OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Haweis, Mary Eliza (Joy)

Edition of 1905. See also Mary Eliza Haweis on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​HAWEIS, Mary Eliza (Joy) (?-1898). An English author, artist, and philanthropist, daughter of the genre painter T. M. Joy, born in London. She married the Rev. H. R. Haweis, was a member of the Society of Authors and of the Society of Woman Journalists, vice-president of the Maternity Society and of the Central National Society for Women's Suffrage, and superintendent of the Mercy Branch of the British Woman's Christian Temperance Union. She exhibited at the Royal Academy, at the Dudley Gallery, and the British Institution, and was a successful illustrator. She wrote Chaucer for Children, Chaucer for Schools, and Tales from Chaucer; conducted a course in Chaucer in the National Home Reading Union; wrote on art, decoration, gardening, and the like; and published a novel, A Flame of Fire (1897).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Heck, Barbara

Edition of 1905. See also Barbara Heck on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HECK, Barbara (1734-1804). One of the founders of the Methodist Church in America. She was born, of German parentage, in Ballygarry County, Limerick, Ireland, a district which early felt the influence of Wesley's preaching. She and her husband, Paul, came to America in 1760, and in 1766, with Philip Embury, organized a Methodist society in New York City. The building of the famous old John Street Methodist Church was due, in great part, to her tireless energy. During the Revolution the Hecks retired to northern New York, and finally to Canada, to be among Loyalists. They founded the earliest Methodist society in Canada.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hawarden

Edition of 1905. See also Hawarden on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​HAWARDEN, här′den. A market-town in Flintshire, Wales, eight miles southeast of Chester (Map: Wales, D 3). Population of parish, in 1891, 13,610; in 1901, 15,817. Near by stands Hawarden Castle, long the residence of William K. Gladstone. The castle, built in 1752, stands near the ruins of an older one granted by William the Conqueror to his nephew, Hugh of Avranches, called by the Welsh the Wolf. After many vicissitudes it became the property of Cromwell's Lord Chief Justice, Sergeant Glynne, from whom it descended to Mrs. Gladstone. Consult Morley and Friederichs, “In William Gladstone's Village,” in Strand Magazine, vol. xvi. (London, 1898).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Haweis, Hugh Reginald

Edition of 1905. See also Hugh Reginald Haweis on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​HAWEIS, häz, Hugh Reginald (1838-1901). An English clergyman and author. He was born at Egham, Surrey; graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1859; served under Garibaldi at the siege of Capua; and in 1860 became curate of Saint James's Church, Marylebone, London. Indefatigable in his efforts to educate the masses, he strongly advocated the opening of libraries, galleries, and museums on Sundays. He often lectured at the Royal Institution, and was the Lowell Institute lecturer in Boston in 1885. He was the Anglican delegate to the Chicago Parliament of Religions in 1893, and for the next two years continued a successful lecture and preaching tour around the world. His numerous published works include: Music and Morals (1871); American Humorists (1883); Christ and Christianity (5 vols., 1886-87); The Broad Church (1891); Travel and Talk (2 vols., 1897); and Old Violins (1898).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hawes, Stephen

Edition of 1905. See also Stephen Hawes on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​HAWES, ha̤z, Stephen (?-1521). An English poet. He was born probably in Suffolk, and was educated at Oxford. He traveled on the Continent, and became a groom in the household of Henry VII. His rare minor poems are of interest chiefly to bibliophiles. But his Passetyme of Pleasure, or the Historie of Graunde Amoure and la Bel Pucel (printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1509) occupies an important place in the history of English poetry. It is a long allegorical poem written in seven-line stanzas, divided into forty-six chapters. It describes the education and career of a perfect knight. Standing midway between Chaucer and Spenser, Hawes is the connecting link between them. Reprints of sixteenth-century editions have been made by Southey in English Poets (London, 1831), and by Wright (Percy Society, ib., 1845).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Transpiration of Gases

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​TRANSPIRATION OF GASES. See Effusion.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Transportation (law)

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​TRANSPORTATION (in law). See Admiralty Law; Commerce; Carrier, Common; Maritime Law; Public Callings; Highway, etc.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Treasure-trove

