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# The Mythology of All Races/Volume 3/Slavic/Part 2/Chapter 3

CHAPTER III
SVARAŽIC
THE Rhetarii, a division of the Lutices (between the Elbe and the Oder), worshipped a god named Svaražic ("Son of Svarog"), and the chronicler Thietmar testifies that their castle of Radigast (Radgost) contained a wooden temple in which were numerous statues of divinities made by the hands of men. These idols, wearing armour and helmets, struck terror into those who beheld them; and each of them had his name carved on his image. The most important of them was Svaražic (Zuarasici), whom St. Bruno, the apostle of the Prussians, writing to Emperor Henry II, terms "Zuarasiz diabolus."
Further evidence of a deity worshipped in Radgost is given by Adam of Bremen and his follower, Helmold. This idol stood in a spacious sanctuary among other gods, was made of gold, and had its base adorned with brocade. It wore a helmet resembling a bird with outstretched wings, and on its breast was the head of a black bison, the national emblem of the Rhetarii; the divinity's right hand rested on this symbol, while the left grasped a double-edged axe.
When Adam of Bremen terms this Lutician deity "Radigast" or "Redigast," he seems to be in error and to have confused the name of the town (Radigast) with the divinity worshipped there, especially as the older evidence shows this god to have been Svaražic himself.
PLATE XXXIII
Radigast
This god may have been in reality only a form of Svaražic and the special patron of the city of Radigast. After a picture by N. Aleš.
​power of the gods and to join in the annual festivities. Human beings were likewise sacrificed there, for in honour of a victory won in 1066 the head of John, Bishop of the Diocese of Mecklenburg, who had been captured in battle, was offered up to this divinity.
* ↑ The name appears in various forms, Rhetari, Redarii, Riaduri, Riediries, etc., as does that of their capital, Riedegost, etc.
* ↑ vi. 23.
* ↑ Epistola Brunonis ad Henricum regem, ed. A. Bielowski, in Monumenta Poloniae historica, i. 226, Lwów, 1864.
* ↑ ii. 18.
* ↑ i. 2, 21, 52.
* ↑ For the opposite view, that there actually was a deity Radigast, see Leger, Mythologie, pp. 144–51.
* ↑ Adam of Bremen, iii. 50; Helmold, i. 23.
# The Mythology of All Races/Volume 3/Slavic/Part 2

PART II THE DEITIES OF THE ELBE SLAVS
THE DEITIES OF THE ELBE SLAVS
THE religion o£ the ancient Slavs was not restricted to a belief in genii, but was further developed into the worship of gods. They made themselves idols, in which they thought their deities were embodied, and they prayed to them.
There are two records which show how the pagan Slavs came to adopt the worship of one chief deity. The Greek historian Procopius writes as follows concerning Slavs and Antae: "They believe that there is one single god who is the creator of the lightning and the sole lord of all things, and to him they sacrifice cattle and all sorts of animals. . . . They also worship rivers, nymphs, and some other deities; they sacrifice to all and foretell the future in these offerings." A similar account concerning the Elbe Slavs is given by the chronicler Helmold: "Among the multiform divine powers to whom they ascribe fields, forests, sorrows, and joys they do not deny that one god rules over the others in heaven and that he, pre-eminent in might, cares only for things celestial; whereas the rest, obeying the duties assigned them, have sprung from his blood and enjoy distinction in proportion to their nearness to that god of gods."
The name of the chief god of the Slavs has not come down to us. There is, however, a well-founded belief that it was Svarog, who, in old chronicles, is often identified with Hephaistos; and we have more certain evidence regarding his sons, one of whom is called Dažbog, and the other Svarožič ("Son of Svarog"). Lack of historical data renders it impossible to say what gods were worshipped by the Slavs while they were still living in their ancient homes; and our only documents ​of a really precise character concern solely the religion of the Elbe Slavs and the Russians.
For the idolatry of the former the record of the chronicler Thietmar is of the greatest importance. He says that in those regions there were as many temples as there were districts, and that these shrines served the worship of their particular demons.
* ↑ De bello Gothico, iii. 14; for the Antae cf. Krek, Einleitung, pp. 292–96.
* ↑ i. 83.
* ↑ e. g. in the Chronicle of Hypatius (an Old Slavic paraphrase of the Byzantine historian Georgios Hamartolos), cited by Krek, Einleitung, p. 378, note 2.
* ↑ See infra, pp. 297–98.
* ↑ Cf. S. Zaborowski, "Les Origines des Slaves," in Bulletins et mémoires de la société d' anthropologic de Paris, V. v. 671–720 (1904); abridged English translation in Smithsonian Report, 1906, pp. 399–422.
* ↑ vi. 18.
* PAGE
* Chapter I.Svantovit279
* II.Triglav284
* III.Svaražic286
* IV.Černobog288
* V.Other Deities289
# The Mythology of All Races/Volume 3/Slavic/Part 2/Chapter 4

