OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/“A. B. C. Powers”

Edition of 1920. See also ABC countries on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
“A. B. C. POWERS,” a convenient and popular designation applied to Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, the three strong nations of South America united to a certain extent by treaty in 1915, after having been, in 1914, associated very conspicuously and honorably as mediators actively concerned in efforts to arrange a peaceful settlement of the quarrel between the administration of the United States and General Huerta of Mexico. The growth of the movement which culminated in the treaty of 1915 is marked by three distinct phases in the course of a decade. Thus, during the early moths of 1906 there was frank talk of the imminence of war between Chile and Argentina, but at the same time, publicists in Buenos Aires advocated a permanent agreement which should remove onerous taxes at the Brazilian and Chilean frontiers and justify the reduction of armaments–an idea essentially right, yet requiring for popular acceptance some authoritative foreign approbation to overcome deep-seated, inveterate local prejudices or aversions. Such was the first phase. The entirely reasonable advocacy of a South American triple entente therefore made little headway until the administration at Washington had entangled its policies in the complication of hostile Mexican factions. The “A. B. C.” nations then saw their opportunity to stand out together before the world, side-by-side, in a most distinguished fashion. They proposed mediation four days after the United States had inaugurated hostilities at Vera Cruz. The acceptance of their offer and the proceedings of the Niagara Falls conference gave prominence to the second phase (see Latin America–Recent History). Then events moved swiftly toward the consummation long desired by leaders of thought in Buenos Aires and advocated, as we have said, for 10 years, more or less. On 25 May 1915 a treaty of peace, valid for five years, was signed at Buenos Aires by representatives of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile–the first actual treaty between these separatists and therefore jealously competing nations–by the terms of which each was pledged not to make war against either of the others before investigation, etc., of the causes of conflict by an impartial commission. This marks the third, or present, phase.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/al-Battani

Edition of 1920. See also Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AL-BATTA'NI (Mohammed ibn Jabir ibn Sinan), Arab astronomer and mathematician: b. 850; d. 929. He began his astronomical observations at Rakka in 878 and continued them for over 40 years. In pure mathematics he also made important investigations. He used the sine of an angle instead of the chord of double the angle, computed a table of cotangents and formulated several propositions in spherical trigonometry. Plato of Tivoli translated his astronomical works under the title ‘Mahometis Albatenii de Motu Stellarum.’ This work made him known to Europeans. This work was edited by C. A. Nallino in Arabic and Latin and published at Milan (1899). Al-Battani corrected numerous errors of astronomers; he gave the length of the tropical year as 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes, 24 seconds; too short by 2 minutes, 26 seconds, and he stated the obliquity of the ecliptic as 23° 35' instead of 23° 51' 20".
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Œsophagotomy

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
ŒSOPHAGOTOMY, ē-sŏf-ạ-gŏt'ạ-mĭ, a surgical operation for the relief of stricture of the œsophagus and the removal of foreign bodies lodged in it, when dilation and other measures are of no avail. There are two forms of the operation, external and internal. External œsophagotomy consists in cutting into the œsophagus in front between the thyroid cartilage and the sternum, and extracting the foreign body with forceps, or dividing the stricture with a knife. Internal œsophagotomy is usually resorted to for the relief of stricture, especially when of cicatricial origin. The stricture is divided by a cutting instrument (the œsophagotome) passed through the mouth. After the operation bougies are used to prevent recontraction. When the œsophagotome cannot be used, or inanition is imminent, gastrotomy or opening the stomach so that food can be given is resorted to.
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 1/Miscellaneous (2)

​One of the most horrible news items recently brought here by an immigrant woman from Bohemia is the instruction given by the Austrian government to physicians that they need not attend children under 8 years or old people over 60. The government claims that this measure is made necessary by lack of physicians.
This work was published before January 1, 1929 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 95 years or less since publication.
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# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 1/Miscellaneous (1)

​Governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed.
Emperor Karl says that Austria and Germany are one. It is easy to guess, which one.
If you have subscribed, the wrapper will read Jan. ’18.
Bohemian soldiers fight on the side of the Allies in France, Russia, Roumania and Macedonia.
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 1/Miscellaneous (3)

​Churches in Austria lost their bells, which were taken over by the government and used for making of cannon. Now a report comes from Vienna to the effect that churches having steam heating plants were instructed to call the worshippers to services by blowing the whistle.
If you so desire, you can get the Bohemian Review from beginning, with the exception of the April issue, which is all gone.
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# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 1/Miscellaneous (4)

​“No life is safe, no happiness is safe, there is no chance of bettering life until we have made an end to all that causes war . . .
“We have to put an end to the folly and vanity of kings, and to any people ruling any people but themselves. There is no convenience, there is no justice in any people ruling any people but themselves; the ruling of men by others who have not their creeds and their languages and their ignorances and prejudices, that is the fundamental folly that has killed Teddy and Hugh—and these millions.
“To end that folly is as much our duty and business as telling the truth and earning a living. . .”
H. G. Wells: Mr. Britling Sees It Through.
The Sioux City Journal in telling about the share of the Middle West and its many immigrants in the sacrifices required by the war has this to say about the Czechs: “Bohemians have not been satisfied to do even the things that were expected of them as adopted children of America; they have gone farther with schemes of their own to show a spirit of sacrifice greater than that.”
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# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 1/Miscellaneous (5)

​The Austrian government has worked hard for centuries trying to Germanize the Bohemian people by force and fraud; yet even according to the Austrian census, only a third of the population of Bohemia and Moravia is classed as German. Probably at least half this minority consists of partially Teutonized Czechs who would revert to their normal racial affinities the moment German pressure was removed. Another considerable fraction, is composed of officials, agents, and privileged workmen. The remainder of real Germans and thoroughly Germanized Bohemians are entitled to courtesy, fair play and equal laws, but they have no manner of right to rule.—Chicago Journal.
After confiscating church bells, the Austrian government started in September to requisition organ pipes for use in gun factories.
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# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 1/Louis B. Namier, The Case of Bohemia

​When once a free Bohemian land emerges in the heart of Central Europe we shall know that the flood of German-Magyar aggression is receding, never to rise again. For the Powers which establish Bohemian independence will by that very act be united in the future against a possible recrudescence of German Imperialism. There is not a single State among the Allies whose interests clash with those of the Czech nation. To all of them the freedom of Bohemia will be a safeguard against a new German advance and a barometer of German pressure. The desire to remove the Czech wedge which divides “Mittel-Europa” will be foremost in any revival of the Pan-German dream. But once the independence of Bohemia is established, neither Russia, Great Britain nor France can ever concede the smallest abridgement thereof.
Now at least the problem of “Mittel-Europa” and of its aggrandisement has become for all Europe the cardinal political issue. At such a moment can Bohemia be forgotten, or her case.
Louis B. Namier. The Case of Bohemia.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 1/Masaryk among Russian professors

* related portals: Czech lands, Russia.
* related authors: Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk.
MASARYK AMONG RUSSIAN PROFESSORS
The Association of Russian university professors held a meeting on May 30 in honor of Albert Thomas, member of French cabinet. There was a large attendance, and Minister Thomas spoke at length on the relations of free Russia to France. At the close of the speech Prof N. J. Karejev, of the executive committee of the Association, called the attention of those present to the fact that they had among them a representative of an allied people, the well-known Bohemian statesman Prof. Masaryk.
All rose and acclaimed Massaryk with loud applause. A cry of “Hurrah for the Czecho-Slovak state” was received with many signs of approval. Profesor Masaryk thanked the Association for their enthusiastic welcome. He explained that he understood the democratic and humanitarian principles to mean the recognition of the rights of the weakest individual and the smallest nation. The Russian democracy has so expressed itself. He is persuaded that this war is fought for the protection of the smaller nations and that it will end only, when the rights of these nations are fully guaranteed; and among them are the Czecho-Slovaks.
After Masaryk arose P. N. Miljukov, former minister of foreign affairs. He said: “Is it necessary to speak of the great importance of the principle that each nation must be allowed to determine for itself what government it wants, and that the present war is fought to enforce that principle? Do we have to speak of it, when close to me sits my noble friend, the teacher of all youth of Western and Southern Slavdom? The very name Masaryk reminds us of our task to liberate the Czecho-Slovaks together with the Slovenians. And that is what all the Allies told President Wilson to be one of their war aims at the end of December of last year.”
If you have friends who might be interested in the Bohemian Review, please send us their addresses, so that we may mail them sample copies.
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# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kneller, Sir Godfrey

Edition of 1920. See also Godfrey Kneller on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KNELLER, nĕl'ėr, Sir Godfrey, originally Gottfried Kniller, Anglo-German portrait painter: b. Lübeck, 8 Aug. 1646; d. Twickenham, England, 7 Nov. 1723. He studied under Bol and Rembrandt at Amsterdam. He visited Italy in 1672, where he studied under Maratti and Bernin and painted several historical pieces and portraits, both at Rome and Venice. On his return he visited England, in 1674, and was introduced to Charles II. by whom he was much patronized and thereby enabled to quickly outstrip Lely (q.v.) in popularity. He was equally favored by James II, William III and Queen Mary, for the latter of whom he painted the “beauties” at Hampton Court, and several of the portraits in the Gallery of Admirals. He also painted the portraits of the Tsar Peter the Great, Louis XIV and Charles VI of Spain for the same sovereign, who in 1692 knighted him and made him gentleman of the privy chamber. Queen Anne continued him in the same office, and George I, in 1715, made him a baronet. There was hardly a person of note, at least resident in or visiting England, of whom he did not paint a portrait. Among his works should be mentioned also a series of 43 portraits of his co-members in the famous Kit-Cat-Ciub, He continued to practise his art to an advanced age. Naturally his earnings were very large. Although he lost a good deal of money in the South Sea Bubble and lived in great style, both in London and on his estate, Kneller Hall near Twickenham — now an army college for military musicians — he left a large fortune. He left money and instructions for a splendid monument to himself in Westminster Abbey, erected by Rysbrack in 1729, which bears an epitaph by Pope. His coloring is true and harmonious and his drawing correct, but be
displays a great want of imagination in his pictures, the altitudes, action and drapery being insipid, unvarying and ungraceful. Many of the portraits bearing his name were only partly painted by himself, the less important portions being done by assistants. His fame has declined considerably as time passed, a natural enough fact considering the great superiority possessed by later English portrait painters, such as Reynolds, Gainsborough, etc. His work can be studied to greatest advantage at Hampton Court and in the National Portrait Gallery, London. Comparatively few of his paintings are owned outside England, though there are specimens in the galleries at Antwerp, Brunswick, Munich and Vienna. Consult Ackermann, W. A., ‘Der Porträt-Maler Sir G. Kneller im Verhältniss zur Kunstboldung Seiner Zeit’ (Lübeck 1845); Anon., ‘Lely and Kneller’ (in Munsey's Magazine, Vol. XVII, p. 542, New York 1897); Baker, C. H. C., ‘Lely and the Stuart Portrait Painters’ (2 vols., London 1912); Buckeridge, B., ‘Life of Sir G. Kneller’ (in Piles, R. de, ‘The Art of Painting,’ 3d ed., London 1750).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Knesebeck, Karl Friedrich von dem

Edition of 1920. See also Karl Friedrich von dem Knesebeck on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KNESEBECK, knā'zĕ-bĕk, Karl Friedrich von dem, Prussian general field marshal: b. Karwe, near Neuruppin, 5 May 1768; d. 12 Jan. 1848. He entered the army (1782) and gained distinction in the campaigns of 1792-94 and was made captain (1799), major (1802), being on the general staff at Auerstadt (1806), when he saved the king from being taken prisoner. He drew up the plan of battle at Pultusk (1806) in the Russian campaign but retired, at the Treaty of Peace of Tilsit, to his estate. He was sent (1809) on a diplomatic mission to Austria during the Franco-Austrian War and went oa a mission to Russia in the winter of 1811-12, advising peace. He was made general-adjutant to the king in 1813 and carried on the negotiations with Austria for a coalition, failing which he took a prominent part in the plan of action, hindering the bold schemes of Blücher and Gneissenau, He was a prominent figure in the continuation of the campaign (1813-14) and in the plan of action. In 1847 he was appointed commander-general of the army of observation against Poland, and, on his retirement, was created field-marshal. His memoirs are said to be unreliable. He wrote also ‘Lob des Kriegs’ (1805), a poem which had great popularity. Consult Dunker, ‘Die Mission des Obersten von dem Knesebeck’ (in Abhandlungen zur preussischen Geschichte, Leipzig 1876); Lehmann, M., ‘Knesebeck und Schön’ (ib. 1875).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Knight, Edward Henry

Edition of 1920. See also Edward H. Knight on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KNIGHT, Edward Henry, American mechanical expert: b. London, England, 1 June 1824; d. Bellefontaine, Ohio, 22 Jan. 1883. After studying both surgery and steel engraving he came to this country in 1845 and settling in Cincinnati was a patent attorney for several years. In 1863 be entered the civil service in Washington, D. C., where he prepared the annual reports of the Patent Office and established and edited the Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office in 1871. He served on the international juries of world's fairs at Philadelphia (1876), Paris (1878), Atlanta (1881), and was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honor in 1878. He published ‘The American Mechanical Dictionary’ (1872-76); ‘The New Mechanical Dictionary’ (1876-80); ‘A Study of the Savage Weapons at the Centennial Exhibition’ (in Smithsonian Institution, Annual Reports, 1879, p. 213, Washington 1880).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kneeland, Samuel

Edition of 1920. See also Samuel Kneeland (naturalist) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KNEELAND, Samuel, American naturalist: b. Boston, Mass., 1 Aug. 1821; d. Hamburg, Germany. 27 Sept. 1888. He was graduated from Harvard in 1840, practised medicine in Boston 1845-50, and was an army surgeon during the Civil War. In 1866 he became professor of zoology and physiology in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was a member of numerous scientific societies, and in addition to editing ‘The Annual of Scientific Discovery’ (1886-89), a translation of ‘Andry's Diseases of the Heart’ (1847), and Smith's ‘History of the Human Species,’ he wrote ‘Science and Mechanism’ (1854); ‘The Wonders of the Yosemite Valley and of California’ (1871); ‘An American in Iceland’ (1876); ‘Volcanoes and Earthquakes’ (1888).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kneisel, Franz

Edition of 1920. See also Franz Kneisel on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KNEISEL, nī'zĕl or knī'zĕl, Franz, German-American musician: b. Rumania, 26 Jan. 1865. He was a pupil in violin-method of Grün and Hellmesberger, became concert-master of the orchestra at Hofburg Theatre of Vienna, of Bilse's orchestra at Berlin, and later (1885) of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. He appeared prominently with the Symphony as solo violinist and in 1886 organized under his leadership the Kneisel quartet for chamber-music, in which he played the first violin part. This quartet, all of whom were also members of the Symphony, withdrew from the latter in 1903 to undertake an extensive tour. Several European tours were undertaken with success. He removed to New York where since 1905 he is chief of the violin department of the Institute of Musical Art. He was member of the jury of the violin competition at the Paris Conservatory, He received the degree of Mus.D. from Yale in 1911 and from Princeton in 1915. He has compiled ‘The Kneisel Collection for Violin and Piano’ (3 vols., 1900) and composed ‘Advanced Studies for the Violin’ (1910) and a concert etude.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Knight, Ellis Cornelia

Edition of 1920. See also Cornelia Knight on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KNIGHT, Ellis Cornelia, English authoress: b. 1757; d. Paris, 17 Dec. 1837. She went to Italy with her mother on the death of her father, Rear-Admiral Sir Joseph Knight (1775). She lived under the protection of Lady Hamilton and Admiral Nelson after her mother's death (1799) and returned with them to England. She was appointed companion to Queen Charlotte (1805) and to a similar position, later, in the household of Charlotte Augusta, Princess of Wales (1813). Her autobiography is a most valuable source of information for the court history of those days. The most important statements in the work were edited and published (1861) after her death. She wrote also ‘Dinarbas’ (1790); ‘Flaminnis,’ a romance of old Roman life (1792); ‘Sir Guy de Lusignan’ (1833), another romance. Her principal work was ‘A Description of Latium, or La Campagna di Roma’ (1805), with etchings by the author. She translated a number of German hymns and prayers which were printed privately (1822) and published in 1832.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kneipp, Sebestian

Edition of 1920. See also Sebastian Kneipp on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KNEIPP, knīp, Sebestian, German clergyman: b. Stefansried, Bavaria, 17 May 1821; d. Worishofen, Swabia, 17 June 1897. He studied theology at Dillingen and Munich, became a Roman Catholic priest in 1852 and pastor at Worishofen in 1881. He became known for the “Kneipp cure,” which he advocated for years. This method was based on water, fresh air, sunshine and a scheme of regular activity, and included walking barefoot in dew-moistened grass and on snow. Kneipp wrote ‘Meine Wasserkur’ (1887; Eng. trans. 1891); ‘Mein Testament’ (1894); ‘Vorträge in Wörishofen’ (1894-98); and other works. His collected works were published at Kempten (1898-99). Consult Verus, ‘Vater Kneipp, sein Leben und Wirken’ (Kempten 1897).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kniazhnin, Jakov Borisovich

Edition of 1920. See also Yakov Knyazhnin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KNIAZHNIN, knyäzh-nēn, Jakov Borisovich, Russian litterateur and dramatic author: b. Pskov, 3 Oct. 1743; d. 14 Jan. 1791. He was educated in the University of Saint Petersburg, entered the army, where, however, he stayed only a short time, and for a number of years was connected with the civil service. In 1783 he became a member of the Russian Academy at Saint Petersburg. Of his tragedies the majority are but imitations of French plays, containing with the exception of one or two nothing original. His comedies are replete with bright passages and full of spirit. The tragedies most worthy of mention are ‘Didon’ (1769); ‘Vladimir i Iaropolh’ (1779); ‘Vladisan’ (1786); ‘Roslav’ (1784); ‘Vadim Novgorodskii’
(1789). The two last were patriotic plays, some of the passages of the ‘Vadim’ being of such a character as to alarm Catharine II and cause its suppression, but it was published in 1793, two years after the death of the author. Of his comedies the most noteworthy are ‘Khvastum’; ‘Chudakhi’; and the light opera ‘Neachastie ot Karety.’ A complete edition of his works, in four volumes, was published in 1787, several subsequent editions being published in two volumes in 1847-48.