OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Russell, William

See also William Russell, Lord Russell on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Russell, William, Lord, an English patriot, was born on Sept, 29, 1639. He studied at Cambridge and then traveled for a time on the continent. In 1669 he married Lady Rachel Wriothesley. In 1674 he spoke in the house of commons, of which he had been a silent member since the restoration, against the doings of the Cabal, the famous advisers of Charles II. From this time he was a leader of the commons. He believed in the popish plot and carried up to the house of lords the bill to shut out the duke of York from the throne. Russell, Essex and Sidney (q. v.) were arrested on suspicion of having taken part in the Rye House plot (q. v.). By means of infamous witnesses and a packed jury he was found guilty. His father’s offer of $500,000 for his life was refused; he would not accept a plan made for his escape; and on July 21, 1683, he was beheaded. Pity for his judicial murder and the letters of his noble wife, who at his trial appeared at court as his secretary, have served to keep his memory fresh as a Christian hero. See the Letters of Lady Russell and Life by Lord John Russell.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Russell, William Clark

See also William Clark Russell on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Russell, William Clark, English novelist, was born at New York, Feb. 24, 1844. He is the son of Henry Russell, who composed Cheer, Boys, Cheer; There’s a Good Time Coming; A Life on the Ocean-Wave. Young Russell went to sea at 13, and served eight years. Since that time he has been an English newspaper writer and novelist. His sea-tales rank with those of Marryat and Cooper, and are deservedly popular. Among them are Jack’s Courtship, My Shipmate Louise, The Wreck of the Grosvenor, A Sailor’s Sweetheart and An Ocean-Tragedy.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Russell of Killowen, Charles

See also Charles Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Russell of Killowen, Baron Charles, distinguished British jurist and statesman, was born at Newry, Ireland, Nov. 10, 1833, and died at London, Aug. 10, 1900. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin, he began his career as a parliamentary leader-writer, and was called to the bar in 1859. From 1880 to 1885 he represented Dundalk and from 1885 to 1894 South Hackney in the house of commons, and twice was attorney-general in Gladstone’s administration. Though a Liberal and an ardent Home-Ruler, his political aspirations were subordinate to love of his profession, of which he became a great ornament. He was knighted in 1886. As a sound lawyer, acute cross-examiner and persuasive advocate, Sir Charles long was without a rival at the bar. In 1880 he increased his reputation by his masterly oration at the Parnell Commission, where he was counsel for the great Irish leader. He was one of the English counsel in the Bering Sea arbitration, and also served on the Venezuelan boundary arbitration tribunal. In 1896 he visited the United States and delivered an address on international arbitration before the American Bar Association. In 1894 he was appointed a lord-of-appeal in ordinary, with a life peerage, and later succeeded Lord Coleridge as lord chief-justice of England.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Rupert's Land

See also Rupert's Land on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Rupert’s Land. See Canada, Hudson Bay Company and Northwest Territories.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Russell, John

See also John Russell, 1st Earl Russell on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Rus′sell, John, Earl, English statesman, was born on Aug. 18, 1792, at London, the third son of the duke of Bedford. He studied at Edinburgh, and entered Parliament in 1813. In 1830 the Liberals came into power, and, though Russell was not a member of the cabinet, he was one of four who framed the first reform-bill. In 1835 he became home-secretary and leader of the house of commons, and introduced most of the important bills passed at this time. In 1839 he became colonial secretary. In 1846 Russell became prime minister. Famine and rebellion in reland and troubles in England beset the ministry, which fell in 1852. In 1859 he became foreign secretary, an office which he held for six years. Among the features of his management of affairs were England’s unfriendly tone toward the United States in the Trent affair, her taking part in the Mexican expedition, the interference with Russia in favor of Poland and the friendly feeling of England for Denmark during the Schleswig-Holstein War. In 1865 Lord John, now Earl Russell, became prime minister for the second time, but kept in power only for a year. He died on May 28, 1878. See Spencer Walpole’s Life of Lord John Russell.
# The New York Times/1902/06/30/Automobile Race Ended

