OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Grousset, Paschal

Edition of 1905. See also Paschal Grousset on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ GROUSSET, gro͞o′sā̇′, Paschal (1844—). A French politician and author, born at Corte in Corsica. He studied medicine in Paris, but immediately took up journalism, wrote scientific articles for L'Etendard and Le Figaro under the name ‘Docteur Blasius,’ and began to write fiction luider the pseudonym ‘Léopold Virey.’ He joined Henri de Rochefort in the management of La Marseillaise in 1869, and in January, 1870, quarreled with Prince Pierre Bonaparte and sent two seconds to answer his challenge. One of these, Victor Noir, was killed by the Prince. This deepened Grousset's opposition to the Empire, and he attacked it bitterly in La Marseillaise, and was condemned to heavy fines and repeated imprisonments. He took part in the insurrection of March, 1871, was elected a member of the Comumne, and took charge of foreign affairs; but on his attempt to leave Paris in June was arrested and deported to New Caledonia. He escaped with Rochefort and others (1874), went to England, acted as London correspondent of Le Temps, under the name ‘Philippe Daryl,’ and returned to Paris in 1881. Defeated in the elections of that year, he was chosen Deputy in 1893 and reëlected in 1898. His works include: The political sketches, Le bilan de l'année 1868 (1869), La conspiration du général Malet (1869), and Les origines d'une dynastie, le coup d'état de Brumaire an VIII. (1869), as well as the autobiographic Les condamnés politiques en Nouvelle Caledonie (with Jourde, 1876); notes of travel and life abroad, La vie partout (1884-88); Scènes de la vie de collège dans tous les pays (1881-91); translations of Stevenson's Treasure Island and of Mayne Reid's novels; and L'héritier de Robinson (1884); L'épave du Cynthia (with Jules Verne, 1885); Le capitaine Trafalgar (1886); Le secret du mage (1890); and Atlantis (1896). ‘Tiburce Moray’ is another of Grousset's pseudonyms.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gräfle, Albert

Edition of 1905. See also Albert Gräfle on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer. In the phonetic transcripton, ĕ is substituted for the original macronned a with a dot over it.
GRÄFLE, grắf'le, Albert (1809-89). A German historical, genre, and portrait painter, born at Freiburg, where he studied philosophy at the university. In 1827 he went to Munich and became pupil of Cornelius and Schnorr at the academy, and from 1840 studied under Winterhalter in Paris, where he was awarded a gold medal in 1846. After traveling in France and England, he settled in Munich in 1852. Besides the “Triumph of Arminius” (Karlsruhe Gallery), and some altarpieces, his more important productions include: “The Seasons and the Divisions of the Day,” and “Corpus Christi Procession of Peasant Women” (1860), both in the grand-ducal palace at Karlsruhe; and “Conradin Taking Farewell of his Mother, Elizabeth of Bavaria.” He also painted many portraits of royalties (Queen Victoria, etc.), and for Castle Linderhof, Bavaria, a series of twenty celebrities — men and famous beauties — in the time of Louis XIV.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Guan

Edition of 1905. See also Guan (bird) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​GUAN, gwän (South American name). A gallinaceous bird of Central and South America, often domesticated. It belongs to the same family (Cracidæ) as the curassow, the guans constituting the subfamily Penelopinæ. They have been separated into seven genera, of which Penelope (16 species) and Ortalis (19 species) are the largest. All are rather large, varying from the body size of a grouse to that of a goose. Their plumage is mainly black, glossed with green, and varied with white and brown; nearly all have the throat bare, and many have pendent gular wattles. Their heads are often crested, and their tails are long and gracefully carried. They go about in large flocks, but separate into pairs during the breeding season, and spend most of their time in the high forest trees, descending to the ground in search of fallen fruits, insects, and the like. Their nests are placed in trees, on bushes, or on the ground. Only one species ranges sufficiently far north to enter the United States. This is the Texan guan or ‘chachalaca’ (Ortalis vetula, var. McCalli), which is a dark, glossy, olivaceous-green bird nearly two feet long; but one-half of the length is due to the graduated tail of twelve feathers. It is noisy in the breeding season (April), the name chachalaca being imitative of its notes, which are as harsh and loud as those of a guinea-fowl; and all the guans of a neighborhood join in a stentorian chorus at sunrise each morning. These birds may be easily tamed, and to a certain extent are domesticated about the rural villages; but there seems little probability of their becoming a really widespread and useful fowl. See Plate of Grouse, etc.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Guam

