OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pastor

Edition of 1905. See also Pastor on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PASTOR (Lat., shepherd; so called because frequently seen near flocks of sheep). The popular, as well as the generic name of certain birds of the starling family (Sturnidæ). They differ from starlings in the compressed and slightly curved bill. In habits, as in structure and food, the groups are very similar. (See Oxpecker.) They are confined to the Old World, and especially to the Orient, though one species, the rose-colored pastor, or rose-starling (Pastor roseus), glossy black, with pink back and abdomen, is occasionally seen (sometimes in vast flocks) about the Mediterranean. It is not only a very handsome bird, but is very useful, especially where locusts occur, as the pastors eat the young locusts greedily, and are for this reason sometimes called ‘locust-birds’ (q.v.). In India the species is numerous and familiar, and is included with the mynas. See Plate of Larks and Starlings.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Parris, Samuel

Edition of 1905. See also Samuel Parris on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PAR'RIS, Samuel (1653-1720). A New England clergyman. He was born in London, went in youth to Massachusetts, and studied at Harvard College, but did not graduate. After being a successful merchant in Boston, he entered the ministry, and was pastor of the church at Danvers, Mass. (then a part of Salem), in 1689-96. He is remembered from the fact that the delusion of Salem witchcraft originated in his family in 1692, his daughter and his niece accusing Tituba, a South African slave living as a servant in the family, with bewitching them. Mr. Parris beat her and compelled her to confess herself a witch. The delusion and persecution thus commenced lasted sixteen months. Mr. Parris having been a zealous prosecutor in the witchcraft cases, his church brought charges against him. He acknowledged his error, but was dismissed. He preached afterwards at Stow, Concord, and Dunstable. Consult his Life by Fowler (Salem, 1857).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Passion-flower

Edition of 1905. See also Passiflora on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PASSION-FLOWER (Passiflora). A genus of fifty known species of mostly climbing plants of the natural order Passifloraceæ. The species, which are almost exclusively natives of the warm parts of America, have alternate, simple, variously lobed leaves, from the axils of which tendrils are produced. The flowers are usually hermaphrodite, with a generally fine segmented
colored calyx, and similarly segmented or absent corolla. Several rows of filamentous processes spring from within the cup, which is formed by the consolidated calyx and corolla. The genus received its name from fanciful persons among the first Spanish settlers in America who imagined a representation of the Lord's passion, the filamentous processes being taken to represent the crown of thorns, the three styles the nails of the cross, and the five anthers the marks of the wounds. On account of the large and beautiful flowers, many of the species are cultivated in greenhouses; some are also grown in tropical countries for their fruit, particularly Passiflora edulis, or granadilla (q.v.). Passiflora quadrangularis is a larger edible species known as the large granadilla. One of the best known species is Passiflora cærulea, a native of Peru and Brazil, extensively grown for its beautiful white, pale blue, or rose-colored flowers. Like most species, it succeeds in the open only in tropical and subtropical climates. Among the popular cultivated species are Passifiora gracilis and Passifiora racemosa. About ten species are natives of the United States, among which are Passiflora incarnata, the May-pop of the Southern States, a showy flowered edible fruited species. The passion-flower is propagated by seeds and by cuttings of the young wood.
PASSION-FLOWERS
| 1. PURPLE-FRUITED PASSION-FLOWER - PASSIFLORA EDULIS | 4. MAY-POP - PASSIFLORA INCARNATA |
| 2. SLENDER PASSION-FLOWER - PASSIFLORA GRACILIS | 5. GRANADILLA - PASSIFLORA QUADRANGULARIS |
| 3. COMMON PASSION-FLOWER - PASSIFLORA CÆRULEA | 6. PRINCESS CHARLOTTE'S PASSION-FLOWER - PASSIFLORA RACEMOSA |
# The New International Encyclopædia/Passionists

