OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Oliver, Hon. Richard

Layout 2
​Oliver, Hon. Richard, M.L.C., son of Robert Oliver, of Penzance, Cornwall, England, and Elizabeth (Fox) his wife, was born on Feb. 21st, 1830. Having emigrated to New Zealand, he entered the Parliament of that colony, and was Minister of Public Works in the Hall Ministry from Oct. 1879 to May 1881, being in the Cabinet without portfolio till April 1882, when, a reconstruction taking place, he was included in the Whitaker Government as a member of the Executive Council till Sept. 1883, when on a second reconstruction he became Postmaster-General and Commissioner of Electric Telegraphs under Major (now Sir H. A.) Atkinson, retiring, with the rest of his colleagues, in August ​1884. Mr. Oliver married first at Penzance,on June 18th, 1858, Ellen, daughter of William Purchase; and secondly, at Penzance, on August 19th, 1885, Louise d'Este, daughter of J. S. Courtney, of Alverton House, Penzance, and sister of Right Hon. Leonard H. Courtney, M.P., Chairman of Committees, House of Commons. He was nominated to the Legislative Council in Nov. 1881.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/O'Rorke, Sir George Maurice

Layout 2
​O'Rorke, Sir George Maurice, B.A., late Speaker of the House of Representatives, New Zealand, third son of the late Rev. John O'Rorke of Moylough, co. Galway, by Elizabeth Dennis, sister of the late John Dennis, of Benningham House, Tuam, was born in 1830, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in 1852. In the same year he emigrated to Victoria, and two years later settled in New Zealand, where he was called to the Bar in 1868. In 1857 Mr. O'Rorke was appointed Clerk of the Auckland Provincial Council, and in 1861 was elected to the General Assembly to represent Onehunga, for which constituency he continued to sit till 1882, when it was merged in the electoral district of Manukau (for which he was returned uninterruptedly till 1890). Mr. O'Rorke was an ardent provincialist, and was Speaker of the Auckland Provincial Council from 1865 to 1876, and for some time Deputy-Superintendent. In 1871 he succeeded Mr. Carleton as Chairman of Committees in the House of Representatives, and was reappointed in 1875 and 1876. He was Secretary for Crown Lands and Minister for Immigration in the Waterhouse, Fox and Vogel Ministries (which were, in effect, the same Ministry), from Oct. 1872 to August 1874, when, not being able to agree with Mr. Vogel's project to abolish the provinces, he resigned. Under the premiership of Sir George Grey Mr. O'Rorke was appointed to the Speakership of the House of Representatives in July 1879, in succession to Sir William Fitzherbert. This post he held until Parliament was dissolved at the end of 1890. Sir Maurice O'Rorke has been a member of the Board of Education, and is chairman of the Board of Governors of the Auckland Grammar School. He was also Chairman of the Royal Commission (1879-80) to inquire into the operations of the University of New Zealand and the secondary schools of the colony in relation to the University, and was elected first chairman of the Council of Auckland University College in 1883. He was made a knight-bachelor in 1880. Sir Maurice married Cecilia Mary, daughter of the late Alexander Shepherd, sometime Colonial Treasurer of New Zealand.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Officer, Charles Myles

Layout 2
​Officer, Charles Myles, M.L.A., J.P., the third son of the late Sir Robert Officer, was born at New Norfolk, Tasmania, in 1827, and in 1848 went to Port Phillip, where he engaged in pastoral pursuits at Mount Talbot, in the Wimmera district. He was returned to the Assembly for Dundas in 1880, and has ever since represented the constituency in the moderate Conservative interest. He married first, in 1854, Christina Susannah, daughter of the late Daniel Robertson, of Launceston, Tasmania; and secondly, in 1876, Ellen Agnes, second daughter of the late Thomas Pope Besnard, of Inverell, N.S.W.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Oliver, Charles N. J.