CHAPTER IV
ČERNOBOG
THE evidence of Helmold shows that at banquets the Slavs were wont to offer prayer to a divinity of good and evil; and being convinced that happiness comes from the god of good, while misfortune is dispensed by the deity of evil, they called the latter Černobog or Zcernoboch ("Black God").
The conception of Černobog as the god of evil in contrast to the god of good is probably due to the influence of Christianity. The western Slavs, becoming familiar, through the instrumentality of the clergy, with the ideas of the new faith and with its conception of the devil, transferred to the latter many features of the pagan deities, worshipping him as a being who was very powerful compared even with the god of good. He was regarded as the cause of all calamities, and the prayers to him at banquets were in reality intended to avert misfortunes.
PLATE XXXIV
Idealizations of Slavic Divinities
I . Svantovit
This modern conception of the great deity of the Elbe Slavs (see pp. 279–83) should be compared with the rude statue supposed to represent him (Plate XXXI).
2. Živa
While the ancient Slavs, like the Baltic peoples, worshipped many female divinities, the name of only one of them has been preserved, Živa, the goddess of life.
3. Černborg and Tribog
Černobog, or "the Black God," was the Slavic deity of evil, and Tribog, or the "Triple God" (cf. the deity Triglav, pp. 284–85, and possibly the three-headed deity of the Celts, Plates VII, XII), is regarded by later sources as the divinity of pestilence.
After pictures by N. Aleš.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Nevianskii-Zavod

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​ NEVIANSKII-ZAVOD, nĕv-yän′skḗ zȧ-vṓd′. A mining settlement in the Government of Perm, Russia, situated on the Neiva, in the Ural Mountains, 62 miles north of Ekaterinburg (Map: Russia, K 3). It is the centre of an important mining district and contains extensive iron works, steel mills, and gold washeries. The settlement was founded in 1699. Population, in 1897, 16,066.
# The New International Encyclopædia/New Harmony

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NEW HARMONY. A town in Posey County, Ind., 15 miles north of Mount Vernon, the county-seat, on the Wabash River and on a
branch of the Illinois Central Railroad (Map: Indiana, B 4). It has the free library of the Workingmen's Institute with some 15,000 volumes, founded in 1838. There are flouring and planing mills, brick works, and minor industries. Population, in 1890, 1197; in 1900, 1341.
New Harmony was settled in 1805 by a community of Harmonists (q.v.), who, in 1824, sold out to Robert Owen and moved to Economy, Pa. In 1825 Owen organized a ‘Preliminary Society,’ and invited here ‘the industrious and well disposed of all nations.’ There was to be a community of goods according to age, religious worship was to be replaced by a series of ‘moral lectures,’ and children, when two years of age, were to be taken from their parents and educated by trained teachers. Within a few months the village became a ‘scene of idleness and revelry,’ but in 1826 Owen returned, and for a time the settlement prospered. Later in the year, disagreements arising, the original community separated to form three communities—New Harmony, Maclure, and Feiba Pevla—and in a short time the whole experiment was abandoned. William Maclure, one of the original leaders, then bought part of the land and founded a ‘school of industry,’ which after a short time was discontinued. Consult Lockwood, The New Harmony Communities (Marion, Ind., 1902).
# The New International Encyclopædia/New Hanover

