OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Manuscript

Edition of 1802.
​MANUSCRIPT, signifies a book or paper written by hand, as opposed to those which are printed.
Having already pointed out, in the article Deed, the most easy method of restoring written characters that are almost obliterated, we shall at present state a simple contrivance by which, we believe, manuscripts may be rendered legible, though the letters be totally effaced.—First, let the obliterated, paper be slightly moistened with a sponge dipt in cold water, after which some galls finely levigated, are to be sifted over the paper. When it is perfectly dry, the powder should be gently shaken off, or removed with a soft brush: thus part of it will adhere to the former outlines that still exist in the paper, and the letters will immediately re-appear.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Marble

Edition of 1802.
​MARBLE, in Natural History, a genus of stones that admit of a bright and beautiful polish: they are composed of small separate concretions, moderately hard; not emitting fire, when stricken against steel; effervescing with, and soluble in acids; and calcining in a moderate fire.
The finest modern marbles are those of Italy, Blankenburg, France and Flanders. In some of the Western Islands of Scotland, very fine specimens of this fossil have lately been discovered. When chemically examined, marble consists of calcareous earth united with fixed air; and is, like lime-stone, or chalk, convertible into a strong quick-lime.—Black marble derives its colour from a partial admixture of iron.
Staining of Marble.—The pieces to be coloured should be of the hardest kind; previously well polished; and be divested of every spot or blemish. Such only are calculated for supporting the heat which is always necessary, in order to open their pores, and render them susceptible of the colours. On the other hand, too low or too high a degree of heat are equally injurious: hence a due temperature ought to be preserved; and this, without making the marble red, will cause the liquor to boil on its surface.
The principal colours used for staining marble are, red, yellow, and blue: the two first of these tints may be imparted to it, by reducing dragon's blood, or gamboge to a powder, and grinding them separately with spirit of wine in a glass mortar. But, in experiments on a small scale, a little of either of those powders should be mixed with spirit of wine in a silver spoon, and dissolved over a charcoal fire. Thus, a strong tincture will be extracted; with which, by the aid of a pencil, the finest traces may be drawn on marble, while cold: on heating the latter in an oven, the marks will penetrate deeply, and remain perfectly distinct.
A fine blue colour may be communicated to marble, by a watery solution of the drug, known among dyers by the name of Canary Turnsol, and tracing the marks designed with a pencil. These will strike deeply into the stone, and the colour may be increased, by drawing the moistened pencil repeatedly over the same lines. The staining liquor must always be laid on, cold; nor should the marble afterwards be heated; yet such blue is apt to spread itself irregularly, unless its outlines be circumscribed by wax, or other adhesive matter. This colour possesses the advantage of being applicable to marble that has already been stained with other drugs: it affords, besides, a very beautiful shade, and is not liable to be easily effaced.
In 1778, a patent was granted to Mr. Richter, for his invention ​of an art or method of inlaying scagliola, or plaster in marble or metals, so as to imitate flowers, fruits, trees, birds, beasts, landscapes, and every kind of ornament. This patent is now expired; but, as it is practicable only by statuaries and artists, the inquisitive reader will consult the 10th volume of the Repertory of Arts and Manufactures.
For the easiest method of cleaning marble, or alabaster, see p. 25 of our first volume.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Mare

Edition of 1802.
​MARE, the female of the horse kind.
Having already stated under the article Horse, the proper management of mares, considered as beasts of labour, we shall at present give a few hints relative to their treatment, during the period of foaling.
Mares bring forth after a gestation of about eleven months. Before they are covered, it will be advisable to keep them in the stable for five or six weeks, during which time they ought to be fed with good hay, and sweet oats well sifted: in order to promote the object, about a quart of blood may be taken from each hide of the neck, five or six days previously to their admission.
No mare intended for the stud should be less than six years old: ​the most proper period for accomplishing the purpose, appears to be in the beginning of June, so that she may foal in the succeeding month of May; when the meadows will abound with rich grass, which contributes to the abundant secretion of milk; but Mr. Young (Annals of Agriculture, vol. 36) thinks it is more advantageous when they foal early, for instance, in February; or, which is perhaps still better, in January; though he assigns no reason for such opinion.
The management and diet of the animal should not be changed for three weeks or a month after covering; she ought likewise to be kept clean in the stable, and her feet should be well pared and thinly shod. To facilitate parturition, the animal's nostrils may be closed by hand, at the time ot foaling; in order to prevent her from inhaling the air; and, if such expedient be ineffectual, a pint of warm ale should be given her, with a small quantity of madder.—If the mare be deficient in milk, it has been directed to boil as much as can be drawn from her, together with lavender leaves, and to foment the udder with this decoction while warm, till the knotty tumors that prevent the milk from flowing, be discussed. Her drink ought now, for the space of a month, to consist only of white water, that is, bran and water stirred together, till the liquor appear white. At the end of that period, a decoction of sulphur and savin should be given to the animal, which, as well as the colt, will thus be greatly invigorated.—See also Colt.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Marine Acid

