OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stud

See also Stud on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​STUD. (1) A number of horses kept for the purpose of breeding, also the place or establishment where they are kept; similarly, a “ stud horse,” a stallion, “ stud groom,” the head groom of a stud, “ stud-book,” the register containing the pedigree of thoroughbred horses. The word in Old English is stood, and cognate forms are found in Icelandic and Danish, cf, also German Gestüt; steed, now a literary word for horse, meant in Old English (steda) a stud-horse, and is the same as stud in origin. The root to which the word is referred is sta-, to stand. A stud meant, therefore, an establishment, (2) A word which is used of many different objecte, the primary meaning being a “ prop ” or support. The Old English word is studu, and cognates are found in Danish, Swedish and Icelandic. The ultimate origin is also the root sta-, to stand. The chief applications of the term are as follows: in architecture, to a post; quarter or upright in wooden partitions; to the transverse pieces of iron which strengthen the links of a chain; to a boss or knob inserted on a belt, collar, or piece of armour, often decorated and forming an ornamentation; and, particularly, to a species of button, consisting of a rounded head, neck and flat base, used for fastening a collar, shirt, &c.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Studer, Bernhard

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​STUDER, BERNHARD (1794–1887), Swiss geologist, was born at Buren, near Berne, in August 1794. Although educated as a clergyman, he became so interested in geology at the university of Göttingen that he devoted his life to its pursuit. He subsequently studied at Freiburg, Berlin and Paris, and in 1816 was appointed teacher of mathematics and physics in the Berne Academy. In 1825 he published Beyträge zu einer Monographie der Molasse. Later on he commenced his detailed investigations of the western Alps, and published in 1834 his Geologie der westlichen Schweizer-Alpen. In the same year, largely through his influence, the university of Berne was established and he became the first professor of mineralogy. His Geologie der Schweiz in two vols. (1851–1853), and his geological maps of Switzerland prepared with the assistance of Arnold Escher von der Linth, are monuments of his research. In 1859 he organized the geological survey of Switzerland, being appointed president of the commission, and retaining this position until the close of his life. It has been remarked by Marcou that Studer was present at the first meeting of the Société helvétique des sciences naturelles at Geneva on the 6th of October 1815, and remained a member during 72 years. He was awarded the Wollaston medal by the Geological Society of London, 1879. He died at Berne on the 2nd of May 1887.
Obituary by Jules Marcou, Ann. rep. amer. acad. sci. for 1888.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stumpf, Johann

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​STUMPF, JOHANN (1500–1576), one of the chief writers on Swiss history and topography, was born at Bruchsal (near Carlsruhe). He was educated there and at Strassburg and Heidelberg. In 1520 he was received as a cleric or chaplain into the order of the Knights Hospitallers or of St John of Jerusalem, was sent in 1521 to the preceptory of that order at Freiburg in Breisgau, ordained priest in Basel, and in 1522 placed in charge cf the preceptory at Bubikon (north of Rapperswil, in the canton of Zürich). But Stumpf soon went over to the Protestants, was present at the great Disputation in Berne (1528), and took part in the first Kappel War (1520). He had carried over with him most of his parishioners whom he continued to care for, as the Protestant pastor at Bubikon, till 1543, then becoming pastor at Stammheim (same canton) till 1561, when he retired to Zürich (of which he had been made a burgher in 1548), where he lived in retirement till his death in 1576. In 1529 he married the first of his four wives, a daughter of Heinrich Brennwald (1478–1551), who wrote a work (still in MS.) on Swiss history, and stimulated his son-in-law to undertake historical studies. Stumpf made wide researches, with this object, for many years, and undertook also several journeys, of which that in 1544 to Engelberg and through the Valais seems to be the most important, perhaps because his original diary has been preserved to us. The fruit of his labours (completed at the end of 1546) was published in 1548 at Zürich in a huge folio of 934 pages (with many fine wood engravings, coats of arms, maps, &c.), under the title of Gemeiner loblicher Eydgnossenschaft Stetten, Landen, und Volckeren chronikwirdiger Thaaten Beschreybung (an extract from it was published in 1554, under the name of Schwytzer Chronika, while new and greatly enlarged editions of the original work were issued in 1586 and 1606). The woodcuts are best in the first edition, and it remained till Scheuchzer’s day (early 18th century) the chief authority on its subject. Stumpf also published a monograph (very remarkable for the date) on the emperor Henry IV. (1556) and a set of laudatory verses (Lobsprüche) as to each of the thirteen Swiss cantons (1573). (W. A. B. C.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stucco

