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# Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book I/Hymn 2

2. Against injury and disease: with a reed.
[Atharvan.—cāndramasam; pārjanyam. ānuṣṭubham: 3. 3-p. virāṇnāma gāyatrī.]
1. We know the reed's father, Parjanya the much-nourishing; and we know well its mother, the earth of many aspects.
Vidmā is quoted in Prāt. iii. 16 as the example first occurring in the text of a lengthened final a.
2. O bow-string, bend about us; make thyself a stone; being hard, put very far away niggards [and] haters.
A bow-string is, by Kāuç. 14. 13, one of the articles used in the rite. With b compare ii. 13. 4 b. Pāda d is RV. iii. 16. 5 d. 'Niggard' is taken as conventional rendering of árāti. The comm. reads vīḻus, RV.-wise.
3. When the kine, embracing the tree, sing the quivering dexterous (ṝ ṛbhú) reed, keep away from us, O Indra, the shaft, the missile.
That is, apparently (a, b), 'when the gut-string on the wooden bow makes the reed-arrow whistle': cf . RV. vi. 67. 11 c, d. The comm. explains ṛbhum as uru bhāsamānam (!), and didyum as dyotamānam, which is probably its etymological sense. ⌊Discussed, Bergaigne, Rel. vid. i. 278 n., ii. 182.⌋
4. As between both heaven and earth stands the bamboo (? téjana), so let the reed-stalk (múñja) stand between both the disease and the flux (āsrāvá).
The verse seems unconnected with the rest of the hymn, but to belong rather with hymn 3. The comm. glosses tejana with veṇu. For āsrāva, cf. ii. 3; vi. 44. 2; the comm. explains it here by mūtrātīsāra 'difficulty (?) of urinating' or 'painful urination' ⌊'diabetes,' rather?⌋. Bloomfield understands it to mean "diarrœa," and bases upon this questionable interpretation his view of the meaning of the whole hymn, which he entitles "formula against diarrhœa."
# Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book I/Hymn 20

20. Against enemies and their weapons.
[Atharvan.—sāumyam. ānuṣṭubham: 1. triṣṭubh.]
The first three verses are found in Pāipp. xix., and vs. 4 in ii.: see below. For the use of the hymn by Kāuç. with 19 and 21, see under 19. And vs. 1 is used alone (so the comm.) in the parvan-sacrifices (Kāuç. 2. 39), on viewing the cooked oblation.
Translated: Weber, iv. 413; Griffith, i. 24.
1. Let there be the ádārasṛt, O god Soma; at this sacrifice, O Maruts, be gracious to us; let not a portent find us, nor an imprecation; let not the wrong that is hateful find us.
The first pāda is rendered on the assumption that the sāman of this name, as described in PB. xv. 3. 7, is intended; it might be used of the person intended to be benefited: 'let him be one not getting into a split (i.e. hole, or difficulty)': this is the sense distinctly taught in PB.; the comm. says na kadācid api svastrīsamīpam prāpnotu (madīyaḥ çatruḥ)! The verse occurs in TB. (iii. 7. 5$^{12}$: and repeated without change in Āp. ii. 20. 6), with bhavata in a, mṛḑatā (without the anomalous accent) in b, and vṛjánā in d. Ppp. begins with adārasur bh-, adds ayam after soma in a, and has in d the easier reading prā "pad duchunā for vidad vṛjinā. The second half-verse occurs again as v. 3. 6 c, d. Though connected with vss. 2, 3 in Pāipp. also, this verse does not appear to have anything originally to do with them.
2. What missile (sénya) weapon of the malignant (aghāyú) shall go up today, do ye, Mitra-and-Varuṇa, keep that off from us.
The first half-verse in Ppp. is yo 'dya sāinyo vadho jighāsaṁ nam upāyatī, which is nearly our vi. 99. 2 a, b. The half-verse occurs also in PB. (i. 3. 3 a, b) and AÇS. (v. 3. 22 a, b), both of which have sāumyas; PB. elides yo 'dya; AÇS. gives at the end -trati. Aghāyūnā́m would be the proper accent (and this the comm. has), unless the word were understood as feminine.
3. Both what [is] from here and what from yonder—keep off, O Varuṇa, the deadly weapon; extend great protection (çárman); keep very far off the deadly weapon.
The pada text marks the pāda-division in the first half-verse before instead of after the second yát. Ppp. reads in b yāvayaḥ. The second half-verse is found again at the end of the next hymn—which is perhaps an additional indication that this hymn properly ends here. The Anukr. ignores the metrical irregularity of the verse (9 + 8: 7 + 8 = 32). ⌊Read in a itó yád, and in c yacha naḥ.⌋
4. Verily a great ruler (çāsá) art thou, overpowerer of enemies, unsubdued, whose companion (sákhi) is not slain, is not scathed (jyā) at any time.
This verse is the first in RV. x. 152, of which the remaining verses constitute the next hymn here; in Ppp. it occurs with them in ii., far separated from the matter which in our text precedes it. RV. and Ppp. both read for b amitrakhādó ádbhutaḥ; and RV. accents in d jī́yate kádā. The comm. paraphrases çāsás by çāsako niyantā; he takes jīyáte as from root ji, which is of course equally possible.
# Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book I/Hymn 19

