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# A Child of the Jago/Chapter 8

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VIII
When Dicky Perrott and the small hunchback were hauling and struggling across the street, old Fisher came down from the top-floor back, wherein he dwelt with his son Bob, Bob's wife and two sisters, and five children; an apartment in no way so clean as the united efforts of ten people might be expected to have made it. Old Fisher, on whose grimy face the wrinkles were deposits of mud, stopped at the open door on the first floor, and, as Dicky had done, took a peep. Perplexed at the monstrous absence of dirt, and encouraged by the stillness. Old Fisher also ventured within. Nobody was in charge, and Old Fisher, mentally pricing the pink glass vases at three-pence, made for a ​small chest in the corner of the room and lifted the lid. Within lay many of Roper's tools, from among which he had that morning taken such as he might want on an emergent call to work, to carry as he tramped Curtain Road. Clearly these were the most valuable things in the place, and, slipping a few small articles into his pockets, Old Fisher took a good double handful of the larger, and tramped upstairs with them. Presently he returned with Bob's missus, and together they started with more. As they emerged, however, there on the landing stood the little hunchback, sobbing and smearing his face with his sleeve. At sight of this new pillage he burst into sharp wails, standing impotent on the landing, his streaming eyes following the man and woman ascending before him. Old Fisher, behind, stumped the stairs with a clumsy affectation of absent-mindedness; the woman in front looked ​down, merely indifferent. Scarce were they vanished above, however, when the little hunchback heard his father and mother on the lower stairs.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vigilius

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​VIGILIUS, pope from 537 to 555, succeeded Silverius and was followed by Pelagius I. He was ordained by order of Belisarius while Silverius was still alive; his elevation was due to Theodora, who, by an appeal at once to his ambition and, it is said, to his covetousness, had induced him to promise to disallow the council of Chalcedon, in connexion with the “three chapters” controversy. When, however, the time came for the fulfilment of his bargain, Vigilius declined to give his assent to the condemnation of that council involved in the imperial edict against the three chapters, and for this act of disobedience he was peremptorily summoned to Constantinople, which he reached in 547. Shortly after his arrival there he issued a document known to history as his Judicatum (548), in which he condemned indeed the three chapters, but expressly disavowed any intentions thereby to disparage the council of Chalcedon. After a good deal of trimming (for he desired to stand well with his own clergy, who were strongly orthodox, as well as with the court), he prepared another document, the Constitutum ad Imperatorem, which was laid before the so-called fifth “oecumenical” council in 553, and led to his condemnation by the majority of that body, some say even to his banishment. Ultimately, however, he was induced to assent to and confirm the decrees of the council, and was allowed after an enforced absence of seven years to set out for Rome. He died, however, at Syracuse, before he reached his destination, on the 7th of June 555.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vigilantius

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​VIGILANTIUS (fl. c. 400), the presbyter, celebrated as the author of a work, no longer extant, against superstitious practices, which called forth one of the most violent and scurrilous of Jerome's polemical treatises, was born about 370 at Calagurris in Aquitania (the modern Cazères or perhaps Saint Bertrand de Comminges in the department of Haute-Garonne), where his father kept a “statio” or inn on the great Roman road from Aquitania to Spain. While still a youth his talent became known to Sulpicius Severus, who had estates in that neighbourhood, and in 395 Sulpicius, who probably baptized him, sent him with letters to Paulinus of Nola, where he met with a friendly reception. On his return to Severus in Gaul he was ordained; and, having soon afterwards inherited means through the death of his father, he set out for Palestine, where he was received with great respect by Jerome at Bethlehem. The stay of Vigilantius lasted for some time; but, as was almost inevitable, he was dragged into the dispute then raging about Origen, in which he did not see fit wholly to adopt Jerome's attitude. On his return to the West he was the bearer of a letter from Jerome to Paulinus, and at various places where he stopped on the way he appears to have expressed himself about Jerome in a manner that when reported gave great offence to that father, and provoked him to write a reply (Ep. 61). Vigilantius now settled for some time in Gaul, and is said by one authority (Gennadius) to have afterwards held a charge in the diocese of Barcelona. About 403, some years after his return from the East, Vigilantius wrote his celebrated work against superstitious practices, in which he argued against relic worship, as also against the vigils in the basilicas of the martyrs, then so common, the sending of alms to Jerusalem, the rejection of earthly goods and the attribution of special virtue to the unmarried state, especially in the case of the clergy. He thus covers a wider range than Jovinian, whom he surpasses also in intensity. He was especially indignant at the way in which spiritual worship was being ousted by the adoration of saints and their relics. All that is known of his work is through Jerome's treatise Contra Vigilantium, or, as that controversialist would seem to prefer saying, “Contra Dormitantium.” Notwithstanding Jerome's exceedingly unfavourable opinion, there is no reason to believe that the tract of Vigilantius was exceptionally illiterate, or that the views it advocated were exceedingly “heretical.” Soon, however, the great influence of Jerome in the Western Church caused its leaders to espouse all his quarrels, and Vigilantius gradually came to be ranked in popular opinion among heretics, though his influence long remained potent both in France and Spain, as is proved by the polemical tract of Faustus of Rhegium (d. c. 490).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vigne, Paul de

