OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Leonidas (literary) 2.

LEO′NIDAS 2. Of Alexandria, was born, as he informs us (Ep. 8), on the banks of the Nile, whence he went to Rome (Ep. 27), and there taught grammar for a long time without attracting any notice, but ultimately he became very popular, and obtained the patronage of the imperial family. Leonidas' epigrams show that he flourished under Nero, and probably down to the reign of Vespasian. In the Greek Anthology, forty-three epigrams are ascribed to him, but some of these belong to Leonidas of Tarentum. The epigrams of Leonidas of Alexandria are of a very low order of merit. Several of them are distinguished by the petty conceit of having an equal number of letters in each distich; these are called ἰσόψηφα ἐπιγράμματα. (Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. xiii. pp. 908-909; Meineke, Prolusio ad utriusque Leonidae Carmina, Lips. 1791; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iv. pp. 479-480.
[P. S.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bavant, John

​BAVANT, JOHN, D.D. (fl. 1552–1586), catholic divine, was a native of Cheshire, and received his education at Oxford, where he graduated M.A. in 1552. He was one of the original fellows of St. John's College, and the first Greek reader there. During his residence at Oxford he was tutor to the two noted writers, Edmund Campion and Gregory Martin. Leaving this country on the change of religion in 1558–9, he pursued his theological studies at Rheims and Rome, and was created D.D. In 1581 he was sent from Rheims to England, and he laboured on the mission for a considerable time, but was at last apprehended and kept a prisoner in Wisbech Castle, where it is supposed he died. He was alive on 13 June 1586, when Dr. Gray of Wisbech addressed to Secretary Walsyngham a petition praying for his release.
[First and Second Douay Diaries; Wood's Fasti Oxon. (ed. Bliss), i. 35; Dodd's Church Hist. ii. 59; State Papers, Dom. Elizabeth, cxc. art. 30.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bawdwen, William

​BAWDWEN, WILLIAM (1762–1816), antiquary, the son of William Bawdwen, of Stone Gap, Craven, Yorkshire, was born 9 March 1762. He was educated at Manchester school, and subsequently took holy orders. He is described on the title-pages of his books as B.A., but his name does not occur in the lists of Oxford or Cambridge graduates. He is said to have been at one time curate of Wakefield (Lupton's Wakefield Worthies, p. 9); he afterwards became curate of Frickly-cum-Clayton and vicar of Hooton Pagnel, benefices near Doncaster, which he held till his death. He married, 30 Dec. 1793, Ann, daughter of William Shackleton, of Wakefield, and died at Hooton Pagnel 14 Sept. 1816, leaving twelve children. The estate of Stone Gap, which had been in his family for two hundred years, was sold by Bawdwen soon after he succeeded to it.
Bawdwen, who devoted all his leisure to antiquarian research, began a translation of the Domesday Book from the edition published by the Record Commission in 1783. He intended to complete it in ten volumes, but two only appeared before his death. The first volume was published in 1809 at Doncaster with a dedication to Lord Fitzwilliam, under the title of ‘Dom Boc; a translation of the Record called Domesday, so far as relates to the county of York, including Amounderness, Lonsdale, and Furness in Lancashire, and such parts of Westmoreland, Cumberland, as are contained in the Survey; also the counties of Derby, Nottingham, Rutland, and Lincoln, with an introduction, glossary, and indexes.’ The second volume appeared in 1812, and dealt with the counties of Hertford, Middlesex, Buckingham, Oxford, and Gloucester. Bawdwen also contributed a translation of the Domesday survey of Dorsetshire to the fourth volume of Hutchinson's ‘History of Dorsetshire.’
[Manchester School Register, ed. Finch Smith, published by Chetham Society, i. 212; Gent. Mag. lxxxvi. pt. 2, p. 286; Hunter's Hist. of Deanery of Doncaster, 1828, ii. 146.]
S. L. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baxter, Charles

