OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Anaxibius

​ANAXI′BIUS (Ἀναξίϐιος), was the Spartan admiral stationed at Byzantium, to whom the Cyrean Greeks, on their arrival at Trapezus on the Euxine, sent Cheirisophus, one of their generals, at his own proposal, to obtain a sufficient number of ships to transport them to Europe, (B. C. 400. Xen. Anab. v. 1. §4.) When however Cheirisophus met them again at Sinope, he brought back nothing from Anaxibius but civil words and a promise of employment and pay as soon as they came out of the Euxine. (Anab. vi. 1. §16.) On their arrival at Chrysopolis, on the Asiatic shore of the Bosporus, Anaxibius, being bribed by Pharnabazus with great promises to withdraw them from his satrapy, again engaged to furnish them with pay, and brought them over to Byzantium. Here he attempted to get rid of them, and to send them forward on their march without fulfilling his agreement. A tumult ensued, in which Anaxibius was compelled to fly for refuge to the Acropolis, and which was quelled only by the remonstrances of Xenophon. (Anab. vii. 1. §1–32.) Soon after this the Greeks left the town under the command of the adventurer Coeratades, and Anaxibius forthwith issued a proclamation, subsequently acted on by Aristarchus the Harmost, that all Cyrean soldiers found in Byzantium should be sold for slaves. (Anab. vii. 1. § 36, 2. §6.) Being however soon after superseded in the command, and finding himself neglected by Pharnabazus, he attempted to revenge himself by persuading Xenophon to lead the army to invade the country of the satrap; but the enterprise was stopped by the prohibition and threats of Aristarchus. (Anab. vii. 2. §5–14.) In the year 389, Anaxibius was sent out from Sparta to supersede Dercyllidas in the command at Abydus, and to check the rising fortunes of Athens in the Hellespont. Here he met at first with some successes, till at length Iphicrates, who had been sent against him by the Athenians, contrived to intercept him on his return from Antandrus, which had promised to revolt to him, and of which he had gone to take possession. Anaxibius, coming suddenly on the Athenian ambuscade, and foreseeing the certainty of his own defeat, desired his men to save themselves by flight. His own duty, he said, required him to die there; and, with a small body of comrades, he remained on the spot, fighting till he fell, B. C. 388. (Xen. Hell. iv. 8. §32—39.)
[E. E.]
# Custave Jahn v. Steamship Folmina

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
212 U.S. 354
Custave Jahn v. Steamship Folmina
Argued: January 21, 22, 1909. --- Decided: February 23, 1909
Messrs. Frederick M. Brown and Wallace, Butler, & Brown for Jahn et al.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 355-356 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. J. Parker Kirlin, John M. Woolsey, and Charles R. Hickox for the Folmina.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 357-359 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice White delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cushy Cow Bonny

Nursery rhyme (Roud 19928)
* "Cushy cow bonny, let down your milk" in A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes by Sabine Baring-Gould (1895)
* "Cushy cow bonny, let down thy milk" in A Book of Nursery Rhymes by Charles Welsh (1901)
# Cushing v. Laird Foster

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
107 U.S. 69
Cushing v. Laird Foster
J. Langdon Ward and R. D. Benedict, for Cushing and others.
James Thomson, C. Van Santvoord, A. J. Vanderpoel, and J. H. Ashton, for Laird, and Foster & Thomson.
GRAY, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cushing v. Owners of the Ship John Fraser

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
62 U.S. 184
Cushing v. Owners of the Ship John Fraser
THIS was an appeal from the Circuit Court of the United States for the district of South Carolina, sitting in admiralty.
It was a case of collision, in the port of Charleston, under the circumstances particularly set forth in the opinion of the court.
The James Gray was at anchor, and the John Fraser was being towed into the harbor by the steamer General Clinch, when a collision ensued between the John Fraser and the James Gray. The owners of the latter libelled both the two other vessels. The District Court dismissed the libel against the steamer, but decreed for the libellants against the John Fraser, $3,902.67, being the amount paid for repairs to the James Gray, and also a sum for demurrage.
The case was carried up to the Circuit Court, where additional evidence was taken, and the judge reversed so much of the decree of the District Court as condemned the ship John Fraser in damages, and affirmed the judgment in favor of the steamer. The libel was therefore dismissed, with costs. An appeal brought the case up to this court.
It was argued on behalf of the appellants by Mr. Cushing and Mr. Gillet, on behalf of the owners of the John Fraser by Mr. Brown, and on behalf of the steamer General Clinch by Mr. Mitchell.
The counsel for the libellants contended that the James Gray was not in fault, and of course had a right to recover damages from somebody; that the steamer and the Fraser were both to blame, for many reasons; and that if the court should think that the James Gray committed any fault, then the other two vessels should be responsible for half of the damage.
The counsel for the steamer contended that the James Gray was to blame; but if some one had to pay the damages, it should be the John Fraser.
The counsel for the latter vessel contended also that the James Gray was in fault; but if any one had to pay the damages, it should be the steamer.
To follow the arguments through all these various ramifications, would require more space than can be allotted to the case.
Mr. Chief Justice TANEY delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Chamier, Francis Edward Archibald

Layout 2
​CHAMIER, FRANCIS EDWARD ARCHIBALD (1833–)
Maj-General : son of Henry Chamber of the Madras Civil Service : born May 13, 1833 : educated at Cheltenham : joined the Indian Army : Adjutant of the Calcutta Volunteers, 1857 : Persian Interpreter to Sir James Outram in first relief, defence, siege and capture of Lucknow : commanded the Raja of Kapurthala's troops in the Oudh campaign, 1858 : C.I.E.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Chandravarkar, Narayan Ganesh

Layout 2
​CHANDRAVARKAR, NARAYAN GANESH (1855–)
Educated at Elphinstone College, Bombay : pleader of the Bombay High Court and Judge of that Court since 1901 : succeeded Mr. Justice Ranade as leader of the Indian Social reform movement.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Chanda, Sahib

Layout 2
​CHANDA, SAHIB ( ? –1752)
Another name of Husain Dost Khan, son-in-law of Dost Ali Khan, Nawab of Arcot, 1732–40, and his Diwan : regarded as a great soldier of his time : he obtained possession of the Hindu kingdom of Trichinopoly by cajoling the Rani, 1736. The Mahrattas invaded the Carnatic, 1740, besieged Chanda in Trichinopoly, and took him prisoner in 1741 to Satara : Dupleix in 1748 procured his release for a large ransom. On the death of Anwarud-din, the Nawab of the Carnatic, in 1749, at the battle of Ambur against Chanda Sahib and Muzaffar Jang (the claimant to succeed as Nizam), Chanda was proclaimed as Nawab : the British supported Muhammad Ali, son of Anwaruddin, as their candidate for the Nawabship, while the French supported Chanda's aspirations. Muhammad Ali fled from Ambur to Trichinopoly, where he was besieged by Chanda : in the fighting that ensued Chanda surrendered to the Raja of Tanjore, in May, 1752, who barbarously put him to death and sent his head to Muhammad Ali.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Chamier, John

Layout 2
​CHAMIER, JOHN ( ? - ? )
I.C.S. : appointed a writer, 1772 : Factor, 1778 : Junior Merchant, 1780 : absent in England for 7 years : Senior Merchant, 1787 : Secretary, 1790, in the Military, Political, and Secret Departments, and Judge Advocate General : "Chief" of Vizagapatam, for 6 years : Chief Secretary to Madras Government, 1801 : Provisional Member of Council, Madras, 1802 : confirmed as Member, 1803 : resigned, 1805 : returned to England.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Champion, Alexander

Layout 2
​CHAMPION, ALEXANDER ( ? – ? )
Second in command to (Sir Hector) Munro, 1764, when opposed to Shuja-ud-daula : in the battle of Baxar, Oct. 23, 1764 : Colonel: succeeded Sir Robert Barker, as C. in C. of the Bengal Army, June 18, 1774, to Oct. 29, 1774 : ​commanded a Brigade in 1774, asked for by the Nawab Wazir of Oudh, against the Rohillas : defeated them near Tassunih, April 23, 1774 : retired 1774 : resided at Bath many years.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Chandra, Bholanath

Layout 2
​CHANDRA, BHOLANATH (1822–)
Born 1822 : educated at the Hindu College : in 1843 became a clerk in the Union Bank, Calcutta; afterwards apprenticed to Messrs Haworth, Hardman & Co. : appointed, in 1845, their agent fortheu : Cossipur Sugar Refinery : served for 30 years : began to publish his "Travels" serially in the Englishman's Saturday Journal in 1866–7 : issued together in 2 vols, in 1869, in England, with an introduction by J. T. Wheeler (q.v.) : published, in 1894, a life of Raja Digambar Mitra, C.S.I. : an author of undoubted literary ability and powers of observation.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Chandu Lal, Maharaja

Layout 2
​CHANDU LAL, MAHARAJA (1766–1845)
Born 1766 : at first a subordinate in the Customs Department at Hyderabad under his uncle, Rai Nanak Ram : in 1806 Peshkar, and, after Mir Alam's death, became the real Minister of the Nizam's Government, though Munir-ul-mulk was Diwan : was highly regarded by Henry Russell, the Resident at Hyderabad from 1811–20. Chandu Lai ruled Hyderabad for about 35 years : retired Sep. 1843, from the Peshkarship, on a monthly pension of Rs. 30,000 : died April 15, 1845.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Chambers, Sir Robert

Layout 2
​CHAMBERS, SIR ROBERT (1737–1803)
Son of Robert Chambers, of Newcastle : born 1737 educated there and at Lincoln College, Oxford (Exhibitioner) : Fellow of University College, 1761; M.A., 1761; B.C.L., 1765; Vinerian Professor of Law, 1762–77 : Principal of New Inn Hall, Oxford, in 1766. In 1744 he joined the Calcutta Supreme Court as second Judge, Sir Elijah Impey being Chief : knighted in 1778 : lived for several years in a garden-house, at Bhawanipur : he became Chief Justice in 1791 : retired in 1799 : declined a peerage : died in Paris, May 9, 1803 : a monument by Nollekens is in the Temple Church, where he was buried. He was a friend of Dr. Johnson from 1766, and of Sir Philip Francis in Calcutta. He was one of the Judges on the trial of Nuncomar for forgery, when the latter was convicted, and hanged on Aug. 5, 1775. Chambers left some legal writings, and a collection of Sanskrit MSS.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Chamier, Henry

Layout 2
​CHAMIER, HENRY (1795–1867)
I.C.S. : educated at Haileybury, 1811–12 : went out to Madras, 1813 : entered the Secretariat, 1827 : became Chief Secretary, 1837–42 : Member of Council, Madras, Jan. 1843– Jan. 1848 : when he retired : died Feb. 4, 1867.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Chamier, Stephen

Layout 2
​CHAMIER, STEPHEN (1834–)
Born Aug. 17, 1834 : son of Henry Chamber of the Madras Civil Service : educated at Cheltenham and Addiscombe : entered the Madras Artillery, 1853 : transferred to Royal Artillery, 1861 : commanded mountain battery in Burma against the Karens, 1856 : served in the Indian mutiny, 1857–8, and was present at Cawnpur under Sir Charles Windham, at the siege of Lucknow under Sir Colin Campbell, and in the Oudh campaign : Brevet-Major, and C.B. : Inspr-General of Ordnance, Madras, 1881–6 : Lt-General, R.A.
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Secundus, a Gnostic

Secundus (1), Gnostic of 2nd cent., a disciple of Valentinus, and apparently one of the earliest of that teacher's successors, since he is the first of that school of whom Irenaeus gives an account (I. xi. 2). Irenaeus reports two things as peculiar in his teaching: (1) he divided the primary Ogdoad into two Tetrads, a right-hand and a left-hand one, the one being called light, the other darkness; (2) he did not allow the Sophia out of whose passions, according to the Valentinian theory, the material world took its origin to have been one
of the 30 primary Aeons. The short notice in Irenaeus seems the ultimate source of all authentic information about Secundus.
[G.S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Saturninus, bishop of Toulouse

Saturninus (2) (Sernin), St., martyr, first bp. and patron of Toulouse. According to his Acta, published by Surius (Nov. 29) and by Ruinart after careful revision in his Acta Sincera (pp. 128–133), Saturninus came to Toulouse in the consulship of Decius and Gratius (a.d. 251), apparently from Rome (cf. Venant. Fort. Misc. ii. 12, Migne, Patr. Lat. lxxxviii. 101). Here his preaching so exasperated the people that they put him to a shocking death by binding him to a bull, which they infuriated by goads. There were two other traditions current in early times—one that Saturninus was sent into France by St. Clement at the end of the 1st cent., the other that his mission was from the apostles themselves. The former is in Gregory of Tours (de Glor. Mart. i. 48), and the latter is as old as Venantius Fortunatus, if the Passio S. Dionysii is rightly ascribed to him (Migne, u.s. 579), and appears in many other ancient sources (see Ceillier, ii. 111 n.). Sidonius Apollinaris celebrated his martyrdom in Sapphic stanzas (Ep. ix. 16). Venantius Fortunatus has some verses on the same event, the wonder-working virtues of his tomb (Misc. ii. 11, Migne, u.s. 99), and on the beautiful church built towards the close of 6th cent. by Launibodes on the spot where he was bound to the bull and which came to be known as du Taur or du Taureau (ii. 12, col. 100).
[S.A.B.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Scapula, proconsul of Africa

Scapula, a proconsul of Africa, with whom Tertullian remonstrated for his persecution of the Christians; not because the Christians feared martyrdom, but solely because their love for their enemies made them desire to save them from the guilt of shedding innocent blood. Tertullian recounts the temporal calamities which had overtaken former persecutors of the Christians, and denounces the injustice of punishing men pure in life and loyal, and whose innocence the magistrates fully acknowledge by their evident unwillingness to proceed to extremities and by their exertions to induce the accused to withdraw their confession. If, as had been done in another province, the Christians of Carthage were to present themselves in a body before the proconsul's tribunal, the magistrate, he says, would find before him thousands of every age, sex, and rank, including many leading persons, and probably relations and intimates of his own friends, and might well shrink from severities which would decimate the city. The tract is later than the emperor Severus, of whom it speaks in the past tense.
The Scapula addressed was probably Scapula Tertullus, one of the ordinary consuls in 195. The usual interval between consulship and proconsulship was 15 to 20 years; this also would place the proconsulship not very long after Severus died on Feb. 9, 211.
[G.S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Secundus, bp. of Tigisis

Secundus (4), bp. of Tigisis, a fortified town of Numidia, in the neighbourhood of Lambese and Thamagada (Procop. Vandal. ii. 13). The persecution under Diocletian appears to have reached its height in Feb. 304, and on May 19 Paulus, bp. of Cirta, committed the act of "tradition" which partly gave rise to the proceedings in which Secundus became conspicuous. Paulus soon died, and some 11 or 12 bishops met at Cirta on Mar. 5 (according to Optatus May 8), 305, under the presidency of Secundus, as primate of Numidia, to appoint a successor. Although persecution had virtually ceased, the churches were not yet restored, and the assembly met in the house of Urbanus, where they ordained Silvanus. Optatus says that amid the uproar of mutual incrimination [DONATISM] Purpurius of Limata taxed Secundus with tradition, because, instead of leaving his post of duty before the inquisition, he remained until dismissed in safety, which would not have been the case unless he had purchased his safety by act of surrender. On this a murmur arose in the assembly, and Secundus, in alarm, accepted a method of escape suggested by his nephew Secundus the younger, that such questions as this of personal conduct ought to be left to the judgment of the Almighty, a judicious evasion received with acclamation by all (Opt. i. 14; Aug. Ep. 43. 6).
When, on the death of Mensurius, bp. of Carthage, a.d. 311, Caecilian was appointed to succeed him, Secundus was sent for in haste to preside at a meeting of 70 malcontents at Carthage, and their factious opposition resulted in the schismatic appointment of Majorinus (Opt i. 19; Aug. Parm. i. 5). The case was brought up afresh at the conference of 411. Tillem. vi. 5–14; Morcelli, Afr. Chr. ii. 194–207; Ribbek, Aug. und Don. pp. 52–57, 69; Sparrow Simpson, St. Aug. and Afr. Ch. Divisions (1910), p. 32.
[H.W.P.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Saturninus, bishop of Arles

Saturninus (21), 8th bp. of Arles, a pillar of Arianism in the West. In the winter of 353 he presided at the council of Arles, which, in the presence of Constantius, condemned Athanasius and sentenced Paulinus of Trèves to deprivation and exile. About this time Hilary, bp. of Poictiers, appeared on the scene, and was henceforth in the West the champion of orthodoxy against Saturninus, Ursacius, Valens, and the emperor. In 356 Saturninus presided at the council of Béziers, which decreed the exile of Hilary; and it seems probable from allusions in Hilary's writings that he was also at the council of Rimini in 359, and was one of the legates dispatched thence to the emperor at Constantinople (Hil. ad Const. Aug. ii. 3; Migne, Patr. Lat. x. 565). This seems to have been the zenith of the bishop's fortune. Hilary, not long after, returned to Gaul; and Saturninus, still unbending in his opposition, was deprived of his see, and even excommunicated, as is thought, at the 1st council of Paris in 362.
[S.A.B.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Scillitan Martyrs

Scillitan Martyrs, 12 martyrs at Carthage (one of them Felix) from the African town of Scillita. According to their Acta, one of the women, Donata, when they were called upon by the consul, Saturninus, to sacrifice, replied, "We render honour to Caesar as Caesar, but worship and prayers to God alone." On receiving their sentence they thanked God. It was Ruinart's theory that the Scillitan Martyrs suffered under Sept. Severus between 198 and 202. M. Léon Renier, an eminent French archaeologist, however, noticed that the first line of the received codices of the Acts of these martyrs gave the names of the consuls for the year of the martyrdom very variously, a fragment published by Mabillon (Vet. Analect. t. iv. p. 155) reading, "Praesidente bis Claudiano consule." He therefore suggested that the word "bis" ought to follow a proper name indicating a second consulship, and that the word "consule" ought to be replaced by "consulibus." Finding, moreover, in the Fasti the names Praesens II. and Condianus as consuls for 180, he proposed that the first line of our Acts should be read, "Praesente bis et Condiano Consulibus." Then in 1881 Usener, a Bonn professor, published a hitherto unknown text of these Acts from a Greek MS. in the Bibl. Nat. of Paris, dating from the end of 9th cent., and explicitly naming the very two consuls Renier suggested, Praesens II. and Condianus. There is no mention of Severus. It quite correctly speaks of one emperor, since Commodus on July 17, 180, was sole emperor. The proconsul of Africa is Saturninus. He continues the policy of the previous reign, which is not yet modified by the domestic influences which led Commodus to favour the Christians. In 177 persecution had raged at Lyons. It was now the turn of Africa. Usener regarded the Gk. text discovered by him as a translation from Latin. Aubé, viewing the Gk. text of Usener as an original document and the source of all the Latin texts, replied to Usener's arguments, pointing out that Greek was largely spoken at Carthage in the latter half of 2nd cent., and urging many critical considerations from a comparison of the Latin and Greek texts which seem to support his view. For a further discussion of the question see Aubé and Usener. To the Biblical critic these Acts in both shapes are interesting, as indicating the position held by St. Paul's Epp. in 180 in the N. African church. The proconsul asked the martyr Speratus what books they kept laid up m their bookcases? He replied, Our books, or, as the Latin version puts it, the four Gospels of our Lord Jesus Christ, and in addition the Epistles of Paul the holy man. Etude sur un nouveau texte des Actes des Martyrs Scillitains (Paris, 1881); cf. Lightfoot's Ignatius, t. i. p. 507.
[G.T.S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Sebastianus, martyr at Rome

Sebastianus (2), Jan. 20, military martyr at Rome under Diocletian. He was of Milan, where he commanded the first cohort. He confessed Christ, and was shot (apparently) to death with arrows in the camp. He was celebrated in the time of St. Ambrose (Enarr. in Ps. 118, No. 44), and is the favourite saint of Italian women, and regarded as the protector against the plague. His symbol is an arrow.
[G.T.S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Secundinus, a poet

Secundinus (11), a poet, a contemporary and correspondent of Sidonius Apollinaris (Ep. v. 8) who apparently highly esteemed Secundinus as a writer of hexameter verse on minor subjects, such as royal hunting parties and marriages. Secundinus afterwards attempted satire, and Sidonius highly commends a composition in hendecasyllabic metre, urging him to continue this kind of composition. It appears (Ep. ii. 10) that some of his hexameters were inscribed upon the wall of the basilica built at Lyons by Patiens (bishop c. 451–491), and he may have been one of the many minor poets who flourished at Lyons in the latter half of 5th cent.
[H.A.W.]