Edition of 1905. See also Guam on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​GUAM, gwäm, or GUAJÁN, gwȧ-Hän′. The largest of the Ladrone Islands (q.v.), lying in the Pacific Ocean, and belonging to the United States. It is the southernmost of the group, and is situated in latitude 13° 30′ N., and longitude 144° 45′ E., about 1500 miles east of Manila, and nearly the same distance southeast of Yokohama. It is 31 miles long and from 5 to 7 miles wide, and has an area of about 195 square miles. The northern half consists of a level and barren plateau 250 feet above the sea, toward which it falls abruptly on all sides; the southern half is mountainous, and the whole island is surrounded by a coral reef, with here and there a break permitting entrance to the harbors, of which the largest and best is that of Apra, on the western coast. The climate is humid, with rain at all seasons, but not unhealthful. The indigenous flora is poor and little varied, the principal trees being the cocoanut-palm and the breadfruit tree. Rice, sugar, and indigo are also cultivated, and the farms are well stocked with domestic animals imported by the Spaniards. Agriculture and fishing are almost the only occupations of the inhabitants, who consist chiefly of aboriginal Chamorros intermixed with Tagalos and Malays. The island is of little importance to the United States except as a naval station and port of transit between America and Asia, to which end the harbor of Apra is being extensively improved. The population, in 1898, numbered 9000, of whom more than half live in the capital, Agaña (q.v.). Guam was captured by the United States cruiser Charleston on June 21, 1898, and by the Treaty of Paris was ceded by Spain to the United States. Consult: Griffis, List of Books (with references to periodicals) on Samoa and Guam (Washington, 1901); Wheeler, Report on the Island of Guam (Washington, 1900).
* COPYRIGHT, 1899 AND 1902, BY DODD, MEAD & COMPANY.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gussenbauer, Karl

Edition of 1905. See also Carl Gussenbauer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GUSSENBAUER, gụ'sen-bou'ẽr, Karl (1842-1903). An Austrian surgeon. He was born at Ober-Vellach, Carinthia, and was educated at Vienna, where for some time he was assistant to Billroth. In 1875 he was appointed professor of surgery at Liège, in 1878 he was made professor at Prague, and in 1894 he became professor of surgery in Vienna. He was the first to construct a serviceable artificial larynx. His researches were devoted chiefly to gastrotomy, removal of the larynx, partial intestinal resection, and methods of artificial bone-severance. His principal works include: Die traumatischen Verletzungen (1880); Sephthämie, Pyohämie und Pyo-Sephthämie (1882), and Beitrag zur Extirpation von Beckenknochengeschwülsten (1891).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of

Edition of 1905. See also Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GUADALUPE HIDALGO, hē̇-dȧl′gō̇ or ē̇-Däl′gō̇, Treaty of. A treaty made between the United States and Mexico, at Guadalupe Hidalgo, a small place in the outskirts of the City of Mexico, February 2, 1848, at the close of the Mexican War. The American negotiator was Nicholas P. Trist, of Virginia, chief clerk of the Department of State, who had been sent by President Polk, in the summer of 1847, to the headquarters of General Scott for the purpose of entering into negotiations with the Mexican Government. At that time Trist was instructed to demand, among other things, the cession of New Mexico and the Californias and the recognition of the Rio Grande as the international boundary. During an armistice, in the month of August, commissioners of the Mexican Government met Trist and offered radically different counter-propositions, insisting also upon the Nueces as the correct boundary. Nothing came of these negotiations, and, upon the termination of the armistice, hostilities were resumed, and Trist was recalled. Nevertheless, he remained on the ground, and upon a suitable change in the military situation, negotiations were resumed in January, 1848, and on February 2d an agreement was reached in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Trist promptly returned to Washington, and President Polk submitted the treaty to the Senate on February 23d. After vigorous opposition on the part of some of the Senators, resulting in modifications which were accepted by Mexico, the treaty was ratified by the Senate on March 16th; ratifications were exchanged on May 30th, and the treaty was proclaimed on July 4, 1848. By the terms of the treaty in its final form, the Rio Grande was established as the boundary for the eastern portion of the cession, and in the west the lines of the Gila and Colorado were so followed as to give to the United States all the territory then known as New Mexico and Upper California. The United States agreed to pay to Mexico $15,000,000, and to assume the payment of all claims adjudged against Mexico under the conventions of 1839 and 1843. Furthermore, the United States assumed the payment of all claims, not exceeding in the aggregate $3,250,000, held by citizens of the United States against Mexico, and which originated prior to the date of the treaty. On July 29, 1848, Congress passed an act providing for the payment of the claims already liquidated, and on March 3, 1849, a commission was created to pass upon claims against Mexico held by citizens of the United States. By this commission 182 claims were allowed and 70 were rejected. For a map illustrating the cession, consult Channing, United States of America, page 135.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Guanabacoa

