# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Boston and Maine Railroad

Edition of 1920. See also Boston and Maine Corporation on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BOSTON AND MAINE RAILROAD. The Boston and Maine system, as it stands to-day, is one of the most remarkable examples of railroad evolution and consolidation to be found in the world. Including the constituent roads owned, leased, controlled and operated,
it represents fully 125 distinct units, ranging from a four or five-mile line, like the Troy & Bennington, to a great 400-mile “system,” like the Fitchburg division. Some of its branches were incorporated as far back as the early thirties, while others are creations of the last 15 or 20 years.
To bring together all of these different and sometimes conflicting transportation units under a single management represents a feat of financiering probably unique on this continent. Of the 2,302 miles now operated by the Boston & Maine Railroad no less than 1,544 miles represent roads leased by the parent company. One of these, the Troy & Bennington, is leased in perpetuity, and the lease having the longest term to run is that of the Vermont & Massachusetts road, which expires in 2873. The Massawippi Valley road lease expires in 2869, the Fitchburg road lease in 1999, and the one to first expire was that of the Suncook Valley road, 1 Jan. 1916.
To give a clearer idea of the full extent of the Boston & Maine Railroad system the following table, showing the leased roads, with the dates of their incorporation, the beginning and expiration of leases, and mileage has been prepared under the direction of Vice-President William J. Hobbs:
Miles of  Road :
| Lowell & Andover Kennebunk & Kennebunkport  Manchester & Lawrence Boston & Lowell Nashua & Lowell Stony Brook Wilton Peterboro Northern Connecticut & Passumpsic Massawippi Valley Connecticut River, Northampton & Springfield Greenfield & Northampton Concord & Montreal, Concord railroad Boston, Concord & Montreal  Concord & Portsmouth Suncook Valley Pemigewasset Valley New Boston Franklin & Tilton Fitchburg Vermon & Massachusetts Troy & Bennington | Feb. 5,  1873  Aug. 16,  1882  June 30,  1847  June 8,  1830  April 16,  1836  March  26,  1845  Dec. 28,  1844  July 7,  1866  Dec. 27,  1844  Nov. 10,  1835 1862   $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$  March 1,  1842  Jan. 25,  1845   $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$  June 27,  1835  Dec. 27,  1844 1845  July 1,  1863  July 9,  1874  Feb. 19,  1891  Aug. 4,  1887  March 3,  1842  March 15,  1844  March 27,  1851 | Oct. 18,  1875   June 18,  1883   June 1,  1887   June 22,  1887   Nov. 10,  1880   Sept. 30,  1884   Feb. 1,  1884   April 1,  1893   Dec. 30,  1889   June 1,  1887   Dec. 27,  1871     Jan. 1,  1893       June 29,  1895     May 26,  1862   March  11,  1870   March 31,  1883   June 21,  1893   Oct. 8,  1895   June 30,  1900   Jan. 1,  1874   Oct. 12,  1872 | Dec. 1,  1973   May 15,  1982   Sept. 1,  1937   April 1,  1986   Oct. 1,  1979   Jan. 1,  1989   Oct. 1,  1982   April 1,  1986   Jan. 1,  1989   Jan. 1,  1986   July 1,  2869     Jan. 1,  1992       April 1,  1986     Jan. 1,  1961   Jan. 1,  1916   Feb. 1,  1982   June 19,  1992   April 1,  1986   July 1,  1999   Jan. 1,  2873  Perpetuity | 8.85 4.50 22.39 111.27 14.50 13.16 15.50 10.50 172.32 110.30 27.46   88.36     339.47   39.87 17.41 22.93 5.19 4.95 374.14 58.58 5.04 |
| Total mileage | ............... | ............... | ............... | 1487.69 |
While it is impossible to give anything like a complete history of such a complicated system as that of the Boston & Maine Railroad in such a brief sketch as this must be, it is important to note some of the events in its history which stand out most conspicuously. For example, it is certainly worthy of record that the original railroad — the acorn from which the present great Boston & Maine system has sprung — was first conceived in the brain of its founder, Hobart Clark, of Andover, Mass., in the fall of 1832.
Mr. Clark, after traveling over the Albany & Schenectady Railroad, then the only line west of the Hudson River, saw the utility of a branch railroad to Andover, tapping the
Boston & Lowell road (then under construction) at Wilmington.
The road was, in 1833, granted a charter under the name of the Andover & Wilmington Railroad, the first directors being Hobart Clark, Abraham Marland, Amos Abbott, John Smith and Merrill Pettingill, all residents of Andover. The capital stock was $100,000.
Hobart Clark was elected president, and the road was surveyed under the direction of Col. Loammi Baldwin, of Charlestown, Mass., the well-known civil engineer.
Work was commenced in the spring of 1835, and the first section of the road was opened to Andover 6 Aug. 1836. By the fall of 1837 it had been opened to the Merrimac River, at Bradford; by 1840 to Exeter; by 1841 to Dover and by 1843 to South Berwick Junction.
In 1835, a second charter had been obtained allowing the extension of the road to Haverhill, and the name was changed to the Andover & Haverhill Railroad; and a little later in the same year a charter was obtained from the New Hampshire legislature for a road from the Massachusetts line through New Hampshire to the Maine State line, under the name of the Boston & Maine Railroad.
In the following year the Maine legislature granted a charter extending the line to Portland, and thus was finally organized the original Boston & Maine Railroad, which to-day serves a very large section, annually transports over 43,000,000 passengers and nearly 23,000,000 tons of freight, earns $46,405,035 a year, owns 23,900 freight cars and 1,953 passenger cars, carries a veritable army upon its payrolls, and operates in five States and one Canadian province.
The system had its beginning in the day of small things, and to-day it exists in an era of great ones, as far as railroad policies are concerned.
The slow but certain process of amalgamation which has resulted in the present vast transportation system under one management has been an exceedingly interesting one, but its history would require too much space to be given even in outline here.
It has been attended by many exciting episodes, legislative and financial, particularly with reference to the leasing of the Connecticut River road in 1893, the Concord & Montreal in 1895 and the Fitchburg in 1900. These leases were hotly contested by minority stockholders or opposing interests, but most of the leased lines were absorbed without much show of opposition. It has for some time been the policy of the company to purchase outright its leased lines, whenever that has been practicable. In view of the present highly-organized condition of railroad operation it is noteworthy that when the original Boston & Maine road was first built and operated the telegraph had not been invented and double tracks were essential for the safe operation of trains.
Moreover, civil engineering was then in its infancy and surveying instruments were clumsy and primitive, the transit not even having been produced at that time.
Few of those who were engaged in building the road had ever had any experience in such work, for railroads themselves were very new then, and there is a tradition that fully 75 per cent of the surveying for the line was done
without instruments and by purely visual work. There were no time fuses to aid in blasting, and not even friction matches had come into existence.
Aside from the relocation of a part of the Central Massachusetts division, made necessary by the construction of the great Wachusett reservoir, the only considerable piece of railroad in the territory now controlled by the Boston & Maine which has ever been actually abandoned was part of the original Portsmouth & Concord road. This line once ran between Suncook and Candia, and that portion of it was afterward given up for a more favorable location.
According to the financial report issued by the company for the year ending 30 June 1910 the total earnings of the road during the previous 12 months were $43,357,175. Deducting operating expenses, $31,336,324, left the net earnings $12,020,851, an amount that was further increased to $12,809,863, by the addition of $789,012, which represented the road's income from other sources.
The report for the year ending 30 June 1915 showed a total operating revenue of $48,430,485 against total operating expenses $37,270,726, leaving net earnings of $11,159,759. Other expenses and deductions, however, revealed a net loss of $476,440. This, nevertheless, improved on the year preceding, 1914, when the net loss revealed was $2,169,554. A new board of trustees appointed 17 Oct. 1914, after a study of the situation, found that the trouble was fundamental and suggested its correction by slight increases in freight and passenger rates and by a financial reorganization, which would keep the system intact as a whole and restore its credit.