# Pickett v. Foster

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United States Supreme Court
149 U.S. 505
Pickett v. Foster
Bill by Joseph Desha Pickett and Theodore John Pickett against George Foster, May J. Foster, Mrs. Agnes M. Scanlan, Mrs. Narcissa J. Green, Ezra Wheeler, Thomas Rounday, and Augustus Ireland to foreclose a mortgage. The court below dismissed the bill, (36 Fed. Rep. 514,) and complainants appeal. Affirmed.
Statement by Mr. Justice SHIRAS: This was a suit in equity, brought in the circuit court of the United States for the western district of Louisiana, to foreclose a mortgage which the complainants alleged to have been given in favor of their ancestor, James C. Pickett, of the District of Columbia, upon a plantation situate in the parish of Carroll, (now East Carroll,) La., by the mediate grantors of the present occupant of the property, Mrs. Mary J. Gwyn, wife of George Foster. The bill charged that the existence of any impediments which might serve to prevent the enforcement at law of their alleged rights in the property was the result of various fraudulent acts and breaches of trust on the part of the defendants; and the defendants denied the allegations of fraud and bad faith, and said that if the mortgage was ever operative upon the property it had become prescribed through the laches of the complainants. As the contentions of the parties are based largely upon the effect of certain litigation previous to the iling of this bill, and upon various mortgages and transfers of property, the facts in relation thereto, as they appear in the record, are stated below in chronological order.
In January, 1866, Mrs. Agnes M. Ricketts and Mrs. Narcissa J. Bell, daughters and devisees of Jonathan Morgan, late of the parish of Carroll, La., then deceased, executed to the order of James C. Pickett, of Washington, D. C., their three joint promissory notes, in the respective amounts of $5,500, $6,000, and $6,500, dated January 1, 1866, and payable, the first in one year, the second in two years, and the third in three years from the date thereof, at the Farmers' Bank of Frankfort, Ky., without interest. To secure the payment of the notes they conveyed, on January 16, 1866, by an act passed before a commissioner of deeds for the state of Louisiana, in the city of Memphis, Tenn., the undivided two-thirds of the said plantation, being described in the deed as all their interest in the property, to Richard C. Ricketts, Sr., of Midway, Ky., in trust. The instrument of conveyance contained the following condition:
'Now, therefore, the condition on which the said grant is made, and on and for which this trust is created, is that the said trustee shall hold the said property in trust for the payment of the said notes in whatsoever hands they may come, and in case they should all be paid at maturity of the same this deed shall be null and void and of no effect in law; otherwise it shall be and remain in full force and vigor, and the said trustee shall have the right, on request of the holder or holders of any of the dishonored paper above named, to take possession of the estate hereby conveyed, and foreclose this deed of trust and the interest of the said grantors in the property aforesaid; and till default in the payment of said notes, or either or any part of them, the said grantors shall have the right to the possession of the said estate hereby conveyed; and in full payment of the said notes it is understood and agreed that the said trustee shall make such reconveyance of said estate hereby conveyed to said grantors as may be necessary under the laws of Louisiana to extinguish the lien of this instrument.'
On January 25, 1867, Ferdinand M. Goodrich, of Carroll parish, La., filed petitions in the office of the clerk of the district court of said parish, averring that on or about April 20, 1859, he had filed in that court his account as tutor of Agnes A. Morgan and Narcissa J. Morgan, showing a balance in his hands in their favor of $1,263.21, which account, after due notice, etc., had been regularly homologated, and that between April 20, 1859, and March, 1862, they had become severally indebted to him in the respective amounts of $3,498.71 and $903.79. The reason given by the petitioner for the inequality of the accounts sued upon was that Agnes A. Morgan had left school earlier than Narcissa J. Morgan. He stated that within the period indicated the said devisees of Jonathan Morgan had become emancipated, and had taken possession of their property, and he prayed that the accounts might be duly homologated, and judgments given in his favor for the amounts named, with interest from March 15, 1862, and that his tutorship might be determined and his sureties released. Confessions of judgment in the amounts named in the petitions were filed by the said defendants, each confession embodying a waiver of service of the petition, and of copies of accounts and vouchers, citation, etc., and a full concurrence in the petitioner's prayer. Thereupon the clerk of the district court of the parish entered judgments for the said amounts against Mrs. (Morgan) Ricketts and Mrs. (Morgan) Bell, dated, respectively, January 25 and January 26, 1867, approving and homologating the accounts, releasing the petitioner from his trust as tutor, and canceling his bond. Each judgment concluded as follows: 'It is further ordered, adjudicated, and decreed that * * * the legal or tacit mortgage in favor of said tutor be recognized to date from the 3d of December, 1855.'
