OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Malwa

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​MALWA, an historic province of India, which has given its name to one of the political agencies into which Central India is divided. Strictly, the name is confined to the hilly table-land, bounded S. by the Vindhyan range, which drains N. into the river Chambal; but it has been extended to include the Nerbudda valley farther south. Its derivation is from the ancient tribe of Malavas about whom very little is known, except that they founded the Vikrama Samvat, an era dating from 57 B.C., which is popularly associated with a mythical king Vikramaditya. The earliest name of the tract seems to have been Avanti, from its capital the modern Ujjain. The position of the Malwa or Moholo mentioned by Hsuan Tsang (7th century) is plausibly assigned to Gujarat. The first records of a local dynasty are those of the Paramaras, a famous Rajput clan, who ruled for about four centuries (800-1200), with their capital at Ujjain and afterwards at Dhar. The Mahommedans invaded Malwa in 1235; and in 1401 Dilawar Khan Ghori founded an independent kingdom, which lasted till 1531. The greatest ruler of this dynasty was Hoshang Shah (1405–1435), who made Mandu (q.v.) his capital and embellished it with magnificent buildings. In 1562 Malwa was annexed to the Mogul empire by Akbar. On the break-up of that empire, Malwa was one of the first provinces to be conquered by the Mahrattas. About 1743 the Mahratta peshwa obtained from Delhi the title of governor, and deputed his authority to three of his generals—Sindhia of Gwalior, Holkar of Indore, and the Ponwar of Dhar who claims descent from the ancient Paramaras. At the end of the 18th century Malwa became a cockpit for fighting between the rival Mahratta powers, and the headquarters of the Pindaris or irregular plunderers. The Pindaris were extirpated by the campaign of Lord Hastings in 1817, and the country was reduced to order by the energetic rule of Sir John Malcolm. Malwa is traditionally the land of plenty, in which sufferers from famine in the neighbouring tracts always take refuge. But in 1899–1900 it was itself visited by a severe drought, which seriously diminished the population, and has since been followed by plague. The most valuable product is opium.
The Malwa agency has an area of 8919 sq. m. with a population (1901) of 1,054,753. It comprises the states of Dewas (senior and junior branch), Jaora, Ratlam, Sitamau and Sailana, together with a large portion of Gwalior, parts of Indore and Tonk, and about 35 petty estates and holdings. The headquarters of the political agent are at Nimach.
Malwa is also the name of a large tract in the Punjab, south of the river Sutlej, which is one of the two chief homes of the Sikhs, the other being known as Manjha. It includes the British districts of Ferozpore and Ludhiana, together with the native states of Patiala, Jind, Nabha and Maler Kotla.
See J. Malcolm, Central India (1823); C. E. Luard, Bibliography of Central India (1908), and The Paramars of Dhar and Malwa (1908).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Malta Fever

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​MALTA (or Mediterranean) FEVER, a disease long prevalent of Malta and formerly at Gibraltar, as well as other Mediterranean centres, characterized by prolonged high temperature, with anaemia, pain and swelling in the joints, and neuritis, lasting on an average four months but extending even to two or three years. Its pathology was long obscure, but owing to conclusive research on the part of Colonel (afterwards Sir) David Bruce, to which contributions were made by various officers of the R.A.M.C. and others, this problem had now been solved. A specific micro-organism, the Micrococcus melitensis, was discovered in 1887, and it was traced to the milk of the Maltese goats. A commission was sent out to Malta in 1904 to investigate the question, and after three years’ work its conclusions were embodied in a report by Colonel Bruce in 1907. It was shown that the disappearance of the disease from Gibraltar had synchronized with the ​non-importation of goats from Malta; and preventive measures adopted in Malta in 1906, by banishing goats’ milk from the military and naval dietary, put a stop to the occurrence of cases. In the treatment of Malta fever a vaccine has been used with considerable success.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Malvern

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​MALVERN, an inland watering-place in the Bewdley parliamentary division of Worcestershire, England, 128 m. W.N.W. from London by the Great Western railway, served also by a branch of the Midland railway from Ashchurch on the Bristol-Birmingham line. Pop. of urban district(1901), 16,449. It is beautifully situated on the eastern slopes of the Malvern Hills, which rise abruptly from the flat valley of the Severn to a height of 1395 ft. in the Worcestershire Beacon. The district still bears the name of Malvern Chase, originally a Crown-land and forest, though it was granted to the earldom of Gloucester by Edward I. A ditch along the summit of the hills determined the ancient boundary. Becoming a notorious haunt of criminals, the tract was disafforested by Charles I., with the exception of a portion known as the King’s Chase, part of which is included in the present common-land formed under the Malvern Hills Act of 1884.
Malvern was in early times an important ecclesiastical settlement, but its modern fame rests on its fine situation, pure air, and chalybeate and bituminous springs. The open-air cure for consumptive patients is here extensively practised.
The name Malvern is collectively applied to a line of small towns and villages, extending along the foot of the hills for 5 m. The principal is Great Malvern, lying beneath the Worcestershire Beacon. It has a joint station of the Great Western and Midland railways. Here was the Benedictine priory which arose in 1083 out of a hermitage endowed by Edward the Confessor. The priory church of SS. Mary and Michael is a fine cruciform Perpendicular building, with an ornate central tower, embodying the original Norman nave, and containing much early glass and carved choir-stalls. The abbey gate and the refectory also remain. There are here several hydropathic establishments, and beautiful pleasure gardens. Malvern College, founded in 1862, is an important English public school. A museum is attached to it. Mineral waters are manufactured. At Malvern Wells, 21/2 m. S., are the principal medicinal springs, also the celebrated Holy Well, the water of which is of perfect purity. There are extensive fishponds and hatcheries; and golf-links. The Great Western railway has a station, and the Midland one at Hanley Road. Little Malvern lies at the foot of the Herefordshire Beacon, which is crowned by a British camp, 11/2 m. S. of Malvern Wells. There was a Benedictine priory here, of which traces remain in the church. Malvern Link, 1 m. N.E. of Great Malvern, of which it forms a suburb, has a station on the Great Western railway. West Malvern and North Malvern, named from their position relative to Great Malvern, are pleasant residential quarters on the higher slopes of the hills.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Malton

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​MALTON, a market town in the Thirsk and Malton parliamentary division of Yorkshire, England, 21 m. N.E. of York by a branch of the North Eastern railway. The town comprises Old Malton and New Malton in the North Riding, and Norton on the opposite side of the river Derwent, in the East Riding. Pop. of urban district of Malton (1901), 4758; of urban district of Norton 3842. The situation, on the wooded hills rising from the narrow valley, is very picturesque. The church of St Michael is a fine late Norman building with perpendicular tower; the church of St Leonard, of mixed architecture, with square tower and spire, has three Norman arches and a Norman font. The church of St Mary at Old Malton was attached to a Gilbertine priory founded in 1150; it is transitional Norman and Early English, with later insertions. Remains of the priory are scanty, but include a crypt under a modern house. In the neighbourhood of Malton are the slight but beautiful fragments of Kirkham Abbey, an Early English Augustinian foundation of Walter l’Espec (1131); and the fine mansion of Castle Howard, a massive building by Vanbrugh, the seat of the earls of Carlisle, containing a noteworthy collection of pictures. Malton possesses a town-hall, a corn exchange, a museum, and a grammar-school founded in 1547. There are iron and brass foundries, agricultural implement works, corn mills, tanneries and breweries. In the neighbourhood are lime and whinstone quarries.
Traces of a Romano-British village exist on the east side of the town, but there appears to be no history of Malton before the Norman Conquest. The greater part of Malton belonged to the crown in 1086 and was evidently retained until Henry I. ​gave the castle and its appurtenances to Eustace son of John, whose descendants took the name of Vescy. Eustace meditated the deliverance of Malton Castle to King David of Scotland in 1138, but his plans were altered owing to the battle of the Standard. The “burgh” of Malton is mentioned in 1187, and in 1295 the town returned two members to parliament. It was not represented again, however, until 1640, when an act was passed to restore its ancient privileges. In 1867 the number of members was reduced to one, and in 1885 the town was disfranchised. Until the 17th century the burgesses had all the privileges of a borough by prescriptive right, and were governed by two bailiffs and two under-bailiffs, but these liberties were taken from them in 1684 and have never been revived. From that time a bailiff and two constables were appointed at the court leet of the lord of the manor until a local board was formed in 1854. In the 13th century Agnes de Vescy, then lady of the manor, held a market in Malton by prescription, and Camden writing about 1586 says that the lord of the manor then held two weekly markets, on Tuesday and Saturday, the last being the best cattle market in the county. The markets are now held on Saturdays and alternate Tuesdays, and still belong to the lord of the manor.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Malvasia

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​MALVASIA (Gr. Monemvasia, i.e. the “city of the single approach or entrance”; Ital. Napoli di Malvasia; Turk. Mengeshe or Beneshe), one of the principal fortresses and commercial centres of the Levant during the middle ages, still represented by a considerable mass of ruins and a town of about 550 inhabitants. It stood on the east coast of the Morea, contiguous to the site of the ancient Epidaurus Limera, of which it took the place. So extensive was its trade in wine that the name of the place became familiar throughout Europe as the distinctive appellation of a special kind—Ital. Malvasia; Span. Malvagia; Fr. Malvoisie; Eng. Malvesie or Malmsey. The wine was not of local growth, but came for the most part from Tenos and others of the Cyclades.
As a fortress Malvasia played an important part in the struggles between Byzantium, Venice and Turkey. The Byzantine emperors considered it one of their most valuable posts in the Morea, and rewarded its inhabitants for their fidelity by unusual privileges. Phrantzes (Lib. IV. cap. xvi.) tells how the emperor Maurice made the city (previously dependent in ecclesiastical matters on Corinth) a metropolis or archbishop’s see, and how Alexius Comnenus, and more especially Andronicus II. (Palaeologus) gave the Monembasiotes freedom from all sorts of exactions throughout the empire. It was captured after a three years’ siege by Guillaume de Villehardouin in 1248, but the citizens retained their liberties and privileges, and the town was restored to the Byzantine emperors in 1262. After many changes, it placed itself under Venice from 1463 to 1540, when it was ceded to the Turks. In 1689 it was the only town of the Morea which held out against Morosini, and Cornaro his successor only succeeded in reducing it by famine. In 1715 it capitulated to the Turks, and on the failure of the insurrection of 1770 the leading families were scattered abroad. As the first fortress which fell into the hands of the Greeks in 1821, it became in the following year the seat of the first national assembly.
See Curtius, Peloponnesos, ii. 293 and 328; Castellan, Lettres sur la Morée (1808), for a plan; Valiero, Hist. della guerra di Candia (Venice, 1679), for details as to the fortress; W. Miller in Journal of Hellenic Studies (1907).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peru (Illinois)

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​PERU, a city of La Salle county, Illinois, U.S.A., in the north-central part of the state, on the N. bank of the Illinois River, about 100 m. S.W. of Chicago and 1 m. W. of La Salle, a terminus of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Pop. (1900), 6863 (2095 foreign-born); (1910), 7984. It is served by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific railways. The city is built on the face and top of a series of river bluffs. It is the seat of St Bede College (Roman Catholic, opened in 1891), conducted by Benedictine fathers. In a large public park there is a bronze monument in memory of the soldiers of Peru who died in the Civil War. There are extensive coal-mines in the vicinity; and the city includes various manufactures. Peru was first settled about 1827, was incorporated in 1845, and re-incorporated in 1890.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peruke

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​PERUKE, an artificial head of hair, a wig. The Word is from Fr. perruque, an adaptation of Ital. perruca or parrucca. This is usually taken to be from Ital. pelo, hair; Lat. pilus. Span. peluca, wig, and Sardinian pilucca, lock or tuft of hair, support this view. In the 17th century the English forms which the French word took, such as perruck or perug, were corrupted into perwyke, and thence into perewyk, perewig, and lastly “periwig,” which again was shortened into “wig,” the ​common term for all types of artificial heads of hair. Periwig is sometimes confined to the heavy full-bottomed wigs worn from the reign of Charles II. to the introduction of the light, tailed wig of the 18th century.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pertinax, Publius Helvius

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​PERTINAX, PUBLIUS HELVIUS (A.D. 126—193), Roman emperor, the son of a charcoal-burner, was born at Alba Pompeia in Liguria. From being a teacher of grammar he rose through many important offices, both civil and military, to the consulate, which he held twice. Chosen, at an advanced age and against his will, on the 1st of January 193, to succeed Commodus, he was himself assassinated in a mutiny of the soldiers, on the 28th of March 193.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peru (Indiana)

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​PERU, a city and the county-seat of Miami county, Indiana, U. S. A., about 75 m. N. of Indianapolis, on the Wabash River. Pop. (1910 U.S. census), 10,910. Peru is served by the Chicago Cincinnati & Louisville, the Lake Erie & Western and the Wabash railways (each of which maintains shops here), and by electric lines to Indianapolis, Warsaw and other cities. The city has a Carnegie library, a railway Young Men's Christian Association, and a hospital for the employés of the Wabash railroad. There is a city park on the river, and 9 m. east of the city is Boyd park, an amusement resort. Peru is an important grain and produce market, and has various manufactures. In 1905 the value of the factory products was $1,703,417 (27·3% more than in 1900). Petroleum is found in the vicinity. Peru was settled in 1834 and was chartered as a city in 1867.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pertz, Georg Heinrich

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​PERTZ, GEORG HEINRICH (1795–1876), German historian, was born at Hanover on the 28th of March 1795. From 1813 to 1818 he studied at Göttingen, chiefly under A. H. L. Heeren. His graduation thesis, published in 1819, on the history of the Merovingian mayors of the palace, attracted the attention of Baron Stein, by whom he was engaged in 1820 to edit the Carolingian chroniclers for the newly-founded Historical Society of Germany. In search of materials for this purpose, Pertz made a prolonged tour through Germany and Italy, and on his return in 1823 he received at the instance of Stein the principal charge of the publication of Monumenta germaniae historica, texts of all the more important historical writers on German affairs down to the year 1500, as well as of laws, imperial and regal archives, and other valuable documents, such as letters, falling within this period. Pertz made frequent journeys of exploration to the leading libraries and public record offices of Europe, publishing notes on the results of his explorations in the Archiv. der Gesellsch. f. deutsche Geschichtskunde (1824—1872). In 1823 he had been made secretary of the archives, and in 1827 principal keeper of the royal library at Hanover; from 1832 to 1837 he edited the Hannoverische Zeitung, and more than once sat as a representative in the Hanoverian second chamber. In 1842 he was called as chief librarian to Berlin, where he shortly afterwards was made a privy councillor and a member of the Academy of Sciences. He resigned all his appointments in ​1874, and on the 7th of October 1876 died at Munich while attending the sittings of the historical commission.
The Monumenta began to appear in 1826, and at the date of his resignation 24 volumes folio (Scriptores, Leges, Diplomata) had appeared. This work for the first time made possible the existence of the modern school of scientific historians of medieval Germany In connexion with the Monumenta Pertz also began the publication of a selection of sources in octavo form, the Scriptores rerum germanicarum in usum scholarum; among his other literary labours may be mentioned an edition of the Gesammelte Werke of Leibnitz, and a life of Stein (Leben des Mininsters Freiherrn vom Stein (6 vols, 1849–1855); also, in an abridged form, Aus Steins Leben (2 vols., 1856).
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Corinna

