OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/North, Thomas (1830-1884)

​NORTH, THOMAS (1830–1884), antiquary and campanologist, son of Thomas North of Burton End, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, by his wife, Mary Raven, was born at Melton Mowbray on 24 Jan. 1830. He was educated at the grammar school of his native town. Upon leaving school he entered the office of Mr. Woodcock, a solicitor at Melton Mowbray, but presently gave up the law, removed to Leicester, and entered Paget's bank there. Here he remained until 1872, when failing health compelled him to retire to Ventnor. North was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1875. In 1881 he removed to the Plâs, Llanfairfechan, where he resided until his death on 27 Feb. 1884. He married, on 23 May 1860, Fanny, daughter of Richard Luck of Leicester, by whom he had an only son. The Leicestershire Architectural and Archæological Society erected to his memory a brass tablet in the church of St. Martin, Leicester.
From an early age North was a student of archæology and antiquities. In 1861 he was elected honorary secretary of the Leicestershire Architectural and Archæological Society, and he edited all its ‘Transactions’ and papers from that time until his death, himself contributing upwards of thirty papers. Among the most important of these were ‘Tradesmen's Tokens issued in Leicestershire,’ ‘The Mowbrays, Lords of Melton,’ ‘The Constables of Melton,’ ‘Leicester Ancient Stained Glass,’ ‘The Letters of Alderman Robert Heyricke,’ &c. Eight of these papers relate to his native town, of which he projected a history, although he never lived to complete it. His earliest and perhaps best known book was ‘A Chronicle of the Church of St. Martin in Leicester during the Reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth, with some Account of its minor Altars and ancient Guilds,’ 1866, a work of learning and research, which has been referred to in several ecclesiastical suits. In later life he made campanology his special study, and brought out in rapid succession a series of monographs on the church bells of various counties, other volumes being in preparation at the time of his death.
North's works are: 1. ‘A Chronicle of the Church of St. Martin in Leicester,’ &c., 1866, referred to above. 2. ‘The Church Bells of Leicestershire: their Inscriptions, Traditions, and peculiar Uses, with Chapters on Bells and the Leicester Bell Founders,’ 1876. 3. ‘The Church Bells of Northamptonshire,’ 1878. 4. ‘The Church Bells of Rutland,’ 1880. 5. ‘The Church Bells of Lincolnshire,’ 1882. 6. ‘The Church Bells of Bedfordshire,’ 1883. 7. ‘The Accounts of the Churchwardens of St. Martin's, Leicester, 1489–1844,’ 1884. 8. ‘The Church Bells of Hertfordshire,’ 1887, edited, after North's decease, from his materials by J. C. L. Stahlschmidt. He also edited the first five volumes of the ‘Leicestershire Architectural and Archæological Society's Transactions,’ and the Leicestershire section of vols. vi. to xvii. of the ‘Associated Architectural Societies' Reports and Papers.’
W. G. D. F.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Stopes, Leonard

​STOPES, LEONARD (1540?–1587?), priest, born about 1540, probably belonged to the branch of the family of Stopes settled at Much Hadham in Hertfordshire, and may have been brother of James Stopes, whose son James, brother of St. Catharine's by the Tower, was rector of St. Mary Magdalene, Old Fish Street, London, from 1577 till his death in 1624 (cf. his will—a very detailed document—110 Byrde at Somerset House). In 1555 Leonard was chosen one of the four original scholars on the foundation of St. John's College, Oxford, by Sir Thomas White (1492–1566) [q. v.], and afterwards became one of the first four fellows. He graduated B.A. on 23 Oct. 1558, and M.A. on 21 March 1558–9. In 1559, refusing to conform, he was ejected from his fellowship, and went abroad, as Wood conjectures, to Douai. Returning to England as a seminary priest, he was imprisoned for some years in Wisbeach Castle. He subsequently was released and exiled. He died before 1588 (Bridgewater, Concertatio Eccl. Catholicæ in Anglia).
Stopes was the author of twenty-four verses in praise of Queen Mary, entitled ‘Haile Mary, full of grace,’ which were printed as a broadside by Richard Lant. The Society of Antiquaries possesses a copy. It is possible that Stopes was also the author of ‘An Epitaph on the Death of Queen Mary,’ another broadside belonging to the Society of Antiquaries, for printing which without a license Lant was imprisoned in 1559 (Ames, Typogr. Antiq. ed. Dibdin, 1814, p. 583; Arber, Transcript of the Stationers' Reg. iv. 237).
C. C. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Stopes, Richard

