OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Lippe

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Lippe | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Lippe, f., ‘lip,’ unknown to MidHG. and OHG.; it has appeared in the written language since Luther. It is the LG. and ​MidG. word for UpG. Lefze; Comp. OSax. *lippa, Du. lip, AS. lippa, E. lip; in Goth. we have perhaps to assume *lipiô, f. According to OSax. lëpur the Teut. root is lep, and this, following the permutation of consonants, is based on leb. The correspondence with Lat. labium is generally accepted; but when this is connected with lambere, ‘to lick,’ difficulties are presented, especially by the meaning. To represent the lip as ‘that which licks’ is not satisfactory. In Teut. a vb. (OHG. laffan, pret. luof) corresponding to Lat. lambere has been retained, and the rules of gradation show that HG. Lippe cannot be allied to this; Lippe is connected rather with a Goth. vb. *lipan, not *lapan (OHG. laffan). Lat. labium was derived perhaps from *lebium (Goth. *lipjô) and connected with lambere; to this ModPers. lab, ‘lip,’ is allied. The LG. word passed through Du. into Fr. lippe, f., ‘blobber lip.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/List

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​ List, f., ‘craft, cunning, deceit,’ from MidHG. and OHG. list, m. (f. in MidG. and OHG.), ‘wisdom, prudence, slyness, sly purpose, cunning, art.’ Goth. lists is by chance not recorded with the ModHG. sense only. The meaning ‘prudence’ is the orig. one; AS. list, f., ‘art, propriety, cunning,’ E. list; OIc. list, f., ‘prudence, skill in an art, propriety.’ Thus the signification of the word fluctuates in several dials. between the prim. meaning ‘prudence’ and ‘cunning.’ The subst., as an old abstract in ti (Goth. listi-ns, acc. plur.), belongs by its structure to the Goth. pret. pres. lais, ‘I know’; the verbal stem lis, with the orig. sense ‘to know,’ is still widely diffused in HG., comp. lehren and lernen. Moreover, on the common Teut. listi- are based the Slav. cognates of OSlov. lĭstĭ and the Rom. class comprising Fr. leste and Ital. lesto, ‘skilful, nimble.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Litze

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​ Litze, f., ‘twisted lace, bobbin,’ from MidHG. litze, f., ‘twisted lace, cord as a barrier’; from Lat. lîcium, n., ‘thread.’ The change made in the quantity when the word was borrowed in MidHG. as lĭtze is analogous to that in Lilie and Linie. From the Lat. lîcium (whence Fr. lice, ‘lists, arena’) are also derived Zwillich and Drillich, which see.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Linie

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​ Linie, f., ‘line, lineage,’ from the equiv. MidHG. linie, f., from Lat. lînea, f., with a change of quantity. It occurs even in OHG.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Lindwurm

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​ Lindwurm, m., ‘winged serpent or dragon,’ borrowed, with the revival of MidHG. literature in the last century, from MidHG. lintwurm, OHG. lindwurm, m., ‘dragon’ (comp. also Wurm). The first component is identical in meaning with the second, which is only an explanation of the obscure term Lind, which was no longer understood; comp. OHG. lind, lint, ‘serpent’; OIc. linnr, ‘serpent’ (for *linþr). Windhund is a similar compound.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Lob

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​ Lob, n., ‘praise,’ from MidHG. lop (b), OHG. lob, n. and m., ‘praise, reward, glorification’; corresponding to Du. lof, AS. lof, m., ‘praise, fame’; OIc. lof. n., ‘fame, reward, praise, laudatory poem,’ also ‘permission,’ points to the similarity of the roots of loben and erlauben (comp. MidHG. urloup and urlop, ‘permission’). The old gradation lub-liub-laub comprises ModHG. Lob, lieb, glauben, and erlauben; in AS., lufu (equiv. to E. love) is the weakest form of the root with the meaning corresponding to HG. lieb (Goth. liufs), Under lieb the prim. sense of the Aryan root leubh (Sans. lubh, Lat. lubet, lubido) is assumed to be ‘inclination’; in meaning, Lith. liaupsě, ‘hymn,’ láupsinti, ‘to extol,’ are the most closely allied. With regard to the gradation, it is also noteworthy that MidHG. and ModHG. loben, OHG. lobôn, lobên, vb., AS. lofian, vb., ‘to praise,’ are represented in OIc. by lofa, vb., ‘to praise, commend, permit,’ and that OIc. leyfa (from *laubjan) has also the same double sense. — ModHG. and MidHG. lobesam, adj., ‘laudable,’ OHG. lobosam, AS. lofsum; Goth. galufs, galaufs, ‘precious,’ lit. ‘having praise,’ so too OHG. glob, ‘precious.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Liste