AUTOMOBILE RACE ENDED.
Renault Finished First and Three Contestants Claim the Honors in Paris-Vienna Contest.
VIENNA, June 29,-The Paris-Vienna automobile race was finished here to-day. Marcel Renault arrived first, but was disdisqualified. He covered the distance from Paris to Vienna in 15 hours and 22 minutes, at an average speed of 82 kilometres (about 51 miles) an hour. Zborowski was second, Maurice Farman third, Baras fourth, Edmond fifth, and Hemery sixth.
Baron de Forest, who was seventh, was disqualified. On account of an accident to his motor car, S. F. Edge, an Englishman, was the twentieth to arrive. He denies reports circulated to the effect that he was disqualified, and cites as proof that he was declared winner of the James Gordon Bennett Cup.
Three of the contestants in the race claim to have won. Renault passed the winning point precisely at 2 o’clock. He was disqualified, however, for having failed to stop at the control station at Florisdorf, a suburb of Vienna, across the Danube, where the final racing time was to be taken. Instead, he dashed madly through the crowd of officials and timekeepers, and entered Vienna at full speed, scattering vehicles and pedestrians in all directions, and arriving at the Prater in eighteen minutes instead of the prescribed minimum of forty-five minutes from Florisdorf.
Zborowsky, although he arrived second, is believed to be too heavily handicapped by his previous day’s performance to win first place. It is expected that Maurice Farman will attain the coveted honor, his brother Henry coming second. The decision will probably be delayed three days, owing to the complicated calculations arising from the speed restrictions imposed upon the contestants in Switzerland and elsewhere along the route.
The final stage of the race was favored with glorious weather. Spectators lined the route for many miles into the country. The Austrian Automobile Club received the racers at Prater, where thousands of persons had gathered and cheered the arrivals.
Much sympathy was expressed over the ill-luck which befell the American representatives. The Englishmen who took part in the contest were also unfortunate. It is asserted that Edge, who was believed to have won the James Gordon Bennett Prize, will be disqualified on account of having received help from some peasants in extricating his machine from a bad place on the road. The International Committee will investigate the charges.
In the opinion of experts the race was the severest test of the capacity of automobiles ever imposed, the participants declaring that the roads over the Arlberg Pass and thence to Vienna are some of the worst in Europe. Every automobile covering the entire route in any reasonable time will be entitled to a place in the first rank of manufactures.
A striking feature of the race has been the success and endurance of the light cars, especially in mountain work.
# The New York Times/1903

Content exists for this periodical, though at this stage it is not specifically organised beyond a basic hierarchy.
The pages listed below are an automatically generated listing.
Special:PrefixIndex/The New York Times/1903/
# The New York Times/1902/06/29/Englishman's Motor Race

ENGLISHMAN'S MOTOR RACE.
S. F. Edge. Won the James Gordon Bennett Cup In European Automobile Contest.
PARIS. June 28.—S. F. Edge, an Englishman, won the James Gordon Bennett Cup in the automobile contest, reaching Innspruck (Austria) ahead of his French competitors, including Knyff, who, after leading every one until he was twenty-five miles from Innspruck, broke down. This is the first time the cup will leave France.
Mr. Edge's time from Paris to Belfort and from Bregenz to Innspruck was 10 hours, 41 minutes, and 58 seconds.
Baron de Forest arrived at Salzburg (the third stage of the international race from Paris to Vienna) first, at 1:34:20 P. M. His average speed from Bregenz to Salzburg was 44½ miles per hour.
Many of the competitors met with slight accidents, owing to the rough condition of the roads.
The Austrian Emperor’s brother, Archduke Ludwig, and Archdukes Leopold and Joseph Ferdinand and the local functionaries witnessed the arrival of the racers at Salzburg from the grand stand. The very large crowds of spectators gave Baron de Forest an ovation.
# The New York Times/1902/10/31/Carl Schurz on the Tariff

