# The Habitat of the Eurypterida

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY VOL. XXVI, No. 7
THE HABITAT OF THE EURYPTERIDA
BY MARJORIE O'CONNELL, A.M. Curator in Palæontology in Columbia University
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Faculty of Pure Science, Columbia University.
Reprinted from The Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Vol. XI, No. 3, pp. 1–278, Buffalo, N. Y., 1916
CONTENTS
| | | | | PAGE |
| Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | 7 |
| Chapter I. Systematic Review of the Occurrence of the Eurypterida in each Period from the Pre-Cambric through the Permic | Chapter I. Systematic Review of the Occurrence of the Eurypterida in each Period from the Pre-Cambric through the Permic | Chapter I. Systematic Review of the Occurrence of the Eurypterida in each Period from the Pre-Cambric through the Permic | Chapter I. Systematic Review of the Occurrence of the Eurypterida in each Period from the Pre-Cambric through the Permic | 11 |
| | Introductory | Introductory | Introductory | 11 |
| | North America | North America | North America | 11 |
| | | Pre-Cambric | Pre-Cambric | 11 |
| | | Cambric | Cambric | 13 |
| | | Ordovicic | Ordovicic | 13 |
| | | Siluric | Siluric | 15 |
| | | | Lower Siluric or Niagaran | 15 |
| | | | Middle Siluric or Salinan | 17 |
| | | | Upper Siluric or Monroan | 19 |
| | | Devonic | Devonic | 22 |
| | | Mississippic | Mississippic | 23 |
| | | Carbonic | Carbonic | 23 |
| | Great Britain | Great Britain | Great Britain | 25 |
| | | Siluric | Siluric | 25 |
| | | | Lower Siluric or Llandovery—Wenlock | 25 |
| | | | Upper Siluric or Ludlow | 26 |
| | | | The Lanarkian | 28 |
| | | Devonic | Devonic | 28 |
| | | Mississippic or Calciferous | Mississippic or Calciferous | 28 |
| | | Carbonic or Carboniferous | Carbonic or Carboniferous | 30 |
| | Bohemia | Bohemia | Bohemia | 30 |
| | | Siluric | Siluric | 30 |
| | | | Lower Siluric or E e$_1$ and E e$_2$ of Barrande | 30 |
| | | | Upper Siluric or F f$_1$ or Barrande | 32 |
| | | Carbonic | Carbonic | 32 |
| | | | Coal measures of Bohemia | 32 |
| | Belgium | Belgium | Belgium | 32 |
| | | Devonic | Devonic | 32 |
| | | | Upper Devonic | 32 |
| | Baltic Islands and Russia | Baltic Islands and Russia | Baltic Islands and Russia | 33 |
| | | Siluric | Siluric | 33 |
| | | | Upper Siluric of Gotland | 33 |
| | | | Upper Siluric of Oesel | 34 |
| | Austro-Russian Border Lands | Austro-Russian Border Lands | Austro-Russian Border Lands | 35 |
| | | Siluric | Siluric | 35 |
| | | | Upper Siluric of Podolia and Galicia | 35 |
| | | Devonic | Devonic | 35 |
| | | | Middle Devonic of Galicia | 35 |
| | | | | | PAGE |
| | Australia | Australia | Australia | Australia | 35 |
| | | Siluric | Siluric | Siluric | 35 |
| | | | Upper Siluric | Upper Siluric | 35 |
| | Germany | Germany | Germany | Germany | 35 |
| | | Carbonic | Carbonic | Carbonic | 35 |
| | | | Middle Saarbrüicker | Middle Saarbrüicker | 35 |
| | South America | South America | South America | South America | 36 |
| | | Carbonic | Carbonic | Carbonic | 36 |
| | | | Coal Measures of Brazil | Coal Measures of Brazil | 36 |
| | Africa | Africa | Africa | Africa | 36 |
| | | Devonic | Devonic | Devonic | 36 |
| | | | Witteberg series | Witteberg series | 36 |
| | Portugal | Portugal | Portugal | Portugal | 37 |
| | | Permic | Permic | Permic | 37 |
| | Summary Tables | Summary Tables | Summary Tables | Summary Tables | 37 |
| | | Table I. Geological and Geographical Distribution of the Eurypterida throughout the World | Table I. Geological and Geographical Distribution of the Eurypterida throughout the World | Table I. Geological and Geographical Distribution of the Eurypterida throughout the World | 37 |
| | | Table II. Summary of the Geological and Geographical Distribution of the Eurypterida throughout the World | Table II. Summary of the Geological and Geographical Distribution of the Eurypterida throughout the World | Table II. Summary of the Geological and Geographical Distribution of the Eurypterida throughout the World | 37 |
