OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Reinaud, Joseph Toussaint

Edition of 1905. See also Joseph Toussaint Reinaud on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​REINAUD, ra'no', Joseph Toussaint (1795–1867). A French Orientalist, born at Lambesc (Bouches-du-Rhône). He was a pupil of Sylvestre de Sacy, became connected with the Royal Library, and was appointed conservator of that institution in 1834. He was also president and (1838 et seq.) De Sacy's successor as professor of Arabic at the Ecole des Langues Orientales Vivantes (1838-67). He published: Monuments arabes, persans, et turcs du cabinet de M. le due de Blacas et d'autres cabinets (1828), a work of great value, especially in the province of epigraphy; a version of Raymond Lully's Livre de la loi au Sarrazin (1831, with Michel); Extraits des historiens arabes relatifs aux guerres des croisades (1829); Invasions des Sarrazins en France (1836); the text and a French version of Abulfeda's geography (with Slane. 1840-48); Fragments arabes et persans relatifs à l'lnde (1834); Relation des voyages faits par les Arabes et les Persans dans I'Inde et Chine (1845); and Relations politiques et commerciales de I'empire romain avec l'Asie orientale (1863). From 1847 to his death he was president of the Société Asiatique.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Reimarus, Hermann Samuel

Edition of 1905. See also Hermann Samuel Reimarus on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​REIMARUS, rḯ-mä'rụs, Hermann Samuel (1694-1768). A German naturalistic philosopher. He was born in Hamburg, December 22, 1694, studied at the universities of Jena and Wittenberg, traveled afterwards in Holland and England, and on his return was elected rector at Wismar (1723) and in 1728 professor of Hebrew and mathematics at the Gymnasium of Hamburg. He died there March 1, 1768. He is the author of the so-called Wolfenbüttelsche Fragmente eines Unbekannten, first published by Lessing in his Beiträge zur Geschichte und Litteratur aus den Schützen der Wolfenbüttelschen Bibliothek (1774, 1777-78). These Fragmente, up to that time known only in manuscript by a few of Reimarus's most intimate friends, produced a sensation throughout Germany, since the author, in the boldest and most trenchant manner, denied the supernatural origin of Christianity. They were partially translated, as Fragments from Reimarus (London, 1879). A cognate work is his Vornehmste Wahrheiten der natürlichen Religion (1754). His edition of Dio Cassius is one of the most valuable contributions to classical philology (1750). Consult his biography by Strauss (Bonn, 1862; 2d. ed. 1877).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Reims

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​REIMS, rēms, Fr. pron. răNs. A city of France. See Rheims.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rein, Johannes Justus

Edition of 1905. See also Johannes Justus Rein on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​REIN, rīn, Johannes Justus (1835— ). A German geographer, born at Raunheim-on-the-Main, and educated in mathematics and science at the University of Giessen. He made various scientific journeys in Europe, Asia, and America, and was appointed professor of geography at the University of Marburg in 1876, and subsequently at Bonn. His publications include Japan, nach Reisen und Studien (1881-86), which was translated into English, under the title, Japan, Travels and Researches (1884), as was also his book on Japanese industries (1889); and Columbus und seine vier Reisen nach Westen (1892).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Reinach, Salomon

Edition of 1905. See also Saloman Reinach on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​REINACH, Salomon (1858— ). A French archæologist, brother of the preceding, born at Saint-Germain-en-Laye (Seineet-Oise). He studied at the Lycée Fontanes and the Ecole Normale Supérieure, was appointed to the French Classical School of Athens (Ecole Française d'Athènes), and made interesting excavation and discoveries at Myrina, near Smyrna, and elsewhere (1880–82). In 1886 lie became attaché in the Museum of National Antiquities at St. Germain-en-Laye, in 1890-92 held the chair of assistant professor of national archæology at the Ecole du Louvre, and in 1893 was appointed associate curator of the National Museums. He was elected to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1896. He reviewed works on archæology for the Revue Critique, edited a careful text (1877) of Saint-Augustine's De Civitate Dei, and published among his original volumes a Chronique d'Orient (1885-91), cataloguing all discoveries made in Greece to that date; La necropole de Myrina (with Pottier, 1887); Description raisonnée du musée de Saint-Germain (1890); Les Celtes dans les vallées du Pô et du Danube (1894); Répertoire de la statuaire grecque et romaine (1897–98); and Guide illustré du musée national de Saint-Germain (1899).
# The North Star (Rochester)/1847/12/03/W. C. Nell

