OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ingersoll, Ernest

Edition of 1920. See also Ernest Ingersoll on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
INGERSOLL, Ernest, American naturalist: b. Monroe, Mich., 13 March 1852. He studied at Oberlin College and in the Lawrence Scientific School and Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard University, where he was a pupil of Agassiz, and in 1874 and 1877 was connected as naturalist with the Hayden survey. He was also an expert on the United States Fish Commission, and later became known as a popular writer and lecturer on
scientific subjects. In 1901 he was lecturer in zoology at the University of Chicago. Among his works are ‘Nests and Eggs of North American Birds’ (1880-81); ‘Oyster Industries of the United States’ (1881); ‘Knocking 'Round the Rockies’ (1883); ‘Country Cousins’ (1884); ‘The Crest of the Continent’ (1884); ‘Down East Latch-Strings’ (1887); ‘Wild Neighbors’ (1897); ‘The Book of the Ocean’ (1898); ‘Nature's Calendar’ (1900); ‘Wild Life of Orchard and Field’ (1902); ‘The Life . . . of Mammals’ (1906); and several popular juvenile tales, notably ‘The Ice Queen.’ He is editor of the ‘Farmer's Practical Library,’ secretary of the Authors Club (New York) and an officer of the National Association of Audubon Societies.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Inquisitive Women

Edition of 1920. See also Le donne curiose on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
INQUISITIVE WOMEN (‘Le Donne Curiose’), an opera in three acts by Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari (libretto adapted by Luigi Sugana from a Goldoni comedy) first produced in Munich in 1903. The first dramatic work of the composer to secure more than local notice, this opera, or ‘musical comedy,’ as he terms it, quickly achieved world-wide success by reason of its vivacity and delicate charm. Of German and Italian parentage, Wolf-Ferrari is an eclectic. The artistic lineage of ‘Le Donne Curiose’ is plainly traceable to Mozart, though both ‘Meistersinger’ and ‘Falstaff’ influences are apparent. The orchestra, effectively used, is relatively a small one and in some respects the treatment harks back to an earlier day, when leading motives were less known. The music is distinguished by lyric simplicity and rythmical variety. The prevailing character is improvisational, well adapted to the slight tale of harmless intrigue which it accompanies. There are several easily recognized numbers — the trios in the first act, the quartet in the second, Rosaura's love soliloquy and the succeeding pages of almost Mozartean simplicity, the prelude to the last act, the barcarolle chorus and the final ensemble. There is no great emotional intensity, nor intellectual depth, but means and end are fitted in a thoroughly artistic and satisfying way.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Industries, Welfare Work in

Edition of 1920. See also Occupational welfare on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
INDUSTRIES, Welfare Work in. An interesting and valuable feature of modern industrial life is the attention given by many employers to the safety, comfort and health of workers. The new impetus in this field takes its origin not only from philanthropic and paternalistic motives, but from the demands of modern business for scientific management and industrial efficiency. In addition to reform legislation making many such measures effective, an increasing number of employers have found it expedient to adopt various methods for safeguarding and protecting their employees. The result has been manifest not only in the improvement of the immediate working environment and the creation of numerous safety devices, but in the provision for lunch and rest rooms; recreation facilities, rest periods in monotonous work; medical inspection and attention which includes all arrangements from
simple first aid to elaborate hospitals, factory physicians, sanitariums, home care by nurses; social organization and education of workers; housing facilities; insurance, pension, etc. A welfare secretary is often employed whose duties consist in caring for the general personal interest of the employees, and in addition, the engaging and readjusting of labor, the meeting of complaints and solving the problem of discipline. The principle of the entire work is the most economic use of the energy available by the right adjustment between the worker and the machine and the adaptation of both to the general work. The result from the employer's point of view has been a marked increase of output because of the lessening of fatigue, the adjusting of the “man to the job” and the heightening of interest on the part of the employed. In connection with the European War, studies of the labor problems have established the fact that such measures for industrial betterment heighten human efficiency and lessen the fatigue and monotony consequent to excessive demand for labor on diminished physical forces. (See Labor Legislation in the United States). Consult Proud, E. D., ‘Welfare Work’ (1916); Cadbury, E., ‘Experiments in Industrial Organization’ (London 1912); Hoxie, R. F., ‘Scientific Management and Labor’ (New York 1915); Whitney, A. L., ‘Rest and Recreation Rooms and Rest Periods for Employees’ (in monthly review of United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, Vol. V, October 1917, No. 4); id., ‘Medical, Surgical and Hospital Treatment for Employees’ (id., September 1917, pp- 59-67); Goldmark, Josephine, ‘Fatigue and Efficiency’ (1912).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Inner Light, The