| | | Table III. Summary of the Distribution, Facies and Mode of Occurrence of the Eurypterida | Table III. Summary of the Distribution, Facies and Mode of Occurrence of the Eurypterida | Table III. Summary of the Distribution, Facies and Mode of Occurrence of the Eurypterida | 38 |
| | Synonymy | Synonymy | Synonymy | Synonymy | 50 |
| Chapter II. A Résumé of the Opinions on the Habitat of the Eurypterida | Chapter II. A Résumé of the Opinions on the Habitat of the Eurypterida | Chapter II. A Résumé of the Opinions on the Habitat of the Eurypterida | Chapter II. A Résumé of the Opinions on the Habitat of the Eurypterida | Chapter II. A Résumé of the Opinions on the Habitat of the Eurypterida | 52 |
| Chapter III. The Bionomy of the Eurypterid Faunas | Chapter III. The Bionomy of the Eurypterid Faunas | Chapter III. The Bionomy of the Eurypterid Faunas | Chapter III. The Bionomy of the Eurypterid Faunas | Chapter III. The Bionomy of the Eurypterid Faunas | 64 |
| | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | 64 |
| | Classification of Recent Aqueous Habitats | Classification of Recent Aqueous Habitats | Classification of Recent Aqueous Habitats | Classification of Recent Aqueous Habitats | 65 |
| | | Classification of Aqueous Bionomic Realms According to Salinity | Classification of Aqueous Bionomic Realms According to Salinity | Classification of Aqueous Bionomic Realms According to Salinity | 66 |
| | Recent Aquatic Faunas | Recent Aquatic Faunas | Recent Aquatic Faunas | Recent Aquatic Faunas | 67 |
| | | Marine | Marine | Marine | 67 |
| | | Fresh Water | Fresh Water | Fresh Water | 69 |
| | | | Table Showing Number of Genera and Species of Mollusca in Various Bionomic Realms | Table Showing Number of Genera and Species of Mollusca in Various Bionomic Realms | 69 |
| | | Brackish Water | Brackish Water | Brackish Water | 70 |
| | | | The Baltic Sea | The Baltic Sea | 70 |
| | | | | Comparative Number of Species of Invertebrates in the Baltic, etc. | 72 |
| | | | The Severn Estuary | The Severn Estuary | 73 |
| | Summary of Faunal Criteria for Determining the Type of an Aqueous Habitat | Summary of Faunal Criteria for Determining the Type of an Aqueous Habitat | Summary of Faunal Criteria for Determining the Type of an Aqueous Habitat | Summary of Faunal Criteria for Determining the Type of an Aqueous Habitat | 76 |
| | Application to the Past | Application to the Past | Application to the Past | Application to the Past | 77 |
| | | Marine Deposits and Faunas | Marine Deposits and Faunas | Marine Deposits and Faunas | 78 |
| | | Fluviatile Deposits and Faunas | Fluviatile Deposits and Faunas | Fluviatile Deposits and Faunas | 79 |
| | | Brackish Water and Estuarine Deposits and Faunas | Brackish Water and Estuarine Deposits and Faunas | Brackish Water and Estuarine Deposits and Faunas | 83 |
| | The Eurypterid Faunas and their Associated Organisms | The Eurypterid Faunas and their Associated Organisms | The Eurypterid Faunas and their Associated Organisms | The Eurypterid Faunas and their Associated Organisms | 84 |
| | | Ordovicic | Ordovicic | Ordovicic | 84 |
| | | | Normanskill Fauna | Normanskill Fauna | 84 |
| | | | Schenectady Fauna | Schenectady Fauna | 84 |
| The Eurypterid Faunas and their Associated Organisms—continued | The Eurypterid Faunas and their Associated Organisms—continued | PAGE |
| Siluric | Siluric | 84 |
| | Lower Siluric (E e$_1$) Fauna of Bohemia | 84 |
| | Upper Lower Siluric (E e$_1$) of Bohemia | 85 |
| | Wenlock fauna of Pentland Hills, Scotland | 85 |
| | Shawangunk Fauna of Eastern North America | 86 |
| | Pittsford Fauna of New York | 86 |
| | Bertie Fauna | 87 |
| | Kokomo Fauna | 87 |
| | Upper Siluric Fauna of Oesel | 87 |
| | Temeside Fauna of England | 88 |
| | Ludlow Fauna of Scotland | 88 |
| | Lanarkian Fauna of Scotland | 90 |
| Devonic | Devonic | 90 |
| | Old Red Sandstone Fauna of Scotland | 90 |