No orders of sale under the judgments appear in the record, but on June 21, 1868, writs of fieri facias, under the seal of the said court, were issued, directing the sheriff of the parish of Carroll to seize and sell the property, real and personal, rights and credits, of Mrs. Agnes M. Ricketts and Mrs. Narcissa J. Bell, (then Green,) to satisfy the judgments, and under those writs their respective interests (described in the sheriff's deeds as eleven-sixteenths) in the said plantation were sold by the sheriff, at public auction, on June 21, 1868. The interest of Mrs. Ricketts was bought by the said Goodrich, at the price of $1,734, and John H. Green became the purchaser of Mrs. Green's interest at the same price. Deeds were executed by the sheriff on September 5, 1868, to the said purchasers.
December 18, 1868, Goodrich conveyed to Mrs. Ricketts the property acquired by him at the sheriff's sale for the sum of $4,000, taking her notes for that amount in payment.
Written in red ink across the face of the said mortgage or deed of trust, recorded in the office of the clerk of the parish or Carroll, appears the following: 'Erased in full, evidence the return of the sheriff in suit of Ferd. M. Goodrich, tutor, vs. Agnes M. Ricketts and Narcissa J. Bell, on file in the office of the clerk of the district court, and the demand of Ferd. M. Goodrich that the mortgage be erased. Floyd, La., December 19th, 1868. A. G. Beldon, D'y Recorder.'
December 18, 1869, the sheriff of the said parish sold, under writs of fieri facias, the undivided five-sixteenths of the Jonathan Morgan plantation, which had been the interest of Oliver T. Morgan in the same, to Goodrich, for the sum of $915.91, and a deed was executed to Goodrich by the sheriff on the following day. It appears by the record that the issuance of the writs was the result of suits brought against Oliver T. Morgan by the New Orleans Canal and Banking Co., and by Mrs. Rosa Cammack. On May 23, 1870, Goodrich sold to John H. Green one-half of his undivided five-sixteenths interest in about 1,637 acres comprised within the said plantation, for $5,000 cash.
May 23, 1870, Mrs. Agnes M. Scanlan (formerly Ricketts) mortgaged her share in the plantation, described in the conveyance as consisting of about 794 acres, to the firm of Foster & Gwyn, of New Orleans, La. It was stated in the mortgage that it was executed to secure the payment of a debt of $19,000, due by Mrs. Scanlan to the firm, that she had executed her promissory note for that amount, bearing even date with the mortgage, and that the note had been delivered by her to George Foster, a member of the firm. On the same day John H. Green executed a mortgage, in favor of Foster & Gwyn, upon his portion of the plantation, to secure, as the instrument recited, a debt of $10,000 due by him to the firm, evidenced by his promissory note for that amount, dated the same day, and delivered to Foster.
February 5, 1873, Mrs. Scanlan conveyed to Foster a portion of the said plantation, described as containing about 764 acres. It would appear by the description of the property in the deed that there had been a partition between Mrs. Scanlan and John H. Green of their interests in the plantation. Foster states in his testimony in chief in this case that such a partition was made on May 23, 1870. The deed from Mrs. Scanlan to Foster recited that, in accordance with the terms of a contract proviously entered into between them, Foster agreed to acquire and make his own a certain debt, secured by mortgage, held against Mrs. Scanlan by the firm of Foster & Gwyn, and certain judgments against her husband held by the firm, and to transfer the judgments against her husband, to be held by her for her own use and benefit. The deed also recited that the sale was made in consideration of the sum of $36,904.94, the total amount of the said debts.
By virtue of a writ of seizure and sale issued out of the circuit court of the United States for the district of Louisiana, at the suit of Ezra Wheeler & Co. v. John H. Green, the United States marshal for that district sold, on August 2, 1873, at public auction, Green's portion of the plantation, described as containing about 872 acres, to Ezra Wheeler & Co., at the price of $10,398. The marshal's deed to the purchasers, dated the same day, recited that the total amount of their mortgage on the property conveyed was $19,533.45, and that after paying the expenses of sale the purchasers retained in their hands the difference between the amount of such expenses and that of the purchase price, to apply to the mortgage debt.
December 23, 1873, B. H. Lanier, public administrator of Carroll parish, commenced an action in the district court of the parish to enforce the sale of the two-thirds interest in the plantation formerly held by Mrs. Scanlan and Mrs. Green, to satisfy the mortgage executed by Mrs. (Ricketts) Scanlan and Mrs. (Bell) Green to James C. Pickett, the petition alleging that the said instrument, though in the form of a deed of trust, was, according to the law of Tennessee, where the common law prevailed, a mortgage. Ezra Wheeler, Thomas Rounday, Augustus Ireland, and John V. Wheeler, composing the firm of Ezra Wheeler & Co., absentees, and C. M. Pilcher, of said parish, who had been appointed curator ad hoc, were cited, as were also Mrs. Agnes M. Scanlan, Mrs. Narcissa J. Green, and George Foster. The defendants filed an exception, June 2, 1874, alleging that Lanier had no cause of action, as he had never legally qualified as public administrator by taking the oath of office and giving bond, and, further, that there was never any such succession as that claimed to be represented by Lanier, as James C. Pickett had never resided in or owned property in the parish. They therefore prayed that the suit might be dismissed. It appears by a certificate of the secretary of state of Louisiana, copied into the record, that Lanier was appointed public administrator of the parish on August 30, 1871, and that on September 16, 1871, he filed in the office of the secretary of state his oath of office and his official bond.
December 10, 1874, the sheriff of Carroll parish sold Foster's portion of the plantation (about 764 acres) for his unpaid taxes, to W. A. Gwyn, for the sum of $1,505. On the same day the portion of the property purchased at the sheriff's sale of August 2, 1873, by Ezra Wheeler & Co. was sold by the sheriff for unpaid taxes due from Green, to W. A. Gwyn, at the price of $1,001. Deeds were executed to the purchasers on the day of the sales.
April 29, 1875, George Foster was appointed public administrator of Carroll parish, and on the same day he filed in the office of the secretary of state of Louisiana hid official bond in the sum of $10,000. On November 29, 1875, Lanier and Foster were called by the said district court of the parish to prosecute the said suit instituted by Lanier to enforce a sale of the property covered by the Pickett mortgage. Lanier answered, through his counsel, that he was no longer public administrator, and Foster answered that he knew of no such succession as was called to be administered. The court then ordered that the suit be dismissed. The case was again called December 4, 1875, for trial. Lanier appeared by counsel, and gave the same answer as before, and Foster answered by counsel that he had never had charge of any such succession as that of James C. Pickett, and knew of no such estate in the parish; whereupon an order of the court was entered dismissing the suit.
By a decree in the case of the Fourth National Bank of New York v. George Foster, in the district court of the parish of East Carroll, (formerly Carroll,) La., dated October 17, 1881, Alexander H. Foster, intervener, obtained judgment against the defendant for the sum of $2,200.
December 5, 1881, Mrs. Mary J. Gwyn, wife of George Foster, commenced an action against him in the district court of East Carroll parish, setting out her marriage to the defendant, and averring that the sum of $2,986.76 standing to her credit in the hands of Foster, Gwyn & Co., of the city of New York, on July 1, 1872, and for which amount she held the firm's note, was due and unpaid; that her husband had received the money and used it for his own purposes, and that owing to the disorder of his affairs she feared he would not be able to repay the amount, and that she would lose it. She, therefore, besought the court to allow the institution of the suit and cause her husband to be cited, and prayed that the community of acquests and gains subsisting between them might be dissolved; that she might be allowed to administer her own affairs free from the control of her husband; and that judgment might be rendered against her husband for the amount of the debt, with interest. The petitioner having been authorized to institute the suit, the defendant answered, admitting the marriage, but denying the other averments of the plaintiff, and prayed for the dismissal of her demand.
December 16, 1881, W. A. Gwyn conveyed the property purchased by him at the said tax sales to Foster, for the sum of $5,000 cash, and on October 24, 1881, Ezra Wheeler, on behalf of the firm of Ezra Wheeler & Co., conveyed the property acquired by them at the said judicial sale thereof, retaining a vendor's lien upon the same, to Foster, for the sum of $7,243, of which, as stated in the conveyance, $2,243 was paid in cash, and the balance in two accepted drafts on A. H. Foster, of Evansville, Ind. The deed from Wheeler to Foster contained a stipulation that it should not be complete, and should not be recorded, until Foster should have executed a mortgage on the property conveyed in favor of the vendors.
December 29, 1881, George Foster mortgaged the property conveyed to him by Gwyn and Wheeler & Co. to John W. Foster, of the District of Columbia, the instrument of mortgage reciting that on that day George Foster had executed his promissory note in favor of the said John W. Foster, in the sum of $6,000, payable January 10, 1885, with interest at 8 per cent. thereon after maturity, and that the mortgage was given to secure the payment of the note.
July 5, 1882, the suit brought by Mrs. Mary J. Gwyn against her husband, George Foster, was called. The case was regularly tried, judgment given for the plaintiff, and the substance of the prayer of the petition embodied in a decree of the court, dated July 6, 1882. The judgment being, on May 5, 1884, unsatisfied, the court on that day ordered that the property of George Foster be sold to satisfy the same, and under a writ of fieri facias the sheriff of the parish sold, at public auction, May 6, 1884, a portion of the said plantation, described as containing about 1,100 acres, to Mrs. Mary J. Gwyn, for the sum of $15,414.93. The sheriff's deed, dated July 8, 1884, stated that this was the amount of the mortgages on the property, and that such amount was retained in the hands of the purchaser to pay the same.
All the above-described deeds and mortgages were duly recorded in the office of the clerk of the district court of the said parish. It does not appear in the record that any of the mortgages were ever reinscribed, except the one executed in favor of James C. Pickett, which was reinscribed in the said office on November 4, 1885.
The suit in equity now before the court was commenced in the circuit court of the United States for the district of Louisiana, on November 30, 1885, by Joseph Desha Pickett and Theodore John Pickett, citizens of Kentucky, against George Foster and his wife, Mary J. Foster, citizens of Louisiana. Mrs. Agnes M. Scanlan and Mrs. Narcissa J. Green, citizens of Missouri, and Ezra Wheeler, Thomas Rounday, and Augustus Ireland, composing the firm of Ezra Wheeler & Co., citizens of New York. The plaintiffs averred in their bill that they were the heirs at law of James C. Pickett, who died intestate in December, 1872, and that the suit was brought to foreclose a mortgage which had been held by their ancestor upon the said plantation, which had been given by Mrs. Scanlan and Mrs. Green to secure the unpaid promissory notes above described. They allege that Foster's conduct as public administrator was fraudulent and in bad faith, in that he failed to prosecute, as it was his duty to do, the foreclosure proceedings in the action of Lanier against Wheeler & Co., and others, of which proceedings he had knowledge, having been cited as one of the defendants therein; that he sought and obtained the office of public administrator solely for the purpose of dismissing the suit, and did procure the dismissal thereof; that, having so caused the suppression of that suit, for the purpose of destroying the rights of the Pickett succession, resulting from the mortgage upon the plantation, he refused to institute any other proceedings to foreclose the mortgage, and withheld from the complainants all information with regard to the enforcement of their claim; and that, while public administrator, he purposely neglected to reinscribe the mortgage, and refused to take any steps, after procuring the dismissal of the said suit, to prevent the complainants' claim from being barred by the statute of limitations. It was alleged that Foster, by virtue of his appointment as public administrator, obtained absolute control over the said claim, and occupied towards the complainants the relation of trustee; that by the laws of Louisiana his official bond operated as a legal mortgage on all the immovable property owned by him since May 6, 1875, when the bond was recorded; and that the complainants were entitled to the benefit of such mortgage for the purpose of making up any discrepancy that might exist between the amount of their debt, with interest, and the present value, namely $20,000, of the property covered by the Pickett mortgage. The complainants averred that they had no knowledge of the unlawful conduct of Foster in reference to their claim upon the property, and could get no information concerning the same, until October 31, 1885, when Joseph D. Pickett sent his son from Kentucky to East Carroll parish, La., to examine the matter.
