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# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Abbott, John Edward

​ABBOTT, John Edward, lawyer, was born in Norridgewock, Maine, Nov. 30, 1845, son of the Hon. John L. and Elizabeth T. (Allen) Abbott. His education was acquired in the public schools of his native place and at Newton, Mass., until 1862. He entered Yale in the class of 1869, and was graduated at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., in 1869. He studied law in the office of his father and was admitted to the Suffolk bar in 1872, entering into partnership with his father in 1876. He was a member of the Massachusetts legislature in 1893 and 1894. He married June 12, 1878, Alice G. Cochrane, daughter of the Hon. M. N. Cochrane of Compton, Canada, senator in the Dominion parliament.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Abbott, Joseph Carter

​ABBOTT, Joseph Carter, senator, was born at Concord, N. H., July 15, 1825. After being graduated from Phillips Andover academy, he was admitted to the bar in 1853 and began practice at Concord, at the same time editing the Daily American. In 1855 he was made adjutant-general of New Hampshire, and as head of the state militia thoroughly reorganized the service. In 1859 he became the editor of the Boston Atlas, a journal of note. Soon after this he was appointed a commissioner for running the boundary line between New Hampshire and Canada. When the civil war broke out he entered it as lieutenant-colonel of the 7th regiment New Hampshire volunteers, and for his services during the war, notably at the storming of Fort Fisher, where he commanded a brigade, he was brevetted brigadier-general. After the war he removed to Wilmington, North Carolina, and was elected United States senator from that state for the term ending in 1871. Subsequently he held the offices of collector of the port of Wilmington under President Grant, and that of United States inspector of ports under President Hayes. He died at Wilmington, N. C., Oct. 8, 1882.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Abbott, Gorham Dummer

​ABBOTT, Gorham Dummer, educator, was born at Hallowell, Me., Sept. 3, 1807, youngest son of Jacob Abbott, a clergyman, and brother of Jacob and John Stephens Cabot Abbott. He was graduated from Bowdoin College in 1826, and from the theological seminary at Andover in 1831. The same year he was ordained to the ministry of the Congregational church, and removed to New York city, where he engaged in teaching. He settled at New Rochelle, N. Y., and in addition to his duties as teacher, did considerable literary work for the American tract society. He then joined his brothers, Jacob and John S. C. Abbott, in establishing the Abbott Institute in New York city. This was a school for young ladies, and attained a leading position among such schools. He retained his connection with it for two years, and then withdrew to found the Spingler Institute on Union square in the same city. This venture was also successful, and the school was removed to the Townsend mansion, on the corner of Fifth avenue and Thirty-Fourth street, where afterwards the late A. T. Stewart built his marble residence. Financial difficulties followed this removal, and in a few years Mr. Abbott was obliged to close the school. He was noted for his scholarly attainments, especially for his knowledge of biblical literature. He wrote a work on Mexico, and some school text-books. He died at South Natick, Mass., July 31, 1874.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Abbott, Jacob

​ABBOTT, Jacob, author, was born in Hallowell, Me., Nov. 14, 1803; son of the Rev. Jacob and Betsy (Abbot) Abbott, He attended the academy of his native town, and was graduated at Bowdoin in 1820. In 1821 he entered Andover theological seminary, and finished the course in 1824. He taught in Portland academy and was tutor in Amherst college during the next year, and in 1825 was made professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in that institution. The Hampshire association licensed him to preach in 1826. May 18, 1829, he married Harriet Vaughan, and moved soon afterwards to Boston to establish the Mount Vernon school. This school aimed to give to young women an educational training equal to that given to young men, and was a pioneer in such work. Mr. Abbott's views in regard to education were very advanced for the times in which he lived. He was not a disciplinarian in the accepted meaning of that term, and made his school a self-governing community, relying on the honor and united conscience of the pupils for the maintenance of the order necessary for the success of the school. His methods were eminently successful, and he carried on this work until 1834, when he severed his connection with the school to become pastor of the Eliot Congregational church at Roxbury, Mass., and began to write books for young people. During this year he finished one of the books, entitled "The Young Christian Series." They are all graphic in description and simple in statement, conveying truths that have been far-reaching in their influence over the young. The great popularity they immediately acquired led the author to continue such writings, and although he associated himself with his brothers in the Abbott Institute in New York, his life thereafter was largely devoted to literature. He wrote over two hundred volumes, which have been republished in England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany, Holland, France, and India. His books have inspired many men to worthy effort and a useful life. Among these works are: "Conversations on the Bible"; "The Corner Stone; or, A Familiar Illustration of the Principles of Christian Truth"; "Evidences of Christianity"; "Franklin, the Apprentice Boy"; "Hoary-head and M'Donner"; "The Little Philosopher"; "The Little Learner"; "New England and Her Institutions"; "Public Life of Benjamin Franklin"; "The Teacher"; "The Way to do Good; or, The Christian Character Mature"; "Rollo Books" (28 vols.); "Lucy Books" (6 vols.); "Jonas Books" (6 vols.); "Franconia Stories" (10 vols.); "Marco Paul Series" (6 vols.); "Gay Family" (13 vols.); Juno Books" (6 vols.); "Rainbow Series" (5 vols.); "Science for the Young", "Heat," "Light," "Water and Land," and "Force" (4 vols.); "A Summer in Scotland"; series of histories of America (8 vols.). He also aided his brother, J. S. C., in his series of illustrated histories, and compiled a series of school readers. He died at Farmington, Me., Oct. 31, 1879.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Abbott, John Stephens Cabot

​ABBOTT, John Stephens Cabot, author, was born at Brunswick, Me., Sept. 18, 1805, son of Jacob and brother of Jacob Abbott. He was graduated from Bowdoin college and from Andover theological seminary, and in 1830 was ordained a Congregational minister. As such he began his work at Worcester, after which he served in Roxbury and Nantucket, and in Fairhaven, Conn., preaching till near the time of his death. He attained eminence as an author, his first essay in that direction being the publication of a series of papers entitled "Mother at Home." Contrary to the expectations of his publishers, who were with difficulty induced to undertake the convoy of the book through the press, the work had an enormous circulation, both in this country and in England; it was translated into several European languages, and ultimately found its way to Africa and India, being printed in the native tongues, and ran into several editions. The unmistakable success of this first venture practically determined Mr. Abbott's career. His field was chiefly that of history, and prominent among his works of this class may be noted his "Life of Napoleon." He was the author of a volume on "Practical Christianity," and wrote voluminously for the best periodicals of the day, notably for the "Christian Union." The amount of work accomplished daily by Mr. Abbott was marvellous, and was wholly due to his habit of methodically planning his day's work. He rose very early in the morning, and breakfast only interrupted his writing until noon. His parish calls were made in the afternoon, and were about the only diversion he allowed himself. In the evening he either read or spent a social hour with his family. It was only by strictly adhering to this plan that he could accomplish what he did— preaching twice on Sunday, lecturing at least once a week, writing many magazine articles, and not less than two books a year. He was a wise reader, selecting the most helpful books and portions of books, and retaining the essential parts. His mind was extremely clear and active, and he could leave the subject in hand for something entirely different, and then resume his former work without the slightest inconvenience. He was fortunate in having an efficient amanuensis in his wife, who took from him nearly all the dull drudgery of the work. She assumed charge of his correspondence, looked up his authorities, and corrected his proofs. Mr. Abbott was blessed with a singularly even temperament. By his personal goodness, as well as by his books, he ​had a great influence on the world. He continued active in work nearly to the time of his death, to which he looked forward with joy rather than resignation. He died at Fair Haven, Conn., June 17, 1877.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Abbott, Jo

​ABBOTT, Jo, representative, was born near Decatur, Ala., Jan. 15, 1840. He attended the common schools of the county until thirteen ​years of age, when he removed to Texas with his father. He worked on a farm for two years, attended a private school, and then one styled classical, where he remained until June, 1859, when he began the study of law. When Texas seceded in 1861, he entered the Confederate army with the rank of first lieutenant in the 12th Texas cavalry. In this capacity he served throughout the war, except when disabled by wounds received in battle. The war over, he resumed his law studies, and being licensed in October, 1866, began practice at Springfield, Limestone county, Texas. During the year 1867 the reconstruction acts of congress were put in force; judges and other civil officers were removed, and military officers put in their places. When the courts in Hill county were reorganized, Mr. Abbott engaged in practice at Hillsboro, where he resided. In November, 1869, he was elected to the state legislature and served one term. He continued the practice of the law until the close of 1878, when he was appointed, by the governor of the state, district judge of the 28th judicial district. He served two years, and was then elected by the people of the same district, and served four years. In September, 1886, he was elected to represent the sixth district in the 50th congress by the democratic party, and subsequently was reelected to the 51st, 52d, 53d, and 54th congresses, serving, 1887-97.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Abbott, John Hammill

​ABBOTT, John Hammill, physician, was born in Fall River, Mass., Aug. 11, 1848, son of James and Catharine (Henry) Abbott. He was educated in the public schools; the Providence conference seminary, East Greenwich, R.I., and at Fruit Hill seminary, North Providence, R.I. He served in the U.S. signal corps during the civil war, 1861-65, getting his discharge as sergeant, and was apothecary on board the U.S. monitor Saugus, 1868-69. He was graduated at Jefferson Medical college, Philadelphia, Pa., in 1872; practised medicine at Centerville. R.I., 1872-73 and at Fall River, Mass., from 1873. He served as colonel and assistant quartermaster-general on the staff of Gov. Oliver Ames of Massachusetts for three years; and was a delegate to the Republican national conventions at Chicago, Ill., and Minneapolis, Minn. He was married April 27, 1878, to Lizzie Reynolds of St. John, Newfoundland.
# The Anabasis of Alexander/Book VII/Chapter XXVI

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CHAPTER XXVI.
Alexander's Death.
Such is the account given in the Royal Diary. In addition to this, it states that the soldiers were very desirous of seeing him; some, in order to see him once more while still alive; others, because there was a report that he was already dead, imagined that his death was being concealed by the confidential body-guards, as I for my part suppose. Most of them through grief and affection for their king forced their way in to see him. It is said that when his soldiers passed by him he was unable to speak; yet he greeted each of them with his right hand, raising his head with difficulty and making a sign with his eyes. The Royal Diary also says that Peithon, Attains, Demophon, and Peucestas, as well as Cleomenes, Menidas, and Seleucus, slept in the temple of Serapis, and asked the god whether it would be better and more desirable for Alexander to be carried into his temple, in order as a suppliant to be cured by him. A voice issued from the god saying that he was not to be carried into the temple, but that it would be better for him to remain where he was. This answer was reported by the Companions; and soon after Alexander died, as if forsooth this were now ​the better thing. Neither Aristobulus nor Ptolemy has given an account differing much from the preceding. Some authors, however, have related that his Companions asked him to whom he left his kingdom; and that he replied: "To the best." Others say, that in addition to this remark, he told them that he saw there would be a great funeral contest held in his honour.
* ↑ Serapis, or more correctly Sarapis, was an Egyptian deity, whose worship was introduced into Greece in the time of the Ptolemies. His worship was introduced into Borne, with that of Isis, in the time of Sulla. Strabo (xvii. 1) gives an account of his cultus in the celebrated temple at Canobus. The Serapeum at Alexandria, which contained the famous library, is described by Ammianus, xxii 16.
* ↑ I.e. the most valiant.
* ↑ To decide who was to succeed to his power. Cf. Curtius, x. 14; Diodorus, xvii. 117; Justin, xii. 15.
# The Anabasis of Alexander/Book VII/Chapter XXIX

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CHAPTER XXIX.
Apology for Alexander's Errors.
* ↑ Cf. Diodorus, xvii. 4; ἡ ὀξύτῃς τοῦ νεανίσκου.
* ↑ Cf. Curtius, x. 18: Gloriae laudisque, ut justo major cupido, ita ut javeni et in tautis admittenda rebus.
* ↑ Plutarch (Alex., 28) attributes the same motive to Alexander in representing himself to be the son of Zeus. Livy (ix. 18) says: Referre in tanto rege piget superbam mutationem vestis et desideratas humijacentium adulationes, etiam viotis Maeedonibus graves, nedum victoribus; et foeda supplioia, et inter Tinum et epula, caedes amicorum at vanitatem ementiendae stirpis. Consult the whole of the interesting passage in Livy, ix. 17-19. See also Aelian (Varia Historia, n. 19; v. 12; ix. 37).
* ↑ Cf. Herodotus, vii. 41; Arrian, iii. 11 supra.
* ↑ Xenophon (Cyropaedia, vii. 5, 85) says that the Persian Equals-in-Honour, or Peers, spent their time about the Court.
* ↑ Cf. Arrian, iv. 14 supra; Justin, ix. 8; Athenaeus, x. p. 431 B; Aelian (Varia Historia, iii. 23; ix. 3; xii. 26).
# The Anabasis of Alexander/Book VII/Chapter XXVII

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CHAPTER XXVII.
Rumour that Alexander was Poinsoned.
* ↑ Cf. Curtius, X. 31; Diodorus, xvii. 117, 118; Justin, xii. 13. Plutarch (Alex., 77) asserts that nothing was said about Alexander's being poisoned, until six years after, when Olympias, the enemy of Antipater, set the charge afloat.
* ↑ See Arrian, iv. 10 supra.
* ↑ Cassander was afterwards king of Macedonia and Greece. He put Olympias, Roxana, and her son Alexander Aegus to death, and bribed Polysperchon to put Barsine and her son Hercules to death. He died of dropsy, B.C. 297.
* ↑ Cf. Pausanias, xviii. 4; Curtius, x. 31; Plutarch (Alex., 77). The ancients called the poison, "the water of Styx"; it was obtained from Nonacris in the north of Arcadia, near which the river Styx took its origin. Justin (xii. 14) says: Cujus veneni tanta vis fuit, ut non aere, Hon ferro, non testa contineretur, neo aliter ferri nisi in ungula potuerit. Pliny (Hist. Nat., xxx. 53) says: Ungulas tantum mularum repertas, neque aliam ullam materiam quae nou perroderetur a veneno Stygis aquae, cum id dandum Alexandre magno Antipater mitteret, dignum memoria est, magna Aristotelis infamia excogitatum.
* ↑ Diodorus (xvii. 117) states that after drinking freely, Alexander swallowed the contents of a large goblet, called the cup of Heracles, and was immediately seized with violent pain. This statement, however, is contradicted by Plutarch. It seems from the last injunction of Calanus, the Indian philosopher, that it was considered the right thing to drink to intoxication at the funeral of a friend. See Plutarch (Alex., 69).
# The Anabasis of Alexander/Book VII/Chapter XXVIII