| Chapter IV. The Lithogenesis of the Eurypterid-bearing Beds | Chapter IV. The Lithogenesis of the Eurypterid-bearing Beds | Chapter IV. The Lithogenesis of the Eurypterid-bearing Beds | Chapter IV. The Lithogenesis of the Eurypterid-bearing Beds | Chapter IV. The Lithogenesis of the Eurypterid-bearing Beds | 93 |
| 1. | The Belt Terrane | The Belt Terrane | The Belt Terrane | The Belt Terrane | 93 |
| 2. | The Normanskill and Schenectady Beds | The Normanskill and Schenectady Beds | The Normanskill and Schenectady Beds | The Normanskill and Schenectady Beds | 96 |
| | | Summary | Summary | Summary | 100 |
| 3. | The Shawangunk Conglomerate | The Shawangunk Conglomerate | The Shawangunk Conglomerate | The Shawangunk Conglomerate | 100 |
| 4. | The Pittsford Shale | The Pittsford Shale | The Pittsford Shale | The Pittsford Shale | 102 |
| 5. | The Bertie Waterlime | The Bertie Waterlime | The Bertie Waterlime | The Bertie Waterlime | 106 |
| | | Theories of Origin | Theories of Origin | Theories of Origin | 108 |
| | | | a. | Chemical Origin | 108 |
| | | | b. c. | Organic Origin | 109 |
| | | | d. | Clastic origin | 109 |
| | | Summary | Summary | Summary | 117 |
| 6. | The Kokomo Waterlime | The Kokomo Waterlime | The Kokomo Waterlime | The Kokomo Waterlime | 118 |
| 7. | The Tarannon-Wenlock Beds of Southern Scotland | The Tarannon-Wenlock Beds of Southern Scotland | The Tarannon-Wenlock Beds of Southern Scotland | The Tarannon-Wenlock Beds of Southern Scotland | 120 |
| | | Distribution of Formations | Distribution of Formations | Distribution of Formations | 120 |
| | | The Llandovery-Tarannon | The Llandovery-Tarannon | The Llandovery-Tarannon | 123 |
| | | Wenlock of the Pentland Hills | Wenlock of the Pentland Hills | Wenlock of the Pentland Hills | 131 |
| 8. | The Upper Siluric of Oesel | The Upper Siluric of Oesel | The Upper Siluric of Oesel | The Upper Siluric of Oesel | 140 |
| | | History of Discoveries | History of Discoveries | History of Discoveries | 141 |
| | General Stratigraphy | General Stratigraphy | General Stratigraphy | General Stratigraphy | 143 |
| 9. | Upper Siluric of Podolia and Galicia | Upper Siluric of Podolia and Galicia | Upper Siluric of Podolia and Galicia | Upper Siluric of Podolia and Galicia | 149 |
| 10. | The Ludlow of England and the Ludlow and Lanarkian of Scotland | The Ludlow of England and the Ludlow and Lanarkian of Scotland | The Ludlow of England and the Ludlow and Lanarkian of Scotland | The Ludlow of England and the Ludlow and Lanarkian of Scotland | 151 |
| | | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | 151 |
| | | The Upper Siluric of England | The Upper Siluric of England | The Upper Siluric of England | 153 |
| | | The Ludlow and Lanarkian of Lanarkshire | The Ludlow and Lanarkian of Lanarkshire | The Ludlow and Lanarkian of Lanarkshire | 159 |
| | | | 1. | The Lesmahagow Inlier | 160 |
| | | | 2. | The Anticline of the Hagshaw Hills | 165 |
| 11. | The Old Red Sandstone | The Old Red Sandstone | The Old Red Sandstone | The Old Red Sandstone | 167 |
| | | History and Subdivisions | History and Subdivisions | History and Subdivisions | 167 |
| | | | The Caledonian | The Caledonian | 172 |
| | | | The Orcadian | The Orcadian | 176 |
| | | Theories of Deposition | Theories of Deposition | Theories of Deposition | 177 |
| 11. | The Old Red Sandstone—continued | The Old Red Sandstone—continued | The Old Red Sandstone—continued | The Old Red Sandstone—continued | The Old Red Sandstone—continued | The Old Red Sandstone—continued | PAGE |
| | | | Deposition in Lakes | Deposition in Lakes | Deposition in Lakes | Deposition in Lakes | 177 |
| | | | Deposition in the Sea | Deposition in the Sea | Deposition in the Sea | Deposition in the Sea | 179 |
| | | Objections to Lake and Marine Theories | Objections to Lake and Marine Theories | Objections to Lake and Marine Theories | Objections to Lake and Marine Theories | Objections to Lake and Marine Theories | 180 |
| | | | 1. | Physical | Physical | Physical | 180 |
| | | | | | (a) | Red Color | 180 |
