OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Title

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​TITLE (O. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. tilulus), an inscription prefixed to a book or other writing, designating the name by which it is to be known, and in many cases indicating the scope of the book or some idea of the nature of its contents. Further, the term is extended to the descriptive heading or caption to a document, such as a deed or other instrument, or to a bill or act of parliament. Another general meaning is that of an appellation of rank (see Titles of Honour, and the articles Emperor, King, Prince, Majesty, Highness, Duke, &c.). In law “title” is equivalent to right of ownership. The instruments in writing forming the evidences of the title to land are the title-deeds (see Conveyancing; Land Registration). In ecclesiastical usage, the word “title” (tilulus) are used of certain churches in Rome to which districts were attached, their history being of importance in the evolution of the Roman cardinal ate (see Cardinal). It was also used, as now, for a condition precedent to ordination, in the early Roman Church an appointment to officiate in a particular church; this was extended gradually from the idea of locality to that of evidence of means of support. In the Church of England the candidate must have “some certain place where he can exercise his function”; for deacon’s orders he must have a nomination to a curacy, and for priest’s orders either that or a presentation to a. living. A fellowship or chaplaincy at the university of Oxford or Cambridge is also a sufficient “title.”,
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tite, Sir William

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​TITE, SIR WILLIAM (1798–1873), British architect, the son of a Russian merchant, was born in London in February 1798. From 1817 to 1820 he assisted in the rebuilding of the body of the church of St Dunstan-in-the-East, and in compiling its history. Between 1827 and 1828 he built the Scottish church, Regent Square, for Edward Irving, and ten years later collaborated with Charles Robert Cockerell in designing the London & Westminster Bank, Lothbury. The rebuilding of the Royal Exchange, opened in 1844, was, however, Tite's greatest undertaking. He also designed many of the early railway stations in England, including the termini of the London & South-Western railway at Vauxhall (Nine Elms) and Southampton; the terminus at Blackwall, 1840; the citadel station at Carlisle, 1847–1848; the majority of the stations on the Caledonian and Scottish Central railways, including Edinburgh, 1847–1848; Chiswick, 1849; Windsor, 1850; and the stations on the Exeter & Yeovil railway. The stations on the line from Havre to Paris are also his work. Between 1853 and 1854 he planned the Woking Cemetery, and between 1858 and 1859 he built a memorial church in the Byzantine style at Gerrard's Cross, Buckinghamshire. Tite's active work ceased about twenty years before his death. In 1851 he visited Italy after a grave illness. In 1854 he contested Barnstaple unsuccessfully as a Liberal, but in the following year was returned to parliament for Bath, which he represented until his death. He keenly opposed Sir George Gilbert Scott's proposal to build the new foreign office and other government buildings adjacent to the treasury in the Gothic style. In 1869 he was knighted, and in 1870 was made a Companion of the Bath. He died on the 20th of April 1873. Tite had a wide knowledge of English literature and was a good linguist; he was an active citizen and a lover of old books.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tithonus

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​TITHONUS, in Greek legend, according to Homer son of Laomedon, king of Troy and husband of Eos (the morning). In the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, Eos is said to have carried him off because of his great beauty. She entreated Zeus that he might live for ever; this was granted, but she forgot to ask ​for immortal youth for him. He became a hideous old man; Eos then shut him up in a chamber; his voice “flowed on unceasingly,” but his limbs were helpless. A later development is the change of Tithonus into a grasshopper, after Eos had been obliged to wrap him like a child in swaddling-clothes and to put him to sleep in a kind of cradle. He was probably associated with the Trojan royal house, since the inhabitants of the original home of the legend (probably central or northern Greece) looked upon the East, the land of the morning, as the home of Eos. In some versions she is said to have carried him away still farther East, to the land of Ethiopia near the ocean streams; this is euhemeristically referred by Diodorus Siculus to an expedition undertaken against Ethiopia by Tithonus, son of Laomedon.
It is probable that Tithonus was originally a sun-god; the scholiast on Iliad, xi. 5, who calls him Titan, identifies him with Apollo, and there are many points of resemblance between him and the sun-god Helios. The story is generally regarded as an allegorical representation of the fresh morning sun dried up by the heat of the advancing day. Possibly it is merely intended as a warning to mortals not to unite with immortals, lest they incur the jealousy and wrath of the gods.
See Homer, Iliad, xi. I, xix. 237; Hymn in Venerem, 219 sqq., with Allen and Sikes’s notes; Apollodorus iii. 12, 4; Diod. Siculus iv. 75; Horace, Odes, ii. 16, 30; Propertius iii. 10 (18); O. Gruppe, Griechische Mythologie, i. 313, n. 16, who attributes a Milesian origin to the story; articles “Eos” by Rapp in Roscher’s Lexikon der Mythologie and by Escher in Pauly-Wissowa’s Realencyclopädie.
# A Chapter on Slavery/Contents

Contents
CONTENTS.
SECTION I. :
| general view of the subject — slavery in ancient times — in the middle ages, | 1 |
| SECTION II. ||
| slavery in russia, | 14 |
| SECTION III. ||
| slavery in africa, | 31 |
| SECTION IV. ||
| the republic of liberia, | 61 |
| SECTION V. ||
| distinct character of the colored race — why the african slave trade has been permitted — emigration of the free blacks to liberia, | 95 |
| SECTION VI. ||
| slavery in america — its origin — and the probable manner of its removal, | 120 |
# A Chapter on Slavery

Contents
CONTENTS.
SECTION I. :
| general view of the subject — slavery in ancient times — in the middle ages, | 1 |
| SECTION II. ||
| slavery in russia, | 14 |
| SECTION III. ||
| slavery in africa, | 31 |
| SECTION IV. ||
| the republic of liberia, | 61 |
| SECTION V. ||
| distinct character of the colored race — why the african slave trade has been permitted — emigration of the free blacks to liberia, | 95 |
| SECTION VI. ||
| slavery in america — its origin — and the probable manner of its removal, | 120 |
# A Chapter on Slavery/Preface

Contents
PREFACE.
This little work is entitled A Chapter on Slavery, because it was originally written as a Chapter of the author's lately published work, God Manifest. The object of that work was to set forth the goodness and wisdom of God, as manifested in his works and Word, and also to explain the reasons for the permission of evil in the world. In elucidating the latter subject, various evils, moral, physical, and social, were cited as examples, and the causes of their permission sought to be made plain. Slavery was one of the evils intended to be dwelt upon, and its origin shown, together with the reasons for its temporary permission, under Divine Providence, and the probable mode of its future removal. But the Chapter, when written out, being found to be quite disproportionate, in length, to its proper place in a work of that general character, it was thought best to omit it from that work, and publish it in a separate form. Hence the present publication.
​In treating this interesting subject, the author has striven to speak in a calm and dispassionate manner,—the only way, indeed, in which a matter involving such great and varied interests ought to be spoken of. He has endeavored to look at it not merely from a civil and a moral point of view, but also from a spiritual one—from which it has not, perhaps, been sufficiently contemplated. He has sought to show the workings of a Divine Providence in the permission of negro slavery, the probable object of that permission, and the means already in operation by which the same Providence designs to bring it gradually to an end. He has sought to make the reflecting, and particularly the religious, portion of the community who are interested in this subject, feel and realize—what in principle they must know to be true—that this great concern, affecting, as it does, the welfare of so many millions of human beings, has not been abandoned by an overruling Providence, and is by no means disregarded by a God of goodness—as some in their haste and passion seem to think—but that He is working for it quietly, but effectively, and that in due time He will show His hand, and bring forth the desired result.
Finally, the writer has endeavored, in discussing this somewhat exciting subject, to do justice to all parties concerned: to exonerate the Americans, his countrymen, so far as he thinks they deserve exoneration; to ​lay upon the European originators of American slavery their due share of the blame; but, especially, to show that in Africa itself is to be sought the true fountain and source of the slavery of Africans in the New World: thus, that negro slavery is but another instance of evil and moral degradation punishing itself. Yet, in conclusion, looking rather to the future than to the present or the past, he has endeavored to hold out the hope of a final deliverance from this evil, and to show the means by which he believes that deliverance is ultimately to be accomplished.
    September 24, 1860.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stile

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​STILE, a series of steps of stone or wood, or a combination of bars and steps used for passing over a fence or wall without the necessity of a permanent open passage or of opening or shutting a gate. The Old English, stigel is formed from stigan, to climb, ascend; stair (O. Eng. staeger) and stirrup are from the same root. Stile (Lat. stilus, a pointed instrument) is really the correct spelling of style (q.v.).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stické

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​STICKÉ, a game played in an enclosed court, taking its name from “sphairistiké” the parent of lawn-tennis. The implements are an ordinary lawn-tennis racket and lawn-tennis balls not covered with flannel. The walls of the court may be made of wood, cement or brick to the height of 9 or 10 ft., with netting above—unless the court is roofed—to prevent the balls from going out: the floor may be of wood, cement or asphalt, perfect accuracy not being essential. The dimensions of the court are 78 ft. by 27 ft.; it is bisected longitudinally by a painted line, laterally by a net 3 ft. 6 in. high, above which is stretched a tape 8 ft. from the ground. In each of the corners a 9-ft. square (the “service” court) is painted, and 18 ft. from each back wall lines (“service” lines) are drawn across the breadth of the court. The rules are similar to those of lawn-tennis, except that a ball can only be “out of court” if it is struck over the walls.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stifter, Adalbert

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​STIFTER, ADALBERT (1805–1868), Austrian author, was born at Oberplan in Bohemia on the 23rd of October 1805, the son of a linen weaver. Having studied at the university of Vienna, he became tutor to Richard, eldest son of Prince Metternich, and obtained in 1849 the appointment as school inspector with the title of Schulrat in Linz, where he lived until his death on the 28th of January 1868. As early as 1840 Stifter had made his name known by his Feldblumen, a collection of charming little sketches, but his fame chiefly rests upon his Studien (1844–1851) in which he gathered together his early writings. These sketches of scenery and rural life are among the best and purest examples of German prose. Among other of his works may be cited Bunte Steine (1853), Nachsommer (1857), Witiko (1864–1867), and Briefe, which appeared posthumously in 1869.
Stifter’s Sämtliche Werke were published in 17 vols. in 1870. There are also editions of selected works in 4 vols. (1887) and in 6 vols. (1899). A critical edition by A. Sauer is in preparation. Stifter’s letters were published by J. Aprent in 3 vols. (1869). See E. Kuh, Zwei Dichter Österreichs (1872); K. Pröll, A. Stifter, der Dichter des Böhmerwaldes (Vortrag, 1891); J. K. Markus, A. Stifter (2nd ed., 1879); A. R. Hein, A. Stifter (1904); T. Klaiber, A. Stifter (1905); W. Kosch, A. Stifter und die Romantik (1905).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stick-insect

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​STICK-INSECT, the name given to certain orthopterous insects of the family Phasmidae, of extremely variable form and size, and deriving their name from a resemblance to the branches and twigs of the trees in which they live and feed. The resemblance is produced by the great length and slenderness of the body and legs. Protection is afforded to some species, like Heteropteryx grayi from Borneo, by sharp thornlike spines. The anterior wings, when present, are always small; but the posterior wings are sometimes of large size and very beautifully coloured. The colouring, however, is only visible when the wings are expanded and in use. Many species are wingless at all ages. As in the leaf-insects, to which the stick-insects are closely allied, the egg-cases are very similar to seeds. Stick-insects are intolerant of cold, and attain their largest size and greatest profusion of species in the tropics, one West African species, Palophus centaurus, reaching a length of 9 in. Species of small size are found in southern Europe, one belonging to the genus Bacillus advancing as far north as the middle of France.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stier, Rudolf Ewald

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​STIER, RUDOLF EWALD (1800–1862), German Protestant divine and mystic, was born at Fraustadt in Posen on the 17th of March 1800. He studied at Halle and Berlin, first law and afterwards theology; and he continued his theological studies later at the pastoral seminary of Wittenberg. In 1824 he was made professor in the Missionary Institute at Basel. Afterwards he held pastorates at Frankleben near Merseburg (1829) and at Wichlinghausen in the Wupperthal (1838). In 1850 he was appointed superintendent at Schkeuditz, and in 1859 at Eisleben. He published a new edition of Luther’s Catechism and a translation of the Bible based on that of Luther; but he is noted chiefly for his thoughtful, devotional and mystical commentary on the words of the Lord (Reden des Herrn, 3 vols., 1843; 3rd ed., 7 vols., 1870–1874; Eng. trans., 8 vols., 1855–1858; 3 vols., 1869). He died at Eisleben on the 16th of December 1862.
His other works, besides commentaries on the Psalms, Second Isaiah, Proverbs, Ephesians, Hebrews, Epistles of James and Jude, include: Die Reden der Apostel (2 vols., 1824–1830; Eng. trans., 1869) and Die Reden der Engel in der heiligen Schrift (1862). Cf. J. P. Lacroix, The Life of R. Stier (New York, 1874).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stilbite

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​STILBITE, a mineral of the zeolite group consisting of hydrated calcium aluminium silicate, CaAl$_2$(SiO$_3$)$_6$+6H$_2$O. Usually a small proportion of the calcium is replaced by sodium. Crystals are monoclinic, and are invariably twinned, giving rise to complex groups and characteristic sheaf-like aggregates. The colour is usually white, sometimes red, and on the perfect cleavage (parallel to the plane of symmetry) the lustre is markedly pearly; hence the name stilbite given by R. J. Haüy in 1796, from Gr. στίλβειν, to shine. After the separation of heulandite from this species in 1818, the name desmine (from δέσμη, a bundle) was proposed, and this name is now employed in Germany. The hardness is 31/2; and the specific gravity 2·2. Stilbite is a mineral of secondary origin, and occurs with other zeolites in the amygdaloidal cavities of basic volcanic rocks; it is sometimes found in granite and gneiss, and exceptionally in metalliferous veins. It is abundant in the volcanic rocks of Iceland, Faeroe Islands, Island of Skye, Bay of Fundy, in Nova Scotia and elsewhere. Beautiful, salmon-pink crystals occur with pale green apophyllite in the Deccan traps near Bombay and Poona; white sheaf-like groups encrust the calcite (Iceland-spar) of Berufjord near Djupivogr in Iceland; and crystals of a brick-red colour are found at Old Kilpatrick in Dumbartonshire.  (L. J. S.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stigand

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​STIGAND (d. 1072), archbishop of Canterbury, is first mentioned in 1020. He was then chaplain to Canute and afterwards to his son, Harold Harefoot, and after the death of the former king appears to have acted as the chief adviser of his widow, Emma. In 1043 he was consecrated bishop of Elmham and in 1047 was translated to Winchester; he supported Earl Godwine in his quarrel with Edward the Confessor, and in 1052 arranged the peace between the earl and the king. In this year the archbishop of Canterbury, Robert of Jumieges, having been outlawed and driven from England, Stigand was appointed to the archbishopric; but, regarding Robert as the rightful archbishop, Pope Leo IX. and his two successors refused to recognize him. In 1058, however, Benedict X. gave him the pall, but this pope was deposed in the following year. Stigand is said by Norman writers to have crowned Harold in January 1066; but it is now probable that this ceremony was performed by Aldred, archbishop of York. Stigand submitted to William, and assisted at his coronation. But the Conqueror was anxious to get rid of him, although he took him in his train to Normandy in 1067. In 1070 he was deposed by the papal legates and was imprisoned at Winchester, where he died, probably on the 22nd of February 1072. Stigand was an avaricious man and a great pluralist, holding the bishopric of Winchester after he became archbishop of Canterbury, in addition to several abbeys.
See E. A. Freeman, The Norman Conquest (1870–1876), vols. ii., iii. and iv.; and J. R. Green, The Conquest of England (1899), vol. ii.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Loqueyssie, Madame de

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LOQUEYSSIE, MADAME DE,
A German artist residing in Dresden, has acquired great celebrity in her profession. She is an excellent copyist. In particular she counterfeits rather than copies Correggio's Magdalene so beautifully that she is paid one hundred guineas for each copy. In this department of art women are fitted to excel.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Longueville, Duchess de

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LONGUEVILLE, DUCHESS DE,
Sister of the great Condé, was the daughter of Henry, Prince de Condé, and of Marguerite de Montmorenci. She married Henry d'Orleans, Duke de Longueville, who, though brave, intelligent, and virtuous, preferred a quiet and retired life; and soon withdrew from the wars of the Fronde, in which his wife had induced him to take an active part, to his own estate. The duchess, whose character was very different, embraced with warm ardour the views of that party, whose heroine she soon, from her high birth, beauty, and intrepidity, became. Her influence and charms were of great ​to the Frondeurs, by inducing the celebrated Turenne and the Duke de la Rochefoucauld to join them. Turenne, however, soon returned to his allegiance to the king; but the duke remained faithful to the last, "à ses beaux yeux"
After the amicable termination of the civil war, the duchess was received into the favour of Louis the Thirteenth, and from that time devoted herself to literature, and united with her illustrious brothers, the great Condé, and the Prince de Condé, in encouraging rising genius. On the death of the Duke de Longueville, she left the court, and consecrated the remainder of her days to the most austere penitence. She had a house built at Port-Royal aux Champe where, although she renounced "the pomps and vanities of the world," she still retained her love for society, and the conversation of intelligent persons. The recluses at Port-Royal were all people who had acquired a high reputation while they lived in the world. Human glory followed them to their hermitage, all the more because they disdained it.
The Duchess de Longueville died April 16th., 1679, at the age of sixty-one. She left no children.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Losa, Isabella

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LOSA, ISABELLA,
A native of Cordova, Spain, was so illustrious for her knowledge of Greek, Latin, and Hebrew, that she was honoured with the degree of D.D. When she became a widow, she took the habit of St. Clair, went to Italy, and founded there the hospital of Loretto where she ended her days, in acts of devotion and benevolence, March 5th., 1546, aged seventy-three.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Londonderry, Marchioness of

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LONDONDERRY, MARCHIONESS OF,
By birth Harriet Vane, has written an elaborate description of her travels and adventures, entitled, "Visit to the Courts of Vienna, Constantinople," etc., published in 1844, It is fortunate for literature that ladies of rank take an interest and a share in its productions.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Louisa Augusta Wilhelmina Amelia

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LOUISA AUGUSTA WILHELMINA AMELIA,
Queen of Prussia, daughter of Charles, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, was born at Hanover, where her father was commandant, March 10th., 1776. In 1793, she and her sister were presented at Frankfort to the King of Prussia. The prince-royal was struck with her beauty, and married her, December 24th., 1793. It was a union of mutual affection. Her husband became king, November 16th., 1797; and she fulfilled all the duties of this high station so admirably, as well as those of wife and mother, that she was almost worshipped by the people, as well as by her husband and those immediately around her. In 1806, when Prussia was suffering severely from the burdens of war, this good queen, by her solicitude for others, even while oppressed with heavy cares and sorrows of her own, was the theme of general praise. Her beauty, her grace, her benevolent and lofty character, attracted the hearts of all, and her goodness won the confidence of the nation. She died in 1810.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Lois and Eunice

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LOIS AND EUNICE,
Mother and daughter, were Jewish women, and early believers in the Christian faith; they resided at Lystra, a city of Lycaonia. Eunice was the mother of Timothy, who was the first bishop of the Ephesians, and the favourite convert and friend of the apostle Paul. As the husband of Eunice was a Greek, the religious education of Timothy must have been entirely the work of his mother and grandmother. This is proved by what Paul says in his epistle to Timothy regarding the "unfeigned faith" of these two noble women. He judged the piety of this gifted young man by the measure of excellence they possessed; and if Timothy came up to this standard of the female soul, Paul was satisfied. Thus was the piety of woman held up as the pattern for the best of men, by the sternest and most masculine mind among the apostles. See Acts, chap. xvi., and 2 Timothy, chap. i.