Other averments and allegations of the bill were substantially as follows: That Foster procured the sale of his property for his taxes; that the sale was irregular and illegal, and that the reconveyance from Gwyn to Foster was a part of a scheme of fraud between them, the object of which was that Gwyn should hold the title for Foster's benefit until sufficient time should elapse for the prescription of the complainants' claim, and then reconvey the property to Foster. That the title taken in the name of Ezra Wheeler & Co. was a mere show, and the result of a fraudulent effort on Foster's part to disguise the fact that he was claiming to own the property, and to prevent the plantation from being subjected to sale under the said mortgage. That the mortgage executed by Foster in favor of his brother John W. Foster, and the judicial mortgage in favor of his brother Alexander H. Foster, as well as a mortgage executed on November 30, 1881, in favor of Ezra Wheeler & Co., were fraudulent and collusive, and were concocted by Foster and his brothers and Ezra Wheeler & Co. for the purpose of putting the plantation beyond the reach of the complainants' demand, and that Ezra Wheeler & Co. never pretended to be the owners of the property. That the judgment obtained by Mrs. Foster in her suit against her husband was the result of a scheme concocted by Foster and his wife, in the interest of Foster, for the purpose of screening the plantation from the operation of the said mortgage and from such demands as the complainants had against Foster on account of his fraudulent acts as public administrator. That as the sheriff's sales to Goodrich and Green in 1868 were made for a less sum than the amount of the Pickett mortgage, they were in contravention of a prohibitory law of Louisiana, and therefore nullities. That Foster had been in actual possession of the plantation, as owner of the same, since February 5, 1873.
The complainants further alleged that they had no relief at law, but in equity ought to be relieved against the frauds, collusions, and combinations of Foster, his wife, his brothers, Ezra Wheeler & Co., and his wife's brother, W. A. Gwyn. They, therefore, asked the court to decree that Foster and his wife held the property described in the Pickett mortgage subject to the same; that that mortgage was and had been a subsisting mortgage dating from January 16, 1866; that the property be sold and the proceeds of sale be paid to the complainants, in priority over all claims of the defendants; that an account be taken of the rents and profits made, or which might have been made, by Foster since he acquired possession of the mortgaged property; that Foster, in his capacity as public administrator, be adjudged to pay of such rents and profits any balance remaining due the complainants upon their mortgage debt after the proceeds of the sale had been applied thereto; and that the complainants had a general mortgage upon the whole of the property to secure the amounts aforesaid, as provided by the laws of Louisiana in reference to the liability of public administrators upon their official bonds.
To the bill demurrers were filed by Foster and his wife, on January 30, 1886, which were dismissed on March 8, 1886, by consent of the defendants, and on April 5, 1886, they filed answers. The answer of Foster alleged that as the laws of Louisiana prohibited the creation of trust estates, the registry of the Pickett mortgage or deed of trust in the mortgage books of the parish of Carroll did not so operate upon the property therein described as to affect third persons; that the effect of the judgment in the actions brought by Goodrich, which actions and judgment were in all respects bona fide and regular, was to prevent the operation of all subsequent incumbrances upon the property so sold, and pass the same free and unincumbered to the purchasers. The defendant averred that the sheriff of the parish caused, as by law he was bound to do, the pretended mortgage or deed of trust to be erased from the mortgage records of the parish, and that the same was not thereafter borne upon the records as notice to third persons of the existence of any claim in favor of Pickett or the cestui que trust named in the instrument; that Goodrich and Green were purchasers at the said sales in good faith, and for valuable consideration, and went into possession of the property under deeds duly executed and recorded, and that the said purchasers and their subsequent vendees have had actual and adverse possession of the property since September 5, 1868. The defendant Foster pleaded, therefore, the prescription of ten years in bar of the complainant's action to annul the effect of such possession, and the prescription of five years in bar of their action to annul the said sales by reason of the failure of the sheriff to observe any formality with relation thereto.
