OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Norwich University

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
NORWICH UNIVERSITY, an institution established in 1819 for the purpose of fitting college men, who are training for a purely civil career, for effective service as volunteers in time of war. It is now the military college of
the State of Vermont. Originally the institution was settled in Middletown, Conn., and then later, in 1829, at Norwich where it received its present name. It removed to its present location at Northfield, Vt., in 1898. The college has an enrolment of 200 students and its graduates have an enviable record in war and peace time pursuits. Among the graduates was Admiral Dewey, the victor of Manila Bay.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Norwalk (Connecticut)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
NORWALK, a town in Fairfield co., Conn.; on the Norwalk river, and on the New York, New Haven, and Hartford railroad; 60 miles S. W. of Hartford. Here are Norfolk and South Norwalk Public Libraries, high schools, Carnegie Library, Norwalk Hospital, State Armory, electric lights, electric street railroads, waterworks, National and savings banks, and several daily and weekly newspapers. The town has manufactures of paper boxes, stoves, earthenware, machinery, builders' hardware, air compressors, locks, cigars, elastic webbing, woolen goods, corsets, shirts, shoes, straw and fur hats, etc. It also has a large coast trade, and an extensive oyster industry. Pop. (1910) 24,211; (1920) 27,743.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Norwich (Connecticut)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
NORWICH, a city and one of the county-seats of New London co., Conn.; on the Thames river, and on the Central Vermont and the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroads; 13 miles N. of New London. It comprises the villages of Greeneville, Yantic, Norwich Town, Fair Ground, Norwich, and Taftville. Here are a Free Academy, the Otis Free Academy, a public hospital, libraries, electric street railroads, gas and electric lights, National banks, and several daily and weekly newspapers. It has manufactures of firearms, locks, cotton and woolen fabrics, printing presses, bicycle chains, type, silk ribbons, electrical supplies, leather belting, machinery, rolled and cast iron, harness, stoves, furnaces, nickel-plated goods, hosiery, etc. Pop. (1910) 20,367; (1920) 29,685.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Northern Baptists

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NORTHERN BAPTISTS, the name applied to members of the Baptist Church who hold their membership in the Northern branch. From 1813 to 1845 the missionary activities of the Baptist churches were carried on by “The General Convention of the Baptist Denomination in America,” but in the latter year differences arose between the Northern and Southern Baptists about slavery which resulted in a division of the Baptist Church into the two branches. The Southern churches formed the “Southern Baptist Convention” which has continued to be their Missionary Society, while the Northern Baptists organized the “American Baptist Missionary Union.” In 1907 the Northern Baptists merged their Home and Foreign Missionary organization into the “Northern Baptist Convention.” In 1914 the communicants of the Northern branch of the Baptist Church numbered 1,238,323, the number of churches, 9,570, and 8,275 ministers. See Baptists.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Norway (Michigan)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
NORWAY, a city of Michigan in Dickinson co., 9 miles S. E. of Iron Mountain. It is on the Chicago and Northwestern and Wisconsin and Michigan railroads. It has important iron mines.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Norway Spruce

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
NORWAY SPRUCE, a tree of the genus Abies, A. excelsa, which abounds in Norway. It is largely used for building purposes.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Norwich (England)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
NORWICH, a city of England, capital of the country of Norfolk, on the river Wensum. It is 5 miles in circumference, and is skirted on the N. and E. by the river. Prominent among the public buildings are the castle, built about the 10th century and the cathedral in the Norman style. Its manufactures include bandanas, bombazines, shawls, crapes, gauzes, damasks, camelets, muslins, silk, and cotton fabrics, and shoes; also iron and brass foundries, oil, corn and mustard mills, etc. Pop. (1917) 108,877.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Norwich (New York)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
NORWICH, a town and county-seat of Chenango co., N. Y.; on the Chenango river, the Chenango canal, the Lackawanna, and the New York, Ontario and Western railroads; 41 miles N. N. E. of Binghamton. It contains a stone court house, circulating libraries, National banks, and several weekly newspapers, and has manufactures of pianos, blast-furnaces, knitting goods, hammers, carriages, drugs and medicines, silk goods, chairs, machinery, etc. Pop. (1910) 7,422; (1920) 8,268.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ralph Baines

From volume 2 of the work.
Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, England, b. at Knowsthorp, Yorks, date of birth uncertain; d. 18 November, 1559. Educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, he was ordained priest at Ely, 1519. Rector of Hardwicke in Cambridgeshire until 1544 when he went to Paris where he became Professor of Hebrew. In 1553 he returned to England and was consecrated Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, 18 November, 1554. He vigorously opposed the Reformers and was one of the eight defenders of Catholic doctrine at the Westminster Conference 1558-59. On the accession of Elizabeth he was deprived of his bishopric (21 June, 1559) and committed to the care of Grindal, Protestant Bishop of London, thus becoming one of the eleven imprisoned bishops. The recent researches of the Rev. G. Philips (op. cit., inf.), who has exhaustively treated the question of the imprisonment of these bishops, prove that, though nominally a guest, he was in fact a strict prisoner. His captivity lasted until 18 November, 1559, when, as Pitts writes, he "died an illustrious Confessor of the Lord". He wrote "Prima Rudimenta in linguam Hebraicam" (Paris, 1550); "Compendium Michol, hoc est absolutissimæ grammatices Davidis Chimhi" (Paris, 1554); "In Proverbia Salomonis" (Paris, 1555).
SANDERS, Report to Cardinal Moroni, 1561 (Cath. Record Soc. Pubs., 1905), I; PITTS, De Angl. Script. (1623); DODD, Church History (1688), Pt. III, ii, art. 3; COOPER, Athenæ Cantabrigienses, 1,202; GILLOW, Bibl. Dict. Eng. Cath. (London, 1885); BRIDGETT AND KNOX, Q. Eliz. and the Cath. Hierarchy (London, 1889); PHILLIPS, Extinction of the Ancient Hierarchy (London, 1905).
EDWIN BURTON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ramatha

From volume 12 of the work.
A titular see in Palestine, suppressed in 1884 by the Roman Curia. It was never an episcopal see properly so called, but, in the Middle Ages, the crusaders established the Diocese of Lydda and Rama, the titular of which was generally called Bishop of Rama, i.e. of Ramlet, a town near Lydda, but more populous than the latter. Later this was forgotten and there was a titular see of Lydda, as well as of Rama or Ramatha; the mistake has been discovered and rectified (see Lydda).
S. Vailhé.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Raimundo Diosdado Caballero

From volume 3 of the work.
Miscellaneous writer, chiefly ecclesiastical, born at Palma, in the island of Majorca, 19 June 1740; died at Rome, either 16 January 1830, or 28 April 1829. He entered the Society of Jesus 15 November, 1752, held the chair of literature in the Jesuit College at Madrid for several years, and was deported with the other Jesuits to Italy when the Society was suppressed in the Spanish dominions. In his new home father Caballero developed a varied literary activity. The following are the most important of his works:
Not to mention several historical works, we may add here his writings on American subjects: "Observaciones americanas, y supplemento critico á la historia de México"; "Medios para estrechar más la union entre espanoles americanos y europeos"; "Consideraciones americanas".
SOMMERVOGEL, Bibl. de la c. de J., II, 481 sqq. (Brussels, 1891); HURTER, Nomenclator (Innsbruck, 1895), III. 874.
A.J. MAAS
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ralph de Diceto

From volume 4 of the work.
Dean of St. Paul's, London, and chronicler. The name "Dicetum" cannot be correctly connected with any place in England; it is possible therefore that Ralph was born in France. The date of his birth must be placed between 1120 and 1130; he died 22 Nov., 1202. He was twice a student at Paris. His first preferment was the archdeaconry of Middlesex to which he was nominated in 1152. In 1180 he became dean of St. Paul's. He was the friend, during fifty years, of the successive bishops of London, including Gilbert Foliot, the leader of the royalist party among the bishops and the adversary of the Archbishop, St. Thomas. This friendship and his admiration for Henry II drew him towards the royalist side in the Becket controversy, but not altogether; he had something of the wide, cosmopolitan, twelfth century outlook, and he showed his sympathy with his archbishop at the Council of Northampton in 1164. He was an active dean and took part in the survey of the lands belonging to the chapter which is known as the Domesday of St. Paul's. His writings include two substantial historical works: "Abbreviations Chronicorum", a compilation from many sources going back to 1147, and "Ymagines Historiarum", a much more important work. It covers the years 1149 to 1202, and in its earlier portion is based on the historical writings of Robert de Monte (or "de Torigny"). It was begunprobably in the closing years of Henry II's reign. Ralph's important position in ecclesiastical circles, his friendship with many prominent men, such as William Longchamp and Walter of Coutances, the help he received from them, the documents he incorporates, and his own moderate temper render his work of capital importance in spite of some chronological vagueness. The best edition of Ralph's historical works is that edited for the "Rolls Series" by Bishop Stubbs in 1876. The prefaces to the two volumes contain an admirable account of the historian, of the society in which he moved, and of the writings themselves.
F. F. Urquhart.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ramsey Abbey