From The New York Times of October 31, 1902, p. 5.
CARL SCHURZ ON THE TARIFF.
He Says a Democratic House Would Have a Wholesome Effect.
Carl Schurz, in an interview yesterday, opposed the opinion expressed by Senator Morgan of Alabama that it would be better if the Democrats did not control the lower house of Congress, because under present conditions they could only act as obstructionists.
“Such a majority will have a wholesome effect in more than one direction,” Mr. Schurz said. “It will furnish proof that the people are dissatisfied with the dominant party and command a halt. The Republicans claim that the country owes its prosperity and, indeed, the whole magnificence of its industrial development to the high tariff. This is a fairy tale. A country like ours — of such limitless natural resources of wealth and an equally limitless productive energy of its population — was bound to prosper and become great and rich with, or in spite of, any economic policy. I believe, however, that the development of this prosperity and greatness under a policy of high protection has matured a crop of social contrasts, of corruption, and of political and social demoralization which would have been spared to us under a policy of natural and free development, if not altogether, at least in great part.
“There is much talk about trusts, some of which develop into oppressive and blood-sucking monopolies. This is not their worst side. A much worse feature is the political power they exert and of which we already have had a few abhorent examples.
“Of course, where the industry of a country has been built up on a protective basis, it would not do to jump it with a big and sudden bound from the extreme of one policy into the extreme of the opposite policy. The transition must be effected with moderation and circumspection, and also with decision. The Republicans are guilty of plain sophistry when they claim that the protective tariff should only be revised by its friends — that is to say, the Republicans. Whenever Republicans, who are completely dominated by the powers favored by high protection, go to revise the tariff, rates will rather be raised than reduced. The Republican monopoly of power must be broken.”
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New York Times/1902/4/9/Kipling's Tribute to Cecil Rhodes

The New York Times, April 9, 1902
KIPLING'S TRIBUTE TO CECIL RHODES
A Poem to be Read at the Burial of the "Empire Builder" in the Matoppo Hills to-morrow.
London Times - New York Times
LONDON, April 9 -- The Times prints a poem by Rudyard Kipling, which is to be read at the burial of Cecil Rhodes on the hill called "The View of the World," in the Matoppo Hills, Rhodesia, to-morrow. The poem is as follows:
WHEN that great Kings return to clay,  Or Emperors in their pride, Grief of a day shall fill a day,  Because its creature died. But we—we reckon not with those  Whom the mere Fates ordain, This Power that wrought on us and goes  Back to the Power again.
Dreamer devout, by vision led  Beyond our guess or reach, The travail of his spirit bred  Cities in place of speech. So huge the all-mastering thought that drove—  So brief the term allowed— Nations, not words, he linked to prove  His faith before the crowd.
It is his will that he look forth  Across the world he won— The granite of the ancient North—  Great spaces washed with sun. There shall he patient take his seat  (As when the Death he dared), And there await a people’s feet  In the paths that he prepared.
There, till the vision he foresaw  Splendid and whole arise, And unimagined Empires draw  To council ’neath his skies, The immense and brooding Spirit still  Shall quicken and control. Living he was the land, and dead,  His soul shall be her soul!
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New Student's Reference Work/Carteret, Sir George

See also George Carteret on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Carteret (kär′tẽr-ĕt), Sir George, an English vice-admiral, royal lieutenant-governor of the island of Jersey in the English Channel and one of the original proprietors of the land lying between the Hudson and the Delaware, afterward named in his honor New Jersey, was born on Jersey about 1612 and died in 1680. With Lord Berkeley, a favorite of Charles the Second's court, Carteret was granted by the Duke of York (afterward James II), portions of New Amsterdam and what is now New Jersey. On the latter Carteret settled a colony, which should enjoy religious freedom and a liberal government resembling that of Maryland. The relations between the colonists and Carteret were, nevertheless, not harmonious; and portions of the lands were made over to the Quakers, ultimately, however, to revert again to the crown until the War of the Revolution.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Caspian Sea