​W. C. Nell.—The following handsome compliment to our friend and co-laborer, we copy from the Liberator of Nov. 26. It is a tribute from Wendell Phillips, Esq.
Mr. Nell has left for Rochester, where he will assist in the office of the paper which Frederick Douglass is about to publish there. Those of his friends who have occasion to write to him, will please notice that his address is now, Rochester, New York.
Mr. Nell has won for himself, in his native place, an enviable character for urbanity, high moral character, and integrity above suspicion. The various associations of our colored friends for moral, literary, and social purposes, will lose in him a most efficient, devoted, and indefatigable, friend, and one whose exertions have often been the mainstay of such enterprises. He carries with him the good wishes and kind remembrance of those who have witnessed his earnest efforts to improve and elevate himself and his fellows, and his generous interest in every good cause.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1847/12/03/The dying slave

For the North Star. THE DYING SLAVE.
See the Slave in a dying hour. What hope—what consolation? If he be a valuable slave, he may receive medical aid and attention, from the same motive that prompts men to take care of a sick (valuable) horse. You may hear the master say, "I should hate to lose him, he is worth $700 cash, and I lost a fine fellow last week." But who cares for the immortal soul? Who sits by his pallet of straw, and points him to Jesus of Nazareth, "who taketh away the sins of the world—who changeth the leopard's spots, and maketh the Ethiop white?" Does the master leave his bed of down, and enter the miserable hut of the slave, and tell him that Jesus is no respecter of persons of condition, but made of one flesh all the nations of the earth? Does the mistress accompany her husband, and with all the tenderness which the female heart can exhibit, urge the dying chattel to be reconciled to his God? Do you think, young woman, you who cannot endure the presence of a colored man, even on a rail-road car, do you think that the daughter of the slaveholder, (who boasts of her fortune in human flesh,) leaves the social circle—gay companions—the fascinating dance—the midnight revel—to pray and weep with the dying slave?—Like a brute we compel him to live—like a brute he dies! and his blood is upon us, and will be upon our children, unless we do our duty as men and as christians.—J. V.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1847/12/03/To Niagara

​Friend Douglass,—Being recently a November visitant at the great wonder of our western hemisphere, I ventured to pencil some thoughts upon a theme, which, although the frequent subject of the painter and the poet, will forever remain exhaustless.
As I stood upon the shelving ledge, and saw the mighty volume, sheeted with foam, making its majestic plunge into the fearful abyss, I thought it not an inapt emblem of the vast flood of light which Truth is now pouring upon the world; some rays of which, I trust, your Star is about to disseminate.
Respectfully yours, J. E. Robinson.
Rochester, November, 1847.
TO NIAGARA.
To-day I stand a pilgrim on thy verge, Old Niagara! and my willing ear Drinks in the deep bass of thy wondrous voice— "The voice of many waters"! On they come, From Erie's greener depths, and bright St. Clair, And Huron fathomless, and far off Michigan; And chaste Superior hoardeth not his wealth, But sends his affluence to thy giant tide. On, on they come , commingling as they run, And, leaping in their joyance, in one mighty flood, Pour their libation from thy trembling verge.
Earth's joyous angel, Beauty, hovers round, And plumes her wing amid thy snowy cloud; And when yon glorious orb is slanting o'er Thy battlements his beams, her mystic hand Shapes from the elements a child of light; Thy cloud of incense its baptismal font, And cradle of her offspring newly born.
Now as I gaze, Time's solemn centuries, Hoar spirits of the past, call from their hollow tomb, Nor tell us when thou wert not. When Horeb's rock, Touched by the feeble wand of Israel's leader, gave Its fountains for her lips, e'en then thy thunder tones, Vibrating along those cliffs, shook earth and air. When bearded time was in his infancy, He played amid thy foam. When Memnons marble gave Its first weird music to the morning beam, A kindred shaft fell on thy pillared mist, And Iris lingered round these rocks, and smiled.
Sublimity is thee; thou art sublimity; And the great seal of Deity is fixed Forever on thy brow! 'Tis no idolatry To stand a mute-lipped worshipper at thy shrine,— To feel our weakness, while our spirit kneels Thus in the presence-chamber of the great I AM! And listens to the anthem thou art ringing, Ever from off thine altar to His praise.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1847/12/03/The Glory

