OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Macvicar, John Gibson

​MACVICAR, JOHN GIBSON (1800–1884), author, born at Dundee on 16 March 1800, was second son of Patrick Macvicar, minister of St. Paul's, Dundee, by his first wife, Agnes, daughter of John Gibson, minister of Mains, Forfarshire (Hew Scott, Fasti Eccl. Scot. vol. iii. pt. ii. p. 696). After being educated privately he entered in 1814 the university of St. Andrews, where he won a prize for mathematics and the medal for natural philosophy. Then proceeding to Edinburgh he studied chemistry, anatomy, and natural history, besides the ordinary subjects. He was licensed as a preacher by the presbytery of Dundee, but before receiving a call was appointed in 1827 to a new lectureship in natural history instituted at St. Andrews, which Dr. ​Chalmers had been instrumental in founding. Here he commenced to form a museum, and lectured vigorously. In 1831 the royal commission recommended the change of the lectureship into a chair. Subsequently he was engaged as assistant to Dr. Candlish [q. v.] in St. George's parish, Edinburgh. In 1839 he became pastor of a newly established branch of the Scottish church in Ceylon. He came home on furlough in 1852, and in July 1853 was inducted into the parish of Moffat, Dumfriesshire, on the presentation of John James Hope Johnstone of Annandale. There he died on 12 Feb. 1884. On 2 Jan. 1840 he married Miss J. R. Macdonald of Kinlochmoidart, Inverness-shire, granddaughter of Dr. William Robertson the historian. She survived him, together with a large family. He was D.D. of Edinburgh and LL.D. of St. Andrews.
While a student at Edinburgh Macvicar contributed a paper 'On the Germination of Ferns' to vol. x. of the 'Transactions of the Edinburgh Philosophical Society,' and a description of 'A Double-stroke Completely Exhausting Air-pump' to the 'Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,' In 1828 he was appointed editor of the 'Quarterly Journal of Agriculture,' started under the auspices of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland. He also issued:
* 'Elements of the Economy of Nature; or the Principles of Physics, Chemistry, and Physiology,' 8vo, Edinburgh, 1830; 2nd edit. 8vo, London, 1856.
* 'Inquiries concerning the Medium of light and the Form of its Molecules,' 8vo, Edinburgh, 1833.
* 'On the Beautiful, the Picturesque, and the Sublime,' London, 8vo, 1837; reproduced as 'The Philosophy of the Beautiful With Illustrations,' 8vo, Edinburgh, 1855.
* 'The Catholic Spirit of True Religion,' 1840.
* 'An Inquiry into Human Nature,' 8vo, Edinburgh, 1853, his best-known work, written in Ceylon.
* 'The First Lines of Science Simplified, and the Structure of Molecules Attempted,' 8vo, Edinburgh, 1860.
* 'A Sketch of a Philosophy,' four parts, 8vo, London, 1868–74.
* 'A Science Primer. On the Nature of Things With Illustrations,' 8vo, Edinburgh, 1878;
afterwards embodied in
* 'A Supplement to "A Sketch of a Philosophy,"' 8vo, London, 1881.
[Scotsman, 13 Feb. 1884, p. 9; Athenæum, 16 Feb. 1884, p. 220.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Madan, Spencer (1758-1836)