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​ Liste, f., ‘list, roll’ ModHG. only, from Fr. liste, Ital. lista, which are again derived from HG. Leiste (MidHG. lîste).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Linnen

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​ Linnen, n., a LG. form for Leinen, ‘linen,’ which was introduced in the last century into Upper Germany through the Westphalian linen trade. OSax. lînîn is still used as an adj., ‘flaxen, linen.’
# An Elementary Treatise on Optics/Chapter 12

CHAP. XII.
IMAGES PRODUCED BY REFRACTION.
119.Let $ABC$ (Fig. 132.) represent a straight line or rod sunk in water up to $B$. The rays of light proceeding from any point $C$ in the water will be refracted so as to proceed apparently from a point $C',$ which, by referring to Chap. vii., we find is higher than $C$ by one-fourth of its depth, (supposing $m$ to be 3/4 for water).
The consequence of this is, that the visible appearance of the rod is such as is represented by the broken line $ABC',$ the tangent of the apparent angle of inclination to the surface ($C'BD$) being three-fourths of that of the real angle $CBD$.
120.Let us now examine the images produced by curved refracting surfaces. It will be quite sufficient in a practical point of view to take the cases of the double-concave and convex-lenses.
In these we find that when a pencil of rays is incident either along the axis or in a direction little inclined to it, the focal distance is given by the equation
${\frac {1}{\Delta '}}={\frac {1}{F}}+{\frac {1}{\Delta }}.$
From which we may conclude, that if $\Delta$ be constant, $\Delta '$ will be so; that is, if the object be a portion of a spherical surface, (Fig. 133.) having for its centre that of the lens, the image will be a similar portion of a sphere, the radius of which will be $\Delta '$ as that of the object is $\Delta$.
121.It the object be a straight line, it will be found that the case is precisely analogous to that in Chap. vi., substituting the center ​of the lens for that of the reflecting surface; the image is as there a portion of a conic section, the latus rectum of which is the principal focal length of the lens. The curvature of the image is the same for all distances.
The reader will have no difficulty in collecting from this that the image of the Sun given by a lens is a small portion of a spherical surface, the middle of which is at the principal focus of the lens.
It will moreover be easily seen (Fig. 134 and 135.) that a double-concave lens gives an erect image, a double-convex generally an inverted one. I say generally, because when the object is nearer the lens than the principal focus, (Fig. 136.) the image is beyond it on the same side, and therefore erect.
With the exception of this last case, the image given by a convex-lens is a real one, that by a concave-lens is always imaginary.
Note. In all images produced by reflexion or refraction at spherical surfaces, there is in practice necessarily some little indistinctness arising from the aberration of the rays distant from the axis. In consequence of this, instead of single points or foci we find small circular spots with bright edges and centres which intersect and confuse each other as represented on an exaggerated scale in Fig. 137.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Körper

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Körper. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Körper, masculine, ‘body, substance, carcass,’ in the Middle High German period (13th century) korper, körpel, körper, masculine; borrowed from Latin corpus, or more accurately from the stem corpor-, a primary cognate of which exists in Old Teutonic from the same source (Aryan kṛp), Old High German hrëf, Anglo-Saxon hrif, ‘womb.’ Leich (see Leichnam) is the Old Teutonic word for Modern High German Leib and Körper. “The sacrament of the Church and the elevation of the Host, and perhaps medical art, led to the naturalisation of the Latin word.”
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Köter

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Köter. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Köter, masculine, ‘cur,’ properly ‘farmer's dog,’ allied. to Low German kote, ‘small farm.’ See Kot (1).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kübel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kübel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kübel, masculine, ‘tub, bucket,’ from the equivalent Middle High German kübel, Old High German *chubil, masculine; compare Old High German miluh-chubilî, -chubilîn, neuter, ‘milk-pail’; allied to Anglo-Saxon cŷf (from kûbi-), Middle English kîve, ‘cask.’ The stem is genuinely Teutonic; it is doubtful whether it is connected with the cognates (‘narrow space’) discussed under Koben. Its Romance origin at all events must be rejected. — ModLat. cupella, cupellus, ‘mensura frumentaria’ and ‘vas potorium,’ do not coincide in meaning; Dutch kuip, ‘vat, cask,’ is alone connected with Latin cûpa, ‘cask.’ Some Romance words, such as Provençal cubel, ‘tub,’ are derived from the Teutonic cognates, from which Slavonic and Lettic words are borrowed; Lithuanian kùbilas, ‘tub,’ Old Slovenian kŭbĭlŭ, ‘vessel,’ as a corn measure. Compare Koben, Kopf, and Kufe.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kötze

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kötze. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kötze, feminine, ‘basket,’ from the equivalent Middle High German kœtze, of obscure origin; compare Kieze.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Küche

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Küche. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Küche, feminine, ‘kitchen,’ from the equivalent Middle High German küche, küchen, kuchîn (Upper German without mutation kuche, kuchi), Old High German chúhhī̆na, feminine; corresponding to Anglo-Saxon cyčene, feminine, English kitchen, Dutch keuken. An old West Teutonic word, probably not derived immediately from late Latin coquîna, ‘kitchen,’ but rather from a common Romance and Middle Latin cûcina (kukī̆na; compare Italian cucina, French cuisine). The High German ch (Old High German hh) for c, k, in consequence of the High German permutation points to the adoption of the term about the 6th century, at which period the South European arts of cookery and horticulture were introduced into Germany; compare Koch, Kuchen, Kohl, Kümmel, and Pfeffer.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kühl

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kühl. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kühl, adjective, ‘cool,’ from the equivalent Middle High German küel, küele, adjective, also a regularly ​non-mutated form kuol- in compounds such as kuolhûs, neuter, ‘cooling-house,’ and in the adverb kuole (compare schon, spät, fast); Old High German chuoli, adjective, ‘cool’ (*chuolo, adverb). It corresponds to Middle Low German kôl, Dutch koel, Anglo-Saxon côl, English cool. In the form of kôli- (originally kôlu-) the adjective is common to West Teutonic; the adjective kalt is the old participle form from the stem of kühl, from which in Scandinavian (kala) and Anglo-Saxon (calan) strong verbs are formed; the further cognates English chill, Anglo-Saxon čęle, čyle, ‘cold,’ are based on a Gothic *kali- (neuter singular *kals). Compare kalt.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Küchenschelle

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Küchenschelle. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Küchenschelle, feminine, ‘pasque flower,’ Modern High German only, interpreted from one of the variants Kuh-, Kühschelle as Kühchenschelle; its relation to the equivalent French coquelourde is obscure; the Modern High German form is certainly a corruption.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Küchlein

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Küchlein. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Küchlein, neuter, ‘chicken,’ Modern High German only; a Middle German and Low German word introduced by Luther into High German (in Upper German dialectic hüenli, West Middle German hünkel, Suabian luggele). To the Middle German and Low German küchen, küken, correspond Anglo-Saxon čŷčen (plural čŷcnu), Middle English chîken, English chick, chicken, Scandinavian kjúklingr, Dutch kieken, keuken. The Gothic diminutive termination -îna- (*kiukein) frequently occurs in the names of animals, Gothic gait-ein, Anglo-Saxon tiččen (Gothic *tikkein), Anglo-Saxon hêčen (Gothic *hôkein), neuter ‘kid’; see Füllen, Geiß, Schwein, Zicklein, and Mädchen. The substantive on which the word is based is Anglo-Saxon cocc, English cock, Scandinavian kokkr (to which Gothic *kiukein, neuter, is related by gradation). There is no reason for thinking that the Teutonic word was borrowed from Romance — French coq, like Anglo-Saxon cocc (Upper German gockel, gückel), is a recent onomatopoetic term also, for Welsh and Cornish cog, ‘cuckoo,’ points also to the base cucâ (so too Old Irish cúach, ‘cuckoo,’ from coucâ). Compare Kuckuck.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/König

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry König. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ König, masculine, ‘king,’ from the equivalent Middle High German künic, künc (g), Old High German chunig, chuning; corresponding to Old Saxon cuning, Anglo-Saxon cyning (cyng,) English king, Dutch koning, Old Icelandic konungr; a common Teutonic term, wanting only in Gothic. The high antiquity of the term is attested by its being borrowed at an early period by Finnish and Esthonian as kuningas, ‘king,’ by Old Slovenian as kŭnęgŭ, kŭnęzĭ, ‘prince,’ Lithuanian as kùningas, ‘lord, pastor’ (Lettic kungs, ‘lord’). The word may be most probably explained by connecting it with Gothic kuni (genitive kunjis), Old High German chunni, Middle High German künne, Anglo-Saxon cynn, ‘family.’ Regarding -ing as a patronymic (Anglo-Saxon Wôdening, ‘son of Woden’), the meaning would be ‘a man of family,’ i.e, of a distinguished family, ‘ex nobilitate ortus’ (Tacitus, Germ. vii.). This simple and satisfactory explanation is opposed by the fact that in Old Teutonic kuni- alone means ‘king,’ which has been preserved especially in compounds such as Anglo-Saxon cyne-helm, ‘king's helmet,’ i.e. ‘crown,’ ​cynestôl, ‘king's seat,’ i.e. ‘throne,’ cynerice, equivalent to Old High German chunirîhhi, ‘kingdom,’ &c.; the simple form is perhaps found only in Old Icelandic poetry as konr (i-stem), ‘man of noble birth, relative of the king.’ In tracing the evolution in meaning, this fact can no more be rejected than the former; in this case too König would contain the essential idea of distinguished birth, but perhaps more accurately ‘the son of a man of distinguished birth’; compare French and English prince, signifying both Prinz (male member of the royal family) and Fürst (a sovereign ruler, and also a title next above Count). The etymological connection between English king and queen must be discarded, since the latter signified ‘woman’ generally; yet it is of some value in illustrating the development of meaning in the word König; Anglo-Saxon cwên is especially ‘the noble lady.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Küfer

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Küfer. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Küfer, masculine, from the equivalent küefer, masculine, ‘cooper’; compare Dutch kuiper, English cooper.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Stroh

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​ Stroh, m., ‘straw,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. strô (gen. strawes, strauwes, strôwes), n.; a common Teut. word. Comp. Du. stroo, AS. streaw, E. straw, OIc. strá (Goth. *strawa-), n. Its connection with streuen is evident, yet its exact relation is uncertain (Stroh, lit. ‘hangings, embossed paper’?).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Strobel

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​ Strobel, m., ‘pine cone, strobile,’ ModHG. only, allied to MidHG. strobelen, OHG. strobalôn. See sträuben.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Strom

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Strom | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Strom, m., ‘stream, torrent, current,’ from the equiv. MidHG. strôm (stroum), OHG. stroum; common to Teut. in the form straumo-. Comp. OSax. strôm, Du. stroom, AS. streám, E. stream, and the equiv. OIc. straumr. Teut. straumo- for srou-mo- is based on the Aryan root srū̆ (srou), ‘to flow,’ which appears in Gr. ῥέω (for *σρέϝω; ῥύσις, ‘flowing,’ for sru-ti-s), Sans. root sru, ‘to flow,’ OIr. sruth, ‘river,’ and sruaim (base sroumen), ‘stream.’ For the evolution of Aryan sr to str see Schwester and Strick.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Strudel

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​ Strudel, m., ‘eddy, whirlpool, vortex,’ from the equiv. late MidHG. strudel, m. A graded form from OHG. strëdan, str. vb., ‘to roar, bubble’; Lat. strîdere, ‘to whiz,’ is not connected with the HG. cognates.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Strumpf

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​ Strumpf, m., ‘stocking,’ from MidHG. strumpf, m., ‘stump, trunk (of a tree, of a body).’ These meanings of the MidHG. word that it is equivalent to the ​following word (*strumpo- for *strunqo-?). The ModHG. sense results from the originally current compound Hosenstrumpf (hence lit. ‘the end of the hose, short hose’).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Strähle

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​ Strähle, f., ‘comb,’ from the equiv. MidHG. strœl, m., to which ModHG. and MidHG. strœlen, ‘to comb,’ is allied; the equiv. OHG. vb. strâlen (*strâllen, *stralian) presumes also for OHG. a subst. strâl, meaning ‘comb.’ It is not improbable that the separate teeth of the comb were regarded as arrows, rays.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Stube

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Stube | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Stube, f., ‘room, chamber,’ from MidHG. stube, OHG. stuba, f., ‘room with means for heating, sitting-room, bathroom’; common to OTeut.; comp. Du. stoof, ‘foot-stove, drying-room,’ AS. stofa, E. stove, OIc. stofa, ‘room, bathroom with a stove.’ Although the Romance origin of the cognates is impossible (Ital. stufa, Fr. étuve, ‘sweating-room, stove,’ are certainly borrowed from Teut.), this does not prove that the words are genuinely Teut. The word stuba was adopted in Finn. as tupa, in Lith. as stubà; comp. OSlov. istŭba, izba, Hung. szoba, Turk. soba, ‘room.’ The primary meaning of the Teut. word is ‘heated room,’ as may be inferred from Du. stoven, ‘to stew, warm up’ (whence Ital. stufare, Fr. etuver, ‘to foment’).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Strippe

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Strippe | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Strippe, f., ‘string, strap, band,’ a MidG. and LG. form for the genuine MidHG. strüpfe. Yet comp. also Swiss štruppe, ‘strap.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Strunk

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​ Strunk, m., ‘trunk, stem, stump,’ from the equiv. late MidHG. strunc, m., which, like the preceding word and Strauch, points to a Teut. root strū̆k. It corresponds to Du. strouk.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Strähne

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Strähne | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Strähne, f., ‘skein, hank,’ from the equiv. MidHG. strën, strëne, OHG. strëno, m., corresponding to MidDu. strene, Du. streen. Its connection with the preceding word is uncertain.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Dambrett

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Dambrett. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Dambrett, neuter, ‘draught-board,’ for Damenbrett, from Dame, which was first borrowed by Modern High German from French dame (Latin domina).