OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/West, Rev. John

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​West, Rev. John, was born in 1808, and emigrated to Tasmania in 1839, where he officiated as an Independent minister at Launceston for sixteen years. He was the head and front of the Anti-Transportation movement, and originated the League which the determination of Lord Grey to resume the despatch of convicts called into being. In 1851 he and Mr. Weston attended the great conference held in Melbourne, at which the representatives of the various Australian colonies entered into a solemn engagement to resist the influx of European criminals by every means in their power. The death-blow was thus given to the system. Mr. West removed to New South Wales in Nov. 1855, and joined the Sydney Morning Herald as chief of their literary staff, and continued to be editor until his death, on Dec. 11th, 1873. Mr. West was the author of the "History of Tasmania," published at Launceston in two volumes in 1852.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ribbeck, Johann Karl Otto

Edition of 1920. See also Otto Ribbeck on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RIBBECK, Johann Karl Otto, German philologist: b. at Erfurt, 23 July 1827; d. 1898. In early life he went to Berlin, where he studied under Lachmann, Bopp and Böckh, and from there to Bonn where he was a close student of the methods of Welcker and Ritschl. Having
received his degree in Berlin and traveled for a year through Italy, in 1853, he returned to Berlin, where he entered Böckh's school. He then became a teacher, being called successively to Elberfeld, Bern, Kiel, Heidelberg, and finally, in 1877, to Leipzig, there becoming the successor of his former master, Ritschl. Ribbeck's works are mostly confined to criticisms of Latin poetry and to classical character sketches and display a profound knowledge of the classics combined with a brilliant style of essay. Among them are ‘Vergelii Opera,’ with prolegomena and critical notes (5 vols., 1859-69); ‘Tragicorum Latinorum reliquiæ’ (1862); ‘Cornicorum Latinorum reliquiæ’ (1855); ‘Der echte und unechte Juvenal’ (1865); ‘Horace's Epistles’ (1869); ‘Zur Lehre von den Latein Partiketln’ (1860); ‘Die römische Tragodie im Zeitalter der Republick’ (1875); Plautus's ‘Miles Gloriosus’ (1881); the biography of Friedrich Ritschl (2 vols., 1879-81); ‘Geschichte der römischen Dichtung’ (3 vols., 1889-92; 2d ed., 1897-1900); and the classical character sketches (which appeared in the Rheinische Museum, of which he became editor in 1876) ‘Alazon’ (1882), ‘Kolax’ (1885) and ‘Agrockos’ (1885).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Richthofen, Ferdinand, Baron von

Edition of 1920. See also Ferdinand von Richthofen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RICHTHOFEN, rĭH'hōf-ĕn, Ferdinand, Baron von, German geologist: b. Karlsruhe, 5 May 1833; d. Berlin, 7 Oct. 1905. He was educated at the universities of Breslau and Berlin; and went to Austria in 1856 to study the geology of Tyrol, Siebenbürgen and northern Hungary. In 1860 he joined a Prussian expedition to the East and spent 12 years in China, Japan, Siam, Java, the Philippine Islands, Formosa, California and Nevada. Returning to Europe in 1872, he accepted professorships at Bonn, Leipzig and Berlin, successively. He published ‘China, Ergebnisse eigner Reisen und darauf gegründeter Studien’ (1877-83), and the following have appeared in English: ‘The Comstock Lode’ (1865); ‘Principles of the Natural System of Volcanic Rocks’ (1867); ‘Letters to the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce’ (1869-72).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Riddle

Edition of 1920. See also Riddle on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RIDDLE, any sentence or composition with an intentionally double or veiled meaning, which is propounded for another to discover the meaning. A riddle may either have an apparent sense which serves as a disguise to the real one, or it may be in the form of a question, the terms of which do not directly indicate the nature of the answer required. Riddles naturally divide themselves into two classes: plays upon words, which are otherwise called conundrums; and allegorical or fanciful descriptions of or allusions to the subject on which the riddle is founded. The latter is called an enigma. It is the more ancient and serious form of the riddle. Enigmas, or dark sayings, were frequently used by the ancients to disguise important truths, which it was not deemed safe or advisable that everyone should know. Kings sent enigmas to each other, ambassadors delivered their messages in this form, and the oracles of the gods were frequently conveyed in the form of an enigma. In modern times serious enigmas have been elaborated in prose and verse, particularly the latter, in all civilized languages. They are in general mere elaborate trifling, and are commonly as dull as they deserve to be.
Among the most celebrated examples of ancient riddles is that propounded by the Sphinx, and answered by Œdipus, What animal is that which goes on four feet in the morning, on two at midday, and on three in the evening? The answer is Man, because he goes on all fours as a child, on two feet as a young man, and with a staff in old age. The punning variety of riddle, though sometimes indulged in by the Greeks and Romans, is of comparatively modern
growth. It is a great favorite in festive gatherings of juveniles. Sometimes strings of puns are linked together with considerable ingenuity in the more complex riddles of this description, as in the following instance. What wind does a hungry sailor like best? One that blows fowl and chops, and then comes in little puffs. The earliest collection of riddles known to have been published is entitled ‘Demands Joyous,’ printed in 1511. The first French collection was published in Paris by Gille Beys in 1582.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Riddle, Matthew Brown

Edition of 1920. See also Matthew Brown Riddle on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RIDDLE, rĭd’l, Matthew Brown, American theologian: b. Pittsburgh, Pa., 17 Oct. 1836; d. 1 Sept. 1916. He was graduated from Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, in 1852, and from the New Brunswick Theological Seminary in 1859. He was adjunct professor of Greek at Jefferson College in 1857-58, was pastor of the Dutch Reformed Church, Hoboken, N. J., 1861-65, and of the Second Reformed Church, Newark, N. J., 1865-69. In 1871-87 he occupied the chair of New Testament exigesis at Hartford Theological Seminary, Conn., and from 1887 filled that chair at the Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Pa., until he retired in 1913. He was a member of the American Committee for New Testament revision, an editor of the Standard edition of the Revised Version, and was a revising editor on the Standard American Revised Version of the New Testament (1901). He was one of the editors of Lange's ‘Commentary’; ‘International Commentary’; ‘International Revision Commentary,’ and Myer's ‘Commentary’; edited Robinson's ‘Greek Harmony of the Gospels’ (1885); Vols. VII, VIII, ‘Ante-Nicene Fathers’ and Vols. VI, X, ‘Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers’ (1886).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ricord, John

Edition of 1920. See also John Ricord on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RICORD, rĭk'ôrd, or RICARD, John, American lawyer; prominent in Hawaiian affairs in 1843-47. He is stated by some authorities to have gone to Hawaii from Oregon while others speak of him as a young lawyer who arrived from New York. He reached Hawaii in October 1843, was appointed attorney-general in 1844, and in 1845, by request of the legislature, he prepared three bills which were practically amendments to the constitution, providing for the establishment and defining of the duties of an executive department of the government and also for a judiciary independent of the executive branch of the government. Regular cabinet departments were established, the Premier being Minister of the Interior, while other departments were foreign affairs, finance, public instruction and attorney-general. As far as was practicable Ricord sought to establish the common law of England in the islands, and the statute laws drafted by him and passed by the legislature remain in a large measure still in force. He left the islands in 1847.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ricord, Philippe

Edition of 1920. See also Philippe Ricord on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RICORD, rē-kôr, Philippe, French physician: b. Baltimore, Md., 10 Dec 1800; d. Paris, France, 22 Oct. 1889. He went to Paris in 1820, where he was granted his medical degree in 1826, practised in the provinces for two years, and on his return to Paris passed the Concours examination, and was appointed a surgeon at the Pitié Hospital. In 1831 his lectures in surgery secured his appointment as surgeon-in-chief at Hôpital des Veneriens du Midi, an office he continued to fill until 1860, when he resigned and engaged in private practice. In 1862 he was appointed physician in ordinary to Prince Napoleon, and in 1869 consulting surgeon to Napoleon III. He was made commander of the Legion of Honor in 1860, and for his services in the ambulance corps during the siege of Paris was made grand-officer of the Legion in 1871. He was the author of various valuable surgical treatises and invented several surgical instruments.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Riddle, Albert Gallatin

Edition of 1920. See also Albert G. Riddle on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RIDDLE, Albert Gallatin, American lawyer and author: b. Monson, Mass., 18 May 1816; d. Washington, D. C., 15 May 1902. He removed with his father, to Geauga County, Iowa, in 1817, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1840. He was elected to the legislature in 1848 and in that year called the first Free-Soil Convention in Ohio. He removed to Cleveland in 1850, was elected prosecuting attorney in 1856 and in 1859 he defended the Oberlin slave rescuers. He served in Congress in 1861-63 and was then appointed United States consul at Matanzas. From 1864 he was engaged in law practice at Washington, D. C. He was one of the lawyers retained by the government for the prosecution of John H. Surratt for the murder of President Lincoln. He served as law-officer of the District of
Columbia from 1877; and for several years after its establishment he was in charge of the law department at Howard University. Author of ‘Students and Lawyers’ (1873); ‘Alice Brand: A Tale of the Capital’ (1875); ‘Life of James A. Garfield’ (1880); ‘The Sugar Maple of the West Woods’ (1885); ‘Life of Benjamin Wade’ (1886); ‘Recollections of War Times, 1860-65.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ries, Heinrich

