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# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus/Book III/Chapter XIII

Chapter XIII.
Now, if these arguments hold good, why should we not defend, in the same way, the existence of heresies in Christianity? And respecting these, Paul appears to me to speak in a very striking manner when he says, “For there must be heresies among you, that they who are approved may be made manifest among you.” For as that man is “approved” in medicine who, on account of his experience in various (medical) heresies, and his honest examination of the majority of them, has selected the preferable system,—and as the great proficient in philosophy is he who, after acquainting himself experimentally with the various views, has given in his adhesion to the best,—so I would say that the wisest Christian was he who had carefully studied the heresies both of Judaism and Christianity.  Whereas he who finds fault with Christianity because of its heresies would find fault also with the teaching of Socrates, from whose school have issued many others of discordant views. Nay, the opinions of Plato might be chargeable with error, on account of Aristotle’s having separated from his school, and founded a new one,—on which subject we have remarked in the preceding book. But it appears to me that Celsus has become acquainted with certain heresies which do not possess even the name of Jesus in common with us. Perhaps he had heard of the sects called Ophites and Cainites, or some others of a similar nature, which had departed in all points from the teaching of Jesus. And yet surely this furnishes no ground for a charge against the Christian doctrine.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus/Book III/Chapter XII

Chapter XII.
In the next place, since he reproaches us with the existence of heresies in Christianity as being a ground of accusation against it, saying that “when Christians had greatly increased in numbers, they were divided and split up into factions, each individual desiring to have his own party;” and further, that “being thus separated through their numbers, they confute one another, still having, so to speak, one name in common, if indeed they still retain it. And this is the only thing which they are yet ashamed to abandon, while other matters are determined in different ways by the various sects.” In reply to which, we say that heresies of different kinds have never originated from any matter in which the principle involved was not important and beneficial to human life. For since the science of medicine is useful and necessary to the human race, and many are the points of dispute in it respecting the manner of curing bodies, there are found, for this reason, numerous heresies confessedly prevailing in the science of medicine among the Greeks, and also, I suppose, among those barbarous nations who profess to employ medicine. And, again, since philosophy makes a profession of the truth, and promises a knowledge of existing things with a view to the regulation of life, and endeavours to teach what is advantageous to our race, and since the investigation of these matters is attended with great differences of opinion, innumerable heresies have consequently sprung up in philosophy, some of which are more celebrated than others. Even Judaism itself afforded a pretext for the origination of heresies, in the different acceptation accorded to the writings of Moses and those of the prophets. So, then, seeing Christianity appeared an object of veneration to men, not to the more servile class alone, as Celsus supposes, but to many among the Greeks who were devoted to literary pursuits, there necessarily originated heresies,—not at all, however, as the result of faction and strife, but through the earnest desire of many literary men to become acquainted with the doctrines of Christianity. The consequence of which was, that, taking in different acceptations those discourses which were believed by all to be divine, there arose heresies, which received their names from those individuals who admired, indeed, the origin of Christianity, but who were led, in some way or other, by certain plausible reasons, to discordant views.  And yet no one would act rationally in avoiding medicine because of its heresies; nor would he who aimed at that which is seemly entertain a hatred of philosophy, and adduce its many heresies as a pretext for his antipathy. And so neither are the sacred books of Moses and the prophets to be condemned on account of the heresies in Judaism.
* ↑ πολλὴν ἔχει διολκήν.
* ↑ φιλολόγον.
* ↑ τό πρέπον.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus/Book III/Chapter XL

Chapter XL.
But observe whether the principles of our faith, harmonizing with the general ideas implanted in our minds at birth, do not produce a change upon those who listen candidly to its statements; for although a perverted view of things, with the aid of much instruction to the same effect, has been able to implant in the minds of the multitude the belief that images are gods, and that things made of gold, and silver, and ivory, and stone are deserving of worship, yet common sense forbids the supposition that God is at all a piece of corruptible matter, or is honoured when made to assume by men a form embodied in dead matter, fashioned according to some image or symbol of His appearance.  And therefore we say at once of images that they are not gods, and of such creations (of art) that they are not to be compared with the Creator, but are small in contrast with the God who is over all, and who created, and upholds, and governs the universe. And the rational soul recognising, as it were, its relationship (to the divine), at once rejects what it for a time supposed to be gods, and resumes its natural love for its Creator; and because of its affection towards Him, receives Him also who first presented these truths to all nations through the disciples whom He had appointed, and whom He sent forth, furnished with divine power and authority, to proclaim the doctrine regarding God and His kingdom.
* ↑ ἡ κοινὴ ἔννοια.
* ↑ φίλτρον φυσικόν.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus/Book III/Chapter VIII