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​STUCCO (Ital. stucco, adapted from O.H.G. stucchi, crust, piece, patch, Ger. Stück, piece, allied to stock), a kind of plaster used for the covering of walls, or for decorative or ornamental features such as cornices, mouldings, &c, or for ceilings. The stucco used as an exterior covering for brick or stone work is coarse; a finer kind is used for decorative purposes. (See Plaster-Work.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stukeley, William

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​STUKELEY, WILLIAM (1687–1765), English antiquary, was born at Holbeach, Lincolnshire, on the 7th of November 1687; the son of a lawyer. After taking his M.B. degree at Cambridge, he went to London and studied medicine at St Thomas’s Hospital. In 1710 he started in practice in Lincolnshire, removing in 1717 to London. In the same year he became a fellow of the Royal Society, and, in 1718, joined in the establishment of the Society of Antiquaries, acting for nine years as its secretary. In 1719 he took his M.D. degree and in 1720 became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, publishing in the same year his first contribution to antiquarian literature. His principal work, an elaborate account of Stonehenge, appeared in 1740, and he wrote copiously on other supposed Druid remains, becoming familiarly known as the "Arch-Druid." In 1729 he took holy orders, and, after holding two livings in Lincolnshire, was appointed rector of a parish in Bloomsbury, London. He died in London on the 3rd of March 1765.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stuck, Franz

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​STUCK, FRANZ (1863–), German painter, was born at Tettenweis, in Bavaria, and received his artistic training at the Munich Academy. He first made a name with his illustrations for Fliegende Blatter, and vignette designs for programmes and book decoration. He did not devote himself to painting till after 1889, the year in which he achieved a marked success with his first picture, " The Warder of Paradise." His style in painting is based on a thorough mastery of design, and is sculptural rather than pictorial. His favourite subjects are of mythological and allegorical character, but in his treatment of time-worn motifs he is altogether unconventional. A statuette of an athlete, bronze casts of which are at the Berlin and Budapest ​national galleries and the Hamburg Museum, affords convincing proof of his talent for plastic art. Among his paintings the best known are “ Sin ” and “ War,” at the Munich Pinakothek, “ The Sphinx,” “ The Crucifixion,” “ The Rivals,” “ Paradise Lost,” “ Oedipus,” “ Temptation,” and “ Lucifer.” Though Stuck was one of the leaders of the Munich Sezession, he enjoyed an appointment of professor at the academy.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Aloara

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ALOARA,
An Italian princess, daughter of a count named Peter. She was married to Pandulph, surnamed Ironhead, who styled himself prince, duke, and marquis. He was, by inheritance, prince of Capua and Benevento, and the most potent nobleman in Italy. He died at Capua, in 981, leaving five sons by Aloara, all of whom were unfortunate, and three of them died violent deaths. Aloara began to reign conjointly with one of her sons in 982, and governed with wisdom and courage. She died in 992.
It is asserted that Aloara put to death her nephew, lest he should wrest the principality from her son; and, that St Nil then predicted the failure of her posterity.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Alice, Queen of France

