OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A catalogue of notable Middle Templars, with brief biographical notices/Asgill, John

* related authors: John Asgill.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
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Amitted 4 Mar, 1686.
Second son of Edward Asgill, of Hanley Castle, Worcestershire, where he was born. He was called to the Bar 6 May, 1692, and practised with much success in Ireland, where he became a Member of Parliament. In the first Parliament after the Union he was elected for Bramber, but being then a prisoner in the Fleet, he was unable to attend. By a resolution of the House, however, he was discharged from custody, and permitted to take his seat. Subsequently he was expelled for the publication of a book or pamphlet deemed blasphemous, and replaced in the Fleet. Here he remained till his death in 1738.
He was the author of the following publications: Several Assertions proved, in order to create another Species of Money than Gold and Silver (1700); Argument proving that Men may he translated to Heaven without dying (1700); An Essay on a Registry for Titles of Lands (1701); Reflections on the Same; De Jure Divino, showing the Title of the House of Hanover to the Succession of the British Monarchy (1710); His Defence on his Expulsion from the House of Commons, with Introduction and Postscript (1712); The Pretender's Declaration (1713); The Succession of the House of Hanover vindicated (1714); The Metamorphosis of Man (1727).
# A catalogue of notable Middle Templars, with brief biographical notices/Anstey, Thomas Chisholm

* related authors: Thomas Chisholm Anstey.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
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Admitted 6 June, 1835.
Second son of Thomas Anstey, of Anstey Barton, Van Diemen's Land. He was born in London in 1816, and called to the Bar 25 Jan. 1839. Early in his legal career he was appointed Professor of Law and Jurisprudence in the Roman Catholic College in Bath, having become a convert to Romanism. In 1845 he published the lectures he there delivered, and about the same time, A Guide to the Laws affecting Roman Catholics, and many pamphlets on Roman Catholic questions. He became a strong supporter of Daniel O'Connell, and was elected to Parliament for Youghal in 1847. In Parliament he signalized himself by intemperate attacks on the Government, notwithstanding which he was nominated Attorney-General of Hong Kong in 1854. There he got into dispute with the Governor, and was suspended in 1858. After this he proceeded to India and practised in Bombay, where with some intervals in England, he spent the rest of his life, and died on 12 Aug. 1873.
His political tracts and pamphlets are mostly forgotten, but his papers read before the Juridical Society on Blackstone's Theory of the Omnipotence of ​Parliament; Judicial Oaths as administered to Heathen Witnesses, and The competence of Colonial Legislatures to enact Laws in derogation of Common Liability or Common Right, are still of interest.
# A catalogue of notable Middle Templars, with brief biographical notices/Arundell, Sir John

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Admitted 8 May, 1594.
Son and heir of John Arundell, of Trerize (Trerice), Cornwall, and grandson of Sir John, known as "Jack of Tilbury" temp. Henry VIII. He himself went by the appellation of "Jack for the King" in reference to his loyalty in the Civil Wars, in which he took a leading part in the West, holding Pendennis Castle for the King for five months in 1646, as recorded by Clarendon (q.v.). His losses in the war reduced him to poverty, and he did not live to see his fortunes repaired at the Restoration. His son Richard, however, ennobled in 1664 as Baron Arundell of Trerice, recovered the estates.
# A History of Mathematics

A HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS
A HISTORY OF
MATHEMATICS
BY
FLORIAN CAJORI
Formerly Professor of Applied Mathematics in the Tulane University of Louisiana; now Professor of Physics in Colorado College
"I am sure that no subject loses more than mathematics by any attempt to dissociate it from its history."—J. W. L. Glaisher
New York
MACMILLAN AND CO.
AND LONDON
1894
All rights reserved
Copyright, 1893, By MACMILLAN AND CO.
Norwood Press: J. S. Cushing & Co.—Berwick & Smith. Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
* Errata
* Preface
* Books of Reference
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1930, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 93 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A History of Mathematical Notations/Volume 1/Introduction

I
INTRODUCTION
In this history it has been an aim to give not only the first appearance of a symbol and its origin (whenever possible), but also to indicate the competition encountered and the spread of the symbol among writers in different countries. It is the latter part of our program which has given bulk to this history.
The rise of certain symbols, their day of popularity, and their eventual decline constitute in many cases an interesting story. Our endeavor has been to do justice to obsolete and obsolescent notations, as well as to those which have survived and enjoy the favor of mathematicians of the present moment.
If the object of this history of notations were simply to present an array of facts, more or less interesting to some students of mathematics—if, in other words, this undertaking had no ulterior motive—then indeed the wisdom of preparing and publishing so large a book might be questioned. But the author believes that this history constitutes a mirror of past and present conditions in mathematics which can be made to bear on the notational problems now confronting mathematics. The successes and failures of the past will contribute to a more speedy solution of the notational problems of the present time.
# A History of Mathematics/Antiquity

ANTIQUITY.
* The Babylonians
* The Egyptians
* The Greeks
* The Romans
# A History of Mathematical Notations/Volume 1/Phoenicians and Syrians

PHOENICIANS AND SYRIANS
27. The Phoenicians represented the numbers 1–9 by the respective number of vertical strokes. Ten was usually designated by a horizontal bar. The numbers 11–19 were expressed by the juxtaposition of a horizontal stroke and the required number of vertical ones.
Fig. 9.—Palmyra (Syria) numerals. (From M. Cantor, Kulturleben, etc., Fig. 48)
As Phoenician writing proceeded from right to left, the horizontal stroke signifying 10 was placed farthest to the right. Twenty was represented by two parallel strokes, either horizontal or inclined and sometimes connected by a cross-line as in (symbol characters), or sometimes by two strokes, thus (symbol characters). One hundred was written thus (symbol characters) or thus (symbol characters). Phoenician inscriptions from which these symbols are taken reach back several centuries before Christ. Symbols found in Palmyra (modern Tadmor in Syria) in the first 250 years of our era resemble somewhat the numerals below 100 just described. New in the Palmyra ​numerals is γ for 5. Beginning with 100 the Palmyra numerals contain new forms, Placing a | to the right of the sign for 10 (see Fig. 9) signifies multiplication of 10 by 10, giving 100. Two vertical strokes || mean 10×20, or 200; three of them, 10×30, or 300.
28. Related to the Phoenician are numerals of Syria, found in manuscripts of the sixth and seventh centuries A.D. Their shapes and their mode of combination are shown in Figure 10. The Syrians employed also the twenty-two letters of their alphabet to represent the numbers 1–9, the tens 10–90, the hundreds 100–400. The following hundreds were indicated by juxtaposition: 500=400+100, 600=400+200, . . . . , 900=400+400+100, or else by writing respectively 50–90 and placing a dot over the letter to express that its value is to be taken tenfold. Thousands were indicated by the letters for 1–9, with a stroke annexed as a subscript. Ten thousands were expressed by drawing a small dash below the letters for one’s and ten’s. Millions were marked by the letters 1–9 with two strokes annexed as subscripts (i.e., 1,000×1,000=1,000,000).
Fig. 10.—Syrian numerals. (From M. Cantor, Kulturleben, etc., Fig. 49)
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Chapman, Isham Fleming

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​CHAPMAN. (Captain, 1824. f-p., 24; h-p., 31.)
Isham Fleming Chapman is son of the late Isham Chapman, Esq., who, for more than half a century, held an appointment under the Board of Customs.
This officer entered the Navy, in Nov. 1792, as Midshipman, on board the Rattler sloop, in which he sailed for the South Seas on a voyage of discovery. In 1797 he joined the Diana 38, Capt. Jonathan Faulknor, on the Irish station; and, from 1798, until May, 1802, he served in the West Indies, latterly as Acting-Lieutenant, on board the Brunswick 74, flag-ship of Vice-Admiral Rich. Rodney Bligh, Décade, Capt. Wm. Geo. Rutherford, and Fortunée 36, Capt. Henry Vansittart. While in the Décade he was wounded in the course of a cutting-out expedition : in the Fortunée he assisted, with the boats, at the capture of a privateer of 100 men. On 11 Feb. 1808, he was promoted to a Lieutenancy, in the Invincible 74, Capts. Ross Donnelly and Chas. Adam, under the former of whom, when at the siege of Cadiz in 1810, he signalised himself by the handsome manner in which he volunteered his services at the defence of Fort Matagorda, and was again wounded. We afterwards find him appointed, in succession, as First-Lieutenant – 12 Nov. 1810, and 19 Dec. 1811, to the Téméraire 98 and Royal George 100, flag-ships off Toulon of Rear-Admiral Fras. Pickmore – 14 Oct. 1813, to the Curaçoa 36, Capt. John Tower, under whom he assisted at the reduction of Genoa – 22 April, 1814, to the Edinburgh 74, Capt. Hon. Geo. Heneage Lawrence Dundas, of which ship he became for a short time Acting-Captain – and next, to the Maeander 38, Capt. Burton, Queen 74, flagship of Rear-Admiral Chas. Vinicombe Penrose, Malta 84, Capt. Wm. Chas. Fahie (under whom he beheld the fall of Gaeta), and Bombay 74, Capt. Henry Bazely. Having attained the rank of Commander, 31 Aug. 1815, Capt. Chapman, on 29 Dec. 1818, joined the Nautilus 18, fitting at Deptford for the St. Helena station, from which vessel he was for a brief period transferred, 30 Dec. 1820, as Acting-Captain to the Euryalus 42, at Jamaica; and, on 29 Dec. 1824, he was posted, from L’Espiègle 18, in which he had been surveying the western coast of Africa, into the Ariadne 26, attached to the force at the Cape of Good Hope. Capt. Chapman, who had not been employed since Jan. 1826, accepted the Retirement 1 Oct. 1846.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Chapman, Wellesley Pole

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​CHAPMAN. (Lieutenant, 1842.)
Wellesley Pole Chapman entered the Navy 2 Dec. 1827; passed his examination 6 Nov. 1834; served for some time on the Mediterranean station as Mate of the Ganges 84, Capt. Barrington Reynolds; and, on that ship being paid off, was created a Lieutenant 6 June, 1842. He was appointed, on 25 of the same month. Additional of the Illustrious 72, flag-ship in North America and the West Indies of Sir Chas. Adam; joined 5 Oct. following, the Volage 26, Capt. Sir Wm. Dickson, Bart., employed on the same and Home stations; and, since 25 March, 1845, has been attached to the Vernon 50, bearing the flag on the south-east coast of America and in the East Indies of Rear-Admiral Sam. Hood Inglefield.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Charlton, Henry

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​CHARLTON. (Lieutenant, 1843.)
Henry Charlton entered the Navy 10 June, 1828; passed his examination 4 Feb. 1835; served for some time, as Mate, on board the Thunderer 84, Capt. Dan. Pring, in the Mediterranean, Sappho 16, Capt. Hon. Geo. Hope, at the Cape of Good Hope, and Penelope steam-vessel, Capt. Wm. Jones, engaged on a particular service; obtained his commission 25 Sept. 1843; was appointed 20 Oct. following Additional of the Illustrious 72, flag-ship of Sir Chas. Adam in North America; removed, 17 Feb. 1844, as Senior, to the Ringdove 16, Capt. Sir Wm. Daniell, on the coast of Africa; and has been there employed, since 21 Nov. 1844, in the Hydra steam-sloop, Capt. Horatio Beauman Young.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Charlesson, Richard Williams

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​CHARLESSON. (Lieut., 1815. f-p., 32; h-p., 10.)
Richard Williams Charlesson entered the Navy, 25 March, 1805, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Leopard 50, Capt. Rich. Raggett; and, on 4 Dec. 1806, became Midshipman of the Africa 64, Capts. Henry Wm. Bayntun and John Barrett, then at the Rio de la Plata. On 20 Oct. 1808, the latter ship, while in escort of a large convoy, was attacked, in the Malmo channel, south of Sweden, by a powerful flotilla of gun-boats, with whom she continued an action of nearly four hours, when, darkness closing the fight, her loss, independently of considerable damage in hull and rigging, amounted, it was found, to 9 men killed and 53 wounded. Removing, next, to the Aetna bomb, Capts. Wm. Godfrey, Paul Lawless, and John Bowker, Mr. Charlesson took part, and was slightly wounded, in Lord Gambier’s attack, of 11 and 12 April, 1809, on the French shipping in Basque Roads; after which we find him attending the proximate expedition to Flushing, and serving at the siege of Cadiz. In Sept. 1810, he was transferred, with Capt. Bowker, to the Wizard 18, commanded afterwards by Capt. Fairfax Moresby, on the Mediterranean station. On his return home in the Topaze 38, Capt. Edw. Harvey, in Jan. 1812, he joined the Royal William, guard-ship at Spithead; and, after a further attachment, as Master’s Mate, to the Porcupine 22, and Surveillant 38, both commanded by Capt. Robt. Elliott, Namur 74, Capt. Fras. Wm. Austen, and Sydney surveying-vessel, Master-Commander Geo. Holbroke, on the South American, Home, and Newfoundland stations, was promoted to his present rank 11 Feb. 1815. He was next appointed, 28 March, 1826, to the Coast Blockade, as Supernumerary-Lieutenant of the Ramillies 74, Capt. Hugh Pigot; and, entering the Coast Guard 24 July, 1830, continued in that service until 27 Feb. 1843, when he assumed charge of the Royal George Revenue-vessel, in which he is now employed.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Chave, Samuel

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​CHAVE. (Lieut., 181.5. f-p., 9; h-p., 32.)
Samuel Chave entered the Navy, 28 March, 1806, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Bittern 18, Capts. Edw. Augustus Down and Thos. Ussher, on the Mediterranean station; and attained the rating of Midshipman 22 Nov. 1807. Removing, in Aug. 1808, to the Surinam 16, Capt. John Lake, on the West India station, he served on shore at the capture of Martinique in Feb. 1809; after which he joined the Eclipse 18, Capts. G. A. Creyke, Geo. Henderson, and Henry Lynne, under the last of whom he was again employed on shore, at the reduction of the Isle of France, in Dec. 1810. Subsequently to that event we find Mr. Chave cruizing, as Master’s Mate, off the same island, and also off Java, in command of a tender, for the suppression of slavery. He was transferred, in July, 1813, to the Venus 32, Capt. Kenneth Mackenzie, in the West Indies; served next, from May to Sept. 1814, as Acting-Lieutenant, in the Myrtle 20, Capt. Arthur Batt Bingham, off the coast of Norway; then rejoined the Venus, on the same station; and, on 2 Feb. 1815, was promoted to his present rank. Since that period he has not been afloat. Agent – Frederick Dufaur.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Chapman, James

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​CHAPMAN. (Lieut., 1814. f-p., 10; h-p., 32.)
James Chapman was born 9 April, 1791.
This officer entered the Navy, 1 Oct. 1805, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Nassau 64, Capt. Robt. Campbell; attained the rating of Midshipman, 22 June, 1808; and – if we except the period of a few months, from 25 Nov. 1809, to 4 April, 1810, when we find him on board the Owen Glendower 36, Capt. Wm. Selby, stationed off Cherbourg – continued uninterruptedly to serve under Capt. Campbell, in the Nassau, the Stately, another 64, and the Tremendous 74, until July, 1814. During that period, while in the Nassau, he was for two years employed in blockading the Texel, and, after attending the expedition to Copenhagen in Aug. and Sept. 1807, was (on the Nassau’s hard-wrought extrication from a mass of ice in which she had been blocked up during the whole winter) present, 22 March, 18O8, in company with the Stately 64, at the capture and destruction, on the coast of Zealand, of the Danish 74-gun ship Prindts Christian-Frederic, after a running fight of great length and obstinacy, in which the Nassau sustained a loss of 2 men killed and 16 wounded. In Oct. 1813, being then in the Tremendous, Mr. Chapman served on shore with the batteries at the reduction of Trieste; and from 12 Feb. to 9 April, 1814, while detached in united charge of the imperial armed vessel Fidèle and of two of the ship’s boats for the purpose of co-operating with the Austrian forces under Marshal Bellegarde, he was actively employed in preventing supplies from being thrown into Venice, Chioggia, and Malamocco, and, on 23 March, commanded and led the troop-boats which stormed and carried Fort Caranella, near the Po di Levante, on which occasion he took up a formidable position before Brondolo, and acquired for his conduct the thanks of the officer above mentioned and of Generals Marchal and Pulszky. Having passed his examination, 4 Dec. 1811, he was promoted, from the Malta 84, bearing the flag of Rear-Admiral Benj. Hallowell, to a Lieutenancy in the Orlando 36, Capt. John Clavell, 24 Oct. 1814. He was placed on half-pay, after serving for some time at the blockade of the Chesapeake, 16 Aug. 1815, and has not been since officially employed.
Lieut. Chapman’s name appears, as a supernumerary for passage, on the books of no fewer than 73 ships of war, owing to the circumstance of his having been appointed Master of 18 or 19 different prize-vessels. He married, 31 Oct. 1826, Eliza, third daughter of Thos. Hatton, Esq., a wine-merchant of Liverpool, and has issue six sons and three daughters.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Charlesson, Laurence

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​CHARLESSON. (Lieut., 1815. f-p., 9; h-p., 31.)
Laurence Charlesson died 17 May, 1846.
This officer entered the Navy, in 1806, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Emerald 36, Capt. Fred. Lewis Maitland, under whom he assisted in April, 1807, at the capture of the Austerlitz privateer, of 14 guns and 96 men; was for the remainder of that year employed in blockading Rochefort; and witnessed, on the night of 13 March, 1808, the destruction, in Vivero Harbour, in face of a desperate opposition, of a large French schooner, L’Apropos, of 8 guns and 70 men. On 29 May following he joined, as Midshipman, the Eurydice 28, Capt. Robt. Ramsay, stationed on the coast of Spain; removed, in Aug. of the same year, to the Salvador Del Mundo first-rate, bearing the flag of Admiral Young at Plymouth; served, from March, 1810, until Oct. 1812, on board the Rodney 74, and Ville de Paris 110, both commanded by Capt. Geo. Burlton, off the port of Cadiz and in the Mediterranean; and, until promoted, 15 Feb. 1815, was afterwards employed, on the latter station, a great part of the time as Master’s Mate, in the Scout 18, and Hyacinth 24, each commanded by Capt. Alex. Renton Sharpe, Fame 74, Capt. Walter Bathurst, and Hyacinth again, Capt. A. R. Sharpe. He did not again go afloat. – Agents – Messrs. Ommanney.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Charlewood, Edward Philips

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​CHARLEWOOD. (Commander, 1840. f-p., 13; h-p., 7.)
Edward Philips Charlewood, born 14 Nov. 1814, at Oak Hill, co. Stafford, is youngest son of the Rev. C. B. Charlewood, of that place. This officer entered the Royal Naval College 7 June, 1827, and embarked, 12 June, 1829, as Midshipman, on board the Favourite 18, Capt. Joseph Harrison, with whom he served on the coast of ​Africa until Aug. 1833. Having passed his examination 2 Oct. in that year, he became attached, in Feb. 1834, as Mate, to the Salamander steam-vessel, Capt. Wm. Langford Castle, employed on Channel service, and, in Oct. 1834, joined, as Acting-Lieutenant of the Euphrates steam-vessel, the expedition under Col. Chesney, then preparing for its explorative mission to the celebrated river of that name. Throughout the various details of that arduous undertaking, which only brought itself to an issue in the spring of 1837, Mr. Charlewood repeatedly acquired official praise, but more especially for his active co-operation in the laborious task of originally transporting the Euphrates, and the Tigris, another steam-vessel, from the vicinity of Antioch overland to the town of Bir, a tract of 140 miles, almost impassable for the want of roads; as well as for his subsequent exertions in saving the Euphrates, when her consort the Tigris foundered in a typhoon. On his return to England he joined, in July, 1837, the Excellent gunnery-ship at Portsmouth, Capt. Sir Thos. Hastings, of which we find him appointed a Lieutenant 26 Jan. 1838, exactly a week after his promotion to that rank. Removing, 25 April, 1839, to the Benbow 72, Capt. Houston Stewart, Mr. Charlewood sailed for the Mediterranean, and while on that station took part in the various operations of the Syrian campaign, including the attack on Tortosa and bombardment of St. Jean d’Acre. On the former occasion, 25 Sept. 1840, he landed at the head of a pioneer party, entered a breach in the wall of the castle, and brought off several stores of corn and rice. For his very gallant conduct in this afiair he obtained a Commander’s commission, dated 5 Nov. 1840, but since that date has been on half-pay.
Commander Charlewood married, 18 March, 1841, Sarah Carlton, second daughter of the late W. Willie, Esq., of Kingston, Hants, and has issue. Agents – Messrs. Stilwell.
# Adventures Into Darkness

* related portals: Standard Comics.
* sister projects: Commons category, Wikidata item.
Adventures Into Darkness is a Golden Age comics series that ran for 10 issues from August 1952-1954. The series was published by Nedor Comics. Nedor Comics was the comic book line of publisher Ned Pines, who also published pulp magazines under a variety of company names (primarily Standard, Better and Thrilling) that he also used for the comics. In business from 1939 to 1956, Nedor was a prolific publisher during the Golden Age of comic books. Its best-known character is The Black Terror. In June of 1949, all comics were moved to the "Standard Comics" line, with a "Standard Comics" flag-like cover logo (all titles previously had no publisher logo, which was the norm at the time). In 1956, Standard ended and only two were continued by Pines Comics. What connection this new company had with Ned Pines and his company is unclear.
These comics are in the public domain and various publishers and creators have used them since.

## Cover Gallery

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This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was legally published within the United States (or the United Nations Headquarters in New York subject to Section 7 of the United States Headquarters Agreement) before 1964, and copyright was not renewed.
* For Class A renewal records (books only) published between 1923 and 1963, check the Stanford University Copyright Renewal Database.
* For other renewal records of publications between 1922–1950, see the University of Pennsylvania copyright records.
* For all records since 1978, search the U.S. Copyright Office records.
Works could have had their copyright renewed between January 1st of the 27th year after publication or registration and December 31st of the 28th year. As this work's copyright was not renewed, it entered the public domain on January 1st of the 29th year.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
It is imperative that contributors ascertain that there is no evidence of a copyright renewal before using this license. Failure to do so will result in the deletion of the work as a copyright violation.
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