See also Caspian Sea on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Cas′pian Sea, an inclosed inland sea or great salt-lake, the largest in the world, lies on the boundary between Europe and Asia. It is bounded on the south by Persia and on the north by Russia; with the Caucasus Mountains on its westward and the transcaspian territory on the east. Its length from north to south is 700 miles, and its breadth varies from 130 to 270 miles. Its total area is estimated at 170,000 square miles. On the east side, especially, there are several bays and peninsulas. On the south a low, flat plain, from 15 to 20 miles in width, leads to the lofty range of the Elburz Mountains; while the north is bordered by great steppes. The surface of the Caspian is 97 feet below the level of the Black Sea and 248 feet below that of Lake Aral. It is probable that all three bodies were once connected. The Caspian has no tides, but violent storms make navigation dangerous. Its level varies much at different seasons. In the middle it is divided by a submarine ridge, a continuation of the main Caucasus chain, into two deep basins. The greatest depth found in the northern basin is 2,526 feet and in the southern 3,006 feet. A number of large rivers empty their waters into the Caspian, of which the greatest is the Volga. The sea abounds in fish, and valuable fisheries are carried on, especially for sturgeon and salmon. By a canal uniting the upper tributaries of the Volga with those of Lake Ladoga and the Dwina, the Caspian is united with the Baltic Sea. The sea is now surrounded on three sides by Russian territory, the southern shore still remaining Persian. The Russians maintain a flotilla on the Caspian Sea, and lines of steam-packets ply upon it.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cass, Lewis

See also Lewis Cass on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Cass, Lewis, an American politician, was born at Exeter, N. H., Oct 9, 1782. His family went west, and Cass studied law at Marietta, Ohio. He now entered politics is a Democrat, and played an important part in the War of 1812; was governor of Michigan and superintendent of Indian affairs for 18 years, during which time he negotiated 22 treaties with Indians and did much to open the northwest territory; he also explored the upper lakes and the headwaters of the Mississippi. Cass was secretary of war, for a long time United States senator from Michigan, minister to France and candidate for president against Taylor. In 1860 Cass differed from President Buchanan in his southern policy, and resigned his position as secretary of state, closing a public career of 54 years. He was a man of much ability, a fine scholar and an effective speaker. He was the author of several works. He died at Detroit, Mich., June 17, 1866.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cassandra

See also Cassandra on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Cassandra (ka-san′ drä), in Homeric legend, was the fairest daughter of Priam, king of Troy, and twin sister of Helenus. The two children were left one night in the sanctuary of Apollo, and while asleep their ears were touched and purified by two snakes so that they could understand the language of birds and thus know the future. Apollo afterward taught Cassandra the secret of prediction; but she rejected his love, and as a penalty he laid upon her the curse that no prediction should ever be believed. So she in vain predicted the treachery of the Grecian horse and the destruction of Troy, and was looked upon by the citizens as mad. On the sack of the city she was torn from the temple by Ajax Oileus, and in the distribution of the spoil she became the share of Agamemnon. She was afterward murdered by Clytemnestra.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cassava

See also Cassava on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Cassava (kăs′ sȧ-vȧ). This is the West Indian name of a plant that grows not only in those islands, but in Brazil, Peru and tropical Africa. In Brazil it is called manioc (mandioc), and in Peru, yucca. From its stems, branches and leaves is obtained a juice, which, though a deadly poison when fresh, quickly becomes a wholesome food when heated, and is used as a soup by the natives. From the plant also is obtained arrowroot, which is almost pure starch. Tapioca also is made from it by heating the arrowroot until the grains of starch burst, are partly converted into dextrine and come together into small lumps. The pearl tapioca which is better known to us is not obtained from this plant, but from potato starch. Another important and well known product of cassava is farina, which also is almost pure starch. This is obtained from the roots, which are grated and then dried on hot metal plates. The cassava is remarkable for its fertility.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cassiopeia