Edition of 1905. See also Treasure trove on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​TREASURE-TROVE (treasure, from OF. tresor, Fr. trésor, It., Sp. tesoro, from Lat. thesaurus, from Gk. θησαυρός, treasure, treasure-chest, storehouse, from τιθέναι, tithenai, to put, place + trove, from OF. trover, trouver, Fr. trouver, to find). In the common law of England, hidden treasure of gold, silver, and bullion accidentally found in the earth, the owner of which cannot be ascertained. Treasure-trove belongs to the Crown, and in certain districts the right to claim it has been granted to the nobility. In order to come within this rule, the treasure must be concealed, as distinguished from that which is casually lost and remains on the surface, as to which a different rule applies. A finder of treasure-trove is bound by law to give notice of his discovery to the proper officials of the Crown, and his failure to do so may subject him to fine and imprisonment. However, the present policy of the English Government is to allow a finder to keep treasure thus discovered, less a small percentage of its value to be paid to the Crown, unless it is of some value as an object of historical or antiquarian interest, in which cases it is claimed by the Crown in order to be preserved in the national museums. By the Treasure-Trove Act of India the finder may keep it if no owner is found, in which ease the latter is entitled to three-quarters and the finder to one-quarter of its value.
Although there are some dicta to the effect that the common law as to treasure-trove applies in the United States, the right is seldom, if ever, enforced, if it exists. See Finding.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Treasure Island

Edition of 1905. See also Treasure Island on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​TREASURE ISLAND. A romance of adventure by Robert Louis Stevenson (1883). Though intended for boys, it first attracted the attention of the general public to his work.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Treasurer, Lord High

Edition of 1905. See also Lord High Treasurer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​TREASURER, Lord High. Formerly, the third great officer of the Crown in England, who was sole head of the King's exchequer. The office was originally held by one person, but in 1612 James I. put it in commission; and from the accession of George I. (1714) down to the present time, it has been the practice to vest the office in a board of Lords Commissioners of the Treasury.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Treasury Note

Edition of 1905. See also United States Treasury security#Treasury note on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​TREASURY NOTE. A certificate of credit issued by the Treasury Department on the authority of the Government and made receivable for government dues. In the United States, treasury notes bearing interest were issued at different times before the Civil War, but it was during that struggle that the financial necessities of the Government first led to the issue of very great quantities of non-interest bearing treasury notes, which, however, were made legal tender for all public and private debts except duties upon imports and interest on the public debt. See Money.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Trent, William Peterfield

Edition of 1905. See also William Peterfield Trent on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TRENT, William Peterfield (1862—). An American literary critic, born in Richmond, Va. He was educated at the University of Virginia and at the Johns Hopkins University. From 1888 to 1900 he was professor of English and history in the University of the South (Sewanee, Tenn.), and in 1893-1900 was dean of the academic department of that institution. In 1900 he was appointed professor of English literature in Columbia University. He founded the Sewanee Review in 1892, and edited it until 1900. He contributed articles in American literature to The New International Encyclopædia, and published the following works: English Culture in Virginia (1889); William Gilmore Simms (1892); Southern Statesmen of the Old Régime (1896); The Authority of Criticism (1899); Robert E. Lee (1899); Verses (1899); John Milton (1899); War and Civilization (1901); Progress of the United States During the Nineteenth Century (1901); and A History of American Literature (1903), besides editions of school texts of Balzac's Comédie Humaine (32 vols., 1900) and of Colonial Prose and Poetry (with B. W. Wells, 3 vols., 1901).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Treat, Robert

Edition of 1905. See also Robert Treat on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​TREAT, Robert (1622-1710). A Colonial Governor of Connecticut, born in England. He emigrated to America with his father, and settled in Wethersfield, Conn. In 1639 he settled in Milford, from 1653 to 1659 was a deputy, and from 1659 to 1604 was an assistant. He opposed the union of the Connecticut River and New Haven settlements, and went with the dissatisfied faction which founded Newark, N. J. In 1672 he returned to Milford, and later distinguished himself in King Philip's War. In 1676 he was chosen Deputy Governor of Connecticut, and in 1683 was elected Governor, and with the exception of the two years in which the colony was under Sir Edmund Andros (1687-89), served until 1698. From the latter year to 1708 he was again Deputy Governor.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Rust

See also Rust on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Rust. Neither wrought iron nor steel nor cast iron can be exposed to moist air without rusting. But wrought iron, being nearly pure iron, rusts more readily than either of the others, which contain carbon. When a drop of rain falls on a clean, bright surface of iron, for a short time the drop stays clear, showing the bright surface of the iron through it. But soon a greenish appearance, which is a precipitate, is seen in the drop, and quickly becomes a reddish-brown — the peroxide of iron. This is rust. The rust does not stick to the iron but is hung in the water, and becomes a coating only when the water has evaporated. Iron remains quite free from rust in an atmosphere containing water-vapor, so long as the water-vapor does not condense as liquid water on the surface of the iron. But when rust once forms, the iron will go on rusting in an atmosphere in which a piece of clean iron will not rust, because liquid water will condense on rust when it will not on bright iron. So it is much easier to prevent the first formation of rust than to stop the process. To prevent rust, oil-paint is used, also a zinc coating (galvanizing) and japanning.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ruth