Charles Nicholson Jewel Oliver
Layout 2
​Oliver, Charles N. J., entered the New South Wales Civil Service, and was appointed Under-Secretary for Lands in Nov. 1880. He is now one of the Commissioners of Railways under the new non-political system of control.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Onslow, Alexander Campbell

Layout 2
​Onslow, Alexander Campbell, B.A., Chief Justice of Western Australia, is the fourth son of Arthur Pooley Onslow, of Send Grove, Ripley, Surrey, by his wife, Rosa Roberta, daughter of Alexander Macleay, F.R.S., Speaker of the first Legislative Council of New South Wales. He was born on July 17th, 1842, and was educated at Westminster and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1864. He entered at the Inner Temple on Jan. 15th, 1862, was called to the bar on Nov. 17th, 1868, and went the Home Circuit. He married, on Feb. 4th, 1878, Madeline Emma, daughter of Rev. Robert Loftus Tottenham, of Florence, and granddaughter of the Bishop of Clogher. He was Attorney-General of British Honduras from 1878 to 1880, and Attorney-General of Western Australia from 1880 to 1883. In July of the latter year he was appointed Chief Justice, in which capacity he administered the government during the absence of Sir F. Napier Broome in England in 1884-5. His relations with that Governor having subsequently become strained, the latter "interdicted" him from his functions as Chief Justice, for the alleged premature and improper publication of certain correspondence then pending between them and with the Colonial Office. The Executive Council unanimously confirmed the interdict, and placed Mr. Onslow on half-pay pending the decision of the Colonial Office. In the result, Lord Knutsford reinstated Mr. Onslow, but censured him. Ultimately, in view of ​the attitude assumed by the Chief Justice in adjudicating on certain cases of newspaper libel, the Legislative Council passed a resolution requesting the Home Government, in the interests of tranquillity, to transfer him to some other location. He was accordingly given, a year's leave of absence; and this having been again extended, Sir H. T. Wrensfordsley was sent out to the colony in 1890 as Acting Chief Justice. Mr. Onslow returned to Western Australia and resumed his occupancy of the office of Chief Justice in July 1891.
# The Complete Ascetical Works of St. Alphonsus

* Volume I: Preparation for Death
* Volume II: The Way of Salvation and Perfection
* Volume III: The Great Means of Salvation and of Perfection
* Volume IV: The Incarnation, Birth and Infancy of Jesus Christ
* Volume V: The Passion and the Death of Jesus Christ
* Volume VI: The Holy Eucharist
* Volume VII: The Glories of Mary, Part I
* Volume VIII: The Glories of Mary, Part II
* Volume IX: Victories of the Martyrs
* Volume X: The True Spouse of Jesus Christ, Part I
* Volume XI: The True Spouse of Jesus Christ, Part II
* Volume XII: Dignities and Duties of the Priest; or Selva
* Volume XIII: The Holy Mass
* Volume XIV: The Divine Office
* Volume XV: Preaching
* Volume XVI: Sermons for All the Sundays of the Year
* Volume XVII: Miscellany
* Volume XVIII: Letters
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# The Complete Angler, 5th edition/Preface

To the Right worshipful
John Offley
of Madeley Manor, in the County of Stafford Esquire, My most honoured Friend
Sir,-- I have made so ill use of your former favours, as by them to be encouraged to entreat, that they may be enlarged to the patronage and protection of this Book: and I have put on a modest confidence, that I shall not be denied, because it is a discourse of Fish and Fishing, which you know so well, and both love and practice so much.
You are assured, though there be ignorant men of another belief, that Angling is an Art: and you know that Art better than others; and that this is truth is demonstrated by the fruits of that pleasant labour which you enjoy, when you purpose to give rest to your mind, and divest yourself of your more serious business, and, which is often, dedicate a day or two to this recreation.
At which time, if common Anglers should attend you, and be eyewitnesses of the success, not of your fortune, but your skill, it would doubtless beget in them an emulation to be like you, and that emulation might beget an industrious diligence to be so; but I know it is not attain bye by common capacities: and there be now many men of great wisdom, learning, and experience, which love and practice this Art, that know I speak the truth.
Sir, this pleasant curiosity of Fish and Fishing, of which you are so great a master, has been thought worthy the pens and practices of divers in other nations, that have been reputed men of great learning and wisdom. And amongst those of this nation, I remember Sir Henry Wotton, a dear lover of this Art, has told me, that his intentions were to write a Discourse of the Art, and in praise of Angling; and doubtless he had done so, if death had not prevented him; the remembrance of which had often made me sorry, for if he had lived to do it, then the unlearned Angler had seen some better treatise of this Art, a treatise that might have proved worthy his perusal, which, though some have undertaken, I could never yet see in English.
But mine may be thought as weak, and as unworthy of common view; and I do here freely confess, that I should rather excuse myself, than censure others, my own discourse being liable to so many exceptions; against which you, Sir, might make this one, that it can contribute nothing to YOUR knowledge. And lest a longer epistle may diminish your pleasure, I shall make this no longer than to add this following truth, that I am really, Sir, your most affectionate Friend, and most humble Servant,
Iz. Wa.
# The Discourses of Epictetus; with the Encheiridion and Fragments/Prologue

