OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Loudon, Jane

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LOUDON, JANE,
Whose reputation is founded chiefly on works of utility, is the daughter of Thomas Webb, Esq., of Ritwell House, near Birmingham, who, in consequence of over-speculation, became embarassed in his circumstances. Miss Webb, possessing literary talents, resolved to turn them to good account; and, in 1827, published her first work, a novel entitled "The Mummy," in which she embodied ideas of scientific progress and discovery, that now read like prophecies. Among other foreshadowings of things that were to be, was a steam plough, and this attracting the attention of Mr. John C. Loudon, whose numerous and valuable works on gardening, agriculture, etc., are so well known, led to an acquaintance, which terminated in a matrimonial connection. After her marriage, Mrs. London devoted her talents entirely to those branches of literature connected with her husband's favourite pursuits. "The Ladies' Flower Garden," "The Ladies' Country Companion," "Gardening for Ladies," "The Ladies' Companion to the Flower Garden," and several works of a similar character, have become standard books of reference, and attained a large circulation. It should be ​mentioned that the daughter of this lady. Miss Agnes London, appears to inherit her mother's taste and talent. She has written several juvenile works of great excellence. Mrs. London is now a widow, and in receipt of a pension of a hundred pounds per annum, from the civil list, which she has deservedly gained.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Louis, Madame

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LOUIS, MADAME,
The wife of an architect of celebrity, was distinguished for her abilities in music. She composed an opera called "Fleur d'Epine," which was performed at the Italian Opera at Paris in 1776, and received much commendation from the musical critics. At the revolution, her husband being banished, she emigrated with him, and passed the remainder of her life in obscurity. She published several sonatas, ariettes, and some works of a scientific class upon music.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Louisa, of Savoy

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LOUISA,
Of Savoy, Countess of Angoulême, wife of Charles, Duke of Orleans, and mother of Francis the First, who succeeded to the throne of France in 1515. Immediately on his accession, he raised Angoulême into a duchy from motives of filial affection. Louisa had been eminently beautiful, and even then, time had diminished her charms but little, while the gifts of nature were carefully improved and embellished by cultivation. Gifted with strong talents, and a mind active, vigorous, penetrating, and decisive, she aimed at the acquisition of power, but, unhappily for the nation, her virtues were overbalanced by her vices; her passions were strong and impetuous, and to their gratification she sacrificed all a woman should hold dear; vain, avaricious, intriguing, jealous, and implacable, she thwarted the best concerted plans of her son, and occasioned the greatest distress to the nation.
After she had by her misconduct occasioned her son Francis to lose that valuable part of his possessions, the Duchy of Milan, and provoked a coalition against him of the Kings of England and France and the Duke of Bourbon, she became, it appeared, sensible of her errors.
Francis was at first successful in repelling the confederate princes, which encouraged him to attempt, in person, the recovery of the Milanese; in vain did his mother and his wisest ministers dissuade him from it; he departed, leaving the duchess regent of the kingdom. After the battle of Pavia, at which he had lost his army and his liberty, he addressed the following note to his mother:—"Madame, all is lost except our honour." The captivity of the king and the loss of a flourishing army, added to a discontent prevailing throughout the kingdom, seemed to threaten a general insurrection. In this trying emergency, the magnanimity of Louisa was eminently displayed, and the kingdom, which her passions had endangered, her abilities were exerted to save. She assembled, at Lyons, the princes of the blood, the governors of the provinces, and the notables of the realm, who generously resolved to ransom immediately the officers and soldiers taken at Pavia. The army and garrisons were recruited, and enabled to repel the Imperialists, while Louisa conciliated the favour of the King of England, whom she disengaged from the confederacy; and to her mediation Francis acknowledged himself indebted for his liberty, which he recovered in March, 1626. The terms of his liberation by the emperor were so exorbitant that he never intended to fulfil them, and the Pope absolved him from his oath.
Consequently, hostilities continued, till Margaret of Austria and the Duchess of Angoulême met at Cambray, and settled the terms of pacification, whence the peace was called the "Ladies' Peace." Louisa died, 1571. In obedience to her counsels, Francis completed, after her death, her favourite project of annexing the Duchy of Brittany to the crown.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Lohman, Johanna Frederica

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LOHMAN, JOHANNA FREDERICA,
Was born in 1749, at Wittemberg. She was the daughter of the Professor of Law, J. D. Richter. She married the auditor Lohman in Schoenbeck, by Magdeburg. She lived at first in Leipzic, then in Magdeburg, and after the death of her husband again in Leipzic, where she died, in 1811. Most of her works were published anonymously. She wrote "The Jacobin," in 1794; "Clara of Wahburg," in 1796; "Carelessness and its Consequences," in 1805.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jäger, Gustav

See also Gustav Jäger on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
JÄGER, GUSTAV (1832–1917), German naturalist and hygienist (see 15.124), died in 1917.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kaledin, Alexei

See also Alexei Kaledin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KALEDIN, ALEXEI (1861-1918), Russian general, was born in 1861, and entered the army in 1882. For some years he served in the artillery and then, on passing out of the General Staff Academy in 1889, he was appointed on the general staff. He reached the rank of general in 1907, and when the World War broke out in 1914 he was at the head of the 12th Cavalry Division. With this division he served in the Galician campaigns of 1914-5, in which his marked qualities of leadership soon showed themselves. In March 1915 he was seriously wounded. Later in 1915 he commanded the XII. Corps, and in the beginning of 1916 the VIII. Army. With this army, in 1916, he carried out the great offensive campaign of Lutsk. More than 100,000 prisoners and much booty were the results of his summer battles. In May 1917, being out of sympathy with the policy of the Provisional Government, which was causing the disintegration of the army, he resigned his post as an army commander. In the summer of the same year he was elected Ataman of the Don. His popularity among the Cossacks did not cease, even after the conflict between Kornilov and Kerensky. Notwithstanding the latter's demand that Kaledin should come to Moscow to explain his conduct during the Kornilov affair, the Cossack parliament forbade him to go, fearing some treachery in relation to Kaledin. After the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks and the conclusion of their armistice with the Germans, he called up the Cossack regiments to the Don. The great moral influence he exercised over the Cossacks kept them at first from internal anarchy and aroused them to an armed defence of the Don district against invasion by the Bolsheviks. He thus made it possible for Generals Alexeiev and Kornilov, in Dec. 1917, to muster the troops of the Volunteer Army to the south of the Don district. But in the beginning of 1918 an inner fermentation began on the Don; on the front the Cossacks began to surrender to the Bolsheviks. The Volunteer Army left the Don and went to the Kuban district. When all means of saving the Don Cossacks from Bolshevism were exhausted, Kaledin, hoping even at the last to rally the Cossacks by an act of self-devotion, shot himself on Feb. 11 1918.
    (N. N. G.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kahn, Otto Hermann

See also Otto Hermann Kahn on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KAHN, OTTO HERMANN (1867- ), American financier, was born in Mannheim, Germany, Feb. 21 1867. His father had been among the refugees to America after the revolution of 1848 and had become an American citizen, but later returned to Germany. He was educated in a Gymnasium in Mannheim, and after a year's service in the German army entered a banking house. In 1888 he entered the London branch of the Deutsche Bank, remaining there five years and becoming a British citizen. In 1893 he went to the United States, and for two years held a position with the house of Speyer & Co. in New York City. Then after travel in Europe he joined the firm of Kuhn, Loeb & Co., in New York City. In March 1917 he became an American citizen. He was a patron of music and gave private assistance to promising talent. He was chairman of the New York committee of the Shakespeare Tercentenary (1916) and was vice-president of the Permanent Blind Relief War Fund. He was chairman of the board of directors of the Metropolitan Opera Co. of New York and of the French theatre of New York, and a founder and later treasurer of the New Theatre Co. He was a trustee of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and of Rutgers College. He was a director in numerous corporations, including the Equitable Trust Co. (N.Y.) and the Union Pacific railway. During the World War he took a leading part in showing to the Germans in the United States that Germany was in the wrong and must be opposed. He was the author of Right Above Race (1918); Our Economic Problems: A Financier's Point of View (1920) and Two Years of Faulty Taxation (1920).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Keltie, Sir John Scott

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KELTIE, SIR JOHN SCOTT (1840-), British geographer, was born at Dundee March 29 1840. He was educated at Perth, and afterwards at St. Andrews and Edinburgh. In 1861 he joined the editorial staff of W. & R. Chambers, of Edinburgh, and from 1871 to 1884 was employed by Macmillan & Co., being also for some years the sub-editor of Nature. In 1880 he was appointed editor of the Statesman's Year Book. He became in 1884 inspector of geographical education in connexion with the Royal Geographical Society, becoming librarian of the society in 1885
and its secretary in 1892. This position he held till 1915, whe he was appointed joint-editor of the Geographical Journal. In 1917 he retired and in 1918 was knighted. Sir John Keltie has been the recipient of many honours from learned societies, including the Cullum gold medal of the American Geographical Society and the gold medals of the Paris and Royal Scottish Geographical Societies (1915), besides the Victoria medal of the Royal Geographical Society (1917). In 1897 he was president of the geographical section of the British Association. His best-known book is The Partition of Africa (1894), which is one of the standard works on the subject. He has also published A History of the Scottish Highlands and Clans (1874); Report on Geographical Education (1886); Applied Geography (1890; new ed. 1908) and The History of Geography (with O. J. R. Howarth, 1914); besides many articles in scientific and geographical journals. He acted during the winter of 1918-9 as a geographical adviser to the historical section of the Foreign Office.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Sarte, Dauphine de

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SARTE, DAUPHINE DE,
A French lady, wife of the Marquis de Robias, wrote treatises on philosophy, and was distinguished for her mathematical knowledge. She excelled in music, and had a particular talent for composing it. She died at Aries, in 1685.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Sawyer, Caroline M.

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SAWYER, CAROLINE M.,
Was born in 1812, in Newton, Massachusetts. Her maiden name was Fisher. In 1832, she was married to the Rev. Dr. Sawyer, a pastor over one of the Universalist churches in New York, where they resided until 1847, when they removed to Clinton in the same state, where Dr. Sawyer was chosen President of the Universalist Seminary. Although Mrs. Sawyer did not publish till after her marriage, she began to write both tales and poems at a very early age; by her writings we can readily perceive that her education has been thorough and extensive, and that the author possesses a mind of much power. Her translations from the German are made with faithfulness and spirit, and her original poems especially are marked by deep thought and command of language.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Scala, Alexandra

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SCALA, ALEXANDRA,
Was daughter of Bartholemi Seals, an Italian, eminent as a statesman and man of letters in the fifteenth century, and was a very accomplished woman. She became the wife of the celebrated Marullus, whose avowed reason for marrying her was to become perfect in the Latin tongue. Nevertheless, she was not only a learned, but an excellent and a beautiful woman. She was often praised by Politian in Greek. She died in 1506. Marullus wrote several poems in her praise.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Saxburga

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SAXBURGA
Was the daughter of Webba, King of Mercia, and the wife of Cenwalch, who married her previous to his accession to the throne of Wessex, which happened on the death of his father, the Christian King Kynigils, A. D. 643. When her husband, who still remained unconverted, became monarch, he dismissed Saxburga from his court with ignominy, and took another to share his throne, without, as historians generally agree, any just cause for such a step; to avenge which the Mercian king made war upon Cenwalch, and succeeded in expelling him from his dominions. He retired to the protection of Anna, King of East Anglia, and was there converted to the Christian faith, and reconciled to his excellent wife, with whom, after the recovery of his kingdom, he enjoyed many years of uninterrupted harmony. He completed the cathedral at Winchester begun by his father, and died in 672, having given a most convincing ​proof of his respect for Saxburga by bequeathing to her the administration of the affairs of the kingdom, a step the more remarkable as it was quite without precedent. Saxburga is the solitary instance of a Queen-regnant during the entire dominion of the Anglo-Saxons. During the brief period that she held this power, she proved herself in every respect worthy to discharge the duties of the office. An old chronicler describes her as "levying new forces and preserving the old in their duty, ruling her subjects with moderation, and overawing her enemies; in short, conducting all things in such a manner that no difference was discernible except that of sex." But this was a difference, in those rude times, altogether fatal to the continuance of her rule. She was displaced from her high office by her rebellious subjects, as some say, at the end of two years, and henceforth she disappears from the page of history, unless she be the Queen Saxburga mentioned in a Welsh record, who, when the yellow plague, which lasted about eight years in Britain, had ceased its ravages, came back from Germany, whither she had fled, with many others, and founded a new settlement In "Nowry," on Northumberland. The date of this event is somewhat uncertain.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Scacerni-Prosperi, Angela

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SCACERNI-PROSPERI, ANGELA,
Of Ferrara, is descended from a family In which learning and learned men abounded. Carefully educated at home by her father, she was, in her early youth, well versed in general history, geography, geometry, and the French and Latin languages, and also displayed a turn for the fine arts. Her parents removed from Ferrara and resided for some time in Tuscany, where Angela had still greater opportunities for mental improvement, of which she took advantage. She was received into the Academy Clementina of Fine Arts in Bologna, and having returned with her father to her native country, was enrolled among the members of the Academy Ariostea. Then, having become the wife of the Count Michel Fausto Prosperi, and the mother of several children, she devoted herself entirely to her domestic duties. She is universally beloved by all who know her, and her country willingly grants to her that veneration and respect which belong to her merits. She is an easy, harmonious, and graceful writer. Her works consist of many lyric poems, songs, epigrams, and sonnets, written with great sweetness and learning, and a touching elegy on Guido Villa, formerly President of the Hospital of St James and Anna in Ferrara.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Scaligeri, Lucia

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SCALIGERI, LUCIA,
Was born at Venice in 1637. She became distinguished by her knowledge of the learned languages, and her skill in music and painting. Several of her pictures are in the churches of Venice, where she died in 1700.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Scacrati-Romagnli, Orintia

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SCACRATI-ROMAGNLI, ORINTIA,
Was born at Cesena, and, from her girlhood, has been distinguished for intelligence. In youth her beauty was remarkable; this, added to her highly cultivated mind, made her society sought for in the most brilliant circles. She was endowed with great penetration into character, tact, and discretion. Circumstances led her to a country life for some years; she there devoted herself to literature, and wrote several dramatic pieces. She afterwards established herself at Rome, where she enjoyed the admiration of all, and the esteem of a large circle of friends. To foreigners she exercised a generous hospitality, and her name is known to many illustrious travellers of other nations. Her works, in four volumes, were published in 1810.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Schopenhauer, Johanna Frosina

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SCHOPENHAUER, JOHANNA FROSINA,
Born in the year 1770, at Dantzic, where her father, Henry Frosina, was senator, showed at an early age a decided talent drawing and painting, as well as for languages. After having received in her parental home a careful education, and enjoyed a happy youth, she married Henry Flaris Schopenhauer, who accompanied his young wife through Germany to France, thence to London, where they remained a long time; and afterwards through Brabant, Flanders, and Germany, back to Dantzic. There she lived until the capture of this free city by the Prussians, in 1793. The next ten years she spent with her husband in Hamburg. In 1803, they visited Holland, the North of France, England, Scotland, and went from Holland to Paris. There she had the good fortune to be thoroughly taught, by the celebrated Augustin, in miniature painting, which had always been her favourite occupation. From Paris, the travellers went over the south of France to Ghent, wandered through Switzerland, saw Munich, Vienna, (where they remained some time,) Presburg, Silesia, Bohemia, Saxony, Brandenburg, touched Dantzic, and after three years came back to Hamburg, where a sudden death snatched away Mr. Schopenhauer. She then fixed (1806) her abode in Wiemar, where a highly refined social circle surrounded her, to which Goethe, Wieland, Henry Meier, Fernow, Bertuch, Falk, Fr. Mayer, and many literary women, belonged, of whom this city may well be proud. Every suitable foreigner was her welcome guest. Between her and Fernow (of whom she learned the Italian language) existed an ideal friendship, which death interrupted two years after. G. V. Kügelgen had 'at that time arrived in Wiemar to take Goethe's, Wieland's. Schiller's, and Herder's portraits. A description of these four portraits, and of several oil-paintings by the landscape painter Frederic were the first publications of which Mrs. S. acknowledged herself to be the authoress. She was induced by Cotter to write Fernow's life. This work appeared in 1810. Two years later, she published "Remembrances of a Tour through England;" 1816, followed a volume of "Novels;" 1817, the "Trip to the Rhine and its Nearest Environs;" and 1818, the "Journey (trough the South of France." The writer has obtained a just approval for her nice observations; joined to an easy and graceful style. Her last work is the popular novel, ​"Gabrielle." Like all her other Dumerous works It exhibits great powers of observation, and a thorough knowledge of the world and men.
Madame Schopenhauer died at Jena, in April, 1838.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Saussure, Madame Necker de

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SAUSSURE, MADAME NECKER DE,
Was the daughter of M. de Saussure, and born in the city of Geneva about the year 1768. Her father, a man of profound learning, was very careful to cultivate the mind of his daughter, and yet very fearful she would display her learning pedantically.
At the age of nineteen she married M. Necker, nephew of the celebrated minister of finance, and, as was then considered, very brilliant prospects opened before the young couple. The Revolution destroyed these hopes, but it brought the uncle and nephew and their families together, and Madame de Saussure became intimate with Madame de Staël. "From that time my thoughts were more particularly directed towards moral science and literature," says Madame de Saussure, in a letter to an American friend.
The troubles of Geneva obliging M. Saussure and his family to pass some years in Switzerland, where the education of their children became the occupation of both parents, it was not till after the decease of her husband that Madame de Saussure began to publish her writings: she thus describes her feelings and opinions on her own authorship:—
"It was not until my youth had passed that I appeared before the public under my own name, and I congratulate myself that it was so. The works that I should have written in early life would not have satisfied me now. The attempt to write would probably have been beneficial to me; but there are so many causes of ​excitement in early life, personal affections and the desire to win the lore and esteem of others occupy the mind so fully, that the young rarely press steadily onward to the most elevated mark. My education had been of an exciting nature, and the circumstances of my life were calculated to foster a spirit of romance. It is very probable, therefore, that my early writings would have been imbued "with more fancy than good sense. In this last of all my works that I now send you, I have believed it my duty to paint the destiny of woman, dark as the pictures may be, in true colours; but possibly the recollections and habits of youth have acquired too much power over me. You will judge. But I hope that, at least, age, deafness, sorrows, and the active duties of religion, have rendered my motives simple and pure, and have formed, in some respects, such a character as I have pourtrayed for the example of others."
"The last of all her works" to which she alludes, was "Progressive Education," her best and most important production. It was translated into English and published in Boston. It deserves to have a place in every mother's library.
Madame de Saussure also wrote a "Biography of Madame de Staël," and translated from the German Schiegel's "Course of Dramatic Literature;" but her most earnest efforts were directed to the cause of education. She does not evince brilliancy of genius, yet few, if any, of the French female writers have displayed such good sense and Christian principles in their productions. She died in 1847.