OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/3/Counties/Monona

​ MONONA COUNTY lies on the Missouri River in the fifth tier south of the Minnesota line. It is about thirty miles long from east to west by twenty-four wide containing an area of six hundred eighty-five square miles. The county was created in 1851 from territory in the old county of Benton; the name is of Indian origin. In 1865 the eastern tier of townships was detached and given to Crawford County. The valley of the Missouri River spreads out to a great width in this county containing more than 165,000 acres of level bottom lands of unsurpassed fertility, the black soil varying in depth from six to fifteen feet. The Little Sioux River runs in a southwesterly direction through the county.
The first permanent settler was Isaac Ashton, who, in 1852, made a claim about two miles north of Onawa, while Josiah Sumner located near him. The same year Aaron Cook settled on the bank of the Missouri River at a place which became known as Cook’s Landing. In 1854, Charles B. Thompson, a Mormon leader, with several followers settled on Soldier Creek. During the year he was joined by about fifty Mormon families who preëmpted several thousand acres of the best lands in that vicinity. Thompson laid out a town called Preparation. A quarrel arose among the members of the colony; litigation ensued and the members gradually disposed of their lands and removed to other parts.
The county government was organized in 1854 by the election of the following officers: Charles B. Thompson, ​county judge; treasurer and recorder, Hugh Lytle; clerk, Andrew Hall; and J. F. Lane, sheriff. The county business was transacted at the Mormon town, Preparation. The commissioners chosen to locate the county-seat selected Ashton in the fall of 1854. The same year Mr. Thompson started two papers; one, a weekly called The Messenger, and the other a monthly named Zion’s Harbinger. The were published at Preparation.
In 1857 the Mormon Land Company laid out the town of Onawa and the first house was built by S. S. Pearse in July, while J. E. Morrison the same season built a hotel called the Onawa House. C. E. Whiting was one of the early settlers in the county who planted large orchards and extensive groves of trees.
In 1858, by a vote of the people the county-seat was moved to Onawa. The Sioux City and Pacific Railroad was the first built through the county.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/3/Counties/Madison

​ MADISON COUNTY which was at one time a part of the original county of Demoine, was established in January, 1846, lies in the third tier north of the Missouri line and in the fourth east of the Missouri River and was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United States. It is traversed by the North, Middle and South rivers along which are borders of native forest.
The first settler in the county was Hiram Hurst who came from Missouri in May, 1845, and took a claim in Crawford township. In May, 1846, Joel, Isaac and Charles Clanton and Caleb Clark with their families ​settled along Clanton’s Creek. About the same time Samuel Guye and family located on the divide between Middle and North rivers. Crosby B. Jones and Seth Adams took claims near Middle River. Alfred D. Jones opened the first store at a place called the “Narrows” about four miles east of where Winterset stands. The first post-office was established at this place with Mr. Jones postmaster.
In July, 1849, the commissioners chosen for that purpose selected a site for the county-seat on a farm owned by John Guiberson who sold it to the county. The day was cold for midsummer when the commissioners assembled at the house of Enos Berger to agree upon a name for the new town. One of them suggested “Summerset.” William Combes who had been fortifying himself with “sod corn juice” against the cold, exclaimed “We had a site better call it Winterset”; his colleagues at once agreed and that became the name of the new county-seat.
The first county officers were chosen in April, 1849, consisting of G. W. McClellan, clerk; P. M. Boyles, recorder; Joseph K. Evans, treasurer; A. D. Jones, prosecuting attorney, and William Combes, David Bishop and William Gentry, county commissioners. The commissioners caused a double log house to be erected for the use of the county officials and courts. Judge William McKay held the first court in May, 1849, in a cabin used for a store and saloon. Enos Barger built the first house in Winterset and became the first postmaster. He also built a log house for a hotel in 1849 which was the largest building in the town. John A. Pitzer the following year built the first frame house in the county. In 1856 James Ilor brought an old printing press and type in a wagon from Sandusky, Ohio, and began the publication of a weekly newspaper called the Iowa Patriot which afterwards became the Winterset Madisonian. The Rock Island ​road runs through the northern part of the county with a branch to Winterset.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/3/Counties/Marion