Layout 1
ARRIAN'S
DISCOURSES OF EPICTETUS.
Arrian to Lucius Gellius, with wishes for his happiness.
I neither wrote these Discourses of Epictetus in the way in which a man might write such things; nor did I make them public myself, inasmuch as I declare that I did not even write them. But whatever I heard him say, the same I attempted to write down in his own words as nearly as possible, for the purpose of preserving them as memorials to myself afterwards of the thoughts and the freedom of speech of Epictetus. Accordingly, the Discourses are naturally such as a man would address without preparation to another, not such as a man would write ​with the view of others reading them. Now, being such, I do not know how they fell into the hands of the public, without either my consent or my knowledge. But it concerns me little if I shall be considered incompetent to write; and it concerns Epictetus not at all if any man shall despise his words; for at the time when he uttered them, it was plain that he had no other purpose than to move the minds of his hearers to the best things. If, indeed, these Discourses should produce this effect, they will have, I think, the result which the words of philosophers ought to have. But if they shall not, let those who read them know that, when Epictetus delivered them, the hearer could not avoid being affected in the way that Epictetus wished him to be. But if the Discourses themselves, as they are written, do not effect this result, it may be that the fault is mine, or, it may be that the thing is unavoidable.
Farewell!
# The Civil War/Battle of 2nd Manassas

THE SECOND BATTLE OF MANASSAS FOUGHT AT BULL RUN
August 29th and 30th, 1862
The second battle of Manassas was not a planned battle, but movement of troops into the area by General Lee set the stage.
He did not like the idea of so many federal troops so close to Richmond as the Union army were. He sent General Jackson with his 2nd Corp and General Longstreet with his 1st Corp to Manassas by different routes, knowing this would draw the new Union commander, General John Pope back from the area to keep between these Confederate forces and Washington, D. C. The idea worked and Manassas was to become again the battlegrounds of two great armies in just over a year.
Second Manassas was fought by General R. E. Lee opposing Major General John Pope and was somewhat different from 1st Manassas. Pope's troops were moving to Centreville and General Jackson's 2nd Corp at Manassas Junction. Jackson had his troops make a flank movement to get on the north side of Warrenton Turnpike and to be in a position to join forces with General Longstreet's 1st Corp coming down from Warrenton and Gainesville, Virginia.
General Pope moved his forces from Centreville to Manassas hoping to find Jackson there, but found the town deserted as General Jackson had already pulled out.
Jackson knew what was underfoot so he marched his men on Sudley Road to the Stone House at Warrenton Junction then moved a couple of hundred yards farther and took up positions in an unfinished railroad cut south of Sudley Mountain.
General Pope then marched his troops back to Centreville and on down the Warrenton Turnpike to the Stone Bridge; they crossed Bull Run on August 29 at Lewis's Ford, Ball's Ford and the Stone Bridge and made contact with Jackson's 2nd Corp. A hard fought battle lasted all day as General Jackson's men were well protected, although General Longstreet's 1st Corp had not arrived.
General Longstreet's forces arrived at dark and took positions to strengthen Jackson's right flank and other weak points. Union forces attacked next morning August 30 not knowing Jackson had been reeinforced and found a stronger force to face. The ​battle was fought hard most of the day, but the fresh troops did make a difference and General Pope had to do what General McDowell did 13 months before, retreat back across Bull Run to Centreville and on back to D. C. a defeated army.
This battle was a little different from 1st Manassas, these were veterans fighting, not green troops, so the casualty list was higher. Federal forces lost 14,462 killed, wounded, or missing, and the Confederates lost 9,474.
The 42nd Infantry division was there in General Jackson's 2nd Corp under the command of Colonel Bradley T. Johnson. Their objective was to turn the Federal right flank and threaten communications with Washington.
# The Civil Service and the Patronage/Preface