See also Book of Ruth on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ruth, a young Moabitess, who, after the death of her Hebrew husband, Mahlon, for the sake of her mother-in-law Naomi, came to settle in Bethlehem. There she became the wife of a near kinsman, Boaz, and the mother of Obed, grandfather of King David. The story is told in Ruth, and is placed “in the days when the judges judged,” about a century before the time of David.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ruysdael, Jakob

See also Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruysdael on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ruysdael (rois′däl), Jakob, the greatest Dutch painter of landscape, was born at Haarlem about 1625. He loved to paint forest-glades with oak-trees, sleeping pools beneath groups of trees, with an old picturesque building, a mill or a ruined temple or a glimpse of a distant town; a waterfall with rugged rocks; and coast-scenes where earth and water meet. He died in Haarlem’s almshouse on March 14, 1682.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ruyter, Michael Adrianszoon de

See also Michiel de Ruyter on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ruyter (rī′tẽr), Michael Adrianszoon de, Dutch admiral, was born at Flushing, Holland, March 24, 1607, of poor parents who sent him to sea when only 11. When war broke out between Holland and England in 1652, a fleet was given to Ruyter. With it he beat off an attack by the English, and attacked Admiral Blake off the mouth of the Thames, but was forced to retire. Two months later he totally defeated Blake off Dover. When Tromp was killed off the Texel in 1653, Ruyter was made vice-admiral. For service in 1659 he was ennobled by the king of Denmark. The years 1661–3 were taken up in checking the piracy of the African states on the Mediterranean. War again broke out between Holland and England in 1664, and in 1666 Ruyter fought four days against Monk and Prince Rupert, finally driving off the British fleet, but a month later was driven back to Holland. In 1667 Ruyter threw London into turmoil by sailing up the Medway as far as Rochester, burning English ships, and entering the Thames a second time as high as Gravesend, besides attacking Harwich. In 1672 the Dutch admiral fought the French and English in Solebay, and twice defeated Prince Rupert and D’Estrées. After this defeat England made peace. In 1676 the Dutch-Spanish fleet fought the French on the east of Sicily. Ruyter was wounded, for the first time in his life of battles, and died a week later, April 29, 1676. Ruyter was a man of piety, simple in his manners and of unflinching courage. As a seaman he ranks with Nelson and Blake.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Russian Hymn

See also National Anthem of Russia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Rus′sian Hymn. Music by Alexis Lwoff (1799–1870). English version by Henry Fothergill Chorley (1808–72). However great the merits of Lwoff as violinist, composer and writer on musical topics, his chief fame rests upon the composition of the Russian national hymn. It has been enthusiastically received and adopted by the Russian people as a noble expression of patriotic feeling, and its usefulness as a hymn for religious worship is second only to its service as a national song.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Rutland, Vt.

See also Rutland City, Vermont on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Rut′land, Vt., is on Otter Creek, close to the Green Mountains and 67 miles southeast of Burlington. The main business is quarrying and working marble. There also are foundries and railroad-shops and it has the state workhouse, two libraries, two homes for the aged, a convent, MasonicTemple, Shriner’s Home and the Howe Scale-Works. Its marble quarries are the best in the state, and yield fine white blocks equal to the statuary marble of Carrara. The town was settled in 1770, and was one of the state capitals from 1784 to 1804. It became a city in 1892. It is the second city of Vermont in population and wealth as well as the most important railroad-center. Population 13,546.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ruwenzori

See also Ruwenzori Range on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ruwenzori (rōō-wĕn-zō′rē), a mountain in the center of Africa, just north of the equator, between Lakes Albert and Albert Edward. It was discovered by Stanley in 1888, and is thought to be 19,000 feet high. Its top is always covered with snow. Stanley thinks this peak and some neighboring ones — Mount Gordon Bennett and Mackinnon Peak — are the mysterious Mountains of the Moon, which geographers of the middle ages put on their maps of Africa, but which modern search has been unable to discover.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Rust (in plants)

See also Rust (fungus) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Rust (in plants), a destructive disease caused by the attacks of parasitic fungi, especially injurious to wheat, oats and other cereals. Signs of the disease are spots and lines of black, yellow or brown on stem and leaf. It is one of the most formidable pests that attack grain, annually causing enormous loss. Little progress has been made in combatting it. Varieties that ripen early are less subject to attack. See Æcidiomycetes. Consult Carleton’s Lessons from the Grain-Rust Epidemic of 1904 and the U. S. Dept. of Ag. Farmers’ Bulletin 219.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ipswich