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​VIGNE, PAUL DE (1843–1901), Belgian sculptor, was born at Ghent. He was trained by his father, a statuary, and began by exhibiting his “Fra Angelico da Fiesole” at the Ghent Salon in 1868. In 1872 he exhibited at the Brussels Salon a marble statue, “Heliotrope” (Ghent Gallery), and in 1875, at Brussels, “Beatrix” and “Domenica.” He was employed by the government to execute caryatides for the conservatoire at Brussels. In 1876 at the Antwerp Salon he had busts of E. Hiel and W. Wilson, which were afterwards placed in the communal museum at Brussels. Until 1882 he lived in Paris, where he produced the marble statue “Immortality” (Brussels Gallery), and “The Crowning of Art,” a bronze group on the façade of the Palais des Beaux-Arts at Brussels. His monument to the popular heroes, Jean Breydel and Pierre de Coninck, was unveiled at Bruges in 1887. At his death he left unfinished his principal work, the Anspach monument, which was erected at Brussels under the direction of the architect Janlet with the co-operation of various sculptors. Among other notable works by De Vigne may be mentioned “Volumnia” (1875); “Poverella” (1878); a bronze bust of “Psyche” (Brussels Gallery), of which there is an ivory replica; the marble statue of Marnix de Ste Aldegonde in the Square du Sablon, Brussels; the Metdepenningen monument in the cemetery at Ghent; and the monument to Canon de Haerne at Courtrai.
See E. L. Detage, Les Artistes Belges contemporains (Brussels), and O. G. Destrée, The Renaissance of Sculpture in Belgium (London, 1895).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vignette

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​VIGNETTE (Fr. for “little vine”), in architecture, a running ornament, representing, as its name imports, a little vine, with branches, leaves and grapes. It is common in the Tudor period, and runs or roves in a large hollow or casement. It is also called trayle. From the transference of the term to book-illustration resulted the sense of a small picture, vanishing gradually at the edge.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vigée-Lebrun, Marie-Anne Elisabeth

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​VIGÉE-LEBRUN, MARIE-ANNE ELISABETH (1755–1842), French painter, was born in Paris, the daughter of a painter, from whom she received her first instruction, though she benefited more by the advice of Doyen, Greuze, Joseph Vernet and other masters of the period. When only about twenty years of age she had already risen to fame with her portraits of Count Orloff and the duchess of Orleans, her personal charm making her at the same time a favourite in society. In 1776 she married the painter and art-critic J. B. P. Lebrun, and in 1783 her picture of "Peace bringing back Abundance" (now at the Louvre) gained her the membership of the Academy. When the Revolution broke out in 1789 she escaped first to Italy, where she worked at Rome and Naples. At Rome she painted the portraits of Princesses Adelaide and Victoria, and at Naples the "Lady Hamilton as a Bacchante" now in the collection of Mr Tankerville Chamberlayne, and then journeyed to Vienna, Berlin and St Petersburg. She returned to Paris in 1781, but went in the following year to London, where she painted the portraits of Lord Byron and the prince of Wales, and in 1808 to Switzerland. Her numerous journeys, and the vogue she enjoyed wherever she went, account for the numerous portraits from her brush that are to be found in the great collections of many countries. Having returned to France from Switzerland, she lived first at her country house near Marly and then in Paris, where she died at the age of eighty-seven, in 1842, having been widowed for twenty-nine years. She published her own memoirs under the title of Souvenirs (Paris, 1835-37). Among her many sitters was ​Marie Antoinette, of whom she painted over twenty portraits between 1779 and 1789. A portrait of the artist is in the hall of the painters at the Uffizi, and another at the National Gallery. The Louvre owns two portraits of Mme Lebrun and her daughter, besides five other portraits and an allegorical composition.
A full account of her eventful life is given in the artist's Souvenirs, and in C. Pillet's Mme Vigée-Le Brun (Paris, 1890). The artist's autobiography has been translated by Lionel Strachey, Memoirs of Mme Vigée-Lebrun (New York, 1903), fully illustrated.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vijayanagar

