OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clyffe, William

​CLYFFE, WILLIAM (d. 1558), divine, educated at Cambridge, where he graduated LL.B. in 1514, was admitted advocate at Doctors’ Commons on 16 Dec. 1522, graduated LL.D. in 1523, was commissary of the diocese of London between 1522 and 1529, instituted to the prebend of Twyford in the church of St. Paul, London, in 1526, appointed archdeacon of London three years later, prebendary of Fenton in the church of York in 1532, resigned the archdeaconry of London for that of Cleveland in 1533, became precentor of York in 1534, treasurer of York in 1538, on the suppression of which office in 1547 he was made dean of Chester. The last place he held till his death in 1558. As a civilian his reputation was sufficient to induce convocation to seek his advice as to the royal divorce in 1533. On his preferment to the deanery of Chester he was immediately thrown into the Fleet prison at the instance of Sir Richard Cotton, comptroller of the king’s household, and only obtained his liberty by leasing the chapter lands to Cotton at a considerable undervalue. He was one of the authors of the celebrated treatise on ‘The Godly and Pious Institution of a Christian Man,’ commonly known as the ‘Bishops’ Book,’ and published by the authority of Henry VIII in 1537.
[Coote's Civilians, p. 19; Hale's Precedents in Criminal Causes, pp. 98, 102; Le Neve's Fasti Eccl. Angl.; Wood's Fasti Oxon. (Bliss), i. 27; Strype's Cranmer.i. 77,113; Fiddes's Wolsey (Collections), p. 203; Ormerod's Cheshire (Helsby), i. 254; Cooper's Athenæ Cantab.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clubbe, John

​CLUBBE, JOHN (1703?–1773), satirical writer, son of the Rev. George Clubbe, rector of Whatfield, Suffolk, was born in or about 1703. At the usual age he was entered at Cambridge, where he took the degree of B.A. as a member of King's College in 1725. He was subsequently ordained, became vicar of Debenham, Suffolk, in 1730, and five years later succeeded to his father's living of Whatfield. By his wife, Susannah Beeston, whom he married on 8 Aug. 1732, he had twelve children, eight of whom, including John Clubbe, M.D., of Ipswich, and William Clubbe [q. v.], survived him. He died on 2 March 1773, at the age of seventy. Contemporary writers represent Clubbe as possessed of considerable literary talent added to a keen sense of humour. As a churchman his sympathies were broad. With the exception of a sermon printed in 1751, all his writings in their original form were published anonymously, and are: 1. ‘The History and Antiquities of the Ancient Villa of Wheatfield, in the county of Suffolk,’ 4to, London, 1758, chiefly a burlesque of Morant's ‘History and Antiquities of Colchester,’ and frequently reprinted in the author's lifetime. 2. ‘Physiognomy;’ being a sketch only of a larger work upon the same plan, 4to, London, 1763. 3. ‘A Letter of Free Advice to a Young Clergyman,’ 8vo, Ipswich, 1765. The above, with the ‘Sermon’ and two other slighter pieces, were collected together and published in two volumes 12mo, Ipswich (1770 or 1771), under the title of ‘Miscellaneous Tracts of the Rev. John Clubbe.’ 4. ‘The Farmers' Queries and Resolutions concerning the Game. Written in the second year of the Association for Preserving the Game, but never before published,’ 4to, Ipswich (1770?).
[Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 377–9, viii. 410; Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. vi. 462–6; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Davy's MS. Athenæ Suffolc. ii. 317, in Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 19166.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Home, James (1760-1842)