PREFACE.
This work is the outgrowth of a statistical study of removals from office begun in the Seminary of American History and Institutions at Harvard University. The results of this preliminary study were published in the Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1899. The interest thus aroused led to a broader investigation, which has been continued for about five years. From materials accumulated not strictly pertinent to the subject of this volume, an article on “Lincoln and the Patronage” was contributed to the American Historical Review for October, 1902.
The subject which this book attempts to treat defies concise definition; and as the boundaries have perhaps not been drawn so as to satisfy all who will be led by its title to refer to it, a few words are necessary to guide those who use it. The leading words of the title limit each other; it is a history of the civil service from the standpoint of the patronage, and of the patronage with regard solely to the public offices. The aim has been to give fully the development of policy and practice as to the relation of these two elements of our public life, from the foundation of the government to the present day. In addition, it has been thought wise to outline the
distinguishing policy of each successive administration, though in some instances this has been done very briefly; in the case of a few very important administrations the subject has been treated still more broadly, so as to include practice as well as policy. The work of Miss Salmon on the Appointing Power of the President has left me free to leave out constitutional questions, except when they become questions of politics; and the problem of civil service reform has been treated historically, and not from the standpoint of expediency.
I have had access to the collections of the Harvard College Library and the libraries of Boston, of Brown University, the American Antiquarian Society at Worcester, the Rhode Island Historical Society, the Wisconsin Historical Society, the Library of Congress, and the departmental libraries at Washington; and I desire to express my thanks to the officials of these institutions for their uniform interest and assistance. Thanks are particularly due to the owners of private collections of manuscripts and newspapers, whose courtesy in opening them for research evinces the general interest felt in historical studies. Most of all, I wish to record my appreciation of the kindness of Professor Albert Bushnell Hart and Professor Edward Channing, to whose inspiration and guidance the inception and development of this monograph are chiefly to be attributed.
* Madison, Wisconsin, May 30, 1904.
# The Civil War

THE CIVIL WAR
THE 42nd INFANTRY DIVISION
OF
BEDFORD COUNTY, VIRGINIA
Claude W. Secrest
1716 N. Quebec St.
Arlington, Virginia 22207
The text of this work has been released into the public domain.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Abd el Mumin abu Mohammed

Edition of 1920. See also Abd al-Mu'min on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ABD EL MUMIN ABU MOHAMMED, äbd äl moo′mĕn ä′boo mô-hăm′mēd, Moorish ruler, founder of the Almohades dynasty: b. Tajira, North Africa, 1094; d. 1163. He was a member of the Kumiya, a Berber tribe. He became a close friend of Ibn Tumart, founder of the Almohadea sect, and when that leader died he was chosen as his successor. Announcing himself as a caliph, he met the Almoravides in battle, put them to flight and then began a campaign of conquest that did not cease until he had subdued the cities of Oran, Tlemcen, Fez, Salé, Ceuta, and finally Morocco. Having established himself firmly in Africa he crossed over into Spain and conquered Cordova in 1148, Almeria in 1151, and Granada in 1154, until the greater portion of Mohammedan Spain was under his control.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Abysmal deposits