Edition of 1802.
​Marine Acid. See Spirit of Salt.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Maple-tree

Edition of 1802.
​MAPLE-TREE, or Acer, L. a genus of plants, comprising twenty species, of which the following are the principal, viz.
1. The campestris, or Common Maple, which is a native of Britain, grows in thickets and hedges, and flowers in the month of June.—The wood of this species is much used by turners, being far superior to that of the beech. When it abounds with knots, it is greatly esteemed by joiners, for the purpose of inlaying. On account of its lightness, maple-wood is also frequently employed for musical instruments: being remarkably white, it was formerly converted into tables, and other articles of domestic furniture, particularly cups; which last may be turned so thin, as to transmit light. But, at present, this tree is principally planted for hedges, and for underwood; because it is of quick growth, and affords excellent fuel.—According to Dambourney, a decoction of the bark of the common maple, imparts to wool, prepared in a solution of bismuth, a reddish-brown colour similar to that obtained from woad.
2. The Pseudo-platanus. See Sycamore-tree.
3. The Saccharinum, or Sugar-Maple, which is a large, beautiful exotic tree, frequently growing to the height of from 40 to 60 feet, and 2 feet in diameter. Its flowers appear early in the spring, and are succeeded by long winged seeds, which sometimes ripen in England. This species is cultivated to a very considerable extent in North America, for the sake of its vinous juice, which flows, on making incisions in the tree, for several weeks in the spring, and is by evaporation reduced to the consistence of a brownish saccharine substance, known under the name of Maple-sugar. Besides, the sap of this tree affords an excellent vinegar, and a very agreeable kind of melasses which Dr. Rush thinks, may be converted into a wholesome summer-beer.—It is remarkable, that the juice exuding from this ​tree is sweeter and richer, in proportion to the greater or less quantity ot snow fallen during the winter; and that it will flow, even during the latter season, when it is wounded sufficiently deep, and on its southern aspect.—As this valuable tree grows speedily; endures the coldest climates; and (if not drained of its juice), furnishes not only good timber, but also excellent wood for turnery and cabinet-ware, which is not liable to the depredations of the worm, its culture in Britain cannot be too strongly recommended.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Mare's-tail

Edition of 1802.
​MARE's-TAIL, the Common, or Hippuris vulgaris, L. an indigenous perennial plant, growing in ditches and stagnant waters; it flowers in the month of May.
This weakly astringent vegetable is eaten by goats, but refused by cows, sheep, horses, and swine.—Its rough stalks are employed by cabinet-makers and turners, for polishing wood, bones, brass, &c.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Maranta

Edition of 1802.
​Maranta. See Arrow-root.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Marbling

Edition of 1802.
​MARBLING, the art of painting or disposing colours, in such a manner as to imitate marble.
There are several kinds of marbled paper, which vary only in the forms or figures of colouring: some are dotted; others drawn in irregular lines; but the method of tinging them, simply consists in dipping the paper in a thick solution of gum tragacanth, over which the colours are uniformly spread, after having been ground with ox-gall, and spirit of wine.
The paper must first be immersed in clear water, the sheets regularly folded over each other, and covered with a weight. It is now to be carefully laid on the colouring solution, and pressed softly with the hand, that it may bear equally on the whole. Next, it must be suspended in order to dry; and, as soon as the moisture is evaporated, the paper is polished by rubbing it with a little soap, and smoothing it either with glass highly burnished, or with a polished agate.
The colours usually employed for red, are, carmine, lake, or vermillion;—for yellow, Dutch-pink and yellow ochre;—for blue, Prussian-blue and verditer;—for green, verdigrease, a mixture of Dutch-pink, and Prussian-blue, in various proportions;—for orange, the orange-lake, or a composition of vermilion, or red-lead, with Dutch-pink:—and lastly, for purple, rose-pink and Prussian-blue.
These different colours are first to be finely triturated with spirit of wine, when a small proportion of gall is to be added, and the grinding of the whole repeated. The proper quantity of gall can be easily ascertained by comparative trials; because there must be only such a proportion of it used, as will suffer the spots of the various tinging matters to unite, when sprinkled on the solution of tragacanth, without intermixing, or running into each other.—The whole being thus prepared, the solution is to be poured into different vessels, according to the colours employed, which are to be sprinkled on the surface; and the process of marbling is completed by laying the paper on the mixture, in the manner above directed.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vaughan, Rice