​MADAN, SPENCER (1758–1836), translator of Grotius, born in 1758, was the eldest son of Spencer Madan [q. v.], bishop of Peterborough, by his first wife, Lady Charlotte, second daughter of Charles, earl Cornwallis. He became a king's scholar at Westminster School in 1771, and was elected to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1776. He obtained Sir William Browne's medal for Latin epigram in 1778, and on 11 Dec. of the same year was created M.A. In 1782 his poem ‘The Call of the Gentiles’ (Cambridge, 1782, 4to) gained the Seatonian prize. He undertook, ‘as a preparatory exercise for holy orders,’ a translation of Grotius's ‘De Veritate,’ &c., which was published in 1782 as ‘Hugo Grotius on the Truth of Christianity, translated into English’ (8vo). Other editions followed in 1792 and 1814.
Madan was curate of Wrotham, Kent (1782–3), and in 1783 became rector of Bradley Magna, Suffolk. He afterwards (1786) was presented by his uncle, the Bishop of Lichfield, to the prebend and vicarage of Tachbrook, Warwickshire, but soon exchanged the prebend for the rectory of Ibstock, Leicestershire, which he held till his death. In 1787 he was given the rectory of St. Philip's, Birmingham, and resigned the Tachbrook vicarage. He succeeded his father in 1788 as chaplain in ordinary to the king. In 1790 he became canon residentiary of Lichfield, in 1794 chancellor of the diocese of Peterborough, and in 1800 prebendary of that cathedral. While at Birmingham he promoted a subscription for the erection there of ‘a free church … for the use of the lower classes,’ and himself contributed 500l.
Madan had a controversy in 1790 with Priestley, who published ‘Familiar Letters addressed to the Inhabitants of Birmingham,’ in answer to Madan's sermon on ‘The Principal Claims of the Dissenters considered.’ Madan replied with ‘A Letter to Dr. Priestley’ [1790], 8vo. In 1809 he proceeded D.D. at Cambridge, and on resigning St. Philip's in the same year through ill-health was presented to the living of Thorpe Constantine, Staffordshire, which he held till 1824. In October 1833 he was attacked with paralysis, from which he only partially recovered. He died on 9 Oct. 1836 at Ibstock, aged 78, and was buried in a family vault at Thorpe. His children erected a tablet in Lichfield Cathedral to his memory. Madan was a kindly and courteous man. Anna Seward described him when a young man as ‘unaffected, graceful, interesting’ (Gent. Mag. 1857, pt. i. p. 206). Madan married in 1791 Henrietta, daughter of William Inge of Thorpe Constantine, and had eleven children.
[Gent. Mag. 1837, pt. i. pp. 205–7; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Welch's Alumni Westmonast. p. 406.]
W. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Madan, Spencer (1729-1813)

​MADAN, SPENCER (1729–1813), bishop successively of Bristol and Peterborough. younger brother of Martin Madan [q. v.] Born in 1729, he was sent to Westminster School in 1742, whence in 1746 he passed to Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1749 he graduated B.A. as third wrangler, M.A. 1753, D.D. 1756. He was at first intended for the bar, like his elder brother, but shortly after took holy orders. In 1753 he was elected to a fellowship at his college, but after short residence became vicar of Haxhay with the rectory of West Halton, both in Lincolnshire. In 1761 he was appointed chaplain in ordinary to the king, a position which he held till 1787, being also from 1770 to 1794 prebendary of Peterborough, and at the same time rector of Castor in Northamptonshire. In 1776 he was appointed to the sinecure rectory of Ashley in Berkshire, and in 1793 was promoted to the see of Bristol, where he was consecrated bishop on 3 June. Early in 1794, on the death of John Hinchliffe [q. v.], he was translated to Peterborough, where he remained till his death, at the age of eighty-four, on 8 Nov. 1811. He was buried in Peterborough Cathedal, and his tomb bears the well-known lines:
In sacred sleep the pious bishop lies:
Say not in death—a good man never dies.
Madan was distinguished from his Cambridge days to the end of his life by simple and even austere habits. It was his custom to rise early and light his own fire, in order to pursue the study of the Scriptures in the original Hebrew and Greek, before the general work of the day began. It is recorded by those who knew him personally that he was a man of unobtrusive and primitive piety, passionately fond of music, and deeply read ​in Hebrew. When starting on his last round of confirmations and visitations in 1813, at the age of eighty-four, he said that he preferred to die in the discharge of his duty rather than to live a little longer by neglect of it.
Madan was twice married, first to Lady Charlotte, second daughter of Charles Cornwallis, first earl Cornwallis (d. 1794, aged 68, buried in the Abbey Church at Bath), by whom he had two sons, Spencer, who is separately noticed, and William Charles, who became a colonel in the army, and a daughter (Charlotte). In 1796 the bishop married, secondly, Mary Vyse, daughter of William Vyse of Lichfield and sister of William Vyse (1741-1816), archdeacon of Coventry. Madan left no issue by his second marriage.
Madan only published, besides single sermons in 1795 (two), 1799, and 1803, 'Observations on the Question between the present Lessee of the Prebendal Estate of Sawley and the Curate of that place,' a scandalous case, 1810. There is an engraving of Madan by T. Cheesman from a picture by J. Barry.
[Cumberland's Memoirs of Himself, p. 105; Gent. Mag. 1813 pt. ii. pp. 509, 703, 1814 pt. ii. p. 99, 1815 pt. i. p. 275; Nichos's Leicestershire, iv. 760.]
F. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Maddison, Ralph

​MADDISON or MADDESTONE, Sir RALPH (1571?–1655?), economic writer, born about 1571, was eldest son of Edward Maddison of Fonaby, Lincolnshire, by his wife Katharine, daughter of Ralph Bosville of Bradbourne, Kent. He was knighted at Whitehall in 1603, and was frequently employed by James I in commercial affairs. He was a member of the royal commission on the woollen trade in 1622, but on the reappointment of the commission in 1625 his name was omitted. He endeavoured, however, to bring his views to the notice of the commissioners, and he wrote to the king on ‘the depth of the mystery of trade.’ In 1640, when it was proposed to supply the king's financial necessities by debasing the currency, Maddison wrote to him (7 July), pointing out the evils which would result from such a measure. ‘A man of good affections to the parliament’ (Tanner MSS. lvi. 54), he advanced money to it during the civil war. During the Commonwealth he appears to have held some office in the mint. The committee on the coinage (August 1649) were instructed to confer with him upon the value of gold. He died probably about the end of 1655.
Maddison married, about 1594, Mary, daughter of Robert Williamson of Walkeringham, Nottinghamshire, by whom he had several children.
Maddison published ‘England's Looking in and out; presented to the High Court ​of Parliament now assembled,’ London, 1640, 8vo, reprinted in 1641. The pamphlet contains a clear statement of the theory of the balance of trade. The sections on currency and the foreign exchange are based upon Gerard Malynes's ‘Lex Mercatoria.’ The pamphlet was reprinted, with only a few verbal changes, as ‘Great Britain's Remembrancer, Looking in and out; tending to the Increase of the Monies of the Commonwealth. Presented to his Highness the Lord Protector and to the High Court of Parliament now assembled,’ London, 1655, 8vo. New chapters, however, were added, in which the author recommended the establishment of a bank, a council for mint affairs, and free ports.
[Rymer's Fœdera, xvii. 410, xviii. 81; Cal. State Papers, Dom. (Jac. I), xliii. 20, cxxxi. 106, ib. (Car. I), xiv. 18, 19, ccccxxxi. 26, ccccclxi. 74, ib. 1649–50, ii. 12, iii. 113; Cal. Committee for Advance of Money, pt. i. p. 173; Burke's Landed Gentry, ii. 1045.]
W. A. S. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Papillon, David

​PAPILLON, DAVID (1581–1655?), architect and military engineer, younger son of Thomas Papillon, captain of the guard and valet-de-chambre to Henri IV of France, by his wife Jeanne Vieue de la Pierre, was born in France on 14 April 1581. The family was Huguenot, and contributed a victim to the massacre of St. Bartholomew. To it belonged Clement Marot's friend, Almanque Papillon (1487–1559), author of ‘Le Nouvel Amour,’ and valet-de-chambre to François I; probably also Antoine Papillon, the friend of Erasmus. In 1588 David Papillon's mother sailed with him and his two sisters for England. Their ship was wrecked off Hythe; the mother perished, the children were saved, and, though their father continued to reside in France until his death, were brought up in England, probably by relatives domiciled in London. David adopted the profession of architect and military engineer, throve, and purchased an estate at Lubbenham, Leicestershire, and built thereon Papillon Hall. He was treasurer of Leicestershire from 1642 to 1646. He published in 1645 an ‘Essay on Fortification,’ and gave effect to his principles in the following year by fortifying Gloucester for the parliament. He was author of a moral and religious essay entitled ‘The Vanity of the Lives and Passions of Men,’ London, 1651, 4to; and left in manuscript a philosophical essay on forms of government, entitled ‘Several Political and Military Observations,’ and a French version of the ‘Comfort to the Afflicted,’ and two other works of the puritan divine, Robert Bolton [q. v.] He probably did not live to see the Restoration. A portrait, engraved by Cross, is prefixed to his ‘Essay on Fortification.’
Papillon married twice. His first wife (m. 1611, d. 1614) was Marie, daughter of Jean Castel, probably pastor, as Papillon was deacon, of the French church in London. His second wife (m. 4 July 1615) was Anne Marie, granddaughter of Giuliano Calandrini, a convert to the reformed faith, who migrated from Lucca to Lyons between 1557 and 1567, and died at Sedan some time after the massacre of St. Bartholomew.
Papillon had issue by both wives, his seventh and youngest child being Thomas Papillon [q. v.]
[A. F. W. Papillon's Memoirs of Thomas Papillon, 1887.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Papilon, Ralph

The same person as Ralph (d.1160?), according to the ODNB.
​PAPILON or PAPYLION, RALPH, called de Arundel (d. 1223), abbot of Westminster, was a native of London (Ralph de Diceto, ii. 172), and became a monk of Westminster. In 1200 he was chosen by the monks as their abbot at Northampton in the presence of the king (ib.) He received benediction in St. Paul's, London, from William de Sancta Maria, bishop of London (Nichols, Leicestershire, ii. 708). In 1201 he was summoned to Normandy by King John (Ralph de Diceto, p. 173). At his instance the feasts of St. Laurence, St. Vincent, and St. Michael, and of the translation of St. Benedict were celebrated in copes with extra wine and pittances, and, to defray the expense, he gave the abbey the manor of Benfleet. In 1213 the house was visited by Nicholas, bishop of Tusculum and legate, and Ralph was deposed on charges of incontinency and neglect of the fabric, and his seal was broken in the chapter-house. He received the manors of Teddington and Sudbury to support himself, and died on 12 Aug. 1223 (Ann. Dunst. i. 170). He was the first abbot buried in the nave of Westminster (Widmore). He must be distinguished from Ralph (d. 1160?) [q. v.], theological writer and almoner of Westminster.
[Authorities cited.]
M. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Papworth, Edgar George

​PAPWORTH, EDGAR GEORGE (1809–1866), sculptor, born on 20 or 21 Aug. 1809, was only son of Thomas Papworth (1773–1814), ‘builder, plasterer, and architect,’ who conducted the last stucco and plastering works carried on in London on a large scale. These works were founded by Thomas's father, John Papworth (1750–1799), and were situated in Great Portland and Newman Streets. John Papworth was ‘master-plaisterer’ at St. James's and Kensington Palaces from 1780, and executed much stucco and plastering at the palaces, at Somerset House, and at Greenwich Chapel.
Edgar early exhibited talents for drawing, modelling, and design in sculpture, and at an early age was placed as a pupil with Edward Hodges Baily, R.A. [q. v.] He was living at the time at the house of his uncle, John Buonarotti Papworth [q. v.], architect. He was entered, 15 Dec. 1826, at the age of seventeen, as a student of the Royal Academy of Arts; in December 1829 he obtained the silver medal for a model from the antique; in December 1831 another silver medal for a figure; December 1833 the gold medal for a group of Leucothea presenting the scarf to Ulysses; and in 1834 he was elected to the ​travelling studentship of the academy. In 1836 he sent from Rome a Psyche. He returned home in 1837 in ill-health, but exhibited in 1838 a head of Flora, and another of Psyche.
While in Rome he made sketches for a panorama of that city; these he enlarged, and exhibited about 1844 for a short time in a gallery in Great Portland Street. He etched ‘Original Sculptural Designs,’ which he had executed in Rome, and published them in folio in 1840.
Meanwhile he continued to exhibit, chiefly busts, statuettes, and sketch designs, sent from his studio in Seymour Street, St. Pancras. The most popular of his ideal works were ‘Adam and Eve,’ executed for Mr. Foster-White, treasurer to St. Bartholomew's Hospital; ‘The Woman of Samaria,’ for Mr. James Brand; and (1856) ‘The Moabitish Maiden,’ a commission from the prince consort. Among the numerous busts of eminent men he executed those of Captain Speke, of Sir Richard Burton, and of Admiral Blake, erected in the shire hall at Taunton. Bunyan's memorial tomb in Bunhill Fields, London, was also his work. In the competition of June and July 1857 for the Wellington monument for St. Paul's Cathedral his model received the third prize of 300l., out of eighty-three designs submitted; that by Alfred Stevens was one of the five receiving 100l. each. These designs are now at South Kensington Museum.
In 1859 he exhibited at the academy ‘The Young Emigrant’ and ‘The Bride.’
In his later years his circumstances were embarrassed owing to his extravagant and careless habits. He died on 26 Sept. 1866, aged 65, and was buried in Highgate cemetery. He married Caroline Baily, daughter of his first master; she died on 22 May 1867. His eldest son, Edgar George, followed his profession.
W. P.-h.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mundy, Peter

​MUNDY, PETER (fl. 1600–1667), traveller, came from Penryn in Cornwall. In 1609 he accompanied his father to Rouen, and was then sent into Gascony to learn French. In May 1611 he went as a cabin-boy in a merchant ship, and graduaIly rose in life until he became of independent circumstances. He visited Constantinople, returning thence to London overland, and afterwards made a journey to Spain. On 6 March 1627-8 he left Blackwall for Surat, where he arrived on 30 Sept. 1628. In November 1630 he was sent to Agra, and remained there until 17 Dec. 1631, when he proceeded to Puttana on the borders of Bengal. He returned again to Agra and Surat, and left the latter town in February 1633-4, arriving off Dover on 9 Sept. 1634. This portion of his travels is contained in the Harleian MS. 2286, and in the Addit. MSS. 19278-80. In the Addit. MS. 19281 is a copy of a journal which he kept on some further voyages to India, China, and Japan, when he started from the Downs on 14 April 1636. The fleet of four ships and two pinnaces were sent forth by Sir William Courten, and Mundy seems to have been employed as a factor. This copy of his journals ends somewhat abruptly, but another manuscript in the Rawlinson collection at the Bodleian Library (Rawl A. 315) continues the narrative of his life, including journeys to Denmark, Prussia, and Russia, which lasted from 1639 to 1648. It is largely in the handwriting of a clerk, but with corrections by Mundy, who has obviously himself made all the drawings and embellishments of the volume and traced his routes in red on the maps of Hondius. It ends in 1667 after a copy of a proclamation by the king in that year, and it contains during many years notes, made after his ‘last arrivall at home,’ of the public events that he thought worthy of record, whether in London or Cornwall; comets, sea-fights, accidents, and political events, being equally attractive to him. The pen-and-ink drawings of various curiosities and instruments as well as scenes, which are contained in this journal, render it of great attraction. An extract from another manuscript of Mundy, then in the possession of Mr. Edwin Ley of Penzance, is printed in J.S.Courtney's ‘Guide to Penzance’ (pp. 15-16), and his account of the journal seems to show that it may include the narrative of some incidents not contained in the Rawlinson MS. These manuscripts of Mundy are worthy of the attention of the Hakluyt Society.
[Manuscripts referred to above; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. i. 379; information from Mr. Falconer Madan, of Bodl. Library, and Mr. John D. Enys of Enys, near Penryn. An examination of the parish registers of Gluvias in Cornwall, within which the town of Penryn is situate, has not revealed any entry of either his baptism or burial.]
W. P. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Munn, Paul Sandby

​MUNN, PAUL SANDBY (1773–1845), water-colour painter, born at Thornton Row, Greenwich, on 8 Feb. 1773, was son of James Munn, carriage decorator and landscape-painter, and Charlotte Mills, his wife. His father was an occasional exhibitor at the Old Society of Painters in Water-colours and at the Society of Artists from 1764 to 1774. Munn ​ was named after his godfather, Paul Sandby [q. v.], who gave him his first instructions in water-colour painting. He first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1798, sending some views in the Isle of Wight, and was subsequently a frequent contributor of topographical drawings to that and other exhibitions. He was elected an associate exhibitor of the old Society of Painters in Water-colours in 1806, and was for some years a contributor to their exhibitions. He was an intimate friend of John Sell Cotman [q. v.], and they made several sketching tours together at home and abroad. He drew some of the views in Britton's ‘Beauties of England and Wales.’ Munn's drawings are delicately and carefully executed, usually in pale and thin colours, resembling the tinted drawings of the early school of water-colour painting. There are examples in the South Kensington Museum and the print room, British Museum. Munn painted little after 1832, when he devoted himself chiefly to music. He married Cecilia, daughter of Captain Timothy Essex, but died without issue at Margate on 17 Feb. 1845.
[Roget's Hist. of the Old Society of Painters in Water Colours; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; information from the Rev. C. J. Rowland Berkeley and Major-general Emeric Berkeley.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mundy, Robert Miller

​MUNDY, Sir ROBERT MILLER (1813–1892), colonial governor, born in 1813, was youngest son of Edward Miller Mundy, M.P., of Shipley Hall, Derby. He entered as a cadet at Woolwich in February 1828, and became a lieutenant in the royal artillery in June 1833. In March 1841 he joined the horse artillery, and became a second captain in April 1844, and major by brevet on selling out in October 1846. After enjoying for a time a country life in Hampshire, he volunteered for service in the Turkish army on the outbreak of the Crimean war, and ​became a lieutenant-colonel in the Osmanli horse artillery till August 1856. He received the medal of the third class of Medjidié.
In September 1863 he was appointed lieutenant-governor of Grenada, West Indies, and embarked on a colonial career, acting temporarily as governor of the Windward Islands in 1865, of British Guiana from May 1866 to September 1867, again of the Windwards in 1868-9, and of the Leeward Islands in 1871. From Grenada he was transferred in February 1874 to the permanent appointment of lieutenant-governor of British Honduras, and retired on pension in 1877.
Created C.M.G. in 1874, and K.C.M.G. in 1877, he settled in Hampshire, and died at Hollybank, Emsworth, Hampshire, on 22 March 1892. He married in 1841 Isabella, daughter of General Popham of Littlecott, Wiltshire.
[Colonial 0ffice List, 1889; Burke's Peerage.]
C. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mungo

​MUNGO, Saint (518?–603). [See Kentigern.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Munnu

​MUNNU, Saint (d. 634). [See Fintan.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Munro

​MUNRO. [See also Monro.]