Chapter VIII.
In the following way, also, we may conclude that they who came out of Egypt with Moses were not Egyptians; for if they had been Egyptians, their names also would be Egyptian, because in every language the designations (of persons and things) are kindred to the language. But if it is certain, from the names being Hebrew, that the people were not Egyptians,—and the Scriptures are full of Hebrew names, and these bestowed, too, upon their children while they were in Egypt,—it is clear that the Egyptian account is false, which asserts that they were Egyptians, and went forth from Egypt with Moses. Now it is absolutely certain that, being descended, as the Mosaic history records, from Hebrew ancestors, they employed a language from which they also took the names which they conferred upon their children. But with regard to the Christians, because they were taught not to avenge themselves upon their enemies (and have thus observed laws of a mild and philanthropic character); and because they would not, although able, have made war even if they had received authority to do so,—they have obtained this reward from God, that He has always warred in their behalf, and on certain occasions has restrained those who rose up against them and desired to destroy them. For in order to remind others, that by seeing a few engaged in a struggle for their religion, they also might be better fitted to despise death, some, on special occasions, and these individuals who can be easily numbered, have endured death for the sake of Christianity,—God not permitting the whole nation to be exterminated, but desiring that it should continue, and that the whole world should be filled with this salutary and religious doctrine. And again, on the other hand, that those who were of weaker minds might recover their courage and rise superior to the thought of death, God interposed His providence on behalf of believers, dispersing by an act of His will alone all the conspiracies formed against them; so that neither kings, nor rulers, nor the populace, might be able to rage against them beyond a certain point. Such, then, is our answer to the assertions of Celsus, “that a revolt was the original commencement of the ancient Jewish state, and subsequently of Christianity.”
* ↑ Συγγενεῖς εἰσιν αἱ προσηγορίαι.
* ↑ Σαφῶς ἐναργές.
* ↑ [Gibbon, in the sixteenth chapter of his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, quotes the first part of this sentence as proving that “the learned Origen declares, in the most express terms, that the number of martyrs was very inconsiderable.” But see Guizot’s note on the passage. S.]
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus/Book III/Chapter X

Chapter X.
But observe what he alleges as a proof of his statement: “Christians at first were few in number, and held the same opinions; but when they grew to be a great multitude, they were divided and separated, each wishing to have his own individual party: for this was their object from the beginning.” That Christians at first were few in number, in comparison with the multitudes who subsequently became Christian, is undoubted; and yet, all things considered, they were not so very few. For what stirred up the envy of the Jews against Jesus, and aroused them to conspire against Him, was the great number of those who followed Him into the wilderness,—five thousand men on one occasion, and four thousand on another, having attended Him thither, without including the women and children. For such was the charm of Jesus’ words, that not only were men willing to follow Him to the wilderness, but women also, forgetting the weakness of their sex and a regard for outward propriety in thus following their Teacher into desert places. Children, too, who are altogether unaffected by such emotions, either following their parents, or perhaps attracted also by His divinity, in order that it might be implanted within them, became His followers along with their parents. But let it be granted that Christians were few in number at the beginning, how does that help to prove that Christians would be unwilling to make all men believe the doctrine of the Gospel?
* ↑ στάσεις ἰδίας.
* ↑ καί τοι οὐ πάντη ἦσαν ὀλίγοι.
* ↑ ἴϋγξ.
* ↑ The reading in Spencer’s and the Benedictine edition is ὑποτεμνομένας, for which Lommatzsch reads ὑπομεμνημένας.
* ↑ καὶ τὸ δοκοῦν.
* ↑ ἀπαθέστατα.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus/Book III/Chapter XIV

Chapter XIV.
After this he continues: “Their union is the more wonderful, the more it can be shown to be based on no substantial reason. And yet rebellion is a substantial reason, as well as the advantages which accrue from it, and the fear of external enemies. Such are the causes which give stability to their faith.” To this we answer, that our union does thus rest upon a reason, or rather not upon a reason, but upon the divine working, so that its commencement was God’s teaching men, in the prophetical writings, to expect the advent of Christ, who was to be the Saviour of mankind. For in so far as this point is not really refuted (although it may seem to be by unbelievers), in the same proportion is the doctrine commended as the doctrine of God, and Jesus shown to be the Son of God both before and after His incarnation.  I maintain, moreover, that even after His incarnation, He is always found by those who possess the acutest spiritual vision to be most God-like, and to have really come down to us from God, and to have derived His origin or subsequent development not from human wisdom, but from the manifestation of God within Him, who by His manifold wisdom and miracles established Judaism first, and Christianity afterwards; and the assertion that rebellion, and the advantages attending it, were the originating causes of a doctrine which has converted and improved so many men was effectually refuted.
* ↑ θείας ἐνεργείας.
* ↑ ἐπιφανείας.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus/Book III/Chapter XIX

