OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Alexander of Lycopolis/Of the Manichaeans/Part 2

Chapter II.—The Age of Manichæus, or Manes; His First Disciples; The Two Principles; Manichæan Matter.
So in these matters also, whilst in novelty of opinion each endeavours to show himself first and superior, they brought this philosophy, which is simple, almost to a nullity. Such was he whom they call Manichæus, a Persian by race, my instructor in whose doctrine was one Papus by name, and after him Thomas, and some others followed them. They say that the man lived when Valerian was emperor, and that he served under Sapor, the king of the Persians, and having offended him in some way, was put to death. Some such report of his character and reputation has come to me from those who were intimately acquainted with him. He laid down two principles, God and Matter. God he called good, and matter he affirmed to be evil. But God excelled more in good than matter in evil. But he calls matter not that which Plato calls it, which becomes everything when it has received quality and figure, whence he terms it all-embracing—the mother and nurse of all things; nor what Aristotle calls an element, with which form and privation have to do, but something beside these. For the motion which in individual things is incomposite, this he calls matter. On the side of God are ranged powers, like handmaids, all good; and likewise, on the side of matter are ranged other powers, all evil. Moreover, the bright shining, the light, and the superior, all these are with God; while the obscure, and the darkness, and the inferior are with matter. God, too, has desires, but they are all good; and matter, likewise, which are all evil.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Manes, or Manichæus, lived about a.d. 240. He was a Persian by birth, and this accounts for the Parseeism which can be detected in his teaching. He was probably ordained a priest, but was afterwards expelled from the Christian community, and put to death by the Persian government. His tenets spread considerably, and were in early youth embraced by St. Augustine. [See Confess., iii. 6.]
* ↑ Plato, Timæus, 51.
* ↑ In substance, but not in words, Aristotle, Met., Book Λ 4 (1070´ b).
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Alexander of Lycopolis/Of the Manichaeans/Part 21

Chapter XXI.—Some Portions of the Virtue Have Good in Them, Others More Good; In the Sun and the Moon It is Incorrupt, in Other Things Depraved; An Improbable Opinion.
But if any one were to apply his mind to what follows, the road would not appear to be plain and straightforward, but more arduous even than that which has been passed. For they say that the sun and moon have contracted no stain from their admixture with matter. And now they cannot say how other things have become deteriorated contrary to their own proper nature. For if, when it was absolute and by itself, the divine virtue was so constituted that one portion of it was good, and another had a greater amount of goodness in it, according to the old tale of the centaurs, who as far as the breast were men, and in the lower part horses, which are both good animals, but the man is the better of the two; so also, in the divine virtue, it is to be understood that the one portion of it is the better and the more excellent, and the other will occupy the second and inferior place. And in the same way, with respect to matter, the one portion possesses, as it were, an excess of evil; while others again are different, and about that other the language will be different. For it is possible to conceive that from the beginning the sun and moon, by a more skilful and prudent judgment, chose for themselves the parts of matter that were less evil for the purposes of admixture, that they might remain in their own perfection and virtue; but in the lapse of time, when the evils lost their force and became old, they brought out so much of the excess in the good, while the rest of its parts fell away, not, indeed, without foresight, and yet not with the same foresight, did each object share according to its quantity in the evil that was in matter. But since, with respect to this virtue, nothing of a different kind is asserted by them, but it is to be understood throughout to be alike and of the same nature, their argument is improbable; because in the admixture part remains pure and incorrupt, while the other has contracted some share of evil.

## Footnotes

* ↑ This passage and the following sentences are corrupt. Possibly something is wanting.—Tr.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Alexander of Lycopolis/Of the Manichaeans/Part 20

Chapter XX.—The Divine Virtue in the View of the Same Manichæus Corporeal and Divisible; The Divine Virtue Itself Matter Which Becomes Everything; This is Not Fitting.
I, indeed, besides all these things, wonder that they do not perceive that they are making the divine virtue to be corporeal, and dividing it, as it were, into parts. For why, as in the case of matter, is not the divine virtue also passible and divisible throughout, and from one of its parts the sun made, and from another the moon? For clearly this is what they assert to belong to the divine virtue; and this is what we said was the property of matter, which by itself is nothing, but when it has received form and qualities, everything is made which is divided and distinct. If, therefore, as from one subject, the divine virtue, only the sun and the moon have their beginning, and these things are different, why was anything else made? But if all things are made, what follows is manifest, that divine virtue is matter, and that, too, such as is made into forms. But if nothing else but the sun and moon are what was created by the divine virtue, then what is intermixed with all things is the sun and moon; and each of the stars is the sun and moon, and each individual animal of. those who live on land, and of fowls, and of creatures amphibious. But this, not even those who exhibit juggling tricks would admit, as, I think, is evident to every one.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Alexander of Lycopolis/Of the Manichaeans/Part 22

Chapter XXII.—The Light of the Moon from the Sun; The Inconvenience of the Opinion that Souls are Received in It; The Two Deluges of the Greeks.
Now, they say that the sun and the moon having by degrees separated the divine virtue from matter, transmit it to God. But if they had only to a slight degree frequented the schools of the astronomers, it would not have happened to them to fall into these fancies, nor would they have been ignorant that the moon, which, according to the opinion of some, is itself without light, receives its light from the sun, and that its configurations are just in proportion to its distance from the sun, and that it is then full moon when it is distant from the sun one hundred and eighty degrees. It is in conjunction when it is in the same degree with the sun. Then, is it not wonderful how it comes to pass that there should be so many souls, and from such diverse creatures? For there is the soul of the world itself, and of the animals, of plants, of nymphs, and demons, and amongst these are distinguished by appearance those of fowls, of land animals, and animals amphibious; but in the moon one like body is always seen by us. And what of the continuity of this body? When the moon is half-full, it appears a semicircle, and when it is in its third quarter, the same again. How then, and with what figure, are they assumed into the moon? For if it be light as fire, it is probable that they would not only ascend as far as the moon, but even higher, continually; but if it be heavy, it would not be possible for them at all to reach the moon. And what is the reason that that which first arrives at the moon is not immediately transmitted to the sun, but waits for the full moon until the rest of the souls arrive? When then the moon, from having been full, decreases, where does the virtue remain during that time? until the moon, which has been emptied of the former souls, just as a desolated city, shall receive again a fresh colony. For a treasure-house should have been marked out in some part of the earth, or of the clouds, or in some other place, where the congregated souls might stand ready for emigration to the moon. But, again, a second question arises. What then is the cause that it is not full immediately? or why does it again wait fifteen days? Nor is this less to be wondered at than that which has been said, that never within the memory of man has the moon become full after the fifteen days. Nay, not even—in the time of the deluge of Deucalion, nor in that of Phoroneus, when all things, so to speak, which were upon the face of the earth perished, and it happened that a great quantity of virtue was separated from matter. And, besides these things, one must consider the productiveness of generations, and their barrenness, and also the destruction of them; and since these things do not happen in order, neither ought the order of the full moon, nor the these of the waning moon, to be so carefully observed.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Farnham, Thomas Jefferson

Edition of 1900.
​FARNHAM, Thomas Jefferson, author, b. in Vermont in 1804; d. in California in September, 1848. He was a lawyer, but in 1839 organized and took the command of a small expedition across the continent to Oregon. He went to California the same year, and was instrumental in procuring the release of a large number of American and English citizens who had been imprisoned by the Mexican government. He is the author of “Travels in Oregon Territory” (1842); “Travels in California, and Scenes in the Pacific” (1845); “A Memoir of the Northwest Boundary-Line” (1845); and “Mexico, its Geography, People, and Institutions” (1846). — His wife, Eliza Woodson, philanthropist, b. in Rensselaerville, N. Y., 17 Nov., 1815; d. in New York city, 15 Dec., 1864. Her maiden name was Burhans. She removed to Illinois in 1835, and was married there in 1836, but returned to New York in 1841. In 1844 she accepted an appointment as matron of the female department of the State prison at Sing Sing, that she might prove the possibility of governing such an institution by kindness alone. She met with unqualified success, and retained the office till 1848, when she removed to Boston, and was for several months connected with the management of the Institution for the blind. In 1849 she visited California, and remained there until 1856, when she returned to New York. For the two years following she devoted herself to the study of medicine, and in 1859 organized a society to assist destitute women in finding homes in the west, taking charge in person of several companies of this class of emigrants. She subsequently returned to California. While matron at Sing Sing, she published her “Life in Prairie-Land,” and edited Samson's “Criminal Jurisprudence.” She is also the author of “California, Indoors and Out,” and “My Early Days” (1859). Her most elaborate work is contained in “Woman and Her Era” (2 vols., 1864).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Farnsworth, Joseph Downing

Edition of 1900.
​FARNSWORTH, Joseph Downing, physician, b. in Middletown, Conn., about 1780; d. in Fairfax, Vt., 9 Sept., 1857. For more than fifty years he was one of the most eminent physicians in Vermont. He was for fifteen years chief judge in Franklin county, and for twenty-seven years a member of the legislature. He was especially active in promoting the interests of the Baptist denomination, to which he belonged, and vigorously opposed an act passed by the Vermont legislature in 1787 requiring the inhabitants of each town to support “the standing order,” unless they could show that they were connected with some other religious organization. This act was repealed in 1807.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Farnsworth, John Franklin

Edition of 1900. The 1892 edition notes that John Franklin Farnsworth “received an academic education.”
​FARNSWORTH, John Franklin, legislator, b. in Eaton, Quebec, Canada, 27 March, 1820; d. in Washington, D. C., 14 July, 1897. He removed with his parents to Michigan in 1834, studied and practised law, and afterward went to Chicago, Ill. He was elected to congress as a Republican, and served from 1857 till 1861, when he became colonel of the 8th Illinois cavalry. He subsequently raised ​the 17th Illinois regiment, by order of the war department, and was commissioned brigadier-general, 29 Nov., 1862, but was compelled to resign from the army in March, 1863, owing to injuries received in the field. He then removed to St. Charles, Ill., and from 1863 till 1873 was again a member of congress. Since 1873 he was engaged in the practice of his profession in Washington, D. C. — His nephew,
Elon John, soldier, b. in Green Oak, Livingston co., Mich., in 1837; d. in Gettysburg, Pa., 3 July, 1863, was educated in the public schools, and spent a year at the University of Michigan. Leaving college in 1858, he served in the quartermaster's department of the army during the Utah expedition of that year. He then engaged in buffalo-hunting, and in carrying freight to the then newly discovered mines at Pike's Peak. In 1861 he became assistant quartermaster of the 8th Illinois cavalry, which his uncle was then organizing. He was soon promoted to captain, and took part in all the battles of the Peninsula, and in those of Pope's campaign. He was appointed aide to Gen. Pleasonton in May, 1863, promoted to brigadier-general on the 29th of the following month, and was killed four days afterward while leading a charge during the battle of Gettysburg.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Farnsworth, Benjamin Franklin

Edition of 1900.
​FARNSWORTH, Benjamin Franklin, educator, b. in Bridgeton, Me., 17 Dec., 1793; d. in Louisville, Ky., 4 June, 1851. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1813, studied for the ministry, and was pastor of the Baptist church at Edenton, N. C., for two years. From 1821 till 1823 he was principal of the Bridgewater, Mass., academy, and then took charge of a girls' high-school at Worcester, Mass. He next edited the “Christian Watchman,” of Boston, which he left, in 1826, to take the chair of theology at the New Hampton, N. H., theological institute. Here he remained until 1833, when, after teaching school for a time in Providence, R. I., he was elected president of Georgetown, Ky., college, from which he afterward received the degree of D. D. The following year he was chosen president of the University of Louisville, where he remained until his death.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Farnum, John Egbert

Edition of 1900.
​FARNUM, John Egbert, soldier, b. in New Jersey, 1 April, 1824; d. in New York city, 16 May, 1870. He was educated in Pottsville, Pa., entered the army as sergeant-major of the 1st Pennsylvania infantry in 1846, and served through the Mexican war. Subsequently he joined the Lopez expedition to Cuba which left New Orleans in 1850, and also took an active part in Walker's Nicaraguan expeditions. Still later he was captain of the slave-yacht “Wanderer,” and was indicted at Savannah for carrying on the slave-trade. He is said to have regretted this episode in his life, and at the beginning of the civil war he became major in the 70th New York volunteers, which was raised and commanded by Gen. Sickles. He distinguished himself for gallantry in all the engagements in which Sickles's brigade took part, and was promoted colonel of his regiment. At the battle of Williamsburg, 5 May, 1862, he was severely wounded, but recovered in time to take part in the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, and was brevetted brigadier-general for gallant conduct in those engagements. He was then compelled by his wounds to abandon active service, and accepted the colonelcy of the 11th regiment of the veteran reserve corps, which he retained till the close of the war. Later he was appointed inspector of customs in the city of New York, which office he held at the time of his death.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Farquhar, Norman von Heldreich

Edition of 1900.
​FARQUHAR, Norman von Heldreich, naval officer, b. in Pottsville, Pa., 11 April, 1840. He was graduated at the U. S. naval academy in 1859, became a lieutenant in 1861, a lieutenant-commander in 1865, and a commander in 1872. In 1862-'3 he was executive officer of the steamer “Mahaska,” of the North Atlantic squadron, and during that period frequently engaged the enemy both afloat and in expeditions on shore. As executive officer of the “Santiago de Cuba” he took part in both attacks on Fort Fisher, N. C., and led the men of that vessel in the successful assault on the fort of 15 Jan., 1865. He was commandant of cadets at the U. S. naval academy in 1881-'6, and in the latter year was promoted captain.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Farrar, John

Edition of 1900.
​FARRAR, John, educator, b. in Lincoln, Mass., 1 July, 1779; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 8 May, 1853. He was graduated at Harvard in 1803, studied theology at Andover, and in 1805 was appointed Greek tutor at Harvard. He was chosen Hollis professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in the same institution in 1807, and retained the chair till 1836, when he resigned in consequence of a painful illness that finally caused his death. He published for the use of his pupils a translation of Lacroix's “Elements of Algebra” (1818), which he followed by selections from Legendre, Biot, Bezant, and others. These works were at once adopted as text-books by Harvard, the U. S. military academy, and other institutions. He was a contributor to scientific journals, to the “North American Review,” and to the “Memoirs” of the American academy. — His wife, Eliza Ware, author, b. in Flanders, Europe, in 1791; d. in Springfield, Mass., 22 April, 1870, was the daughter of Benjamin Rotch, of New Bedford, Mass. She was educated in England, lived there until 1819, and in 1828 became the second wife of Prof. Farrar. She wrote “Children's Robinson Crusoe”; “The Story of Lafayette”; “The Life of Howard”; “Youth's Love-Letters”; “Young Lady's Friend” (1837); “Congo in Search of his Master” (New York, 1854); and “Recollections of Seventy Years” (Boston, 1865).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Faneuil, Peter

Edition of 1900.
FANEUIL, Peter, merchant, b. in New Rochelle, N. Y., in 1700; d. in Boston. Mass., 3 March, 1743. His parents were French Huguenots. He became a merchant in Boston, and in 1740, after the project of erecting a public market-house in that city had been discussed for some years, he offered, at a public meeting, to build a suitable edifice at his own cost as a gift to the town; but so strong was the opposition to market-houses that, although a vote of thanks was passed unanimously, the offer was accepted by a majority of only seven. The building was begun in Dock square in September of the same year, and finished in two years. It comprised a market-house on the ground floor, and a town-hall, with other rooms, over it. In 1761 it was destroyed by fire, nothing but the brick walls remaining. It was rebuilt by the town in 1763, and in 1775, during the British occupation of Boston, it was used for a theatre. In 1805 it was enlarged by the addition of another story, and increased forty feet in width. The large hall is about eighty feet square, and contains many fine paintings of distinguished men. During the Revolutionary period it was the usual meeting-place of the patriots, and, from the stirring debates and important resolutions that were often heard within its walls, it gained the name of “the cradle of American liberty.” (See illustration.)
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Farnsworth, Philo Judson