Edition of 1920. See also Inner light on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
INNER LIGHT, The, or INWARD LIGHT. A doctrine especially emphasized by the Quakers. The teaching is that within every soul there is a revelation of God. There is a revelation of God in Nature, there is a revelation of God in the Bible, but there is also the Inner Light revealing God. It may be only a seed and may not come to perfection, for its call may be denied. It differs from the Methodist doctrine of the witness of the Spirit in that it is recognized as always residing in the heart, while the witness of the Spirit comes from without through experience. It differs from the conscience, because its function is not to determine the difference between right and wrong but to illume the soul and make it aware of the presence of God. Consult Barclay, Robert, ‘An Apology for the true Christian Divinity’; Bradford, Amory H., ‘The Inward Light’ (1905).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Inquiline

Edition of 1920. See also Inquiline on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
INQUILINE, ĭn'kwĭ-lĭn, a term applied in zoology to animals which live as tenants within the nests or homes of other animals. The use of the term is almost entirely confined to entomology and then often restricted to the cases in which the rightful and the intruding tenants are closely related. Similar cases among other animals are commonly designated as commensalism (q.v.), but these and similar terms are used rather loosely. Examples of the inquiline relation occur among the termites, ants and bees, but are known especially among the gall-flies (Cynipidæ); indeed, one entire division, comprising more than 500 species, is named
Inquilinæ, because of the predominance of this mode of life. These insects differ but little in structure from the true gall-flies, but they lack the power to produce galls and consequently deposit their eggs within those of other species. They infest certain species of galls, as those of the blackberry and some oak-galls, in large numbers and sometimes more than one kind occur in a single gall. Perhaps the most remarkable feature of these inquilines is their frequent close resemblance to the insect which produces the gall which they infest.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Insane Asylums, Cottage System or Village Plan

Edition of 1920. See also Asylum architecture on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
INSANE ASYLUMS, Cottage System or Village Plan. A form of construction for insane asylums and charitable institutions, in which large buildings are replaced by detached cottages. The cottages vary in size from those which will accommodate six to a dozen patients to larger ones which will accommodate 20 or more. They are usually constructed either in groups or along streets and avenues as a village. In the former, the several groups are given up to a particular industry as a farm group, where the patients are employed at farming, and others, as the garden, the brick yard, shop industries, etc., all of these being a part of one institution on a single large estate. In the village plan the institution is laid off in streets and avenues, and has the appearance of an ordinary village, each cottage having a flower garden in front, shade trees, etc. In either plan, there is conveniently located near the centre of the plant an administration building, a hospital for the sick and those requiring special care, a bakery, a laundry and other utility buildings. The cottages may be constructed of wood or other material, and the cost of construction is small as compared with the old plan of asylum construction. It is, besides, more homelike, more convenient for administration and permits of indefinite expansion. Some of the best-known institutions constructed on this plan are Alt-Scherbitz near Leipzig; Gabersee near Munich, Germany; the Saint Lawrence State Hospital at Ogdensburg, N. Y., and the Craig Colony for Epileptics at Sonyea, N. Y.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Insanity (law)

