OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Belleman, John

​BELLEMAN or BELMAIN, JOHN (fl. 1553), was, according to Fuller, the French tutor of Edward VI. The prince appears to have commenced his studies under his instructor in his seventh year (1534). Belleman seems, however, to have been retained in the royal service till the close of Edward's reign, for there is still extant in the British Museum a manuscript translation into French of the second Prayer-book of Edward VI, written by Belleman, with a dedicatory epistle to his former pupil. This preface is dated 18 April 1553 from the royal palace of Sheen. In the same collection of manuscripts there is also to be found a translation of Basil the Great's letter to St. Gregory on the solitary life. This work Belleman, in a somewhat curious preface, dedicates to the Lady Elizabeth, with the assurance that it is rendered from the original Greek. This introductory letter contains a rather sharp attack on the phonetic principle of French orthography then coming into vogue, though its author seems perfectly willing to adopt a well-considered reformed method of spelling; and indeed he pronounces his intention of writing a treatise on the subject. There does not seem to be any means of ascertaining the date of this translation, but it is probably earlier than the French version of the Prayer-book.
[Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 94; Fuller's Church History, edit. 1655. p. 422; MSS. Biblioth. Reg. in British Museum, 20 A, xiv. and 16 E 1.]
T. A. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bellamy, Richard

​BELLAMY, RICHARD (1743–1800), Mus. Bac., one of the chief bass singers of his day, was appointed a gentleman of the Chapel Royal 28 March 1771, and a lay vicar of Westminster Abbey 1 Jan. 1773. Bellamy married Miss Elizabeth Ludford, daughter of a Mr. Thomas Ludford, who died in 1776, leaving considerable property to his grandchidren. In 1777 Richard Bellamy became a vicar choral of St. Paul's Cathedral, and from 1793 to 1800 he was also almoner and master of the choristers. In 1784 he was one of the principal basses at the Handel commemoration in Westminster Abbey. He gave up all his appointments in 1801, and died about the end of August 1813. Bellamy published a few sonatas, a collection of glees, and a Te Deum with orchestral accompaniment.
W. B. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bellamy, Thomas (1745-1800)

​BELLAMY, THOMAS (1745–1800) miscellaneous writer, was born at Kingston-on-Thames in 1745. Having served his apprenticeship to a hosier in Newgate Street, he began business on his own account. Very early he showed a taste for verse-writing, some of the pieces in his 'Miscellanies' being dated 1763. After carrying on business with success for twenty years he became tired of serving at the counter. So, relinquishing the hosiery trade, he served as clerk in a bookseller's in Paternoster Row. 'But Bellamy,' says his biographer,' was not calculated for a subordinate position.' A disagreement arose between him and his employer, and Bellamy had to seek a livelihood elsewhere. In 1787 he started the 'General Magazine and Impartial Review,' which lived lor some months. Another venture was 'Bellamy's Picturesque Magazine and Literary Museum,' which contained engraved portraits of living persons, with some account of their lives; but the public gave little support to this undertaking. ​ In 1794 he collected into two volumes the moral tales which he had written for the 'General Magazine,' adding some verses, unpublished tales, and a life of Parsons, the comedian. These 'Miscellanies in Prose and Verse' were dedicated to Charles Dibdin, with whom the author afterwards quarrelled. Later he projected the 'Monthly Mirror,' which was chiefly concerned with the stage. When this periodical had run its race, he established a circulating library. On the death of his mother he became possessed of some property, which enabled him to retire from business and devote himself to literary pursuits. But he did not long enjoy his leisure; seized with a sharp and sudden illness he died, after four days' suffering, on 29 Aug. 1800.
In addition to the works already mentioned he wrote: 1. 'The Benevolent Planters,' a dramatic piece performed at the Haymarket in 1789, and printed in the same year. 2. 'Sadaski, or the Wandering Penitent,' 2 vols., 12mo, 1798. 3. 'Lessons from Life, or Home Scenes.' 4. 'The Beggar Boy,' a novel in three volumes, published posthumously in 1801, to which is prefixed a biographical memoir of the author by Mrs. Villa-Real Gooch.
[Mrs. Villa-Real Gooch's Memoir, prefixed to the Beggar Boy; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; British Museum Catalogue.]
A. H. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bellenden, Adam