The answer described Foster's connection with the property as follows: At and before the time of the sale, by Goodrich to Mrs. Rickets, of the undivided portion of the property purchased by Goodrich at the sheriff's sale, Foster was a member of the firm of Foster & Gwyn, cotton factors, of New Orleans. That firm entered into business relations with Mrs. Ricketts, and, in good falith, and without any knowledge whatever of the suit by Goodrich, or of the pretended mortgage or deed of trust upon the property, advanced and loaned to her, in money and supplies to be used in the cultivation of the plantation, the sum of $19,000. In recognition of this debt Mrs. Scanlan, with the authority of her husband, executed her promissory note for the amount thereof, dated May 23, 1870, payable one year after date, with interest at 6 per cent., and to secure the payment of the same she executed, on the same day, a mortgage upon the property in favor of the firm. Fruitless efforts having been made by the firm, prior to February 5, 1873, to collect the debt, a compromise of the differences between the parties was entered into, by which it was agreed, among other things, that Foster should acquire the entire interest of the firm in the debt and mortgage against Mrs. Scanlan, and buy up a certain judgment and mortgage held by the firm against her husband, and release the debt held against her personally, and transfer the judgment and mortgage against her husband, to be held for her own use and benefit, in consideration of which she agreed to transfer to Foster all said property. On February 5, 1873, this agreement was carried into effect by an authentic act passed before a notary of the parish of Carroll, by which, for the said consideration, aggregating in amount $36,904.94, Mrs. Scanlan, by the authorization of her husband, transferred to Foster the property acquired by her from Goodrich. The said advances were made to Mrs. Scanlan in good faith, in the due course of business, and in the full belief that she had an unincumbered title to the property. If Foster had been aware that there was any cloud upon her title, his firm would not have made the advances, and he would not have expended a large sum of money in the acquisition of the property. The firm of Foster & Gwyn had also been engaged in business transactions with John H. Green, who purchased at the sheriff's sale the interest of Mrs. Narcissa J. Green in the plantation. In the full faith that Green held an unincumbered title to the property, the firm made large advances to him, and he, on May 23, 1870, executed his promissory note in their favor for the amount thereof, namely, $10,000, payable 12 months after date, and to secure the payment of the same mortgaged to Foster & Gwyn, or any future holders of the note, the said property. He also executed two additional mortgages in favor of the firm, the one dated July 14, 1871, and the other March 11, 1872, to secure the payment of promissory notes for the respective amounts of $3,723.60 and $3,009.55. The said firm was indebted to Ezra Wheeler & Co., of the city of New York, and transferred to them the notes belonging to Foster & Gwyn as collateral security, both firms believing the notes to be secured by the said mortgages. The notes not having been paid when due, the firm of Ezra Wheeler & Co. proceeded lawfully to enforce the sale of the property under the mortgages, and at the sale thereof purchased the property for the sum of $10,398.20, which amount, less expenses, was entered as a credit upon the writ of seizure and sale. Foster & Gwyn were indebted to Ezra Wheeler & Co. in a much larger sum than that amount, and on or about October 6, 1873, Ezra Wheeler & Co. agreed with Foster that upon the payment by him of the principal and interest of the debt due them they would sell and transfer the property to him; and, in order to enable him to pay the debt, they agreed that he should have the benefit of the rents and revenues of the property, such profits to be applied to the interest of the debt. On the day the agreement was made, Ezra Wheeler, representing the firm of Ezra Wheeler & Co., executed a written power of attorney, under which Foster, as the agent of the firm of Ezra Wheeler & Co., was authorized to take possession of the property and to collect the rents and revenues thereof. By virtue of this power of attorney Foster took possession of the property and occupied it until October, 1881, at which time, he having paid the debt due by Foster & Gwyn to Ezra Wheeler & Co., with the exception of $7,250.43, the firm of Ezra Wheeler & Co., in consideration of that amount, sold and transferred the property to him. Part of the purchase price, namely, $2,243, was paid in cash, and the balance in duly accepted drafts on A. H. Foster, secured by a vendor's lien on the property conveyed. This transaction was conducted in good faith, for the purpose of carrying out the commercial contracts and agreements between the parties thereto.