​HOME, JAMES (1760–1842), professor of medicine at Edinburgh University, son of Francis Home (1719–1813) [q. v.], succeeded his father in 1798 as professor of materia medica at Edinburgh. He was so successful that he raised the attendance at his class from 50 to 310 students, although the lectures were given at 8 A.M. in winter. In 1821, on the death of Dr. James Gregory (1753–1821) [q. v.], he obtained the professorship of physic after a severe contest; his political views (which were tory) agreed with those of the majority of the town council, the patrons. He was sixty-three years old, and failed from the first in his new post. Latterly his class-room was a scene of great disorder. He continued to lecture until his death 5 Dec. 1844. A good clinical teacher, he was president of the Royal College of Physicians (Scotland). His only publication was a ‘Dissertatio … de Scorbuto,’ &c., Edinburgh, 1781.
[Grant's Edinburgh Univ. ii. 412, 424; Life of Sir R. Christison.]
G. T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Home, Francis

​HOME, FRANCIS (1719–1813), professor of materia medica at Edinburgh, third son of an advocate residing at Eccles, Berwickshire, was born on 17 Nov. 1719. He studied medicine at Edinburgh University, and was one of the founders of the Royal Medical Society there. From 1742 to 1748 he served as surgeon of dragoons in Flanders in the seven years' war, studying at Leyden during the intervals of the campaigns. Leaving the army, he graduated M.D. at Edinburgh in 1750, with a treatise on intermittent fever, and became a fellow of the Edinburgh College ​of Physicians. After practising medicine for some years at Edinburgh, and obtaining in 1757 a gold medal for an essay on the principles of agriculture, given by the Edinburgh Society for the Improvement of Arts and Manufactures, he was appointed in 1768 the first professor of materia medica in the university, the subject being then dissociated from botany. He held this post till 1798, and as one of the clinical professors of medicine at the infirmary experimented on the actions of several novel drugs, which he introduced into practice. He first called attention to croup as a distinct disease in his tractate on the subject, which Dr. Squire, in Reynolds's ‘System of Medicine,’ 1866, i. 236, terms a ‘careful and most philosophical inquiry,’ deciding the dependence of the symptoms on pathological changes in the larynx and trachea. As a professor he speculated somewhat rashly, but carefully treated the physical characters and mode of administration of drugs. His ‘Principia Medicinæ’ was a valuable work in its day, and was used as a text-book by several continental professors. He died on 15 Feb. 1813, aged 93. His son James is separately noticed.
Home wrote: 1. ‘Dissertatio de Febre Intermittente,’ Edinburgh, 1750, 4to; republished in Smellie's ‘Thesaurus Medicus,’ 1778. 2. ‘Experiments on Bleaching’ (an essay to which a gold medal was awarded by the trustees for the improvement of manufactures in North Britain, and which was translated into French and German), Edinburgh, 1756. 3. ‘The Principles of Agriculture and Vegetation,’ Edinburgh, 1757; 3rd edition, 1759; French translation, Paris, 1761; German translation, Berlin, 1779. 4. ‘Principia Medicinæ,’ Edinburgh, 1758; 3rd edition, 1770. 5. ‘Medical Facts and Experiments,’ Edinburgh, 1759. 6. ‘An Inquiry into the Nature, Cause, and Cure of the Croup,’ Edinburgh, 1765; French translation, 1810, by F. Ruette. 7. ‘Methodus Materiæ Medicæ,’ Edinburgh, 1770, 12mo. 8. ‘Clinical Experiments, Histories, and Dissections,’ Edinburgh, 1780; 3rd edition, London, 1783.
[Kay's Edinburgh Portraits, 1838, i. 249; Sir A. Grant's Story of Edinburgh University, ii. 424.]
G. T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Home, George (d.1547)