From volume 12 of the work.
Ramsey Abbey, Huntingdonshire, England, was founded by Ailwine (Ethelwine, Egelwine), a Saxon noble, in 969. He was encouraged in the undertaking by St. Oswald of York, who advised him that where men have renounced the world the air becomes salubrious, the fruits of the earth are gathered in abundance, famines and pestilence disappear, the State is duly governed, prisons are opened, and captives set free, those wrecked at sea are relieved, the sick are healed and the weak find means for their convalescence. The site chosen, Ramsey (Ram+eie, insula arietis), was then the largest and finest of the islands of a great marsh formed by the waters of the Ouse. It was afterwards connected with the mainland by a causeway constructed by the monks. Here Aednoth, nephew of Ailwine, commissioned by Oswald to make preparations, built a wooden church and offices, and as soon as all was ready, the saint sent twelve monks from his monastery of Westbury (Worcester) to take possession. The wooden minster was dedicated by Oswald and St. Dunstan of Canterbury to St. Mary, all Holy Virgins, and St. Benedict. Soon a fine stone church with towers was erected and consecrated by St. Oswald, Archbishop of York, assisted by Aescwio, Bishop of Dorchester, in 991. The year following (992) the two founders, Ailwine and Oswald, died, and the monastery, governed till then by priors (Germanus and Aednoth), was permitted to elect an abbot. Aednoth, son of Aednoth, the prior, was the first to hold office.
Ailwine handsomely endowed his foundation with lands and privileges. He also presented the new church with an altar-frontal (tabula in fronte eminentioris altaris) of wood, covered with silver plates and many-coloured jewels. King Edgar, Henry I, Henry II, and others extended and confirmed the possessions and liberties. In 1002 the body of St. Ives (Ivo) was miraculously discovered in the neighbourhood and this led to the establishment of the dependent priory of St. Ives. Another dependent priory or cell was Modney, in Norfolk. The abbot had a seat in Parliament and ranked next after Glastonbury and St. Alban's. At the Dissolution (1539) John Wardeboys, alias Lawrence, willingly resigned the abbey into the king's hands and received a pension of £266. 13s. 4d. per annum. The estates were granted by Henry VIII to Sir Richard Williams, alias Cromwell. The revenue, according to Dugdale, was £1716. 12s. 4d., but according to Speed, £983. 15s. 3 1/4 d. Nothing important remains of the buildings but a ruined Late Gothic gateway.
Chronicon Abbatiæ Rameseiensis in Rolls Series (1886); Cartularium Monasterii de Ramsesia in Rolls Series (3 vols.); DUGDALE, Monasticon Anglicanum, II (London, 1846); REYNER, Apostolatus Benedictinorum, 149; WISE, Ramsey Abbey, its rise and fall, (1881).
J. C. Almond.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Raffaele Venusti

From volume 15 of the work.
(VENOSTA.)
Born at Tirano, Valtellina, northern Italy, about the end of the fifteenth century; died at Venice, in 1543; he joined the Canons Regular of SS. Salvatore, devoting himself to theological and canonical studies, and winning fame as a powerful Catholic controversialist against the Lutherans and Calvinists. When the discussion concerning the divorce of Henry VIII of England arose, Venusti was invited both by the king and by the Emperor Charles V, the protector of Catherine of Aragon, to write an expression of his views on the question. His polemical and apologetic works were printed in 1543; they treat of the truth of the Catholic doctrine as opposed to Protestantism, especially of the notes of the true Church, free will, the councils, etc. These writings have a special historical value as representing the first phase of anti-Lutheran, anti-Calvinistic Catholic polemics, a phase which gave way later to the writings of Catholic theologians like Melchior Cano and the early Jesuit theologians. This class to which Venusti belonged is, in theology, parallel to the group of Catholic apologists in the field of history, who were predecessors of Baronius in his controversies with the Centuriators of Magdeburg.
Nuovo dizionario istorico (Bassano, 1796); see also the works relating to the order of the Canons Regular of SS. Salvatore.
U. BENIGNI
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Raineiro Sacchoni (Reiner)

From volume 13 of the work.
Sacchoni, Raineiro (Reiner), a learned and zealous Dominican, born at Piacenza about he beginning of the thirteenth century; died about 1263. It is generally said that he died in 1258 or 1259, but this in an error, as we learn from the Brief of Urban IV, by which he was called to Rome, 21 July, 1262. Little is known as to his youth and early manhood. That, however, at an early age, he was perverted by the Cathari, became on of their bishops, and remained amongst them for seventeen years, we are assured by his own humble avowal ("Summa contra Waldenses", vi). He was led back to the Faith, most probably, by the preaching of St. Peter Martyr, joined the Order of Preachers, then recently established, and laboured zealously for many years among the heretics of Upper Italy. After the martyrdom of St. Peter he was made inquisitor for Lombardy and the Marches of Ancona. Being enraged against him, and yet unable to put him to death, the heretics finally succeeded in having him sent into exile. Thereafter we have no further mention of him except in the Brief of Urban IV. The "Summan de catharis et leonistis, sive pauperibus de Lugduno" (Paris, 1548, and by Martene in "Thes. Anecd.:, V, 1759), is the only authentic work ascribed to him. This work is a collection of the heretical doctrines of his time, and was regarded as a great authority during the Middle Ages. The edition of Gretser (Ratisbon, 1738) is much interpolated.
ECHARD, Script. Ord. Praed., I, 154 sq.; HUNTER, Nomenclator, II, 336 sq.; TOURON, Hist. des hommes ill., I (Paris, 1743), 313 sq.
Chas J. Callan.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Bemetzrieder

Bemetzrieder, born in Alsace in 1748, went to Paris, and formed an acquaintance with Diderot, to whose daughter he taught music. Bemetzrieder has written several didactic works on music, published at Paris and in London, in which latter capital he resided several years. Some of his music for the piano-forte was published by Preston.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Ben Et, John

Ben Et, John. See BENNET.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Bemol

Bemol. A French term for B flat.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Ben

Ben. (I.) Well ; as, ben marcato, well marked. This expression indicates that the passage must be executed in a clear, distinct, and strongly-accented manner.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Benda, Friedrich Ludwig

Benda, Friedrich Ludwig, died in great poverty at K�nigsberg, in Prussia, in 1792, aged forty-eight. He composed several cantatas and operettas.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Benda, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich

Benda, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich, usually called Friedrich Benda, was born in Potsdam, in 1745. He was a good instrument-al composer, and also published several oratorios.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Benda, George

Benda, George, brother of the preceding, a native of Altbenadky, in Bohemia, was born in 1722. He was many years in the service of the court of Gotha, and published, in 1757, a very beautiful set of sonatas for the harpsichord, in the style of Emmanuel Bach. He also composed several German comic operas, and two works, which he calls duoclramas, "Ariadne in Naxos," and "Medea." The author has manifested great abilities and feeling in the expressive and picturesque symphonic composition with which he has told the story and painted the distress of Ariadne, when abandoned by Theseus in the Island of Naxos. This is done wholly with-out singing. The narrative part is spoken in blank verse, and the several passions and sentiments are seconded and highly colored in fragments of symphony, like those of accompanied recitative of the most select, impassioned, and exquisite kind. G. Benda was received, in 1742, as first violin at the chapel of the King of Prussia, and subsequently was chapel-master at Gotha. About the year 1760, he obtained permission to visit Italy, and it was after his return that he composed his best vocal music. Dr. Burney says, that the music of G. Benda is new, pro-found, and worthy of a great master ; the only objection that can be made to it is an occasional affectation of too great novelty ; but this observation can only apply to his earlier productions, before he went to Italy. In 1778 he settled at Hamburg, and afterwards went to Vienna, and then returned to Gotha, where he was rewarded for his musical talents with a pension, and where he died in 1795, aged seventy-four. He was the most absent man imaginable. It has been said that, on the very verge of death, Benda rose from his bed to finish a tune which a wayward boy, who had run away, had left unfinished. He completed the musical phrase, and instantly died.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Bencini, P. P

Bencini, P. P. An Italian vocal composer at the beginning of the eighteenth century. He is the author of the oratorio "L' Innocenza Protetta," arranged for four voices.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Benda, Carl Herrmann Hein

Benda, Carl Herrmann Hein, was born at Potsdam, in Prussia, in 1748. He was ballet master at the opera at Berlin, and was appointed chamber musician to the King of Prussia, in 1802.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Benda, Franz

Benda, Franz, or FRANCIS, musician to Frederic II. of Prussia, and founder of a German school of violinists, was born in Bohemia, in 1709. He was appointed a singing boy to the Church of St. Nicholas, at Prague, in 1718 ; and from thence he went to Dresden, where he was engaged at the Chapel Royal. About the same time he applied himself to the study of the violin, and had no other resource to save himself from poverty (having quitted the king's chapel) than to engage with a company of street musicians, among whom there happened to be a blind Jew, named Lobel, an excellent violinist, and who became Benda's master and model. Fatigued with his wandering life, Benda, then eighteen years of age, returned to Prague, and soon afterwards went to Vienna, where he received lessons from one of the first masters of the place. There he remained two years, when he proceeded to Warsaw, and procured the situation of chapel-master. The prince royal of Prussia, afterwards Frederic II., took Benda into his service in 1732, on the recommendation of Quanz. Finally, in 1772, he succeeded Graun, as concert master to the king. He died at Potsdam, in 1786. Dr. Burney says, that Benda's manner of playing was neither that of Tartini, nor Semis, nor Veracini, nor any other great master, but peculiarly his own. He published " Studies for the Violin," "Progressive Exercises," and other instrumental works ; especially "Eight Solos for the Violin," which are extremely admired for their good taste and truly cantabile style.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Minnehaha, Falls of

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Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
MINNEHAHA, FALLS OF, the name given to a beautiful cascade in the Minnehaha river near Minneapolis, Minn., the word Minnehaha meaning in the Indian language “Laughing Water.” The cascade falls 60 feet into a most picturesque glen which opens on the Mississippi river. Longfellow has immortalized the name.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Minnesota, University of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational, non-sectarian institution in Minneapolis, Minn.; founded in 1868; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 976; students, 7,451; volumes in library, 280,000; income, $4,337,094; president, Marion Le Roy Burton.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Minnesingers

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
MINNESINGERS, a class of German lyric poets of the 12th and 13th centuries, so called from love being the chief theme of their verse. They consisted almost exclusively of men of aristocratic birth, the most prominent names being Wolfram von Eschenbach, Gottfried von Strassburg, Hartmann von der Aue, and Walther von der Vogelweide. They sang their lyrics to the accompaniment of the viol, generally in honor of the high-born dames. The songs, chiefly in the Swabian dialect, were seldom written down by their authors, and the manuscripts which contain their verse are mostly the result of oral traditions and repetitions. This remarkable poetical movement gradually merged into that other class of German lyric poets called Meistersingers (q. v.).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Milyukoff, Paul Nikolaievitch

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
MILYUKOFF, PAUL NIKOLAIEVITCH, Russian historian and publicist, born near Petrograd, in 1859. Graduating from Moscow University, he taught for some years, then became involved in a revolutionary movement, which compelled him to flee abroad. After a brief period as professor of Slavic history in the University of Sofia, Bulgaria, he came to America and was for three years a member of the faculty of Chicago University. In 1905 he returned to Russia, where he became engaged in politics and assumed the leadership of the Constitutional Democratic party, more popularly known as “the Cadets.” He was also prominent as a journalist and founded the newspaper “Retch.” After the revolution of March, 1917, when he was a member of the Duma, he became Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Cabinet of the Provisional Government. Incurring the displeasure of the radical elements, because of his advocacy of Russian expansion in the direction of Constantinople, he was forced to resign. After the second revolution, which placed the Bolsheviki in power, he became a refugee abroad, and was later one of the body of Russians who urged the Allied countries to adopt an anti-Bolshevik policy.
PAUL NIKOLAIEVITCH MILYUKOFF