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​ NEW HANOVER. The northernmost large island of the Bismark Archipelago (q.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/New Hebrides

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​ NEW HEBRIDES, hĕb′rǐ-dēz. A group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, northeast of New Caledonia, extending from latitude 13° to 20° S., and from longitude 165° to 170° E. (Map: Australasia, J 4). Its total area is estimated at over 5000 square miles. The chief islands are Espiritu Santo, Mallicolo, Pentecost, Maewo, Sandwich, and High Islands. Some of the islands are composed of coral; others are of volcanic origin with several active volcanoes. The soil is fertile. Considerable quantities of sandalwood are exported. The chief agricultural products are the breadfruit, sago palm, banana, yam, pineapple, orange, etc. The climate is unhealthful. Even the natives are not immune from fever, and dysentery makes great ravages among them. The population is steadily decreasing; in 1901 it was estimated at 50,000. The people of this group of islands are Melanesians. They are chiefly dolichocephalic (cranial index, 70.4, but examples as high as 85 are found), very dark in complexion, below the medium in stature (64 inches), and have abundance of woolly hair. They are still in savagery, though under the teachings of Christian missionaries they have abandoned to a large extent head-hunting and cannibalism. Under discipline they become industrious and are a factor in the trade of the Pacific. The languages of New Hebrides belong to the sub-Papuan family everywhere except in Fotuna and Aniwa, and at Mel and Fel in Efat, which are Maori colonies from New Zealand still speaking Maori dialects. The best-known sub-Papuan languages are Epi, Pama, Amboym, Vunmarama, and Sesaki. On the southernmost island, Aneityum, the inhabitants are Christianized, can all read and write, and have over forty schools. The group forms a protectorate administered by a mixed commission of French and English officers.
# The New International Encyclopædia/New Atlantis, The

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​ NEW ATLAN′TIS, The. The name given by Lord Bacon, in his allegory bearing the same title, to an island supposed to lie in the Southern Atlantic, on which the author is shipwrecked. There he finds an organized association for natural science and the arts. See Atlantis.
# The New International Encyclopædia/New Brunswick (New Jersey)

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​ NEW BRUNSWICK. A city and the county-seat of Middlesex County, N. J., 23 miles southwest of Newark; at the head of navigation on the Raritan River, about 15 miles from its mouth, and on the Pennsylvania and the Raritan River railroads (Map: New Jersey, D 3). It is the terminus of the Delaware and Raritan Canal. A magnificent new railway bridge over the river ​is in course of construction. The city has a public library with over 17,300 volumes and the Gardner A. Sage Library of 44,500 volumes, and is the seat of Rutgers College (q.v.), connected with which is the Theological Seminary of the Dutch Reformed Church, and of the State Agricultural and Mechanical College with the State model farms. New Brunswick is extensively engaged in manufacturing hosiery, wall paper, rubber boots and shoes, bicycle tires, chemicals, fruit jars, boilers, cigars, foundry products, knitting needles, sash and blinds, shoes, etc. Under a charter of 1863, the government is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, a unicameral council, and in administrative boards. The boards of library trustees and of health are appointed by the mayor; the board of water commissioners is elected by the council; the board of education is chosen by popular vote. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 18,603; in 1900, 20,006. The first settlement here was made in 1681. The place was first called ‘Prigmore's Swamp’ (1681-97), then ‘Inion's Ferry’ (1691-1714), and finally New Brunswick, in honor of the House of Brunswick. New Brunswick was incorporated as a town in 1736, and was chartered as a city in 1784. It suffered much during the Revolution, and during the winter of 1776-77 was occupied by the British.
# The New International Encyclopædia/New Holland

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​ NEW HOLLAND. The former name for Australia (q.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Augusta (German Empress)

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​AUGUSTA, Ger. pron. ou-gụs′tā̇ (Fem. of Augustus, venerable), Marie Luise Katharina (1811-90). Queen of Prussia and German Empress, the daughter of Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe Weimar. She was brought up at the court of her grandfather, Charles Augustus, where she was intimately acquainted with Goethe. On June 11, 1829, she married William, Crown Prince of Prussia, afterwards the Emperor William I. She was admired for her culture and beloved for her benevolence.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Augusta Vindelicorum

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​AUGUSTA VINDEL′ICO′RUM. The name bestowed by Augustus upon the chief seat of the Vindelici; the modern Augsburg.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Augustan History

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​AUGUSTAN HIS′TORY (Lat. Historia Augusta). The usual title of a collection of biographies of Roman emperors and usurpers from Hadrian to Numerianus (A.D. 117-284), written by six authors, late in the Third or early in the Fourth Century. The memoirs are important for matters of fact, but the literary character is poor. A great deal of curious anecdote and much unauthenticated scandal are collected in these lives. Best edition by H. Peter (Leipzig, 1884); an old translation by Bernard (London, 1740).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Augusta Taurinorum

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​AUGUSTA TAU′RINO′RUM. Anciently, the capital of the Ligurian Taurini; the modern Turin.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Augustan Age

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​AUGUS′TAN AGE. The period of highest literary activity in Rome, under the patronage of Augustus and his adviser Mæcenas. At that time the Latin language was in its perfection, and men of letters were held in the highest honor. It was the period of Vergil, Horace, and Ovid. [See Sellar, Roman Poets of the Augustan Age (Oxford, 1886).] The term ‘Augustan Age’ is also extended to apply to other periods of literary brilliancy, as the age of Addison, Swift, and Steele, in England, and Louis XIV.'s reign in France.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Augusta (Maine)

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​ AUGUSTA. The capital of Maine, and the county-seat of Kennebec County. It is situated mainly on the west bank of the Kennebec River, 45 miles from its mouth, 74 miles southwest of Bangor, and 170 miles from Boston (Map: Maine, D 7). Augusta is on the Maine Central Railroad, and has connection by steamer with Portland, Boston, and other important cities. It has excellent water-power, the Kennebec Dam, 17 feet high and nearly 600 feet long, being but a half-mile above the city. The most extensive products are lumber, cotton goods, pulp, and paper. Augusta is built on ground rising considerably above the river-level, and contains several imposing buildings—the State House, built of granite, and affording a beautiful view from its dome: the City Hall, Post-office, State Insane Asylum, and United States Arsenal. The city has also a soldiers' monument and two libraries—the Lithgow Library (public), of 8000 volumes, and the State Library, of 60,000 volumes, located in the Capitol. The administration is vested in a mayor and a bicameral city council, with the usual subordinate officials. Population, in 1880, 8665; in 1890, 10,527; in ​1900, 11,683. Though trading stations had been established here very early, the permanent settlement dates from 1754, when the Plymouth Company built here a fort, called Fort Western. Settlers began to come in 1762, and the place was known as Cushnoc (from the Indian village formerly situated there) until 1771, when it was incorporated as Hallowell. Out of part of Hallowell a new town was created in 1797 and called at first Harrington, and then, several months later, Augusta. It became the capital of the State in 1831, and was incorporated as a city in 1849. Consult North, History of Augusta (Augusta, 1870).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Augusta (honorary name)

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​AUGUSTA (Lat. fem. of Augustus, majestic, venerable). An honorary name bestowed upon women of the Roman Emperor's household as their greatest possible distinction. Livia was the first to receive it. It was sometimes even given to the Emperor's concubines. See Constantine; Augustus.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Augusta Trevirorum

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​AUGUSTA TREV′IRO′RUM. The modern Treves (Ger. Trier); in ancient times the capital of the Treviri.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Augustalia

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​AU′GUSTA′LIA. Games in honor of Augustus, held on August 1, September 23 (the birthday of Augustus), and October 3-12.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Augustan Band, The

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​AUGUSTAN BAND, The. See Augustus's Band.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Voss, Johann Heinrich

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VOSS, Johann Heinrich (1751-1826). A German poet, translator, and classical philologist, born in Sommersdorf, Mecklenburg. He studied at Göttingen, and after editing for a time the Göttinger Musenalmanach, was made rector of the Gymnasium at Otterndorf (1778). He translated the Odyssey, was promoted in 1782 to the rectorship of the Gymnasium at Eutin, and here in 1789 published a translation of Vergil's Eclogues and Georgics, his classical version of the Homeric poems (4 vols., 1793), and two volumes of controversial letters addressed to Heyne (Mythologische Briefe, 1794). In 1802 he
moved to Jena, and in 1805 was made professor of classical literature at Heidelberg. Here he translated Horace, Hesiod, Theocritus, Bion, Moschus, and Tibullus, and attempted Shakespeare, Ovid, and Aristophanes with less success. Of his original poems in four volumes (1825) the idyl Luise (1795) is alone noteworthy. His later works, Wie ward Fritz Stolberg ein Unfreier (1819) and Antisymbolik (1824-26), are painstaking and dignified, but dreary. Voss's Letters are in three volumes (Halberstadt, 1829-33). Consult the Lives by Paulus (Heidelberg, 1826) and Herbst (Leipzig, 1872-76); also Prutz, Der Göttinger Dichterbund (Leipzig, 1841).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Voss, Richard

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VOSS, Richard (1851—). A German author, born at Neugrape, in Pommerania. He studied at Jena and Munich, and in 1884 became librarian of the Wartburg. His best known dramas are: Pater Modestus, dealing with the problem of religion (1882); Alexandra (1886); Brigitta (1887); Eva, patterned after Ibsen's Nora (1889); Schuldig (1890); Zwischen zwei Herzen (1896); and Die Patrizierin, a classical drama, which won the Schiller prize in 1896. His novels include: Die Sabinerin, remarkable for its beautiful descriptions of Italian country (1890); Villa Falconieri, the story of a successful poet who lost confidence in his powers (1896); Amata, a story of Rome in Nero's time (1901); and Römisches Fieber (1902).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wagtail

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​WAGTAIL. A small bird of the European family Motacillidæ, characterized by slenderness of form and a long narrow tail, which the bird incessantly wags up and down, with a jerking motion. The wagtails run with great speed, and frequent the margins of rivers and lakes, inundated fields, and other moist grounds, feeding almost entirely upon insects and worms. They make their nests on the ground, among moist herbage, or in stony places. One species, the yellow wagtail (Budytes flara), occurs abundantly in Alaska in summer, migrating to and from Asia; and the American titlark (q.v.) is a member of the family. The name 'wagtail' is often given in the United States, however, to the similarly appearing American warblers (q.v.) of the genus Seiurus, especially to the two 'water-thrushes' Sciurus Noreboracensis and Sciurus motacilla. Like their congener the oven-bird (Seciurus auricapillus), they are among the largest of warblers, and are olive above and buffy white below, streaked with black.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Vulpius, Christian August

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VULPIUS, vụl′pē̇-ụs, Christian August (1762-1827). A German novelist and dramatist, born at Weimar. He studied at Jena and Erlangen, and, possibly through Goethe's influence, obtained a post in the Weimar Library in 1797. In Weimar he published the typical “penny dreadful” of the period, Rinaldo Rinaldini, the robber Captain, often translated and imitated, but still unrivaled on its bad eminence. He published a large number of romantic operas, dramas, and tales, and was active also as editor. He died at Weimar. His sister, Christiane (1765-1816) became the wife of Goethe. See Goethe.