OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sierra Morena

Edition of 1905. See also Sierra Morena on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SIERRA MORENA, mṓ-rā'nȧ. A mountain range of Spain running along the southern edge of the great central plateau, and forming the boundary between the provinces of Ciudad Real on the north and Jaén and Cordova on the south (Map: Spain, D 3). It rises but slightly above the plateau, its average elevation being about 3500 feet, but on the south it falls in a steep and imposing escarpment toward the low valley of the Guadalquivir. The railroad from Madrid to Cordova crosses it through several tunnels in the romantic pass called the Puerto de Despeñaperros.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sierra Nevada (California)

Edition of 1905. See also Sierra Nevada (U.S.) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SIERRA NEVADA, nḗ-vä'dȧ. A mountain range in eastern California, forming the divide between the Great American Basin and the valley of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers (Map: California, D 3). It is a tilted plateau 80 miles wide and extending in a north-northwest direction, 400 or 500 miles according as the range is considered to end at Lassen Peak or at the northern State boundary. In the south it turns westward and merges with the Coast Range, and in the north it is continued into Oregon as the Cascade Mountains. It consists of a granitic core exposed in the higher portions, flanked by metamorphic slates, and in the lower western slopes by later marine deposits ranging from Carboniferous to Cretaceous. North of Lassen Peak, in the northern part of the State, these formations disappear under the great Oregon lava flow, so that here the Cascade Mountains may be said to begin, although the name Sierra Nevada is often extended up to the State boundary so as to include Mount Shasta. The average elevation of the crest is 10,000 feet in the southern half and somewhat less in the north. The range falls abruptly on the east to the valley floor of the Great Basin, 5000 feet below, while on the west it has a wider and more gradual slope. The Sierra Nevada, whose greatest elevation but slightly exceeds that of the Rocky Mountains, appears much more massive and impressive than the latter range, as it rises from a much lower level. The number of peaks, however, is not as great as in Colorado, though there are at least 14 peaks over 12,000 feet high. The highest peaks are clustered near the southern end, and here Mount Whitney, the highest point in the United States proper, attains an altitude of 14,898 feet. Other high points are Fisherman Peak, 14,448 feet; Mount Corcoran, 14,093 feet; Mount Kaweah, 14,000 feet; Mount Brewer, 13,886 feet; Mount Lyell, in the Yosemite Park, 13,042 feet; and iii the extreme north Mount Shasta, with an altitude of 14,380 feet. The higher portions of the range are covered with perpetual snow, and the northern slopes of some of the peaks are occupied by glaciers. The snowfall is heavy on the western slope, and feeds a large number of streams flowing to the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. These streams have cut up the slope into deep valleys, some of which, notably
the Yosemite Valley, are remarkable for their scenery. The Sierra Nevada is covered to a height of 8000 feet with dense forests of coniferous trees, which yield to deciduous on the lower western slope. The western slope, above the deciduous zone, is the exclusive habitat of the ‘big trees’ (Sequoia gigantea). Though it is a practically unbroken divide, there are several passes leading across the range at altitudes of 4000 to 7000 feet. Of these the Truckee Pass in the north and the Tehachapi Pass in the south are traversed by railroads.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Siegen

Edition of 1905. See also Siegen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SIEGEN. zē′gen. A town in the Province of Westphalia, Prussia, situated on the river Sieg, 47 miles east by south of Cologne. It has two castles of the Princes of Nassau-Siegen. Siegen is an important iron centre, the vicinity abounding in iron, copper, lead, and zinc mines. In and about the town are numerous puddling and rolling mills, machine works, and paper, cloth, and leather manufactories. Siegen, formerly a possession of the Dutch branch of the House of Nassau, passed to Prussia in 1815. Population (commune), in 1890, 18,242; in 1900, 22,111.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Siegen, Ludwig von

Edition of 1905. See also Ludwig von Siegen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SIEGEN, Ludwig von (c.1609-c.80). A German engraver, born in Utrecht. In 1642 he produced his first known mezzo-tint engraving, a portrait of the Landgravine Amalia Elisabeth, Regent of Hesse, inscribed to her son, the artist's patron. Siegen did not fully realize the possibilities of his discovery. He kept the process secret, however, divulging it only to Prince Rupert of the Palatinate, through whom it became known in England. The engraver passed into the service of the Elector of Mainz in 1654, and died at Wolfenbüttel.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Siemens, Ernst Werner von

