OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Negro Problem: Abraham Lincoln's Solution

Published 1909 by G.P. Putnam's Sons
TO THE THINKING MEN AND WOMEN OF THE UNITED STATES, WHO, REALIZING THE GRAVITY OF THE NEGRO PROBLEM, ARE SEEKING IN PERPLEXITY FOR ITS SOLUTION, THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED.
CONTENTS BOOK I. THE PROBLEM. CHAPTER PAGB I. The Character of the Problem ... 3 II. The History of the Problem . . .29 III. The Dimensions of the Problem . . .47 IV. The Present Condition of the Negro Race . 68 V. Illustrative Phases of the Problem . . 96 VI. Why Attempt to Solve the Problem at All ? . 125 BOOK II. THE PROPOSED SOLUTIONS. I. The Solution of the South . . . .153 II. Lynching as an Element of the Problem . 178 III. The Solution of the North . . . .204 IV. The Political Phase of the Problem. . .229 V. The Disfranchisement of the Negro. . . 259 VI. The Negro's Solution 285 VII. Abraham Lincoln's Solution . . . 306
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# The Neighbouring Families

English-language translations of Nabofamilierne include:
* "The Roses and the Sparrows" in Hans Andersen's Fairy Tales (1888), translated by Mrs. Henry H. B. Paull
* "The Neighbouring Families" in Fairy Tales and Other Stories (1914), translated by W. A. Craigie and J. K. Craigie
# The Negro Servant

Also known as "The African Servant" in some works
* "The Negro Servant", as published in various versions of Annals of the Poor
* "The Negro Servant" (1876) IA (possibly problematic, frontispiece missing)
* "The African Servant" (abridged, date unknown) in The Dairyman's Daughter, the Young Cottager, and the African Servant (external scan)
* "The African Servant" (abridged, date unknown) in Elegant Narratives (start transcription)
# The New International Encyclopædia/Kloss, Georg Burkhard Franz

Edition of 1905. See also Georg Kloss on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KLOSS, klṓs, Georg Burkhard Franz (1787-1854). A German historian of Freemasonry. He was born in Frankfort, and studied and practiced medicine there. His works, which are fundamental to the history of the Order, include: Bibliographie der Freimaurerei (1844); Freimaurerei in ihrer wahren Bedeutung (2d ed., 1855); Geschichte der Freimaurerei in England, Irland und Schottland (1848); and Geschichte der Freimaurerei in Frankreich (1852-53).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Klostermann, Heinrich August

Edition of 1905. See also August Klostermann on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KLOSTERMANN, klōs'tẽr-mȧn, Heinrich August (1837—). A German Lutheran theologian, born at Steinhude and educated at Erlangen and Berlin. He was repetent and docent of theology at Göttingen until 1868, when he accepted a chair of Old Testament exegesis. He wrote: Vindiciæ Lucanæ (1866); Das Markusevangelium (1867); Untersuchungen zur alttestamentlichen Theologie (1868); Probleme im Aposteltext neu erörtert (1883); Zur Theorie der biblischen Weissagung und zur Characteristik des Hebräerbriefes (1889); Der Pentateuch (1893); and Geschichte des Volkes Israel (1896).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Kluckhohn, August

Edition of 1905. See also August Kluckhohn on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KLUCKHOHN, klōōk'hōn, August (1832-93). A German historian. He was born at Bavenhausen and studied at Heidelberg and Göttingen. In 1858 he went to Munich to become one of the editors of Sybel's Historische Zeitschrift. In 1865 he was appointed professor of history at Munich, and in 1883 he went to the University of Göttingen. His works include: Geschichte des Gottesfriedens (1857); Wilhehn III., Herzog von Bayern-Landshut (1865); Friedrich der Fromme, Kurfürst von der Pfalz (1876-79); Luise, Königin von Preussen (1876); Blücher (1879); Ueber L. von Westenrieders Leben und
Schriften (1890); and the posthumous Vorträge und Aufsätze (1894).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Kluge, Friedrich