19. Against enemies.
[Brahman.—diçvaryam. ānuṣṭubham: 2. purastādbṛhatī; 3. pathyāpan̄kti.]
The hymn is found also in Pāipp. i. With the two that follow it (and others), it is reckoned by Kāuç. (14. 7) among the sāṃgrāmikāṇi or battle-hymns, or likewise (ib., note) to the aparājita ('unconquered') gaṇa; without them, but with vi. 13, it is used in several of the charms to ward off the effects of portents (104. 3; 105. 1; 113. 3). In Vāit. (9. 21), vs. 3 appears alone in the cāturmāsya or seasonal sacrifice, accompanying the release of the two puroḍāça baskets.
Translated: Weber, iv. 413; Griffith, i. 23; Bloomfield, 120, 262.—Cf. Bergaigne-Henry, Manuel, p. 134.
1. Let not the piercers find us, nor let the penetraters find [us]; far from us make the volleys (çaravyā̀) fly, dispersing, O Indra.
Ppp. combines mo 'bhi- in b. The rendering of çaravyā follows the comm., here and to vs. 3 (çarasaṁhati).
2. Dispersing from us let the shafts fly, those that are hurled and that are to be hurled; ye divine arrows of men (manuṣyà-), pierce my enemies.
The comm. inserts an "and" in c: "divine and human arrows"; this is possible, but opposed by the accent. Ppp. has for c, d: devā manuṣyā ṛṣayo 'mitrān no vi viddhatu; the comm. also reads vidhyatu.
3. Whether one of our own or whether a stranger, fellow or outsider, whoso assails (abhi-dās) us—let Rudra with a volley pierce those my enemies.
Ppp's version is somewhat different: yas samāno yo 'samāno 'mitro no jighāṅsati: rudraç çavyā tān amitrān vi viddhata. With a, b compare RV. vi. 75. 19 a, b: yó naḥ svó draṇo yáç ca níṣṭyo jíghāṅsati (= SV. ii. 1222 a, b, which combines svó 'raṇo); the latter half of this verse is our 4 c, d. Two or three of our mss. (P.M.O.p.m.) follow RV. in omitting yó after svó. Āp. iv. 16. 1 has yo naḥ sapatno yo 'raṇo marto 'bhidāsati devāḥ, with a wholly different second half. The comm. absurdly explains niṣṭyas as nirgatavīryo nikṛṣṭabalaḥ çatruḥ.
4. Whatever rival (sapátna), whatever non-rival, and whatever hater shall curse us, him let all the gods damage (dhūrv); incantation (bráhman) is my inner defense.
Ppp. has as first half-verse sabandhuç cā 'sabandhuç ca yo na indrā 'bhidāsati. The second half-verse is found, without variant, in RV. (and SV.: see under vs. 3). The comm. explains sapatna well as jñātirūpaḥ çatruḥ. SPP. follows the very bad example of a part of his mss. by reading dviṣan ch- (instead of -añ or -aṅ) in b ⌊cf. i. 33. 2, ii. 4. 6, and see Prāt. ii. 10, 17, and especially 11.—The pada-text reads dviṣán⌋.
# Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book I/Hymn 24