Edition of 1905. See also Passionists on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PASSIONISTS. The name generally applied to the order formally known as “Barefooted Clerks of the Holy Cross and Passion of Our Lord,” founded by Saint Paul of the Cross (q.v.). Their first permanent settlement was made on Monte Argentaro, near Genoa, in 1737; they received the first Papal approbation as a society of mission preachers from Benedict XIV. in 1741, and their rule, modified in some points, was again confirmed by Clement XIV. in 1769, who four years later gave them the Church of Saints John and Paul on the Cœlian Hill in Rome, now the headquarters of the Order. The members take, besides the usual monastic vows, a fourth to remember and meditate continually upon the sufferings of Christ. Their work is principally the conversion of sinners, especially by preaching missions. Their habit is black, with a white heart-shaped piece of stuff sewed on the left breast, in which are represented the instruments of the passion—cross, nails, crown of thorns, etc. The general (prœpositus) is elected by the general chapter for six years; each house has a rector, chosen for three years. The Order has now eight provinces—four in Italy, one in England, one in America, one in France, and one in Spain. In 1901 they numbered eighty-seven professed fathers in the United States (to which they came in 1852), with ten monasteries.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Passow, Franz

Edition of 1905. See also Franz Passow on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PASSOW, päs'sṓ, Franz (1786-1833). A German philologist. He was born at Ludwigslust, studied at Leipzig, and was called in 1807 to the chair of Greek in the Weimar Gymnasium, and in 1815 to that of ancient literature in the University of Breslau. His principal work is his Handwörterbuch der griechischen Sprache (1819-24). He also published Grundzüge der griechischen und römischen Litteratur- und Kunstgeschichte (2d ed., 1829), and other volumes.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pastor, Ludwig

Edition of 1905. See also Ludwig von Pastor on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PASTOR, päs'tôr, Ludwig (1854—). A German historian, born at Aix-la-Chapelle. He studied at the universities of Bonn, Berlin, and Vienna, became a lecturer at Innsbruck in 1880, and was appointed to a professorship of history there in 1880. In the preparation of his historical works he made extensive research in the archives of Germany, France, and Italy, particularly those of the Vatican, first made accessible by Leo XIII. His chief publication is his Geschichte der Päpste seit dem Ausgang des Mittelalters (1886-95; 4th ed., 1899-1901; English trans., London, 1891-98), an extensive and thorough history of the Papacy from the close of the Middle Ages. Other volumes by him are Die kirchlichen Reunionsbestrebungen während der Regierung Karls V. (1879), and Die Korrespondenz des Kardinals Contarini während seiner deutschen Legation (1880).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pastor Fido

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
PASTOR FIDO. See Guarini.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hartig, Georg Ludwig

Edition of 1905. See also Georg Ludwig Hartig on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HARTIG, Georg Ludwig (1764-1837). A German forester. He was born at Gladenbach, and was educated at Giessen, where he studied mathematics, political economy, geodesy, and physics. While in the service of Prince Solms-Braunfeld at Hungen, Hartig established a school of forestry which became the model for future institutions of this kind. In 1811 he was appointed chief of the department of forestry at Berlin; and it was due to his firmness that a large part of the German forests was not sacrificed to meet the financial exigencies of the time. He wrote in all thirty-one works, such as: Anweisung zur Holzzucht für Förster (8th ed. 1818); Lehrbuch für Förster (11th ed. 1877); Lehrbuch für Jäger (11th ed. 1884); and Kubiktabellen (10th ed. 1871).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hartig, Robert