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​VIJAYANAGAR, or Bijanagar (“the city of victory”), an ancient Hindu kingdom and ruined city of southern India. The kingdom lasted from about 1336 to 1565, forming during all that period a bulwark against Mahommedan invasion from the north. Its foundation, and even great part of its history, is obscure; but its power and wealth are attested by more than one European traveller, and also by the character of the existing ruins. At the beginning of the 14th century Mahommedan raiders had effectually destroyed every Hindu principality throughout southern India, but did not attempt to occupy the country permanently. In this state of desolation Hindu nationality rose again under two brothers, named Harihara and Bukka, of whom little more can be said than that they were Kanarese by race. Hence their kingdom was afterwards known as the Carnatic. At its widest extent, it stretched across the peninsula from sea to sea, from Masulipatam to Goa; and every Hindu prince in the south acknowledged its supremacy. The site of the capital was chosen, with strategic skill, on the right bank of the river Tungabhadra, which here runs through a rocky gorge. Within thirty years the Hindu Rayas of Vijayanagar were able to hold their own against the Bahmani sultans, who had now established their independence of Delhi in the Deccan proper. Warfare with the Mahommedans across the border in the Raichur doab was carried on almost unceasingly, and with varying result. Two, or possibly three, different dynasties are believed to have occupied the throne of Vijayanagar as time went on; and its final downfall may be ascribed to the domestic dissensions thus produced. This occurred in 1565, when the confederate sultans of Bijapur, Ahmednagar and Golconda, who had divided amongst themselves the Bahmani dominions, overwhelmed the Vijayanagar army in the plain of Talikota, and sacked the defenceless city. The Raya fled south to Penukonda, and later to Chandragiri, where one of his descendants granted to the English the site of Fort St George or Madras. The city has ever since remained a wilderness of immense ruins, which are now conserved by the British government.
See R. Sewell, A Forgotten Empire (1900); and B. S. Row, History of Vijayanagar (Madras, 1906).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vigintisexviri

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​VIGINTISEXVIRI, in Roman history, the collective name given in republican times to “twenty-six” magistrates of inferior rank. They were divided into six boards, two of which were abolished by Augustus. Their number was thereby reduced to twenty and their name altered to Vigintiviri (“the twenty”). They were originally nominated by the higher magistrates, but subsequently elected in a body at a single sitting of the comitia tributa; under the empire they were chosen by the senate. The following are the names of the six boards: (1) Tresviri capitales (see Tresviri); (2) Tresviri monetales; (3) Quatuorviri viis in urbe purgandis, who had the care of the streets and roads inside the city; (4) Duoviri viis extra urbem purgandis (see Duoviri), abolished by Augustus; (5) Decemviri stlitibus judicandis (see Decemviri); (6) Quatuor praefecti Capuam Cumas, abolished by Augustus. The members of the last-named board were appointed by the praetor urbanus of Rome to administer justice in ten Campanian towns (list in Mommsen), and received their name from the two most important of these. They were subsequently elected by the people under the title of quatuorviri jure dicundo, but the date is not known.
See Mommsen, Römisches Staatsrecht, ii. (1887), p. 592.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vigo