24. Against leprosy.
[Brahman.—āsurīvanaspatidevatyam. ānuṣṭubham: 2. niçrtpathyāpan̄kti.]
Found in Pāipp. i., but not in connection with the preceding hymn. For the use of 23 and 24 together by Kāuç., see under hymn 23.
Translated: Weber, iv. 417; Ludwig, p. 509; Grill, 19, 77; Griffith, i. 28; Bloomfield, 16, 268.
1. The eagle (suparṇá) was born first; of it thou wast the gall; then the Asura-woman, conquered by fight (yúdh), took shape as forest-trees.
Ppp. reads at the end vanaspatiḥ, which is more in accordance with the usual construction of rūpaṁ kṛ (mid.) and the like. Ppp. has also jighāṅsitā for yudhā jitā in c. R. suggests the emendation: tad āsurī (instr.) jighatsitaṁ rū-, 'that, attempted to be eaten by the Āsurī, took on vegetable form': i.e. became a healing plant. The comm. still regards the indigo as addressed. He coolly explains jitā by its opposite, jitavatī. All our mss. have in d the absurd accent cákre (emended in the edition to cakre); SPP. reports the same only of two pada-mss.
2. The Asura-woman first made this remedy for leprous spot, this ​effacer of leprous spot; it has made the leprous spot disappear, has made the skin uniform (sárūpa).
Ppp. has again (as in 23. 4) anenaçat in c; in d it reads surūpam.
3. Uniform by name is thy mother; uniform by name is thy father; uniform-making art thou, O herb; ⌊so⌋ do thou make this uniform.
Found also, as noted above, in TB. (ii. 4. 4$^2$), which has for c sarūpā 'sy oṣadhe. Ppp. reads throughout surūp-. It inserts between this verse and the next: yat tanūjaṁ yad agnijaṁ citra kilāsa jajñiṣe: tad astu sukṛtas tanvo yatas tvā 'pi nayāmasi.
4. The swarthy, uniform-making one [is] brought up off the earth; do thou accomplish this, we pray; make the forms right again.
All our mss. have at the beginning çāmā́, and also very nearly all SPP's; but the latter very properly admits çyā- into his text, it being read by the comm. with a couple of mss. that follow him, and being found in Ppp. also. Ppp. once more has surūp-; it corrupts b into pṛthivyābhyarbhavam, and gives sādaya at end of c. The phrase idáṁ ū ṣú is quoted in Prāt. iii. 4 and iv. 98, which prescribe the protraction and lingualization, and words of the verse are repeatedly cited in the commentary to other rules.
# Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book I/Hymn 17

17. To stop the vessels of the body.
[Brahman.—yoṣiddevatyam. ānuṣṭubham: 1. bhurij; 4. 3-p. ārṣī gāyatrī.]
Found in Pāipp. xix. (in the verse-order 3, 4, 1, 2). Used once by Kāuç. (26. 10: the quotation appears to belong to what follows it, not to what precedes), in a remedial rite, apparently for stopping the flow of blood (the comm. says, as result of a knife wound and the like, and also of disordered menses).
Translated: Weber, iv. 411; Ludwig, p. 508; Grill, 16, 76; Griffith, i. 21; Bloomfield, 22, 257.—Cf. Hillebrandt, Veda-Chrestomathie, p. 46.
1. Yon women (yoṣít) that go, veins with red garments, like brotherless sisters (jāmí)—let them stop (sthā), with their splendor smitten.
Ppp. makes yoṣitas and jāmayas change places, and has sarvās (better) for hirās in b. The comm. takes yoṣítas as gen. sing., and hence naturally understands rajovahananāḍyas to be meant in the verse; he renders hirās by sirās; and he explains that brotherless sisters pitṛkule saṁtānakarmaṇe piṇḍadānāya ca tiṣṭhanti. The Anukr. refuses to sanction the contraction -tare 'va in c.
2. Stop, lower one! stop, upper one! do thou too stop, midmost one! if the smallest stops, shall stop forsooth the great tube (dhamáni).
The accent of tíṣṭhati seems to show ca to be the equivalent of cet here.
3. Of the hundred tubes, of the thousand veins, have stopped forsooth these midmost ones; the ends have rested (ram) together.
In d, emendation to ántyās 'the end ones' would be an improvement; but Ppp. also has antās: sakam antā 'raṁsata; its c is corrupt (asthū nibaddhāmāvā); and it inserts te after çatasya in a.
4. About you hath gone (kram) a great gravelly sandbank (dhanū́); stop [and] be quiet, I pray (sú kam).
The comm. sees in dhanū́ only the meaning "bow," and interprets it "bent like a bow": namely, a vessel containing the urine; in sikatās he sees an allusion to the menses, or to gravel in the bladder. Kāuç. (26. 10) speaks of sprinkling on dust and gravel as a means of stanching the flow of blood; more probably, as Weber first suggested, a bag filled with sand was used: in neither case can the menses be had in view. Ppp. reads siktāmayī bunū sthiraç carasthidam. The third pāda is identical with RV. i. 191. 6 d; the comm. (as Sāyaņa to the latter) fails to recognize the root il; and he renders it prerayata, as if root ir were in question.
# Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book I/Hymn 25

25. Against fever (takmán).
[Bhṛgvan̄giras.—yakṣmanāçanānidāivatam. trāiṣṭubham: 2, 3. virāḍgarbhā; 4. puro 'nuṣṭubh.]
Found in Pāipp. i. Used by Kāuç. in a remedial rite (26. 25) against fever, in connection with heating an ax and dipping it in hot water to make a lotion; and reckoned (26. 1, note) to the takmanāçana gaṇa.
Translated: Weber, iv. 419; Grohmann, Ind. Stud. ix. 384-6, 403, 406; Ludwig, p. 511; Zimmer, p. 384 and 381; Griffith, i. 29; Bloomfield, 3, 270; Henry, Journal Asiatique, 9. x. 512.—Cf. Bergaigne-Henry, Manuel, p. 136.
1. As Agni, entering, burned the waters, where the maintainers of duty (dhárma-) paid acts of homage, there they declare to be thy highest birth-place; then do thou, O fever (takmán), complaisant, avoid us.
The comm. explains pāda a in accordance with the ceremonial act founded on its mechanical interpretation; c ⌊cf. RV. i. 163. 4 d⌋ shows that it is part of the heavenly waters that is intended. Saṁvidvān (occurring nowhere else) he renders "fully knowing thy cause, the fire (or Agni)": the translation takes it as equivalent to the not uncommon saṁvidāna. Adahat he quietly turns into a future: "shall burn thee, O fever"! Ppp. reads aduhat instead, and in c combines to tā "huḥ. ⌊Cf. Grohmann's interpretation. l.c., 403, 404.⌋
2. If thou art flame (arcís) or if heat (çocís), or if thy birth-place seeks the shavings (?), hrū́ḍu by name art thou, O god of the yellow one; then do thou, O fever, complaisant, avoid us.
3. If heating (çoká) or if scorching (abhiçoká), or if thou art son of king Varuṇa, hrúḍu by name etc. etc.
Ppp. has for b the more sensible version rudrasya prāṇo yadi vāruṇo (vā 'ruṇo?) 'si.
4. Homage to the cold fever, homage I pay to the fierce (rūrá) heat (çocís); to the one that befalls on every other day, on both days, to the third-day fever be homage.
Ppp. reads in b durāya kṛṇvā vayaṁ te, and in c ubhayebhyaç ca hatas. The compound ubhayadyus is noticed in Prāt. iv. 21. ⌊As for rhythmical fevers—tertian, quartan, etc., see Grohmann, l.c., 387, 3S8.⌋
# Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book V/Hymn 16

16. Exorcism.
[Viçvāmitra.—ekādaçakam. ekavṛṣadevatyam. ⌊ekāvasānam.⌋ dvāipadam: 1, 4, 5, 7-10. sāmny uṣṇih; 2, 3, 6. āsury anuṣṭubh; 11. āsurī gāyatrī.]
⌊Not metrical.⌋ Found also in Pāipp. viii. Referred to only in Kāuç. 29. 15, in company with the preceding hymn, as above reported.
Translated: Griffith, i. 212; Weber, xviii. 222.
1. If thou art sole chief, let go; sapless art thou.
We have ekavṛṣá, lit. 'one bull,' in other passages (iv. 22; vi. 86), but dvivṛṣá etc. only here, and they are plainly nothing but schematic variations of it, not admitting of real translation. Perhaps the hymn is directed against insect pests, through their leaders, whether few or many. The definition of the Anukr. implies fourteen syllables: perhaps as yádi ekavṛṣó ási sṛjá arasò ‘si (or sṛjā́ ’rasó asi). Ppp. has yas for yadi in all the verses. ⌊See Weber's note.⌋
2. If thou art twice chief etc. etc.
Or perhaps rather 'double chief,' 'triple chief,' etc., or 'one of two,' ' one of three,' etc.
3. If thou art thrice chief etc. etc.
4. If thou art four times chief etc. etc.
5. If thou art five times chief etc. etc.
6. If thou art six times chief etc. etc.
7. If thou art seven times chief etc. etc.
8. If thou art eight times chief etc. etc.
9. If thou art nine times chief etc. etc.
10. If thou art ten times chief etc. etc.
11. If thou art eleven-fold, then thou art waterless.
All the elided a's must be restored in this verse to make out the fifteen syllables called for by the Anukr. Ppp. has yūpodako ‘si sṛjā ’raso ‘si.
# Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region/Annex II

​Annex II : Method for the Formation of the Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Its Voting Procedures
I. Method for the formation of the Legislative Council
1. The Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be composed of 60 members in each term. In the first term, the Legislative Council shall be formed in accordance with the "Decision of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on the Method for the Formation of the First Government and the First Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region". The composition of the Legislative Council in the second and third terms shall be as follows:
Second term
| Members returned by functional constituencies | 30 |
| Members returned by the Election Committee | 6 |
| Members returned by geographical constituencies through direct elections | 24 |
Third term
| Members returned by functional constituencies | 30 |
| Members returned by geographical constituencies through direct elections | 30 |
2. Except in the case of the first Legislative Council, the above-mentioned Election Committee refers to the one provided for in Annex I of this Law. The division of geographical constituencies and the voting method for direct elections therein; the delimitation of functional sectors and corporate bodies, their seat allocation and election methods; and the method for electing members of the Legislative Council by the Election Committee shall be specified by an electoral law introduced by the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and passed by the Legislative Council.
​II. Procedures for voting on bills and motions in the Legislative Council
Unless otherwise provided for in this Law, the Legislative Council shall adopt the following procedures for voting on bills and motions:
The passage of bills introduced by the government shall require at least a simple majority vote of the members of the Legislative Council present.
The passage of motions, bills or amendments to government bills introduced by individual members of the Legislative Council shall require a simple majority vote of each of the two groups of members present: members returned by functional constituencies and those returned by geographical constituencies through direct elections and by the Election Committee.
III. Method for the formation of the Legislative Council and its voting procedures subsequent to the year 2007
With regard to the method for forming the Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and its procedures for voting on bills and motions after 2007, if there is a need to amend the provisions of this Annex, such amendments must be made with the endorsement of a two-thirds majority of all the members of the Council and the consent of the Chief Executive, and they shall be reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record.
# Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany

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The constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany, approved on 8 May 1949.
English-language translations of Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland include:
* Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany or the "Bonn Constitution", authorized translation of the original 1949 Basic Law before amendments.
* Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, amended to 1990, translated by Federal Ministers of the Interior, Justice and Finance, 1991.
* Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, amended to 2010, official translation by Christian Tomuschat and David P. Currie.
* Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, amended to 2012, official translation by Christian Tomuschat and David P. Currie. (transcription project)
* Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, amended to 28 June 2022, official translation by Christian Tomuschat, David P. Currie, Donald P. Kommers, and Raymond Kerr.
# Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region/Annex I

​Annex I : Method for the Selection of the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
1. The Chief Executive shall be elected by a broadly representative Election Committee in accordance with this Law and appointed by the Central People's Government.
2. The Election Committee shall be composed of 800 members from the following sectors:
| Industrial, commercial and financial sectors | 200 |
| The professions | 200 |
| Labour, social services, religious and other sectors | 200 |
| Members of the Legislative Council, representatives of district-based organizations, Hong Kong deputies to the National People's Congress, and representatives of Hong Kong members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference | 200 |
The term of office of the Election Committee shall be five years.
3. The delimitation of the various sectors, the organizations in each sector eligible to return Election Committee members and the number of such members returned by each of these organizations shall be prescribed by an electoral law enacted by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in accordance with the principles of democracy and openness.
Corporate bodies in various sectors shall, on their own, elect members to the Election Committee, in accordance with the number of seats allocated and the election method as prescribed by the electoral law.
Members of the Election Committee shall vote in their individual capacities.
​4. Candidates for the office of Chief Executive may be nominated jointly by not less than 100 members of the Election Committee. Each member may nominate only one candidate.
5. The Election Committee shall, on the basis of the list of nominees, elect the Chief Executive designate by secret ballot on a one-person-one-vote basis. The specific election method shall be prescribed by the electoral law.
6. The first Chief Executive shall be selected in accordance with the "Decision of the National People's Congress on the Method for the Formation of the First Government and the First Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region".
7. If there is a need to amend the method for selecting the Chief Executives for the terms subsequent to the year 2007, such amendments must be made with the endorsement of a two-thirds majority of all the members of the Legislative Council and the consent of the Chief Executive, and they shall be reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for approval.
# Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

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Adopted at the Third Session of the Seventh National People's Congress on April 4, 1990, promulgated by Order No. 26 of the President of the People's Republic of China on April 4, 1990, and effective as of July 1, 1997. Note that the national laws listed in Annex III is the original version, and is not updated. The revised Annex I and II of the Basic Law as amended by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress pursuant to the Decision of the National People's Congress on Improving the Electoral System of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region are separately listed. The text contain the original versions and are not updated.
THE BASIC LAW
OF THE HONG KONG SPECIAL
ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF
THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
April 1990
Contents
Decree of the President of the People's Republic of China
The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
This work is in the public domain because it is exempted by Article 5 of Chinese copyright law. This exempts all Chinese government and judicial documents, and their official translations, from copyright. It also exempts simple factual information, and calendars, numerical tables, and other forms of general use and formulas.
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