Edition of 1905. See also Werner von Siemens on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SIEMENS, zē'mĕns, Ernst Werner von (1816-92). A German electrical engineer. He was born at Lenthe, near Hanover, and was educated in the Gymnasium of Lübeck and in the school of artillery and engineering at Berlin, becoming an artillery officer in 1838. He studied chemistry and electro-magnetism, and invented a process for electro-plating in 1841. In 1848 he became commandant of the artillery arsenal in Berlin. He was the first to explode a submarine mine by electricity (1848). Devoting himself to electrical engineering, he was engaged after 1849 in the establishment of telegraph lines, particularly through Russia, Brazil, Spain, and Northern Germany. In 1856 he devised the improved shuttle armature which increased the efficiency of the magneto-machine, and in 1876
demonstrated that its electro-magnets could be used without separate exciters, the current being passed through the field coils. He proposed as the unit of resistance a column of mercury one meter long and one square millimeter in cross-section at 0º Centigrade. This was known as the Siemens unit. Siemens was also active in promoting electric traction in Germany, and the first electric railway was erected at the Berlin Industrial Exhibition of 1879 by Siemens & Halske. His researches in electricity resulted in discoveries and improvements of great value, one of which was the determining of the locations of injuries in submerged cables, and also of charging them in order to reduce the disturbing influence of induced currents. In 1884, by the gift of about $125,000, he made possible the foundation of the Imperial Physico-Technical Institute (Reichsanstalt), which has been an important factor in German scientific research and manufacturing. (See Laboratory.) He wrote numerous scientific works and also a volume of Personal Reminiscences which has been translated into English.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Siemens, William

Edition of 1905. See also Carl Wilhelm Siemens on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SIEMENS, Sir William (Karl Wilhelm) (1823-83). An English engineer and metallurgist. He was born at Lenthe, Hanover, and was a brother of Werner Siemens (see above), with whom he was associated in many scientific investigations and commercial enterprises. He was educated at Magdeburg and Göttingen and then entered a manufacturing establishment in the former town. He visited England in 1843 to introduce his brother's process of electro-plating, and again in 1844, when he endeavored to dispose of the English rights of a chronometric governor for steam engines and the anastatic process of printing. Settling in England, but maintaining close connection with his brother, he devoted himself to perfecting a regenerative steam engine, but was not altogether successful, and turned his attention to a water meter, which soon came into extensive use. His next and most important invention was the regenerative furnace, which he applied to iron and steel working, and to which from time to time he added important improvements. (See Iron and Steel.) He was interested with his brother in various electrical enterprises and conducted the British branch of the business, which in 1874 laid the direct Atlantic cable from the ship Faraday, a vessel specially designed by him for that purpose. Sir William played an important part in the application of electricity to lighting and traction in England. Besides his many useful inventions, among which were a pyrometer and the bathometer (q.v.), apparatus for producing low temperatures (see Refrigeration), he also carried on important investigations in pure science. In 1859 he became a British subject, and in 1883 he was knighted. He received many honors, including the Bessemer medal of the Iron and Steel Institute of Great Britain, the French Legion of Honor, and honorary degrees from the universities of Oxford, Dublin, and Glasgow. He was president of the Society of Telegraph Engineers, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the Iron and Steel Institute, and the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in addition to being a member of many other British and foreign societies. A laboratory of electrical engineering was constructed by his widow at King's College, London, as a memorial. His
collected works were published in 1889. Consult Pole, Life of William Siemens (London, 1889).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sieglind

Edition of 1905. See also Signy on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SIEGLIND, zēg'lĭnt. In the Nibelungen legend, the wife of Siegmund and mother of Siegfried.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sierra Nevada (Spain)