​STOPES, RICHARD (fl. 1521–1544), last abbot of Meaux, studied at St. Bernard's College, Oxford, and graduated B.D. on 7 Dec. 1521. He was appointed abbot of the Cistercian monastery of Meaux or Melsa in Yorkshire before 1526, and drew up an account of the value of the abbey in 1534–5. At the dissolution in 1539–40 he received a pension of 40l. As he is not mentioned in the lists of expelled or pensioned priests who were alive in 1555–6, he was probably by that time either dead or abroad.
C. C. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Stone, Jerome

​STONE, JEROME (1727–1756), linguist and poet, was born in the parish of Scoonie, Fifeshire, in 1727. His father, a seaman, died abroad in 1730, and his mother was left in poverty. He commenced at an early age to earn his living, first as a chapman, and afterwards by selling books at fairs and travelling with them over the country. With no assistance but that of his books he acquired a knowledge of Hebrew and Greek, and, with the aid of a parish schoolmaster, he studied Latin. The professors of St. Andrews, hearing of his abilities, permitted him to attend their classes, and at the end of three years recommended him for the post of usher in the grammar school, Dunkeld. In two or three years afterwards the Duke of Atholl appointed him headmaster. While in his thirtieth year he was seized with fever, and died on 11 June 1756.
Stone's fame as a linguist was wide, but he did not live to complete any large literary work. While at St. Andrews he began to contribute to magazines, and at Dunkeld he studied Gaelic literature, both Scottish and Irish, with a view to translating. His contributions to the ‘Scots Magazine’ include poems, an allegory, and a preliminary welcome to Dr. Johnson's dictionary. At his death he was engaged on two works: (1) ‘An Enquiry into the Original of the Nation and Language of the Ancient Scots;’ and (2) ‘The Immortality of Authors,’ an allegory (New Statistical Abstract, ‘Fife,’ p. 267).
[Encyclopædia Perthensis, xxi. 440; Scots Magazine, June 1756.]
J. R. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Stone, William

​STONE, WILLIAM (1603?–1661?), colonist, born in Northamptonshire about 1603, was nephew of Thomas Stone, a London haberdasher. He was a Roman catholic. He emigrated to America, and on 6 Aug. 1648 was appointed governor of Maryland ​by the proprietor, Cecil Calvert, second lord Baltimore. In 1652 the commissioners who were appointed by parliament to reduce Maryland to obedience to its authority deprived Stone of his office, but in the same year restored him by request of the inhabitants, on the understanding that henceforth writs should run in Maryland as in England in the name of the keepers of the liberties of England, instead of, as hitherto, in that of the crown. Two years later Stone reasserted the authority of the proprietor by requiring the inhabitants to take an oath of fidelity to the proprietor, and to take out their patents in his name, and by ordering that writs should run as before 1652. But before long (May 1654) Stone issued a proclamation accepting, on behalf of Baltimore, the authority of the Commonwealth. Nevertheless, the parliamentary commissioners, Clayborne and Bennet, treated Stone's action as a defiance of their authority. They resumed the government, disfranchised Baltimore's co-religionists, the Roman catholics, and declared Stone's proclamation requiring an oath of fidelity to the proprietor null and void. Armed hostilities followed. Stone was wounded and taken prisoner, and, with some of his associates, condemned to death, but he was afterwards pardoned. In 1659, when Lord Baltimore came to terms with his enemies, and eventually recovered his authority, Stone was again appointed a councillor. He died in 1660 or 1661.
J. A. D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Stonor, John de

