OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Ch'ien Tsai

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​CH'IEN Tsai 錢載 (T. 坤一, H. 蘀石, 根苑, 瓠尊, 萬松居士, 萬蒼翁), Oct. 21, 1708–1793, official, poet, and painter, was a native of Hsiu-shui, Chekiang, and a relative of Ch'ien Ch'ên-ch'ün [q. v.]. He came from a poor family but by dint of hard study early established a reputation as a poet. About the year 1725 he began to teach the sons of Ch'ien Ch'ên-ch'ün, and while so engaged, learned painting from the latter's mother, Ch'ên Shu [q. v.]. In 1736 Ch'ien Tsai competed in the second special po-hsüeh hung-tz'ŭ examination of 1736 (see under Liu Lun) but failed to qualify. In 1751 he failed in another special examination for classical scholars (see under Ku Tung-kao). Nevertheless in the following year he became a chin-shih with high honors, was selected a bachelor of the Hanlin Academy and later was given the rank of a compiler. Thereafter he served several times as a provincial examiner (Kwangsi in 1759, Kiangnan in 1765 and 1780, Kiangsi in 1774 and 1779) and as diarist of the emperor's movements. In 1773 he was appointed a sub-chancellor of the Grand Secretariat and two years later, a teacher in the school known as Shang-shu fang (see under Yin-chên) where the sons of the emperor studied. He served a year as commissioner of education in Shantung (1776–77), and once represented the emperor in offering sacrifices to the sacred moun​tain and the tombs of ancient emperors in Shensi and Szechwan (1780). In 1780 he was promoted to a vice-presidency in the Board of Ceremonies, but three years later was ordered to retire on account of old age and deafness. He lived at his home for ten years more.
Ch'ien Tsai is known as a painter and as a connoisseur of paintings and calligraphy. Many of the verses which he wrote were about masterpieces by earlier artists. In the collection of his poetry, entitled 蘀石齋詩集 T'o-shih chai shih-chi, 50 chüan, are references to many celebrities of the Ch'ien-lung period who were his friends. There is also a collection of his prose writings, entitled T'o-shih chai wen (文) chi, 26 chüan. Both collections were probably printed by himself.
[1/311/5a; 3/91/25a; 20/3/00; 26/2/8b; 27/12/1b; 29/5/17a; 31/9/1b; L.T.C.L.H.M., p. 425a; Ch'üan Tsu-wang [q. v.], Kung-chü chêng-shih lu, p. 68a.]
Fang Chao-ying
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Ch'ien Ta-chao