Adèle or Adela of Champagne
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ALICE,
Queen of France, wife of Louis the Seventh, was the third daughter of Thibaut the Great, count of Champagne. The princess received a careful education in the magnificent court of her father; and being beautiful, amiable, intelligent, and imaginative, Louis the Seventh, on the death of his second wife, in 1160, fell in love with her, and demanded her of her father. To cement the union more strongly, two daughters of the king by his first wife, Eleanor of Guienne, were married to the two eldest sons of the count. In 1165, she had a son, to the great joy of Louis, afterwards the celebrated Philip Augustus. Beloved by her husband, whose ill-health rendered him unequal to the duties of his station, Alice not only assisted him in conducting the affairs of the nation, but superintended the education of her son.
Louis died in 1180, having appointed Alice to the regency; but Philip Augustus being married to Isabella of Hainault, neice to the the earl of Flanders, this nobleman disputed the authority of Alice. Philip, at last, sided with the earl; and his mother, with her brothers, was obliged to leave the court. She appealed to Henry the Second, of England, who was delighted to assist the mother against the son, as Philip was constantly inciting his sons to acts of rebellion against him. Philip marched against them; but Henry, unwilling to give battle, commenced negociations with him, and succeeded in reconciling the king to his mother and uncles. Philip also agreed to pay her a sum equal to five shillings and tenpence English per day, for her maintenance, and to give up her dowry, with the exception of the fortified places.
Alice again began to take an active part in the government; and her son was so well satisfied with her conduct, that, in 1190, on going to the Holy Land, he confided, by the advice of his barons, the education of his son, and the regency of the kingdom, to Alice and her brother, the cardinal archbishop of Rheins. During the absence of the king, some ecclesiastical disturbances happened, which were earned before the pope. The prerogative of Philip, and the letters of Alice to Rome concerning it, were ​full of force and grandeur. She remonstrated upon the enormity of taking advantage of an absence caused by such a motive; and demanded that things should at least be left in the same situation till the return of her son. By this firmness she obtained her point. Philip returned in 1192, and history takes no other notice of Alice afterwards, than to mention some religious houses which she founded. She died at Paris, in 1205.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Allin, Abby

* related authors: Abby Allin.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
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ALLIN, ABBY,
Is an American lady, whose poems have appeared in several periodicals with the signature "Nilla," her own name reversed, during several years past. In 1850, her prose and poetical contributions to the Boston Journal were published. "Home Ballads, a book for New Englanders," is the title of the work, which well describes its spirit and sentiment. "The writings of Miss Allin," says a contemporary biographer, "are filled with warm sympathies for the working world; she has a cheerful, hopeful philosophy, and loves home, children, and friends. The expression of these feelings makes her ballads popular."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Allish

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ALLISH,
A Jewish Lady, who flourished in the beginning of the eighteenth century. She was a German or Pole by birth, the daughter of Rabbi Mordecai, called "Magister Sluskiensis," .which means probably chief Rabbi of Slutzk in Lithuania. She translated from Hebrew into German the book called "Shomerim Labboker," the Watches for Morning, a collection of prayers and supplications recited by the pious German Jews every morning. This translation was made in 1704, during a journey to the Holy Land, in company with her husband, R. Aaron ben R. Alikum Getz. It was first printed at Frankfort, on the Oder, with the Hebrew text, in 1704, and has since been frequently reprinted.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Alphaizuli

Mariam bint Abu Ya'qub Ashshilbi
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ALPHAIZULI,
Maria, a poetess of Seville, who lived in the eighth century. She was called the Arabian Sappho, being of Moorish extraction. Excellent works of hers are in the library of the Escurial. Many Spanish women of that time cultivated the muses with success, particularly the Andalusians.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Altoviti, Marseille d'

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ALTOVITI, MARSEILLE D',
A Florentine lady who settled at Marseilles, and devoted herself to writing Italian poetry. She died in 1609.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Alexandra, daughter of Hyrcanus