It was denied in the answer that Lanier was ever appointed administrator of the estate of James C. Pickett, or ever qualified as such; that any inventory was made or any other act done to show the existence of such cstate in Louisiana; that such estate could have been legally opened in that state, for the reason that James C. Pickett was not a resident thereof, and left no property therein; that that suit was dismissed through any fraudulent design on the part of Foster to suppress the same, or to defraud the estate or heirs of James C. Pickett; that Foster concealed from the complainants any information in relation to the notes or property; that he was bound to give them any in formation in regard to the same; that the complainants were relying upon Foster, as public administrator, or upon any other administrator, to enforce the payment of the notes; and that Foster obtained the offce of public administrator for the purposes alleged in the complainants' bill. The answer averred the facts to be that the name of Lanier, as public administrator, in the suit instituted to enforce the payment of the notes, was used by the party in possession of the notes for the purpose of bringing suit on the same without any legal authority for so doing, and that Lanier himself had no official power to act in the matter; that Foster was absent from the state at the time the suit was called out and dismissed, and that his attorney refused to prosecute the same or to make him party thereto for the reasons that no such estate as that of James C. Pickett had been opened in the parish of Carroll, that the public administrator had not been appointed to take charge of or administer any such estate, and that the notes were not on file in the suit; that if the said notes were in the parish of Carroll at that time, they were in the possession of the owners thereof, who returned them to the persons from whom they had received them, with full information of what had been done and the existing condition of the claim and of the property, and that the owners of the notes were advised and believed that under the laws of Louisiana the pretended mortgage was void and could not be enforced; that Foster was not aware who were the owners of the claim or of the names or residence of the complainants, and that he had no authority to prosecute the said suit for the reasons above stated; that Foster only accepted the office of public administrator of the parish of Carroll at the earnest solicitation of citizens thereof.
The charges in the bill of fraud on the part of Foster in connection with the tax sales to Gwyn were denied, as were also similar charges with reference to the suit brought against Foster by Mrs. Mary J. Gwyn, his wife. The answer averred that that suit was instituted and defended in good faith; that Foster owed his wife the amount sued for, which fact he averred was established by competent and credible evidence; that the proceedings were fairly and legally conducted, and that the judgment was rendered in accordance with the laws of the state of Louisiana. It was denied that Foster had, since the execution of the judgment, been in possession of the property, except as the agent of his wife.
Finally, the answer averred that all the allegations of the bill charging Foster's transaction with Ezra Wheeler & Co., A. H. Foster, and John W. Foster, as being fraudulent, were false and untrue, and that all those transactions were conducted in good faith, without fraudulent intent, and without any reference to the claim of the complainants.
The answer of Mrs. Foster averred that she was no party to the suits of Goodrich against Mrs. Ricketts and Mrs. Bell; that at the time she acquired the property at the sheriff's sale under her judgment against Foster he was, as she believed, the lawful owner thereof; that by her purchase under that judgment she had obtained and had since held the actual possession of the property; and that the proceedings and judgment in her suit against her husband were in all respects regular and bona flde, and free from fraud or collusion. She alleged that she acquired her title to the property free from any latent defects therein, and that under the laws of Louisiana the mortgage or deed of trust sued upon by the plaintiffs was void and of no effect agains third persons. She pleaded the prescription of five years as against the validity of the notes sued upon by the complainants, upon the ground that no suit was instituted within that time to enforce their payment, and the prescription of ten years as against the mortgage, which she averred was not reinscribed until she became the owner of the property. She also, for cause of demurrer, alleged that any proceedings to avoid the sales made to Goodrich and Green of the property of Mrs. Ricketts and Mrs. Bell were barred by the prescription of five years, as, she said, would appear by the complainants' own showing. For further cause of demurrer she alleged that the good faith of Goodrich and Green in making the said purchases was not denied by the bill, and that Goodrich and Green having acquired good titles, and their vendees having had actual possession of the property for more than ten years before the institution of the complainants' suit, all actions to annul the titles of the said vendees became barred by the lapse of ten years from the date of their several purchases.
Mrs. Scanlan and Mrs. Green admitted, in the answer filed by them on April 12, 1886, that they borrowed the money, and executed the mortgage, as alleged in the bill; that legal proceedings were instituted against them to collect the notes; and that they were unable to pay that debt, as well as others. They averred that long ago they were dispossessed of the property under judicial proceedings, and they denied all manner of unlawful combination and confederacy on their part.
The case was duly heard in the said court upon bill, answer, and evidence, and on October 23, 1888, the bill was dismissed; whereupon the complainants were allowed an appeal to this court.
Robert E. De Forest, N. L. Jeffries, and Wm. E. Earle, for appellants.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 522-523 intentionally omitted]
S. F. Phillips and Frederic D. KcKenney, for appellees.
Mr. Justice SHIRAS, after stating the facts in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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