OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/verwittern

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry verwittern. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ verwittern, verb, ‘to decompose, decay,’ Modern High German only. Allied to English ‘to wither,’ from Middle English widren, ‘to wither, vanish’; also primitively to Lithuanian výstu (výsti), ‘to wither,’ pavaitínti, ‘to cause to wither.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/vier

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry vier. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ vier, numeral, ‘four,’ from the equivalent Middle High German vier, Old High German fior; corresponding to Old Saxon fiwar, Dutch vier, Anglo-Saxon feower, feówer, English four; the Anglo-Saxon variant fyðer- (in compounds) points, like the corresponding Gothic fidwôr ( fidur-), to a primary form detwor, petur, for qetwor, qetur. The latter forms show that Teutonic vier is connected with Latin quattuor, Greek τέσσαρες (πίσυρες), Sanscrit catur, Old Slovenian četyri, ‘four.’ The common Aryan qetur-, ktru-, is also indicated by Modern High German Raute (from hrûdô-, equivalent to krû-tā́, literally ‘quaternity.’ —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/verzeihen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry verzeihen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ verzeihen, verb, ‘to pardon, excuse,’ from the equivalent Middle High German verzîhen, which usually means ‘to deny, refuse,’ then ‘to renounce, abandon.’ To this Verzicht and verzichten are allied.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/vollkommen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry vollkommen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ vollkommen, adjective, ‘perfect, complete,’ from Middle High German volkumen, ‘accomplished, grown up, complete’; properly a participle of Middle High German volkumen, ‘to reach the end or goal.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/verwesen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry verwesen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ verwesen, verb, ‘to decay, rot,’ from Middle High German verwësen (Old High German *firwësan), strong verb, ‘to come to nothing, pass away, destroy.’ Compare Gothic frawisan, ‘to consume, waste, squander’ (note frawaírþan, ‘to be destroyed’). However clearly these seem to point to a connection with Wesen (root wës, ‘to be’), yet Old High German wësanên, ‘to get dry, rotten,’ Old Icelandic visenn, ‘faded, decayed,’ and Anglo-Saxon weornían, ‘to destroy,’ suggest a Teutonic and Aryan root wī̆s, ‘to decay,’ from which Greek ἰός, Latin virus (for *visus), Sanscrit viša, ‘poison,’ are derived. —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/verwirren

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry verwirren. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ verwirren, see wirr.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/viel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry viel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ viel, adverb and adjective, ‘much,’ from the equivalent Middle High German vil, vile, Old High German filu, substantive and adverb; properly the neuter of a pre-Teutonic adjective felu-, of which, however, the Old Teutonic dialects have preserved only scanty relics; compare Gothic filu (and the genitive filaus, adverb, ‘by much’), Anglo-Saxon feolu (feala), Dutch veel, Old Saxon filu, ‘much.’ The Teutonic adjective ​filu, from *fëlu-, is based on Aryan adjective pelu (polú-), from which Sanscrit purú, Old Persian paru, Greek πολύ-, Old Irish il, ‘much,’ are derived; so too Latin pollere, ‘to be strong.’ The root of these cognates is the same as in voll, which see. The disappearance of the old adjective felu- was due chiefly to the cognates of mancher (Gothic manags); yet the other Aryan languages use the adjective only sparingly. —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/ohn-

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry ohn-. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ ohn- in ohngeachtet, ‘notwithstanding,’ ohnlängst, ‘not long ​since,’ represents un- under the influence of Dutch on, ‘un-.’ —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/ob

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry ob. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ ob (1.), preposition and adverb, ‘over, above,’ from Middle High German obe, ob, preposition and adverb, ‘aloft, above, across,’ so too Old High German oba; compare Anglo-Saxon ufe-weard, ‘upper.’ Modern High German ob has been retained chiefly in compounds such as Obacht and Obdach. Allied to oben.
ob (2.), conjunction, ‘whether, if,’ from Middle High German obe, ob, op, conjunction, ‘if, as if, although, whether,’ so too Old High German oba, with the earlier variant ibu, ‘if, whether’; corresponding to Old Saxon ef, of (Anglo-Saxon gif, English if). Gothic ibai, iba, ‘whether then, perhaps, probably, lest perhaps,’ with the corresponding negative nidai, niba, ‘unless.’ The Old High German form is the dative and instrumental of iba, feminine, ‘doubt, condition,’ Old Icelandic ife, efe, masculine, and if, ef, neuter, ‘doubt.’ Hence the literally meaning of the conjunction is ‘in doubt, on condition.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/offen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry offen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ offen, adjective, from the equivalent Middle High German offen, Old High German offan, adjective, ‘open’; it has the same meaning in all the Teutonic languages except. Gothic, where *upans is wanting. Compare Old Icelandic openn, Anglo-Saxon and English open, Dutch open, Old Saxon opan; the adjective seems similar in form to a participle, but the primitively verb cannot be adduced. It is also doubtful whether auf, Old Saxon upp, Gothic iup, is allied, so that offen would mean literally ‘drawn up.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/oft