Alexandra the Maccabee
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ALEXANDRA,
Daughter of Hyrcanus, and mother of Aristobulus and Mariamne, wife of Herod the Great, was a woman of superior powers of mind. When Herod appointed Ananel, a person of obscure birth, high-priest, instead of her son Aristobulus, who had a right to that office, her spirited conduct caused him to depose Ananel in favour of Aristobulus. Herod, displeased at her interference, had her confined and guarded in her own palace; but Alexandra, receiving an invitation from Cleopatra to come to Egypt, with her son, attempted to escape with him, in two coffins; they were discovered, however, and brought back. Herod, jealous of the affection of the Jews for Aristobidus, had him drowned, which so much affected ​Alexandra, that she at first resolved on committing suicide; but finally decided to live, that she might revenge herself on the murderer. She interested Cleopatra in her cause, who induced Anthony to send for Herod to exculpate himself from the charge, which, by presents and flattery, he succeeded in doing. And when Herod returned he again ordered Alexandra to be confined. But Alexandra showed great terror, if the account be true, and cowardice, when the jealousy of Herod induced him to order the death of his wife Mariamne. Though she knew the innocence of her daughter, she was so much alarmed, for fear she should share the same fate, that she sought every opportunity for traducing her, and praising the justice of Herod.
After the death of Mariamne, Herod's grief so overcame him, that he lost his health, and was at times deranged. While in this state he retired to Samaria, leaving Alexandra at Jerusalem. Alexandra attempted to obtain possession of the fortresses near the capital, that she might eventually become mistress of the city; Herod being informed of her attempts, sent orders that she should be immediately put to death, which was done, about B. C. 27.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Aloysia, Sigea

Luisa Sigea de Velasco
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ALOYSIA, SIGEA,
Of Toledo, a Spanish lady celebrated for her learning, who wrote a letter to Paul the Third, pope of Rome, in 1540, in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Syriac. She was afterwards called to the court of Portugal, where she composed several works, and died young.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Amalaswinth

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AMALASWINTH,
Daughter of Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, was mother of Athalaric, by Butheric. She inherited her father's possessions, as guardian of her son; endeavouring to educate him in the manners and learning of the more polished Romans, she offended her nobles, who conspired against her, and obtained the government of the young prince. Athalaric was inured, by them, to debauchery, and he sunk under his excesses, at the early age of seventeen, in the year 534. The afflicted mother knew not how to support herself against her rebellious subjects, but by taking as her husband and partner on the throne, her cousin Theodat, who, to his everlasting infamy, caused her to be strangled in a bath, 534. For learning or humanity she had few equals. She received and conversed with ambassadors from various nations without the aid of an interpreter.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Alice, of France

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ALICE,
Of France, second daughter of Louis the Seventh of France, and of Alice of Champagne, was betrothed, at the age of fourteen, to Richard Cœur de Lion, second son of Henry the Second, of England. She was taken to that country to learn the language, where her beauty made such an impression that Henry the Second, though an old man, became one of her admirers. He placed her in the castle of Woodstock, where his mistress, the celebrated Rosamond Clifford, had been murdered, as was then reported, by his jealous wife, Eleanor of Guienne. Alice is said to have taken the place of Rosamond; at any rate, Henry's conduct to her so irritated Richard, that, incited by his mother, he took up arms against his father. Henry's death, in 1189, put an end to this unhappy position of affairs; but when Richard was urged by Philip Augustus of France to fulfil his engagement to his sister Alice, Richard refused, alleging that she had had a daughter by his father. The subsequent marriage of Richard with Berengaria of Navarre, so enraged Philip Augustus, that from that time he became the relentless enemy of the English king. Alice returned to France, and in 1195 she married William the Third, count of Ponthieu. She was the victim of the licentious passions of the English monarch. Had she been as happily married as her mother, she would, probable, have showed as amiable a disposition, and a mind of like excellence.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Bins, (Anne de)

BINS, (ANNE DE) a Native of Anvers in the 16th Century. A Woman of Learning, but a violent Bigot,
Refused to be married, that she might devote herself entirely to the belles lettres. She composed poems in the Flemish language against heretics; and her admirers have called her a second Sappho.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Bertha, (with the large Foot)

BERTHA, (with the large Foot) Daughter of the Count of Laon, Wife of Pepin the Short, King of France, and Mother of Charlemagne, Died 783.
This princess contributed much to put the crown upon the head of her husband. She held a court of ladies, in imitation of that of the peers or lords of the kingdom.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Bieron, (Mademoiselle)

BIERON, (MADEMOISELLE) a learned Lady of Paris, in the eighteenth Century.
From early youth, she gave her time to the arts, and, indefatigable in the pursuit, studied with success, music, painting, history, and geography. Satisfied with the advances she had made in these sciences, she sought some new object of research; and her friend, Magdalen Basseporte, advised her to apply to the study of anatomy, to which Mademoiselle Bieron consecrated the rest of her life, without any help but her natural disposition to learn, and the assiduous reading of the most learned anatomical books; she surmounted the repugnances of her sex, and the difficulties of penetrating into hospitals and halls of surgery, at the hours when she would be secure from encountering any students there; and applied herself, with unremitting assiduity, to this difficult science, only suspending her researches, to make at home ingenious models of the discoveries with which she had enriched it. After more than thirty years of this laborious study, and a multitude of particular experiments made at her house and at her expence, she received the applauses of all the learned in that branch of knowledge, on the chefs d'oeuvres that her hand had produced. But unpatronized, even at the age of 56, and confined by a moderate patrimony, which, by great economy, she found means to share with the poor; women, to whom the care of the sick is principally consigned, and for which their delicacy and address so peculiarly qualify them, would have found a good school at the house of this able instructor.
F. C
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Blandina

This woman, who appears to have been a servant, was called, among the rest, to the trial; though of so weak and delicate a constitution that they feared she would not be able to sustain the tortures; but they were all deceived. She was tortured in different ways, from morning till night, and whilst her body was torn and mangled, seemed to derive support by refuting the calumnies against the Christians, saying, "I am a ​Christian, and no evil is committed among us." After this first trial, she and the others were thrust into the darkest and most noisome parts of the prison, their feet distended in a wooden trunk, and they suffered all the indignities which cruelty and malice could inflict. Many of them died; but the rest, though afflicted to such a degree that the kindest treatment would scarcely have recovered them, destitute as they were of all help, yet remained alive, confirmed in their faith, strengthening and comforting one another. On one of the shows of the amphitheatre, they were led out to be exposed, as food to the wild beasts, according to the common custom of these ages. Blandina, suspended to a stake, in the form of a cross, employed her time in vehement supplication; and by her meek, but undaunted behaviour inspired her fellow sufferers with fortitude: but none of the beasts at that time touching her, she was reserved for a future trial, and again thrown into prison.
On the last day of the spectacles, Blandina was again introduced, with Pontius, a youth of fifteen; they had been daily brought in to see the punishment of the rest. They were ordered to swear by their idols; and the mob, perceiving that they treated their menaces with contempt, was incensed, and aggravated their tortures by all possible methods; but menaces and punishments were equally ineffectual. Pontius, being animated by his fellow sufferer, who was observed by the heathens to strengthen and confirm him, after a magnanimous exercise of patience, yielded up the ghost. And now Blandina, last of all, as a generous mother, having exhorted her children, and sent them before her victorious to the king, reviewing the whole series of their sufferings, hastened to undergo the same herself, rejoicing and triumphing in her exit.
​After she had endured stripes, the tearing of the beasts, and the iron chair (which was heated to scorch their limbs), she was inclosed in a net, and thrown to a bull. Even her enemies confessed, that no woman among them had ever suffered so much. These sufferers of Lyons disclaimed the name of martyrs, as too glorious for them, but shewed a constancy, mildness, and charity, almost apostolical. They reproached not those who fell away from the faith; but prayed to God for them; and many, who had shrunk back from the punishment inflicted on those who bore the name of Christ, like Peter, repented of their falsehood, and came back, voluntarily declaring they were Christians.
Milner's Christian Church.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Bertha (of France)

One of the wisest and most powerful of the Saxon princes, but a pagan. It was expressly stipulated on the marriage, that Bertha, who was a Christian, should profess her own religion unmolested. Listening to the doctrines of her faith, Ethelbert became a convert to it in 597.