OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bertie, Catharine

​BERTIE, CATHARINE, Duchess (Dowager) of Suffolk (1520–1580), only child of William Willoughby, eighth Lord Willoughby de Eresby, was born in 1520. Her mother, Mary de Salines or Saluces, a near relative of Katharine of Arragon, had been maid of honour to that queen, and had come with her to England on her marriage with Prince Arthur. On her father's death in 1526 she succeeded to his dignity and fortune, and was entrusted to the guardianship of Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, and eventually became that nobleman's fourth wife. She was married at the early age of sixteen, and was left a widow in 1545 with two sons, Henry and Charles, both of whom died of the sweating sickness within a few hours of each other on 16 July 1551 [see Brandon, Henry and Charles]. She was married to Richard Bertie about the end of the year 1552. In the latter part of Edward VI's reign she distinguished herself by her zeal for the reformation. To escape the vengeance of Bishop Gardiner she left England with her husband, and remained abroad during the reign of Queen Mary. An account of her wanderings on the continent will be found in the memoir of her husband [see Bertie, Richard]. Her death occurred on 19 Sept. 1580. Fuller says that she was 'a lady of a sharp wit and sure hand to thrust it home and make it pierce when she pleased.' Seventeenth-century copies of a popular Elizabethan ballad (by T. Deloney), entitled 'The most Rare and Excellent History of the Dutchess of Suffolk and her husband Richard Bertie's Calamities,' are extant in the Roxburghe, Pepys, and Bagford collections of broadside ballads.
[Lady Georgina Bertie's Five Generations of a Loyal House; Biog. Brit. (Kippis), ii. 280; Courthope's Historic Peerage, 511.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Berstede, Walter de

​BERSTEDE or BURGSTED, WALTER de (fl. 1257), justice itinerant, is first heard of in 1257 as sub-sheriff of Kent. In December of that year Reginald de Cobham, sheriff of the county, dying, Berstede succeeded to his office for the remainder of the annual term, viz. till Easter 1258, paying the same rent. He afterwards was appointed constable of Dover Castle (Hasted, Kent, i. lxxxi). A commission of assize, consisting of Martin Litilbiri, Galfrey de Leukenor, Richard de Hemington, and De Berstede, travelled in 1262 through Leicestershire, and in the following year through Norfolk, Suffolk, and Lincolnshire. According to Hasted (Kent, 4, 69), he was for a short time again constable and warden of Kent in 1263, succeeding Edward and Robert, de Gascoigne in July. Richard de Grey was his successor. In February 1266 a fine was levied by him, and Dugdale makes him a justice of the bench, and in September of the same his name appears to a writ of asize. He was possibly connected with one John de Benstede, who, in this reign, was possessed of the manor of Bensted, in the parish of Huntington, as one quarter of the knight's fee of the barony of Crevequer (Hasted, ii. 298).
J. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bertheau, Charles

​BERTHEAU, CHARLES (1660–1732) French pastor in London, was born at Montpelier, and educated partly in France and partly in Holland. He was admitted to the ministry at the synod held at Vigan in 1681, and shortly afterwards became one of the pastors of the then important church of Charenton, Paris. The revocation of the edict of Nantes drove him out of France, and he came to England in 1685. In the following year he was chosen one of the pastors of the French church in Threadneedle Street, London, a post which he occupied for forty-four years.
He is said to have been remarkable for his memory and eloquence. Two volumes of his sermons were printed in Holland in 1712 and 1730.
[An obituary notice in vol. i. of the Bibliotheque Britanniqne, published at the Hague in 1733, is the main authority for the facts of Bertheau's life, and has been copied, or abridged, by subsequent biographers. But the article in Chaufepie's Nouveau Dictionnaire historiqne et critique, published at Amsterdam in 1750, furnishes some additional information, and a list of the subjects of the published sermons.]
F. T. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bertie, Montague

1904 Errata appended.
​BERTIE, MONTAGUE, second Earl of Lindsey (1608?–1666), adherent of Charles I, was the eldest son of the first Earl of Lindsey by Elizabeth, sole daughter of Edward Lord Montague, of Boughton, Northamptonshire. In early life he served in the Low Countries as captain of a troop of cavalry, and on the outbreak of the civil war he assisted his father to rally the county of Lincoln on the side of the king, by himself raising a regiment of cavalry. At the battle of Edgehill, where he commanded the regiment of guards, he made a desperate attempt to rescue his father; but finding this impossible, he voluntarily delivered himself up, that he might attend upon him when wounded. For some time he remained a prisoner in Warwick Castle, from which he issued a vindication of the kings cause, which was printed under the title, 'A Declaration and Justification of the Earl of Lindsey, now Prisoner in Warwick Castle, wherein he makes apparent the Justice of his Majesty's cause in taking armes for the preservation of his Royall person and prerogative. As it was sent in a letter to the Right Honourable Henry, Earl of Newarke, now resident with his Majesty at Oxford, 26 Jan. 1643' Obtaining an exchange he was joyfully welcomed by the king at Oxford, and took part in the battles of Newbury, Copredy, ​and Lostwithiel. At Naseby, where he was wounded, he commanded, along with Lord Ashley, the right-hand reserve. As one of the gentlemen of the bedchamber and a member of the privy council, he accompanied the king on his flight to Wales, and shared his hardships and misfortunes till he joined the Scots at Newark. During the progress of the negotiations in the Isle of Wight the king sent for him to act as one of his commissioners and advisers. After the king's execution he was one of the four noblemen who accompanied the royal corpse to Windsor, where it was buried. Having compounded he continued to reside in retirement in England till the Restoration, when he was chosen a member of the privy council, and appointed one of the judges for the trial of the regicides. He was also in April 1661 chosen a knight of the Garter, and at the coronation had his claim recognised to exercise the office of lord high chamberlain of England. He died at Camden House, Kensington, 25 July 1666, at the age of fifty-eight, and was buried at Edenham in the vault with his father. By his first wife Martha, third daughter of Sir William Cockaine, knight, of Rushton, Northamptonshire, and widow of John, earl of Holderness, he had five sons and three daughters; and by his second wife Bridget, daughter and sole heir of Edward Wray, groom of the bedchamber, two sons.
T. F. H.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.25 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 404 | i | 1 | Bertie, Montague, 2nd Earl of Lindsey: for Lestwithiel read Loetwithiel |
| | | 19 | for elected read appointed |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bertha

​BERTHA, BERCTA, or (as Greg. Epp. xi. 29) ADILBERGA (d. before 616, the daughter of Haribert, king of the Franks, reigning in Paris and his wife Ingoberg, married Æthelberht, king of Kent, The dates of her birth and her marriage are not known, Haribert reigned 561-567 and seems to have married Ingoberg soon after his aceession. Bertha's parents are said to have consented to her marriage on the condition that she and the bishop who should come over with her should be allowed the free exercise of the rites of christianity. It is certain, however, that her father died before her marriage. Her mother died 589 (Greg. Turon. ix. 26). Bertha came over to England accompanied by Liudhard, bishop of Senlis, who was appointed to minister to her. She received St. Martins, an old Roman-British church, situated outside the walls, to the east of the newer Canterbury, for the purposes of her worship. The coming of Bertha and her bishop must, to some extent at least, have paved the way for the work of Augustine, and though Liudhard died before the arrival of the Roman missionaries (Breda, H. E.. ix. 27), it is probable that Gregory had some communication with the queen on the subject of the mission. And in coming to a heathen husband Bertha must have remembered the example set in her own family by Hlotehild (Clothilde), wife of her great ancestor Hlodowig (Clovis) whose marriage led to the conversion of the Franks. In Bertha's church Augustine and his companions worshipped and preached, and then doubtless her husband was baptised in 597. When, in 60l, Pope Gregory sent Mellitus, Paulinus, and others to England as additional workers in the new harvest-field, he wrote a letter to Bertha, in which he speaks of the conversion of the English as due to her, comparing her to Helena, the mother of Constantine; he also mentions her learning, and declares that her good works were spoken of not in Rome alone, but that they had reached Constantinople and had been heard of by the emperor. At the same time he implies that she might have done even more, and exhorts her to greater diligence by strengthening the faith of herhusband. This is the last record of Bertha's life, for the tradition which speaks of her as having been present at the foundation of St. Augustine's monastery is without historical basis. The date of her death is not known she certainly died before her husband Æthelberht, for he appears to have married a second wife. She was buried in the porch of St. Martin, in the church of SS. Peter and Paul. She left a son, Eanbald. who was still a heathen when he succeeded his father on the throne, and a daughter Æthelburh, who married Eadwine, king of the Northumbrians.
[Bæda, H. E. i. 25, ii. 5; Greg. Turon. iv. 26, ix. 26; S. Greg. Magni Epp. xi. 29; Thorne. ed. Twysden, 1761.]
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Grainger, Thomas

