OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Æthelflaed

See also Æthelflæd on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ÆTHELFLAED (Ethelfleda), the “Lady of the Mercians,” the eldest child of Alfred the Great, was educated with her brother Edward at her father’s court. As soon as she was of marriageable age (probably about A.D. 886), she was married to Æthelred, earl of Mercia to whom Alfred entrusted the control of Mercia. On the accession of her brother Edward, Æthelflaed and her husband continued to hold Mercia. In 907 they fortified Chester, and in 909 and 910 either Æthelflaed or her husband must have led the Mercian host at the battles of Tettenhall and Wednesfield (or Tettenhall-Wednesfield, if these battles are one and the same). It was probably about this time that Æthelred fell ill, and the Norwegians and Danes from Ireland unsuccessfully besieged Chester. Æthelflaed won the support of the Danes against the Norwegians, and seems also to have entered into an alliance with the Scots and the Welsh against the pagans. In 911 Æthelred died and Edward took over Middlesex and Oxfordshire. Except for this Æthelflaed’s authority remained unimpaired. In 912 she fortified “Scergeat” and Bridgenorth, Tamworth and Stafford in 913, Eddisbury and Warwick in 914, Cherbury, “Weardbyrig” and Runcorn in 915. In 916 she sent an expedition against the Welsh, which advanced as far as Brecknock. In 917 Derby was captured from the Danes, and in the next year Leicester and York both submitted to her. She died in the same year at Tamworth (June 12), and was buried in St Peter’s church at Gloucester. This noble queen, whose career was as distinguished as that of her father and brother, left one daughter, Ælfwyn. For some eighteen months Ælfwyn seems to have wielded her mother’s authority, and then, just before the Christmas of 919, Edward took Mercia into his own hands, and Ælfwyn was “led away” into Wessex. Æthelflaed and her husband wielded almost kingly authority, and the royal title is often given them by the chroniclers.
See The Saxon Chronicle, sub ann. (especially the Mercian register in MSS. B, C and D); Florence of Worcester; Fragments of Irish Annals (ed. O’Conor), pp. 227-237; D.N.B., s.v.  (A. Mw.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Æthelfrith

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​ÆTHELFRITH, king of Northumbria, is said to have come to the throne in A.D. 593, being the son of Æthelric (probably reigned 568–572). He married Acha, daughter of Ella (Ælle), king of Deira, whom he succeeded probably in 605, expelling his son Edwin. In 603 he repelled the attack of Aidan, king of the Dalriad Scots, at Daegsastan, defeating him with great loss. The appearance of Hering, son of Hussa, Æthelfrith’s predecessor, On the side of the invaders seems to indicate family quarrels in the royal house of Bernicia. Later in his reign, probably in 614, he defeated the Welsh in a great battle at Chester and massacred the monks of Bangor who were assembled to aid them by their prayers. This war may have been due partly to Æthelfrith’s persecution of Edwin, but it had a strategic importance in the separation of the North Welsh from the Strathclyde Britons. In 617 Æthelfrith was defeated and slain ​at the river Idle by Rædwald of East Anglia, whom Edwin had persuaded to take up his cause.
See Bede, Chronica Majora, § 531; Hist. Ecc. (Plummer) i. 34, ii. 2; Saxon Chronicle, s.a. 593, 603, 605, 616; Hist. Brittonum, §§ 57, 63; Annales Cambriae, s.a. 613.  (F. G. M. B.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Æthelbald (king of Wessex)

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​ÆTHELBALD, king of Wessex, was the son of Æthelwulf, with whom he led the West Saxons to victory against the Danes at Aclea, 851. According to Asser he rebelled against his father on the latter’s return from Rome in 856, and deprived him of Wessex, which he ruled until his death in 860. On his father’s death in 858 he married his widow, Judith.
See Asser, Life of Alfred (W. H. Stevenson, 1904), 12; Saxon Chronicle, s.a. 851, 855, 860.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Æthelberht (king of Kent)

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​ÆTHELBERHT, king of Kent, son of Eormenric, probably came to the throne in A.D. 560. The first recorded event of his reign was a serious reverse at the hands of Ceawlin of Wessex in the year 568 (Chronicle) at a place called Wibbandune. Æthelberht married Berhta, daughter of Charibert, king of Paris, who brought over Bishop Liudhard as her private confessor. According to Bede, Æthelberht’s supremacy in 597 stretched over all the English kingdoms as far as the Humber. The nature of this supremacy has been much disputed, but it was at any rate sufficient to guarantee the safety of Augustine in his conference with the British bishops. Æthelberht exercised a stricter sway over Essex, where his nephew Saberht was king. In 597 the mission of Augustine landed in Thanet and was received at first with some hesitation by the king. He seems to have acted with prudence and moderation during the conversion of his kingdom and did not countenance compulsory proselytism. Æthelberht gave Augustine a dwelling-place in Canterbury, and Christ Church was consecrated in 603. He also made grants to found the see of Rochester, of which Justus became first bishop in 604, and his influence established Mellitus at London in the same year. A code of laws issued by him which is still extant is probably the oldest document in the English language, and contains a list of money fines for various crimes. Towards the close of his reign his pre-eminence as Bretwalda was disturbed by the increasing power of Rædwald of East Anglia. He died probably in 616, and was succeeded by his son Eadbald.
See Bede, Hist. Ecc. (Plummer) i. 25, 26, ii. 3, 5; Saxon Chronicle (Earle and Plummer), s.a. 568.  (F. G. M. B.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ætheling

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​ÆTHELING, an Anglo-Saxon word compounded of æthele, or ethel, meaning noble, and ing, belonging to, and akin to the modern German words Adel, nobility, and adelig, noble. During the earliest years of the Anglo-Saxon rule in England the word was probably used to denote any person of noble birth. Its use was, however, soon restricted to members of a royal family, and in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle it is used almost exclusively for members of the royal house of Wessex. It was occasionally used after the Norman Conquest to designate members of the royal family. The earlier part of the word formed part of the name of several Anglo-Saxon kings, e.g. Æthelbert, Æthelwulf, Æthelred, and was used obviously to indicate their noble birth. According to a document which probably dates from the 10th century, the wergild of an ætheling was fixed at 15,000 thrymsas, or 11,250 shillings. This wergild is equal to that of an archbishop and one-half of that of a king.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Æthelnoth

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​ÆTHELNOTH (d. 1038), archbishop of Canterbury, known also as Egelnodus or Ednodus, was a son of the ealdorman Æthelmaer, and a member of the royal family of Wessex. He became a monk at Glastonbury, then dean of the monastery of Christ Church, Canterbury, and chaplain to King Canute, and on the 13th of November 1020 was consecrated archbishop of Canterbury. In 1022 he went to Rome to obtain the pallium, and was received with great respect by Pope Benedict VIII. Returning from Rome he purchased at Pavia a relic said to be an arm of St Augustine of Hippo, for a hundred talents of silver and one of gold, and presented it to the abbey of Coventry. He appears to have exercised considerable influence over Canute, largely by whose aid he restored his cathedral at Canterbury. A story of doubtful authenticity tells how he refused to crown King Harold I., as he had promised Canute to crown none but a son of the king by his wife, Emma. Æthelnoth, who was called the “Good,” died on the 29th of October 1038, and his name appears in the lists of saints.
# A Book of Escapes And Hurried Journeys

* information about this edition.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
My aim has been to include the widest varieties of fateful and hasty journey, extending from the hundred yards or so of Lord Nithsdale's walk to the Tower Gate to the 4,000 miles of Lieutenants Parer and M'Intosh, from the ride of the obscure Dick King to the nights of princes, from the midsummer tragedy of Marie Antoinette to the winter comedy of Princess Clementina. —from the Preface
A BOOK of ESCAPES AND HURRIED JOURNEYS
BY JOHN BUCHAN
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY The Riverside Press Cambridge
The Riverside Press CAMBRIDGE . MASSACHUSETS PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.

### CONTENTS

* I. The Flight to Varennes 13
* II. The Railway Raid in Georgia 39
* III. The Escape of King Charles after Worcester 57
* IV. From Pretoria to the Sea 91
* V. The Escape of Prince Charles Edward 119
* VI. Two African Journeys 169
* VII. The Great Montrose 193
* VIII. The Flight of Lieutenants Parer and M'intosh across the World 223
* IX. Lord Nithsdale's Escape 237
* X. Sir Robert Cary's Ride to Edinburgh 251
* XI. The Escape of Princess Clementina 283
* XII. On the Roof of the World 283

### LIST OF PLATES

* She followed Châteaudoux down the winding stairs and out into the Night Frontispiece
* Penderel took alarm and splashed through the water, followed by his King 64
* Then another man joined the first, lit a cigar, and the two walked off together 100
* A storm and a glimpse of two war-ships forced them to land 136
* He and his two horses did an average of not less than eighty miles a day 184
* Across the moor they saw two figures advancing 208
* A crowd of Arabs approaching with obviously hostile intent 232
* The sentries in the dim light were unsuspicious and let them pass 248
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1940, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 83 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Charmes, Francis

See also Francis Charmes on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
CHARMES, FRANCIS (1848-1916), French journalist and politician, was born at Aurillac, Cantal, April 21 1848. He was educated at Aurillac, and afterwards at the lycées of Clermont-Ferrand and Poitiers, subsequently entering journalism. He rapidly made a mark as a brilliant writer, and in 1872 became editor of the Journal des Débats, where he remained until 1880, returning to it from 1889 to 1907. His political writings created much interest, and in 1880 the Government appointed him to the post of assistant director of the political department of the Foreign Office. In 1885 he became head of the department, and remained in the Foreign Office until 1889. From 1881 to 1885 and again from 1889 to 1898 he was deputy for Cantal, and in 1900 became a senator. Charmes is, however, best known for his connexion with the Revue des Deux Mondes. In 1893 he began his famous political writings in the Revue, and in 1907 became its editor. He takes a high place among the journalists of the third republic, and his articles and studies, both literary and political, in the Journal des Débats and Revue des Deux Mondes were one of the features of French literary history during the last years of the 19th century. He died in Paris Jan. 4 1916.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Choate, Joseph Hodges

See also Joseph Hodges Choate on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ CHOATE, JOSEPH HODGES (1832-1917), American lawyer and diplomat (see 6.258), died in New York May 14 1917. Upon the outbreak of the World War he ardently supported the cause of the Allies. He severely criticized President Wilson's hesitation to recommend America's immediate cooperation, but shortly before his death retracted his criticism. He was chairman of the mayor's committee in New York for entertaining the British and French commissions in 1917. His death was hastened by the physical strain of his constant activities in this connexion. Among his last works were Abraham Lincoln and Other Addresses in England (1910) and American Addresses (1911).
See Edward Sandford Martin, The Life of Joseph Hodges Choate (1920).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Charpentier, Gustave

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CHARPENTIER, GUSTAVE (1860- ), French operatic composer, was born at Dieuze, Lorraine, June 24 1860. He received his musical education at the Paris conservatoire under Massenet, and obtained the Prix de Rome in 1887. His works include Impressions fausses (1895); Impressions d'Italie (1891) and the operas La Vie du Poète (1892); Louise (1900), which, first produced at Covent Garden in 1909, has attained a wide popularity, and Julien, as well as Chant d'apothéose pour le centenaire de Victor Hugo. He founded the Conservatoire de Mimi Pinson (for working girls), and during the World War started the Œuvre de Mimi Pinson and Cocarde de Mimi Pinson to aid wounded soldiers.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Chiropractic

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CHIROPRACTIC, the name given to a method of healing employed in the United States, based on the theory that most disease is the result of displacement of the vertebrae of the spinal column, resulting in abnormal pressure upon the nerves as they emerge. It is held that the articular joints are frequently thrown out of alignment, it may be only in slight degree, and the constricted nerves are thereby prevented from transmitting to the various bodily organs the mental impulse necessary for proper functioning. The human body has been charted, and it is claimed that the nerves emanating above each vertebra regulate particular organs; hence the cause of different diseases can as a rule be readily localized. Health is possible only when all the organs function harmoniously, and disease of one organ may affect some other. The chiropractor attempts to find the subluxated joint, and with the bared hand to adjust it. He never resorts to drugs or surgery; he merely tries to relieve the impinged nerve and leaves the rest to nature.
The first reported healing by chiropractic was made in 1895, when Dr. D. D. Palmer (b. near Toronto, Canada, March 7 1845; d. at Los Angeles, Cal., Oct. 13 1913), a “magnetic healer,” in Iowa treated a man who had been deaf for 17 years. He claimed to have discovered that a displaced vertebra was pinching a certain nerve and that its adjustment was quickly followed by complete restoration of hearing. Little was done to work out a theory in detail until 1903, when Dr. B. J. Palmer (b. Sept. 10 1881), a son of the discoverer, began its formulation, resulting in the development of a well-defined system of articular adjustment with the hands. He established the Palmer School of Chiropractic (“Chiropractic Fountain Head”) at Davenport, Ia., which remained the best known, although later many others were founded in different parts of the United States. The course of study extends over three collegiate years of six months each, and the subjects studied correspond with those of the usual medical school, materia medica alone being ignored. In 1921 there were about 10,000 chiropractors to be found in some 30 of the United States. In several states they were still debarred from practice, and in others legislation was pending.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Chamberlain, Joseph

See also Joseph Chamberlain on Wikipedia, 5.813, and the disclaimer.
CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836-1914), British statesman, died at Highbury, Birmingham, July 2 1914. From 1910 onwards, as for the three or four years previously, after he had been struck down by illness in 1906, Mr. Chamberlain remained in the political background, personally crippled, but intellectually an
abiding source of strength to his old political followers, who continued to cherish his inspiration and to work for his ideals in the development of a united British Empire. Since they were now in opposition, the cause of tariff reform and imperial preference was no longer one of practical politics, and after the outbreak of the World War the conditions which had produced this active movement in 1903 were substantially altered. Nevertheless, it fell to Mr. Chamberlain's son, Austen Chamberlain, as Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1919, after his father's death, to include imperial preference in the budget of that year, and thus to carry this part of his programme to victory.
In 1916 Mr. Chamberlain's widow married Canon W. H. Carnegie, rector of St. Margaret's, Westminster, and chaplain to the House of Commons.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽám
### Chʽám.
#### 儳$^{-1}$

    Irregular; rapid.

#### 巉$^{-1}$

    A hill; a rocky, dangerous summit.

#### 讒$^{-1}$

    To calumniate; to flatter those present and slander the absent.

#### 慙$^{-1}$

    Ashamed; to blush.

#### 參$^1$𠫵$^1$

    To mix together; to see; advise with; to give advice to a sovereign against inferior officers.

#### 驂$^1$

    Blended; three horses to one carriage.

#### 慘$^2$

    Painful feelings; distress of mind.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽun
### Chʽun.
#### 存$^{-1}$

    To watch over and take care of; to preserve; retain.

#### 春$^1$

    The season of spring.

#### 鶉$^1$

    A bird of the quail species.

#### 蠢$^2$

    Simple; foolish; to move; crawl.

#### 忖$^2$

    To consider; reckon; conjecture; surmise.

#### 舛$^2$

    Confused; mixed; erroneous; to oppose.

#### 寸$^{3-}$

    A Chinese inch.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽá
### Chʽá.
#### 差$^1$

    Error; erroneous; differing.

#### 蹉$^1$

    To slip; transgress; miss; slow.

#### 炒$^2$

    To fry; cook in a pan with lard or water.

#### 閘$^4$

    A gate at the head of a street or in a narrow pass. ​

#### 栅$^4$

    A railing; palisades.

#### 挿$^4$⿰扌⿻𢆍丶$^4$

    To pierce; insert; stick into.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽák
### Chʽák.
#### 鑿$^{-4}$

    A chisel; to bore or dig into.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽán
### Chʽán.
#### 田$^{-1}$

    A field.

#### 殘$^{-1}$

    To rob; plunder; mangle; spoiled; killed; cruel.

#### 戕$^{-1}$

    A sheepcote; stable.

#### 餐$^1$

    A meal of food.

#### 孱$^1$

    Weak; embarrassed; sighing.

#### 僝$^1$

    To see; to manifest; prepare.

#### 㯆$^2$

    Name of a tree and fruit; a mattress.

#### 鏟$^2$

    A plane; to plane or level.

#### 粲$^{3-}$

    A meal; to eat; many; excellent; to examine.

#### 燦$^{3-}$

    Clear; luminous.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽáng
### Chʽáng.
#### 藏$^{-1}$

    To hide; conceal; store up.

#### 葱$^1$

    Green color; a vegetable.

#### 愴$^1$

    A wounded heart; grief.

#### 蒼$^1$

    Green; azure; abundant.

#### 蹌$^1$

    To step short and quick as in respect; fencing.

#### 蔣$^1$

    Name of a plant.

#### 鏘$^1$

    The sound of tones, bells etc.; notes of birds.

#### 斨$^1$

    A kind of hatchet; to wound with a hatchet.

#### 創$^{3-}$

    A wound made by a knife; to begin; lay the foundation; make first; invent.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽuat
### Chʽuat.
#### 輟$^4$

    To desist; stop.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽui
### Chʽui.
#### 推$^1$

    To push; impel; lead on; trace out; investigate; to overcome; excuse; to put off.

#### 睢$^1$

    To stare; look angrily.

#### 崔$^1$

    Lofty and large; mountainous.

#### 催$^1$

    To urge; importune; impel.

#### 惴$^2$

    Mournful; grief; difficulties.

#### 揣$^2$

    To measure; try; essay; to put away.

#### 毳$^2$

    Fur; down; a certain cap or crown; delicate.

#### 嘴$^{3-}$

    The lips; mouth; beak of a bird; a snout.

#### 碎$^{3-}$

    To rub or grind; break to pieces; small fragments.

#### 粹$^{3-}$

    Unmixed; pure; complete; to rub or grind.

#### 翠$^{3-}$

    Name of a bird with green feathers.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽue
### Chʽue.
#### 吹$^1$

    To breathe; to blow.

#### 炊$^1$

    To boil or dress food by fire.

#### 髓$^2$

    Marrow inside of bones; brains.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽut
### Chʽut.
#### 出$^4$

    To go out; to put out; eject.
# 406

I do not know the meaning of the sign, But bend before its power, as a reed bends When the black tornado fills the valley to the lips. Three times in twenty years its shape has come On lines of fire on the black veil of mystery; At first, tho' strange, it seemed familiar, And lingered on the mind as if at rest; The second time if flashed a thrill came, too, For supernature spoke, or tried to speak; The third time, like a blow upon the eyes, It stood before me, as a page might say: 'Read, read,—and do not call for other warning'.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Dorcas, or Tabitha

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DORCAS, or TABITHA,
(The first was her name in Greek, the second in Syriac) signifies a roe, or gazelle, and was the name, probably, given to indicate some peculiar characteristic of this amiable woman. Dorcas lived in Joppa, now called Jaffa, a seaport upon the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, about forty-five miles north-west of Jerusalem. She had early become a convert to the Christian religion, and must have been a most zealous disciple, as she "was full of good works and alms-deeds, which she did." She was not satisfied with advocating the right way, or giving in charity; she worked with her own hands in the good cause—she made garments for the poor; she relieved the sick, she comforted those who mourned. We feel sure she must have done all these deeds of love, because, when she died, the "widows" were "weeping, and shewing the coats and garments Dorcas had made." Peter, the ​apostle, was journeying in the country near Joppa when Dorcas died. The disciples sent for him to come and comfort them in this great affliction; he went, and prayed, and raised the dead Dorcas to life.
This was the first miracle of raising the dead to life performed by the apostles. A woman was thus distinguished for her "good works." And her name has since been, and will ever continue to be, synonymous with the holiest deeds of woman's charity, till time shall be no more. Every "Dorcas Society" is a monument to the sweet and happy memory of this pious woman, who did her humble alms-deeds more than eighteen hundred years ago. See Acts, chap. ix. verses 36 to 43.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Druzbacka, Elizabeth

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DRUZBACKA, ELIZABETH,
Born in Poland, in 1693, was celebrated as a poetess. She wrote some very beautiful idyls, full of the sweetest descriptions of nature, in which it is said she has excelled Thomson. She died in 1763, aged seventy years.