​STONOR, JOHN de (d. 1354), judge, was probably born at Stonor, near Sandwich, Kent, for in 1316 he took a release of the lands of Robert de Dumbleton in that county. He was, however, also connected with the manor of Stonor, near Dorchester, Oxfordshire, in the church of which place there is the effigy of a judge bearing his arms. Stonor frequently occurs as an advocate in the year-books, and in 1313, as one of the serjeants, was summoned to parliament. In 1316 he had 20l. per annum for his expenses in the king's service, and was about this time frequently employed on judicial commissions. On 16 Oct. 1320 Stonor was appointed one of the justices of the common pleas. Dugdale makes him one of the judges of the king's bench in 1323–4; but, though this seems to be an error, he was perhaps removed for a time from the common pleas, since mention is made of his reappointment to that court on 3 May 1324. Stonor was reappointed after the accession of Edward III, on 31 Jan. 1327, and in the autumn of that year was employed in the inquiries into the disturbances at Bury St. Edmunds and Abingdon Abbey (Cal. Pat. Rolls, Edward III, i. 2, 217, 221–2, 287–9; Memorials of St. Edmunds Abbey, ii. 302, 348, 353). On 22 Feb. 1329 he was made chief baron of the exchequer, and on 3 Sept. of the same year chief justice of the common pleas (Cal. Pat. Rolls, Edward III, i. 365, 439). He was removed from the chief-justiceship on 2 March 1331, and on 1 April appointed to the second place in the same court (ib. ii. 78, 102). He was confirmed in this position on 8 Feb. 1334, but on 16 July following was displaced by Geoffrey le Scrope [q. v.] However, on 7 July 1335 he was once more made chief justice of the common pleas (ib. ii. 510, 565, iii. 151). In this same year he was sent to inquire into the disputes between north and south at Oxford (Wood, Hist. and Antiq. i. 427). ​Stonor was one of the judges who were removed from office by the king on his sudden return to England in November 1340, and was for a time imprisoned in the Tower (Murimuth, p. 117; Avesbury, p. 323). He was, however, restored to his office on 9 May 1342, and retained it till his death in 1354. In 1335 the prior of Christchurch, Canterbury, had suggested that Stonor would be a suitable seneschal of the monastery, as being a prudent man, well known and popular among the nobility, and solicited the services of Archbishop Stratford to obtain his consent. Stonor declined the honour, but wrote a letter to the prior recommending John de Hildesley for the post (Litteræ Cantuarienses, ii. 84–8, 98, 108). Stonor held lands in nine counties, in which he was succeeded by his son John.
C. L. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Stone, Samuel

1904 Errata appended.
​STONE, SAMUEL (1602–1663), puritan divine, son of John Stone, a freeholder of Hertford was born in that town and baptised at All Saints on 30 July 1602. He was educated at Hale's grammar school, and proceeded to Cambridge in 1620 as a pensioner of Emmanuel College, matriculating on 19 April, and graduating B.A. in 1623 and M.A. in 1627. He studied theology at Ashen in Essex, under Richard Blackerby, a non-subscriber. In 1630 he went to Towcester as a private lecturer, and remained there about three years (Shepard, Autobiogr.; Young, Massachusetts Chronicles, p. 518).
In 1633 Stone sailed for New England in company with John Cotton and Thomas Hooker [q. v.], as an assistant to the latter. Hooker and Stone arrived in Boston on 4 September and went at once to Newtown (now Cambridge), where, on 11 Oct., they were chosen pastor and teacher respectively. In 1636 Hooker and Stone, with the majority of the inhabitants, removed to a new settlement on the Connecticut, which they called Hartford, after Stone's birthplace. In the following year Stone accompanied the Hartford contingent in the expedition against the Pequot Indians, which broke the power of that tribe.
In 1656 differences arose between Stone and William Goodwin, the ruling elder, concerning the former's method of exercising his functions of teacher. As a consequence Stone resigned his office, but was induced to resume it shortly after. The controversy ended in schism, Goodwin with several church members withdrawing to Hadley in 1659. Stone died at Hartford on 20 July 1663.
Stone was twice married. By his second wife, Elizabeth Allyn, whom he espoused in 1641, he had four surviving children—a son Samuel and four daughters, Elizabeth, Rebecca, Mary, and Sarah.
Stone published ‘A Congregational Church, a Catholike Visible Church,’ London, 1652, 4to, in answer to Samuel Hudson's ‘Visible Catholick Church’ (1645, 4to), and left two works in manuscript: a catechism and a confutation of the Antinomians.
E. I. C.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.259 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 415 | ii | 10 | Stone, Samuel: for Aspen read Ashen |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Horniman, Frederick John