​GRAINGER, THOMAS (1794–1852), civil engineer, was born on 12 Nov. 1794 at Gagar Green, Ratho, near Edinburgh, and completed his education at the university of that city. Among other important works he executed the Monkland and Kirkintilloch railway, one of the earliest lines in Scotland, the Paisley and Renfrew railway, the Edinburgh, Leith, and Newhaven railway, the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee railway, the Arbroath and Forfar railway, and the Edinburgh and Bathgate railway. Grainger also planned and carried into completion the East and West Yorkshire Junction railway, and the Leeds, Dewsbury, and Manchester railway. He was twice president of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts. He died on 25 July 1852, from injuries sustained in a railway collision.
J. B-y.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Grange, John

​GRANGE, JOHN (fl. 1577), poet, calls himself in the title of his only known work, ‘Gentleman, Student in the Common Lavve of Englande;’ and in the dedication to Lord Sturton says of himself, ‘I vvho of all other am to be reputed the moste vnlearned.’ His very curious volume, a copy of which is in the British Museum, is one of the rarest in the whole range of Elizabethan poetry. It is entitled ‘The Golden Aphroditis: A pleasant Discourse … Wherevnto be annexed by the same Authour asvvell certayne Metres vpon sundry poyntes, as also diuers Pamphlets in prose, which he entituleth His Garden: pleasant to the eare, and delightful to the Reader, if he abuse not the scente of the floures,’ 4to, London, 1577. He gives a curious anecdote respecting the title of his work, for which it appears that ‘certen yong Gentlemen, and those of my professed friendes, … requested me earnestly to haue it intituled A nettle for an Ape, but yet (being somevvhat vvedded as most fooles are to mine ovvne opinion vvho vvould hardly forgoe their bable for the Tovver of London) I thought it good (somevvhat to stop a zoilous mouth) to sette a more cleanly name vpon it, that is, Golden Aphroditis.’ The ‘Golden Aphroditis’ is a tale of love, written chiefly in prose, but interspersed with various pieces of poetry composed in different metres. It is carried on for the most part in a dialogue between N. O., the male gallant, and a female, the daughter of Diana by Endymion, styled A. O., that is ‘Alpha and Omega, the firste and the laste that euer she shoulde beare.’ The whole tale is written in a highly pedantic and quaint manner, full of classical, mythological, and unnatural conceits. The second part, called ‘Granges Garden,’ is chiefly in verse, and consists of a number of short poems on different subjects, written in various metres, the titles of which are given by Thomas Park in ‘Censura Literaria’ (i. 383). Grange is mentioned with praise by William Webbe in his ‘Discourse of English Poetrie,’ 4to, 1586.
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Grant, Andrew

​GRANT, ANDREW, M.D. (fl. 1809) physician, wrote a 'History of Brazil,' 8vo, London, 1809, of which a French translation, with additions, appeared at St. Petersburg in 1811.
[Work referred to.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Grainger, Richard (1798-1861)

​GRAINGER, RICHARD (1798–1861), an architect in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, was born in 1798. He was the son of a quay porter in that town. He was educated at St. Andrew's school, and served his time with a house carpenter, and afterwards with an architect. The bent of his mind was towards planning, and he began business as a builder on his own account. A fortunate marriage having placed a considerable capital at his disposal, he employed his wife's fortune in building operations upon twelve acres, then vacant in the centre of the town, on which he erected in the short space of five years many of the most important streets and buildings, including Grey and Grainger Streets, the market opened in 1835, the exchange, and the theatre. He planned and erected among others Eldon Square (in 1826), Higham Place, Leage's Crescent and Terrace, Clayton, Nelson, Hood, and Shakespeare Streets, the Royal Arcade, the branch Bank of England, and Lambton's bank. To him, in fact, Newcastle town owes most of its architectural adornment. He died on 4 July 1861.
G. W. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Grant, Alexander Cray

As 8th Baronet in the ODNB.
​GRANT, Sir ALEXANDER CRAY (1782–1854), civil servant, sixth baronet of Dalvey, N.B., was born at Bowring's Leigh in Devonshire on 30 Nov. 1782. He was the eldest son of Sir Alexander, the fifth baronet, and Sarah, daughter and heir of Jeremiah Cray of Ibsley, Hampshire. He was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. in 1806, and succeeded his father on 25 July 1825. He was for many years a prominent member of the House of Commons, to which he was first returned in 1812 for the borough of Tregony. Grant was a West India planter, and in 1810-11 had been a member of the colonial assembly of Jamaica. In the House of Commons he warmly espoused the interests of the West India proprietors, and during the session of 1816 replied to Brougham. In several subsequent sessions Grant supported the interests of the planters. In 1818 and 1820 Grant was elected for Lostwithiel, in 1826 for Aldborough, and in 1830 for Westbury. The operation of the Reform Act threw him for some years out of parliament. After having unsuccessfully contested Great Grimsby in 1835 and Honiton in 1837, he came forward for Cambridge in 1840, and was returned after a severe contest. He was re-elected for the same place in 1841, but retired from parliament in 1843. From 1826 to 1832 Grant was chairman of committees of the whole house. In 1834 he was appointed one of the members of the Indian board of control under Sir Robert Peel's administration, and held this office until the dissolution of the ministry in 1835. On resigning his seat in March 1813 he was appointed one of the commissioners for auditing the public accounts, with a salary of 1,200l. This post he retained until his death on 29 Nov. 1854. Grant was unmarried, and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his brother, Robert Innes Grant, father of Sir Alexander Grant [q. v.]
[Ann. Reg. 1854; Gent. Mag. February 1855; Hansard's Parl. Debates.]
G. B. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Kay, Joseph

​KAY, JOSEPH (1821–1878), economist, son of Robert Kay and a descendant of an old Lancashire yeoman family, was born at Ordsall Cottage, Salford, Lancashire, on 27 Feb. 1821. He was educated at a private school near Salford, then by private tutors in the south of England, and finally at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he had a successful career, and before graduating (B.A. in 1845, M.A. in 1849) was appointed in 1845 by the senate of the university as travelling bachelor of the university. The next four years he spent in France, Switzerland, Holland, Germany, and Austria, examining into and reporting upon the social condition of the poorer classes in those countries. The result of his observations is contained in his works on
* ‘The Education of the Poor in England and Europe,’ London, 1846.
* ‘The Social Condition of the People in England and Europe,’ London, 1850, 2 vols.
* ‘The Condition and Education of Poor Children in English and in German Towns,’ Manchester, 1853.
When the first English training college for teachers was established at Battersea by his brother, Sir J. P. Kay-Shuttleworth [q. v.], and Mr. Tufnell, he had for a time great opportunities for observing its management. In addition to studying national education he had, while abroad, investigated the results of free trade in land and the subdivision of estates, and upon that subject wrote many articles in the ‘Manchester Examiner.’ At the time of his death he was engaged on a work which was subsequently published with the title of ‘Free Trade in Land,’ 1879. The volume was edited by his widow, and contains a preface by John Bright, M.P. It went through several editions.
He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple on 5 May 1848. In 1869 he was made a queen's counsel, and about the same time was elected a bencher of the Inner Temple. In 1862 he was appointed judge of the Salford Hundred Court of Record, an office which he retained until his death. His only professional publication was a treatise on ‘The Law relating to Shipmasters and Seamen, &c.,’ London, 1875, 2 vols.
He twice unsuccessfully contested the borough of Salford in the liberal interest, first in 1874 and secondly in 1877, and in the first contest he proved himself an admirable public speaker. He was unable to appear personally at the 1877 election through illness. He died at Fredley, near Dorking, Surrey, on 9 Oct. 1878, aged 57.
He married, in 1863, Mary Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Thomas Drummond [q. v.], under-secretary of state for Ireland from 1835 to 1840.
C. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Karslake, John Burgess

​KARSLAKE, Sir JOHN BURGESS (1821–1881), lawyer, second son of Henry Karslake, solicitor, by his wife, a daughter of Richard Preston, Q.C., an eminent conveyancer and M.P. for Ashburton, was born at Bencham, near Croydon, in 1821. He was educated at Harrow; was articled to his father without proceeding to a university, and finally, joining the Middle Temple, was called to the bar in Hilary term 1846. He joined the western circuit, where he became the rival of Lord Coleridge at every step in his career. He was appointed a queen's counsel in 1861, and was then elected a bencher of his inn. In November 1866 he became solicitor-general and was knighted, but had no seat in parliament till, in the following year, being advanced to the attorney-generalship, he was elected for Andover, and held the seat and the office till the conservative ministry fell in 1868. He then unsuccessfully contested Exeter, when the seat was won by Lord Coleridge. He was out of parliament till 1873, when he was chosen at a by-election at Huntingdon. He resumed office under Mr. Disraeli in 1874, but failing sight compelled him first to resign his office in April 1875, and his seat in Parliament in February 1876, when he was sworn of the privy council. He continued to act upon the judica​ture commission of which he was a member. He was a very finished speaker, and had enjoyed a very large and lucrative practice at the bar, and was also an effective parliamentary debater, but his untiring efforts undermined his strength. After a long illness he died unmarried at his house, 7 Chester Square, on 4 Oct. 1881. He revised for publication Dr. Collyn's ‘Chase of the Wild Red Deer,’ and was erroneously reported to have been its author (see Times, 6 Oct. 1881).
[Solicitor's Journal, 8 Oct. 1881; Ann. Reg. 1881; Times, 6 Oct. 1881, and a letter by Lord Coleridge in Times, 10 Oct. 1881; Ballantyne's Reminiscences, i. 269.]
J. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Katterfelto, Gustavus

​KATTERFELTO, GUSTAVUS (d. 1799), conjurer and empiric, a native of Prussia, seems to have attracted no notice until he made his appearance about 1782 in London, where he soon gained a widespread notoriety, partly by means of advertisements headed ‘Wonders! Wonders! Wonders!’ which he inserted in the newspapers. He is described as being a compound of conjurer and quack doctor. In both these capacities he worked upon the credulity of the Londoners during the epidemic of influenza in 1782. Among other ‘philosophical apparatus’ he employed the services of some extraordinary black cats, with which he astonished the ignorant. He also professed to have discovered the secret of perpetual motion, and in 1784 was visited by the royal family, the members of which declared that his performance exceeded their most sanguine expectations (Morning Post, 3 June 1784). During his stay in London, where he generally exhibited in Spring Gardens, Katterfelto was frequently alluded to in the public prints, and there is a large collection of extracts relating to his ‘solar-microscopic’ and other performances in Lysons's ‘Collectanea’ (i. 190 seq.), together with an amusing cartoon in which he is represented as trudging home laden with the apparatus of quackery, but in possession of a large bag of English guineas. Peter Pindar mentions him more than once. Cowper, in the ‘Task’ (bk. iv. l. 86), speaks of
Katterfelto, with his hair on end  At his own wonders, wondering for his bread.
Subsequently he made a tour in the provinces, with less success. At Shrewsbury he was committed to prison as a vagrant and an impostor. He frequently visited Whitby, where he was well received. He had a kind of travelling museum of natural and other curiosities, which was especially rich in fossils, agates, and similar productions of the Yorkshire coast. Microscopic demonstrations formed part of his entertainment. One of his most popular tricks at Whitby was to raise his daughter to the ceiling by the attractive influence—as the operator affirmed—of a huge magnet, after she had put on a massive steel helmet, with leathern straps passed under the armpits. Katterfelto died at Bedale, Yorkshire, on 25 Nov. 1799. His widow became the wife of John Carter, a publican of Whitby, who was mainly instrumental in reviving the manufacture of jet about 1800.
T. C.