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry oft. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ oft, adverb, from the equivalent Middle High German oft, ofte, Old High German ofto, adverb, ‘often, frequently’; corresponding. to Gothic ufta, Old Icelandic opt, Anglo-Saxon oft, English oft (extended form often), Old Saxon oft, ofto, ‘often.’ These adverb forms seem to be petrified cases of an obsolete substantive or adjective participle; they have also been connected with the participle of the Sanscrit root uc, ‘to be fond of doing.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/nüchtern

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry nüchtern. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ nüchtern, adjective, from the equivalent Middle High German nüchtern, nüchter, Old High German nuohturn, nuohtarnîn, adjective, ‘without food or drink, fasting, temperate,’ compare Dutch nuchter, Anglo-Saxon nixtnig. The assumption that the word is based on Latin nocturnus does not suffice to explain the meaning of nüchtern, since the Latin term signifies only ‘nocturnal, at night’; nor is it possible to regard Old High German nuohturn as a genuine Teutonic derivative of Aryan nō̆kt, ‘night’ (Old Icelandic nótt), since it must have been equivalent in meaning to Latin nocturnus. It may more probably be compared with Greek νηφάλιος, ‘I am sober,’ νηφάλιος, νήπτης, ‘sober, without wine,’ the φ-π of which may represent an old guttural. In spite of this probable connection of the root, the suffix of nüchtern is still obscure,
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/oder

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry oder. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ oder, conjunction, from the equivalent Middle High German oder, Old High German odar, ‘or, else’; the Old High German and Middle High German ordinary form are without r; ​Old High German odo, earlier ëddo, Middle High German ode, od. This abnormal r is, according to some, a comparative suffix; according to others it is simply an suffix due to the influence of Old High German wëdar, Middle High German wëder, ‘neither.’ Old High German ëddo, ëdo, correspond further to Gothic aíþþau, ‘or,’ which is a compound of Gothic iþ, ‘and’ (Latin et), and þau, ‘or.’ English or has no connection with this word, since it originated in Anglo-Saxon âhwœþer; Gothic aíþþau is Anglo-Saxon oþþe and ëþþa, ‘or,’ which became obsolete ar an early period.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/nähren

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry nähren. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ nähren, verb, ‘to nourish, support, foster,’ from Middle High German nęrn, nęrigen, Old High German nęren, nęrian; properly causative of genesen, hence ‘to cause to recover, make healthy, heal, rescue, keep alive.’ The modern gene is found as early as Middle High German. The word corresponds to Old Saxon nęrian, Anglo-Saxon nęrigan, Gothic nasjan, ‘to rescue.’ The change of s (for z) to West Teutonic and Scandinavian r at the end of the stem in causative verbs is normal (compare lehren); allied to Old Icelandic nœ́ra. See nahrhaft and genesen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/nütze

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry nütze. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ nütze, adjective, ‘useful,’ from Middle High German nütze, Old High German nuzzi, adjective, ‘profitable’; Gothic un-nuts, ‘useless’; compare Anglo-Saxon nytt, ‘useful.’ Allied to genießen, where other derivatives and cognates of the strong verb are adduced.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/oben

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry oben. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ oben, adverb, ‘above, aloft,’ from Middle High German obene, Old High German obana, adverb, ‘above, from above’; so too Old Saxon oƀan, oƀana, ‘down from above,’ Anglo-Saxon ufan, ‘from above,’ English preserved only in ab-ove. Allied to ober.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/ober

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry ober. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ ober (1.), comparative, ‘upper, higher,’ from Middle High German obere, Old High German obaro, ‘the superior’; properly the comparative of ob. From this was formed, even in Old High German, a new superlative obarôst (Middle High German oberest).
ober (2.), preposition, ‘over, above, beyond,’ of Middle German and Low German origin, as is indicated by the stem vowel, for the o which prevails in Middle German and Low German obar, oƀar, Anglo-Saxon ofer, English over, and the equivalent Dutch over, is always represented in High German by u. See über and auf.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Klang

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Klang | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Klang, m., ‘sound, clang,’ from the equiv. MidHG. klanc (gen. klanges), m., with the variant klanc (gen. klankes), OHG. chlang; comp. Du. klank, m., ‘clang, sound,’ as well as E. clank and clang; AS. *clong, *clonc, are wanting, so too Goth. *klaggs and *klagks; comp. also MidHG. klunc (klunges), m., ‘sound,’ and klinc (klinges), m., ‘tone, clangour.’ The form klank with a final k is to be regarded perhaps like falzen compared with falten, Zicke with Ziege, and Kitze with OIc. kið (comp. also krank), i.e., k represents kk for Aryan kn; glank (or rather glangh) is perhaps the Aryan root of the Teut. cognates, unless we are tempted to regard Klang (comp. klingen) as a new onomatopoetic word (comp. Gr. κλαγγή, Lat. clangor).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Klei

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Klei | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Klei, m., ‘clay,’ ModHG. only, from LG. klei, ‘slime, loam, moist earth,’ allied to Du. klei, f., ‘marsh soil, clay, loam'; comp. E. clay, from AS. clœ̂g. An assumed Goth. *kladdja, f., may be connected with the root klai, by gradation klî, meaning ‘to cleave (to),’ which has a wider ramification in OTeut.; AS. clâm (from klaim), ‘loam, clay,’ E. (dial.) cloam, ‘pottery,’ OHG. chleimen, Scand. kleima, klîna, ‘to besmear’; comp. Kleister and klein. It corresponds in the non-Teut. languages to Gr. γλοι, by gradation γλι; comp. γλοιός, ‘oil lees, clammy stuff,’ as well as γλίνη and γλιά, ‘glue'; Lat. glus, gluten, with û for older oi; OSlov. glina, ‘clay,’ glěnŭ, ‘slime’ (Lett. glĭwe, ‘slime’?). Further MidHG. klënen, ‘to cleave (to), spread over,’ is connected with the Gr. and Slav. noun with the suffix na.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Kleid

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kleid | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kleid, n., ‘dress,’ from the equiv. MidHG. kleit (gen. kleides), n.; wanting in OHG. till the middle of the 12th cent.; hence the word is supposed to be borrowed from Du. kleed. Unknown orig. to OSax. also, as well as to Goth. and several AS. records (AS. clâþ, n., ‘cloth, dress,’ E. cloth; OIc. klœ́þi, m., ‘stuff, cloth, dress’). The history of the word, which is more widely diffused in the modern Teut. languages, is obscure on account of the want of early references and the divergence of the earliest recorded forms, AS clûþ, n., and OIc. klœ́ði, n. (the latter too has an abnormal â instead of ei for the Teut. oi). If the dental of AS. clâþ be regarded as derivative (Goth. *klai-þa), we may infer from the AS. and OIc. meaning ‘stuff, cloth’ (AS. cildclâþ, prop. ‘child's clothes,’ with the special sense ‘swaddling cloth’), a root klai signifying perhaps ‘to weave.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Klapp

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Klapp | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Klapp, m., ‘clap, slap, blow,’ ModHG. only, adopted from LG., like its cognates (Klappe, klappen, Klapps). Only klappern, vb., ‘to clatter,’ is current in MidHG. without any presumption of its being borrowed; perhaps it is onomatopoetic. ModHG. Klapp, ‘blow,’ is phonetically MidHG. klapf, klaf, m., ‘report, crack’; comp. Klaff.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Kleck

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kleck | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kleck, Klecks, m., ‘blot,’ ModHG. simply; only the vb. klecken (klecksen) may be traced farther back, MidHG. klęcken, ‘to blot, stain, sputter,’ also ‘to strike sonorously’; the corresponding klac (ckes), m., signifies ‘rent, slit, crack.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Kleie

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kleie | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kleie, f., ‘bran,’ from the equiv. MidHG. klîe, usually plur. klîen, with the earlier variant klîwen, OHG. chlîa, chlîwa, ​plur. chlîwûn, f.; wanting in Goth., E., and Scand.; comp. further MidLG. clîge, Mod. Du. wanting; Swed. kli, ‘bran.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Klaue

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Klaue | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Klaue, f., ‘claw, talon, fang,’ from the equiv. MidHG. klâwe, klâ, OHG. chlâwa, chlôa, f. (comp. Braue, from OHG. brâwa). The variants in MidHG. and OHG. render it difficult to determine the Goth. form; AS. clâ, cleá, cleó (plur. clâwe), clawu (ă?) are also difficult to explain phonetically; Goth. *klêwa, f., is probable, although OIc. kló allows us to infer a graded form, *klôwa, f. The common Teut. stem means ​'claw,’ but it is not found in the non-Teut. languages. The root is klu, pre-Teut. glu (comp. Knäuel); OIc. klá, ‘to scratch, shave,’ based on a Teut. klah, is scarcely connected with these cognates.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Klause