See also Ipswich on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Ips′wich, a river port and market town of the county of Suffolk, England, of which it is the capital. It is situated on the River Orwell, at the foot of a range of hills, 64 miles northeast of London. The streets are narrow and irregular, and some of the old houses are ornamented with curious carved work. There are large iron and soap factories, breweries, corn mills and shipbuilding docks. The exports are chiefly from these industries. It was twice pillaged by the Danes, received its charter from King John and was twice visited by the plague. Its population is 75,936.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Iquique

See also Iquique on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Iquique (ḗ-kē′-kắ), the port and capital of the Chilean territory of Tarapacá (Peruvian till 1881). It has important industries connected with the silver mines and iron mines, and exports saltpeter, borax and iodine. The climate is hot, and pure water is only obtained by distilling. Earthquakes have frequently damaged the town. Its population is 43,005.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Irawadi

See also Irrawaddy River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Irawadi (ĭr′ä-wä′dĭ) (said to mean, like Mississippi, the father of waters), is the great river of Farther India. Its course is nearly due south, and its length is about 1,000 miles. It is superior to the Ganges and Indus for navigation, vessels ascending nearly 800 miles from its mouth. It crosses Burma and enters China on the southwest. In both the Burmese wars it was the chief means of advance for the English armies.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ironton

See also Ironton, Ohio on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ironton, the county-seat of Lawrence County, O., on the Ohio River, 142 miles above Cincinnati. It is the chief business center of an important iron region, which gives employment to numerous furnaces, foundries and other manufactories. The brick and clay industries are quite extensive, and two immense cement plants are located here. Population 13,147.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Iowa Indians

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​ Iowa Indians, a tribe of American Indians of the Dakota family, known among themselves by the name of Paducah. In 1700 they lived on Mankato River, Minnesota, numbering about fifteen hundred, and were often at war with the Osages and other tribes. Their number has been reduced by intemperance, war and disease. The survivors, numbering only 122, are located on reservations in Kansas and Indian Territory.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Iphigenia

See also Iphigenia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Iphigenia (ĭf′ĭ-jḗ-nī́′ȧ), in Grecian legend, a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra or, according to others, an adopted daughter. Her father offended Diana, and vowed to make atonement by sacrificing to the goddess the most beautiful thing born within the year. It happened that this was Iphigenia. Agamemnon long delayed the payment of his vow, but at length was commanded by the seer Calchas to keep his promise. When Iphigenia was brought to the altar to be sacrificed, she disappeared, and a hind lay there in her stead, Diana herself having caught her up in a cloud and carried her to Tauris. Here she became a priestess. Her brother, Orestes, found her here and removed her to Attica. The beautiful legend has been made the subject of many Greek poems, and artists and poets have immortalized the name of Iphigenia.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Iranians

See also Iranian peoples on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Iranians (ē rän′yans) or Persians, a branch of the Indo-European or Aryan family. In early times they peopled the entire country of Persia or Iran, and they are believed to form the connecting link between the Aryan races of Asia and of Europe. Ther first appearance in history is as the race of the Medes, 2400 B. C. The Iranians to-day are found west of the Indus River, and include the Afghans, Tajiks, Aimags and the Persian races, Kurds and Armenians. The oldest literature is contained in the sacred books of the Parsees or fire-worshipers, called the Zend-Avesta. Modern Persian is Iranic, with a large mixture of Arabic words.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ironwood, Mich.

See also Ironwood, Michigan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ironwood, Mich., a city in Gogebic County, about 33 miles from Ashland, Wis. In the vicinity there are much timber and iron ore, and the section is known as the Gogebic iron region. Gogebic has a city hall, a Carnegie library, a high-school and several churches. It is served by the Wisconsin Central and Chicago and Northwestern railways, and has trolley connection with Gile and Hurley, Wis. Population 12,821.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Iowa River

See also Iowa River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Iowa River, a river of Iowa, rises near the Minnesota line; flowing southeast for 300 miles, it empties into the Mississippi. It is navigable for small vessels for 80 miles to Iowa City.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Unities, Dramatic

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ UNITIES, Dramatic. Three classical qualities of a drama, the unities of time, place, and action. See Drama.
# The New International Encyclopædia/United States Veteran Navy

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ UNITED STATES VETERAN NAVY. A patriotic society organized September 21, 1899. Eligible for membership are all persons who as commissioned officers or enlisted men were connected with any branch of the naval service of the United States during the Civil War or the Spanish-American War, or who in the future shall be engaged, as members of the navy, in war against an enemy of the United States. The society is organized into 11 squadrons, and has a total membership of about 3000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/United States Military Academy

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY. See Military Academy, United States.