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​CH'IEN Ta-chao 錢大昭 (T. 晦之, 宏嗣, H. 可廬, 竹廬), 1744–1813, scholar, native of Chia-ting, Kiangsu, was a brother of Ch'ien Ta-hsin [q. v.] who was eighteen years his senior. For a time Ch'ien Ta-chao joined his older brother in Peking and accompanied him to Kwangtung in 1774 when the latter was appointed director of education. On the recommendation of local authorities, the honorary title of Hsiao-lien fang-chêng 孝廉方正, and the button of the sixth rank, were conferred upon him (1796). In 1801 he undertook, together with his older brother, to compile the local history of Ch'ang-hsing (see under Ch'ien Ta-hsin). He died in 1813 in Sung-yang, Chekiang, where his eldest son was then magistrate.
Ch'ien Ta-chao possessed a broad knowledge of the Classics and history, but concentrated primarily on the Han period (206 B.C.–220 A.D.) as the following titles of his works show: 漢書辨疑 Han-shu pien-i, 22 chüan; Hou (後) Han-shu pien-i, 11 chüan; Hsü (續) Han-shu pien-i, 9 chüan; San-kuo chih (三國志) pien-i, 3 chüan; Hou Han-shu pu-piao (補表), 8 chüan; Hou Han-shu chün-kuo ling-chang k'ao (郡國令長考), 1 chüan; and 補續漢書藝文志 Pu hsü Han-shu i-wên chih, 2 chüan. All the above are critical disquisitions, annotations, or supplementary notes on the two Han Histories and the History of the Three Kingdoms, and all are reproduced in the Kuang-ya ts'ung-shu (see under Chang Chih-tung). In the field of the Classics he wrote: on the Book of Odes, a work entitled 詩古訓 Shih ku-hsün, in 12 chüan; on the Êr-ya, a work known as 爾雅釋文補 Êr-ya shih-wên pu, in 3 chüan; and on the Shuo-wên, a work known as 說文統釋 Shuo-wên t'ung-shih, in 60 chüan.
Ch'ien Ta-chao had three sons who, because of their accomplishments in the field of scholarship, were known as the "Three Phoenixes of the Ch'ien Family" (錢氏三鳳). The eldest, Ch'ien Tung-yüan 錢東垣 (T. 既勤, H. 亦軒, d. 1824), was a chü-jên of 1798. His best known work, entitled 崇文總目輯釋 Ch'ung-wên tsung-mu chi-shih, 6 chüan, written in collaboration with his brothers and others, is an attempt to reconstruct from various sources the ancient catalogue, Ch'ung-wên tsung-mu, which was compiled by imperial order during the years 1034–42, but is now mostly lost. The second son, Ch'ien I 錢繹 (T. 以誠, H. 小廬, original ming 東墉), produced a work, entitled 方言箋疏 Fang-yen chien-shu, in 13 chüan, on the Fang-yen, a dictionary of dialects in northern and central China, compiled during the first century A.D. The preface to the Fang-yen chien-shu is dated 1851. The third son, Ch'ien T'ung 錢侗 (T. 同人, H. 趙堂, 1778–1815), was a chü-jên of 1810 who took part in the compilation of Ch'ien Ta-hsin's Ssŭ-shih shuo-jun k'ao, and assisted Wang Ch'ang [q. v.] in the compilation of the latter's Chin-shih tsui-pien. Ch'ien T'ung's own work, 九經補韻考證 Chiu-ching pu-yun k'ao-chêng, a brief treatise on phonetics, supplementary to an earlier one of the Sung period, was first printed in 1799 and later incorporated in various ts'ung-shu.
[1/487/41b; 2/68/44a, 45a, b; 3/420/58a; 6/40/21a; Chia-ting hsien-chih (1880) 16/59b, 19/32b; T'oung Pao, VI, pp. 426–28 for notes on Ch'ung-wên tsung-mu.]
Tu Lien-chê
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Ch'ien T'ang

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​CH'IEN T'ang 錢塘 (T. 學淵, 禹美, H. 溉亭), 1735–1790, scholar, native of Chia-ting, Kiangsu, was a relative of Ch'ien Ta-hsin [q. v.]. He obtained his chü-jên degree in 1779 and his chin-shih degree in 1780 with appointment as director of schools of Chiang-ning (Nanking). His scholastic interests were wide and he produced studies in many fields, including the classics, history, philosophy, music and the Shuo-wên (for the last see under Tuan Yü-ts'ai). A collection of his prose writings, dealing principally with the Classics, and entitled 溉亭述古錄 Kai-t'ing shu-ku lu, 2 chüan, was printed in the Huang-Ch'ing ching-chieh (see under Juan Yüan). His 律呂古義 Lü-lü ku-i, also known as Lü-lü k'ao-wên (考文), 6 chüan, a work on ancient music, is included in the Nan-ch'ing shu-yüan ts'ung-shu (see under Huang T'i-fang). He left about fifteen works of which some are apparently not extant.
A younger brother of Ch'ien T'ang, named Ch'ien Tien 錢坫 (T. 獻之, 篆秋, H. 泉坫, 十蘭, 1744–1806), was a scholar and calligrapher. He became a fu-hung or senior licentiate of the second class in 1774, and then was appointed a second class sub-prefect of Ch'ien-chou, Shensi. Later he officiated simultaneously as magistrate of several other districts in the same province. About 1783 he participated in the compilation of the local history of Han-ch'êng, Shensi, 韓城縣志 Han-ch'êng hsien-chih, which was printed in 1784. He was also a member of the staff which compiled the Hsü Tzŭ-chih t'ung-chien (see under Pi Yüan). His work on the Shuo-wên, entitled 說文解字斠詮 Shuo-wên chieh-tzŭ chiao-ch'üan, 14 chüan, was first printed in 1807. His notes on the geographical section of the Han-shu, 新斠注漢書地理志 Hsin chiao chu Han-shu ti-li chih, 16 chüan, was first printed in 1797 and was later annotated by Hsü Sung [q. v.]. Two of his antiquarian studies, entitled 車制考 Chü-chih k'ao and 爾雅釋地 Êr-ya shih-ti, are included in the Hsü Huang-Ch'ing ching-chieh (see under Juan Yüan).
Ch'ien Tien was an accomplished calligrapher, though it is said that after suffering a paralytic stroke he learned to write with his left hand. Sun Hsing-yen [q. v.] regarded him as the most skillful writer of lesser seal characters in the Ch'ing period.
Ch'ien T'ang and his brother, Ch'ien Ta-hsin and his two sons, and Ch'ien Ta-chao [q. v.] and his three sons—all being scholars of repute—came to be known collectively as the "Nine Ch'iens" (九錢).
[1/487/18a; 4/49/21b, 134/12b; 20/4/00 (portrait of Ch'ien Tien); 26/2/32a; 29/6/10a; Chia-ting hsien-chih (1880) 16/52b, 53b.]
Tu Lien-chê
# Elizabethan Sonnet-Cycles

ELIZABETHAN SONNET CYCLES
IDEA—FIDESSA—CHLORIS
LIZABETHAN SONNET-CYCLES EDITED BY
MARTHA FOOTE CROW
CHLORIS BY WILLIAM SMITH
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER AND CO. PATERNOSTER HOUSE LONDON W.C. 1897
Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson & Co.
London & Edinburgh
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1924, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 99 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Elizabeth v. Pavement Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co., 97 U.S. 126 (1878), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that while the public use of an invention more than one year prior to the inventor's application for a patent normally causes the inventor to lose his right to a patent, there is an exception to this rule for public uses for experimental purposes. Warning: template has been deprecated.
United States Supreme Court
97 U.S. 126
Elizabeth v. Pavement Company
APPEAL from the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of New Jersey.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
Mr. A. Q. Keasbey and Mr. Charles F. Blake for the appellants.
Mr. Clarence A. Seward and Mr. B. Williamson, contra.
MR. JUSTICE BRADLEY delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Erie Railroad Company v. Stone

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
244 U.S. 332
Erie Railroad Company v. Stone
Argued: May 3, 1917. --- Decided: June 4, 1917
Messrs. William E. Cushing, C. E. McBride, and N. M. Wolfe for plaintiff in error.
No appearance for defendants in error.
Mr. Justice Day delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Erie Railroad Company v. Welsh

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
242 U.S. 303
Erie Railroad Company v. Welsh
Argued: October 25, 1916. --- Decided: December 18, 1916
Messrs. Leroy A. Manchester, C. D. Hine, James B. Kennedy, and John W. Ford for plaintiff in error.
Mr. William R. Stewart for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice Pitney delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Baccio della Porta

See also Fra Bartolomeo on Wikipedia; Fra Bartolomeo at Wikipedia; Fra Bartolommeo di Pagholo in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
BACCIO DELLA PORTA, called Fra Bartolommeo Di S. Marco, a celebrated historical and portrait painter, was born at Savignano, near Florence, in 1469, and died in 1517. He received the first elements of his artistic education from Cosimo Roselli; and after leaving him, devoted himself to the study of the great works of Leonardo da Vinci. Of his early productions, which are distinguished for their grace and beauty, the most important is the fresco of the Last Judgment, in which he was assisted by his friend, Mariotto Albertinelli. While he was engaged upon some pieces for the convent of the Dominican friars, he made the acquaintance of Savonarola, who quickly acquired great influence over him, and Baccio was so affected by his cruel death, that he soon after entered the convent, and for some years gave up his art He had not long resumed it, in obedience to his superior, when, the celebrated Raffaelle came to Florence and formed a close friendship with him. Bartolomineo learned from the younger artist the rules of perspective, in which he was so skilled, while Raffaelle owes to the frate the improvement in his colouring and handling of drapery, which was noticeable in the works he produced after their meeting. Some years afterwards he visited Rome, and was struck with admiration and a feeling of his own inferiority when he contemplated the masterpieces of Michel Angelo and Raffaelle. With the latter, however, he remained on the most friendly terms, and when he departed from Rome, left in his hands two unfinished pictures which Raffaelle completed, Bartolommeo's figures had generally been small and draped. These qualities were alleged against him as defects, and to prove that his style was not the result of want of power, hs painted the magnificent figure of St Mark, and the undraped figure of St Sebastian. The latter was so well designed, so naturally and beautifully coloured, and so strongly expressive of suffering and agony, that it was found necessary to remove it from the place where it had been exhibited in the chapel of a convent. The majority of Bartolommeo s compositions are altar-pieces, and few of them are to be met with out of Tuscany. They are remarkable for skill in the massing of light and shade, richness and delicacy of colouring, and for the admirable style in which the drapery of the figures is handled, Bartolommeo having been the first to introduce and use the lay-figure with joints.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Baboon

See also Baboon on Wikipedia; Baboon at Wikipedia, Baboon in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
BABOON, the popular name of apes belonging to the genus Cynocephalus of the family Simiadæ. See Ape, vol. ii. p. 152.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Baccarat

See also Baccarat, Meurthe-et-Moselle on Wikipedia; Baccarat at Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BACCARAT, a town of France, in the department of Meurthe and arrondissement of Luneville. It has a large export trade of timber, planks , wheelwright s work, and charcoal, and is celebrated for the products of its glassworks, which were established in 1765. Population, 4763.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Bacchiglione

See also Bacchiglione on Wikipedia; Bacchiglione at Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BACCHIGLIONE, a river of north-eastern Italy, which, j rising in the mountains eastward of Trent, passes by Vicenza and Padua, and, after a course of 90 miles, falls into the lagune of Venice, south of Chioggia. It is navigable for large boats as far as Vicenza, and is connected with the Adige by means of a canal. The river is probably the ancient Togisonus.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Bacchylides

See also Bacchylides on Wikipedia; Bacchylides at Wikipedia; Bacchylides in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
BACCHYLIDES, [ Greek ], a famous Greek lyric poet, born at lulis in Ceos, was the nephew of Simonides, and flourished about 470 years before Christ. He resided long at the court of Hiero of Syracuse with Simonides and Pindar, of whom he is said to have been the rival. His works consisted of odes, dithyrambs, and hymns. Two epigrams contained in the Greek Anthology ascribe to him peculiar softness and sweetness of style. The few remains of his writings are contained in the collections of Brunck, Bergk, Bland, and Hartung They have been published separately by Neue, Bacchylidis Cei frag., Berl., 1823.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Bacchus

See also Dionysus on Wikipedia; Dionysus at Wikipedia; Dionysus in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
BACCHUS, the Latin name of Dionysus, the god of wine. See Dionysus.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Bach

See also Bach and Bach family at Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
In the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, Bach may refer to:
* Johann-Sebastian Bach, the German musician.
* Karl Philipp Emmanuel Bach, second son of J.S. Bach and a German musical composer.
# Early Western Travels, 1748-1846/Volume 1

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Early Western Travels 1748-1846
Volume I
Capt. "Tho." Morris.
Early Western Travels
1748-1846
A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement
Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D.
Editor of "The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents," "Wisconsin Historical Collections," "Chronicles of Border Warfare," "Hennepin's New Discovery," etc.
Volume I
Journals of Conrad Weiser (1748), George Croghan (1750-1765) Christian Frederick Post (1758), and Thomas Morris (1764)
Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company 1904
Copyright 1904, By THE ARTHUR H. CLARK COMPANY
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
The Lakeside Press R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS COMPANY CHICAGO
Frontispiece.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# English for Teachers/Unit 6

​Unit 6
ADVENTURE and TRAVEL
Comprehensive Reading
A South Seas Adventure
Everyone wishes he were an adventurer. Deep-sea diving, sailing, and exploring are all adventurous pastimes that we ourselves cannot usually experience. For this reason we like to read adventure books.
The following real-life adventure took place in 1947. Thor Heyerdahl, a Norweigan, decided to try sailing from Peru to Polynesia. He believed Polynesia was settled by Peruvian Indian tribesmen. The trip would test his theory. If he was successful, his theory would be believed. But if he failed, he would probably die.
He and seven friends built a balsa wood raft by themselves. It was a replica of the ancient Indian ones. Once off the coast, ocean currents and trade winds swept the raft away into the Pacific. Living on the raft was dangerous. High waves pummelled the tiny raft and could wash a man away if he was not careful. If someone went overboard, he would be lost since the raft could not turn around.
Turning back was inpossible. They sent out and received radio messages, but saw no other humans during their voyage. After ninety-seven days, the raft was blown onto a coral reef. It was almost destroyed by the pounding waves but the men get across the reef to land. The island was part of Polynesia. Soon natives came over to the island and took them back to their village for a feast. All night long the men celebrated their success.
# English for Teachers/Unit 6/Chapter 1