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Klause | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Klause, f., ‘cell,’ from MidHG. klûse, klûs, f., ‘hermitage, cell,’ also ‘monastery,’ OHG. chlûsa. MidLat. clausa, clusa, clausum, closum, with the meanings ‘locus seu ager sepibus vel muris septus aut clausus,’ also ‘monastery’; hence the HG. word is based on clusa, which is a later participial form, due to clûsus, the partic. of the compounds of claudere, in place of the earlier clausus (comp. Ital. chiusa). On the other hand, MidHG. klôse, klôs, f., ‘hermitage, monastery,’ with the derivative klôsenœre, ‘hermit’ (comp. MidLat. clausarius, ‘monk,’ but clûsinaria, f., ‘virgo deo sacra reclusa’), is based on MidLat. clausa, *clôsa (comp. clôsum). The MidHG. meanings of klôse, klûse, ‘rocky cleft, defile, ravine,’ are connected with MidLat. clûsa, ‘angustus montium aditus.’ Comp. also Kloster, AS. clûs, f., ‘cell.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Klausel

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Klausel | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Klausel, f., ‘clause,’ in use since the 15th cent., from Lat. clausula.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Klee

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Klee | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Klee, m., ‘clover,’ from the equiv. MidHG. klê (gen. k'êwes), m., OHG. chlê, chlêo (gen. chlêwes). m. and n.; based on klaiw- (see See, Schnee). The remaining LG. dials., have an extended form, in some cases only partially corresponding, AS. clœ̂fre, clâfre, f., E. clover, Du. klaver, LG. klever and klȧver, ‘clover.’ Perhaps these are based on some obscure compound. Except in the West Teut. languages, too, there are no terms cognate with HG. Klee; in Scand., Ic. smári (smœrur), Norw. and Swed. (dial.) smœre are used; Dan. klöver is borrowed.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/weder

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry weder. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ weder, particle, in conjunction with noch, from Middle High German newëder, Old High German niwëdar; this is properly a neuter of wëdar, ‘each of two,’ niwëdar... noh, ‘neither of the two... nor.’ Compare the corresponding development of entweder, and also English either (literally ‘each of two’).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/warnen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry warnen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ warnen, verb, ‘to warn, admonish,’ from Middle High German warnen, ‘to watch over, protect,’ Old High German warnen (węrnen), ‘to deny, refuse, decline.’ Corresponding to Old Saxon węrnian, ‘to decline, withhold.’ Anglo-Saxon wyrnan, English warn, Old Icelandic varna, ‘to refuse.’ On account of the meaning the connection with Old High German warnôn (see wahren) is dubious; undoubted cognates have not yet been found.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/wecken

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry wecken. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ wecken, verb, ‘to wake, awake,’ from the equivalent Middle High German węcken, Old High German węcchen (from *wakjan), strong verb; corresponding to Gothic wakjan (uswakjan), Old Icelandic vekja, Anglo-Saxon węččęan, Dutch wekken, Old Saxon wękkian, ‘to awake.’ The common Teutonic wakjan has the form and meaning of an old causative, but presupposes a Teutonic *wëkan, which does not occur (the apparently primary Gothic wakan, strong verb, was originally weak). Sanscrit too has only the causative vâjáy, ‘to stir, incite,’ of the corresponding root; this meaning throws light on the Teutonic cognates; Latin vigil, ‘awake,’ and vegêre, ‘to be lively, excite,’ are also probably allied. The lately formed adjective Modern High German wach shows that from the primitively causative wogéy (Teutonic wakj-) numerous cognates might be gradually developed.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/warum

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry warum. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ warum, adverb, ‘why, for what reason,’ from Middle High German and late Old High German warumbe (in earlier Old High German hwanta). The first part of the word seems to be the adverb wara, ‘whither,’ which is derived from hwa- (see wer).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/was

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry was. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ was, neuter of wer, ‘what’; compare Middle High German and Old High German waȥ (from hwaȥ); compare English what. Corresponding to Latin quod, Sanscrit kad.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/waschen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry waschen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ waschen, verb, ‘to wash,’ from the equivalent Middle High German waschen (węschen), Old High German wascan, strong verb; compare Dutch wasschen, Anglo-Saxon wasčan, English to wash, Old Icelandic vaska (Gothic *waskan), ‘to wash.’ The sk of the old forms was originally only a part of the present stem, but was afterwards joined to the base; it may have been preceded by a dental. Teutonic *watska- probably based on the Teutonic nominal stem wat, ‘water’ (see Wasser); compare Old Irish usce, ‘water’ Irish faiscim, Welsh gwasgu, ‘I press,’ may, however, with equal reason, be connected with waschen.