THE GLORY.
Gen. Scott thus recapitulates his losses since arriving at the basin of Mexico:
August 19,20. Killed—137, including 14 officers. Wounded—877, including 52 officers. Missing—(probably killed) 38, rank and file. Total—1052.
September 8. Killed—116, including 9 officers. Wounded—665, including 49 officers. Missing—l8, rank and file. Total—789.
September 12, 13, 14. Killed—l39, including 10 officers. Wounded—703, including 68 officers. Missing—29, rank and file. Total—862.
Grand total of losses—2703, including 383 officers.
At the expense of twenty-seven hundred men, killed, or maimed and mangled, Gen. Scott has taken possession of the capital of Mexico, from which no private property can honestly or honorably be taken, and in which the public property, consisting of inferior ordnance and munitions of war, is not particularly valuable to our country. We find no great glory in this. He has moreoved proved that the Mexicans are comparatively weak or cowardly, or both—a very interesting ethnological fact, no doubt, but hardly worth so expensive a demonstration. We would give quite as much to know the source of the Niger, as to know which is the strongest and most combative, the Yankee or the Mexican; yet we thought the loss of Park was a high price to pay for the former bit of knowledge. What would the loss of 2700 Parks have been?
Gen. Scott seems to claim a great deal of glory on account of the small number of his men. He is rabid on the Union for overrating his forces, and lots old goody Ritchie have the following morsel in the midst of his glorification:
"The army has been more disgusted than surprised that, by some sinister process on the part of certain individuals at home, its numbers have been generally almost trebled in our public papers—beginning at Washington."
He claims to have marched from Puebla with 10,738 rank and file, and to have captured Mexico with 6000. This undoubtedly proves that Scott and his officers understand their trade, as Yankees always do, and that they and their men will fight like devils, whereas the Mexican soldiers will not even fight like men. But as history is very full of similar facts, we can not see anything even novel, much less glorious in all this. It seems nothing better than science, skill, courage, and strength wasted. To the Mexicans there might have been glory in a brave resistance if they had made it. But our army was not in a condition to win glory in any case. They either beat three times their number of cowards—no very glorious feat certainly, or they beat three times their number of brave but ill-directed and comparatively feeble men, righteously fighting for their hearth-stones. Is there any glory on that?—Chronotype.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1847/12/03/Universe cooking stoves

UNIVERSE COOKING STOVES.
The Subscribers are manufacturing this invaluable Cooking Stove, designed for Coal or Wood, warranted to excel any other stove ever invented, and constructed strictly upon philosophical principles. The Oven heated by hot air, (the only hot air oven ever patented,) and warranted to bake as well as any brick oven. For sale only by the undersigned, wholesale and retail, 34, Exchange Street. H. BUSH & CO.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1847/12/03/The Rochester Anti-Slavery Fair

THE ROCHESTER ANTI-SLAVERY FAIR.
The Anti-Slavery women of Western New York, purpose holding a Fair in the city of Rochester, on the 17th and 18th of December next, to aid the great work of emancipation. The active friends of the cause are few; we therefore appeal to all who feel for suffering humanity, and self-preservation from the encroachments of the slave power, to cooperate with us in the undertaking. We ask aid of all those mothers, who can feel for the mothers of our own land that are daily and hourly experiencing the torture of having their children torn from the sight of their eyes, and the embrace of their love, by the unhallowed grasp of Slavery; and we solicit all who feel that the relation of husband and wife, parent and child, brother and sister, friend and neighbour, are desirable, to aid us in our efforts to give to the three millions whose ties are thus torn and severed, all the blessings that we crave for ourselves.
To forward this object, we intend offering to the public such articles as are both useful and ornamental, the proceeds of which shall be expended in sustaining lecturers and circulating publications to awaken and inform the public, respecting this system of unparalleled wickedness, and if possible to inspire it with true love of freedom. Donations of every description and variety, of small as well as large value, will be thankfully received. Liberal hearts and willing hands will devise many ways to subserve the cause. We earnestly solicit mechanics, merchants, and farmers, to lay something upon this table of humanity. Supplies of eggs, butter, cheese, cream, turkeys, hams, dried beef, pickles, and fruit, of every description, will be acceptable offerings for the refreshment table. We invite and strongly hope that the ladies of our neighbouring towns, will unite their efforts in furnishing tables, and take charge of them with us at the Fair.
The Annual Meeting of the Society will be held immediately after the Fair, which will greatly add to the interest of the occasion.
| Sarah D. Fish, Rhoda De Garmo, Mary B. Fish, Mary Ann McClintock, Abigail Bush, Sarah L. Hallowell, Charlotte Wilber, Phebe Hathaway, Margaret Clark, Margaret Larson, Mrs. Platt, | Mary H. Hallowell, Mary Baldwin, Catherine G. Braithwait, Sarah E. Thayer, Lemira M. Kedzie, Amy Post, Susan R. Doty, Catharine Stebbins, Phebe Tredwell, Elvira Marsh, Sarah Jacobs, |
| Sarah A. Burtis. ||
# The North Star (Rochester)/1847/12/03/To Correspondents