Edition of 1900.
​FARNSWORTH, Philo Judson, physician, b. in Westford, Chittenden co., Vt., 9 Jan., 1832. He was graduated at the University of Vermont in 1854, and at its medical department in 1858. He practised at Phillipsburg, Canada, until 1860, in which year he received a second medical degree from the College of physicians and surgeons in New York. He was in Lyons, Iowa, in 1862-'6, then went to Clinton, Iowa, and in 1870 was elected to the chair of materia medica and diseases of children in the University of the State of Iowa. He is a member of several medical societies, and has contributed frequently to professional journals, chiefly to the “Medical and Surgical Reporter” of Philadelphia. He has also paid some attention to local geology and archæology. He read a paper on the “Therapeutics of Ammonia” before the American medical association in 1873, and one on “Indian Mounds” before the Iowa national history society in 1876. He is the author of “A Synopsis of a Course of Lectures on Materia Medica” (Chicago, 1884).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Tupac Inca Yupanqui

Edition of 1900.
TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI (too-pak-ing-kah-yoo-pang'-ke), eleventh inca of Peru, b. in Cuzco about 1420; d. there in 1483. He was a son of the inca Yupanqui and Mama Chimpu Ocllo, and succeeded his father on the throne in 1453, beginning his reign by visiting the different provinces of his empire, in which undertaking he spent four years. After gathering an army of more than 40,000 men at Cajamarca, he conquered the territories of Moyabamba, Chachapoyas, Ayabaca, and Huancabamba, and, on his return to Cuzco, completed the construction of the famous fortress of Sacsahuana, which had been begun under the reign of his father. Some years afterward he marched again to the conquest of the northern tribes and subjugated Huanuco and the Cañari territory. In his old age he sent another army northward, but remained in Cuzco, giving the command to his eldest son, Huayna Capac, who conquered Quito and Pasto, and by whom he was succeeded.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Tupper, Benjamin

Edition of 1889.
​TUPPER, Benjamin, soldier, b. in Stoughton, Mass., in August, 1738; d. in Marietta, Ohio, in June, 1792. He served as a soldier in the French war of 1756-'63, and afterward taught. Soon after the battle of Lexington he was a major at Boston, and distinguished himself in a boat expedition at Castle island, Boston harbor. He became a lieutenant-colonel, 4 Nov., 1775, colonel of the 11th Massachusetts early in 1776, and in August of the same year commanded the gun-boats and galleys on the North river. He served under Gen. Horatio Gates at Saratoga, was at the battle of Monmouth in 1778, and was brevetted a general before the close of the war. With Gen. Rufus Putnam he originated the Ohio land company, was appointed in 1785 surveyor of Ohio lands, and served against Shays's rebellion in 1786. He settled at Marietta, Ohio, in 1787, and became a judge in 1788. — His son, Edward W., was a brigadier-general of Ohio volunteers, and served under Gen. Harrison in 1812. He died at Gallipolis, Ohio, in 1823.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Tyrker

Edition of 1889.
​TYRKER, the German foster-father of Leif, son of Eric the Red, lived in the 11th century. He accompanied Leif on his voyage of discovery in the year 1000. After the Scandinavian navigator had built Leifsbudir, near the present site of Newport, R. I., as is supposed by many, he divided his men into two parties, which alternated ​in exploring the neighborhood. He cautioned his followers to keep together and return to sleep at their quarters. But one evening Tyrker did not return with his party. In great sorrow Leif, at the head of twelve men, went in search of him. He had not gone far when he discovered the old German, evidently greatly excited and gesticulating wildly. “Why, my fosterer,” cried Leif, “have you come so late? What made you leave your companions!” Tyrker answered in German, but, remembering that the Scandinavians could not understand him, he spoke, after some time, in Norsk. “I have not gone very far; still I have some news for you. I have discovered vines loaded with grapes.” “Are you telling the truth, my fosterer?” exclaimed Leif. “I am sure of telling the truth,” he returned, “for in my native land there are vines in plenty.” This caused Leif to give the country the name of Vinland. See Adam of Bremen's “Historia Ecclesiastica.”