Edition of 1905. See also Guanabacoa on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​GUANABACOA, gwä′nȧ-Bȧ-kō′ȧ. A town of Cuba, situated a few miles east of Havana, on the Havana-Matanzas Railway line (Map: Cuba, C 3). It is built chiefly on a range of hills, and is surrounded by groves of trees, watered by numerous springs. It has a theatre, a lyceum, and a hospital. It was formerly an ancient Indian town, but the Indians were supplanted by Spaniards before the end of the sixteenth century. It received its town charter on August 14, 1743. In 1762 it was sacked by the English. Population, in 1899, 20,080.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Guarini, Giovanni Battista

Edition of 1905. See also Giovanni Battista Guarini on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GUARINI, gwȧ-rē′nē̇, Giovanni Battista (1538-1612). An Italian poet, born at Ferrara. On the termination of his studies at the universities of Pisa, Padua, and Ferrara, he was appointed to the chair of literature in the last, and soon after the publication of some sonnets obtained for him great popularity as a poet. At the age of thirty he accepted service at the Court of Ferrara, and was intrusted by Duke Alfonso II. with various diplomatic missions. Differences between him and the Duke induced him to withdraw from the Court of Ferrara about the year 1587. Having resided successively in Savoy, Mantua, Florence, and Urbino, he returned to his native Ferrara, and discharged one final public mission, that of congratulating Pope Paul V. on his election (1605). He died in Venice, whither he had been summoned to attend a lawsuit.
As a poet he is remarkable for refined grace of language and sweetness of sentiment, while his defects are occasional artificiality, due to an unnatural quintessence of conceit, a too constant recurrence of antithetical imagery, and an affected dallying with his pleas. His chief and most popular work, Il pastor fido, is regarded in Italy as a standard of elegant pastoral composition, and obtained a high measure of popularity on its appearance. The writer designed it as a tragicomic pastoral; its first dramatic representation was in honor of the nuptials of the Duke of Savoy and Catharine of Austria (1585). It was not published until 1590, at Venice, and Guarini continued to make changes in it until the twentieth edition appeared at Venice in 1602. Altogether, some 120 editions of this favorite work have been issued; the best is that of G. Casella (Florence, 1866), containing an essay on the poet, which is also to be found in vol. ii.
of Casella's Opere (Florence, 1884). Translations of the Pastor fido have appeared in very many modern languages. In its kind, the play has been surpassed only by the Aminta of Tasso. In editorial work Guarini prepared the Scelte delle rime of Tasso, published at Ferrara in 1582. Mention may be made, among Guarini's other works, of his Compendio della poesia tragicomica, published in 1601, and again in the 1602 edition of the Pastor fido; his dialogue, Il segretario (1594), on the duties of a secretary, and on matters of logic, rhetoric, etc.; the prose comedy La idropica, written about 1584 (published 1613); his Lettere (1593); the Trattato della politica libertà (first published in Venice, 1818), Consult: Rossi, Battista Guarini ed. Il pastor fido (Turin, 1880); Cian. in Archivio veneto, second series, vols. xxxii. and xxxiii. (Venice, 1880); Ruggieri's life of Guarini, published in the edition of the Trattato della politica libertà (Venice, 1818); Saviotti, Guariniana (Pesaro, 1888); M. W. Shelley, Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men of Italy, vol. ii. (London, 1835).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Grove, George

