: the Rheidol, the Llyfnant and the Clywedog; and two larger and famous: the Wye (Gwy) and the Severn (Hafren).
The morasses of Plinlimmon saw many a struggle, notably the war to the knife between Owen Cyfeilog (fl. c. 900), prince of Powys, and Hywel ab Cadogan. Here also Owen Glendower unfurled the banner of Welsh independence; from here, in 1401, he harassed the country, sacking Montgomery, burning Welshpool, and destroying Cwm Hir (long “combe,” or valley) abbey, of which some columns are said to be now in Llanidloes old church. On the side of Plinlimmon, some 2 m. from the Steddfagurig inn, is Blaen Gwy (the point of the Wye), the course of the streamlet being traceable up to Pont-rhyd-galed (the hard ford bridge), some 4 m. distant from the inn. Near this bridge are numerous barrows and cairns, on the right from Aberystwyth. There are slate quarries, with lead and copper mines. Machynlleth (perhaps Maglona in Roman times) has Owen Glendower’s “senate house” (1402), and is known as the scene of Glendower’s attempted assassination by Dafydd Gam. Llyn pen rhaiadr (the waterfall-head pool), or Pistyll y llyn (pool spout), is some 6 m. south of Machynlleth. Llanidloes has a trade in Plinlimmon slates and minerals besides flannel and wool manufactures.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Plinth

See also Plinth on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PLINTH (Gr. πλίνθος, a square tile), the term in architecture given to the lower mouldings of a podium, pedestal or skirting, also to any rectangular block on which a statue or vase is placed, and in the Classic Orders to the square block of moderate height, under the base mouldings of the column or pedestal.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Plock (town)

See also Płock on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PLOCK, or Plotsk, a town of Russia, capital of the government of the same name, on the right bank of the Vistula, 67 m. by the Vistula W.N.W. of Warsaw, Pop. 27,073. It has a cathedral, dating from the 12th century, but restored in 1903, which contains tombs of Polish dukes and of Kings Ladislaus and Boleslav (of the 11th and 12th centuries). There is considerable navigation on the Vistula, grain, flour, wool and beetroot being exported, while coal, petroleum, salt and fish are imported.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/United States, The/Army

See also United States Army on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
IX.—Army
The regular army has always been small, and in time of war reliance has been upon volunteer forces (see Army). This was truer of the Civil War than of the War of Independence or the war with Mexico. In the last the numbers of militia and volunteers was but little more than twice, and in the second little more than equal to the number of regulars engaged; while in the Civil War the proportion was as one to twenty. Again, the number of regular troops engaged in the War of Independence (namely, 130,711 men enlisted) was greater, absolutely, than that engaged in the Civil War (126,587). Finally, it is interesting to note that in 1799, when war seemed probable with France, the army was organized with a force of 52,766 men, and during the second war with Great Britain the number was made 57,351 in 1813 and 62,674 in 1814; while the organized strength under the law of 1861, which was in force throughout the Civil War, was only 39,273 men. Small as the regular force has always been, its organization has been altered some two score of times in all.
The law for its organization in force in 1910 provides that the total enlisted strength shall not at any one time exceed 100,000. The full active force of the present organization is as follows: 15 regiments of cavalry, with 765 officers and 13,155 enlisted men; 6 regiments of field artillery, with 236 officers and 5220 enlisted men; 30 regiments of infantry, with 1530 officers and 26,731 enlisted men; 3 battalions of engineers, with 2002 enlisted men, commanded by officers detailed from the corps of engineers; a special regiment of infantry for Porto Rico, with 31 officers and 576 enlisted men; a provisional force of 50 companies of native scouts in the Philippines, with 178 officers and 5731 enlisted men; staff men, service school detachments, the military academy at West Point, Indian scouts, &c., totalling 11,777 enlisted men. The total number of commissioned officers, staff and line, on the active list, is 4209 (including 219 first lieutenants of the medical reserve corps on active duty). The total enlisted strength, staff and line, is 78,782, exclusive of the hospital corps and the provisional force. (See also Navy and Navies.)
(F. S. P.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/United Methodist Church

See also United Methodist Church (Great Britain) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ UNITED METHODIST CHURCH, or United Methodists, and English Nonconformist community formed in 1907 by the union of the Methodist New Connexion (1797), the Bible Christians (1815), and the United Methodist Free Churches (1857). The act of parliament which enabled this amalgamation received the royal assent on the 26th of July 1907, and authorized the union “to deal with real and personal property belonging to the said three churches or denominations, to provide for the vesting of the said property in trust for the United Church so formed and for the assimilation of the trusts thereof, and for other purposes.” The union was completed on the 16th of September 1907 in Wesley's Chapel, City Road, London. The Church gives power of speech and vote in its meetings to every member of 18 years of age and upwards. Its principal courts are constituted of an equal number of ministers and laymen. The Church had theological colleges at Manchester and Sheffield, boys' schools at Shebbear, in Devonshire, and at Harrogate, and a girls' school at Bideford. It issues a weekly and two monthly journals. In 1908 its statistics showed 2343 chapels with accommodation for 714,793 persons, 848 ministers and 5621 local preachers, 165,463 church members and 332,756 Sunday scholars; there were 55 foreign missionaries, and about 30,000 church members and probationers in the foreign field.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/United Methodist Free Churches

See also United Methodist Free Churches on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ UNITED METHODIST FREE CHURCHES, an English Nonconformist community merged since 1907 in the United Methodist Church (q.v.). The organization was itself formed in 1857 by the amalgamation of the “Wesleyan Association” (which had in 1836 largely absorbed the Protestant Methodists of 1828) and the “Wesleyan Reformers” (dating frorn 1849, when a number of Wesleyan Methodist ministers were expelled on a charge of insubordination).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/United States, The

See also United States on Wikipedia; the 9th edition, the 1922 update; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​UNITED STATES, THE, the short title usually given to the great federal republic which had its origin in the revolt of the British colonies in North America, when, in the Declaration of Independence, they described themselves as “The Thirteen United States of America.” Officially the name is “The United States of America,” but “The United States” (used as a singular and not a plural) has become accepted as the name of the country; and pre-eminent usage has now made its citizens “Americans,” in distinction from the other inhabitants of North and South America.
The area of the United States, as here considered, exclusive of Alaska and outlying possessions, occupies a belt nearly twenty degrees of middle latitude in width, and crosses North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Boundaries and Area. The southern boundary is naturally defined on the east by the Gulf of Mexico; its western extension crosses obliquely over the western highlands, along an irregular line determined by aggressive Americans of Anglo-Saxon stock against Americans of Spanish stock. The northern boundary, after an arbitrary beginning, finds a natural extension along the Great Lakes, and thence continues along the 49th parallel of north latitude to the Pacific (see Bulletin 171, U.S. Geological Survey). The area thus included is 3,026,789 sq. m.

## Sections

    I.—Physical Geography
    II.—Geology
    III.—Climate
    IV.—Fauna and Flora
    V.—Population and Social Conditions
    VI.—Industries and Commerce
    VII.—Constitution and Government
    VIII.—Finance
    IX.—Army
    X.—History
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ebers, Carl

From volume 1 of the work.
​EBERS, Carl Friedrich, son of a teacher of English at Cassel, born March 20 [App. p.625 "25"], 1770, a man evidently of great ability, but as evidently of little morale, taking any post that offered, and keeping none; doing any work that turned up to keep body and soul together, and at length dying in great poverty at Berlin, Sept. 9, 1836. Some of his arrangements have survived, but his compositions—half-a-dozen operas, symphonies, overtures, dance music, wind-instrument ditto, and, in short, pieces of every size and form—have all disappeared, with the exception of a little drinking song, 'Wir sind die Könige der Welt,' which has hit the true popular vein.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Echo

From volume 1 of the work.
[ E. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Eberlin, Johann

From volume 1 of the work.
[ C. F. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Echos du Temps Passé

From volume 1 of the work.
​ECHOS DU TEMPS PASSÉ. One of those popular collections of which the French have so many. It embraces Airs, Brunettes, Chansons à boire, Chansons à danser, Noëls, Rondeaux, Gavottes, Musettes, Minuets, from the 12th to the 18th centuries, by Adam de la Hale, Lasso, Marot, Arcadelt, Ronsard, Charles IX, Louis XIII, Lulli, Rameau, Couperin, Rebel, etc., edited and accompanied by J. B. Wekerlin, in 3 vols. 8vo. (Flaxland, Paris).
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ebers, John

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ecclesiasticon

From volume 1 of the work.
​ECCLESIASTICON. A collection of classical church music in score, published by Diabelli & Co. (now Schreiber) of Vienna. Its contents are as follows:—
No. 1-20. Graduales by Michael Haydn.  " 21. Horzalka, Missa Solemnis, Op. 27.  " 22. Stadler, Salvum fac.  " 23. Do. Magna et mirabilis.  " 24. Mozart, Regina cœli. No. 25-34. Offertorlum and Graduales by Cherubini.  " 35. Stadler, Delectare.  " 36. Do. Si Deus.  " 37. J. S. Bach, Chorus, Da pacem.  " 38. Winter, Dominus Israel.  " 39. Secher, Mass, Graduales, etc.
No. 40. Albrechtsberger, Offertorium.  " 41-62. Graduales, Michael Haydn.  " 63. Czerny, Graduales.  " 64. Reissiger. Grand Mass in E♭.  " 65. Mozart, Tremendum.  " 66. Sechter, Salve Regina and Ave Maria.  " 67. Worzischek, Offertorium. No. 68. Geiger, Mass.  " 69-71. Assmayr, Offertoriums.  " 72. Mozart, Offertorium in F.  " 73. Seegner, Mass in F.  " 74. Sechter, Missa Solennis in C.  " 75. Mozart, Sancti et Justi.  " 76. Seegner, Grand Mass in E♭.  " 77. Do. Mass in D.  " 78. Beraneck, Offertorium.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Eberwein, Traugott

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Eccard, Johannes

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Eck, Johann

From volume 1 of the work.
​ECK, Johann Friedrich, an eminent violin-player, born 1766 at Mannheim, where his father was a member of the band. He was a pupil of Danner, and soon rose to be one of the best violin-players in Germany. Reichardt of Berlin speaks of him as having all the qualities of a really great player—large tone, perfect intonation, taste and feeling, and adds that, with the single exception of Salomon, he never heard a better violinist. From 1778 to 88 Eck was a member of the band at Munich, and afterwards conducted the opera of that town. In 1801 however, having married a lady of rank and wealth, he quitted Germany and spent the rest of his life in Paris, and in the neighbourhood of Nancy. The date of his death is unknown. Eck published 4 Concertos for the violin, and a Concertante for 2 Violins.
[ P. D. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Pomposo

From volume 3 of the work.
[ J. A. F. M. ]