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CHAPTER XXVIII.
Character of Alexander.
Alexander died in the hundred and fourteenth Olympiad, ​in the archonship of Hegesias at Athens. According to the statement of Aristobulus, he lived thirty- two years, and had reached the eighth month of his thirty-third year. He had reigned twelve years and these eight months. He was very handsome in person, and much devoted to exertion, very active in mind, very heroic in courage, very tenacious of honour, exceedingly fond of incurring danger, and strictly observant of his duty to the gods. In regard to the pleasures of the body, he had perfect self-control; and of those of the mind, praise was the only one of which he was insatiable. He was very clever in recognising what was necessary to be done, even when it was still a matter unnoticed by others; and very successful in conjecturing from the observation of facts what was likely to occur. In marshalling, arming, and ruling an army, he was exceedingly skilful; and very renowned for rousing the courage of his soldiers, filling them with hopes of success, and dispelling their fear in the midst of danger by his own freedom from fear. Therefore even what he had to do in secret he did with the greatest boldness. He was also very clever in getting the start of his enemies, and snatching from them their advantages by secretly forestalling them, before any one even feared what was about to happen. He was likewise very steadfast in keeping the agreements and settlements which he made, as well as very secure from being entrapped by deceivers. Finally, he was very sparing in the expenditure of money for the gratification of his own pleasures; but he was exceedingly bountiful in spending it for the benefit of his associates.
* ↑ June, 323 B.C.
* ↑ Ptolemy took the embalmed body of Alexander to Egypt, and placed it in Memphis, but removed it a few years after to Alexandria. See Curtius, X. 31. Cf. Aelian (Varia Historia, xii. 64; xiii. 29).
# The Anabasis of Alexander/Book VII/Chapter XXIV

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CHAPTER XXIV.
Another Omen of Alexander's Death.
But Alexander's own end was now near. Aristobulus says that the following occurrence was a prognostication of what was about to happen. He was distributing the army which came with Peucestas from Persia, and that which came with Philoxenus and Menander from the sea, among the Macedonian lines, and becoming thirsty he retired from his seat and thus left the royal throne empty. On each side of the throne were couches with silver feet, upon which his personal Companions were sitting. A certain man of obscure condition (some say that he was even one of the men kept under guard without being in chains), seeing the throne and the couches empty, and the eunuchs standing round the throne (for the Companions also rose up from their seats with the king when he retired), walked through the line of eunuchs, ascended the throne, and sat down upon it. According to a Persian law, they did not make hira rise from the throne; but rent their garments and beat their breasts and faces as if on account of a great evil.
* ↑ I.e. the Mediterranean.
* ↑ Diodorus (xvii. 116) and Plutarch (Alex., 73) say that he was a bound prisoner. The latter says his name was Dionysius, and that he was a Messenian.
* ↑ Plutarch (Alex., 75) and Justin (xii. 13) say that he gave a banquet to Nearchus the admiral, and that, as he was leaving it, he was invited to the revel by Medius the Thessalian. Cf. Diodorus, xvii. 117.
# The Anabasis of Alexander/Book VII/Chapter XXV

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CHAPTER XXV.
Alexander Seized with Fever.
The Royal Diary gives the following account, to the effect that he revelled and drank at the dwelling of Medius; then rose up, took a bath, and slept; then again supped at the house of Medius and again drank till far into the night. After retiring from the drinking party he took a bath; after which he took a little food and slept there, because he already felt feverish. He was carried out upon a couch to the sacrifices, in order that he might offer them according to his daily custom. After performing the sacred rites he lay down in the banqueting hall until dusk. In the meantime he gave instructions to the officers about the expedition and voyage, ordering those who were going on foot to be ready on the fourth day, and those who were going to sail with him to be ready to sail on the fifth day. From ​this place he was carried upon the couch to the river, where he embarked in a boat and sailed across the river to the park. There he again took a bath and went to rest.
* ↑ We learn from Athenaeus (x. p. 434 B) that this Court Journal was kept by the royal secretary, Eumenes, afterwards so famous, and by the historian, Diodotus of Erythrae. As to the last days of Alexander, cf. Plutarch (Alex., 76, 77).
* ↑ Cf. Curtius, ix. 23: Mos erat principibus amicorum et oustodibus corporis exoubare ante praetorium, quotiens adversa regi valetudo incidisset.