Edition of 1905. See also Friedrich Kluge on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KLUGE, klo͞o′ge, Friedrich (1856—). A Germanic scholar, born at Cologne. He studied at Leipzig, Strassburg, and Freiburg; was made professor at Jena in 1884, and in 1893 at Freiburg. Besides his very valuable Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (6th ed. 1899), he wrote Stammbildungslehre der altgermanischen Dialekte (2d ed. 1899); Von Luther bis Lessing, sprachgeschichtliche Aufsätze (3d ed. 1897); and Deutsche Studentensprache (1895). With Lutz he published English Etymology (1898), and to Paul's Grundriss der germanischen Philologie he contributed “Vorgeschichte der germanischen Sprachen” and “Geschichte der englischen Sprache” (2d ed. 1899).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Klughardt, August

Edition of 1905. See also August Klughardt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KLUGHARDT, klōōG'härt, August (1847-1902). A German composer, born at Köthen. He studied at the Dessau gymnasium and music at Dresden under Blassmann and Reichel. After having been theatre-kapellmeister at Posen, Lübeck, and Weimar, he became in 1872 Courtkapellmeister at Neustrelitz, and in 1882 took a like position at Dessau. He composed the operas Mirjam (1871), Iwein (1879), Gudrun (1882), Die Hochzeit des Mönchs (1886), and, in addition to overtures, symphonies, and other instrumental pieces, the remarkable symphonic poem Leonore.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Klöden, Karl Friedrich von

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Friedrich von Klöden on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KLÖDEN, klẽ'den, Karl Friedrich von (1786-1856). A German educator, historian, and geographer. He was born at Berlin and got his education with difficulty while he was working with a goldsmith, learning engraving and giving lessons. In 1817 he was made director of the normal school at Potsdam, and seven years afterwards of a commercial school in Berlin. His most important work was geographical; besides his maps of Europe, mention should be made of Grundlinien zu einer neuen Theorie der Erdgestaltung (1824) and Landeskunde von Palästina (1816). His historical works include: Ueber die Entstehung, das Alter and die früheste Geschichte der Städte Berlin und Kölln (1839); Lebens- und Regierungsgeschichte Friedrich Wilhelms III. (1840); and Die Quitzows und ihre Zeit (3d ed. 1889). Consult his Jugenderinnerungen Karl Friedrichs von Klöden (Leipzig, 1874).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb

Edition of 1905. See also Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KLOPSTOCK, klŏp'stōk, Friedrich Gottlieb (1724-1803). A German poet of great fame in the latter half of the eighteenth century, now hardly read or readable. He was born in Quedlinburg, July 2, 1724, and died in Hamburg, March 14, 1803. Educated at Quedlinburg and the famous school at Schulpforta, Klopstock went in 1745 to Jena to study theology, but left in 1746 for Leipzig, where he made the acquaintance of Gellert. Going then as private tutor to Langensalza, in 1748 he published the first three cantos of Der Messias, intended to be a Miltonic poem, and so won the attention of Bodmer, the translator of Milton, who invited him in 1750 to Zurich, whence he went in 1751 to Copenhagen by invitation of the Danish King. There he completed the Messias; but political changes brought him back to Germany in 1771, and he remained there, chiefly in Hamburg, till his death. Klopstock wrote also pietistic odes, an artificial Art of Poetry (Die Gelehrtenrepublik, 1744); Bardiete, antiquated in patriotism and obsolete in mythology, interspersed with unactable dramas of clumsy savagery (Hermannschlacht, 1769; Hermann und die Fürsten, 1784; and Hermanns Tod, 1787), all sentimental and overwrought. Though Klopstock's contributions to German thought and poetry were small, his enrichment of the poetic vocabulary and his attention to prosody were of great service to the poets that immediately followed him. Klopstock's Works were first collected in twelve volumes (Leipzig, 1798-1817). There is an English translation of the Messias that does fair justice to the nebulous earnestness of the original. Consult: Muncker, Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, Geschichte seines Lebens und seiner Schriften (2d ed.. Berlin, 1900); Lyon, Ueber Klopstocks Verhältnis zu Goethe (Leipzig, 1879); and Lappenberg, Briefe von und an Klopstock (Brunswick, 1867).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Klosterneuburg