​HOME, GEORGE, fourth Lord Home (d. 1547), was the brother of Alexander, third baron Home [q. v.], and the second son of Alexander, second baron Home [q. v.] On the execution of his brother in 1516 he took refuge in England, but through the energy of his kinsman, Sir George Home of Wedderburn, and in terms of an agreement between Sir George Home and the Duke of Albany, was on 12 Aug. 1522 formally restored to his title and to such lands as were in the possession of the crown. On 25 June 1526 a summons of treason was issued against him for not assisting Archibald Douglas, sixth earl of Angus [q. v.], at days of truce; but on the case being called he was declared innocent, a private understanding having been come to that he should in future lend his support to Angus. At Hallidon Hill in the following July it was chiefly by his action that the attempt of Scott of Buccleugh to take the king out of the hands of Angus was frustrated. He was returning home from escorting the king when, learning of the appearance of Buccleugh's force, he returned to the assistance of Angus, and put Buccleugh to flight. His support of Angus was, however, a matter of temporary policy. On the escape of the king from the hands of Angus in 1528, Home, with the Earl of Argyll, commanded the force which compelled him to take refuge in England. When Northumberland, in the winter of 1532, made a raid on the south-eastern counties of Scotland, Home gathered a large force with the design of attacking him at the pass of ‘Billy Myre,’ but he was compelled to forego his plan when the friends of Angus, on the plea that the enterprise was too hazardous, deserted him, leaving only a thousand men under his command (Cal. State Papers, Henry VIII, vol. v. entry 1635). In 1542 Home, in command of four hundred border spearmen, assisted the Earl of Huntly in defeating at Haddenrig a strong English force under Sir James Bowes, captain of the east marches, and subsequently rendered important service, along with Huntly and Seton, in holding in check the large force raised by Norfolk to avenge Bowes's defeat. In the army raised to resist the English invasion of 1547, Home commanded a body of fifteen hundred light horse, which on 8 Sept. showed themselves on the hill of Fauside and endeavoured to provoke an attack. In this they were successful, Lord Grey, contrary to orders, charging them at full speed with a thousand men-at-arms. The superior weight of the English horse decided the conflict, the Scottish borderers, notwithstanding a stubborn resistance, being not only routed but almost decimated. Home was thrown from his horse and so severely injured that he died shortly after his removal to Edinburgh.
By his wife Mariota, second daughter and coheiress of Patrick, sixth baron Halyburton, Home had two sons, Alexander Home, fifth baron [q. v.], and Andrew Home, who died without issue, and a daughter Margaret, married to Sir Alexander Erskine of Gogar, Midlothian. ​[Histories of Leslie, Calderwood, and Lindsey of Pitscottie; Cal. State Papers, Henry VIII; Douglas's Scottish Peerage (Wood), i. 735.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crewe, John

​CREWE, JOHN, first Baron Crewe of Crewe (1742–1829), eldest son of John Crewe, M.P. for Cheshire 1734-52 (grandson of John Offley, who assumed the name of Crewe on marrying into the family), by Anne, daughter of Richard Shuttleworth of Gospworth, Lancashire, was born in 1742 and educated under Dr. Hinchliffe (afterwards bishop of Peterborough) and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He left the university without graduating, and after making the grand tour returned to England to reside on his estates. He was sheriff of Cheshire in 1764, was returned to parliament for Stafford in 1765, and for Cheshire in 1768, which he continued to represent till the close of the century. He seldom spoke in the house, but gave a steady support to the whig party, and in 1782 carried a bill for disfranchising officers of the excise and customs. He was raised to the peerage as Baron Crewe of Crewe in 1806. He was an enlightened agriculturist and a good landlord. He died on 28 April 1829. Crewe married in 1776 Frances Anne [q.v.], only daughter of Fulke Greville.
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crew, Randolph

​CREW or CREWE, RANDOLPH (1631–1657), amateur artist, second son of Sir Clipsby Crew, by Jane, daughter of Sir John Poultney, and grandson of Sir Ranulphe or Randolph Crew [q. v.], was born at Westminster 6 April 1631. Fuller, who styles him ‘a hopefull gentleman,’ states that ‘he drew a map of Cheshire so exactly with his pen that a judicious eye would mistake it for printing, and the graver's skill and industry could little improve it. This map I have seen; and, reader, when my eye directs my hand, I may write with confidence.’ The map in question was published in Daniel King's ‘The Vale Royall of England, or the County Palatine of Chester Illustrated’ (folio, London, 1656), a work in which Crew seems to have taken a personal share. On an inscription thereon he states that he drew the map with his own pen, and after it was drawn engraved it at his own expense. This seems to be at variance with Fuller's statement quoted above, unless Fuller is alluding to the original drawing only. Wishing to perfect his education, Crew travelled abroad, but on 19 Sept. 1657, while walking in the streets of Paris, he was set upon by footpads, and received wounds of which he died two days afterwards, at the early age of twenty-six. He was buried in the Huguenots' burying-place in the Faubourg St. Germain at Paris, and a monument was erected to his memory.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crewdson, Isaac

​CREWDSON, ISAAC (1780–1844), author of ‘A Beacon to the Society of Friends,’ was a native of Kendal, Westmoreland, where he was born on 6 June 1780, but from his fifteenth year he resided at Manchester, and engaged in the cotton trade. He was a minister of the Society of Friends from 1816 until about 1836. In his ‘Beacon to the Society of Friends’ (1835) he gave utterance to a conviction that the quaker doctrines were in some particulars contrary to Scripture. The book caused an active controversy, which resulted in his secession, along with that of many others, from the society in 1836. He published several other works, including:
* 'Hints on a Musical Festival at Manchester,' 1827.
* 'Trade to the East Indies' (referring to West Indian slavery), about 1827.
* 'The Doctrine of the New Testament on Prayer,' 1831.
* 'A Defence of the Beacon,' 1836.
* 'Water Baptism an Ordinance of Christ,’ 1837.
* 'The Trumpet Blown, or an Appeal to the Society of Friends,' 1838.
* 'Observations on the New Birth,' 1844.
He also published in 1829 abridgments of Baxter's 'Saint's Rest,' and Andrew Fuller on 'Religious Declension.' Crewdson in his twenty-fourth year married Elizabeth Jowitt of Leeds. He died at Bowness on 8 May 1844, and was buried at Rusholme Road cemetery, Manchester.
[Jos. Smith's Catalogue of Friends' Books, i. 462; The Crisis of the Quaker Contest in Manchester, 1837; Braithwaite's Memoirs of J. J. Gurney, ii. 13 seq.; Memoir prefixed to a tract by I. Crewdson, entitled Glad Tidings for Sinners, privately printed, 1845.]
C. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crewe, Frances Anne

​CREWE, FRANCES ANNE, Lady Crewe (d. 1818), daughter of Fulke Greville [q. v.], envoy extraordinary to the elector of Bavaria in 1766, one of the most beautiful women of her time, married, in 1776, John (afterwards Lord) Crewe [q. v.] She was accustomed to entertain, at Crewe Hall, her husband's seat in Cheshire, and at her villa at Hampstead, some of the most distinguished of her contemporaries. Fox, who much admired her, Burke, Sheridan, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and Canning were frequent visitors. She was also on friendly terms with Dr. and Miss Burney and Mrs. Thrale. Sheridan dedicated the `School for Scandal' to her, and some lines addressed to her by Fox were printed at the Strawberry Hill Press in 1775. She died on 23 Dec. 1818. Three portraits by Reynolds have been engraved, in one of which she appears with her brother as Hebe and Cupid; and in another with Mrs. Bouverel.
[Hinchliffe's Barthomley, pp. 306-10; D'Arblay's Memoirs; Piozzi's Autobiography, 2nd ed.; Warburton's Memoirs of Horace Walpole, ii. 223.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crew, Thomas (fl.1580)

​CREW, THOMAS (fl. 1580), philosopher, was the author of a small treatise entitled ‘A Nosegay of Moral Philosophy, lately dispersed amongst many Italian Authors, and now newly and succinctly drawn together into Questions and Answers and translated into English,’ London, 1580, 12mo. He has been confounded with his namesake, Sir Thomas Crew, the speaker [q. v.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crewdson, Jane

​CREWDSON, JANE (1808–1863), poetess, was born at Perran-arworthal, Cornwall, on 22 Oct. 1808, being the second daughter of George Fox of that place, and was married at Exeter, in October 1836, to Thomas Dillworth Crewdson, a Manchester manufacturer. She contributed several hymns to Squire Lovell's 'Selection of Scriptural Poetry,' 1848; and in 1851 published a small volume of gracefully written poems, entitled 'Aunt Jane's Verses for Children,' which was reprinted in 1855 and 1871. In 1860 she issued a second work, 'Lays of the Reformation, and other Lyrics, scriptural and Miscellaneous.' After her death, on 14 Sept. 1863, at her residence, Summerlands, Whalley Range, Manchester, a further selection of her poetical pieces, betraying, like all her writings, a refined and deeply religious spirit, was published under the title of 'A Little While and other Poems' (Manchester, 1864, 12mo).
[Boase and Courtney's Bibliotheca Cornubiensis, i. 91, iii. 1141.]
C. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hughes, John (1796-1860)

​HUGHES, JOHN (1796–1860), Calvinistic methodist, was born at Adwy'r Clawdd, near Wrexham, on 11 Feb. 1796. His parents were Hugh and Mary Hughes. His father was a carpenter, and he himself followed the same occupation till he was nineteen. When a lad of twelve he joined the Sunday-school which was then introduced into the neighbourhood, and made great progress. In 1810 he joined the Calvinistic methodist church at Adwy, and three years later began preaching. On 13 Sept. 1815 he opened a school at Cross Street, near Hope, Flintshire, but in August 1817 he went to school himself to learn Latin and Greek. After a time he opened a new school at Wrexham, and prepared many young men for the pulpit. He preached every Sunday. In February 1821 he was authorised as regular preacher to visit all parts of Wales, and in 1822 he preached before the Methodist Association. On 17 June 1829 he was ordained at Bala. In 1835, owing to bad health, he gave up his school, and became a flour merchant, in partnership with a brother. In 1838 he went to Liverpool, attained considerable eminence there as a preacher, and became co-pastor with Henry Rees [q. v.] of the Welsh Calvinistic churches of Liverpool. He died on a visit to Abergele 8 Aug. 1860. He was twice married.
Hughes's chief work is his 'History of Welsh Calvinistic Methodism,' in three large volumes (Wrexham, vol. i. 1851, vol. ii. 1854, vol. iii. 1856). A volume containing twenty-two sermons, together with a memoir by the Rev. R. Edwards and the Rev. John Hughes of Everton, and a portrait, appeared in 1862. Other works (all in Welsh, and nearly all published at Wrexham without date) are:
* 'Companion to Scripture.'
* 'Mirror of Prophecy' (reviewed in 'Drysorfa,' March 1849).
* 'The Scripture Test.'
* 'Catechism of Scripture History' (reviewed in 'Drysorfa,' January 1850).
* 'Protestantism in Germany,' London, 1847.
* 'An Essay on the Sabbath,' 1859.
He also translated several works for the Religious Tract Society.
[Foulkes's Geirlyfr Bywgraffiadol; Geiriadur Hughes; Memoir.]
R. J. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hughes, John (1787-1860)

1904 Errata appended.
​HUGHES, JOHN (1787–1860), archdeacon of Cardigan, son and heir of John Hughes, esq., of Llwyn Glas, Llanfihangel Geneu'r Glyn, near Aberystwyth, was born in 1787. After attending the grammar school of Ystradmeurig, he became classical master at a large school at Putney, London, where he remained about eighteen months. As a lad he aspired to become a preacher. Returning to Wales he was ordained by the Bishop of St. Asaph in 1811. He was curate first for six years at Llandrillo yn Rhôs, near Conway, and afterwards at Foleshill, near Coventry. At Foleshill he became very popular; but when the vicar died, in 1822, Lord-chancellor Eldon refused the petition of the parishioners to bestow the living on him. Hughes therefore left, and settled at Tiddington, near Oxford. Here again his fame as a preacher soon filled the church, and students from Oxford were often among his hearers. He became in 1837 vicar of Aberystwyth and curate of Llanbadarn Fawr. In 1834 the living of the mother church of Llanbadarn was conferred on him, with a prebendal stall in the collegiate church of Brecon, and in 1859 Bishop Thirlwall gave ​him the archdeaconry of Cardigan. In the course of that year he visited eighty parishes, preaching in each. He died on 1 Nov. 1860, aged 73. He was for many years the most popular preacher of the established church in Wales.
He published in Welsh, besides sermons, translations of Henry and Scott's 'Commentary,' as far as Deuteronomy, 1834, of Hall's 'Meditations,' and 'Y Nabl' (i.e. the Psaltery), a collection of Welsh psalms and hymns.
His English publications include, besides sermons:
* 'The Domestic Ruler's Monitor,' 1821.
* 'Pastoral Visitation,' 1822.
* 'Esther and her People,'1832.
* 'Ruth and her Kindred,' 1839.
* 'The Self-Searcher.'
* 'Psalms and Hymns for the use of the Church at Aberystwyth.'
* 'The Heathen's Appeal.
A volume of sermons, with biography by his son, the Rev. R. Hughes, appeared at Liverpool in 1864.
[Foulkes's Geirlyfr Bywgraffiadol; biography by the Rev. R. Hughes, prefixed to sermons, 1864.]
R. J. J.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.162 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 181 | ii | 6 f.e. | Hughes, John (1787-1860): for 1837 read 1832 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hughes, John (1790-1857)

​HUGHES, JOHN (1790–1857), author, born 2 Jan. 1790, was the only child of Thomas Hughes, D.D., clerk of the closet to George III and George IV, vicar of Uffington, Berkshire, and canon of St. Paul's Cathedral, by his wife Mary Anne, daughter of the Rev. George Watts, vicar of Uffington. 'Clever, active Mrs. Hughes' was an early friend of Sir Walter Scott, whom she visited with her husband in 1824 (Lockhart, Life of Scott, p. 524, 1 vol. ed., 1845). John Hughes was educated at Westminster School and at Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1812 and M.A. 1815. He gained the prize for Latin verse, and recited an English ode when Wellington and the united sovereigns visited Oxford in 1814. He was the author of the macaronic Oriel grace-cup song, 'Exultet mater Oriel' (Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. iii. 66). About 1820 Hughes went to live at Uffington, but on the death of his father, thirteen years later, removed to Donnington Priory, Berkshire. He died at Brompton on 13 Dec. 1857. He married, 14 Dec. 1820, Margaret Elizabeth, second daughter of Thomas Wilkinson, esq., of Stokesley Hall, Yorkshire, and had by her a family of six sons and one daughter. An account of the eldest son, George Edward Hughes of Donnington Priory, is given in the 'Memoir of a Brother,' by the second son, Mr. Thomas Hughes, Q.C., judge of county court, who is the well-known author of 'Tom Brown's Schooldays.'
Hughes was a good scholar and linguist, a clever draughtsman and wood-carver (cp. Miss Mitford, Recollections, 1859, chap, xxxvii.) Some forcibly written letters to his sons when boys and young men are printed in the 'Memoir of a Brother.' His chief publications were: 'An Itinerary of Provence and the Rhone made during the year 1819,' with etchings by the author, London, 1822, 8vo, a work praised by Scott in the preface to 'Quentin Durward,' and an edition of 'The Boscobel Tracts,' Edinburgh and London, 1830, 8vo; 2nd edit. Edinburgh and London, 1857, 8vo. He also published 'Lays of Past Days,' 1850, 16mo; an ode recited in the Theatre, Oxford, 1814; and 'Pompeii' (an ode) [1820?], 4to. 'Views in the South of France … engraved by William Bernard Cooke [q. v.], &c.,'1825, fol., contained illustrations from sketches made by Hughes.
[Gent. Mag. 1858, 3rd ser. iv. 225; Hughes's Memoir of a Brother; Miss Mitford's Recollections; Burke's Landed Gentry, 1868, s.v. 'Hughes of Donnington Priory;' Brit. Mus. Cat.]
W. W.