Edition of 1905. See also George Grove on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ GROVE, Sir George (1820-1900). An English engineer and musical critic, born at Clapham. After studying at the grammar school there he was articled to Alexander Gordon; worked at Napier's factory in Glasgow; was employed in the building of Morant Point Lighthouse in Jamaica (1841), and of Gibb's Hill Light in Bermuda (1845); and then worked on the Britannia Tubular Bridge over Menai Strait. In 1850 he was secretary to the Society of Arts, but resigned this post (1852) to become secretary of the Crystal Palace. Here he first made an effort to educate English musical taste, especially for Beethoven and the Romantic German School. In 1867 he traveled to Vienna with Arthur Sullivan and discovered the part-books of Schubert's music to Rosamunde. His abilities as a critic of music brought him into connection with the Macmillans. He was editor of their magazine from 1868 to 1883, and of the valuable Dictionary of Music and Musicians (1879-89), and wrote Beethoven and His Nine Symphonies (1896). For twelve years he was director of the Royal College of Music. He was knighted in 1883 and made Commander of the Bath in 1894. His work in biblical geography was also important. He wrote many articles for Smith's Dictionary of the Bible (London, 1864); assisted Stanley in his Sinai and Palestine (New York, 1865); and was influential in the promotion of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Consult Graves, The Life of Sir George Grove (London, 1901).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gualeguaychú

Edition of 1905. See also Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​GUALEGUAYCHÚ, gwä′lȧ-gwī̇-cho͞o′. A city in the Province of Entre Rios, Argentina, situated on the Gualeguaychú River, 12 miles from its junction with the Uruguay (Map: Argentina, F 10). The town has a library and a school, various milling establishments, important manufactures of beef extracts, and an active river trade. Population, 14,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Representatives, House of

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​REPRESENTATIVES, House of. The Lower House of the Congress of the United States. See United States; Congress; Committees.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Reprieve

Edition of 1905. See also Pardon#Related concepts on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​REPRIEVE (doublet of reprove, from OF. reprover, reprouver, Fr. réprouver, to reprove, reject, from Lat. reprobare, to condemn, reject, from re-, back again, anew + probare, to test, prove, from probus, good). The temporary suspension of a sentence for a crime, granted by the pardoning power, which is usually the chief magistrate of a State or nation. The term is most commonly employed to denote a stay of execution of a person convicted of a capital crime. Reprieves are usually granted in order to allow an investigation into the legality of the conviction, or into alleged ‘newly discovered evidence’ in favor of the condemned person. They are also granted in case of pregnancy of a woman condemned to death, in cases of alleged insanity after condemnation to death, and often pending an investigation of facts urged in an application for a pardon. See Pardon.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rennie, John

Edition of 1905. See also John Rennie the Elder on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​RENNIE, John (1761-1821). A British civil engineer. He was born at Phantassie, in Haddingtonshire, and obtained his preliminary education at the Parish school of Prestonkirk, and supplemented it by two years at Dunbar, where he studied pure mathematics. After serving as a workman he studied at Edinburgh, and in 1780 secured employment at the works of Boulton & Watt at Soho, near Birmingham. Here his mechanical genius soon displayed itself; and so highly did Watt esteem Rennie that he gave him, in 1789, the sole direction of the construction and fitting up of the machinery of the Albion Mills, London; and the ingenious improvements effected in the wheel-work, shafting, and frames were so striking that Rennie at once rose into general notice as an engineer of great promise. To this mill engineering he added, about 1799, the construction of bridges; and in this branch also his talent and ingenuity were manifest. The elegance and solidity of his constructions, the chief examples of which were at Kelso, Leeds, Musselburg, Newton-Stewart, Boston, and New Galloway, were universally admired; Rennie's greatest work of this kind was the Waterloo Bridge over the Thames. Another of his works was the Southwark Bridge, which was built on a new principle, with cast-iron arches resting on stone piers. He also drew up the plan for the London Bridge, which, however, was not commenced until after his death. He superintended the execution of the Grand Western Canal in Somerset, the Polbrook Canal in Cornwall, the canal joining the Don and Dee in Aberdeen, that between Arundel and Portsmouth, and, chief of all, the Kennet and Avon Canal between Newbury and Bath. The London Docks, the East and West India docks (see Dock) at Blackwall with their freight sheds, the Hull Docks, the Prince's Docks at Liverpool, and those of Dublin, Greenock, and Leith, were all designed and wholly or partially executed under his superintendence. He also planned many improvements of harbors and on the dock yards of Portsmouth, Chatham, Sheerness, and Plymouth, executing at the last-mentioned port the most remarkable of all his naval works, the celebrated breakwater. (See Breakwater.) Rennie died October 16, 1821, and was buried in Saint Paul's Cathedral, London. Consult Smiles, Lives of the Engineers (London, 1861-62; rev. ed. 1874).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rennie, John (son)

Edition of 1905. See also John Rennie the Younger on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ RENNIE, Sir John (1794-1874) . An English civil engineer. He was born in London of a great engineering family, being a son of John Rennie (1761-1821), with whom he studied until 1813, when he became Hollingsworth's assistant on the Waterloo Bridge. With his father he worked on the Southwark Bridge in 1815, and after studying abroad went into partnership with his brother. John Rennie was knighted in 1831 on the completion of the London Bridge after his father's plans. He also finished his father's work as engineer to the Admiralty, building the Plymouth breakwater, and draining the Lincolnshire fens. The Whitehaven and Cardiff docks and the restoration of Boston harbor are the most important of his original works. Rennie was an able hydraulic engineer and author of Theory, Formation, and Construction of British and Foreign Harbors (1851-54). Consult his autobiography (London, 1875).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Renoir, Auguste

Edition of 1905. See also Pierre-Auguste Renoir on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ RENOIR, re-nwär′, Auguste (1841—). A French figure and landscape painter, born in Limoges. He studied in the atelier of Gleyre and with Monet and the other Impressionists, and exhibited in 1874 at the first Impressionist Salon. Renoir is one of the most distinctive of the group, and, like Degas, devoted himself principally to figures, especially portraits of young women and children, in which he renders the texture of flesh and the most fleeting shades of expression with astonishing adroitness. His figures are painted out of doors, and are subject to every variation of light and reflection. He also painted landscape, fruit, and flower subjects, and groups of figures. His paintings include: “La loge;” “La danse;” “Danse à la ville;” “Le déjeuner à Bougival;” “La balancoire;” “Le pont de Chatou;” and “Jeunes filles au piano.” Among his portraits are those of Wagner and Claude Monet. Consult: Duret, Les peintres impressionistes . . . (Paris, 1879), and Alexandre, Catalogue de l'Exposition de A. Renoir (Paris, 1892).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Repplier, Agnes

Edition of 1905. See also Agnes Repplier on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​REP′PLIER, Agnes (1855—). An American essayist of French descent, born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 1, 1855. Miss Repplier was educated at the Convent of the Sacred Heart at Torresdale, Pa. She is known for her travels and for many articles in such magazines as Scribner's and the Atlantic Monthly. Her lively essay style often deals with serious subjects in a vein of light, humorous banter, sometimes tinged with extravagant and witty irony. Her published volumes include: Books and Men (1888); Points of View (1892); Essays in Miniature (1892); a Book of Famous Verse (edited, 1892); Essays in Idleness (1893), perhaps her most popular work; In the Dozy Hours, and Other Papers (1894); Varia (1897); Philadelphia: The Place and the People (1898); The Fireside Sphinx (1901).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Reno

Edition of 1905. See also Reno, Nevada on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ RE′NO. The largest city of Nevada and the county-seat of Washoe County, 31 miles south of Carson City; on the Truckee River, and on the Southern Pacific, the Virginia and Truckee, and the Nevada, California and Oregon railroads (Map: Nevada, D 2). It is the seat of the Nevada State University, opened in 1886; and among other features are the United States Government Agricultural Experiment Station and the Nevada State Hospital for Mental Diseases. Reno is situated in a section devoted to farming, mining, and stock-raising, and is the most important business and industrial centre in the State. Settled in 1868, Reno was incorporated in 1897, but was disincorporated two years later. It received its present city charter in 1903. Population, in 1890, 3563; in 1900, 4500.