​BAXTER, CHARLES (1809–1879), portrait and subject painter, was born in Little Britain, London, in March 1809. He was the son of a book-clasp maker, and was himself apprenticed to a bookbinder; but his impulse towards art was so strong that he soon gave up ​his business, and commenced a struggling career as a painter, chiefly of miniatures and portraits. In 1834 he made the acquaintance of George Clint, from whom he received some valuable instruction, and in the same year he exhibited for the first time at the Royal Academy. In 1839 he joined the Clipstone Street Society, and studied there along with Paul Falconer Poole, William Müller, Duncan, Jenkins, Topham, and others, who afterwards became distinguished in the profession. He became a member of the Society of British Artists in 1842, and contributed to its exhibitions many of the poetical and rustic subjects and fancy portraits upon which his reputation chiefly rests. His female heads are especially characterised by refinement of expression and purity of colour. Among his best works were ‘The Orphan,’ painted in 1843; ‘The Wanderers,’ 1847; ‘L'Allegro,’ 1852; ‘Love me, love my Dog,’ 1854; ‘Sunshine’ and ‘The Bouquet,’ 1855; ‘The Dream of Love,’ 1857; ‘Little Red Riding Hood,’ 1859; ‘Olivia and Sophia,’ 1862; ‘The Ballad,’ 1863; ‘Peasant Girl of Chioggia,’ 1869; and ‘Rich and rare were the gems she wore,’ 1872. He died at Lewisham 10 Jan. 1879.
R. E. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baxter, John

​BAXTER, JOHN (1781–1858), printer and publisher, was born at Rickhurst, Surrey, 20 Oct. 1781. Early in life he settled in Lewes as a bookseller and printer. He was the first printer to use the inking roller, which was made under his superintendence by a saddler at Lewes. Robert Harrild, who assisted him in his experiments, afterwards brought out a patent for the composition roller, and realised by it a handsome fortune. Among the earliest of Baxter's enterprises was the publication of a large quarto Bible, annotated by the Rev. John Styles, D.D., and illustrated with wood engravings. This work, known as Baxter's Bible, met with an immense sale, especially in America. His other publications include several important works on the topography of Sussex, and ‘The Library of Agricultural ​Knowledge,’ which had a very extensive circulation. Along with his youngest son, W. E. Baxter, he started the ‘Sussex Agricultural Express.’ He was an enthusiastic cricketer, and the joint, if not the sole, author of the book of rules for that sport, the first ever published, named ‘Lambert's Cricketer's Guide,’ after the celebrated professional of that name. He died 12 Nov. 1858. Baxter's second son, George Baxter, was the inventor of the process of printing in oil colours.
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baxter, Robert Dudley

​BAXTER, ROBERT DUDLEY (1827–1875), political writer, son of Robert Baxter, of the firm of Baxter & Co., parliamentary lawyers, Westminster, was born at Doncaster in 1827, and was privately educated until, at the age of eighteen, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge (October 1845). In 1849 he took the B.A. degree with honours in mathematics and classics. Afterwards he studied for the legal profession, and in 1860 entered his father's firm at Westminster, in which he remained until his death. From an early period he evinced a great love of literature, and at sixteen was writing articles for a local newspaper. He also, at a very early age, exhibited strong political tendencies on the conservative side, and wrote statistical papers in matured life in the same cause, which were valued by both parties. In 1873 Baxter declined an invitation to stand for Westminster, with Mr. W. H. Smith. Early in 1875 his health, which was never robust, gave way, and he died on 20 May of that year, aged 47. His widow published in 1878 a brief and pleasant ‘Memoir’ of him, for circulation amongst his private friends.
He was the author of:
* ‘The Volunteer Movement, its Progress and Wants,’ 1860.
* ‘The Budget and the Income Tax,’ 1860.
* ‘The Franchise Returns and the Boroughs,’ 1866.
* ‘The Redistribution of Seats and the Counties,’ 1866.
* ‘Railway Extension and Results,’ 1866.
* ‘The National Income,’ 1868.
* ‘Results of the General Election of 1868,’ 1869.
* ‘Taxation of the United Kingdom,’ 1869.
* ‘History of English Parties and Conservatism,’ 1870.
* ‘National Debts of the various States of the World,’ 1871.
* ‘Political Progress of the Working Classes,’ 1871.
* ‘Recent Progress of National Debts,’ 1874.
* ‘Local Government and Taxation,’ 1874.
He was a member of the Statistical and several other societies devoted to economic researches.
[Memoir by Mrs. Baxter.]
C. W.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Tubero, Aelius, jurists 2.

2. Q. Aelius Tubero, the son of Lucius [see above. No. 5], was born probably about b. c. 74. When he was a young man, he made a speech (b. c. 46) before C. Julius Caesar against Q. Ligarius, who was defended by Cicero in a speech which is extant (Pro Q. Ligario). When L. Tubero, who had been appointed governor of Africa by the senate, attempted to land there, Ligarius, who held Africa in the capacity of legatus, prevented Lucius from landing with his son Quintus, who accompanied him ; and this was the main cause of the enmity of Tubero against Ligarius. The oration of Tubero is mentioned by Quintilian (Instit. Orat. x. 1. § 23, xi. 1. § 78). After his failure on this occasion Tubero applied to the study of the Jus Civile under Ofilius ; and he obtained considerable reputation. He had a great knowledge both of Jus Publicum and Privatum, and he wrote several works on both these divisions of law ; but he affected an antiquated mode of expression, which made his writings less agreeable to read (Pomponius, Dig. 1. tit. 2. s. 2. § 46): from this remark of Pomponius we may infer that Tubero's works were extant when he wrote. Tubero married a daughter of Servius Sulpicius, and the daughter of Tubero was the mother of the jurist C. Cassius Longinus. It is uncertain if this Tubero was consul under Augustus b. c. 11, with P. Fabius Maximus, for his consulship is not mentioned by Pomponius, but that omission is not decisive against the evidence of the Fasti Capitolini and Plinius (H. N. viii. 17). A work by Tubero, " De Officio Judicis " is mentioned by Gellius (xiv. 2) ; and another " Ad C. Oppium" is mentioned by Gellius (vii. 19). Like his father Q. Tubero wrote a history (Liv. iv. 23 ; Suet. Caes. 83), but whether the quotations of A. Gellius (vi. 3, 4) are taken from the history of the father or the son cannot be determined. Tubero the jurist, who is often cited in the Digest, is this Tubero ; but there is no excerpt from his writings. [G. L.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Tisamenus 3.

TISA'MENUS (Τισαμενός). 1. An Elean soothsayer, of the family of the Clytiadae, who seem to have been a branch of the Iamidae, if the received reading in Herodotus (ix. 33) is sound. (Comp. Philostr. Vit. Apoll. v. 25; Cic. de Dir, i. 41.) According to the story told by Herodotus, Tisamenus had been assured by the Delphic oracle that he should be successful in five great conflicts. Supposing this to be a promise of distinction as an athlete, he devoted himself to gymnastic exercises, and on one occasion was very near winning the prize for the pentathlum at Olympia. The Spartans, however, understanding the oracle to refer, not to gymnastic, but to military victories, made great offers to Tisamenus to induce him to take with their kings the joint-command of their armies. This he refused to do on any terms short of receiving the full franchise of their city, whereupon the Spartans at first indignantly broke off the negotiation, but afterwards professed their readiness to yield the point. Tisamenus then rising in his demands, stipulated for the same privilege on behalf of his brother Hegias, and this also was granted him. He was present with the Spartans at the battle of Plataea, in B. C. 379, which, according to Herodotus, was the first of the five conflicts referred to by the oracle. The second was with the Argives and Tegeans at Tegea; the third, with all the Arcadians except the Mantineans, at Dipaea, in the Maenalian territory (both between B. C. 479 and 465); the fourth was the third Messenian War (B. C. 465-455); and the last was the battle of Tanagra, with the Athenians and their allies, in B. C. 457. (Herod. ix. 33-36; Müller, Dor. bk. i. ch. 9. §§ 9-11.) [E. E.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Tubertus 2.

2. A. Postumius Tubertus, was magister equitum to the dictator Mam. Aemilius Mamercinus in b. c. 433, and was himself dictator in b. c. 431. The latter year was memorable in the Roman annals by the great victory which the dictator gained on Mount Algidus over the united forces of the Aequians and Volscians. This victory, which is related to have been fought on the 18th of June, decided the contest with the Aequians, who from this time forward appear as the subjects of Rome. According to universal tradition the dictator put his son to death in this campaign, because he quitted the post in which his father had placed him, through his desire of fighting with the enemy. This story is rejected by Livy, but on insufficient grounds, as Niebuhr has shown. Tubertus celebrated a triumph on his return to Rome. (Liv. iv. 23, 26—29 ; Diod. xii. 64 ; Ov. Fast. vi. 721, foll. ; Plut. Camill. 2 ; Val. Max. ii. 7. § 6 ; Gell. xvii. 21 ; Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. ii. p. 452, foll.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Tubulus 1.

TUBULUS, the name of a family of the Hostilia gens.
1. C. Hostilius Tubulus, praetor urbanus b. c. 209, was stationed in Etruria in the following year (b. c. 208) as propraetor with the command of two legions. He received orders from the senate to keep an especial watch upon Arretium, which was suspected of an inclination to revolt to Hannibal, and he therefore took away as hostages one hundred and twenty children of the senators of the town. Next year (b. c. 207) Tubulus was sent from Etruria to Tarentum, and in the course of the same year from the latter place to Capua ; but while marching to Capua he fell upon Hannibal's array, killed four thousand men, and took nine standards. He continued in the command at Capua till the end of b. c. 203. (Liv. xxvii. 6, 7, 11, 22, 24, 35, 40, xxviii. 10, xxix. 13.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Tubertus 1.

TUBERTUS, the name of an ancient family of the patrician Postumia gens.
1. P. Postumius Q. f. Tubertus, consul b. c. 505 with M. Valerius Volusus in the fifth year of the republic. Both consuls fought against the Sabines, over whom they gained a decisive victory in the neighbourhood of Tibur, and obtained in consequence the honour of a triumph. (Liv, ii. 16 ; Zonar. v. 37—39 ; Plut. Public. 20 ; Zonar. vii. 13.) Tubertus was consul again in b. c. 503 with Agrippa Menenius Lanatus. According to Livy he defeated the Aurunci, and on his return triumphed over them ; but other authorities relate that he again fought against the Sabines, and at first with bad success, but that he afterwards gained a victory over them, and on his return celebrated the lesser triumph or ovation, which was on this occasion first introduced at Rome. (Dionys. v. 44—47 ; Zonar. vii. 13; Plin, H. N. xv. 29; Fasti Cap.) In b. c. 493 he was one of the ten ambassadors sent by the senate to the people on the Sacred Mountain. (Dionys, vi. 69.) This Tubertus was buried in the city on account of his virtues, a privilege which his posterity retained. (Cic. de Leg. ii. 23.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Tubero, Aelius 6.

6. Q. Aelius Tubero, the son of No. 5, the jurist. See below, No. 2.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Tubero, L. Seius

TU'BERO, L. SEIUS, a legatus of Germanicus in his campaign in Germany in a. d. 16, was consul with the latter in a. d. 18. Tubero was falsely accused of majestas in a. d. 24. (Tac. Ann. ii. 20, iv. 29 ; Fasti.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Tubero, Aelius, jurists 1.

TU'BERO, AE'LIUS, jurists. 1. Q. Aelius Tubero, called the Stoic, was a pupil of Panaetius; and one of the scholars of Panaetius dedicated to Tubero a treatise De Officiis (Cic. de Off. iii. 15). He was the son of Q. Aelius Tubero, who was the son-in-law of L. Aemilius Paulus. [See above. No. 3.] Tubero the son had a reputation for talent and legal knowledge. (Cic. Brut. 31, pro Muren. c. 36 ; Tac. Ann. xvi. 22 ; Gell. i. 22.) Plutarch (Lucull. c. 39) attributes to this Tubero the saying that Lucullus was " Xerxes in a toga ;" but this is a mistake, for Tubero the Stoic was a contemporary of the Gracchi and tribunus plebis in b. c. 133, the year in which Tiberius was also tribunus plebis. Lucullus could not play the part of Xerxes in a toga earlier than b. c. 63. In b. c. 129 Tubero failed in his candidateship for the praetorship, but in b. c. 123 he was praetor. Pomponius says that he was also consul, but it has been inferred from the passage in the Brutus (c. 31) that he never obtained the consulship. He appears however to have been consul suffectus in b. c. 118. He was an opponent of C. Gracchus as well as of Tiberius, and delivered some speeches against him b. c. 123. Tubero is one of the speakers in Cicero's dialogue de Republica. The passages in the Pandect in which Tubero is cited do not refer to this Tubero, but to the son of Lucius. (Cic. Brut. ed. H. Meyer, c. 31, and the note ; H. Meyer, Oratorum Romanorum Frag. p. 251, 2d ed.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Titinius 3.

3. L. Titinius Pansa Saccus, consular tribune, b. c. 400 and 396. (Liv. v. 12, 18 ; Fasti Capit.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Tisamenus 4.

TISA'MENUS 2. A descendant apparently of the above, who took part in the plot of Cinadon, and was put to death for it, in B. C. 397. (Xen. Hell. iii. 3. § 11.) [E. E.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brodie, Alexander (1830-1867)

​BRODIE, ALEXANDER (1830–1867), sculptor, younger son of John Brodie, mariner, was born in 1830 at Aberdeen, where he served his apprenticeship as a brass-finisher in the foundry of Messrs. Blaikie Brothers. Like his elder brother, William Brodie [q. v.], he early manifested a taste for modelling figures. About 1856 he attended the school of the Royal Scottish Academy. He visited England, and after about a year's absence resumed his residence at Aberdeen, where he received many commissions. His talents were shown by his 'Motherless Lassie,' his 'Highland Mary,' his 'Cupid and Mask,' and a small statue of 'Grief strewing Flowers' upon a grave in front of the West Church in the city burying-ground. Encouraged by Sheriff Watson, Brodie undertook bust-portraiture and medallions, in both of which he was eminently successful. Embarrassed by the amount of work entrusted to him, his mind lost its balance, and he died 30 May 1867 by his own hand.
Brodie's best known productions are his large statue of the late Duke of Richmond, erected in the public square of Huntly, and the statue of the queen in marble which stands at the corner of Nicholas Street, Aberdeen.
[Aberdeen Free Press, Dundee Advertiser, and Scotsman, 31 May 1867; Art Journal and Gent. Mag. July 1867.]
A. H. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Broderip, Frances Freeling

​BRODERIP, FRANCES FREELING (1830–1878), authoress, second daughter of Thomas Hood, the poet, who died in 1845, by his wife, Jane Reynolds, who died in 1846, was born at Winchmore Hill, Middlesex, in 1830. She was named after her father's friend, Sir Francis Freeling, the secretary to the general post office. On 10 Sept. 1849 she was married to the Rev. John Somerville Broderip, son of Edward Broderip of Cossington Manor, who died in 1847, by his wife Grace Dory, daughter of Benjamin Greenhill. He was born at Wells, Somersetshire, in 1814, educated at Eton, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he took his B.A. 1837, M.A. 1839, became rector of Cossington, Somersetshire, 1844, and died at Cossington on 10 April 1866. In 1857 Mrs. Broderip commenced her literary career by the publication of 'Wayside Fancies,' which was followed in 1860 by 'Funny Fables for Little Folks,' the first of a series of her works to which the illustrations were supplied by her brother, Tom Hood. Her other books appeared in the following order:
* 'Chrysal, or a Story with an End,' 1861.
* Fairyland, or ​Recreations for the Rising Generation. By T. and J. Hood, and their Son and Daughter,' 1861.
* 'Tiny Tadpole, and other Tales,' 1862.
* 'My Grandmother's Budget of Stories,' 1863.
* 'Merry Songs for Little Voices. By F. F. Broderip and T. Hood,' 1865.
* 'Crosspatch, the Cricket, and the Counterpane,' 1865.
* 'Mamma's Morning Gossips,' 1866.
* 'Wild Roses: Simple Stories of Country Life,' 1867.
* 'The Daisy and her Friends: Tales and Stories for Children,' 1869.
* 'Tales of the Toys told by Themselves,' 1869.
* 'Excursions into Puzzledom. By T. Hood the Younger, and F. F. Broderip,' 1879.
In 1860 she edited, with the assistance of her brother, 'Memorials of Thomas Hood,' 2 vols., and in 1869 selected and published the 'Early Poems and Sketches' of her father. She also, in conjunction with her brother, published in a collected form 'The Works of T. Hood,' 1869-73, 10 vols. She died at Clevedon on 3 Nov. 1878, in her forty-ninth year, and was buried in St. Mary's churchyard, Walton by Clevedon, on 9 Nov., leaving issue four daughters.
[Gent. Mag. (1866), i. 769; Academy (1878), xiv.450.]
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Broderip, William (1683-1726)

​BRODERIP, WILLIAM (1683–1726), organist, as to whose parentage and education nothing is known, was appointed a vicar choral of Wells Cathedral on 1 April 1701. On 1 Oct. 1706 he was appointed sub-treasurer, and on 1 April 1708 a cathedral stall was assigned to him. On 2 Jan. 1712 he succeeded John George as organist of the cathedral, at an annual salary of 20l. He retained this post until his death, which took place 31 Jan. 1726. Broderip was buried in the nave of the cathedral; according to the inscription on his gravestone, he left a widow and nine children. Some of the latter probably followed their father's profession, as besides Robert [q. v.] and John Broderip [q. v.] there were two other organists of the name in the west of England towards the latter part of the eighteenth century, viz.: Edmund Broderip, who was organist of St. James's, Bristol, between 1742 and 1771, and another organist of the same name (whose christian name is not known) who lived at Leominster about 1770. It is most likely that some of these were the sons of William Broderip. The Tudway Collection contains an anthem, ‘God is our hope and strength,’ with instrumental accompaniments, which was written by Broderip in ​1713 to celebrate the peace of Utrecht, but this is almost his sole composition extant.
[Chapter records of Wells Cathedral, communicated by Mr. W. Fielder; Harl. MS. 7338, &c.; subscription lists to John Broderip's Psalms, Hayes's Cantatas, Chilcot's Six Concertos, and Clark's Eight Songs.]
W. B. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Broderic, Alan

​BRODERIC, ALAN, Lord Midleton. [See Brodrick.]