See also Cassiopeia (constellation) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Cassiopeia (kas-sĭ-o-pē′ yȧ), a constellation in the northern hemisphere, not far from the north pole. It is marked by five stars of the third magnitude, forming a figure like a W. In 1572 there appeared in this constellation a new star, which, when first noticed by Tycho Brahe, exceeded in brightness all the fixed stars and nearly equaled Venus. The star gradually diminished in magnitude, and disappeared in March, 1584.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Caste

See also Caste on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Caste. See India.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cassowary

See also Cassowary on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Cas′sowary, a large running bird, native to New Guinea and northeastern Australia. Although related to the ostrich, it belongs to a different family and lives in dense forests, while the ostrich lives on open plains and deserts. It has black plumage, with a naked neck, and bright-colored (red, blue, yellow) wattles. It is about five feet high, with rudimentary wings, a swift runner and a good swimmer. On the head is a hard bony cap or helmet. The head is carried low while running, and the vines and branches strike this cap and slide over the back. It feeds mostly at night on fruits and berries. The birds may be tamed. If teased, they kick powerfully sideways.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cast

See also Casting on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Cast, a term applied when a work of sculptured art—a figure or a group of figures—is reproduced in plaster or, less perishably, in bronze. Famous works of antiquity are often thus reproduced when replicas (duplicates or repetitions) are made of them as models for study in schools of art or for exhibition in museums or art galleries. The process of reproduction is first to lubricate the original carefully that it may not be injured or defaced, and so that the applied plaster shall not adhere to it when it is coated with the plaster, after which, when the latter is dry, the mold or shell is removed, either whole or in parts. This cast, as it is called, when it is put together, furnishes, generally speaking, a faithful reproduction of the original, and from it repeated copies may be similarly made. When the original is designed to be reproduced in bronze or other metal, the process is termed founding, the reproduction being done from suitable molds in a foundry.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Castelar, Emilio

See also Emilio Castelar y Ripoll on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Castelar (käs’ tā́-lär’), Emilio, a Spanish orator, statesman and writer, was born at Cadiz, September 8, 1832. He was for some years professor of history and philosophy in the university at Madrid. He took part in several political uprisings and helped to bring about the downfall of King Amadeus in 1873. Castelar became dictator, but, when Alphonso XII became king, he fled across the frontier. He returned to Spain in 1876 and devoted himself more to literature than to political and social questions. He died in 1899.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Becker, Philip Johann

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
BECKER, Philip Johann (1809-86). A German radical. He was born at Frankenthal, in the Palatinate, grew up extremely democratic in his beliefs, and became a common laborer by preference. For his participation in the revolutionary movements of 1830, he suffered imprisonment. He finally turned to Switzerland, which was then the home of political outcasts from every land. There he fought under Ochsenbein, against the Catholic cantons of the Sonderbund. Upon the failure of Hecker's attempt to revolutionize Baden (1848), Becker, who had organized troops for his support, returned to Switzerland and put himself at the head of an expedition of German and Swiss auxiliaries to support the cause of freedom in Rome and Sicily. Their movements being frustrated, he led his troops (1849) into the Palatinate and the Grand Duchy of Baden, where a rising had taken place, and took a prominent part in many engagements, displaying great courage and strategic skill. Becker afterwards became known as a leader of the young Socialist Party, an active agitator on behalf of the International Association of Workmen, and the editor of many Socialist organs. Later he became a revolutionary collectivist and an adherent of Karl Marx.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Becker, Valentin Eduard

Edition of 1905. See also Valentin Eduard Becker on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BECKER, Valentin Eduard (1814-90). A German composer. He was born at Würzburg, where he became celebrated as a composer of popular male choruses (Das Kirchlein, etc.). He also wrote several masses and two operas, entitled Die Bergknappen and Der Deserteur.