Edition of 1920. See also Insanity on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
INSANITY, in the legal sense, such a degree of mental unsoundness as to call for the restraint of the person afflicted or to justify the authorities in depriving him of the management of his property and affairs. An insane person comes in contact with the law (1) when he suffers from such unsoundness of mind that it is necessary for his own or the public welfare that his liberty be restricted; (2) when he is incapable of managing himself or his affairs, or of directing their management; and (3) when a plea of insanity is entered on his behalf, in answer to a criminal charge. Insanity in a
legal sense includes only questions of life or property, competency and responsibility, and ability to transact the affairs of life. According to the law of the United States, the modern view is that whether a person is or is not insane is in every case a question of fact. The courts are quite liberal in attempting to sustain wills of persons who are not wholly insane. If a person has sufficient understanding to comprehend the nature of the testamentary act, knows the nature of his property and shows clearly that he could decide why he wanted his property to go to the beneficiaries named, his will is usually received and probated. An insane person, is responsible for his torts. He is criminally responsible for his actions, unless from defective mental power or from mental disease he cannot understand the nature of his acts, or does not know that his act is wrong, or is unable to control his conduct — unless, in the last case his want of control arises from his own fault. An insane person muat sue or defend an action through his guardian ad litem. A person confined against his will as insane is entitled to a writ of habeus corpus and a judicial inquiry as to the legality of his detention.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lawrence, Amos Adams

Edition of 1920. See also Amos Adams Lawrence on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LAWRENCE, Amos Adams, American philanthropist: b. Boston, Mass., 31 July 1814;
d. Nahant, Mass., 22 Aug. 1886. He was graduated at Harvard University in 1835, invested extensively in cotton manufactories and later became interested in various industrial corporations and banking firms. He served as an officer in various charitable institutions and was principal manager of the Emigrant Aid Association organized to aid in the colonization and maintenance of Kansas as a free State, in which connection he was associated with Eli Thayer and others in 1853-54. The town of Lawrence in Kansas was named in his honor. In the Civil War he was active in recruiting the 2d Massachusetts Cavalry regiment. He was one of the founders of Lawrence College, Appleton, Wis., and he built Lawrence Hall, the Episcopal Theological Seminary, at Cambridge.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lawrence (Kansas)

Edition of 1920. See also Lawrence, Kansas on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LAWRENCE, Kan., city and county-seat of Douglas County, on both sides of the Kansas River, and on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé and the Union Pacific railroads, 40 miles west of Kansas City. It is the farming trade centre for Douglas and parts of two other counties, and is principally engaged in manufacturing, which is greatly promoted by the excellent water power furnished by the river. It is the seat of the Kansas State University, Haskell Institute and Government Indian Industrial School; contains a hospital, public library, fine school buildings and several public parks, and has flour and paper mills, barbed-wire, ice, brick and tile, shirt, sash and door factories and foundry and machine shops. There are electric-light plants, waterworks, several national and State banks, daily, weekly and monthly periodicals and an assessed property valuation of over $1,000,000. The city was settled by an anti-slavery colony from the East in 1854 and was named in honor of Amos A. Lawrence. It was the first of the Kansas Free-State towns founded by the Emignant Aid Society, soon after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill (q.v.). In 1856 a band of Missouri border ruffians sacked the town, which, was defended by old John Brown
(q.v.) and his sons. In 1863, the Confederate raider Quantrell attacked the town and killed 125 citizens. The commission plan of city government has been in operation since 1914. Pop. 13,018.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lawrance, John

Edition of 1920. See also John Laurance on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LAWRANCE, John, American lawyer, soldier and legislator: b. Cornwall, England,
1750; d. New York city, November 1810. He emigrated to America in 1767, settling in New York, where he was admitted to the bar in 1772. He early attained a considerable success as a lawyer, and at the outbreak of the Revolution warmly espoused its cause. He received an officer's commission in the First New York regiment, serving under his father-in-law, Gen. Alexander MacDougall. He was appointed aide-de-camp to Washington in 1777, and in October of that year presided over the trial of Major André. He returned to the practice of law after the war, and in 1785-87 was a delegate to the Continental Congress. He was an ardent supporter of the constitution proposed by the Federalists, and lost his seat to an anti-Federalist in 1788. He served in the New York State senate in 1789 and was elected the first representative of New York city in the first United States Congress, 1789-91, succeeding himself in the second Congress, 1791-93. In 1794 he was the first justice appointed to the United States District Court of New York, resigning upon his election to the United States Senate in 1796. He served as president pro-tempore of the Senate in 1798-99. Lawrance was a personal friend of both Washington and Hamilton.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lawrence, Abbott

Edition of 1920. See also Abbott Lawrence on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LAWRENCE, Abbott, American manufacturer and diplomatist: b. Groton, Mass., 16 Dec 1792; d. Boston, 18 Aug. 1855. In 1814 he became one of the firm of A. and A. Lawrence, which for many years conducted a prosperous business in the sale of foreign cotton and woolen goods on commission, and later established a cotton industry in Lowell, Mass., with his brother Amos (q.v.). He was a member of the 24th Congress and again 1839-40. He was a commissioner in 1842 to settle the Northeastern Boundary question and arranged a basis for settlement with Lord Ashburton which was satisfactory to both the United States and England, and was Minister to Great Britain in 1849-52. He founded the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University, to which he gave $100,000; and was a liberal philanthropist. Consult Hill, A. H., ‘Memoir of Abbott Lawrence’ (2d ed., Boston 1884).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lawrence, Amos

Edition of 1920. See also Amos Lawrence on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LAWRENCE, Amos, American merchant: b. Groton, Mass., 1786; d. Boston, 31 Dec. 1852. He was educated in his birthplace at an academy founded by his father. He worked for many years as a clerk and in 1807 started at Boston a dry-goods business of his own, formed a partnership with his brother (1814) and began a large wholesale business. Lawrence and Lowell became the centres of this firm's manufacturing activity which soon placed them at the head of the cotton-spinning and weaving trade. Amos Lawrence retired from active business in 1831 through ill health and spent much of his later years in promoting works of philanthropy and patriotism. The academy at Groton, of which he was a liberal benefactor, was named Lawrence Academy in his honor (1843); he contributed liberally to the raising of the Bunker Hill monument and made large contributions to Williams College. Consult ‘Extracts from the Diary and Correspondence of Amos Lawrence with a Brief Account of Some Incidents in His Life’ (1855).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Legal-Tender Cases

Edition of 1920. See also Legal Tender Cases on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LEGAL-TENDER CASES, in American finance, a series of cases before the United States Supreme Court, involving the question whether certain acts of Congress declaring United States notes a legal tender in payment of all debts, public and private, were constitutional. The cases were first argued in December 1867 and decided in November 1869, by a divided court. Five members of the court decided in the affirmative and three dissented. In 1871 after a reorganization of the Supreme Court, the cases were again brought up for argument. Again the court divided, five judges upholding the constitutionally of the act and four dissenting. All the judges agreed that Congress had full power to direct issues of paper money. In 1878 Congress decreed that legal tender notes which had been redeemed or received in the Treasury from any source should be reissued and kept in circulation. This latter act was assailed in the courts and the Supreme Court decided, with but one dissenting voice, that Congress had full power to make United States notes a legal tender in the payment of private debts in times of peace as well as in times of war. This decision closed all judicial action upon the subject. Consult Thayer, ‘Legal Tender’ in Harvard Law Review (1887); Legal Tender Cases (110 U. S. 421, 1884); Bancroft, George, ‘A Plea for the Constitution’ (New York 1886); Miller, ‘Lectures on the Constitution of the United States’ (ib. 1891).
# The Federalist (Ford)/Hamilton's Syllabus

SYLLABUS OF THE FEDERALIST.
| N. | 45 | 52 |
| S. | 31 | 31 |
| | 14 | 11 | | 434 |
| | 973 | 764½ | mean | 868¾ | by |
| | | 750 |
REVIEW.
| I. | Full House of Representatives chosen every second year, etc. |
| II. | Senate for six years by Legislatures. Rotation every two years. Probable increase. |
| III. | Executive. Manner of appointment. Compensation. Negotiation of treaties. Nomination of officers. |
| IV. | Judicial power. Constitution of judges. Extent of powers. Inferior courts. Trial by jury. Criminal cases. |
POWERS.
| I. | To provide revenue for the Common defense. |
| II. | To regulate commerce. |
| III. | To declare war. ​ |
| IV. | To raise and support armies. |
| V. | Admission of new states. |
| VI. | Disposal of property. |
MISCELLANEOUS ADVANTAGES.
| I. | To prohibit importation of slaves after 1808. |
| II. | Account to be rendered of expenditure of moneys. |
| III. | No state shall emit bills of credit [pass no bill of at]tainder, ex-post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant title of nobility. |
| IV. | Definition of treason. |
| V. | Guarantee of Republican government. |
# The Federalist (Ford)

CONTENTS.
| | | PAGE |
| Editor's Introduction, | Editor's Introduction, | vii |
| Hamilton's Syllabus of "The Federalist," | Hamilton's Syllabus of "The Federalist," | xliii |
| Madison's Account of "The Federalist," | Madison's Account of "The Federalist," | xlix |
| Editor's Table of Contents of "The Federalist," | Editor's Table of Contents of "The Federalist," | li |
| Hamilton's Table of Contents of "The Federalist," | Hamilton's Table of Contents of "The Federalist," | lxxiii |
| Hamilton's Preface to "The Federalist," | Hamilton's Preface to "The Federalist," | lxxvii |
| The Federalist, | The Federalist, | 1–588 |
| Appendix, | Appendix, | 589 |
| | Articles of Confederation, 1781, | 591 |
| | The Federal Constitution, 1787–1789, | 598 |
| | Amendments Thereto, 1789–1870, | 621 |
| | Amendments Proposed by Massachusetts, 1788, | 632 |
| | Amendments Proposed by South Carolina, 1788, | 633 |
| | Amendments Proposed by New Hampshire, 1788, | 633 |
| | Amendments Proposed by Virginia, 1788, | 635 |
| | Amendments Proposed by New York, 1788, | 639 |
| | Amendments Proposed by North Carolina, 1788, | 646 |
| | Jefferson's Opinion on a National Bank, 1791, | 651 |
| | Hamilton's Opinion on a National Bank, 1791, | 655 |
| | Kentucky Resolutions of 1798, | 679 |
| | Virginia Resolutions of 1798, | 684 |
| | Jefferson's Proposed Louisiana Amendment, 1803, | 686 |
| | Abstract of Decisions in Case of Marbury vs. Madison, 1803, | 686 |
| | Amendments Proposed by Hartford Convention, 1814, | 687 |
| | Missouri Compromise, 1820, | 689 |
| | South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832, | 690 |
| | Jackson's Nullification Proclamation, 1832, | 692 |
| | Abstract of Dred Scott Decision, 1857, | 708 |
| | South Carolina Ordinance of Secession, 1860, | 711 |
| | South Carolina Declaration of Independence, 1860, | 711 |
| | Crittenden's Amendments, 1861, | 716 |
| | Peace Conference Amendments, 1861, | 718 |
| | Constitution of the Confederate States, 1861, | 720 |
| | Act Creating Electoral Commission, 1877, | 732 |
| | Abstract of Decision in Third Legal Tender Case, 1884, | 736 |
| Index. | Index. | 739 |
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Federalist (Ford)/South Carolina Ordinance of Secession

SOUTH CAROLINA ORDINANCE OF SECESSION, 1860.
An ordinance to dissolve the Union between the State of South Carolina and other States united with her under the compact entitled "The Constitution of the United States of America."
We, the People of the State of South Carolina, in Convention assembled, do declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and ordained, that the Ordinance adopted by us in Convention, on the Twenty-third of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight, whereby the Constitution of the United States was ratified, and also all other Acts and parts of Acts of the General Assembly of the State ratifying amendments of the said Constitution, are hereby repealed, and the union now subsisting between South Carolina and other States, under the name of the United States of America, is hereby dissolved.