CORINNA.
There were three of that name, all skilled in letters. The last lived at the time, and is supposed to have been the favourite of Ovid; but the most famous was of Tanagra, in Bœotia, who, in no less than five trials, conquered the great poet, Pindar. Her glory seems to ​have been fully established by the public memorial of her picture, exhibited in her native city, and adorned with a symbol of her victory. Pausanius, who saw it, supposes her to have been one of the handsomest women of her age. Time has left us only a few scraps of Corinna's poetry. She did justice to the superiority of Pindar's genius; but advised him not to suffer his poetical ornaments to intrude so often, as they smothered the principal subject; comparing it to pouring a vase of flowers, all at once, upon the ground; when their beauty and excellence could only be observed in proportion to their rarity and situation.
Notes to Ariosto. Anacharsis.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Corinthia

CORINTHIA, Daughter of Dibutas of Sicyon,
Was the first who, by the shade of a lamp, drew on the wall the profile of her lover, which, when filled and raised by her father, who worked in plaster, served a long time in Sicyon for an example; from which the art went on to perfection.
Abecedario Pittorico.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Clisson, (Jane de Belleville, Madame to Lord of)

CLISSON, (JANE DE BELLEVILLE, Wife of Oliver III. Lord of),
Philip de Valois, king of France, having caused her husband to be beheaded, in 1343, on an unauthenticated suspicion of intelligence with England, Jane, burning with revenge, sent her son, but twelve years of age, secretly to London; and, having no more to fear for him, sold her jewels, armed three vessels, and with them assailed all the French that she met with. The new corsair made descents in Normandy, took their castles; and the inhabitants of the villages saw frequently one of the most beautiful women in Europe with a sword in one hand, and a flambeau in the other, enforce, with inhuman pleasure, the horrors of her cruel and misplaced revenge.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Clotilda

CLOTILDA, Queen of France, married in 491, to Clovis; died 548,
Niece of Gondebald, king of the Burgundians, a woman of extraordinary beauty, sense, and virtue. Her ​fame made an impression on the heart of Clovis, who asked her in marriage, and she was carried to him in a kind of waggon drawn by oxen, and married at Soissons. Being a christian, her eldest son was baptized, by the king's consent; but, on his death, Clovis murmured loudly, yet permitted her to have the second baptized in like manner; this likewise fell ill, and the king became furious, saying, it would die like its brother, in consequence of being devoted to her god; but the child recovered, and he began to entertain more favourable ideas of the christian religion; for in 496, Clovis being engaged in a bloody battle with the Germans, he found his troops begin to give way, when, lifting up his eyes to heaven, he exclaimed; "God of my queen Clotilda, if thou grant me victory, I here vow to receive baptism, and hereafter to worship no other god than you." Having said this, he rallied his forces, again led them to the charge, forced through the enemy's battalion, and put them to flight. He fulfilled his vow; himself, his sister, and 3000 of his subjects were baptized: and though this conversion in him was only nominal, and affected no change in his manners, it was the means of establishing the christian religion in France. He died 511; his four sons succeeded him.
Clodomir II. was killed in battle, and his three children were brought up under the inspection of their virtuous grandmother; but their barbarous and ambitious uncle, having by artifice got them in his power, threw off the mask of affection, and sent a sword and pair of scissars to Clotilda, the guardian of their youth; the princess, in a transport of grief, inconsiderately exclaimed, "that she would rather see them committed to the earth than shut up in a cloister." Her words ​were but too faithfully repeated; and the youngest of her sons instantly murdered his two elder nephews; the youngest escaped, became a monk, and was afterwards invoked by the name of St. Cloud.
Gifford's History of France.