Edition of 1905. See also Klosterneuburg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KLOSTERNEUBURG, klōs'tẽr-noi'bōōrK. A town of Lower Austria, on the right bank of the Danube, six miles west-northwest of Vienna. It is the seat of the oldest Augustinian monastery in Austria. It was founded by Margrave Leopold III. of Babenberg in 1106-36. The palatial abbey buildings, erected by Charles VI., contain a library of more than 40,000 volumes (1500 incunabula) and 1600 MSS. In the museum is the Austrian archducal hat, used in the ceremonial of swearing allegiance. The old German monastery church of Saint Maria contains a number of fine paintings and a magnificent high altar. Population, in 1890, 8988; in 1900, 11,595. The town was built by Charlemagne on the site of a Roman castle, and made a city by Duke Albert I. (1298) under the name of Neuburg-Klosterholben.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Klotz, Christian Adolf

Edition of 1905. See also Christian Adolph Klotz on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KLOTZ, klṓts, Christian Adolf (1738-71). A German Latinist and literary critic, born at Bischofswerda. He was educated at Halle, Leipzig, and Jena; qualified as docent and became professor at Jena when only twenty-four years old. A year afterwards (1763) he was chosen professor of philosophy at Göttingen, and in 1765 became professor of oratory at Halle. He is remembered chiefly on account of his quarrel with Pieter Burmann, the younger, and of his criticism of Lessing's Laokoon, the brochure Ueber den Nutzen und Gebrauch der alten geschnittenen Steine (1768), which Lessing answered in his Briefe antiquarischen Inhalts (1768-69). Klotz had a remarkably pure Latin style, which is best shown in his satiric works, Mores Eruditorum, in his Opuscula Latina (1760), and in his journal, the Acta Literaria (1764-72). His other works on classical subjects include the editions of Tyrtæus (1764) and of Vida's De Arte Poetica (1776), Opuscula Philologica et Oratoria (1772), Vindiciæ Horatianæ (1764), and Lectiones Venusinæ (1771). Consult Hansen, Leben und Charakter Herrn Klotz (Halle, 1772), and Hagen, Briefe deutscher Gelehrten an Klotz (1773).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Klotz, Matthias

Edition of 1905. See also Klotz (violin makers) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KLOTZ, KLOZ, or CLOTZ, Matthias (1640-96). A well-known Bavarian violin-maker, and head of the celebrated family of violin-makers of that name. He was born at Mittenwald and was probably a pupil of Jakob Stainer (q.v.). Although he was the maker of several very excellent specimens, he did not as a rule exercise sufficient skill or care in the selection of his wood. His varnish is considered by modern experts to have been of good quality, but this, like the undoubted beauty of his model, was more than discounted by his negligence in the respect above mentioned. — His two sons, Sebastian (born in 1675) and Georg (born c.1677), were also makers of violins and greatly surpassed their father in every way, although the work of Georg is noticeable
for the same fault that marred that of his father. Sebastian was the best workman of the entire family. He marked his violins with a secret mark only distinguishable, as a rule, by connoisseurs. It consists of the initials S. K. marked in some obscure part of the instrument. — In a subsequent generation was Egita, also born at Mittenwald, in the first half of the eighteenth century, who is conspicuous for the fact that he used Swiss pine instead of white larch for the bellies of his violins; and further, used a label of his own, instead of that which marks the other Klotz examples. He exhibited remarkable skill and knowledge in selecting his materials, in consequence of which they have improved very much with age, and are considered to possess a broader and more resonant tone than those of any other of the Bavarian makers. — His son Joseph inherited his skill in the selection of materials, and, although not as well made as those of the elder Klotz, his instruments are held in considerable estimation. His model is somewhat broader than that of the typical Klotz violin. — A distant relative, J. Karl Klotz, who worked about 1740, has also left some good examples. His model is flatter and broader than those of the makers above named and is distinguished for its excellent workmanship, seasoned wood, and rich orange-red varnish. The tone is brilliant.
# The Literary Magnet/Series 1

* Volume 1 (January–June 1824)
* Volume 2 (July–December 1824) (transcription project)
** "The Dance of the Dead" by Johann August Apel, translated by J. G—ns
** "Stanzas of Wail" by G. N.
** "Maredata" author unknown, translated by J. G—ns
* Volume 3 (January–June 1825)
* Volume 4 (July–December 1825) (transcription project)
** "The Veiled Bride" by Johann August Apel, translated anonymously
** "You Ask a Song—You Bid Me Sing" anonymous
** "The Veiled Bride—Part II" by Johann August Apel, translated anonymously
** "To Alaric A. Watts, Esq." by Letitia Elizabeth Landon
** "The Elopement" by Johann Karl August Musäus, translated by N. N.
# The Literary Magnet/Series 1/Volume 2

* "The Dance of the Dead" by Johann August Apel, translated by J. G—ns
* "Stanzas of Wail" by G. N.
* "Maredata" author unknown, translated by J. G—ns
# The Literary Magnet/Series 1/Volume 4

* "The Veiled Bride" by Johann August Apel, translated anonymously
* "You Ask a Song—You Bid Me Sing" anonymous
* "The Veiled Bride—Part II" by Johann August Apel, translated anonymously
* "To Alaric A. Watts, Esq." by Letitia Elizabeth Landon
* "The Elopement" by Johann Karl August Musäus, translated by N. N.
# The Literary Magnet

* related portals: Periodicals.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, Wikidata item.
British magazine that began as a weekly magazine in 1824, became a monthly publication later that year, and continued over two series until 1828.
* Series 1: The Literary Magnet of the Belles Lettres, Science, and the Fine Arts
** Volume 1 (January–June 1824) (external scan)
** Volume 2 (July–December 1824) (transcription project)
*** "The Dance of the Dead" by Johann August Apel, translated by J. G—ns
*** "Stanzas of Wail" by G. N.
*** "Maredata" author unknown, translated by J. G—ns
** Volume 3 (January–June 1825) (external scan)
** Volume 4 (July–December 1825) (transcription project)
*** "The Veiled Bride" by Johann August Apel, translated anonymously
*** "You Ask a Song—You Bid Me Sing" anonymous
*** "The Veiled Bride—Part II" by Johann August Apel, translated anonymously
*** "To Alaric A. Watts, Esq." by Letitia Elizabeth Landon
*** "The Elopement" by Johann Karl August Musäus, translated by N. N.
* Series 2: The Literary Magnet, or Monthly Journal of the Belles Lettres
** Volume 1 (January–June 1826) (external scans (multiple parts): 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
** Volume 2 (July–December 1826) (transcription project)
** Volume 3 (January–June 1827) (external scan)
** Volume 4 (July–December 1827) (external scan)
** Volume 5 (January–March 1828) as Wright's Literary Magnet (transcription project)
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Literary Magnet/Series 1/Volume 2/Stanzas of Wail

STANZAS OF WAIL.
A summer without a summer sky, But a dusky pall of clouds instead, Hung over blossoms that childless die, And under the vaulted branches lie, Leaving no rosy progeny, For ripe fruits weeping above their bed.
A festival wanting one festive cheek, To smile in the light of a thousand lamps, That now but quench the pale hectic streak, Which oft, upon visages that speak Of inward anguish, flitting and weak, Burns like the night-breath of putrid swamps.
These are things full of grief and gloom, But oh! they are bliss to the thoughts that rack His heart, who hath fed, through a wintry doom, On the hope that pleasure might once more bloom, Might one day his eye with delight relume, And has found nor flowers nor beams come back!
G. N.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New International Encyclopædia/Albategnius

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​AL'BATEG'NIUS. See Al-Battani, Mohammed ibn Jabir ibn Sinan.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Albany, Duke of (Shakespeare)

Edition of 1905. See also King Lear on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ALBANY, Duke of. In Shakespeare's King Lear (q.v.), the husband of Lear's daughter Goneril (q.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Albany (Missouri)

Edition of 1905. See also Albany, Missouri on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ ALBANY. A city and county seat of Gentry Co., Mo., 50 miles northeast of St. Joseph, on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (Map: Missouri, B 1). It is a residential place, with commercial interests and some industrial establishments, but is known primarily as the seat of Central Christian College (Christian), opened in 1892, and of the Northwest Missouri College (Methodist Episcopal, South), opened in 1893. Settled in 1840 and incorporated about two years later, Albany is governed, under a charter of 1897, by a mayor, biennially elected, and a city council. The water works and electric light plant are owned and operated by the municipality. Pop., 1890, 1334; 1900, 2025.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Albany (Georgia)

Edition of 1905. See also Albany, Georgia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ ALBANY. A city and county seat of Dougherty Co., Ga., 107 miles south by west of Macon; on the Flint River, at the head of high water navigation, and on the Central of Georgia, the Plant System, the Seaboard Air Line, and the Albany and Northern railroads (Map: Georgia, B 4). It is in an agricultural region, and controls large commercial interests, particularly in cotton, cottonseed oil, bricks, fertilizers, lumber, etc. The city has wide streets and handsome residences; is the home of the Georgia Chautauqua; and is noted for numerous artesian wells, which are the exclusive source of the water supply. Settled in 1836, Albany was incorporated two years later. The government, under a charter of 1899, is administered by a mayor, elected every two years, and a city council, whose consent is required for all appointments of administrative officials made by the mayor. The water works and electric light plant are owned and operated by the municipality. Pop., 1890, 4008; 1900, 4606.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Albany Convention of 1754

Edition of 1905. See also Albany Congress on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ALBANY CONVENTION OF 1754. In 1754, when hostilities were about to begin between the French and English in America, the lords of trade recommended that an intercolonial convention be called to “confirm and establish the ancient friendship of the Five Nations” and consider plans for a permanent union among the colonies. On June 19, commissioners from Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and New York assembled at Albany, and, after arranging for the participation of the Indians in the war, adopted, with some modifications (July 11), a plan of intercolonial union proposed by Franklin. This plan provided for the appointment by the crown of a president-general, who was to nominate military officers, commission all officers, and have veto power over the acts of the Grand Council; and for a Grand Council, to be made up of representatives chosen by each colony every three years, no colony to have more than seven members nor less than two. This council was not to be prorogued, dissolved, or kept in session longer than six weeks against its consent, and, with the approval of the president-general, was to manage Indian affairs, authorize new settlements, nominate all civil officers, impose taxes, enlist and pay troops, and construct forts, all of its acts to be valid unless vetoed by the crown within three years. The plan was everywhere rejected—by the court and the royal governors, because it gave too much power to the colonies; by the colonies, because it gave too much power to the king. It is notable as being the first comprehensive scheme of union formally proposed to the various colonial governments in America. Consult: New York Colonial Documents, Volume VI.; and R. Frothingham, Rise of the Republic (Boston, 1872).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Albany Regency, The

Edition of 1905. See also Albany Regency on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ALBANY RE'GENCY, The. A name popularly given to a group of New York Democrats living at Albany, who, from 1820 to about 1850, controlled the nominating conventions and patronage of their party within the State, and by dictating its general policy, exerted a powerful influence in national as well as State politics. They derived their power largely from their great personal influence and remarkable political sagacity, and were, for the most part, earnest opponents of political corruption, though they uniformly acted upon the principle, first formulated in 1833 by one of their number (Marcy), that “to the victors belong the spoils.” Among those who at various times were members of this unofficial body were: Martin Van Buren, William L. Marcy, Silas Wright, John A. Dix, Edwin Croswell, Benjamin F. Butler, A. C. Flagg, Dean Richmond, and Samuel A. Talcott, several of whom “graduated” from it into high offices under the national government. The Regency's loss of prestige dated from about 1848, when their opponents adopted methods similar to their own, and the Democratic party in the State split into irreconcilable factions. (See Barnburners.) Consult: J. D. Hammond, History of Political Parties in the State of New York (Cooperstown, 1846); Morgan Dix, Memoirs of John A. Dix (New York, 1883).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Albany (Oregon)

Edition of 1905. See also Albany, Oregon on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ ALBANY. A city and county seat of Linn Co., Oregon, 85 miles south by west of Portland, on the Willamette River, and on the Southern Pacific and the Corvalli and Eastern railroads (Map: Oregon, B 5). The river, crossed here by a fine steel bridge, supplies good water power. There are wagon and furniture factories, saw and planing mills, foundries and machine shops, a wire mattress factory, brickyards, and woolen and flouring mills. Flour, grain, and sandstone are exported. Albany was settled about 1850, and was incorporated in 1864. Pop., 1890, 3079; 1900, 3149.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Albany (Australia)

Edition of 1905. See also Albany, Western Australia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ALBANY, a̤l′bȧ-nĭ. A fortified seaport and municipality of Plantagenet Co., West Australia, on King George's Sound, 362 miles southeast by south of Perth by rail (Map: Australia, B 5). It is noted for its fine harbor, is a station and port of call for the Peninsular and Oriental Company's steamers, and is also a coaling depot. The United States has a resident consular agent. Pop., 3000.