TO CORRESPONDENTS.
H. C., of Upton, Massachusetts. His letter came safely to hand. For its list of subscribers and encouraging words, he will please accept out grateful thanks.
Z. W. H., of Plymouth Massachusetts. We acknowledge, with much satisfaction, the receipt of her communication, with its long array of patrons and cash accompaniment, which is indeed a tangible demonstration. Her efforts in behalf of the North Star are gratefully appreciated.
R. F. W., Boston, of November 17th, received and credited.
D. J., of Columbus, Ohio, is informed, that our engagements will not allow us to be present at the anticipated Convention to be held in Columbus. The other matters are attended to.
S. B., of Salem, Ohio. We thank him for his letters and list of Subscribers.
N. and D. shall receive the per-centage suggested.
H. E. S., of Lodi, Ohio. Thanks for your words of cheer, so kindly expressed. We shall be glad to hear from the same source often.
M. A. T., New Brighton, Pennsylvania. A long list of Subscribers and words of God-speed from this zealous friend. Thanks—thanks.
M. H., of Albany, New York. Our acknowledgments for the good work there commenced.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Canon, Johann

Edition of 1905. See also Hans Canon on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CANON, kä′nō̇n, Johann (properly Johann von Straschiripka) (1829-85). An Austrian painter, born in Vienna. He became an officer of cuirassiers in the Austrian Army, and subsequently, having gained some success with pictures executed largely under the influence of Rahl, traveled in England, France, Italy, and the Orient. His works include genre pictures, historical pieces, and portraits—the latter in a largeness of manner reminiscent of Rubens or Van Dyck. Energetic in drawing, and skillful in effects of light and shade, he nevertheless lacks originality. Of his works, may be mentioned “Cromwell Beside the Corpse of Charles I.,” “The Treasure-Digger,” and “The Flamingo Hunt.”
# The New International Encyclopædia/Carlén, Emilia Smith Flygare

Edition of 1905. See also Emilie Flygare-Carlén on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CARLÉN, kär-lắn', Emilia Smith Flygare (1807-92). A Swedish novelist, noted for her stories of seafaring folk, fishermen, and smugglers, with whom as a child she had come in frequent contact, through the trading voyages of her father, Rutger Smith. She was born at Strömstad and married, at the age of twenty, the physician A. Flygare. After his death, in 1833, she decided to devote herself to literature. Her first novel, Waldemar Klein (1838), was followed by her marriage (1841) to Johan Gabriel Carlén, a lawyer and poet of Stockholm. Popular tales followed in rapid succession until 1852, when she lost a son and wrote no more until 1858. With her husband's death in 1875 her literary activity ceased altogether, although until that time her salon had been the literary centre of the capital. She founded charitable endowments in aid of students and of teachers, and of fishermen and their widows. Of her works (30 vols.), many are translated into German, French, and English. Characteristic are Gustav Lindorm (1839); The Rose of Tistelön (1842); and The Maiden's Tower (1848). She wrote, also, a bright autobiography, Reminiscences of Swedish Literary Life (1878).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Carmagnole