​ MARION COUNTY was created in June, 1845, from territory embraced in the original county of Demoine. It lies in the fifth tier west of the Mississippi River and in the third north of Missouri, is twenty-four miles square and contains five hundred seventy-six square miles. The county was named for General Francis Marion of the Revolutionary War. The Des Moines River and its tributaries flow through the county in a southeasterly direction; the water courses are usually bordered with forests and the county has large deposits of coal.
The first white settlers were Indian traders who, as early as 1841, established trading posts at several points. William Phelps was the first who opened a trading house near the eastern border. John Jordon, Gaddis, Nye, Turner and Shaw established posts near Red Rock. The county was opened to white settlers May 1, 1843, when ​a large number secured claims upon which they made homes. During the year settlements were made at Red Rock, White Breast, Bluffington and other localities, making a population of more than seventy families.
In the spring of 1845 the citizens held a meeting at the house of Nathan Bass on Lake Prairie and took the first steps toward organizing a county government. Commissioners were chosen, located the county-seat in August and gave it the name of Knoxville in honor of General Knox of the Revolutionary War. An election was held at which the following county officers were chosen: Conrad Walter, William Welch and David Durham, commissioners; Sanford Dowd, clerk; F. A. Barker, probate judge; James M. Walters, sheriff; David T. Durham, treasurer, and Robert S. Lowrey, recorder.
Judge Williams held the first court at the new county-seat in March, 1846. The first settlers in Knoxville were Luther C. Conrey, Lysander W. Babbitt, George Gillaspy and Lewis Pierce. Mr. Conrey built the first house.
In 1847 a colony of Hollanders under the leadership of Henry P. Scholte located at Lake Prairie where they purchased 13,000 acres of land upon which they built sod houses thatched with slough grass. In the spring of 1848 Mr. Scholte and others laid out a town which they named Pella, the “city of refuge.” In February, 1855, H. P. Scholte and Edwin H. Grant issued the first number of a weekly newspaper called the Pella Gazette which was the first journal established in the county. In 1853 the preliminary steps were taken to organize a college at Pella which was named the Central University of Iowa.
In October, 1855, William M. Stone, afterwards Governor of the State, established the Knoxville Journal at the county-seat. The Des Moines Valley Railroad was the first built into the county.
# Gospel of the Hebrews

The Gospel of the Hebrews was a Jewish–Christian gospel, likely written in Greek in the early 2nd century. Most of the gospel's text is lost, but fragments have been preserved in quotations within other works.
English-language translations of Gospel of the Hebrews include:
* The Gospel According to the Hebrews, ed. and trans. by Edward Byron Nicholson (1879)
* The Gospel according to the Hebrews, in The Apocryphal New Testament, ed. and trans. by Montague Rhodes James (1924)
# Gospel of the Nativity of Mary

* related portals: Christianity.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Pseudo-Matthew This was originally a part of the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, and was treated as an independent work around the ninth century.

## Translations

* Gospel of the Nativity of Mary (Jeremiah Jones translation), 18th century, reprinted in The Suppressed Gospels and Epistles
* Gospel of the Nativity of Mary (Roberts-Donaldson translation), from Ante-Nicene Fathers, 19th century
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Hawkins Taylor

​HAWKINS TAYLOR, one of the earliest pioneer lawmakers of Iowa, was born in Barren County, Kentucky, November 11, 1811. He came to the “Black Hawk Purchase” in 1836 and located at West Point in Lee County. When the Territory of Iowa was created in 1838 Mr. Taylor was elected to the House of the First Legislative Assembly. He was one of the leaders in driving the Mormons from the city of Nauvoo and arrested Hyram, the brother of the Prophet Joseph Smith. In 1857 Mr. Taylor was mayor of the city of Keokuk. In 1860 he was a delegate to the National Republican Convention which nominated Abraham Lincoln for President. In 1863 he was appointed Post-Office Inspector of Kansas where he served two years. In 1868 he removed to Washington, D. C., which became his home. He was a frequent contributor to the historical publications of Iowa, having an intimate knowledge of men and events of the early pioneer period. He died on the 15th of November, 1893.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Henry C. Bulis

​ HENRY C. BULIS was born in Clinton County, New York, November 7, 1830. His father removed to Vermont and settled on a farm where Henry lived until twenty-one years of age, assisting at farm work during the summers and attending district school during the winter months. He taught school several terms and attended medical lectures, taking a degree at a medical college in Philadelphia in 1854. In October of that year he came to Iowa, locating at Decorah, where he entered upon the ​practice of medicine. In 1858 he was elected superintendent of schools. In the fall of 1865 he was nominated by the Republicans for the State Senate and elected for four years. In that body he served as chairman of the committee on schools and State University. In 1871 he became the Republican candidate for Lieutenant-Governor and was elected, serving one term. In 1876 he was appointed a member of the Sioux Indian Commission for the purpose of purchasing the Black Hills reservation. In 1878 he was appointed a special Indian agent but resigned after nine months' service. He served in 1883 as a special agent of the Land Department. Mr. Bulis was a prominent candidate before the Republican Convention in 1889 for Representative in Congress in the Fourth District but after sixty ballots withdrew in favor of J. H. Sweeney, who was nominated. He served as a regent of the State University many years and was curator of the State Historical Society, mayor and postmaster of Decorah. Dr. Bulis died at Decorah on the 7th of September, 1897.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Henry C. Caldwell

​ HENRY C. CALDWELL was born in Marshall County, Virginia, September 4, 1832. His father came with his family to the “Black Hawk ​Purchase” in 1836, locating at Bentonsport, in Van Buren County. Here the son assisted in the work of the farm, attending the public school in the winter. He began to read law at the early age of thirteen and in 1847 walked to Keosauqua and procured a place in the law office of Wright and Knapp. After a few years he became a partner in the firm and when twenty-four was elected prosecuting attorney. In 1859 he was elected to the House of the Eighth General Assembly and was appointed chairman of the judiciary committee. When the Civil War began he was commissioned major of the Third Cavalry and reached the rank of colonel in 1804. In June of that year he was appointed by President Lincoln Judge of the United States District Court for Arkansas. He served in that position until 1891 when he was appointed Judge of the United States Circuit Court for the District of Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, North and South Dakota, Wyoming and Colorado. He has rendered many important and far-reaching decisions affecting the rights of the common people and especially protecting laborers from oppression of powerful corporations. In his official capacity he is above the influence which wealth and power too often combine to accomplish selfish purposes.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Hardin Nowlin

​ HARDIN NOWLIN, one of the earliest of the pioneers of Iowa, was born October 12, 1804. He took up his residence in Dubuque in 1833 before the “Black Hawk Purchase” was incorporated into Michigan Territory. In 1836, when it was a part of Wisconsin Territory, and there were but two organized counties west of the Mississippi River, Mr. Nowlin was chosen one of the Representatives from Dubuque County to the Legislative Assembly which met at Belmont in October of that year. When the Territory of Iowa was created in 1838, Mr. Nowlin was again elected to its First Legislative Assembly which convened in Burlington in November. He thus participated in the framing and enactment of the first laws extended over Iowa citizens. He died at Waterloo in 1892.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Harvey Ingham

[Harvey Ingham]
​HARVEY INGHAM, journalist, was born at Algona, Iowa, September 8, 1858, and was educated in the public schools and the State University ​of Iowa. He graduated from the Law Department in 1881, and returning to Algona in 1882 he purchased an interest in the Upper Des Moines. Taking editorial charge of the paper he developed into an able journalist. He served as postmaster of Algona from 1898 to 1902. In 1892 he was elected regent of the State University, serving until 1902. Upon the consolidation of the Iowa State Register and the Des Moines Leader at the Capital, Mr. Ingham was selected by the owners as the managing editor and at once entered upon the duties of the position.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Henry C. Traverse

​ HENRY C. TRAVERSE was born in White County, Illinois, August 28, 1839. His father removed with his family to Monroe County, Iowa, in 1846, where the son attended the public schools. Going to Keokuk he learned the printer's trade after which he taught school. He then studied law with George W. McCrary and was admitted to the bar of Bloomfield in 1862. He soon after enlisted in Company F, Thirtieth Iowa Volunteers, which was attached to the Fifteenth Army Corps. The regiment participated in the battles of Haines Bluff, Arkansas Post, Siege of Vicksburg, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, besides many minor engagements. Mr. Traverse was discharged at the expiration of three years, with the rank of orderly sergeant. He returned to Bloomfield, resuming the practice of law, and in 1867 was elected to the State Senate, serving in the Twelfth and Thirteenth General Assemblies. In 1879 he was again elected to the Senate, serving but one session when he was elected judge of the Second Judicial District. He held this position by reëlections for fourteen years.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Harvey Graham

​ HARVEY GRAHAM was born in the State of Pennsylvania in the year 1827 and came to Iowa many years before the War of the Rebellion. He was a mill-wright by trade and lived at Iowa City. In the spring of 1861 he was chosen first lieutenant of Company B of the First Iowa Infantry and was in command of the company at the Battle of Wilson's Creek where he was wounded. Upon the organization of the Twenty-second Iowa Infantry he was appointed major of the regiment and soon after was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In May, 1864, he became colonel and took command of the regiment, serving with gallantry in Sheridan's campaign in the Shenandoah Valley. He remained in the service to the close of the war.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Henry B. Hendershott

​ HENRY B. HENDERSHOTT was born in Miami County, Ohio, May 15, 1816, and his youthful years were spent on a farm in Illinois. He earned his way through college at Jacksonville by labor on a farm. In 1837 he came to the “Black Hawk Purchase” and studied law in Burlington. He began to practice at Agency City in 1843 and two years later was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for the Seventh District. As clerk of the court, he organized the county of Wapello. In, 1847 he was appointed Deputy Surveyor-General of Iowa and Wisconsin under General Jones. In 1848 he was appointed one of the commissioners, with Joseph G. Brown, to settle the disputed boundary between the States of Iowa and Missouri. They, in conjunction with a similar commission from Missouri, established a boundary line which was finally adopted and confirmed by the courts as the true and permanent boundary. In 1850 Mr. Hendershott was elected to the State Senate from the district composed of the counties of Wapello, Lucas and Monroe, serving four years. He took a prominent part in the enactment of the Code of 1851. He was a member of the Iowa Geographical and Historical Societies and was a frequent contributor to their publications. In 1856 he was elected judge of the Third District. He was one of the early and influential leaders of the Democratic party of Iowa. He died at Ottumwa August 10, 1900.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Harriet A. Ketcham

