OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Scorburgh, Robert de

1904 Errata appended.
​SCORBURGH, Sir ROBERT de (d. 1340), baron of the exchequer, derived his name from Scorborough in the East Riding of Yorkshire. He is no doubt the Robert de Scorburgh of Beverley to whom there are some references in 1320 to 1322 (Cal. Close Rolls, Edward II, iii. 241, 385, 547), and who in 1324 had license to assign a lay fee in Beverley and Etton, for at his death he is described as possessing the manor of Scoreby, together with property in Stamford Bridge and Etton (Abbrev. Rot. Origin. i. 274, ii. 136). In August 1322 there is reference to an inquisition held by him (Cal. Close Rolls, Edward II, iii. 591), and he also served on other commissions in Yorkshire in 1325 and 1326. His name appears in numerous commissions of oyer and terminer in Yorkshire between 13 Feb. 1327 and 4 March 1333 (Cal. Pat. Rolls, Edward III, i. and ii. passim). On 27 March 1328 he was on a commission to survey the common ferry over the water of Hull; in December 1329 he was a justice of eyre in Nottinghamshire, and in May 1330 in Derbyshire (ib. i. 290, 465, 521). On 12 Feb. 1332 he was named on the commission of peace for the East Riding, and on 3 Nov. 1332 to assess the fifteenth in the city of London (ib. ii. 287, 358). On 2 Nov. of the same year he was appointed one of the barons of the exchequer, and in October 1333 was appointed a justice of eyre in the liberty of Durham during the vacancy of the see (ib. ii. 362, 475). He was knighted in 1332, and on 7 Jan. 1334 was one of the proctors to carry out the agreement with the Count of Flanders (ib. ii. 479; Fœdera, ii. 875). On 16 July 1334 he was appointed chief baron of the exchequer at Dublin, at the same time as Robert de Scardeburgh [q. v.] was appointed chief justice of the king's bench in Ireland (Cal. Pat. Rolls, Edward III, ii. 568). On 4 Oct. 1334 he was appointed to treat with the men of the boroughs and ancient demesne lands of the North Riding concerning the payment of the tenth and fifteenth. On 26 Aug. 1335 he was on a commission of inquiry concerning alleged extortions, and on 16 Oct. 1336 was a commissioner for the arrest of suspected persons in Yorkshire (ib. iii. 39, 211, 367). On 28 July 1337 he was appointed a justice of the bench in Dublin, Robert de Scardeburgh being appointed chief justice the same day (ib. iii. 477). He died in 1340, when his property was committed to the custody of Wolfand de Clistere, because his son Thomas was an idiot.
C. L. K.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.243 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 5 | i | 21 | Scarburgh, Sir Robert de: for Scorbrough read Scorborough |
| | | 28 | for Scorby read Scoreby |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Scobell, Henry

​SCOBELL, HENRY (d. 1660), clerk of the parliament, is said to have been born at Menagwin in St. Austell, Cornwall, and to have owned the estates of Menagwin and Polruddan in that parish. He also possessed property in Westminster and Norfolk. On 5 Jan. 1648 he was appointed clerk of the parliament, and an act was passed on the following 14 May giving him the post for life. On 30 Aug. in the same year it was granted to him under the great seal for life, and a salary of 500l. per annum was attached to the office. Under the Press Act of 20 Sept. 1649 the duty of licensing newspapers and political pamphlets was entrusted to him and two colleagues, and on 16 Dec. 1653 he was appointed assistant secretary to the council of state. Nevertheless, on 4 Sept. 1654, the day of meeting of Oliver Cromwell's first parliament, he was formally reappointed clerk. In the parliament which met in January 1657–8 John Smythe was appointed in his place, and Scobell was ordered to deliver all papers in his possession to the new official.
Scobell was not in favour with the restored Rump of 1659, and it was ordered that a bill should be brought in to repeal the act under which he held the clerkship for life. He was summoned to the bar of the house on 7 Jan. 1659–60, for entering in the journal for 20 April 1653 the words ‘this day his excellence the lord G[eneral] Cromwell dissolved this house.’ His answer did not give satisfaction, and a committee was appointed to report whether ‘this crime did come within the act of indemnity or no.’ The lords commissioners of the great seal sat upon the same case on 10 Feb., and one of them ‘took him up very roughly about some things that he said’ (Pepys, Diary, 9 Jan. and 10 Feb. ​1659–60). Scobell died in 1660, his will being proved on 29 Sept. in that year. His wife, Jane Scobell, survived him without issue.
Scobell was the author of: 1. ‘A Collection of several Acts of Parliament, 1648–1651,’ 1651. 2. ‘Memorials of Method and Manner of Proceedings of Parliament in passing Bills,’ by H. S. E. C. P. [i.e. Henry Scobell, Esquire, Clerk of Parliament], 1656; reissued in 1658, 1670, and again at Dublin in 1692. 3. ‘Remembrances of some Methods, Orders, and Proceedings of House of Lords,’ by H. S. E. C. P., 1657; and with ‘Priviledges of the Baronage of England,’ collected by John Selden, 1689. 4. ‘Collection of Acts and Ordinances from 3 Nov. 1640 to 17 Sept. 1656,’ 2 parts, London, 1658 and 1657; this is a continuation of Ferdinando Pulton's collection of statutes; a supplement and continuation of it, with Scobell's manuscript notes and corrections and with manuscript additions, is in the Forster library at South Kensington.
A tract, signed H. S., and attributed to Scobell, on the ‘Power of Lords and Commons in Parliament in Points of Judicature,’ 1680, is reprinted in the ‘Somers Tracts’ (1752 ed. vol. ii., and 1809 ed. vol. viii.). Many letters to him, mostly relating to the condition of the independent and presbyterian ministers, are in Peck's ‘Desiderata Curiosa’ (ii. 491–512). He is sometimes represented in the caricatures of the day.
W. P. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Scot, David

​SCOT, DAVID (1770?–1834), orientalist and miscellaneous writer, born about 1770 at Penicuik, near Edinburgh, was son of William Scot, a small farmer, who is said to have sold his cow to pay the expense of printing a theological pamphlet. Young Scot was educated at the parish school and Edinburgh University. He was licensed as a preacher by the presbytery of Edinburgh on 25 Nov. 1795. Supporting himself by private teaching, he studied medicine, and graduated M.D. on 25 June 1812. He formed a close intimacy with Alexander Murray (1775–1813) [q. v.] and Dr. John Leyden [q. v.], and under their guidance he made himself master of many Asiatic tongues, at the same time acting as tutor to candidates for the Indian service. In 1812 Scot was an unsuccessful candidate for the Hebrew chair in Edinburgh University; but, through the influence of Sir John Marjoribanks of Lees, he obtained the parish living of Corstorphine, near Edinburgh, to which he was presented on 22 Aug. and ordained on 17 Nov. 1814. After a ministry of nineteen years he was appointed in 1833 professor of Hebrew in St. Mary's College, St. Andrews. When on a visit to Edinburgh to attend the meeting of the British Association, he was seized with a dropsical complaint, and died on 18 Sept. 1834. His wife survived him.
Besides editing Dr. Murray's posthumous ‘History of the European Languages,’ Scot was author of: 1. ‘Essays on various Subjects of Belles Letters ....,’ Edinburgh, 1824, 12mo. 2. ‘Discourses on some important subjects of Natural and Revealed Religion,’ Edinburgh, 1825, 8vo. 3. ‘Key to the Hebrew Pentateuch,’ London, 1826, 8vo. 4. ‘Key to the Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Solomon,’ London, 1828, 8vo. He also wrote a Hebrew grammar (published 1834) for the use of his class; it is said that he dictated it extempore to the printers.
G. S-h.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/West, Edward

​WEST, Sir EDWARD (1782–1828), economist, the son of Balchen West of St. Marylebone, Middlesex, was born there in 1782. Matriculating from University College, Oxford, on 9 May 1800, he graduated B.A. in 1804, proceeded M.A. in 1807, and was elected fellow of his college. Called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1814, he was appointed recorder of Bombay, and promoted to the office of chief justice on 8 Dec. 1823. He was knighted on 5 July 1822, and died at Bombay in August 1828. ‘Bombay in the Days of George IV: Memoirs of Sir Edward West,’ was edited by Dr. Dawtrey Drewitt in 1908.
In 1815 West published ‘An Essay on the Application of Capital to Land,’ with observations showing the impolicy of any great restriction of the importation of corn, and that the bounty of 1688 did not lower the price of it (London, 8vo), in which he clearly stated the law of diminishing returns and anticipated Ricardo's theory of rent. The law of diminishing returns was suggested to him by the evidence given before the corn committees of 1813–14, and it is probable that ‘the form in which’ that doctrine ‘was subsequently taught and the phraseology in which it was expressed’ (Cannan) are largely due to him. When Ricardo published his ‘Principles’ in 1817 he stated that Malthus and West had ‘presented to the world nearly at the same moment the true doctrine of rent’ (Principles of Political Economy, Preface). West also published ‘The Price of Corn and Wages of Labour, with Observations upon Dr. Smith's, Mr. Ricardo's, and Mr. Malthus's Doctrines upon those Subjects, and an Attempt at an Exposition of the Causes of the Fluctuations of the Price of Corn during the last thirty years,’ London, 1826, 8vo.
[Bombay in the Days of George IV ed. Drewitt, 1908; Times, 29 Jan. 1829; McCulloch's Lit. of Political Economy, pp. 33, 78; Bonar's Malthus and his Work, pp. 222, 234–5, 240; Cannan's Theories of Production and Distribution.]
W. A. S. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/West, Francis

​WEST, FRANCIS (1586–1633?), colonist, born on 28 Oct. 1586, was the fourth but second surviving son of Thomas West, second or eleventh baron De La Warr, and his wife Anne, daughter of Sir Francis Knollys [q. v.] Thomas West, third or twelfth baron De La Warr [q. v.], was his elder brother. Francis preceded his elder brother to Virginia, accompanying Christopher Newport [q. v.] on his voyage thither about July 1609. He was elected a member of the council in August 1609 (Cal. State Papers, Amer. and West Indies, 1574–1660, p. 8), and was soon involved in a quarrel with Captain John Smith (1580–1631) [q. v.], who is said to have conspired with Powhattan to kill West. Smith was, however, apprehended and sent to England to answer for his misdemeanours. Early in 1610 West paid a visit to England, but he returned to Virginia in the same year, and in 1612 succeeded George Percy [q. v.] as commander at Jamestown. He was probably also a member of the council, and was one of those who in 1619 petitioned that a nobleman should be appointed governor ‘such as had been the late Lord De La Warr’ (Hist. MSS. Comm. 8th Rep. ii. 33).
On 22 March 1621–2 the Indians killed two men on his plantation at Westover; he had another plantation at Sherley, so named from his connection with the Shirley family; both are on the James River. In November 1622 West was appointed admiral of New England by the New England council, and his instructions were drawn up by Sir Ferdinando Gorges [q. v.] Henceforth he divided his time between Virginia and New England, and it is improbable that he was the Captain West who in July 1623 convoyed a Spanish ship from Leith to the Downs and was attacked by the Dutch (ib. 4th Rep. p. 282). On 22 March 1627–8 he received a commission as governor of Virginia (Cal. State Papers, Dom. Addenda, 1625–49, p. 272), an office which he held until 5 March 1628–9, when John Pott was chosen his successor. In that year West visited England, and opposed Lord Baltimore's project of founding a colony within the limits of Virginia. He had returned to Virginia before December 1631, and attended council there until 1633, the date of the last undoubted reference to him. There is a tradition in the family that he was drowned.
In any case there is little ground for the identification, suggested by Mr. Alexander Brown, of the colonist with the Colonel Francis West (d. 1652) who was captain of the blue regiment of trained bands raised by the ward of Bread Street, All Hallows, commanded them on the expedition to Gloucester and Newbury in 1644, received a commission as colonel from Essex, and on 5 Aug. was recommended for promotion to some post worthy of his merit. He was afterwards employed by the committee for compounding, and on 2 May 1645 was made lieutenant of the Tower of London. He died early in August 1652, and on the 5th the officers of the blue regiment were granted leave to ​
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/West, John (1774-1862)

​WEST, Sir JOHN (1774–1862), admiral of the fleet, born in 1774, was the son of Lieutenant-colonel Temple West of the grenadier guards; grandson of Vice-admiral Temple West [q. v.], and, through his grandmother, great-grandson of Admiral Sir John Balchen [q. v.] His father, Colonel West, was the second cousin of William Pitt the younger. His grandfather's sister was the first wife of Alexander Hood, viscount Bridport [q. v.] He entered the navy in June 1788 on board the Pomona, with Captain (Sir) William Domett [q. v.], himself a follower of Alexander Hood. He was afterwards in the Salisbury, flagship of Vice-admiral Mark Milbanke, and in the London, bearing the flag of Alexander Hood (afterwards Viscount Bridport). He was promoted to be lieutenant on 27 July 1793, and in the following year was a lieutenant of the Royal George on 1 June, and in 1795 on 23 June. On 7 Sept. 1795 he was made commander; in December was appointed to the Diligence sloop, in the West Indies, and on 15 Nov. 1796 was posted to the 30-gun frigate Tourterelle. From 1807 to 1809 he commanded the Excellent in the Mediterranean, and from 1809 to 1814 the Sultan on the Mediterranean, home, and West Indies stations. He became a rear-admiral on 12 Aug. 1819; vice-admiral on 22 July 1830; admiral on 23 Nov. 1841. He was nominated a K.C.B. on 4 July 1840. From April 1845 to April 1848 he was commander-in-chief at Devonport, with his flag in the Queen. He was made admiral of the fleet on 25 June 1858, and a G.C.B. on 18 May 1860. He died, at his residence in Eaton Square, on 18 April 1862. He married, in May 1817, Harriett, daughter of John Adams of Northamptonshire, and left issue three sons and two daughters.
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Everard, Harry Stirling Crawfurd

​EVERARD, HARRY STIRLING CRAWFURD (1848–1909), writer on golf, born at Claybrook House, Leicestershire, on 30 Jan. 1848, was only son of Henry Everard of Gosberton, Spalding, by his wife Helen Maitland. daughter by his second wife of Captain William Stirling of Milton and Castlemilk, Lanarkshire. After education at Eton (1862–6) he matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford, on 23 May 1866, graduating B.A. in 1871. He became a student at the Inner Temple in 1867, but was not called to the bar. He settled at St. Andrews, to which he was attracted by its renowned facilities for golf. He enjoyed the game keenly, and achieved success at it, winning in the competitions of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club the silver medal (second prize at the spring meeting) in 1889, the Calcutta cup in 1890, and the silver cross (the first prize) in 1891. Everard was also a good cricketer, tennis player, pedestrian and swimmer.
Everard became one of the best-known writers on golf, both from the practical and from the literary side, contributing to the 'Scots Observer' and to the 'National Observer' (under Henley's editorship), to the 'Spectator,' 'Saturday Review,' and many golfing periodicals. He published 'Golf in Theory and Practice' (1897; 3rd edit. 1898); 'The History of the Royal and Ancient Club of St. Andrews' (1907), and he wrote chapter xiii. on 'Some Celebrated Golfers' for the Badminton Library manual (1890; 5th edit. 1895).
Everard died, after a short illness, on 15 May 1909 at St. Andrews. He married in 1880 Annie, eldest surviving daughter of Colonel Robert Tod Booth by of St. Andrews (d. 1907), and had issue two sons and two daughters.
[The Times, 17 and 20 May 1909; personal knowledge; private information.]
W. W. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Everett, William

​EVERETT, Sir WILLIAM (1844–1908), colonel, born on 20 April 1844, was son of Thomas Ellis Everett, rector of Theddingworth, Leicestershire, by Gertrude Louisa, daughter of Joshua Walker, formerly M.P. for Aldborough. Spending a term in 1856 at Marlborough, he entered Sandhurst, and was commissioned as ensign in the 26th foot on 28 June 1864. On 23 August he was transferred to the 33rd foot, and was promoted lieutenant on 11 Jan. 1867. After the return of the regiment to England from the Abyssinian expedition, in which he took no part, he was made adjutant (25 Nov. 1868). He was an excellent draughtsman, and on 1 Feb. 1870 he was appointed instructor in military drawing at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He remained there seven years, becoming captain in his regiment on 8 Sept. 1874. He passed through the Staff College in 1878.
In 1879 he was employed on the Turco-Bulgarian boundary commission under Sir Edward Bruce Hamley [q. v. Suppl. I], and on 12 July he was appointed vice-consul at Erzeroum, to see to the execution of the provisions of the Anglo-Turkish convention. In July 1880 he served on a commission to define the Turco-Persian frontier. During the famine of 1881 he was active at Erzeroum in the administration of Lady Strangford's relief fund. From 11 Sept. 1882 till the end of 1887 he was consul in Kurdistan. An attempt on his life was made on 13 April 1884 by a Roman catholic Armenian on account of his active vigilance, and he was severely injured in the hand and foot. He received 1000l. as compensation, and was made C.M.G. on 6 Aug. 1886.
From 11 Jan. 1888 till September 1892 Everett was professor of military topography at the Staff College. He left his regiment, in which he had become major on 1 July 1881, for an unattached lieut.-colonelcy. He was employed in the intelligence division of the war office as assistant adjutant-general, with the rank of colonel, from 7 June 1893 to 12 March 1901. He was technical adviser of the commission for the delimitation of the Sierra Leone frontier in 1895, and a commissioner for delimiting the Niger frontier in 1896–8, and the Togoland frontier in 1900. He was remarkable for tact, as well as for ‘unfailing industry and a special skill in ​unravelling the complicated tangle of frontier questions.' Becoming K.C.M.G on 27 June 1898, he was in charge of the intelligence division during 1899 (a time of exceptional stress), while Sir John Ardagh was absent at the Hague conference.
Placed on the retired list on 20 April 1901, Everett died at Interlaken of heart failure on 9 Aug. 1908, and was buried at Dunsfold near Godalming. He had married in 1870 Marie Georgina, daughter of Pietro Quartano di Calogeras, doctor-at-law, Corfu. His wife survived him without issue.
[The Times, 12 August 1908; Lady Malmesbury, Life of Sir John Ardagh, 1909 information.]
E. M. L.
# Dictionary of Spoken Russian/Russian-English/Section 27

§27. IRREGULAR PRESENT
A few verbs have a pr stem ending in consonant plus [y]; these insert a vowel in the imv form: пить "to drink," пью, пьёт; the imv is пей, пейте.
Some irregular verbs have the pr like Classes One, Two, and Three, but the pr stem ends in a consonant other than [n, j]: несу "I carry," несёшь, несёт, несём, несёте, несут, imv неси, несите. All those whose pr stem ends in [g] and nearly all whose pr stem ends in [k] replace these consonants by [ž] and [č] respectively before the endings that we write with [j]: могу "I can," можешь, может, можем, можете, могут, imv помоги "help"; пеку "I bake," печёшь, печёт, печём, печёте, пекут; imv пеки.
The verbs давать "to give," даю, даёт; -знавать (used chiefly in compounds) "to know," -знаю, -знаёт; -ставать (used chiefly in compounds) "to stand," -стаю, -стаёт, form the imv and prger as if they were regular verbs: давай, давайте, давая.
Only four verbs are entirely irregular in the present forms:
бежать "to run": бегу, бежишь, бежит, бежим, бежите, бегут, imv беги дать "to give": дам, дашь, даст, дадим, дадите, дадут, imv дай есть "to eat": ем, ешь, ест, едим, едите, едят, imv ешь хотеть "to want"; хочу, хочешь, хочет, хотим, хотите, хотят, imv хоти
# Dictionary of Spoken Russian/Russian-English/Section 5

§5. INFLECTION
The parts of speech in Russian are much as in English: noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection.
Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs are inflected; that is, there are different forms for singular and plural, present and past, and the like. Words are cited in the dictionary in only one of their forms; the others are not given and it is presumed that the reader can recognize them. In order to enable the reader to do so, we here give an outline of Russian inflection.
Inflected forms consist usually of a stem with different endings; thus слива [sljiva] "plum," сливы [sljivi] "plums," show a stem [sljiv-] and endings [-a, -i]. We write the sign [j] at the beginning of an ending to indicate that before this ending a hard consonant is made soft if possible. Thus, with ending [-je]: стол [stol] "table," на столе [n' stalje] "on the table"; стул [stul] "chair," на стуле [na stulji] "on the chair," руль [rulj] "steering wheel," на руле [n' rulje] "on the steering wheel," нож [noš] "knife," на ноже [n' naze] "on the knife" (because [ž] has no corresponding soft consonant).
In ordinary inflected words the stress is in all forms on the same syllable of the stem or else in all forms on the ending: еду, едет, едем, едете, едут [yedu, yedj't, yedj'm, yedj'tji, yed't] "I am riding, he is riding, we, you, they are riding"; иду, идёт, идём, идёте, идут [idu, idjot, idjom, idjotji, idut] "I am going, he is going, we, you, they are going"; the stems here are [yed-] with stress on the stem, and [id-] with stress on the endings, and the endings are in both instances [-u, -jot, -jom, -jotji, -ut].
If the stress of a set of forms is on the endings, then in a form which has no ending the stress is on the last vowel of the stem: карандаш [k'randaš] "pencil," with no ending, belongs to the set карандаши [k'r'ndaši] "pencils," карандашей [k'r'ndašey] "of pencils," and so on. The last vowel may be an inserted vowel: отец [atjec] "father" belongs to the set отцы [atci] "fathers," отцов [atcof] "of fathers," and so on. Quite a few words, however, have shifting stress, now on one syllable, now on another: голове [g'lava] "head," but головы [gol'vi] "heads." All such cases are indicated in the dictionary.
# Dictionary of Spoken Russian/Russian-English/Section 26

§26. IRREGULAR VERBS
Most irregular verbs are peculiar only in that the inf stem and the pr stem do not match. Thus, держать "to hold" has the pr forms as of Class Four: держу, держит; the dictionary, by showing these forms, tells the whole story: imv держи, p держал, ppp подержанный. Similarly, чуять "to scent" has the pr stem [čuy-]: чую, чует; this indication suffices: imv чуй, p чуял, чуяла.
All other irregularities are cited in the dictionary and require no comment here; we name some of the more frequent ones in §§27, 28, 29. When the dictionary cites irregular forms between slanted lines, this means that the regular forms are also used.