Edition of 1905. See also Sierra Nevada (Spain) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SIERRA NEVADA, nắ-vä'Dȧ (Snowy Range). A mountain range of Southern Spain,
extending from the centre of the Province of Granada about 60 miles eastward into the Province of Almeria, its crest being about 28 miles from the Mediterranean coast (Map: Spain, D 4). It forms a part of the mountain system separating the valley of the Guadalquivir from the southern coast, and is the highest elevation of the Iberian Peninsula. Its greatest height is near the western end, where the peak of Mulahacén has an altitude of 11,420 feet, and that of Veleta 11,385 feet. Eastward it merges gradually into a lower plateau region. It sends out numerous spurs inclosing deep valleys, and on the north falls in wild and rocky precipices toward the Jenil River, on whose banks lies the city of Granada. The range consists mainly of mica slate, and though the low valleys are covered with a rich vegetation, the bulk of the mountain consists of naked rocks. It is covered with snow a great part of the year, and on the Veleta there are permanent glaciers, the southernmost of Europe.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ionian Sea

See also Ionian Sea on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Io′nian Sea, a name anciently given to that part of the Mediterranean which washes the shores of Greece and Epirus, separating them from Italy and Sicily. It is connected with the Adriatic by the Strait of Otranto.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Interstate Commerce Commission, The

See also Interstate Commerce Commission on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​In′tersta′te Com′merce Commis′sion, The, of the U. S., is a body of five members chosen according to the provisions of the interstate commerce act of 1887, with powers to regulate railroad rates, to establish uniform rates, to insist upon the publication of accounts and to inquire into infringements of the act. The Constitution vests the power “to regulate commerce . . . among the several states” in Congress, and the Interstate Commerce Commission has been very efficient in preparing statistics of railroad rates, in leading up to the enforcement of state regulations of these rates and in hindering unjust discriminations against certain parties. It was largely through the Interstate Commerce Commission that the new rate bill of 1907 was brought forward by President Roosevelt's administration. The weak point in the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission was that it had not been able to enforce its injunctions. This led to the passage in 1906 of a law increasing the powers of the commission.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Io

See also Io (mythology) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Io (ī′ō), a character in Grecian mythology, was the daughter of Inachus, king of Argos. She was beautiful, and soon won the love of Jupiter, the Grecian god of the sky, who on account of the jealousy of Juno, his wife, changed Io into a white heifer. Juno appointed Argus, “the all-seeing one,” who had one hundred eyes, to watch over her. Mercury, the winged god, was commissioned by Jove to carry off the heifer, and he slew Argus, first charming him to sleep by playing on the flute and then cutting off his head. Juno used the eyes of Argus to decorate the peacock's tail. Afterwards, by the request of Jupiter, Io was restored to her former shape, and married King Osiris. After her death she was worshiped as an Egyptian deity, under the name of Isis. The story is given in the Prometheus of Æschylus.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Iona

See also Iona on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Iona (ḗō′nä), the most famous island of the Hebrides off Scotland. It is three and one half miles long and one and one half broad. The soil is fruitful, so much being raised per acre that in early times the yield was considered miraculous. Its history begins in 563, when St. Columba, leaving Ireland, landed upon Iona with 12 disciples and built a monastery, which was long regarded as the mother-church of the Picts. The heathen Norsemen ravaged and destroyed the settlement repeatedly. In 1888 a great Catholic pilgrimage was made to the island. It is situated near Staffa, and can be reached by steamer from Oban. See Iona by the Duke of Argyll.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ionian Islands

See also Ionian Islands on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Io′nian Islands, a group or chain of islands in the Ionian Sea, about 40 in number, stretching along the west and south coasts of Greece. Corfu, Paxo, Santa Maura and Ithaca are the largest. Their total area is 1,010 square miles, and the population 260,000, mostly of Greek descent. The surface is generally mountainous, and the plains and valleys fertile. In 1863 Great Britain ceded the islands to Greece. See Corfu.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Internode

See also Plant stem on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​In′terno′de. In seed plants and also in some fern plants the stem exhibits a series of definite joints, at which points the leaves or branches arise. The joints are called the “nodes,” and the more or less elongated portions of the stem which separate the nodes from one another are called the internodes. The length of the internodes determines the distance apart of the leaves, and therefore the growth of internodes is an important factor in the life relations of leaves.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Involucre