​ HARRIET A. KETCHAM was born in New Market, Ohio, July 12, 1846. Her parents removed to Mount Pleasant, Iowa, when she was but five years old where she graduated from the Wesleyan University of that place. While quite young she was married to William B. Ketcham, a manufacturer, of Mount Pleasant. It was eight years after her marriage that she turned her attention to the art in which she became known ​throughout the State. Beginning to model in clay she soon discovered her skill in shaping figures. She was fascinated with the work and soon began a course of instruction with noted sculptors. Mrs. Ketcham finally determined to devote her time and talent to the profession and placed herself under the guidance of the famous Clark Mill. After ten years of work and instruction in this country she went to Italy and in Rome pursued her studies under the instruction of the most noted sculptors of that city. While there she executed the figure of “Peri at the Gates of Paradise,” which was taken to the Columbian Exposition and afterward placed in the Library of the State House at Des Moines. When designs were sought for the Iowa Soldiers' Monument there were forty-seven submitted. The one made by Mrs. Ketcham was accepted by the commissioners and the structure erected after that model. She made busts of President Lincoln, Senators Harlan and Allison and Judge Samuel P. Miller. Mrs. Ketcham was stricken with paralysis while in the midst of her work, and died on the 20th of October, 1890.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Hamlin Garland

See Author:Hamlin Garland
​HAMLIN GARLAND, poet and novelist, was born at West Salem, Wisconsin, September 16, 1860. His parents removed to Iowa when he was a child and his early education was acquired in the district schools of Mitchell County. He attended the Cedar Valley Seminary at Osage, where he graduated in 1881. When not in school he worked on the farm and later taught school in Illinois. He took a claim in Dakota, where he remained but a short time, when he went to Boston and began to write stories which at once attracted attention. In 1893 he returned to the west, making his home in Chicago. Mr. Garland is a writer whose articles and stories have appeared in the leading magazines of the country. He has also published a number of strong stories in book form. The first which brought him into general notice, and which, in the opinion of his Iowa friends, he has not surpassed is “Main Traveled Roads,” a vivid picture of the West as he knew it immediately after the war. Mr. Garland has also written a series of tales of Iowa political life, among them the “Spoil of Office.” “Rose of Dutchess Coolie” and the “Captain of the Gray Horse Troop” are his latest stories. Mr. Garland has also written a number of poems which have appeared under the title of “Prairie Songs.”
# Houghton v. Payne

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
194 U.S. 88
Houghton v. Payne
Argued: March 10, 1904. --- Decided: April 11, 1904
This was a bill in equity originally filed in the supreme court of the District of Columbia by the firm of Houghton, Miffin, & Co., against the Postmaster General, praying that a certain publication, known as the Riverside Literature Series, be entered and transmitted through the mails as second-class mail matter, and for an injunction to restrain the cancelation of a certain certificate of entry, previously issued, allowing such transmission.
The answer denied that the Riverside Literature Series constituted a periodical within the meaning and intent of the statute; that, although complying with the external characteristics and conditions of second-class mail matter, nevertheless, internally and in substance, they have not the characteristics of second-class matter, but have the peculiarities of books, and are in fact books.
The case was heard upon the pleadings and an exhibit of the series, and a decree rendered in accordance with the prayer of the bill. 31 Wash. L. Rep. 178. An appeal was taken to the court of appeals of the District of Columbia, which reversed the decree of the supreme court, and dismissed the bill. 31 Wash. L. Rep. 390.
Mr. Justice Brown delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Houghton Mifflin Company v. Stackpole Sons (41 U.S.P.Q. 404)

District Court, S. D. New York Houghton Mifflin Company v. Stackpole Sons, Inc., et al. No. 2-256 Decided Feb. 28, 1939
On motion for preliminary injunction.
Reversed at 42 USPQ 96.
Coxe, District Judge.—I do not think that this case is sufficiently clear to warrant the issuance of a preliminary injunction. The defendants have raised questions of title and validity [of the copyright] which are not free from doubt; the facts are in dispute; and the issues cannot properly be determined on affidavits. It may be that the plaintiff will succeed at the trial, but on the present showing I cannot say that it will do so with the degree of certainty required for the issuance of a preliminary injunction.
The motion of the plaintiff for a preliminary injunction is denied.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse