OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bakst, Leon Nicolaievich

See also Léon Bakst on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​BAKST, LEON NICOLAIEVICH (1866–), Russian painter and theatrical designer, was born at St. Petersburg May 10 (April 27 O.S.) 1866. He was educated at St. Petersburg, where he afterwards studied art, and later went to Paris, subsequently returning and working in Moscow. In 1906 he settled in Paris, and soon became popular as a designer. In 1909 the Imperial Russian Ballet first visited Paris, and Bakst at once leapt into fame through his designs for the setting of the ballets Scheherazade and Cleopatre, followed in 1912 by L'Apres-Midi d'un Faune, Helene de Sparte, and St. Sebastien, and in 1913 by La Pisanella. He published in 1913 an article in La Hjouvelle Revue, entitled " Les Problemes de 1'Art Nouveau."
See L'Arl decoratif de Leon. Bakst, with appreciation by Arsene Alexandra, translated by H. Melvill (1913).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Automobile

See also Car on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AUTOMOBILE; See motor vehicles.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Badeni, Kasimir, Count

See also Count Kasimir Felix Badeni on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BADENI, KASIMIR, Count (1846-1909), Austrian statesman, was born Oct. 14 1846 at Surachovo in Galicia, his family being of Italian origin. He studied law and served some years in the Ministry of the Interior and from 1879 at Cracow as lieutenant of the governor of Galicia. He resigned the Government service in 1886, but two years later was appointed governor (Statthalter) of Galicia, where he ruled the Ruthenians with a strong hand. In Sept. 1895 he was appointed Austrian prime minister, and his attitude was at first satisfactory to the German-Austrians. In 1897, however, in order to gain the support of the Czechs for the new Ausgleich with Hungary, he made certain important concessions in respect of the official use of the Czech language in Bohemia. This was done by ordinance, without parliamentary sanction, and met with violent opposition from the German deputies, some of whom were imprisoned. The storm of indignation aroused among the German-Austrians by this policy, which led to imposing demonstrations in the streets of Vienna, led to Badeni's downfall on Nov. 28 1897. He died July 9 1909.
    (C. Br.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Badoglio, Pietro

See also Pietro Badoglio on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BADOGLIO, PIETRO (1871-), Italian general, was born at Grazzano (Alessandria) Sept. 28 1871. He received his commission in the artillery, and thence passed to the general staff. During the Italo-Turkish War he served in Tripoli on the staff, receiving special promotion to major after the battle of Zanzur in June 1912. In the spring of 1915 he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and on Italy's entry into the World War he held the post of sub-chief-of-staff of the II. Army under Gen. Frugoni. In quick succession he acted as chief-of-staff of the 4th Division, and commanded the 74th Infantry Regiment on Monte Sabotino. In July 1916 he received another step, and as colonel commanded the “Sabotino Sector.” He planned and carried out the successful attack on Monte Sabotino which preceded the fall of Gorizia (Aug. 1916). For this success he was once more promoted. After serving as chief-of-staff of the VI. Corps and commanding the Cuneo Brigade, he became chief-of-staff of the so-called “Gorizia Zone” under Capello, with whom he remained when the command of the “Gorizia Zone” was extended to the whole II. Army. On the eve of that army's offensive in May 1917, Capello, dissatisfied with the artillery preparation in the sector of the II. Corps, obtained the appointment of Badoglio as interim commander of the corps (May 12). After the capture of Monte Kuk and Monte Vodice this appointment was confirmed, and he received another step of promotion. He commanded the II. Corps at the beginning of the August offensive but when the XXVII. Corps on the extreme left of the attack failed to make the progress expected he was sent to take over the corps. This time, however, the endeavour to make up for lost time was unavailing. At the battle of Caporetto, Badoglio commanded the same corps, the left wing of which was broken by Otto von Below's attack from the Tolmino bridgehead. On the reorganization of the Italian Supreme Command (Nov. 1917) he was appointed as one of the two sub-chiefs-of-staff then nominated, the other being Gen. Giardino. From Feb. 1918, on Giardino's transference to Versailles, Badoglio acted as sole sub-chief-of-staff under Diaz. He conducted the Armistice preliminaries at Villa Giusti, and signed the Armistice on behalf of Italy. In Nov. 1919 he was appointed to the rank of army general and from Diaz's resignation to Feb. 1921 he was chief of the general staff in succession to Diaz.
Badoglio's rapid rise was explained by the qualities which he showed in a special degree: determination, energy, and thoroughness. These qualities, joined to a natural military instinct developed by much study and backed by a powerful ambition, marked him out early and brought him very quickly to the front. He was blamed in various quarters for his disposition of the XXVII. Corps before the Austro-German attack in Oct. 1917, but the Caporetto Commission of Inquiry rejected most of the criticisms made upon him.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Austin, Alfred

See also Alfred Austin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​AUSTIN, ALFRED (1835–1913), English poet (see 2.938), died June 2 1913 at Swinford Old Manor, near Ashford, Kent. His autobiography appeared in 1911. He was succeeded in the laureateship by Robert Bridges.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Baeyer, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von

See also Adolf von Baeyer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BAEYER, JOHANN FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADOLF VON (1835-1917), German chemist (see 3.192), died at Munich Sept. 5 1917. Up to within a year of his death he continued in full active work as one of the best-known teachers in the world of organic chemistry.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zhob

See also Zhob District and Zhob River on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ZHOB, a valley and river in the N.E. of Baluchistan. The Zhob is a large valley running from the hills near Ziarat first eastward and then northward parallel to the Indus frontier, till it meets the Gomal river at Khajuri Kach. It thus becomes a strategic line of great importance, as being the shortest route between the North-West Frontier Province and Quetta, and dominates all the Pathan tribes of Baluchistan by cutting between them and Afghanistan. Up to the year 1884 it was practically unknown to Europeans, but the Zhob Valley Expedition of that year opened it up, and in 1889 the Zhob Valley and Gomal Pass were taken under the control of the British Government. The Zhob Valley was the scene of punitive British expeditions in 1884 and 1890. In 1890 Zhob was formed into a district or political agency, with its headquarters at Fort Sandeman: pop. (1901) 3532. As reconstituted in 1903, the district has an area of 9626 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 69,718, mostly Pathans of the Kakar tribe.
See Sir T. H. Holdich’s Indian Borderland (1901); Bruce’s Forward Policy (1900); McFall’s With the Zhob Field Force (1895); and Zhob District Gazetteer (Bombay, 1907).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ziarat

See also Ziarat on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ZIARAT (“a Mahommedan shrine”), the summer residence of the chief commissioner of Baluchistan, and sanatorium for the European troops at Quetta: 8850 ft. above the sea and 33 m. by cart-road from the railway. There is a good water supply, and the hills around are well-wooded and picturesque.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zeulenroda

See also Zeulenroda-Triebes on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ZEULENRODA, a town of Germany, in the principality of Reuss-the-Elder, situated on a high plateau in a well-wooded and hilly country, 35 m. N. from Hof by the railway to Werdau. Pop. (1900) 9419. The town contains a handsome town hall, several churches and schools, and carries on an active industry in cotton and woollen stocking manufacture. Zeulenroda is mentioned as a village as early as 1399, and it obtained municipal rights in 1438. Since 1500 it has belonged to the Greiz branch of the Reuss line of princes.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zero

See also 0 (number) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ZERO, the figure 0 in the Arabic notation for numbers, nought, cipher. The Arabic name for the figure was sifr, which meant literally an empty thing. The old Latin writers on arithmetic translated or transliterated the Arabic word as zephyrum; this in Ital. became zefiro, contracted to zero, borrowed by F. zéro, whence it came late into English. The Spanish form cifra, more closely resembling the original Arabic, gave O. Fr. cifre, mod. chiffre, also used in the sense of monogram, and English “cipher” which is thus a doublet. In physics, the term is applied to a point with which phenomena are quantitatively compared, especially to a point of a graduated instrument between a positive and negative or ascending and descending scale, as in the scales of temperature.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zhitomir

See also Zhytomyr on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ZHITOMIR, or Jitomir, a town of western Russia, capital of the government of Volhynia, on the Teterev river, 83 m. W.S.W. of Kiev. Pop. (1900) 80,787, more than one-third Jews. It is the see of an archbishop of the Orthodox Greek Church and of a Roman Catholic bishop. Two printing offices in Zhitomir issue nearly one-half of all the Hebrew books printed in Russia. The Jewish merchants carry on a considerable export trade in agricultural produce, and in timber and wooden wares from the forests to the north. Kid gloves, tobacco, dyes and spirits are manufactured.
Zhitomir is a very old city, tradition tracing its foundation as far back as the times of the Scandinavian adventurers, Askold and Dir (9th century). The annals, however, mention it chiefly in connexion with the invasions of the Tatars, who plundered it in the 13th, 14th and 17th centuries (1606), or in connexion with destructive conflagrations. It fell under Lithuanian rule in 1320, and during the 15th century was one of the chief cities of the kingdom. Later it became part of Poland, and when the Cossacks rose under their chieftain, Bogdan Chmielnicki (1648), they sacked the town. It was annexed to Russia along with the rest of the Ukraine in 1778.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zhelesnovodsk

See also Zheleznovodsk on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ZHELESNOVODSK, a health resort of Russian Caucasia, in the province of Terek, lying at an altitude of 1885 ft. on the S. slope of the Zhelesnaya Gora (2805 ft.), 11 m. by rail N.N .W. from Pyatigorsk. It possesses chalybeate springs of temperature. 561/2–96° Fahr.; the buildings over the springs were erected in 1893. The season lasts from early in June to the middle of September.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ziem, Félix François George Philibert

See also Félix Ziem on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ZIEM, FÉLIX FRANÇOIS GEORGE PHILIBERT (1821–), French painter, was born at Beaune (Côte d’Or) in 1821. Having studied at the art school of Dijon, where he carried off the grand prix for architecture, he went to Rome in 1839 and there continued his studies. The years from 1843 to 1848 ​were spent in travel in the south of France, Italy and the East, where he found the glowing sunlight and the rich colour peculiarly suited to his temperament. His reputation is, however, not based so much on his orientalist canvases as on his pictures of Venice, which are generally characterized by the intensity of the sunny glow on the red sails and golden-yellow buildings under a deep blue sky. Many of his Venetian pictures are purely imaginative, and their appeal is entirely due to their qualities of colour, his architectural drawing being frequently faulty and careless. After “Sunrise at Stamboul,” which Théodore Gautier called “the finest picture of modern times,” he received the Legion of Honour in 1857, and was made an officer in 1878. The majority of his paintings have gone to American private collections, but two of his finest pictures, “The Doge’s Palace in Venice” (1852), and a marine painting, are at the Luxembourg Museum, and a “View of Quai St Jean, Marseilles” at the Marseilles Gallery, whilst many others are to be found in the leading private collections of modern pictures in France, England and Germany. In collaboration with Luc de Vos he illustrated The Death of Paganini.
See Félix Ziem, by L. Roger-Milès (Librairie de l’art, Paris).
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Wan
### Wan.
#### 緣$^{-1}$

    A cause; to connect as cause and effect; to accord with former circumstances.

#### 彖$^{-1}$

    Name of a wood; a branch.

#### 完$^{-1}$

    To complete; finish; close.

#### 捖$^{-1}$

    To strike; rub; work stones; to cut and pare.

#### 浣$^{-1}$

    To wash; cleanse; name of a river.

#### 莞$^{-1}$

    A kind of grass or rush of which mats may be made.

#### 員$^{-1}$

    Officers of government; round; to circulate; extend to every part.

#### 袁$^{-1}$

    Long garments or robes.

#### 猿$^{-1}$

    A monkey.

#### 轅$^{-1}$

    The poles or yoke of a carriage; a gate-way.

#### 淵$^{-1}$

    An eddy; whirlpool; deep abyss.

#### 宛$^{-1}$

    To cause to stoop; to oppress; to injure.

#### 鴛$^1$

    The male of a certain bird considered an example of matrimonial fidelity.

#### 彎$^1$

    To draw a bow and shoot; to bend; curved; bending.

#### 灣$^1$

    A bay or curve in a shore; a place for boats or ships to anchor.

#### 腕$^2$

    The wrist; to turn; twist.

#### 𡨚$^2$

    Yielding; accommodating; to oppress; to injure; to repay; to redress.

#### 剜$^2$

    To cut or pare; engrave; to cut deep into.

#### 婉$^2$

    A yielding, complaisant woman; flattering; submissive.

#### 菀$^2$

    Grass; pasture; name of a plant.

#### 踠$^2$

    To bend the foot or leg; to bend the body.

#### 苑$^2$

    Grass; pasture; luxuriant; herbage; delicate plants.

#### 怨$^{3-}$

    Dissatisfaction; resentment; ill will; hatred; to repine.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Yien
### Yien.
#### 涎$^{-1}$

    Flowing of water; continued succession; saliva.

#### 筵$^{-1}$

    A mat to sit upon; a feast; entertainment.

#### 莚$^{-1}$

    Creeping plants; spreading far and wide; protracted.

#### 蜒$^{-1}$

    Name of certain insects.

#### 焉$^1$

    A closing particle denoting settled opinion; thought completed.

#### 嫣$^1$

    Handsome; smiling; pleasing.

#### 燕$^1$

    A swallow; rest; repose; alone.

#### 鳶$^1$

    A bird of prey whose cry indicated wind.

#### 遠$^2$

    Remote in time or place.

#### 胤$^{-3}$

    A continued line of posterity and inheritance; custom.

#### 延$^{-3}$

    Long protracted; slow; remote; to spread far.

#### 埏$^{-3}$

    A limit or boundary.

#### 衍$^{-3}$

    Overflowing; wide spreading; prolix; diffuse.

#### 羨$^{-3}$

    Covetous; desire; to desire; ardently; excess; praise.

#### 爰$^{-3}$

    Slow; mournful; to remove; to lead.

#### 媛$^{-3}$

    A beautiful woman who draws admirers; to seduce.

#### 援$^{-3}$

    To lead; draw; rescue; save; assist; elevate.

#### 遠$^{-3}$

    To remove to a distance; to put away; to regard as remote.

#### 燕$^{3-}$

    To entertain a guest; to eat and drink.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Ui
### Ui.
#### 爲$^{-1}$

    To do; to effect or make; to reckon or esteem; a reason; because.

#### 圍$^{-1}$

    To surround; besiege; guard; limit.

#### 幃$^{-1}$

    A single curtain; a bag to contain incense or perfume.

#### 違$^{-1}$

    To oppose; turn the back upon; perverse; wicked.

#### 闈$^{-1}$

    The door of the harem; the door to the ancestral hall &c.

#### 桅$^{-1}$

    A short spear; the mast of a small boat.

#### 威$^1$

    Dignity; majesty; intimidating power; respectful.

#### 醫$^1$

    To heal; cure; the medical art.

#### 委$^2$

    To sustain a burden or office; to commit unto; to belong to; to send; reject.

#### 蜲$^2$

    Name of a certain insects of the worm species.

#### 諉$^2$

    To implicate others; to involve; tautology; excuse.

#### 韋$^2$

    Perverse; insubordinate; leather thongs; soft leather.

#### 偉$^2$

    Great; extraordinary; surprising.

#### 緯$^2$

    The woof of a web; lines of latitude; transverse.

#### 葦$^2$

    Name of a flexible reed.

#### 韙$^2$

    To defend and illustrate the right and oppose the wrong.

#### 喟$^2$

    A tone expressing surprise, joy or praise.

#### 渭$^2$

    Water agitated; the noise of waves.

#### 喂$^2$

    To feed animals; to graze.

#### 煨$^2$

    Fire or anything hot in a vessel.

#### 爲〬$^{-3}$

    In consequence of; for; because of; to suffer the effect of an action.

#### 位$^3$

    A person; a place; a seat; right; regular; established.

#### 痿$^1$

    Weakness; lameness; impotency; to fade; rot; dead. ​

#### 胃$^3$𦝩$^3$

    The stomach.

#### 畏$^{3-}$

    To fear; stand in awe of; reverence; submission.

#### 謂$^{3-}$

    To say; speak of; to tell; to denominate.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Un
### Un.
#### 運$^{-1}$

    To agitate; turn round; revolve; circulate.

#### 云$^{-1}$

    To say; abundance; to turn round.

#### 紜$^{-1}$

    A state of confusion.

#### 芸$^{-1}$

    Plants budding forth; fragrant plants; to root out weeds.

#### 耘$^{-1}$

    To pull out weeds and injurious plants from a field; to weed.

#### 溫$^1$

    Warm; genial; benign; cordial; mild; to warm.

#### 熅$^1$

    Fire and steam without smoke; genial warmth; vapor.

#### 瘟$^1$

    An epidemic disease; a pestilence.

#### 縕$^1$

    Confused like raveled silk; hemp; tattered; genial.

#### 氳$^1$

    Vapor; the generative influence or breath of nature.

#### 薀$^2$

    An edible vegetable; an accumulation of.

#### 蘊$^2$

    Luxuriant; accumulated; repressed indignation.

#### 韞$^2$

    A reddish colour; yellowish; inside; a store room.

#### 殞$^2$

    To fade; fall; perish; die.

#### 隕$^2$

    To roll down; fall; fall into ruins.

#### 刎$^2$

    To cut; to cut the throat; to cut crosswise.

#### 穩$^2$

    To moisten grain for distillation; rest; safe; firm.

#### 醞$^3$

    To ferment liquor; to cherish or ferment in the mind.

#### 愠$^{-3}$

    Hot, indignant feeling.

#### 韻$^3$

    Sounds which harmonize; rhyme; similar sounds.

#### 搵$^{3-}$

    To obliterate; to absorb; soak; stain; dye; to wet; put into water.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Wang
### Wang.
#### 王$^{-1}$

    A king; sovereign; royal; a title given to deceased ancestors.

#### 汪$^1$

    A large, still expanse of water; tranquil; deep; vast.

#### 薨$^1$

    Many; rapid; death of a prince; departed; died.

#### 往$^2$

    To go; walk away; past; gone.

#### 枉$^2$

    To rule by violence; bent down; oppressed; unjust.

#### 旺$^{-3}$

    The sun shining forth with increasing splendor; to increase.

#### 王$^{-3}$

    To rule; govern as a king; to flourish.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Ut
### Ut.
#### 杌$^4$

    A tree without branches; stunted; disquieted.

#### 鬱$^4$

    Fragrant herbs for sacrifice; anxious thoughts; vexatious.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Uⁿa
### Uⁿa.
#### 安$^1$

    Stillness; rest; tranquility; peace; how? what?

#### 鞍$^1$

    A saddle for a horse.

#### 碗$^2$

    A bowl, dish or plate.

#### 旱$^{-3}$

    Drought; want of rain.

#### 案$^{3-}$

    A table; a bench, as of a judge; a case in law.

#### 晏$^{3-}$

    The evening; tranquil; mild; benignant.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Yiak
### Yiak.
#### 龠$^4$籲$^4$

    A musical instrument with three tables; a certain measure.

#### 鑰$^4$

    A lock; bolt to a door.

#### 瀹$^4$

    To boil; soup made of flesh and herbs.

#### 躍$^4$

    To skip; leap; dance; frisk about in joy.

#### 鑠$^4$爍$^4$

    To fuse metals; to urge; impel; shining; bright.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Wak
### Wak.
#### 獲$^{-4}$

    To obtain; to catch, as in hunting, or a thief.

#### 穫$^{-4}$

    To reap grain; cut down and gather in a harvest.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Wat
### Wat.
#### 越$^{-4}$

    To pass over; overstep; exceed; more; to lose.

#### 鉞$^{-4}$

    A kind of large hatchet. ​

#### 粤$^{-4}$

    A classical name for Canton; in; to say; that is.

#### 刖$^{-4}$

    To separate entirely; to cut off the feet as a punishment.

#### 穵$^{-4}$

    A den; deep hollow place; hollow; to explore with the hand.

#### 曰$^4$

    To speak; say; denominate; said; is called.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Æthelbald (king of Mercia)

See also Æthelbald of Mercia on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ÆETHELBALD, king of Mercia, succeeded Ceolred A.D. 716. According to Felix, Life of St Guthlac, he visited the saint at Crowland, when exiled by Ceolred and pursued by his emissaries before his accession, and was cheered by predictions of his future greatness. According to Bede, the whole of Britain as far north as the Humber was included within the sphere of his authority. His energy in preserving his influence is shown by several entries in the Chronicle. He made an expedition against Wessex in 733, in which year he took the royal vill of Somerton. In 740 he took advantage of the absence of Eadberht of Northumbria in a campaign against the Picts to invade his kingdom. In 743 he fought with Cuthred, king of Wessex, against the Welsh, but the alliance did not last long, as in 752 Cuthred took up arms against him. In 757 Æthelbald was slain by his guards at Seckington (Warwickshire) and buried at Repton. He seems to have been the most powerful and energetic king of Mercia between Penda and Offa. A letter of St Boniface is preserved, in which he rebukes this king for his immoralities and encroachments on church property, while recognizing his merits as a monarch. By a charter of 749 he freed ecclesiastical lands from all obligations except the trinoda necessitas.
See Bede, Hist. Ecc. (ed. Plummer), v. 23 and Continuatio s.a. 740, 750, 757; Saxon Chronicle (Earle and Plummer), s.a. 716, 733, 737, 740, 741, 743, 755; Mabillon, Acta Sanctorum, ii. pp. 264, 275, 276, 279, 283-284; P. Jaffé, Monumenta Moguntiaca, iii. pp. 168-177; W. de G. Birch, Cartul. Saxon. 178 (1885–1893).  (F. G. M. B.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Æthelberht (king of the West Saxons)

See also Æthelberht, King of Wessex on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ÆTHELBERHT, king of the West Saxons, succeeded to the sub-kingdom of Kent during the lifetime of his father Æthelwulf, and retained it until the death of his elder brother Æthelbald in 860, when he became sole king of Wessex and Kent, the younger brothers Æthelred and Alfred renouncing their claim. He ruled these kingdoms for five years and died in 865. His reign was marked by two serious attacks on the part of the Danes, who destroyed Winchester in 860, in spite of the resistance of the ealdormen Osric and Æthelwulf with the levies of Hampshire and Berkshire, while in 865 they treacherously ravaged Kent.
See Saxon Chronicle (Earle and Plummer), s.a. 860, 865; King Alfred’s Will; W. de G. Birch, Cartul. Saxon. 553.