Chapter XIX.
He says, indeed, that “we ridicule the Egyptians, although they present many by no means contemptible mysteries for our consideration, when they teach us that such rites are acts of worship offered to eternal ideas, and not, as the multitude think, to ephemeral animals; and that we are silly, because we introduce nothing nobler than the goats and dogs of the Egyptian worship in our narratives about Jesus.” Now to this we reply, “Good sir, (suppose that) you are right in eulogizing the fact that the Egyptians present to view many by no means contemptible mysteries, and obscure explanations about the animals (worshipped) among them, you nevertheless do not act consistently in accusing us as if you believed that we had nothing to state which was worthy of consideration, but that all our doctrines were contemptible and of no account, seeing we unfold the narratives concerning Jesus according to the ‘wisdom of the word’ to those who are ‘perfect’ in Christianity. Regarding whom, as being competent to understand the wisdom that is in Christianity, Paul says: ‘We speak wisdom among them that are perfect; yet not the wisdom of this world, nor of the princes of this world, who come to nought, but we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, even the hidden wisdom, which God ordained before the world unto our glory; which none of the princes of this world knew.’”
* ↑ αἰνίγματα.
* ↑ ὦ γενναῖε.
* ↑ διεξοδεύωμεν.
* ↑ 1 Cor. ii. 6–8.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus/Book III/Chapter XLI

Chapter XLI.
But since he has charged us, I know not how often already, “with regarding this Jesus, who was but a mortal body, as a God, and with supposing that we act piously in so doing,” it is superfluous to say any more in answer to this, as a great deal has been said in the preceding pages. And yet let those who make this charge understand that He whom we regard and believe to have been from the beginning God, and the Son of God, is the very Logos, and the very Wisdom, and the very Truth; and with respect to His mortal body, and the human soul which it contained, we assert that not by their communion merely with Him, but by their unity and intermixture, they received the highest powers, and after participating in His divinity, were changed into God. And if any one should feel a difficulty at our saying this regarding His body, let him attend to what is said by the Greeks regarding matter, which, properly speaking, being without qualities, receives such as the Creator desires to invest it with, and which frequently divests itself of those which it formerly possessed, and assumes others of a different and higher kind. And if these opinions be correct, what is there wonderful in this, that the mortal quality of the body of Jesus, if the providence of God has so willed it, should have been changed into one that was ethereal and divine?
* ↑ ἀλλὰ καὶ ἑνώσει καὶ ἀνακράσει.
* ↑ [“By means of Origen the idea of a proper reasonable soul in Christ received a new dogmatical importance. This point, which up to this time had been altogether untouched with controversy with the Patripassians, was now for the first time expressly brought forward in a synod held against Beryllus of Bostra, a.d. 244, and the doctrine of a reasonable human soul in Christ settled as a doctrine of the Church.”—Neander’s History (ut supra), vol. ii. p. 309, with the references there. See also Waterland’s Works, vol. i. pp. 330, 331. S.]
# Aviation Accident Report: Pan Am Flight 102/Supplemental Data

SUPPLEMENTAL DATA
Investigation
The Civil Aeronautics Board was modified of this accident at 2045 e.s.t., July 11, 1959. Investigators were on the scene during the emergency and immediately initiated an investigation in accordance with the provisions of Title VII of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958. A public hearing was held in New York City on July 30 and 31, 1959.
Air Carrier
Pan American World Airways, Inc., is a New York corporation with its main offices in New York, New York. The corporation operates as an air carrier under a certificate of public convenience and necessity issued by the Civil Aeronautics Board and an air carrier operating certificate issued by the Federal Aviation Agency (formerly Civil Aeronautics Administration). These certificates authorize the carrier to engage in air transportation between various points in the United States and foreign countries, including the route involve din this instance.
Flight Personnel
Captain Edward F. Sommers, age 44, was employed by Pan American World Airways on November 29, 1939. He holds a valid FAA airline transport pilot certificate with a rating for the Boeing 707. He had a total of 17,100 flying hours, of which 170 were in the Boeing 707. He completed his latest emergency class and ground refresher course May 11, 1959. His latest FAA (formerly CAA) physical examination was passed April 8, 1959.
Flight Officer William H. Riester, age 42, was employed by Pan American World Airways on March 16, 1942. He holds a valid FAA airline transport pilot certificate with a rating in the Boeing 707. He had a total of 11,270 flying hours, of which 144 were in the Boeing 707. He completed his latest ground refresher course May 20, 1959, and his last emergency class April 14, 1959. His last FAA physical examination was passed March 21, 1959.
Navigator Walter E. Hoffman, age 37, was employed by Pan American World Airways on December 26, 1951. He holds a valid FAA commercial pilot certificate and navigation certificate. He had a total of 3,424 flying hours, of which 249 were in the Boeing 707. His last physical examination was passed October 4, 1958. His latest emergency class and periodic refresher courses were taken April 5, 1959.
Flight Engineer August G. McKinney, age 47, was employed by Pan American World Airways May 11, 1936. He holds a valid flight engineer certificate with airplane and engine ratings. He had a total of 14,090 flying hours, of which 733 were in the Boeing 707. His latest FAA physical examination was passed December 1, 1958. He completed his latest emergency class July 21, 1958.
The flight service crew, consisting of Pursers Edmund Trudelle and Mario De Minices; Stewardesses Muriel Orvidson, Mona Nordby, and Ursula Kempin; and Steward John Treadwell, were all properly qualified in the Boeing 707.
The Aircraft
N 707PA, a Boeing 707, serial number 17587, was owned and operated by Pan American World Airways, Inc. The aircraft was equipped with Pratt & Whitney JT3C turbo-jet engines.
# Aviation Accident Report: Pan American Airways Flight 500

