OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Groningen (town)

Edition of 1905. See also Groningen (city) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GRONINGEN. The most important town in the north of the Netherlands, and capital of the province of the same name, situated at the confluence of the Hunse and the Aa, and at the converging of a number of railway lines and canals, 22 miles west of the Dollart Inlet (Map : Netherlands, E 1). It is a well-built town, crossed by numerous canals and surrounded with promenades and walks laid out on the site of the old fortifications. The market-place (Groote Markt) is one of the largest in Holland. The most prominent buildings are the Gothic Church of Saint Martin, surmounted with a tower 343 feet high; the town hall, built in 1810, and containing a collection of coins; the Government buildings, the theatre, and the prison. The University of Groningen, founded in 1614, is composed of five faculties, and has an attendance of over 400. Attached to it are a library of over 90.000 volumes, an observatory, a botanical garden, a museum of natural history, a hospital, and a number of laboratories. Among the other educational institutions of the town may be mentioned the gymnasium, the academy of architecture and navigation, and the deaf and dumb asylum. The town manufactures sugar, textiles, furniture, mirrors, gold and silver ware, cigars and tobacco, trimmed lumber, ships, machinery, etc. The harbor is accessible to sea-going vessels, and has considerable shipping. The trade of Groningen is chiefly in grain, rape-seed, and animal products. Population, in 1899, 66,537, including about 7000 Roman Catholics and 3000 Jews.
Groningen was granted by the Emperor Henry III, in 1040, when it was known as Villa Cruoninga, to the Bishop of Utrecht. It was fortified in the thirteenth century, and joined the Hanseatic League as early as 1282. In 1594 the city was taken by Maurice of Nassau, and annexed to
the United Netherlands. In 1672 the town withstood the attack of the Bishop of Münster.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gronlund, Lawrence

Edition of 1905. See also Laurence Gronlund on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GRONLUND, grǒn'lụnd, Lawrence (1847-99). An American Socialist, born in Denmark. He received the degree of Master of Arts in the University of Copenhagen in 1865, and two years afterwards came to the United States. He was converted to socialism by Pascal's Pensées, and gave up the practice of law to write and lecture on socialism. His principal works are: The Coming Revolution (1880); the Coöperative Commonwealth (1884); Ça Ira, or Danton in the French Revolution (1888); Our Destiny (1890); Insufficiency of Henry George's Theory (1887); and The New Economy (1898). He published Ça Ira to prove that Danton had been misjudged. He considered the United States more advanced, and therefore better fitted for a socialistic régime, than any other country; that the only obstacle is the negro problem, but that social equality between the black and white races can and will be established. A vast national organization, composed of energetic young men from every locality, could bring about a peaceful revolution in a few years. He thought that the reforms proposed by Henry George were not comprehensive, and that the coöperative association of Jean Godin was inadequate because it paid too little attention to the social life of the people. He wrote Our Destiny to prove that, instead of being necessarily associated with atheism, socialism would reveal to all the immortality of the soul.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Grotesque

Edition of 1905. See also Grotesque on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GROTESQUE (Fr., from It. grottesco, grotesque, from grottesca, style of painting found in ancient crypts, from grotta, cavern, from ML. grupta, crupta, from Lat. crypta, crypt) . A style of classical ornament, so called in the thirteenth century from its having been rediscovered in the excavations made in the baths of Titus and other ancient Roman buildings. This light, fantastic style was much in favor during the Renaissance. It abounds in all kinds of transformations, from the animal to the vegetable, and mingles all the natural kingdoms in the most fanciful and picturesque confusion. The name grotesque thus came by degrees to mean a fanciful combination of natural ideas as applied to ornament.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Grosart, Alexander Balloch

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
GRO'SART, Alexander Balloch (1827-99). An English literary antiquary, born at Stirling, Scotland. Ordained as minister in the United Presbyterian Church in 1856, he settled as pastor of Saint George's Church, Blackburn, Lancashire, in 1868. 0wing to ill health, he resigned in 1892, and passed his last years in Dublin. He wrote hymns and religious works, but is known chiefly for his editions of Elizabethan and post-Elizabethan writers, Spenser, Sidney, Nash, Greene, Barnfield, Donne, Giles Fletcher, Vaughan, Herbert, Herrick, and others, published in the Fuller Worthies' Library, the Chertsey Library, the Huth Library, and elsewhere. Grosart performed a valuable service in collecting a mass of literary material, which needs sifting by more exact scholars.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Zrinyi, Miklós

Edition of 1905. See also Nikola Šubić Zrinski on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ZRINYI, zrē'nyḗ, Miklós (Nicholas), Count (1508-66). A famous Hungarian general, descended from the old Slavic family of Subič who, in 1347, had adopted the name of Zrinyi from Castle Zrin in Croatia. He distinguished himself at the siege of Vienna (1529) and afterwards in the campaigns against John Zápolya and Sultan Solyman. Since 1542 governor of Croatia and Slavonia, he successfully defended that territory against the Turks for many years, and in 1503 was appointed commander-in-chief of the royal forces on the right bank of the Danube and commandant of Sziget. When Solyman, at the head of an army of 65,000 men, attacked that fortress in 1566, Zrinyi ordered a most stubborn resistance. Although his garrison consisted of only 2500 troops, he managed to hold his own from August 6th till September 7th. Neither the Sultan's promise to make him Governor of the whole of Illyria and hereditary possessor of Bosnia, nor the threat to kill his only son George, whom Solyman pretended to hold as a prisoner, could induce him to surrender. On September 5th the Turks succeeded in setting fire to the outer castle, whereupon Zrinyi took refuge in the inner castle, and when this also was fired on the 7th, met his death fighting heroically at the head of his force now reduced to 600. More than 20,000 Turks had been killed during the siege, and Sultan Solyman died on September 4th in a paroxysm of rage at the terrible repulses he encountered. The tragic end of Zrinyi was graphically described by his great-grandson Miklós (1616-64) in the epic Szigeti veszedelem (The Fall of Sziget, 1651). The catastrophe was also repeatedly made the subject of dramatic productions, notably by Theodor Körner.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Zumbusch, Kaspar von

Edition of 1905. See also Kaspar von Zumbusch on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ZUMBUSCH, tso͞om′bụsh, Kaspar von (1830—). A German sculptor, born at Herzebrock, Westphalia. He studied at Munich and Rome. After his return from the latter city he won the competition for a monument to Maximilian II. of Bavaria (unveiled 1875). In 1873 he was called to Vienna as professor in the academy. His most important works are a statue of Count Rumford, Munich; a monument to Prince August of Prussia (Park of Bellevue Palace, Berlin); a monument to the Sager family (Munich); a soldiers’ monument (1877, Augsburg); the monuments to Beethoven (1880, Vienna), Maria Theresa (1889, ib.), and Field-Marshal Radetzky (1892, ib.); a statue of Emperor Francis Joseph (New University, Vienna); and a monument to Emperor William I. (1896, Wittekindsberg, Westphalia).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Zumárraga, Juan de

Edition of 1905. See also Juan de Zumárraga on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ZUMÁRRAGA, tho͞o-mä′rȧ-gȧ, Juan de (1468-1548). A Spanish prelate, first Bishop of Mexico, born in Durango (Biscay). He entered the Franciscan Order, was nominated Inquisitor of Biscay by Charles V., became a provincial of his Order, and went by royal appointment as bishop to Mexico in 1528. There he distinguished himself by his kindly treatment of the natives, his removal of various administrative abuses, and his foundation of religious and educational institutions. His religious zeal, however, caused the burning of many Aztec manuscripts. With the exception of one return to Spain (1532), when he was formally consecrated and obtained means from Charles V. to build his cathedral, he passed the remainder of his life in Mexico. Shortly before his death he was promoted to be archbishop. Many of the papers and translations left by Zumárraga were republished in the great Cartas de Indias (Madrid, 1877).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Zweibrücken

Edition of 1905. See also Zweibrücken on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ZWEIBRÜCKEN, tsvī-brụk'en (Fr. Deux-Ponts). A town of the Rhenish Palatinate, Bavaria, on the Schwarzbach, 66 miles southwest of Mainz (Map: Germany, B 4). It is well built, its principal building being the Alexanderskirche, with the ducal burial vaults. The chief manufactures include silk-plush, steam engines, and agricultural machinery, paper, chains, and leather. Population, in 1900, 13,716. The town was the capital of the Duchy of Zweibrücken, which arose in the Middle Ages and existed down to the close of the eighteenth century.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Zouaves

Edition of 1905. See also Zouave on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ZOUAVES. A body of troops in the French Army whose organization dates from 1830, when two battalions were formed by General Clausel from a tribe of Kabyles dwelling in Algeria. The name of the tribe was Zouaoua, which in French gave rise to the term zouave. The organization of these tribesmen as a part of the French Army was brought about to establish a friendly feeling between them and the conquerors, and inasmuch as they had been for years mercenary soldiers, they were considered an important addition to the army. French officers were placed in charge and a certain number of French soldiers were included in the companies, which were formed into two battalions. The mingling of the French and natives did not prove satisfactory, and after 1839 none of the latter were recruited, though regiments of Algerian tirailleurs were subsequently (1842) formed. The Moorish costume originally adopted was retained, and the zouaves, who were recruited from veterans of exceptional physique and courage, achieved a high reputation, serving not only in Africa, but also in the Crimea, Italy, Mexico, and more recently in Tunis and Tongking, The zouaves accordingly became an integral part of the French Army and are now organized into four regiments of five battalions each, divided into four companies, the total strength being somewhat in excess of 13,000 men. The Papal or Pontifical zouaves, under the command of General Lamoricière, served in Rome from 1860 to 1870, and played an important part in resisting the Italian occupation of Rome. In the United States during the Civil War a number of Northern volunteer regiments adopted the zouave uniform and were known as zouaves. Many of these organizations acquired great proficiency in drill and gave exhibitions throughout the Northern States.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Zumpe, Hermann

Edition of 1905. See also Hermann Zumpe on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ZUMPE, tsụm′p𝑒, Hermann (1850-1903). A German composer, born at Taubenheim, Upper Lusatia. He studied music at Leipzig, then was a pupil of Wagner at Bayreuth, assisting in the preparation of the Nibelung scores, from 1873 to 1876, and afterwards was kapellmeister at theatres in Salzburg, Magdeburg, Frankfort, and Hamburg. In 1891 he was appointed kapellmeister at Stuttgart, where in 1893 he succeeded Faiszt as conductor of the Society for the Cultivation of Classical Church Music. In 1895 he was called to Munich to conduct the Philharmonic concerts, went as Court kapellmeister to Schwerin in 1897, and returned in the same capacity to Munich in 1901. His works include: the opera Anahra; the romantic comic opera Die verwunschene Prinzessin; the operettas Farinelli (1888), Karin (1888), and Polnische Wirthschaft (1891); and an overture to Wallensteins Tod.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Zschokke, Heinrich

Edition of 1905. See also Heinrich Zschokke on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ZSCHOKKE, chṓk'e, Heinrich (1771-1848). A German-Swiss novelist and miscellaneous writer, born in Magdeburg. Zschokke ran away from school at seventeen, and was for a time a strolling playwright. He studied afterwards in the University of Frankfort-on-the-Oder, where he became privat-docent, and wrote his novel Abällino (1794), which was successfully dramatized. Then he traveled for a time and kept a boarding-school at Reichenau, in Switzerland, of which country he presently became a patriotic citizen. In 1798 he removed to Aarau, where he filled with energy and sound judgment several public and diplomatic offices. Besides editing several popular periodicals, Zschokke published the lucid and rationalistic religious manual, Stunden der Andacht (1806, twice translated, 1843 and 1862), and several popular studies in Bavarian and Swiss history, of which Des Schweizerlandes Geschichten (1822) was translated in 1855. Zschokke wrote also many novels and tales, from which three selections have been translated (Philadelphia, 1845; New York, 1848; London, 1848). His Works have been collected in 35 volumes (1854). He published an autobiographical Selbstschau (1842, trans. 1847). There are Lives by Emil Zschokke (3d ed., Berlin, 1876); and Born (Basel, 1885). Consult also Keller, Beiträge zur politischen Thätigkeit Zschokkes (Aarau, 1887); and Wernly, Vater Heinrich Zschokke (ib., 1894).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Zumala-Cárreguy, Tomas

Edition of 1905. See also Tomás de Zumalacárregui on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ZUMALA-CÁRREGUY, tho͞o-mä′lȧ-kä′rā̇-gē̇, Tomas (1789-1835). A Spanish Carlist leader. He was born at Ormaiztegui, in the Biscayan province of Guipuzcoa. He served against Napoleon, leaving the study of law at Pamplona to enter the army. He was loyal to Ferdinand VII., but in 1832, being suspected as a Carlist, was dismissed from the army. In October, 1833, he was called to lead the Carlist forces in the Basque Provinces. He was the ablest of the Carlist leaders, and won many successes against the Cristinos, displaying marked talents as a guerrilla leader, as well as fine capacity for leading large bodies of men. On June 15, 1835, while besieging Bilbao, he received a gun-shot wound and died ten days afterwards. With Zumala-Cárreguy’s death all hope of success for the Carlists was extinguished; and though the war dragged on for some years longer, the result was never doubtful. Consult Henningsen, Twelve Months’ Campaign with Zumala-Carreguy in Navarre and the Basque Provinces (London, 1836).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Zumpango

Edition of 1905. See also Zumpango on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ZUMPANGO, sụm-pän′gō̇. A town of the State of Mexico, on the banks of Zumpango Lake, 25 miles from the capital. In the foothills, near which it lies, are many interesting fossil remains. Municipal population, in 1895, 9090.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Zumpt, August Wilhelm

Edition of 1905. See also August Wilhelm Zumpt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ZUMPT, tso͞ompt, August Wilhelm (1815-77). A German classical philologist, born at Königsberg, nephew of the following. Educated at the University of Berlin, he spent his life in teaching at the Joachimsthal (1837-38), the Friedrich Werder (1838-51), and the Friedrich Wilhelm (1851-77), gymnasia of that city. His work dealt chiefly with Roman epigraphy. His publications include an edition of Rutilius Namatianus (1836-46); Honorum Gradus sub Imperatoribus Hadriano et Antonino Pio (1843); Ueber die Entstehung und historische Entwickelung des Kolonats (1843); an edition of the Monumentum Ancyranum (with Franz, 1845); Commentationes Epigraphicæ ad Antiquitates Romanas Pertinentes (2 vols., 1850-54); Studia Romana (1859); Das Kriminalrecht der römischen Republik (1865-69); De Monumento Ancyrano Supplendo (1869); and Der Kriminalprozess der römischen Republik (1871).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Kellermann, François Christophe

Edition of 1905. See also François Christophe de Kellermann on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KELLERMANN, kĕl'lẽr-mȧn, François Christophe, Duke of Valmy (1735-1820). A French general, born near Rothenburg, Bavaria. In 1752 he entered the French Army, served
through the Seven Years' War and in the Polish expedition of 1771, and had risen to the rank of a maréchal-de-camp before the Revolution broke out. He warmly espoused its cause in 1788, and in 1792 he received the command of the Army of the Centre. Acting with Dumouriez, Kellermann repelled the Duke of Brunswick and delivered France, in the famous cannonade of Valmy (September 20, 1792). He then commanded the Army of the Alps, but on allegation of treason against the Republic he was imprisoned for a year, and only liberated by the fall of Robespierre. He afterwards rendered important services in Italy, and was created Marshal of France in 1804 and Duke of Valmy in 1809. After 1812 he commanded the reserves in Germany. At the Restoration he attached himself to the Bourbons, and was created a peer in 1814. He died September 12, 1820.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Kentucky State Agricultural and Mechanical College

Edition of 1905. See also University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​KENTUCKY STATE AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE. A non-sectarian, coeducational institution at Lexington, Ky., established in 1865, and reorganized in 1880 under its present title. Its property comprises a campus of 52 acres, given by the city of Lexington, and the college buildings, valued in all at $471,000. Its income in 1902 was $106,252, derived from the land grant of 1862, and from State and national appropriations. It offers preparatory, collegiate, engineering, scientific, and ​agricultural courses leading to the bachelor's degree. Connected with the college is an agricultural experimental station, with a farm of 48 acres. The faculty in 1902 numbered 42, and the attendance was 611, including 379 collegiate, and 17 graduate students. The library contained 5000 volumes.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Kentucky (river)