​VAUGHAN, RICE (fl. 1650), legal writer, was the son and heir of Henry Vaughan of Machynlleth, Montgomeryshire. He was admitted to Gray's Inn on 13 Aug. 1638 (Foster, Register of Admissions to Gray's Inn). In 1651 he published, with a dedication to parliament, ‘A Plea for the Common Laws of England’ (London, 16mo), a pamphlet in answer to ‘A Good Work for a Good Magistrate,’ published by Hugh Peters [q. v.] He died in or shortly before 1672, in which year his ‘Practica Walliæ,’ a guide to the practice of an attorney in the Welsh courts, was published posthumously, London, 12mo.
He was also the author of ‘A Discourse of Coin and Coinage,’ published in 1675 (London, 12mo), and edited by his relative, Henry Vaughan, who is identified in the British Museum ‘Catalogue’ with Henry Vaughan ‘Silurist’ [q. v.] It is a brief but somewhat interesting treatise on the origin of money, the debasement of coinage, and the relations of the precious metals.
[Vaughan's Works in Brit. Mus.]
W. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vaughan, Robert (1592-1667)

​VAUGHAN, ROBERT (1592–1667), Welsh antiquary, was the only son of Howel Vychan ap Gruffydd ap Hywel of Gwengraig, near Dolgelly, and his wife Margaret, second daughter of Edward Owen of Hengwrt, a son of ‘Baron’ Lewis Owen (d. 1555) [q. v.] On Hywel's acquisition of Hengwrt (by purchase, not by marriage—see Byegones for 1872, p. 99), it became the seat of the family. Robert was born in 1592, and on 4 Dec. 1612 matriculated at Oxford as a commoner of Oriel College. He left without taking a degree, and spent the rest of his life at Hengwrt in studious retirement, ​holding aloof from the political struggles of his day. By his marriage with Catherine, daughter of Gruffydd Nanney of Nannau, he had four sons: Hywel, who succeeded him at Hengwrt and was sheriff of Merioneth in 1671–2 (Kalendars of Gwynedd); Ynyr, Hugh, and Gruffydd. It was in a later generation that the estates of Hengwrt and Nannau became united. Vaughan died on 16 May 1667, and was buried at Dolgelly. He was a diligent collector of Welsh manuscripts, and to his own collection at Hengwrt was added before his death that of John Jones of Gelli Lyfdy, near Caerwys, in virtue of an arrangement between the two that the survivor should become possessed of the manuscripts of both. This joint collection, numbering many hundreds of manuscripts, has been preserved intact to the present day, passing in 1859, on the death of the last of the Vaughans, to the Wynnes of Peniarth, near Towyn, where it is now kept. It includes the ‘Black Book of Carmarthen’ and the ‘Book of Taliesin,’ two of the ‘four ancient books of Wales.’ Among the manuscripts are transcripts and some original tracts by Vaughan, but the only work he printed was ‘British Antiquities Revived’ (Oxford, 1662), an attempt to establish, against South Welsh objectors, the view put forward by Powel in his ‘Historie of Cambria’ as to the supremacy enjoyed by the princes of North Wales over those of Powys and the south. A second edition of this, with an introductory memoir of the author, appeared at Bala in 1834.
[Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500–1714; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss; Dwnn's Heraldic Visitations, ii. 227, 237; Hist. of Powys Fadog, vi. 22, 411, iv. 292–3; Archæologia Cambrensis, 3rd ser. v. 234 (1859). Catalogues of the Hengwrt MSS. are to be found in the Cambrian Register, vol. iii., the Transactions of the Cymrodorion Society for 1843, and Archæologia Cambrensis for 1869, 1870, and 1871.]
J. E. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Greenwood, Thomas

​GREENWOOD, THOMAS (1790–1871), historian, born in 1790, was the second son of Thomas Greenwood, a London merchant. He was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. in 1815 and M.A. in 1831. He entered Gray's Inn on 14 March 1809, and was called to the bar on 24 June 1817. He was appointed fellow and reader in history and polite literature in the university of Durham, and in 1836 he published 'The First Book of the History of the Germans: Barbaric Period' (London, 4to), in which he carried the history of the German races from the earliest times down to 772 A.D. This immense work was the result of prolonged labour. Its great bulk and the obscurity of the subject prevented it from being widely known, but it has frequently proved a storehouse to succeeding historians. In 1837 Greenwood was chosen bencher of Gray's Inn, and from 1841 to 1842 he filled the office of treasurer. His work on the early history of the Germans led him to make researches into the history of the Roman patriarchate, and eventually led to the publication between 1856 and 1865 of the five volumes of his 'Cathedra Petri: a Political History of the Great Latin Patriarchate' (London, 8vo), in which he carried the history of the papacy to the close of the pontificate of Innocent III. The work was overshadowed by Dean Milman's brilliant history of Latin Christianity (1855), but its thorough system of references must always give it value. While Milman wrote for the general student, Greenwood addressed himself to the mediaeval scholar (cf. Saturday Review, 31 March 1860). Greenwood died at ​14 Westbourne Terrace, Hyde Park, London, on 1 Nov. 1871.
Besides the works mentioned he was the author of 'Position and Prospects of the Protestant Churches of Great Britain and Ireland with reference to the proposed establishment of a Roman Hierarchy in this Country,' London, 1851, 8vo.
[Greenwood's Works ; Boase's Modern English Biography, 1892; Foster's Gray's Inn Registers, 1889.]
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Buckton, George Bowdler

​BUCKTON, GEORGE BOWDLER (1818–1905), entomologist, born at Hornsey on 24 May 1818, was eldest son of George Buckton, a proctor of the prerogative court of Canterbury, of Doctors Commons and Oakfield, Hornsey, by his wife Eliza, daughter of Richard Merricks, D.L., of Runcton, Cheshire. An accident at the age of five crippled him for life, and deprived him of a public school and university career.
Buckton early became interested in natural history, and astronomy, and after the death of his father removed to London and became a student at the Royal College of Chemistry in 1848 under A. W. Hofmann. There he remained seven years, being for part of the time research assistant to Hofmann. His first researches dealt with platinum compounds ; the most important of a series dating from 1852 to 1865 described his discovery and isolation of mercuric methyl. On his marriage in 1865 and settlement at Weycombe, Haslemere, he abandoned the study of chemistry and took up again the thread of an early interest in entomology.
His first important research in natural history was a study of parthenogenesis in aphides, which led to his 'Monograph of British Aphides' (Ray Society, 4 vols. 1876-1883). This was followed by a 'Monograph of British Cicadas or Tettigiidse.' (2 vols. 1890-1), the 'Natural History of Eristalis Tenax or the Drone Fly' (1895), and a 'Monograph of the Membracidaa of the World' (1901-3). Meanwhile he pursued astronomical study in a private observatory until 1882, when he fell in trying to reach the long focus of a Newtonian telescope, fracturing his leg in two places, and lying for some hours undiscovered. He was elected F.R.S. in 1857, and contributed fourteen papers to scientific periodicals, two of them in conjunction with Prof. Hofmann, and one with Dr. Odling. He died from the effects of a chill on 25 Sept. 1905. In 1865 he married Mary Ann, daughter of George Odling of Croydon and sister of Prof. William Odling of Oxford. His wife survived him with a son and five daughters. His bust, by R. Hope-Pinker, was exhibited in the Royal Academy of 1904.
[Proc. Roy. Soc. lxxix. B. (1907), p. xlv; Nature, 1905, 587; Trans. Chem. Soc. lxxii. 1907, i. 663; Allingham's Diary, 1910.]
R. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Burbidge, Edward