See also Involucre on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ In′volu′cre (in plants). A set of bracts occurring in a rosette (“whorl,” “cycle”). Bracts are leaves more or less modified, which occur in an inflorescence. In some forms of inflorescence, as in the umbel and head, the numerous pedicels arise from approximately the same point, and as each pedicel is subtended by a bract, the numerous bracts are thrown together in a rosette-like cluster which is called the involucre. A distinct involucre is present, therefore, in the head-like clusters of the composite family, in which case it resembles the calyx of an ordinary flower, and also in the umbels of the great family of umbelliferae, to which the carrots, parsnips etc. belong.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Investments

See also Investment on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Invest′ments. The money which is saved by individuals is generally invested in some enterprise by which it may at the same time be of some service and yield an increased return. The most common investment is in the banks; but in such a case it is not really the depositor but the banking company which makes the investment. The interest which the bank pays to the depositor is only a part of the return which the bank gains from its investments. These investments may be in such securities as house and land property; or in such industries as mining, railroads or manufactures. It is seldom that a private individual, except in the case of house and land property, controls the whole of the concern in which his money is invested. For the most part he buys some shares in such a concern. Most great railroad and mining companies and many manufacturing establishments are organized into joint-stock companies, from which one receives dividends or periodical payments out of the profits, if any, in proportion to the number of shares which one may hold. The stock of such companies is sometimes bought merely in the hope of selling at a profit if it should rise in value. This kind of speculation is not worthy of the name of investment. Probably the first and safest investment in most cases is one's own house and land.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Iodine

See also Iodine on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ I′odine, one of the nonmetallic elements, is a black crystalline solid. It is never found in the free state, but occurs in combination, particularly in the ashes of seaweeds and in Chilean saltpeter. It forms a beautiful violet vapor when heated; hence its name comes from a Greek word which signifies this color. Iodine and its compounds, the most important of which is potassium iodide, are used in medicine and photography and by chemists.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vol III:22

| Perfumery — Perugia | Perugino — Phædrus | Phæophyceæ — Philippopolis | Philistines — Photius |
| Perfumery Peri Perianth Periblem Pericarp Pericles Perigynous Flowers Peripatus Perisperm Peristome Perkin, Sir Wm. Henry Pernambuco Perpetual Motion Perrault, Charles Perry, Oliver Hazard Persepolis Perseus Persia Persian Gulf Persimmon Perth Amboy, N. J. Perth Peru Peru, Ind. Perugia | Perugino Pessimism Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich Pesth Petals Petard Peter the Hermit Peter the Great Peter II Peter III Peter, King of Servia Peter, St. Peterborough, Can. Peters, Christian Henry Friedrich Petersburg, Va. Peterson, William Petiole Petiolule Petrarch, Francesco Petrel Petrie, William M. F. Petroleum Pewee Phædra Phædrus | Phæophyceæ Phaethon Phalanx Phanerogams Pharaoh Pharisees Pheasant Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart Phi Beta Kappa Phidias Philadelphia, Pa. Philæ Philemon and Baucis Philip the Bold Philip the Good Philip II of France Philip IV Philip VI Philip of Macedon Philip II (king of Spain) Philip V Philip Philip, John Woodward Philippine Islands, The Philippopolis | Philistines Phillips Exeter Academy Phillips, Wendell Phillipsburg, N. J. Philoctetes Philology Philosophy Phloem Phlox Phocion Phœbe Phœbus Phœnicia Phœnix Phœnix, Ariz. Phœnixville, Pa. Phonetics Phonograph Phonography Phonometer Phonophore Phosphates Phosphorescence Phosphorus Photius |
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vol III:19

| Ord — Osceola | Oshkosh — 0ttoman | Ottumwa — Oyama | Oyster — Ozone |
| Ord, Edward Otho Cresap Ordinance of 1787, The Oregon Orestes Organ Origen Orinoco Oriole Orion (mythology) Orion (constellation) Orzaba Orkney Islands Orleans Orléans, Duke of Orléans, Louis Philippe Joseph Ornithology Orontes Orpheus Orsini, Felice Ortolan Osage Orange Osages Osaka Oscar II, Frederic Osceola | Oshkosh, Wis. Osier Osiris Oskaloosa, Ia. Osler, William Osman Digna Osman Nubar Osprey Ossian Ostend Osteopathy Ostrich Oswego, N. Y. Othello Otho I Otis, Elwell Stephen Otis, Harrison Gray Otis, James Ottawa, Ont. Ottawa, Ill. Ottawa River, Can. Ottawa, University of Ottawas Otter Otterburn, Battle of Ottoman Empire | Ottumwa, Ia. Oudenarde Oudinot, Nicolas Charles Oida Our Mutual Friend Ouzel Ovary Oven-Bird Overbeck, Friedrich Johann Overtones Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) Ovulary Ovule Owen, Sir Richard Owen Sound, Can. Owensboro, Ky. Owosso, Mich. Owl Oxalis Oxford Oxford, O. Oxford, University of Oxus Oxygen Oyama, Marquis Iwao | Oyster Ozark Mountains Oziums Ozone |
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vol III:14

| Municipal — Musical | Musk — Myxomycetes |
| Municipal Government Munkacsy, Mihaly Murat, Joachim Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey Murcia Murdoch, James Edward Murdock, William Murfree, Mary Noailles Murfreesborough Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban Murray, Hon. George H. Murray, Lindley Murray Canal Murray Muscat Muscatine, Ia. Musci Muscle Muskogee, Okla. Muses Museums Mushrooms Music, Religious Music, Teaching of Musical Notation | Musk Musk-Deer Muskegon, Mich. Muskmelon Musk-Ox Musket Muskrat Musquash Mussel Musset, Alfred de Mustard Mutsuhito, Emperor of Japan Mutualism Mycelium Mycenæ Mycorrhiza My Old Kentucky Home Myriapoda Myrmidons Myrrh Myrtle Mysore Mytilene Mythology Myxomycetes |
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vol III:15

| N — Narragansett | Naragansetts — Navajo | Naval — Nelson | Nelson River — New Brunswick |
| N Nadir Nagasaki Nagoya Nagpur Nahum Nails Nana Sahib Nanaimo Nancy Nanking Nansen, Fridtjof Nantes Nanticoke, Pa. Nantucket Naphtha Napier, Charles James Napier, William Francis Patrick Naples (city) Naples (kingdom) Napoleon I Napoleon III Narcissus Narcotics Narragansett Bay | Narragansetts Narses Narvaez, Pánfilo de Nashua Nashville, Tenn. Nashville, Battle of Nasmyth, James Nast, Thomas Nasturtium Natal Natchez, Miss. Natick, Mass. National Banks National Debt National Educational Association National Forests National Parks Natural Bridge, The Natural Gas Naturalization Nature-Study Nature-Study with the Camera Naugatuck, Conn. Nautilus Navajo Indians | Naval Academy of the United States, The Naval Observatory of the United States, The Naval Reserve Navarino Navarro, Mary A. Navigation Navigation Laws Navy Nazareth Nebo, Mount Nebraska Nebraska City, Neb. Nebraska, University of Nebuchadrezzar Nebulæ Nebular Hypothesis Neckar Necker, Jacques Nectar Needle Needle-Gun Negro, The Education of the Negroes Nehemiah Nelson | Nelson River Nelson, Horatio Nemesis Neon Neptune (mythology) Neptune (planet) Nerbudda Nero Nerves Nesting-Boxes Nestor Nestorians Netherlands Nettle Neuchâtel Neuchâtel, Lake of Neutrality Neva Nevada New Albany, Ind. New Bedford New Brighton New Britain New Brunswick New Brunswick (N. J.) |
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vol III:17

| Norns — Norway | Norwich — Nymphs |
| Normans Norns Norristown, Pa. North Adams North America North Bay, Ont., Can. North Cape North Carolina North Carolina, University of Northcote, Baron, Hon. Henry Stafford North Dakota North Dakota, University of North, Frederick Northampton Northampton, Mass. Northcliffe, Lord Northmen Northrop, Cyrus North Sea North Star, The North Tonawanda, N. Y. Northwest Territories of Canada, The Northwestern University Norton, Charles Eliot Norwalk, Ct. Norway | Norwich, Ct. Norwich Nose Nottingham Nova Scotia Nova Zembla Novel, The November Novgorod Nubia Nucellus Nucleus Numa Pompilius Numidia Nur-ed-Din Mahmud Nuremberg Nutation Nuthatch Nutmeg Nutrition Nyasa Nyasaland Nymph Nymphs |