Adopted: August 3, 1942 File No. 4003-41
REPORT OF THE CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD of the Investigation of an Accident Involving Aircraft in Air Carrier Operation
An air carrier accident which resulted in minor damage to a Douglas airplane, model DC-3A, NC 28307, owned and operated by Pan American Airways, Inc., occurred at about 7:46 p.m. on July 15, 1941, at Soledad Airport, Barranquilla, Colombia, South America. No injuries were sustained by any of the 15 passengers or the crew of 4. The crew consisted of Captain Victor Albert Wright and Co-pilot Bruce Sloat Meade, Jr., both of whom were properly certificated and appropriately rated, John L. Cunningham, Radio officer, and Charles Einton Gay, flight steward.
The flight, designated by Pan American Airways as Trip No. 500, originated at Port of Spain, Trinidad, with Brownsville, Texas as its destination. Several intermediate stops were scheduled, including one at Barranquilla. The flight proceeded without incident until the landing at this point. A low, power-on approach was made and just prior to reaching the runway, the power was cut. This allowed the aircraft to settle in, striking some tree stumps adjacent to the end of the runway, damaging the tail surfaces sufficiently to necessitate repairs at Barranquilla. Weather conditions were good and had no bearing on the accident.
| PROBABLE CAUSE: | Failure of the pilot to avoid low obstructions near the end of the runway. |
BY THE BOARD
/s/ Darwin Charles Brown Secretary
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Aviation Accident Report: Pan American Airways Flight 320

Adopted May 6, 1942 File No. 4929-41
REPORT OF THE CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD of the Investigation of an Accident Involving Aircraft in Scheduled Air Carrier Operation
A model S-428 Sikorsky, NC 15574, owned and operated by Pan American Airways, Inc., of New York, received minor damage in an accident which occurred about 5:35 p.m. on September 25, 1941, on Biscayne Bay, Miami, Florida. There were no personal injuries. The occupants were 17 revenue passengers and a crew of 7, including Captain Francis Scott Key Lewis and First Officer William Griffin Reese, Jr., one flight mechanic, two radio operators, and two flight stewards. Both the captain and the first officer were properly certificated and appropriately rated.
Pan American Airways Flight No. 520 of September 23, 1941, originated at Barranquilla, Colombia, and was en route to Miami, Florida, with scheduled intermediate stops at Kingston, Jamaica, and Cienguegos, Cuba. As the flight approached them it received a radio message from the company's ground station that the wind was "north 5", and that there were two rain squalls in the Vicinity, but the landing area was clear and smooth. The flight at that time was contact, and a landing approach was started toward the north from an altitude of about 800 feet. The carburetors were adjusted to standard position for landing, the engines were set at 2250 r.p.m. and 15 inches of manifold pressure. The flaps were extended to the 35—degree position. Shortly after contact with the water had been made, and as the aircraft was descending, the flaps were raised and the stabilizer was placed in a nose-heavy position. As the aircraft settled off the step, the right wing dropped, the right wing pontoon struck the water and the aircraft started to turn to the right. The pilot reapplied power to the right outboard engine and succeeded in regaining control of the ship after it had made a turn estimated at from 45 to 100 degrees. The company's landing launch was dispatched to the scene and the aircraft was led in and docked.
Investigation disclosed that the aircraft was loaded below the authorized gross. There was no evidence that the aircraft was landed in an unduly nose—low position, which is conducive to waterlooping. It was the captain's theory that a wind shift, preceding the rain squall which hit the ship shortly after the landing was completed, caused the night wing to drop just as the ship was setting off the step. On the other hand, Pan American attributes the accident to the raising of the flaps during the run on the step, causing a slight change of altitude and a momentary period of directional instability beyond the power of the rudder to counteract. As a result, the company has ordered the practice of raising the flaps during that stage of the landing discontinued. The damage was localized in the right pontoon.
BY THE BOARD
/s/ Darwin Charles Brown
Secretary
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse