OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Marcou, Jules

Edition of 1905. See also Jules Marcou on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MARCOU, mär′kōō′, Jules (1824–98). A French geologist, born in Salins, in the Department of Jura. He was educated in Paris, and, after completing his course at the Collège Saint Louis, made geological excursions through the Alps. In 1846 he was attached to the mineralogical department of the Sorbonne, and conducted geological investigations in various parts of Europe, and from 1848 to 1850 in the United States. For some time he was employed by the United States Government in surveying the Rocky Mountains, but he returned in 1855 to Europe to accept the chair of paleontological geology in the Polytechnic School of Zurich. In 1860 he again visited the United States and was engaged with Prof. Louis Agnssiz in paleontological researches, and afterwards entered the Government service. Profosor Marcou is best known, perhaps, for his works. Recherches géologique sur le Jura salinois (1848), and The Taconic System and Its Position in Stratigraphic Geology (1885). He published many scientific
papers besides the following more important works: Geology of North America (1858); Geological Map of the World (1861); De la science en France (1869); Origin of the Name America (1875); First Discoveries of California, and the Origin of Its Name (1878).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Marenholtz-Bülow, Bertha von

Edition of 1905. See also Bertha von Marenholtz-Bülow on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MARENHOLTZ-BÜLOW, mä'ren-hṓlts bụ'lṓ, Bertha von (1810-93). A German educator, born in Brunswick. Attracted by the ideas of Friedrich Fröbel (q.v.), whom she met in 1850, she became his disciple and devoted her life to founding kindergartens in Germany and many other European countries. Among her writings are: Beiträge zum Verständnis Friedrich Fröbels (1876), and a number of pamphlets on the kindergarten, several of which have been translated into English. Consult Goldschmidt, “Bertha von Marenholtz-Bülow,” No. 239, in the Sammlung wissenschaftlicher Vorträge (Hamburg, 1896).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Czerny, George

See also Karađorđe Petrović on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Czerny (chĕr′ nḗ), George, meaning Black George, leader of the Servians in their struggles for independence, was born of poor parents, Dec. 21, 1766, near Kragujevatch, Servia. He was concerned in a rebellion against the Turks in 1787, and afterward became a cattle-dealer. In 1801 a detachment of janizaries broke into his house and plundered it. Black George fled, vowing vengeance. He managed soon to gather a band of discontented fellow-countrymen, and began a sort of guerrilla warfare against the Turks. In course of time his little band increased in numbers, and in 1804 he was able to capture the fortress of Schabaz. Later on he besieged Belgrade, and early in 1806 routed the Turks at the Rivers Drina and Morava. Secretly aided by Russia, he captured Belgrade in December of that year (1806). The treaty of Slobosje was extorted from the Ottomans two years later, after which Black George was elected governor by the people and recognized as prince of Servia by the sultan. The Russians sustained the prince in his position till Napoleon’s invasion of Russia in 1812, when he was perforce left to shift for himself. The Turks at once recommenced hostilities. They were successful, and Czerny was compelled to flee to Austria, where he lived for some time. Meanwhile the freedom of Servia had been again secured through the leadership of Milosch Obrenowitch. When Czerny returned, in July, 1817, he was murdered at the instigation of the new leader, Prince Milosch.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Czar

See also Tsar on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Czar (zär) or Tsar, a title of the ruler, the autocrat of all the Russias. The word comes from an old Slav word cesar, which the Poles spelled as czar, meaning king or emperor. The Russians use the Latin word imperator to express the idea of emperor. The first independent Russian monarch to use the title was Ivan IV, “the Terrible,” who was crowned at Moscow in 1547. The Empress of Russia is styled the Czarina. The following have been the czars and emperors of Russia, from the era of the election of Michael Romanoff. Czar Peter I was the first ruler who adopted, in 1721, the title of emperor.
House of Romanoff—Male Line. :
| Michael . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 1613 | Ivan and Peter I . . . . | 1682 |
| Alexis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 1645 | Peter I . . . . . . . . . . . . | 1689 |
| Feodor . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 1676 | Catherine I . . . . . . . . . | 1725 |
| Peter II . . . . . . . . . . . . 1727 ||||
| House of Romanoff—Female Line. ||||
| Anne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 1730 | Elizabeth . . . . . . . . . . . | 1741 |
| Ivan VI . . . . . . . . . . . . | 1740 | | |
| House of Romanoff-Holstein. ||||
| Peter III . . . . . . . . . . . | 1762 | Nicholas I . . . . . . . . . . | 1825 |
| Catherine II . . . . . . . . | 1762 | Alexander II . . . . . . . . | 1855 |
| Paul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 1796 | Alexander III . . . . . . . | 1881 |
| Alexander I . . . . . . . . . | 1801 | Nicholas II . . . . . . . . . | 1894 |
# The New Student's Reference Work/D

See also D on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​D (dē), the fourth letter, is a vocal consonant. It is classed as a dental or hard palate sonant, because made by the point of the tongue against that palate or the front teeth, as in day, fixedness, old. When preceded by a surd in the same syllable, d sounds as t, as in arched, hissed, looked. It is silent in handkerchief, handsome, windrow and the first syllable of Wednesday. The Romans used D as a numeral (500) as well as a letter.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cyprus

See also Cyprus on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Cy′prus, an island of the Mediterranean, south of Asia Minor and west of Syria. It is about 140 miles long and 60 miles wide, and covers 3,584 square miles. There are two main ranges of mountains; the highest peak is Mt. Troödes, 6,352 feet above the sea. There are no harbors, rivers or lakes worthy of the name. It is governed by Great Britain by treaty (1878) with Turkey. The capital and seat of government is Nicosia (population, 16,052); the two chief ports are Larnaca and Limasol.
Cyprus was colonized very early by the Phœnicians and afterward by the Greeks. It came under the sway successively of the Egyptians, Persians, Macedonians and Romans. The Cypriotes were one of the first Gentile people to become Christians, and were visited by St. Paul. The island was afterward taken by the Saracens; by Richard I on his way to Syria during the third crusade; by Venice; and lastly by the Turks in 1570. In 1878 Cyprus was occupied by the British, with the understanding that it is to keep it until Batum, Kars and Erzerum are restored by Russia to Turkey.
Cyprus produces wheat, barley, cotton, silk, flax, tobacco, wool, oranges, olives, grapes, etc. and great quantities of wine. Cyprus was once noted for its copper-mines, and copper got its name from that of the island, but it is only mined now at one place. The forests have mostly disappeared. The great scourges of the country are locusts and goats. The Cypriotes are peaceable, orderly and easily ruled. They are healthy and well-grown; the men, as a rule, are handsome, but the women are rarely so. Modern Greek and Turkish are spoken on the island. Population, 274,108.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cyrus the Younger

See also Cyrus the Younger on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Cyrus the Younger, the second son of the Persian king, Darius Nothus, was born in 424 B. C. He headed a conspiracy against his brother Artaxerxes Mnemon, who had succeeded to the throne in 404 B. C. The plot was discovered, and he was sentenced to death, but afterward pardoned and even restored to his office as satrap of Asia Minor. Here he planned a war against his brother, but hid his purpose till the last. In the spring of 401 B. C. he left Sardis at the head of 100,000 Asiatic and 13,000 Greek hired troops, under pretense of punishing the robbers of Pisidia. Artaxerxes, warned of his treachery, was ready to meet him. The battle was fought on the plains of Cunaxa. Cyrus was defeated and slain, although the Greeks fought with the greatest courage and even drove back that part of the enemy in front of them. Xenophon’s Anabasis gives an account of the expedition. It showed that the Persian empire was a shell, and inspired Agesilaus and Alexander to assail it.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Czechs

See also Czechs on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Czechs, (chĕks) are the most westerly branch of the great Slavic family of nations. In the latter half of the 5th century A. D. the Czechs migrated from their lands in Carpathia, on the upper Vistula, to the country now known as Bohemia. Here, in Moravia and in other parts of Austria the Czechs now number in all some 7,000,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cyrus the Great

See also Cyrus the Great on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Cy′rus the Great, founder of the Persian empire, is first known to us from the record on the cuneiform, clay tablet-and-cylinder, which recounts his reign, his conquest and capture of Astyages, king of Media, in 549 B. C. At this time Cyrus was called king of Elam. Year after year was idly spent by Nabonidas, king of Babylonia, at Terma, a suburb of the capital, Babylon, while his son—doubtless Belshazzar—was with his army in Akkad (northern Babylonia). In 538 Cyrus, favored by a revolt of the tribes on the Persian Gulf, advanced on Babylon from the southeast, and, after giving battle to the army of Akkad, took Sippona and lastly Babylon “without fighting.” Cyrus at once originated a friendly policy in religion. The nations who had been carped captive to Babylon, along with the Jews, were restored to their countries and allowed to take their gods with them. The empire of Crœsus in Lydia had been taken two years before; and Cyrus was now master of all Asia from the Mediterranean to the Hindu-Kush. The conqueror’s hold over Asia Minor and Syria was much strengthened by his friendly relations with the Phœnicians and the Jews, who received the news of his triumphs with joy. After the great king had widened his dominions from the Arabian Desert and the Persian Gulf to the Black Sea, Caucasus and Caspian, he died in 529 B. C. Cyrus ranks high among Asiatic conquerors. He was a wise ruler, whose aim was to soften by kindness the harsh rule which his sword was constantly extending.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Czernowitz

See also Chernivtsi on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Czernowitz (chĕr′ nṓ-vits), a provincial capital of Austria, stands 720 feet above the sea, near the Pruth River. Among its buildings are the palace of a Greek archbishop, his cathedral, the Armenian church, the synagogue and the Austria Monument. The university, founded in 1875, has 41 professors and lecturers and about 400 students. Population, 87,128, of whom 20,000 are Jews.
# The New Student's Reference Work/D'Alembert, Jean le Rond

* related authors: Jean le Rond d'Alembert.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, quotes, Wikidata item.
See also the disclaimer.
​ D'Alembert (dä′lon′bêr), Jean le Rond, a distinguished French mathematician and dynamicist, born in 1717, died in 1783. He was the illegitimate son of a French artillery general, Destouches, and of Mme. de Tencin. Left on the steps of a church in Paris, he was sent, not to a foundling asylum, but to a small town near Amiens. His father, returning from foreign lands, rescued the boy, took him to Paris, and educated him at the Mazarin College. It was at this institution that he assumed the name D'Alembert. At the age of 20 he settled to his life-work, the study of geometry and dynamics. He published an enormous number of papers; but his Treatise on Dynamics, which he completed at the age of 26, transcends all his other work in importance. The greatest advance which we owe to him is the introduction of a method (known as D'Alembert's principle) by which any of the complex problems of dynamics may be reduced to a corresponding problem of statics. By this simplification he obtained the solution of many otherwise insoluble problems. D'Alembert's Dynamics has been translated into German in volume 106 of Ostwald's Classics of the Exact Sciences, where it may be had at small cost.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cytoplasm

See also Cytoplasm on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Cy′toplasm (in plants), the name applied to the general protoplasm of a cell as distinct from the nucleus. See Cell.
# The New York Times/1930/08/19/Schneider Reaches Goal

Eddie August Schneider as the subject of an article written by the Associated Press and published in the New York Times on August 19, 1930.
Schneider Reaches Goal. Lands At Los Angeles In Record Junior Cross-Country Flying Time. Los Angeles, California; August 18, 1930 (Associated Press) Eddie Schneider, 18, of Jersey City, New Jersey, brought his plane to a landing at the municipal airport at 7:13 o'clock, Pacific Standard Time (11:13 o'clock, New York Time), tonight to finish his transcontinental flight and establish a new junior record of 29 hours 41 minutes, flying time.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was legally published within the United States (or the United Nations Headquarters in New York subject to Section 7 of the United States Headquarters Agreement) before 1964, and copyright was not renewed.
* For Class A renewal records (books only) published between 1923 and 1963, check the Stanford University Copyright Renewal Database.
* For other renewal records of publications between 1922–1950, see the University of Pennsylvania copyright records.
* For all records since 1978, search the U.S. Copyright Office records.
Works could have had their copyright renewed between January 1st of the 27th year after publication or registration and December 31st of the 28th year. As this work's copyright was not renewed, it entered the public domain on January 1st of the 29th year.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
It is imperative that contributors ascertain that there is no evidence of a copyright renewal before using this license. Failure to do so will result in the deletion of the work as a copyright violation.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New York Times/1948

Content exists for this periodical, though at this stage it is not specifically organised beyond a basic hierarchy.
The pages listed below are an automatically generated listing.
Special:PrefixIndex/The New York Times/1948/
# The New York Times/1930/08/24/Schneider Reaches Ohio

Eddie August Schneider as the subject of an article written by the Associated Press and published in the New York Times on August 24, 1930.
Schneider Reaches Ohio. He Lands at Columbus From Wichita on Junior Record Attempt. Columbus, Ohio; August 23, 1930 (Associated Press) Eddie Schneider, 18-year-old Jersey City aviator, who is attempting to establish a new West-to-East transcontinental air record, put his plane down at Port Columbus here this afternoon at 3:55 P.M. Eastern Standard Time. He hopped off from Wichita, Kansas, at 6:50 a.m., Central Standard Time, this morning. Schneider required 7 hours and 45 minutes for the trip from Wichita to Port Columbus, a distance of about 800 miles. His total elapsed time to this city is 21 hours 35 minutes. He is attempting to shatter the junior record of 28 hours 55 minutes from Pacific to the Atlantic, made by the late Frank Goldsborough. The young flier established a new junior east-to-west transcontinental mark last week.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was legally published within the United States (or the United Nations Headquarters in New York subject to Section 7 of the United States Headquarters Agreement) before 1964, and copyright was not renewed.
* For Class A renewal records (books only) published between 1923 and 1963, check the Stanford University Copyright Renewal Database.
* For other renewal records of publications between 1922–1950, see the University of Pennsylvania copyright records.
* For all records since 1978, search the U.S. Copyright Office records.
Works could have had their copyright renewed between January 1st of the 27th year after publication or registration and December 31st of the 28th year. As this work's copyright was not renewed, it entered the public domain on January 1st of the 29th year.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
It is imperative that contributors ascertain that there is no evidence of a copyright renewal before using this license. Failure to do so will result in the deletion of the work as a copyright violation.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New York Times/1934

Content exists for this periodical, though at this stage it is not specifically organised beyond a basic hierarchy.
The pages listed below are an automatically generated listing.
Special:PrefixIndex/The New York Times/1934/
# The New York Times/1930/08/16/Schneider Gains St. Louis

Eddie August Schneider as the subject of an article written by the Associated Press and published in the New York Times on August 16, 1930.
Schneider Gains St. Louis. St. Louis, Missouri; August 15, 1930 (Associated Press) Eddie Schneider who is attempting to set a new junior transcontinental air record, landed at Lambert - St. Louis Field at 7:04 P.M., Central Standard Time, today from Columbus, Ohio. Schneider reported that the trip was uneventful. He left there at 3:21 P.M. Schneider's flying time since leaving Westfield, New Jersey has been 8 hours and 38 minutes, The youthful airman said he would spend the night here, probably leaving for Wichita, Kansas, tomorrow morning.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was legally published within the United States (or the United Nations Headquarters in New York subject to Section 7 of the United States Headquarters Agreement) before 1964, and copyright was not renewed.
* For Class A renewal records (books only) published between 1923 and 1963, check the Stanford University Copyright Renewal Database.
* For other renewal records of publications between 1922–1950, see the University of Pennsylvania copyright records.
* For all records since 1978, search the U.S. Copyright Office records.
Works could have had their copyright renewed between January 1st of the 27th year after publication or registration and December 31st of the 28th year. As this work's copyright was not renewed, it entered the public domain on January 1st of the 29th year.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
It is imperative that contributors ascertain that there is no evidence of a copyright renewal before using this license. Failure to do so will result in the deletion of the work as a copyright violation.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New York Times/1930/08/22/Schneider Pushes Plane

Eddie August Schneider as the subject of an article written by the Associated Press and published in the New York Times on August 22, 1930.
Schneider Pushes Plane. Lands at Albuquerque, New Mexico Under Eight Hours From Los Angeles. Albuquerque, New Mexico; August 21, 1930 (Associated Press). Eddie Schneider, who is attempting to set a west-to-east transcontinental junior flight record, landed here today at 3:15 P.M., Mountain Time, with elapsed time from Los Angeles, California of 7 hours and 58 minutes. Schneider will spend the night here, planning to take off for Wichita, Kansas, at 7:30 A.M. tomorrow. He expects to make the 600-mile flight in six hours. After spending the night in Wichita, Schneider said he will take off for New York City, which he hopes to reach before Saturday night.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was legally published within the United States (or the United Nations Headquarters in New York subject to Section 7 of the United States Headquarters Agreement) before 1964, and copyright was not renewed.
* For Class A renewal records (books only) published between 1923 and 1963, check the Stanford University Copyright Renewal Database.
* For other renewal records of publications between 1922–1950, see the University of Pennsylvania copyright records.
* For all records since 1978, search the U.S. Copyright Office records.
Works could have had their copyright renewed between January 1st of the 27th year after publication or registration and December 31st of the 28th year. As this work's copyright was not renewed, it entered the public domain on January 1st of the 29th year.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
It is imperative that contributors ascertain that there is no evidence of a copyright renewal before using this license. Failure to do so will result in the deletion of the work as a copyright violation.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New Student's Reference Work/Glastonbury

See also Glastonbury on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Glas′tonbury, an old borough of Somersetshire, England, lies on the River Brue, near Bristol. It is said that Joseph of Arimathea came here, bearing the holy grail, (the cup from which Jesus drank at the Last Supper), and founded the first Christian church in England. He planted his pilgrim's staff on Weary-all Hill, where it took root and blossomed every Christmas Eve. The massive Abbot's Kitchen, built in the 14th century, still stands. Population 6,500.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Gortchakoff, Prince Alexander Michaelovitch

See also Alexander Gorchakov on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Gortchakoff (gôr-chä-kof′), Prince Alexander Michaelovitch, a Russian statesman, was born at St. Petersburg, July 16, 1798. He was educated at the Lyceum of Tsarskoe-Selo, and became experienced in diplomacy under Nesselrode, whom he succeeded as minister of foreign affairs. In 1854-56, while minister to Austria, his efforts were instrumental in passing the Treaty of Paris. In the Polish rebellion of 1863 he decried foreign interference, and said that Russia should be allowed to settle her own internal affairs. For his decided stand in this matter he was made chancellor of the empire in July, 1863. He was known and admired throughout Europe, and was the most notable diplomat until the height of Bismarck's popularity. He was a member of the Berlin congress in 1878, and died at Baden-Baden, March 11, 1883. See Julian Klaczko's Two Chancellors.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Gosse, Philip Henry

See also Philip Henry Gosse on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Gosse, Philip Henry, British zoologist, was born at Worcester, England, April 6, 1810, and died at Torquay, Devon, Aug. 23, 1888. His early life he spent in Newfoundland, after which he spent three years as a farmer in western Canada and a year in Alabama as a school-teacher. He then went to Jamaica for a short while, where he developed his tastes as a naturalist, and returned to England, where, with the exception of a further brief visit to the West Indies, he settled down to literary work, and, in 1856, was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. His publications embrace Letters from Alabama, The Canadian Naturalist, Birds of Jamaica, A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica, Text-Book of Zoology, A Naturalist's Rambles, The Aquarium, Handbook of Marine Aquarium, Marine Zoology, Evenings at the Microscope, Romance of Natural History and Land and Sea.