Edition of 1905. See also Carmagnole on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CARMAGNOLE, kär′mȧ′nyṓl′ (Fr., perhaps from the Italian town Carmagnola) . The name of a popular song and dance during the French Revolution, rivaling in popularity among patriots and soldiers the “Marseillaise” and the famous “Ça Ira” (q.v.). It first became well known after the storming of the Tuileries, August 10, 1792. The song began with:
“Madame Véto avait promis,”
and every verse ended with the refrain:
| “ | Dansons la Carmagnole, vive le son, vive le son. |
| | Dansons la Carmagnole, vive le son du canon!” |
The words, however, did not always remain the same; couplets were added from time to time descriptive of the famous incidents of the Revolution, so that the Carmagnole became a typical song of the streets. Fashion soon adopted the word, which was next applied to a sort of jacket, worn as a symbol of patriotism. Afterwards it was applied to the bombastic and fanatical reports of the successes and glory of the French arms. With the passing of the Reign of Terror the song practically disappeared.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Canaletto

Edition of 1905. See also Canaletto and Bernardo Bellotto on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CANALETTO, kä′nȧ-lēt′tō̇. The name applied to two Venetian architectural painters.—Antonio Canaletto, properly da Canal or Canale (1697-1768) was born at Venice, and, after studying with his father Bernardo and with Carlevaris, acquired in Rome a high reputation as a painter of antique ruins. Returning to Venice, he devoted himself to the Venetian scenes for which he has become justly famous. Clear in color and correct in line, he is the most important painter of the old Venetian school except Tiepolo, who often painted the figures for his landscapes. His works are found in all the principal European collections.—His nephew and pupil, Bernardo Belotto (1720-80), called Canaletto, born in Venice, also perfected himself in Rome, after laboring for some time for the Elector Charles Albert at Munich, he removed to Dresden in 1747. In 1758 he went to Vienna, and about 1770, as painter to the King, to Warsaw, where he died. His paintings, mostly views in cities in which he lived, are very numerous, especially at Dresden and Vienna. While his art is similar, it is inferior, to Antonio's. Consult Meyer, Die beiden Canaletti (Dresden, 1878).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Cardiff Giant

Edition of 1905. See also Cardiff Giant on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CARDIFF GIANT. A rude statue of a man 10½ feet high, cut (in Chicago) from a block of gypsum sent from Ohio. It was secretly buried near the village of Cardiff, Onondaga County, N. Y., where it was declared to have been found in October, 1869. It was exhibited with great success for several months as ‘a petrified giant,’ deceiving even some men of science. The fraud was finally confessed.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Carl, Philipp

Edition of 1905. See also Philipp Carl on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CARL, Philipp (1837-91). A German physicist, born at Neustadt, Middle Franconia. He studied the exact sciences in Munich, and spent
several years in astrophysical researches at the observatory of that city. In 1865 he established, and for several years thereafter directed, a workshop for the manufacture of mathematical instruments. In that year he established also the Repertorium für Experimentalphysik, which he edited until 1882. His published works include: Die Principien der astronomischen Instrumentenkunde (1863), and Repertorium der Kometenastronomie (1864).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Caroto, Gian Francesco

Edition of 1905. See also Giovanni Francesco Caroto on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​CAROTO, kà-rō'tô, Gian Francesco (1470- 1546). An Italian painter, born in Verona. He studied under Mantegna, whom he surpassed in majesty and harmony. His later works, which are said to imitate the manner of Leonardo, are severe in outline, but warmly colored. Most of his works are found in Verona, where the best-known is his series of pictures on the "History of Tobias," in Sant' Eusemia.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Carlsbad Decrees

Edition of 1905. See also Carlsbad Decrees on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CARLSBAD DECREES. The resolutions adopted by a conference of delegates of the principal German States at Karlsbad in 1819, and promptly ratified by the Federal Assembly. They were aimed at the liberal agitation then rampant and were a part of the reactionary policy of Prince Metternich. The press was put under a strict censorship and the universities under police
supervision. The Burschenschaft was to be suppressed, and a federal committee of seven was appointed to inquire into “the origin and ramifications of revolutionary conspiracies and demagogic associations.” At the Conference of Vienna in the following year constitutions were declared incompatible with the rights of the sovereigns. See Burschenschaft, and Metternich.