​BELLENDEN, ADAM (d. 1639?),bishop of Dunblane and Aberdeen, was second son of Sir John Bellenden [q. v.] of Auchinoul, lord justice clerk, and brother of Sir Lewis Bellenden [q. v.], also lord justice clerk. He studied at the university of Edinburgh, took the degree of M.A. there on 1 Aug. 1590, and continued in residence for some time after. He was on ‘the Exercise;’ obtained a ‘testimonial’ on 12 June 1593, was ordained 19 July following; was a member of the general assembly of the kirk of Scotland in 1602, and was one of the brethren ‘who met at Linlithgow 10 Jan. 1606 in conference with the imprisoned members previous to their trial for declining the authority of the sovereign in causes spiritual.’ At a later convention in the same place on the following 10 Dec. he proposed a protestation that it should not be held as a general assembly. In 1608 he was minister of the parish of Falkirk (Stirlingshire). He attended the convention at Falkland in 1609, and was ‘suspended’ 16 Nov. 1614. He was released; the sentence was taken off 18 Jan. 1614–15, and on 22 Feb. he was enjoined ‘to wait more diligently on his flock in preparing them for the communion.’ He ‘demitted’ his parish of Falkirk and his status as a clergyman of the presbyterian church of Scotland in July 1616. He was thereupon appointed to the bishopric of Dunblane (1616), although he had hitherto been violently opposed to episcopacy, and was one of the forty-two presbyterian ministers who signed a protest to parliament against its introduction (1 July 1606). He was consequently censured for accepting this preferment. In 1621 he still appears as bishop of Dunblane. He was succeeded there by Wedderburn in 1636, having been in 1635 translated to the bishopric of Aberdeen. In 1638 he was, in common with all the Scottish bishops, deprived of his see on the abolition of episcopacy in Scotland by the Glasgow assembly. He is believed to have retreated to England, and to have died there in 1638–9.
[Scott's Fasti, i. 186, 353; Keith's Catalogue (1824), 132; Douglas's Peerage, ii.; Melvill's Autob.; Presby. Stirling and Synod Reg.; Boke of the Kirke; Row, Calderwood's Hist. i.; Forbes's Records; Select Biogr. (Wodrow Society), i.; Edin. Grad.; Sir Alexander Grant's Story of first 300 years of Edinburgh University, 1884; researches at Falkirk.]
A. B. G.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Ati'na 2.

​2. A town of Lucania, situated in the upper Valley of the Tanager, now the Valle di Diano, It is mentioned only by Pliny, who enumerates the Atenates among the inland towns of Lucania, and by the Liber Coloniarum, where it is called the "praefectora Atenas." But the correct orthography of the name is established by inscriptions, in which we find it written Atinates; and the site is clearly ascertained by the ruins still visible just below the village of Atena, about 5 miles N. of La Sola. These consist of extensive remains of the walls and towers, and of an amphitheatre; numerous inscriptions have also been discovered on the spot, which attest the municipal rank of the ancient city. It appears that its territory must have extended as far as La Polla, about 5 miles further N., where the Tanager buries itself under ground, a phenomenon which is noticed by Pliny as occurring "in campo Atinati" (Plin. ii. 103. s. 106, iii. 11. s. 15; Lib. Colon. p. 209 ; Romanelli, vol. i. p. 424; Bullett. dell' Inst. 1847, p. 157.)[ E. H. B. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Atlantes

​ATLANTES (Άτλαντες), a people in the interior of Libya, inhabiting one of the chain of oases formed by salt hills, which are described by Herodotus as extending along the N. of the Great Desert (Sahara), ten days' journey W. of the Atarantes, and in the vicinity of M. Atlas, whence they derived their name. They were reported to abstain from using any living thing for food, and to see no visions in their sleep. (Herod, iv. 184; Mela, i. 8. § 5; Plin. v. 8; respecting the common confusion in the names see Atarantes.) Herodotus adds, that they were the furthest (i. e. to the W.) of the people known to him as inhabiting the ridge of salt hills; but that the ridge itself extended as far as the pillars of Hercules, or even beyond them (iv. 185). The attempts of Rennell, Heeren, and others to assign the exact position of the people, from the data supplied by Herodotus, cannot be considered satisfactory. (Rennell, Geogr. of Herod. vol. ii. pp. 301, 311; Heeren, Ideen, vol ii. pt 1. p. 243.)[ P. S. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Athyras

​ATHYRAS, a river of Thrace between Selymbria and Byzantium. (Ptol. iii. 11. § 6; Plin. iv. 11. 8. 18. § 47, Sillig; Pliny calls it also Pydaras.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Ati'na

​ATI'NA (Άτινα: Eth. Atinas, ātis). 1. An ancient and important cidty of the Volscians, which retains its ancient name and position, on a lofty hill near the sources of the little river Melpis {Melfa), and about 12 miles SE. of Sora. Virgil speaks of it as a great and powerful city (Atina potens, Aen. vii. 630) long before the foundation of Rome, and Martial also terms it "prisca Atina" (x. 92. 2.): the former poet seems to consider it a Latin city, but from its position it would appear certain that it was a Volscian one. It had, however, been wrested from that people by the Samnites when it first appears in history. In B.C. 313 it was (according to some annalists) taken by the Roman consul C. Junius Bubuicus (Liv. ix. 28); but in B.C. 293 we again find it in he hands of the Samnites, and its territory was ravaged by the consuls, but no attack made on the town. (Id. X. 39.) We have no account of its final reduction by the Romans, but it appears to have been treated with severity, and reduced to the condition of a praefectura, in which it still continued even after its citizens had been admitted to the Roman franchise. But notwithstanding its inferior position, it was in the days of Cicero a flourishing and populous town, so that he draws a favourable contrast between its population and that of Tusculum, and says that it was not surpassed by any praefectura in Italy. (Cic. pro Planc. 8.) It was the birthplace of his friend and client Cn. Plancius, and was included in the Terentine tribe.
​(Ibid. 16.) At subsequent period it became a municipal town, with the ordinary privileges and magistrates; but though it received a military colony under Nero, it did not obtain colonial rank. We learn, from numerous inscriptions, that it continued to be a considerable place under the Roman empire. (Lib. Colon. p. 230; Plin. iii. 5. b. 9; Ptol. iii 1. § 62; Murat Inscr. pp. 352, 1102, 1262; Orell. Inscr. 140, 1678, 2285, &c)
Silius Italicus alludes to its cold and elevated situation (monte Nivoso descendens Atina, viii. 398), and the modern city of Atina is noted as one of the coldest places in the whole kingdom of Naples, which results not only from its own position on a lofty eminence, but from its being surrounded by high and bleak mountains, especially towards the south. Its ancient walls, built in a massive style of polygonal blocks, but well hewn and neatly fitted, comprised the whole summit of the hill, only a portion of which is occupied by the modern city; their extent and magnitude confirm the accounts of its importance in very early times. Of Roman date there are the remains of an aqueduct on a grand scale, substructions of a temple, and fragments of other buildings, besides numerous sepulchral monuments and inscriptions. (Romanelli, vol iii. p. 861 ; Craven, Abruzzi vol. i. pp. 61 — 65.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Ati'na 1.

​ATI'NA (Άτινα: Eth. Atinas, ātis). 1. An ancient and important cidty of the Volscians, which retains its ancient name and position, on a lofty hill near the sources of the little river Melpis {Melfa), and about 12 miles SE. of Sora. Virgil speaks of it as a great and powerful city (Atina potens, Aen. vii. 630) long before the foundation of Rome, and Martial also terms it "prisca Atina" (x. 92. 2.): the former poet seems to consider it a Latin city, but from its position it would appear certain that it was a Volscian one. It had, however, been wrested from that people by the Samnites when it first appears in history. In B.C. 313 it was (according to some annalists) taken by the Roman consul C. Junius Bubuicus (Liv. ix. 28); but in B.C. 293 we again find it in he hands of the Samnites, and its territory was ravaged by the consuls, but no attack made on the town. (Id. X. 39.) We have no account of its final reduction by the Romans, but it appears to have been treated with severity, and reduced to the condition of a praefectura, in which it still continued even after its citizens had been admitted to the Roman franchise. But notwithstanding its inferior position, it was in the days of Cicero a flourishing and populous town, so that he draws a favourable contrast between its population and that of Tusculum, and says that it was not surpassed by any praefectura in Italy. (Cic. pro Planc. 8.) It was the birthplace of his friend and client Cn. Plancius, and was included in the Terentine tribe.
​(Ibid. 16.) At subsequent period it became a municipal town, with the ordinary privileges and magistrates; but though it received a military colony under Nero, it did not obtain colonial rank. We learn, from numerous inscriptions, that it continued to be a considerable place under the Roman empire. (Lib. Colon. p. 230; Plin. iii. 5. b. 9; Ptol. iii 1. § 62; Murat Inscr. pp. 352, 1102, 1262; Orell. Inscr. 140, 1678, 2285, &c)
Silius Italicus alludes to its cold and elevated situation (monte Nivoso descendens Atina, viii. 398), and the modern city of Atina is noted as one of the coldest places in the whole kingdom of Naples, which results not only from its own position on a lofty eminence, but from its being surrounded by high and bleak mountains, especially towards the south. Its ancient walls, built in a massive style of polygonal blocks, but well hewn and neatly fitted, comprised the whole summit of the hill, only a portion of which is occupied by the modern city; their extent and magnitude confirm the accounts of its importance in very early times. Of Roman date there are the remains of an aqueduct on a grand scale, substructions of a temple, and fragments of other buildings, besides numerous sepulchral monuments and inscriptions. (Romanelli, vol iii. p. 861 ; Craven, Abruzzi vol. i. pp. 61 — 65.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Atilia'na

​ATILIA'NA. [Autrigones.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Atinta'nia

​ATINTA'NIA (Άτιντανία: Eth. Άτιντάν, -άνος), a mountainous district in Illyria, north of Molossis and east of Parauaea, through which the Aons flows, in the upper part of its course. It is described by Livy (xiv. 30) as poor in soil and rude in climate. The Atintanes are first mentioned in B.C. 429, among the barbarians who assisted the Ambraciots in their invasion of Peloponnesus, upon which occasion the Atintanes and Molossi were commanded by the same leader. (Thuc. ii. 80.) On the conclusion of the first war between Philip and the Romans, Atintania was assigned to Macedonia, B.C. 204; and after the conquest of Perseus in B.C. 168, it was included in one of the four districts into which the Romans divided Macedonia. (Liv. xxvii. 30, xiv. 30.) It is not mentioned by Ptolemy, as it formed part of Chaonia. (Comp. Strab. vii. p. 326; Pol. ii. 5; Scylax, s. v. Ίλλύριος; Lycophr. 1043; Steph. B. s. r.; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 118.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Athrys

​ATHRYS. [Tantrus.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Eastwood, Jonathan

​EASTWOOD, JONATHAN (1824–1864), topographer, was born in 1824. He studied at St. John's College, Cambridge, where, after obtaining both classical and mathematical honours, he took the two degrees in arts in 1846 and 1849 respectively. He entered holy orders in 1847, and was appointed curate of Ecclesfield, Yorkshire. He devoted his leisure to the study of local history and antiquity, and fourteen years later published the ‘History of the Parish of Ecclesfield in the county of York,’ London, 1862, 8vo, 558 pp., a volume full of research and minute learning. Some time before the issue of his book Eastwood had exchanged his curacy for that of Eckington, Derbyshire. To the ‘Monthly Paper,’ a periodical for the use of Sunday schools, he contributed a series of papers under the title of ‘Notes on Scriptural and Liturgical Words.’ The words were treated of alphabetically and did not advance beyond the letter ‘H,’ but Eastwood proposed to complete the alphabet in collaboration with Dr. William Aldis Wright of Cambridge and to issue the whole in volume form. He finished his share of the work, but did not live to see its publication, which was deferred to 1866, when it appeared as the ‘Bible Word-book: a Glossary of Old English Bible Words.’ A second edition, revised throughout and greatly enlarged by Mr. Wright, was issued in 1881 without Eastwood's name. Eastwood was also an indefatigable contributor to the English dictionary projected by the Philological Society. He died at St. Leonards-on-Sea on 5 July 1864, aged 40, being at the time of his death incumbent of Hope, Staffordshire. He married a daughter of William Frederick Dixon of Page Hall, Ecclesfield, and left issue.
[Preface to Bible Word-book, by W. A. Wright; Gent. Mag. 3rd ser. vii. 254; Luard's Graduati Cantabr.]
A. V.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ebdon, Thomas

​EBDON, THOMAS (1738–1811), organist and musical composer, was born at Durham in 1738. His name and the date 1755 are found carved on an oak screen in the cathedral, and it is inferred from this that he was a chorister there, and afterwards an articled pupil of James Heseltine, the organist, whom he succeeded in 1763. Heseltine had been appointed in 1710, and as Ebdon lived until 1811, the post of cathedral organist was held by two men for a period of 101 years. Ebdon died at South Bailey, Durham, 23 Sept. 1811, and was buried in St. Oswald's churchyard. An anthem, taken from Psalm xvi. 9–11, was sung at his funeral. It does not appear whether it was his own composition or not, as it is not among his published works; it may well have been by him, however, and is possibly one of the anthems left by him in manuscript. Of the music published in his lifetime, his ‘Morning, Communion, and Evening Service in C,’ which, together with five anthems and some responses and chants, makes up the volume of sacred music issued about 1790, is still occasionally heard. Another volume of sacred music was published in 1810, containing sixteen anthems, two Kyries, and six double chants. Two harpsichord sonatas, six glees for three voices, published about 1780, ‘The Scotch Shepherd,’ a song, and a march for the installation of W. H. Lambton as grand provincial master of Freemasons for the county of Durham, published in score, complete the list of his works.
J. A. F. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Eaton, Daniel Isaac

​EATON, DANIEL ISAAC (d. 1814), bookseller, was indicted before the recorder of London, 3 June 1793, for selling the second part of Paine's ‘Rights of Man,’ and on 10 July following was tried before Lord Kenyon and a special jury in the court of king's bench for selling Paine's ‘Letter addressed to the Addressers.’ On both occasions verdicts equivalent to acquittal were given. In the same year he produced an ironical pamphlet, ‘The Pernicious Effects of the Art of Printing upon Society.’ He edited and published in 1794 ‘Politics for the People, or a Salmagundy for Swine,’ a periodical which ran to twelve numbers. It consists chiefly of miscellaneous extracts, with a few scraps of original matter. The publisher was tried by indictment before the recorder 24 Feb. 1794, for including a story about a game-cock, ‘meaning our lord the king.’ A verdict of ‘not guilty’ was returned. He again appeared before a special jury in 1795 for publishing Pigot's ‘Female Jockey Club,’ but the case was compromised by his counsel. The next year he was tried twice, once for Pigot's ‘Political Dictionary,’ the other time for the ‘Duties of Citizenship.’ To escape punishment he fled the country, was outlawed, and lived in America for three years and a half. On returning to England his person and property were seized, and he underwent fifteen months' imprisonment. Books to the value of 2,800l., packed for the American market, were burnt on his premises. He translated from Helvetius and sold ‘at his Ratiocinatory, or Magazine for Truths and Good Sense, No. 8 Cornhill,’ in 1810, ‘The True Sense and Meaning of the System of Nature.’ ‘The Law of Nature’ had previously been translated by him. In 1811 he issued an edition of the first and second parts of Paine's ‘Age of Reason,’ and on 6 March 1812 was tried before Lord Ellenborough and a special jury for issuing the third and last part. He was found guilty and ultimately sentenced to eighteen months' imprisonment and to stand in the pillory, when, ‘to the credit of the populace, instead of saluting him with what his prosecutors desired, they cheered, and even endeavoured to convey him some refreshment’ (Newgate Monthly Calendar, 1825, i. 292). He brought out a pamphlet, ‘Extortions and Abuses in Newgate, exhibited in a memorial presented to the Lord Mayor, 15 Feb. 1813,’ and in the same year ‘A Continuation of the “Ago of Reason.”’ He has sometimes been credited with ‘Ecce Homo,’ translated from ‘Histoire Critique de Jésus-Christ’ of the Baron d'Holbach, which, although it bears his imprint at Ave Maria Lane in 1813 (while he was in Newgate), was either the work of Joseph Webb (Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. x. 297) or Houston (Newgate Monthly Magazine, i. 292). Eaton was tried for the publication, but not brought up for judgment in consideration of his advanced age.
He died in poverty at his sister's house in Deptford 22 Aug. 1814. An engraved portrait is prefixed to his report of the ‘Trial for Publishing the third part of Paine's “Age of Reason,”’ 1812.
H. R. T.