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​VIGO, a seaport and naval station of north-western Spain, in the province of Pontevedra; on Vigo Bay (Ria de Vigo) and on a branch of the railway from Tuy to Corunna. Pop. (1900) 23,259. Vigo Bay, one of the finest of the Galician fjords, extends inland for 19 m., and is sheltered by low mountains and by the islands (Islas de Cies, ancient Insulae Siccae) at its mouth. The town is built on the south-eastern shore, and occupies a hilly site dominated by two obsolete forts. The older streets are steep, narrow and tortuous, but there is also a large modern quarter. Vigo owes its importance to its deep and spacious harbour, and to its fisheries. It is a port of call for many lines trading between Western Europe and South America. Shipbuilding is carried on, and large quantities of sardines are canned for export. In 1909, 2041 ships of 2,710,691 tons (1,153,564 being British) entered at Vigo; the imports in that year, including tin and tinplate, coal, machinery, cement, sulphate of copper and foodstuffs, were valued at £481,752; the exports, including sardines, mineral waters and eggs, were valued at £554,824. The town contains flour, paper and sawmills, sugar and petroleum refineries, tanneries, distilleries and soap works; it has also a large agricultural trade and is visited in summer for sea-bathing.
Vigo was attacked by Sir Francis Drake in 1585 and 1589. In 1702 a combined British and Dutch fleet under Sir George Rooke and the duke of Ormonde destroyed a Franco-Spanish fleet in the bay, and captured treasure to the value of about £1,000,000; numerous attempts have been made to recover the larger quantity of treasure which was supposed, on doubtful evidence, to have been sunk during the battle. In 1719 Vigo was captured by the British under Viscount Cobham.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Borlace, Edmund

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​Borlace, Edmund, (son of Sir John ​Borlace, Master of the Ordnance, and one of the Lords-Justices criticized so severely by Clarendon) was born in Dublin, and is stated to have been educated at Trinity College. He took his degree of medicine at Leyden in 1650, and settled in Chester, where he practised with success until his death in 1682. Amongst other well known works, he published, in 1680, The History of the Execrable Irish Rebellion of 1641, a work that tended much to perpetuate the exaggerations concerning the War of 1641-'52. The opinion that he plagiarized from Clarendon is endorsed by Ware.
* ↑ Clarendon, Earl of: History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars. 8 vols. Oxford, 1826.
* ↑ Ware, Sir James, Works: Walter Harris. 2 vols. Dublin, 1764.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Bourke, Sir Theobald, Viscount

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​Bourke, Sir Theobald, Viscount, son of preceding and Grace O'Malley, is said to have been born at sea in 1575. He was called in Irish "Tibbot-na-long" (Theobald of the ships). Lodge says he was cashiered from his command in Elizabeth's forces, for hanging Dermot O'Conor, a Connaught chieftain, who was under the President's protection. In 1597 he was sent to England, apparently as a prisoner. After his return, in 1599, he for a time sided with O'Neill, but ultimately espoused the government side, and was knighted after the battle of Kinsale for his "gallant and loyal behaviour." He and his halfbrothers, Murrough and Donnell O'Flaherty, surrendered their estates to James I., and received them back on a Crown grant. In 1613 he represented the County of Mayo in Parliament, and in 1626 was created Viscount Bourke of Mayo. He died 18th June 1629, and was buried with his ancestors at Ballintober.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Bowles, William

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​Bowles, William, a naturalist, was born in Ireland, and died in Spain in 1780. He was the author of several works on the natural history and productions of that country. Buckle speaks of him as having endeavoured to arouse in Spain an interest in mineralogy. A genus of Peruvian plants has been named after him.
Addendum
​Bowles, William, (page 28), was born in Ireland in 1720, and died in Spain in 1780. His chief works were: Introduction to the Natural History and Physical Geography of Spain; Memoir on the Mines of Germany and Spain; History of the Locusts of Spain.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Boulter, Hugh

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​Boulter, Hugh, Archbishop of Armagh, was born in London in 1671. Educated at Oxford, he became chaplain to George I., Bishop of Bristol in 1719, and Archbishop of Armagh in 1724. His position was more political than ecclesiastical, and he was a strong upholder of the English interest. Writing to Lord Townsend, he says: "But whatever my post is here, the only thing that can make it agreeable to me, who would have been very well content with a less station in my own country, is if I may be enabled to serve His Majesty and my country here, which it will be impossible for me to do according to my wishes if the English interest be not thoroughly supported from the other side." With these sentiments he had but a sore time of it, between Swift, Wood's halfpence, and a rather fractious Commons. The plan of Government purchasing off opposition did not meet his views; and the quantities of goods smuggled from the Isle of Man, and consequent loss of revenue, were a great concern to him—"The only remedy we talk of here for this evil is, if His Majesty were to buy the island of the Earl of Derby." During the nineteen years of his. primacy, the real weight of the government policy with regard to Ireland rested on him. He died in London, September 1742, aged about 71, leaving upwards of £30,000 for the purchase of glebes for the Irish clergy, and the augmentation and improvement of small benefices. His efforts to found schools for the conversion of Catholics did not come to much. "I can assure you," he wrote to the Bishop of London, "the Papists are here so numerous that it highly concerns us in point of interest, as well as out of concern for the salvation of those poor creatures, who are our fellow-subjects, to try all possible means to bring them and theirs over to the knowledge of the true religion; and one of the most likely methods we can think of is, if possible, instructing and converting the young generation; for instead of converting those that are adult, we are daily losing several of our meaner people, who go off to Popery. … The ignorance and obstinacy of the adult Papists is such that there is not much hope of converting them."
* ↑ Irishmen, Lives of Illustrious and Distinguished, Rev. James Wills, D.D. 6 vols. or 12 parts. Dublin, 1840–'7.
* ↑ Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland—Swift, Flood, Grattan, and O'Connell: William E. H. Lecky. First and Second Editions. London, 1861–'71.
* ↑ Ware, Sir James, Works: Walter Harris. 2 vols. Dublin, 1764.
Addendum
​Boulter, Hugh, Archbishop of Armagh, (page 27).—Reference should have been made to his Letters, containing an Account of the Most Interesting Transactions which Passed in Ireland from 1724 to 1738 (Dublin, 1770), a valuable collection of documents, throwing much light upon the secret springs of Government and the general condition of affairs in Ireland between the dates named. They indicate a singularly straightforward and business-like turn of mind, and show conclusively the paramount influence he exercised.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Bourke, Sir Richard

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​Bourke, Richard, the husband of Grace O'Malley, was in Queen Elizabeth's reign the head of the Bourkes of Galway; he sided with the English in their expeditions, and held his lands under renewed gift from the Crown. In 1576 he is thus described by Sir Henry Sidney, who knighted him: "I found him very sensible; though wanting in the English tongue, yet understanding the Latin; a lover of quiet and civility." He died in 1605.
Addendum
​Bourke, Sir Richard, (page 27), husband of Grace O'Malley, or Grania Uaile [see p. 403], was, in Queen Elizabeth's reign, the head of the Bourkes of Galway; he sided with the English in their expeditions, and held his lands under renewed gift from the Crown. In 1576 he is thus described by Sir Henry Sidney, who knighted him: "I found him very sensible; though wanting in the English tongue, yet understanding the Latin; a lover of quiet and civility."' He died in 1589.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Boyd, Hugh

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​Boyd, Hugh (or Macaulay), an author, was the son of a gentleman in the County of Antrim, and is said to have been educated at Trinity College for the Bar. His habits were unsteady and extravagant, so that, although he married a rich wife, and obtained an appointment in India under Lord Macartney, he disappointed all expectations. His miscellaneous works were published in 1798-1800, with a view to proving his identity with Junius, a claim indeed almost his only warrant for notice, and one that has long been set aside. He conducted in Ireland, in 1772, a political paper called the Freeholder. He died at Madras in 1794.
* ↑ Authors, Dictionary of British and American: S. Austin Allibone. 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1869–'71.
* ↑ Biographie Générale. 46 vols. Paris, 1855–'66. An interleaved copy, copiously noted by the late Dr. Thomas Fisher, Assistant Librarian of Trinity College, Dublin.
* ↑ Biographical Dictionary: Rev. Hugh J. Rose. 12 vols. London, 1850.