Edition of 1905. See also Robert Hartig on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HARTIG, Robert (1839—). A writer on forestry, born at Brunswick, a son of Theodor Hartig (q.v.), and educated at the Collegium Carolinum, of Brunswick, and at Berlin. In 1878 he was appointed professor of botany at Munich. The scientific labors of Hartig in the department of vegetable pathology have contributed greatly to the development of that branch of science. Prior to his investigations on the progressive stages of disease in trees, little or nothing had been done in this department of scientific inquiry; so that Hartig may be considered the founder of arboreal pathology. His more important works include: Die Unterscheidungsmerkmale der wichtigern in Deutschland wachsenden Hölzer (3d ed. 1890); Lehrbuch der Baumkrankheiten (2d ed. 1889; Eng. trans. by W. Somerville, 1894). In this work the author reviews the development of the study of vegetable pathology; the causes of vegetable disease; the injuries induced by such plants as cryptogams, fungi, and phanerogams; and wounds, and diseases due to conditions of the soil.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hartig, Theodor

Edition of 1905. See also Theodor Hartig on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HARTIG, Theodor (1805-80). A German forester and naturalist. He was born at Dillenburg, was educated at Berlin (1824-27), and was successively lecturer and professor of forestry at the University of Berlin (1831-38) and at the Carolinum, Brunswick. His works include: Die Aderflügler Deutschlands (2d ed. 1860); Vergleichende Untersuchungen über den Ertrag der Rotbuche (2d ed. 1851). In collaboration with his father, Georg Ludwig Hartig, he also published the work entitled, Forstliches und naturwissenschaftliches Konversationslexikon. The eleventh edition of his father's Lehrbuch für Förster, the later reprints of which he had revised, was published in 1877.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hartlib, Samuel

Edition of 1905. See also Samuel Hartlib on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HART'LIB, Samuel (c.1600-c.1670). An English social reformer. He was born at Elbing, West Prussia, of Polish ancestry, and went to London in 1628. He is said to have introduced the earlier writings of Comenius into England (1637 and 1639), and to have taken an active part in the movement for the unification of the
various Protestant sects. He was an intimate friend of Milton, and is said to have been very charitable. His publications, which are devoted chiefly to educational and economic reforms, include: Considerations Tending to the Happy Accomplishment of England's Reformation in Church and State (submitted to Parliament in 1647); Macaria (1641), containing the outlines of an ideal State; and The Reformed Husbandman (1651).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hartig, Franz, Count

Edition of 1905. See also Franz von Hartig on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HARTIG, här'tĭK, Franz, Count (1789-1865). An Austrian statesman. He held a number of important posts under the Government until the appearance of his book, Genesis der Revolution in Oesterreich (3d ed. 1851), describing the beginning of the liberal movement in Austria, forced him into retirement. In 1860 he was elected to the Reichsrat, where he played a prominent part as a member of the Liberal Centralist Party. In 1861 he was called to the Austrian House of Lords, of which he remained a member until his death.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hartford, The

Edition of 1905. See also USS Hartford (1858) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HARTFORD, The. The flagship in which Admiral Farragut made his attack on New Orleans, in April, 1862. She was also his flagship in the attack on Mobile.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hartford City

Edition of 1905. See also Hartford City, Indiana on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HARTFORD CITY. A city and the county-seat of Blackford County, Ind., 72 miles northeast of Indianapolis; on the Lake Erie and Western and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis railroads (Map: Indiana, D 2). It is supplied with natural gas, and oil interests are being developed; there are manufactures of paper and pulp, strawboard, glass, iron, flour, hubs and spokes, etc. The water-works are owned by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 2287; in 1900, 5912.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hartford Theological Seminary

Edition of 1905. See also Hartford Seminary on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HARTFORD THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. A Congregational institution, founded in 1834 at East Windsor Hill, Conn., under the name of the Theological Institute of Connecticut, and removed in 1865 to Hartford, with a change of name. The legal constitution of the seminary vests its control in a board of trustees, who are elected by the Pastoral Union — an association of nearly 200 ministers, all of whom give assent to the creed of the Union, a statement of doctrine drawn up in 1834, with singular breadth of view. Although the seminary was established at a time of theological controversy, the occasions of dispute then have long ago ceased to exist, and the institution now is concerned simply with the problem of training ministers for present-day work on the broadest lines of intellectual and spiritual development. In the reconstruction of theological pedagogy in America during the last twenty-five years, the seminary has been often the pioneer and always abreast of the most enterprising progress. The faculty in 1903 numbered twelve professors and twelve regular lecturers, and the student body was about eighty-five. At that time the library contained over 81,000 volumes and nearly 45,000 pamphlets — being unsurpassed in this country in several of its special collections. The main buildings are Hosmer Hall, valued at $150,000, erected in 1880 by James B. Hosmer, and the Case Memorial Library, erected in 1902 by Newton Case at a cost of $100,000. Since 1890 the faculty
has issued The Hartford Seminary Record, a quarterly magazine.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Rameses

See also Ramesses on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Rameses (räm′ē̇-sēz), Egyptian monarchs of whom two, the first and the second, were especially famous. It is usual to identify the warrior-king Rameses II with the Pharaoh who oppressed the children of Israel so sorely and Rameses III with the Pharaoh of the Exodus, although there is considerable difficulty in the identification. The mummy of Rameses II was found in 1881 and that of Rameses III in 1886.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ramayana

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​Ramayana (rä-mä′yȧ-nȧ) is one of the two great epics of India, the other being Mahábhárata. Its subject is the story of Ráma, and its reputed author is Valmiki, who is said to have taught his poem to the two sons of Ráma. Although the statement is doubtful, it is certain that Valmiki was a real personage and that the Rámáyana was not, like the Máhábhárata, the creation of different minds at various epochs. As a poetical composition, the Rámáyana may safely be called the great poem of India.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ramillies

See also Battle of Ramillies on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ramillies, (rȧ′mē′yē′), a village of Brabant, Belgium, is memorable as the place near which, on May 23, 1706, the French forces under Villeroy and the elector of Bavaria were defeated by Marlborough. This victory compelled the French to give up the whole of the Spanish Netherlands.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ramsay, David

See also David Ramsay (historian) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ram′say, David, an American physician and historian, was born in Lancaster County, Pa. April 2, 1749, and, after graduating at Princeton College, studied medicine and entered upon practice at Charleston, S. C., two or three years before the Revolutionary War. After the capture of Charleston by the British he was kept as a hostage at St. Augustine for nearly a year; and at the close of the war was chosen a member of the Continental Congress. Besides medical essays and other works he published a History of South Carolina and a History of the American Revolution. Dr. Ramsay was a member of the South Carolina legislature for several years before his death, which took place at Charleston, S. C., May 8, 1815.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ramsay, Sir William

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​Ramsay, Sir William, K. C. B., F. R. S., professor of chemistry at University College, London, was born in 1852 at Glasgow, Scotland, and early distinguished himself by researches into the constituents of air while acting as professor of chemistry in University College at Bristol, of which he became principal in 1881. Six years later he was appointed to his present post, where he has with great success pursued his investigations and researches, the practical fruit of which led him in 1893, in conjunction with Lord Rayleigh, to discover the element argon and, later, the gaseous element helion. Sir William also detected in the air the heretofore unknown elements to which he has given the Greek names of neon, krypton and xenon; he has, moreover, shown the transformation of the radium emanation into helium, neon and, probably, argon and the more than likely change of copper into lithium and sodium. In 1904 Sir William was awarded the Nobel prize in chemistry. Besides issuing several textbooks on chemistry, Sir William has translated Beilstein's Qualitative Analysis and published a treatise on The Gases of the Atmosphere, with a history of their discovery.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ramsey, Alexander

See also Alexander Ramsey on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ramsey (răm′zĭ), Alexander, United States senator and governor of Minnesota,ALEXANDER RAMSEY was born near Harrisburg, Pa., Sept. 8, 1815, where, after studying law, he began to practise in 1839, and took part in the following year in the Harrison and Tyler campaign. In 1843 ne was elected to Congress in the Whig interest; from 1849 to 1853 he was governor of Minnesota Territory; and again served Minnesota from 1859 to 1863, when it had become a state. He at one time also was mayor of St. Paul, and from 1863 to 1875 was United States senator. In 1879 he became secretary of war in the Hayes administration. He afterwards acted as a member of the Utah and other ​commissions. His death occurred on April 22, 1903.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Rama

See also Rama on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Rama (rä′mä), in Hindu mythology, is the name common to three incarnations of Vishnu as Parasurama, Rama-chandra and Balarama. See Vishnu.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ramession or Ramesseum

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​Ramession or Ramesseum. The Ramession was built by Rameses the Great in the 15th century B. C. on the opposite bank of the Nile from Luxor and Karnak, and nearly as large as the former. It is the only temple entirely constructed under the reign of one king. The Ramession is in a bad state of ruin, and very little has been left even of its material; but it still is quite easy to trace the general plan. Two great pylons flank the main entrance; the two are 226 feet wide but the upper part is gone. This opens into a peristylar court which formerly had a double colonnade on two sides at least. A colossal statue, 56 feet high, of Rameses seated is at the further end facing backs of pylons. Another court, grander than the first, with porticos to left and right, each having a double range of columns, is adjoining. The entrance to this is effected through a grand doorway. Osirid figures, 31 feet high, formed a row on each side of the entrance; many still remain. Next to this is a vestibule which is reached by three flights of steps; this is ornamented by two colossal busts of Rameses and a row of columns. From this three large doorways of black granite lead to the hypostyle hall, which measures 136 feet wide and 103 feet long. Forty-eight columns support the roof, with the mode of lighting the same as that at Karnak. The ceiling is painted blue with golden stars. Beyond the hall are wide chambers, each having a roof supported by eight columns. Back of these are smaller chambers with only four columns. Around these are gathered still smaller rooms which have been suggested by some as having been used by students that came to the Ramession to study. There is supposed to have been a library here also.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ramée, Louise de la

See also Ouida on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ramée, Louise de la (known by her pen-name of Ouida), English novelist of French extraction, was born at Bury St. Edmunds in 1840. Little is known of her early life or education beyond the fact that she was brought up in London, where she began in the sixties to write for Colburn's New Monthly and other magazines. Her pen-name was, it is said, suggested by the efforts of a child-sister to call her Louise. Her first novel, Granville de Vigne, appeared in book form in 1863, and she was a most industrious and prolific writer. Her novels dealt with all phases of European society, some of her themes being treated with cleverness and skill, often with cynical railing at the weaknesses of her characters. Her early stories were extravagantly romantic; but she shed her passionate exuberance and became stronger as a writer, though inclined to the reckless and tragic. She for 30 years made her home in Italy, where the scenes of many of her novels are laid. Her best-known stories are Under Two Flags, ​Othmar, Moths and Wanda. She died on Jan. 25, 1908.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ranching

See also Ranch on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ranch′ing, the business of cattle-raising in the unsettled regions of the west. The name is derived from rancho, Spanish for mess or messroom. The special feature of ranching is that cattle are kept in a half-wild state, being allowed to range over a great deal of ground, such pasture as they can find being their only food. The life of ranchmen, generally called cowboys, is not so wild and free as it once was, but still has great charms for many different classes of young men. The term ranch, has come to be applied throughout the west not merely to stockranges, but to all kinds of farms.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Aberdeen

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​Aberdeen (ăb-er-dēn′), the principal city of northern Scotland, receives its name from two Gaelic words meaning "at the mouth of the Dee," where it is situated, about 100 miles northeast of Edinburgh. Its charter dates from 1179. It was burned by the English in 1336, and after its restoration called New Aberdeen. It has large factories of cotton, woolen and linen fabrics, exports granite extensively, and is engaged in whale fisheries and in shipbuilding. It is the seat of the University of Aberdeen. Population (1911) 163,084.