Edition of 1920. See also Heinrich Ries on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RIES, rēs, Heinrich, American economic geologist: b. Brooklyn, N. Y., 30 April 1871. He was educated at Columbia University. He served on the New York State Geological Survey in 1891-92 and in 1895, and was assistant in mineralogy at Columbia in 1896-97. He became associated with the faculty at Cornell in 1892, was appointed professor of economic geology in 1905, and since 1914 has been head of that department. Author of ‘Economic Geology of United States’ (1905); ‘Building Stone and Clay Products’ (1912); and joint author of ‘Clay, Occurrence, Properties and Uses, History of the Clay Working Industry of United States' (1906); and ‘Engineering Geology’ (1914).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Richter, Johann Paul Friedrich

Edition of 1920. See also Jean Paul on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RICHTER, Johann Paul Friedrich, generally known as Jean Paul, German author: b. Wunsiedel, near Baireuth, Bavaria, 21 March 1763; d. Baireuth, 14 Nov. 1825. He was educated at Leipzig and became a tutor and schoolmaster. In 1794 he turned from teaching to a general literary activity. The prince-primate Dalberg gave him in 1809 an annual pension of 1,000 florins, continued by the king of Bavaria. The fantastic quality of his genius was at first disconcerting but gradually, says Carlyle, he became considered “not a strange crack-brained mixture of enthusiast and buffoon, but a man of infinite humor, sensibility, force and penetration.” His style is perhaps one of the most barbarous and his books are quite without structure. His humor, however, is genuine, though frequently clumsy. He affected boldly to despise all literary proportion and technique and is recompensed by having the bulk of his work pronounced difiicult or unreadable. Yet scattered through his writings are the best of aphorisms and some of the most finely imagined passages in German literature. These may
serve to account for the interest Carlyle and De Quincy took in him. Outside of Germany he has not been greatly read, though there are various English renderings of his volumes, such as ‘Walt and Vult’ by Lee (1846); ‘Titan’ by Brooks (1863); ‘Flower, Fruit and Thorn Pieces’ by Ewing (1877); and ‘Levana’ by Wood (1887). The first novel, ‘Die unsichtbare Loge’ (‘The Invisible Lodge’) appeared in 1793. It was followed by ‘Hesperus’ (1794); ‘Biographische Belustigungen unter der Gehirnschale einer Riesin’ (‘Biographical Recreations under the Skull of a Giantess,’ 1796); ‘Leben des Quintus Fixlein’ (1796); ‘Blumen, Frucht und Dornenstücke’ (‘Flower, Fruit and Thorn Pieces,’ 1796); ‘Der Jubelsenior’ (‘Parson in Jubilee,’ 1797); ‘Das Kampaner Thal’ (1797); ‘Titan’ (1800); ‘Flegeljahre’ (translated by Carlyle, ‘Wild Oats,’ 1804). The two last are regarded as among his best productions. ‘Das heimliche Klaglied der jetzigen Männer’ appeared in 1801; ‘Dr. Katzenberger's Badereise’ (1809); ‘Des Feldpredigers Schmelzle Reise nach Flätz’ (1809); ‘Leben Fibels’ (1812); ‘Der Komet, oder Nicolaus Markgraf’ (1820-22); ‘Die Vorschule der Aesthetik,’ his first important philosophical work, appeared in 1804, followed by ‘Levana, oder Erziehungslehre’ (1807), a work on education. Further titles are ‘Friedenspredigt’ (1808); ‘Dämmerungen für Deutschland’ (1809); ‘Mars und Phöbus' Thronwechsel im Jahr 1814’ (1814); ‘Politische Fastenpredigten’ (1817). A collection of his works, ‘Sämmtliche werke,’ edited by him before his death, was published in 65 volumes (1826-38). ‘Der Papierdrache,’ his last work, was published in 1845. Consult Spazier, R. O., ‘Jean Paul Friedrich Richter, ein biographisches Commentar zu dessen Werken’ (1833); Carlyle's two essays on Richter; Förster, ‘Denkwürdigkeiten aus dem Leben Richters’ (1863); and Nerrlich, P., ‘Jean Paul und seine Zeitgenossen’ (1889).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Riders to the Sea

Edition of 1920. See also Riders to the Sea on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RIDERS TO THE SEA, by John Millington Synge, is the most nearly perfect tragedy in one act in modern literature. The very simple plot is based not on the traditional conflict of human wills but on the hopeless struggle of man against the impersonal but relentless cruelty of the sea. It has taken from Maurya four of her six sons, their father, and their father's father. The fifth son is missing and her daughters get proof that he too has been drowned while Maurya is entreating Bartley, the last of them all, not to ride his horses down to the boat for the Connemara fair. “If it was a hundred horses, or a thousand horses you had itself, what is the price of a thousand horses against a son, where there is one son only?” But Bartley will not listen, and when the sea swallows him too, the tragedy of the mother's previous revolt pales before the utter tragedy of her resignation. “They're all gone now and there isn't anything more the sea can do to me. . . . I won't care what way the sea is when the other women are keening.” In all of Synge's plays except ‘Deirdre of the Sorrows,’ one can trace his inspiration to his stay in the Aran Islands, — usually to a story he has heard on the road or by the turf fire — but in 'Riders to the Sea' we have the most direct transcript of his own sympathetic knowledge of the people and conditions of those wind-swept, sea-swept isles where life seems only the sweeter for being purchased by daily struggle with barren soil and warring elements. In this struggle it is inevitably the mothers who lose out. “The maternal feeling is so strong in these islands,” Synge writes, “that it gives a life of torment to the women.” The contrast between ‘Riders to the Sea’ and ‘The Playboy of the Western World’ indicates the gamut of Synge's genius. The former is as remarkable for the exquisite consistency of its theme, treatment and atmosphere as the latter is for its variety and its piquant contradictions; the one almost defies criticism, the other challenges it. ‘Riders to the Sea’ was first produced by the Irish National Theatre Society at Molesworth Hall in Dublin on 25 Feb. 1904. It was in the repertory of the Irish Players on tour in the United States in 1912-13. Consult Synge, J. M., ‘The Aran Islands’; id., prefaces to ‘The Playboy of the Western World’ and ‘The Tinker's Wedding’; Bickley, Francis, ‘John Millington Synge’; Boyd, Ernest, ‘Contemporary Drama in Ireland’; Howe, P. P., ‘John Millington Synge’; Weygandt, Cornelius, ‘Irish Plays and Playwrights.’
# The Doctrine and Covenants/Section 55

Revelation through Joseph Smith to William W. Phelps, Kirtland, Ohio, June 1831. History of the Church 1:184-86.
$^1$ Behold, thus saith the Lord unto you, my servant William, yea, even the Lord of the whole earth, thou art called and chosen; and after thou hast been baptized by water, which if you do with an eye single to my glory, you shall have a remission of your sins and a reception of the Holy Spirit by the laying on of hands;
$^2$ And then thou shalt be ordained by the hand of my servant Joseph Smith, Jun., to be an elder unto this church, to preach repentance and remission of sins by way of baptism in the name of Jesus Christ, the Son of the living God.
$^3$ And on whomsoever you shall lay your hands, if they are contrite before me, you shall have power to give the Holy Spirit.
$^4$ And again, you shall be ordained to assist my servant Oliver Cowdery to do the work of printing, and of selecting and writing books for schools in this church, that little children also may receive instruction before me as is pleasing unto me.
$^5$ And again, verily I say unto you, for this cause you shall take your journey with my servants Joseph Smith, Jun., and Sidney Rigdon, that you may be planted in the land of your inheritance to do this work.
$^6$ And again, let my servant Joseph Coe also take his journey with them. The residue shall be made known hereafter, even as I will. Amen.
# The Doctrine and Covenants/Section 60

Revelation through Joseph Smith, in Jackson County, Missouri, August 8, 1831. History of the Church 1:201-2.
$^1$ Behold, thus saith the Lord unto the elders of his church, who are to return speedily to the land from whence they came: Behold, it pleaseth me, that you have come up hither;
$^2$ But with some I am not well pleased, for they will not open their mouths, but they hide the talent which I have given unto them, because of the fear of man. Wo unto such, for mine anger is kindled against them.
$^3$ And it shall come to pass, if they are not more faithful unto me, it shall be taken away, even that which they have.
$^4$ For I, the Lord, rule in the heavens above, and among the armies of the earth; and in the day when I shall make up my jewels, all men shall know what it is that bespeaketh the power of God.
$^5$ But, verily, I will speak unto you concerning your journey unto the land from whence you came. Let there be a craft made, or bought, as seemeth you good, it mattereth not unto me, and take your journey speedily for the place which is called St. Louis.
$^6$ And from thence let my servants, Sidney Rigdon, Joseph Smith, Jun., and Oliver Cowdery, take their journey for Cincinnati;
$^7$ And in this place let them lift up their voice and declare my word with loud voices, without wrath or doubting, lifting up holy hands upon them. For I am able to make you holy, and your sins are forgiven you.
$^8$ And let the residue take their journey from St. Louis, two by two, and preach the word, not in haste, among the congregations of the wicked, until they return to the churches from whence they came.
$^9$ And all this for the good of the churches; for this intent have I sent them.
$^{10}$ And let my servant Edward Partridge impart of the money which I have given him, a portion unto mine elders who are commanded to return;
$^{11}$ And he that is able, let him return it by the way of the agent; and he that is not, of him it is not required.
$^{12}$ And now I speak of the residue who are to come unto this land.
$^{13}$ Behold, they have been sent to preach my gospel among the congregations of the wicked; wherefore, I give unto them a commandment, thus: Thou shalt not idle away thy time, neither shalt thou bury thy talent that it may not be known.
$^{14}$ And after thou hast come up unto the land of Zion, and hast proclaimed my word, thou shalt speedily return, proclaiming my word among the congregations of the wicked, not in haste, neither in wrath nor with strife.
$^{15}$ And shake off the dust of thy feet against those who receive thee not, not in their presence, lest thou provoke them, but in secret; and wash thy feet, as a testimony against them in the day of judgment.
$^{16}$ Behold, this is sufficient for you, and the will of him who hath sent you.
$^{17}$ And by the mouth of my servant Joseph Smith, Jun., it shall be made known concerning Sidney Rigdon and Oliver Cowdery. The residue hereafter. Even so. Amen.
# The Doctrine and Covenants/Section 53

Revelation through Joseph Smith to Algernon Sidney Gilbert, Kirtland, Ohio, June 1831. History of the Church 1:179-80.
$^1$ Behold, I say unto you, my servant Sidney Gilbert, that I have heard your prayers; and you have called upon me that it should be made known unto you, of the Lord your God, concerning your calling and election in the church, which I, the Lord, have raised up in these last days.
$^2$ Behold, I, the Lord, who was crucified for the sins of the world, give unto you a commandment that you shall forsake the world.
$^3$ Take upon you mine ordination, even that of an elder, to preach faith and repentance and remission of sins, according to my word, and the reception of the Holy Spirit by the laying on of hands;
$^4$ And also to be an agent unto this church in the place which shall be appointed by the bishop, according to commandments which shall be given hereafter.
$^5$ And again, verily I say unto you, you shall take your journey with my servants Joseph Smith, Jun., and Sidney Rigdon.
$^6$ Behold, these are the first ordinances which you shall receive; and the residue shall be made known in a time to come, according to your labor in my vineyard.
$^7$ And again, I would that ye should learn that he only is saved who endureth unto the end. Even so. Amen.
# The Doctrine and Covenants/Section 54

Revelation through Joseph Smith to Newel Knight, Kirtland, Ohio, June 1831. History of the Church 1:180-81.
$^1$ Behold, thus saith the Lord, even Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, even he who was crucified for the sins of the world
$^2$ Behold, verily, verily, I say unto you, my servant Newel Knight, you shall stand fast in the office whereunto I have appointed you.
$^3$ And if your brethren desire to escape their enemies, let them repent of all their sins, and become truly humble before me and contrite.
$^4$ And as the covenant which they made unto me has been broken, even so it has become void and of none effect.
$^5$ And wo to him by whom this offense cometh, for it had been better for him that he had been drowned in the depth of the sea.
$^6$ But blessed are they who have kept the covenant and observed the commandment, for they shall obtain mercy.
$^7$ Wherefore, go to now and flee the land, lest your enemies come upon you; and take your journey, and appoint whom you will to be your leader, and to pay moneys for you.
$^8$ And thus you shall take your journey into the regions westward, unto the land of Missouri, unto the borders of the Lamanites.
$^9$ And after you have done journeying, behold, I say unto you, seek ye a living like unto men, until I prepare a place for you.
$^{10}$ And again, be patient in tribulation until I come; and, behold, I come quickly, and my reward is with me, and they who have sought me early shall find rest to their souls. Even so. Amen.