​HORNIMAN, FREDERICK JOHN (1835–1906), founder of the Horniman Museum, born at Bridgwater on 8 Oct. 1835, was second son of John Horniman of Bridgwater by his wife Ann, daughter of Thomas Smith of Witney, Oxfordshire. His parents belonged to the Society of Friends and he was educated at the Friends' School, Croydon (founded in 1702). After joining the large tea-packing business founded at Newport, I.W., by his father and moved to Wormwood St., London, 1852 (now W. H. and F. J. Horniman & Co., Limited), he travelled extensively in the east and west, during a period of forty years, collecting objects illustrative of the natural history, arts, and manufactures of the world. These he placed in his private residence, Surrey House, Forest Hill, and first opened the exhibition to the public on 24 Dec. 1890. About 1879 he removed to Surrey Mount adjoining, where he made additions in 1893. On 1 June 1895 the enlarged building, with surrounding grounds of five acres, was freely opened to the public. Horniman compiled a guide for visitors, and employed a curator and librarian as well as a naturalist. The collection and the visitors increased rapidly, and in 1897 Horniman erected at a cost of 40,000l. a new and handsome edifice near at hand from the designs of C. Harrison Townsend, F.R.I.B.A., having on the exterior wall a mosaic panel, thirty-two feet by ten feet, designed by R. Anning Bell to represent the course of human life, and a memorial tablet by F. W. Pomeroy, A.R.A.; a bronze fountain by J. W. Rollins was given by Horniman's son. Finally in 1901 Horniman presented his museum and surrounding estate to the London county council. The museum is now a lecture centre, and an annual report is issued. A new lecture hall and reading room, erected at the museum by his son, was opened on 28 Jan. 1912.
Horniman was liberal M.P. for the Falmouth and Penryn boroughs (1895–1904). He died in London on 5 March 1906. He married (1) on 3 June 1859 Rebekah, daughter of John Emslie of Dalston; (2) on 30 Jan. 1897 Minnie Louisa, daughter of G. W. Bennett of Charlton, Kent. His son by the first marriage, Emslie John Horniman, was liberal M.P. for Chelsea (1906–10), and his only daughter, Annie Elizabeth Frederica Horniman, is the founder of the Irish Theatre, Dublin, and of the Repertory Theatre, Manchester. His portrait by William Henry Margetson was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1897.
[The Times, 6 March 1906; Who's Who, 1906; An Account of the Horniman Free Museum and Recreation Grounds, Forest Hill (illustrated), 1901.]
C. F. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Howes, Thomas George Bond

​HOWES, THOMAS GEORGE BOND (1853–1905), zoologist, born at Kennington on 7 Sept. 1853, of Huguenot descent, was eldest son of Thomas Johnson Howes by his wife Augusta Mary, daughter of George Augustus Bond, captain in the East India Company's service. After private education, he was introduced to Professor Huxley in 1874 as a good draughtsman and keen naturalist. For five years he assisted in the development of Huxley's practical instruction in biology at the Normal School of Science and Royal School of Mines (now Royal College of Science), and in 1880 succeeded T. J. Parker as demonstrator of biology at the Royal School of Mines. In 1885 Howes was made an assistant professor of zoology at the Normal School of Science, and on the retirement of Huxley in 1895 was appointed first professor of zoology at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington. He held this appointment at the time of his death on 4 Feb. 1905. In 1881 Howes married Annie, daughter of James Watkins, and had one daughter. His widow was awarded a civil list pension of 50l. in 1905.
Howes excelled as a teacher and colleague. The thoroughness of the training in biology at South Kensington was largely due to his knowledge and zeal. His reading in zoological literature was very wide and was freely dispensed to all who sought his advice. He devoted much time and energy to founding or extending the ​work of societies that promote natural knowledge, and he occupied a responsible position on most of the London societies. At the Belfast meeting of the British Association in 1902 Howes was president of section D (zoology). His skill as a draughtsman was great, and the work by which he is best known to students, 'Atlas of Elementary Biology' (1885), was entirely illustrated from his own drawings; the zoological part was revised as 'Atlas of Elementary Zootomy' (1902); another well-known text-book, Huxley and Martin's 'Elementary Biology ' (1875), was issued in a revised form by Howes in conjunction with Dr. Dukinfield Scott in 1888.
As an investigator, Howes dealt chiefly with the comparative anatomy of the vertebrata, to the knowledge of which he made many contributions, his chief memoir being an account, written in collaboration with Dr. H. H. Swinnerton, of the development of the skeleton of the rare Norfolk Island reptile, 'Sphenodon' (Trans. Zool. Soc. 1901). He was elected F.R.S. in 1897, LL.D. St. Andrews in 1898, and D.Sc. Manchester, 1899.
[Proc. Roy. Soc. 79, B. 1907; Nature, vol. 71, 1905, p. 419; Proc. Linn. Soc, Oct. 1905, p. 34; private sources.]
F. W. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Packer, John Hayman

​PACKER, JOHN HAYMAN (1730–1806), actor, born in 1730, was originally a saddler, and followed that occupation in Swallow Street, London. He joined Drury Lane under Garrick, and is found playing Agrippa in Capell's arrangement of ‘Antony and Cleopatra’ on 3 Jan. 1759. He was on 21 May the original Briton, jun., in Mozeen's ‘Heiress, or Antigallican.’ Green in ‘Arden of Feversham’ followed, and on 31 Oct. 1759 he was the original Freeman in ‘High Life below Stairs.’ He was assigned at the outset second and third rate parts, and seldom got beyond them. In his later years he all but lapsed into utility parts. No list of characters has been given, and no part seems to have been specially associated with his name. In addition to the characters named, he was, in Reed's ‘Register Office,’ the original Gulwell, the rascally keeper of the office, on 25 April 1761. He also played the following parts, some of them original: Pisanio in ‘Cymbeline,’ Freeman in the ‘Musical Lady,’ Aimwell in the ‘Beaux' Stratagem,’ Eglamour in ‘Two Gentlemen of Verona,’ Don Rodrigo in Mallet's ‘Elvira,’ Sensible in Havard's ‘Elopement,’ Orsino in ‘Twelfth Night,’ Wellford in Mrs. Sheridan's ‘Dupe,’ Don Philip or Octavio in ‘She would and she would not,’ Woodvil in Murphy's ‘Choice,’ Dorilant in an abridgment of Wycherley's ‘Country Wife,’ the Earl of Suffolk in Dr. Franklin's ‘Earl of Warwick,’ Patent, a manager, in Garrick's ​‘Peep behind the Curtain, or the New Rehearsal,’ Zopiron in Murphy's ‘Zenobia,’ and very many others. His line in his later life was, as a rule, old men in tragedy and sentimental comedy. He remained at Drury Lane until 1805, when he retired, incapacitated by old age, and died on 15 Oct. 1806. His private life is said to have been exemplary. He was buried in St. Paul's, Covent Garden. A portrait in the Mathews collection in the Garrick Club is ascribed to Romney.
J. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Packe, Christopher (1686-1749)

​PACKE, CHRISTOPHER, M.D. (1686–1749), physician, doubtless son of Christopher Packe [q. v.] the chemist, was born at St. Albans, Hertfordshire, on 6 March 1686. He ​was admitted to Merchant Taylors' School on 11 Sept. 1695 (Register, ed. Robinson, i. 334). He was created M.D. at Cambridge (comitiis regiis) in 1717, and was admitted a candidate of the College of Physicians on 25 June 1723. At the request of Robert Romney, the then vicar, he gave an organ to St. Peter's Church, St. Albans, which was opened on 16 Jan. 1725–6 (Clutterbuck, Hertfordshire i. 120). About 1726 Packe settled at Canterbury, where he practised with much reputation for nearly a quarter of a century. He died on 15 Nov. 1749 (Gent. Mag. 1749, p. 524), and was buried in St. Mary Magdalene, Canterbury. He had married on 30 July 1726, at Canterbury Cathedral, Mary Randolph of the Precincts, Canterbury (Reg. Harl. Soc. p. 77). His son Christopher graduated M.B. in 1751 as a member of Peterhouse, Cambridge, practised as a physician at Canterbury, and published ‘An Explanation of … Boerhaave's Aphorisms … of Phthisis Pulmonalis,’ 1754. He died on 21 October 1800, aged 72, and was buried by the side of his father.
Packe had a heated controversy with Dr. John Gray of Canterbury respecting the treatment of Robert Worger of Hinxhill, Kent, who died of concussion of the brain, caused by a fall from his horse. The relatives, not satisfied with Packe's treatment, called in Gray and two surgeons, who, Packe alleged in letters in the ‘Canterbury News-Letter’ of 8 and 15 Oct. 1726, killed the patient by excessive bleeding and trepanning. He further defended himself in ‘A Reply to Dr. Gray's three Answers to a written Paper, entitled Mr. Worger's Case,’ 4to, Canterbury, 1727.
Packe wrote also: 1. ‘A Dissertation upon the Surface of the Earth, as delineated in a specimen of a Philosophico-Chorographical Chart of East Kent,’ 4to, London, 1737. The essay had been read before the Royal Society on 25 Nov. 1736, and the specimen chart submitted to them. 2. ‘Ankographia, sive Convallium Descriptio,’ an explanation of a new philosophico-chorographical chart of East Kent, 4to, Canterbury, 1743. The chart itself, containing a ‘graphical delineation of the country fifteen or sixteen miles round Canterbury,’ was published by a guinea subscription in 1743.
His letters to Sir Hans Sloane, extending from 1737 to 1741, are in the British Museum, Additional (Sloane) MS. 4055.
G. G.