​Unit 6
Chapter 1
Reflexives
He bought himself a book. (indirect object) He cut himself. (direct object) We ourselves can't travel. (emphasis) I travel by myself.(Idiomatic=alone)
I. Exchanges
A: Can I help you?
B: No, thanks. I'll do it myself.
A: Did you make this yourself?
B: Sure. It was easy.
A: Nice job.
A: Didn't you help him?
B: No, he did it all by himself .
II. Song
I'll face the unknown,
I'll build a world of my own.
No one knows better than I myself,
I'm by myself, alone.
- American Popular Song (1950s)
III. Writing
Fill in the blanks with the correct reflexive forms.
Thor Heyerdahl taught _______ how to sail. He and his friends versed _______ in the techniques of navagation. He _______ was not a sailor but he was able to learn. You _______ can do many things too.
IV. Writing
Write a response using the cue word and the correct form of the reflexive.
* Why is Mr. Kim's finger bleeding? (cut)
* Why is the baby crying? (hurt)
* Why is he working alone? (do)
* Why is she sitting alone? (wants to be)
* Did you make this? (made)
# English for Teachers/Unit 5/Chapter 4

​Unit 5
Chapter 4
Verb + to Verb (pp. 453, 475-476)
They want to sing,
have need
like
I. Recognition
Identify the verb + to verb patterns in the Comprehensive Reading.
II. Quotations
When any of the four pillars of government are shaken or weakened (which are religion, justice, counsel, and treasure), men need pray for fair weather.
- Bacon
It takes all the running you can do to keep in the same place. If you want to get somewhere else, you have to run twice as fast as that.
- Alice In Wonderland
I do like to be beside the seaside.
- Popular Song
III. Dialogue
A: Would you like to go downtown with me after dinner this evening?
B: Why? What's happening?
A: Nothing much, but I have to buy a ticket for the soccer game tomorrow.
B: No, thanks. I need to catch up on my rest.
IV. Exchanges
A: Do they like to complain a lot?
B: Not as much as you do.
IV. Exchanges (continued)
A: Do you have to do that?
B: Not really. Why do you ask?
A: It bothers me.
A: I have to ask him something.
B: He looks busy.
V. Writing
Write responses as indicated using "want", "have", "need", and "like".
* My tooth hurts. I have to see the dentist.
* His stomach is upset. __________ the doctor.
* She enjoys music. __________ concerts.
* She likes music. __________ the concert.
* I failed history. __________ harder.
* He has bad eyesight. __________ glasses.
* I'm going to teach a class. __________ lesson plan.
* We finished the lesson. __________ test.
* I'm going to buy a car. __________ driver's license.
VI. Writing
A. Make sentences out of the following groups of words.
* Young Taik wanted/continue his study/sociology.
* They decided/go/graduate school/University/California.
* Summer vacation/Su Bok/Changho/like/visit/homes/friends.
* Cho Su Bok needs/study/pass/English course this semester.
* I have/do/two years/advanced study /my Ph.D.
B. Write a paragraph based on the following questions:
* Do all teachers have to graduate from college in Korea?
* Do teachers need to receive a degree in education?
* How many years do you have to study?
* Does Korea need to have better teachers?
# English for Teachers/Unit 6/Chapter 3

​Unit 6
Chapter 3
Gerunds (pp.476-478)
Gerunds in English look similar to present participles (V+ing). Gerunds, however, are always used as nouns - as subjects or objects,
i.e. : Swimming is good exercise. I like swimming.
The following verbs are always followed by gerunds, not infinitives: enjoy, mind, stop, avoid, consider, appreciate, finish, deny, admit, risk, dislike.
The following verbs are followed by either gerunds or infinitives: start, begin, continue, like, neglect, hate, cease, love, prefer, intend.
I. Writing
* Find the seven gerunds in the Comprehensive Reading.
* Tell whether they are in subject or object positions.
II. Exchanges
A: Do you like flying?
B: Well, I like landings but not take-offs.
A: Doesn't that guy do a lot of travelling?
B: Sure. It's part of his job.
A: Sailing is a great sport, isn't it?
B: Yeah, but I've never tried it.
III. Quotations
All travelling becomes dull in direct proportion to its rapidity.
- John Ruskin
I travelled among unknown men, In lands beyond the sea, Nor, England! did I know till then, What love I bore to thee.
- Wordsworth
III. Quotations (continued)
The fool wanders, the wise man travels.
- Fuller 1732
Travels far, he that knows much.
- Clarke 1639
IV. Writing
Make sentences out of the following groups of words.
* educational/is/travelling
* to/crash/make/landing/had/he/a
* not/is/profitable/wandering/often/foreign/through/countries
* rapidly/travelling/place/the/look/makes/every/same
* country/appreciate/makes/own/us/our/travelling
V. Writing
Write five things that:
* are educational
* are not profitable
* make us appreciate our own country