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
ABYSMAL DEPOSITS are accumulations at the bottom of the ocean at great depths known as abysmal depths. They consists chiefly of red and gray clays and oozes or combinations of clays with various shells and animals, such as Dictonis, Foraminifera and Radiolarians. These deposits constitute the large part of the deep-sea bottoms. Although there is a vast amount of minute animal life at these abysmal depths this life is confined, so far as is definitely known, to a few species. The deposits are made up of the remains of surface and abysmal animals, the later of which are born, live and die on the bottom of the ocean. Most of the shells of surface animals decompose rapidly at great depths of the ocean, and many of them disintegrate under the pressure of the salt water before they reach the bottom, where they are constantly being added to the deposits, classified according to the depths at which they are found and the local influences under which they have been formed; but only a comparatively few of them can be classed as abysmal. One of these abysmal depths exists in the deep bed of the Gulf of Mexico and along nearly the whole course of the Gulf stream. Very little, if any, of the deposits of these great ocean depths is derived from the shores of the bordering continents; for the geological formations going on there seem to be a thing apart from the debris of all except that of the surface animals that pass over them or live above them. As all the abysmal deposits merge into one another geologists have found great difficulty in determining their character in given areas. The 20 or more species of pelagic Foraminifera constitute over 90 per cent of the vast quantities of carbonate of lime present in the calcareous oozes of the abysmal depths of the oceans. This animal life, thus wonderfully abundant to-day, is present in a like plentifulness in other geological formations and periods. Living as they do at such a great depth below the surface and being subject to a more or less uniform pressure, the shells of those animals are very much alike in appearance and thickness in all the abysmal deposits and zones. See Continental shelf.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Abd al Latif

Edition of 1920. See also Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ABD AL LATIF, lā-tēf, Arabian writer and physician: b. Bagdad, 1160; d. while on a pilgrimage to Mecca, 1231. After his early studies, which consisted, after the custom of the time and the people, of memorizing the Koran and other literary works, he went to Damascus, which was then the centre of learning of the Moslem world. While in Egypt Abd al Latif became acquainted with Maimonides, the great Jewish philosopher. At Cairo he became a teacher of medicine, though he also devoted much time to traveling. Abd al Latif is supposed to have written many works, but of these only his ‘Account of Egypt’ is preserved. This work was translated into Latin by White (1800), and into French by De Sacy (1810).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Abd el Kader ibn Mouhi ad Din

Edition of 1920. See also Emir Abdelkader on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ABD EL KADER IBN MOUHI AD DIN, äb′dĕl-kä′dĕr ’bn′ moohē ad-dĕn, noted Arab chief: b. near Mascara, 1807; d. Damascus, Egypt, 26 May 1883. He was educated at Ghetna in an institution maintained by the Marabouts. When only eight years of age be went with his father on a pilgrimage to Mecca. In 1827, when 20 years of age, he visited Egypt, where he came in first contact with Europeans. His first entry into the affairs of public life was when Algiers was conquered by the French. On the defeat of the Turks, Abd el Kader placed himself at the head of the Arab tribes of the province of Oran and declared himself an independent ruler. On 3 Dec. 1833 he fought a bloody battle with the French, in which the French were decidedly beaten. A month later he again attacked the French under General Desmichels, commanding all the forces of France in Oran, and compelled him to recognize his authority. The result was that his power increased rapidly and he was proclaimed sultan by all the surrounding tribes and peoples. The truce with the French was only temporary, however, and in 1841 Abd el Kadcr was completely defeated and driven into Morocco. Here he appealed to the people in the name of Islam and declared a religious war. France then turned her attention to Morocco, the operations finally terminating in the Battle Isly, in 1844, after which the Sultan of Morocco repudiated Abd el Kader. The latter attacked the Moors on the night of 11 Dec. 1847, but was heavily defeated and obliged to flee to Algeria, where he was compelled to surrender to the French. Abd el Kader was now taken a prisoner to France. For five years he was held in France, though allowed an annuity of 100,000 francs. Finally, in 1852, Napoleon III liberated him, whereupon he retired to Brussa, Asia Minor, later removing to Damascus. During the massacres in Syria, in 1860, he rendered the Christians such services that Napoleon III awarded him the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor. In 1865 he visited Europe again and was present at the Paris Exposition in 1867. During his later years he engaged in literary labors, writing a religious work, which was later translated into French (1858) under the title ‘Rappel à l’intelligent: avis à l’indifférent.’