| | | | | | (b) | Marine Denudation | 181 |
| | | | | | (c) | Salt Indicative of Marine Deposition | 182 |
| | | | | | (d) | Thickness of Deposits | 182 |
| | | | | | (e) | Structural Features | 184 |
| | | | 2. | Faunal | Faunal | Faunal | 184 |
| | | Summary | Summary | Summary | Summary | Summary | 186 |
| | | Theory of Fluviatile Deposition | Theory of Fluviatile Deposition | Theory of Fluviatile Deposition | Theory of Fluviatile Deposition | Theory of Fluviatile Deposition | 186 |
| | | | Summary of evidence of Fluviatile Deposition | Summary of evidence of Fluviatile Deposition | Summary of evidence of Fluviatile Deposition | Summary of evidence of Fluviatile Deposition | 189 |
| | | | | (a) | Lithogenesis | Lithogenesis | 189 |
| | | | | (b) | Faunal | Faunal | 191 |
| 12. | Miscellaneous Occurrences | Miscellaneous Occurrences | Miscellaneous Occurrences | Miscellaneous Occurrences | Miscellaneous Occurrences | Miscellaneous Occurrences | 193 |
| Chapter V. The Geological and Geographical Distribution of the Eurypterids and the Conditions of Migration | Chapter V. The Geological and Geographical Distribution of the Eurypterids and the Conditions of Migration | Chapter V. The Geological and Geographical Distribution of the Eurypterids and the Conditions of Migration | Chapter V. The Geological and Geographical Distribution of the Eurypterids and the Conditions of Migration | 200 |
| | Summary of Facts Observed Regarding the Distribution of the Eurypterids | Summary of Facts Observed Regarding the Distribution of the Eurypterids | Summary of Facts Observed Regarding the Distribution of the Eurypterids | 200 |
| | Migration and Dispersal of Recent Fluviatile Organisms | Migration and Dispersal of Recent Fluviatile Organisms | Migration and Dispersal of Recent Fluviatile Organisms | 203 |
| | | A. Species Identical in Distant Continents | A. Species Identical in Distant Continents | 203 |
| | | B. Genera Identical in Distant Continents | B. Genera Identical in Distant Continents | 204 |
| | | C. Families Identical in Distant Continents | C. Families Identical in Distant Continents | 204 |
| | | Summary | Summary | 205 |
| | Application of Principles Deduced from Modern Faunal Distribution | Application of Principles Deduced from Modern Faunal Distribution | Application of Principles Deduced from Modern Faunal Distribution | 207 |
| | Migration and Distribution of the Eurypterids | Migration and Distribution of the Eurypterids | Migration and Distribution of the Eurypterids | 212 |
| | | Theory of Early Marine Habitat and Routes of Migration | Theory of Early Marine Habitat and Routes of Migration | 212 |
| | | Objection to Marine Habitat Theory | Objection to Marine Habitat Theory | 212 |
| | | Theory of River Habitat | Theory of River Habitat | 216 |
| | | The Eurypterid Faunas Considered by Continents | The Eurypterid Faunas Considered by Continents | 217 |
| | | The Eurypterid Faunas of Appalachia | The Eurypterid Faunas of Appalachia | 217 |
| | | | Comparison of Pittsford and Shawangunk Faunas | 225 |
| | | Summary of Facts of Distribution in Continent of Appalachia | Summary of Facts of Distribution in Continent of Appalachia | 226 |
| | | The Eurypterid Faunas of Atlantica | The Eurypterid Faunas of Atlantica | 228 |
| | | | Comparison of Pittsford-Shawangunk and Bertie Faunas | 229 |
| | | | The Upper Siluric Faunas of the Baltic Region | 236 |
| | | | The Fauna of the Wenlock | 238 |
| | | | Summary of the Wenlock Faunas | 242 |
| | | | The Fauna of the Ludlow | 242 |
| | | | The Old Red Sandstone Fauna | 247 |
| | | Summary of Facts of Distribution on Continent of Atlantica | Summary of Facts of Distribution on Continent of Atlantica | 253 |
| | | The Eurypterid Fauna of Mississippia | The Eurypterid Fauna of Mississippia | 253 |
| Concluding Remarks | Concluding Remarks | Concluding Remarks | Concluding Remarks | 256 |
| Bibliography | Bibliography | Bibliography | Bibliography | 257 |
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