​BURBIDGE, EDWARD (1839–1903), liturgiologist, born on 9 Aug. 1839 at Laura Place, Upper Clapton, London, was younger son in the family of two sons and two daughters of William Smith Burbidge, distiller, of London, by his wife Sarah Jane Peacock. Privately educated owing to delicate health, he was on 26 May 1858 admitted to Emmanuel College, Cambridge. In 1859 he was elected to a Whichcote scholarship and to an Ash and Browne exhibition. In 1860 he won a Thorpe scholarship, and graduated B.A. in 1862 with a second class in the classical tripos, proceeding M.A. in 1865. He was ordained deacon in 1863 and priest in 1864. After serving curacies at Aldbourne, Wiltshire (1863–8) and at Warminster (1868–73), he became in 1873 rector, and in 1882 vicar of Backwell, Somerset. In 1887 he was appointed to a prebendal stall in Wells cathedral. On resigning his living in October 1902, he retired to Weston-super-mare. There he died on 7 Feb. 1903, and was buried at Backwell. He married on 21 April 1869 Susan Mary, youngest daughter of William Topley Humphrey, vicar of East Stockwith, Lincolnshire, who survived him with four sons and three daughters. Burbidge took an active interest in education, especially in the improvement of voluntary schools, and for many years he acted as diocesan inspector. But he was chiefly known as a zealous student of ancient liturgies. His valuable 'Liturgies and Offices of the Church' (1885), to which was prefixed a catalogue of the remains of Archbishop Cranmer's library, formed a scholarly commentary on the original sources of the Book of Common Prayer. It was generally recognised as a standard work, and was quoted as authoritative on 21 Nov. 1890 by archbishop E. W. Benson [q. v. Suppl. I] in delivering judgment in the bishop of Lincoln case. Burbidge also published: 1. 'The Parish Priest's Book of Offices and Instructions for the Sick,' 1871. 2. 'A Plain Manual of Holy Communion,' 1878; 2nd edit. 1882. 3. 'Peace with God,' a manual for the sick, 1880.
[The Times, 10 Feb. 1903; Brit. Mus. Cat.; information from Mrs. Burbidge.]
G. S. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Burbury, Samuel Hawksley

​BURBURY, SAMUEL HAWKSLEY (1831–1911), mathematician, born on 18 May 1831 at Kenilworth, was only son of Samuel Burbury of Clarendon Square, Leamington, by Helen his wife. He was educated at Shrewsbury (1848–1850), where he was head boy, and at St. John's College, Cambridge. At the university he won exceptional distinction in both classics and mathematics. He was twice Person prizeman (1852 and 1853), Craven university scholar (1853), and chancellor's classical medallist (1854). He graduated B.A. as fifteenth wrangler and second classic in 1854, becoming fellow of his college in the same year; he proceeded M.A. in 1857. On 6 Oct. 1855 he entered as a student at Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the bar on 7 June 1858. From 1860 he practised at the parliamentary bar; but increasing deafness compelled him to take chamber practice only, from which he retired in 1 908. While engaged in legal work Burbury pursued with much success advanced mathematical study, chiefly in collaboration with his Cambridge friend, Henry William Watson [q. v. Suppl. II]. Together they wrote the treatises, 'The Application of Generalised Co-ordinates to the Kinetics of a Material System ' (Oxford, 1879) and 'The Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism' (2 vols. Oxford, 1885-9), in which the endeavour was made to carry on the researches of Clerk Maxwell and to place electrostatics and electromagnetism on a more formal mathematical basis. Among many papers which Burbury contributed independently to the ' Philosophical Magazine' were those ' On the Second Law of Thermodynamics, in Connection with the Kinetic Theory of Gases' (1876) and 'On a Theorem in the Dissipation of Energy' (1882). He was elected F.R.S. in 1890. He died on 18 Aug. 1911 at his residence, 15 Melbury Road, London, W., and was buried at Kensal Green.
​Burbury married on 12 April 1860 Alice Ann, eldest daughter of Thomas Edward Taylor, J.P., of Dodworth Hall, Barnsley, Yorkshire, and had issue four sons and two daughters. A portrait of Burbury by William E. Miller (1884) is in the possession of his widow.
[The Times, 23 Aug. 1911; Nature, 31 Aug. 1911; Proc. Roy. Soc. A. 584, p. 81; Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. vol. x.; Men of the Time, 1899; private information; see art. Watson, Henry William.]
D. J. O.