Edition of 1905. See also Kentucky River on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​KENTUCKY. A river in the State of Kentucky. It is formed by several forks in the Cumberland Mountains on the southeastern boundary of the State, and flows in a winding northwest course for 200 miles, emptying into the Ohio River midway between Cincinnati and Louisville (Map: Kentucky, G 2). It flows through a region of romantic beauty, passing for a long distance between perpendicular rocks of limestone, through which it has worn its way. The region abounds in coal, iron, salt, and an excellent variety of marble. The navigation of the river has been improved by a system of locks and dams constructed at great cost, so that steamboats can ascend it 60 miles to Frankfort, and flatboats 100 miles farther.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Kentucky Resolutions

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS. See Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Keller, Otto

Edition of 1905. See also Otto Keller (philologist) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KELLER, Otto (1838—). A German classical philologist, born at Tübingen, appointed professor at Prague. His most important work has been, in collaboration with A. T. Holder, an edition of the text of Horace, Horatii Opera Rec. Keller et Holder (1864-70; vol. i., 2d ed. 1899), which is the chief critical edition of Horace. On this subject he has also published Epilegomena zu Horaz (3 vols., Leipzig, 1879-80). Besides these, he has made many contributions to learning; among them the most important are: Tiere des classischen Altertums in kulturgeschichlicher Beziehung (Innsbruck, 1887); Tier- und Pflanzenbilder auf Münzen und Gemmen (1889); Lateinische Etymologien (1893); Grammatische Aufsätze (1895); etc.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Kellerman, William Ashbrook

Edition of 1905. See also William Ashbrook Kellerman on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KELLERMAN, William Ashbrook (1850—). An American botanist, born at Ashville, Ohio. He graduated at Cornell (1874), and received his Ph.D. at Zurich (1881). He was natural science master in the State Normal School of Wisconsin for five years; then professor of botany and zoölogy in the Agricultural College of Kansas, as well as State botanist there; and he wrote a pamphlet upon the flora of Kansas. In 1891 he was appointed professor of botany in the Ohio State University at Columbus, the institution which published his Catalogue of Ohio Plants (1899), the fourth it had issued, with a supplement the following year, and also The Non-Indigenous Flora of Ohio (1900), which he prepared with the assistance of his wife.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Kent's Hole

Edition of 1905. See also Kents Cavern on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​KENT'S HOLE. A famous archæological station near Torquay, Devonshire coast, England, yielding rude chipped and bone implements of Paleolithic type. As early as 1825 the cave was explored by MacEnery, again in 1840 by Godwin Austin, and in 1864 by Pengelly and Vivian, acting under a committee of the British Association. The deposits, in descending order, were: (1) Large blocks of limestone cemented here and there with stalagmite; (2) a layer of black mold 3 to 12 inches thick; (3) stalagmite 1 to 3 feet thick, almost continuous; (4) red cave earth varying in thickness and containing about 50 per cent. of broken limestone, with bones of extinct animals—horse, mammoth, rhinoceros, wolf, and lion—and rude stone implements; (5) above the red clay and below the stalagmite in one part of the cave a thin sheet of black earth containing charcoal, flint scrapers, barbed harpoon-heads, and other implements in bone and antler, besides the bones and teeth of animals. From the upper layer were taken relics of polished stone, copper, bronze, pottery of Roman times, and human bones supposed to prove cannibalism. Consult Evans, Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain (New York, 1872).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Kentucky Coffee-Tree

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. A North American tree. See Gymnocladus.
# The Monkey and the Camel

Perry index 83
* "The Monkey and the Camel", translated by George Fyler Townsend, in Three Hundred Æsop's Fables (1867)
* "The Monkey and the Camel", translated by Vernon Stanley Jones, illustrated by Arthur Rackham, in Æsop's fables: A New Translation (1912)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Monkey and the Dolphin

Perry index 73
* "An Ape and a Dolphin", translated by Roger L'Estrange, in Fables of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists (1692)
* "The Monkey and the Dolphin", translated by George Fyler Townsend, in Three Hundred Æsop's Fables (1867)
* "The Monkey and the Dolphin", translated by Vernon Stanley Jones, illustrated by Arthur Rackham, in Æsop's fables: A New Translation (1912)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse