OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Becher, Siegfried

Edition of 1905. See also Siegfried Becher on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BECHER, Siegfried (1806-73). An Austrian political economist, born at Plan (Bohemia). He studied at Prague and Vienna, was appointed professor at the Polytechnic Institute, Vienna, in 1835, and from 1848 to 1852 was employed in the ministry of commerce. His works include Das österreichische Münzwesen von 1524-1838 (1838); Statistische Uebersicht des Handels der österreichischen Monarchie mit dem Auslande während der Jahre 1829-38 (1841); and Ergebnisse des Handels- und Zolleinkommens der österreichischen Monarchie von den Jahren 1819-43 (1846).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Beccaria, Cesare Bonesano

Edition of 1905. See also Cesare Beccaria on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BECCARIA, bĕk'kȧ-rḗ'ȧ, Cesare Bonesano, Marquis of (1735-93). An Italian economist and jurist, born in Milan. The opinions of the French encyclopædists, as well as those of Montesquieu, had the greatest influence on the development of his thought. He wrote on the currency and other economic subjects, but his greatest work was his Trattato dei delitti e delle pene (Treatise on Crimes and Punishments), first published in 1764, in which he argues against capital punishment, and which established his fame as the originator of more humane methods in dealing with criminals. The work was extremely popular, passing through six editions within eighteen months, and was translated into many European languages. Kent unfairly accuses the author of an affected humanity, but did expose the invalidity of some of the arguments brought forward. Beccaria was among the first to advocate the beneficial influence of education in lessening crime. In 1768 Beccaria was appointed professor of public law and economy at Milan, and achieved great success as a lecturer. His lectures are published in the Italian collection, Scrittori classici italiani, Vols. XI. and XII., where also a biographical sketch will be found. A translation of his essay on “Crimes and Punishments” is included in J. A. Farrar's Crimes and Punishments (New York, 1872; London, 1880).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Beccaria, Giambattista

Edition of 1905. See also Giovanni Battista Beccaria on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BECCARIA, Giambattista, or Giovanni Battista (1716-81). An Italian physicist. He was professor of experimental physics at Rome, Palermo, and Turin. In 1759 he was commissioned to measure an arc of a meridian in Piedmont. His principal work is Dell'elettricismo naturale ed artifiziale (1753).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Drosometer

Edition of 1905. See also Drosometer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DROSOM'ETER (from Gk. δρόσος, drosos, dew + μέτρον, metron, measure). An apparatus for measuring the quantity of dew formed in a unit of time per unit area of surface. The surface may be either a horizontal metal plate or a leaf hanging naturally, or a bit of wool or cotton representing a large surface of fine fibres. The unit of time is usually one hour, and the measurement is made in the early morning, before the rising sun evaporates the dew. When the apparatus is made self-registering, the surface, with its accumulating dew, hangs at one end of a delicate balance, or from a delicate spiral metallic spring, and by its gradual sinking moves the index that makes the record on a moving sheet of paper. Although many forms have been suggested, yet none have been considered to give results that are comparable with each other from day to day, owing largely to the fact that the slightest change in the surface that receives the moisture alters the quantity of dew that is caught. Even the same bit of wool, when used day after day, changes its nature in this respect. If a metallic surface is used, its behavior must be compared frequently with a standard, partly because different metals have different properties, but principally because the same surface, when it becomes greasy, dirty, or scratched, has different properties. Many peculiarities of the deposition of dew on different objects are explained in detail in the popular work by Charles Tomlinson, entitled The Dew-drop and the Mist (London, 1860). Moreover, the case of the natural deposition of dew on the grass and other plants very near the surface of the ground is not at all parallel to that where it is deposited upon metal plates or other bodies used as drosometers, partly because of the location, partly because of the difference in the substances, and largely because of the influence of slight local currents of air.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Drown, Thomas Messinger

Edition of 1905. See also Thomas Messinger Drown on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DROWN, Thomas Messinger (1842-1904). An American chemist and educator. After a prolonged course of study at the best scientific schools in the United States and at two European, universities, he was appointed instructor in metallurgy at Harvard, and later professor of analytical chemistry at Lafayette College. From 1885 to 1895 he held the same chair at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1895 he was called to the presidency of Lehigh University.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Drupelet

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
DRUPELET. A small drupe, as the individual ‘grains’ of a blackberry, raspberry, etc. See Drupe.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Drury's Bluff, Battle of

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
DRURY'S BLUFF, Battle of. See Bermuda Hundred.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Drury, Dru

Edition of 1905. See also Dru Drury on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DRU'RY, Dru (1725-1823). An English entomologist, born in London. His Illustrations of Exotic Entomology (2 vols., 1773-82) is a work containing much valuable material and illustrated with a large number of beautiful figures. Beside this, he wrote several other works and gathered a remarkably fine collection of insects.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Drexel Institute of Art, Science, and Industry

Edition of 1905. See also Drexel University on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DREXEL INSTITUTE OF ART, SCIENCE, AND INDUSTRY. An educational institution founded in 1891 at Philadelphia, Pa., by Anthony J. Drexel. The objects of the Institute are to train young men and women in the increasing number of industries dependent upon applied art and science, and to afford opportunity, through academic and lecture departments, for a broad intellectual culture. The courses of study are open equally to men and women; no degrees are conferred; the requirements for admission are graded in accordance with the course taken, and the tuition fees are very moderate, owing to the endowment fund established by Mr. Drexel. This endowment amounts to $2,000,000, while the total value of the Institute's property, including buildings and equipment, approximates $4,000,000. The main building, given by Mr. Drexel, is an imposing structure in the style of the classic Renaissance; East Hall, a finely appointed building, in the modern French Renaissance style, contains the notable collection of paintings bequeathed by John D. Lankenau. The museum embraces specimens in every department of industrial art. In it are many examples of the decorative arts of Egypt, India, China, and Japan, and there is also an important collection of European and Oriental textiles. The courses offered in the Institute include those in fine and applied arts; mechanic arts; elective engineering; commerce and finance; mechanical drawing and machine construction; domestic science; mathematics, physics, chemistry, and English. In addition to the regular academic instruction, the Institute
provides evening classes in all departments. These courses are graded, some of them extending over three years. The Institute carries on, furthermore, an important educational work through the means of free public lectures and concerts. The number of students in attendance in the several departments in 1902 was 1200; in the evening courses, 2000. The library, containing 30,000 volumes, is especially strong in works on art, science, and technology. The president of the Institute from its foundation, and to whom its organization and the development of its courses must be largely ascribed, is James MacAlister.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Drossinis, George

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
DROSSINIS, drṓs-sē'nĭs, George (1859—). A modern Greek writer, he was born at Athens, and although originally a lawyer, later devoted himself entirely to belles-lettres. His works, which are characterized by simplicity of language and genuine feeling, include five collections of lyrical poetry and the following prose writings: Rural Letters (1882); Three Days in Tinos (1885); and Tales and Reminiscences (1886). He also conducted the publication Hestia, which he acquired during his residence in Germany (1886-88), where translations have been made of several of his chief productions.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Droste-Hülshoff, Annette Elizabeth

Edition of 1905. See also Annette von Droste-Hülshoff on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DROSTE-HÜLSHOFF, drṓs'te-hụls'hṓf, Annette Elizabeth, Baroness von (1797-1848). A German lyric poet. She was born at Hülshoff, near Münster, passed her life largely in seclusion, and died at Meersburg, on Lake Constance. Her Gedichte (1838; new ed. 1895) are excellent in technique and gracefully sweet in character, particularly in their pictures of nature. In lyric and
narrative forms they are well-nigh equally successful. Selections from them find place in most general collections of German verse. The posthumously printed Das geistliche Jahr (1852; new ed. 1883) consists largely of religious verses. Under the editorship of Schüking her collected works, including the Letzte Gaben (1860), appeared in three volumes in 1878-79. Consult Schücking, Annette von Droste-Hülshoff (Hanover, 1871).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Drupe

Edition of 1905. See also Drupe on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DRUPE ( Fr., from Lat. drupa, Gk. δρύππα, dryppa, overripe olive, from δρυπεπής, drypepēs, ripened on the tree, from δρῦς, drys, tree + πέπτειν, peptein, to cook, or δρυπετής, drypetēs, fallen from the tree, from δρῦς, drys, tree + πιπτειν, piptein, to fall). A stone-fruit, in which the ovary wall, in forming the pericarp, develops an outer fleshy layer and an inner stony or bony
layer, as in the peach, plum, cherry, etc. See Fruit. For illustration, see Plate of Drupes.
DRUPES
| 1 BRADSHAW PLUM (EUROPEAN TYPE) NATURAL SIZE | 4 BOSTON NECTARINE NATURAL SIZE |
| 2 MINER PLUM (NATIVE TYPE) NATURAL SIZE | 5 CHAIRS CHOICE PEACH NATURAL SIZE |
| 3 ROYAL APRICOT NATURAL SIZE | 6 TARTARIAN CHERRY NATURAL SIZE |
# The Merry Muses of Caledonia/O Gat ye me wi' Naething

O GAT YE ME WI' NAETHING.
An old song.
"Gat ye me, O gat ye me,
And gat ye me wi' naething.
A rock, a reel, a spinning wheel,
A gude black c—t was ae thing.
"A tocher fine, o'er muckle far,
When sic a scallion gat it."
"Indeed o'er muckle far, gudewife,
For that was aye the faut o't.
"But haud your tongue now, Luckie Laing,
O haud your tongue and jander.
I held the gate till you I met,
Syne I began to wander.
"I tint my whistle and my sang,
I tint my peace and pleasure,
But your green grave now, Luckie Laing,
Wad airt me to my treasure."
# The Merry Muses of Caledonia/O Gin I had her

O GIN I HAD HER.
Tune—"Saw ye na my Peggy."
An old fragment.
O gin I had her,
O gin I had her,
O gin I had her,
Black altho' she be;
I wad lay her bale,
I'd gar her spew her kail;
She ne'er sou'd keep a meal,
Till she dandl'd it on her knee.
She says I am light
To manage matters right,
That I've nae might or weight
To fill a lassie's pock;
But wad she tak' a yokin',
I'd soon set her a bockin',
I'd set a cradle rockin',
Wi' a sample o' the stock.
# The Merry Muses of Caledonia/My Wife's a Wanton Wee Thing

MY WIFE'S A WANTON WEE THING.
* An old song which appears in Herd's Collection. Burns amended it in his lyric beginning, "She is a winsome wee thing."
My wife's a wanton wee thing,
My wife's a wanton wee thing,
My wife's a wanton wee thing,
She winna be guided by me.   She play'd the loon or she was married,
She play'd the loon or she was married.
She play'd the loon or she was married.
She'll do it again or she die.
She sell'd her coat and she drank it,
She sell'd her coat and she drank it;
She row'd hersel' in a blanket,
She winna be guided by me.   She mindit na when I forbad her.
She mindit na when I forbad her,
I took a rung and I claw'd her,
An' a braw good bairn was she.
# The Merry Muses of Caledonia/O Saw ye my Maggy?

O SAW YE MY MAGGY?
Tune—"Saw ye my Maggy."
An old song.
O saw ye my Maggy,
O saw ye my Maggy,
O saw ye my Maggy,
Coming o'er the lea?
What mark has your Maggy,
What mark has your Maggy,
What mark has your Maggy,
That ane may ken her by?
My Maggy has a mark,
You'll find it in the dark,
It's in below her sark,
A little aboon her knee.
What wealth has your Maggy
What wealth has your Maggy,
What wealth has your Maggy,
In tocher, gowd, or fee?
My Maggy has a treasure,
A hidden mine o' pleasure,
I'll dig it at my leisure,
It's a' alane for me.
How meet ye your Maggy,
How meet ye your Maggy,
How meet ye your Maggy,
When nane's to hear or see?   E'en that tell our wishes,
Eager glowing kisses,
Then, diviner blisses,
In holy ecstacy.
How lo'e ye your Maggy,
How lo'e ye your Maggy,
How lo'e ye your Maggy,
And lo'e nane but she?
Heavenly joys before me,
Rapture trembling o'er me,
Maggy, I adore thee,
On my bended knee.
# The Merry Muses of Caledonia/Our Jock's Brack Yestreen

OUR JOCK'S BRACK YESTREEN.
Tune—"Gramachree."
An old song.
Twa neighbour wives sat in the sun,
A twining at their rocks, And they an argument began,
And a' the plea was cocks.
  'Twas whether they were sinews strong,
Or whether they were bane,
And how they rowed about your thumb,
And how they stood their lane.
First Rachel gied her rock a tug,
And syne she claw'd her tail,
"When our Tam draws on his breeks,
It waggles like a flail."
Says Bess, "They're bane, I will maintain,
And proof in point I'll gie,
For our Jock's cock it brak yestreen,
And I found it on my thigh."
# The Merry Muses of Caledonia/Poor Bodies do Naething but Mow

POOR BODIES DO NAETHING BUT MOW.
Tune—"The Campbells are Coming."
* This is by Burns. Writing to Cleghorn (December 12, 1792), he says—"By our good friend Crossbie, I send you a song just finished this moment. May the d——l follow with a blessing. Amen!" To Thomson, in July, 1794, he writes—"The needy man, who has known better times, can only console himself with a song, thus—
* 'While princes and prelates,' &c,"
* When he was called in question about his political opinions, he wrote the following to Graham of Fintry (January 5, 1793)—"A tippling ballad which I made on Prince of Brunswick's breaking up his camp, and sung one convivial evening, I shall likewise send you, sealed up, as it's not for everybody's reading. This last is not worth your perusal; but lest Mrs. Fame should, as she has already done, use and even abuse her old privilege of lying, you shall be the master of everything, le pour et le contre, of my political writings and conduct."
When princes and prelates,
And hot-headed zealots
A' Europe had set in a lowe, lowe, lowe,
The poor man lies down,
Nor envies a crown,
But contents himself wi' a mow, mow, mow.   And why shouldna poor bodies mow, mow, mow?
And why shouldna poor bodies mow?
The rich they hae siller, and houses, and land,
Poor bodies hae naething but mow.
When Brunswick's great Prince
Gaed a crushing to France,
Republican billies to cow, cow, cow,
Great Brunswick's strange Prince
Would have shown better sense,
At hame wi' his Princess to mow, mow, mow.
And why shouldna, &c.
The Emperor swore,
By sea and by shore,
At Paris to kick up a row, row, row,
But Paris aye ready,
Just laughed at the laddie,
And bid him gae hame, and gae mow, mow, mow.   And why shouldna, &c.
When the brave Duke of York
The Rhine first did pass,
Republican armies to cow, cow, cow,
They bid him gae hame
To his Prussian dame,
And gie her a kiss and a mow, mow, mow.
And why shouldna, &c.
Out over the Rhine
Proud Prussia did shine,
To spend his last blade he did vow, vow, vow,
But Frederick had better
Ne'er forded the water,
But spent as he ought at a mow, mow, mow.   And why shouldna, &c.
The black-headed eagle,
As keen as a beagle,
He hunted o'er height, and o'er howe, howe, howe.
In the braes of Gemappe,
He fell into a trap,
E'en let him get out as he dow, dow, dow.   And why shouldna, &c.
When Kate laid her claws
On poor Stanislaus,
And his p—t—e was bent like a bow, bow, bow,
May the deil in her a——e
Ram a huge p——k of brass,
And send her to hell wi' a mow, mow, mow.   And why shouldna, &c.
Then fill up your glasses,
Ye sons of Parnassus,
This toast I'm sure you'll allow, allow,
Here's to Geordie our King,
And Charlotte his Queen,
And lang may they live for to mow, mow, mow.   And why shouldna, &c.
An alternative version of the last stanza.
But truce with commotions, and new fangled notions,
A bumper I trust you'll allow, allow;
Here's George our good King, and long may he ring,
And Charlotte and he tak' a mow, mow, mow.
And why shouldna, &c.
# The Merry Muses of Caledonia/Nae Hair On't

NAE HAIR ON'T.
Tune—"Gillicrankie."
An old fragment.
Yestreen I wed a lady fair,
An ye wad believe me,
On her c—t there grows nae hair,
That's the thing that grieves me.   It vex'd me sair, it plagu'd me sair.
It put me in a passion,
To think that I had wed a wife,
Whose c—t was out o' fashion.
# The Merry Muses of Caledonia/Nine Inch will Please a Lady

NINE INCH WILL PLEASE A LADY.
Tune—"The Quaker's Wife,"
Anonymous, but evidently old; perhaps brushed up a little.
Come rede me, dame, come tell me, dame, My dame, come tell me truly. What length o' graith, when weel ca'd hame, Will ser'e a woman duly? The carlin clew her wanton tail, Her wanton tail sae ready; I learn't a sang in Annandale, Nine inch will please a lady.
But for a countrie c—t like mine. In sooth we're nae sae gentle; We'll tak' twa thumb-bread to the nine, And that's a sonsie p—t—e. O leeze me on my Charlie lad! I'll ne'er forget my Charlie! Twa roarin' handfu' and a daud, He nidg't it in fu' rarely.
But weary fa' the laithern doup. And may it ne'er ken thrivin'; It's no the length that gars me loup. But it's the double drivin'. Come nidge me Tam, come nodge me Tam, Come nidge me o'er the nyvle; Come louse and lug your batterin' ram. And thrash him at my gyvel.
# The Merry Muses of Caledonia/Our Gudewife's sae Modest

OUR GUDEWIFE'S SAE MODEST.
Tune—"John Anderson, my jo."
This is an old fragment.
Our gudewife's sae modest. When she is set at meat, A laverock's leg, or a tittling's wing, Is mair than she can eat; But, when she's in her bed at e'en, Between me and the wa'; She is a glutton deevil. She swallows c—ds and a'.
# The Merry Muses of Caledonia/She's Hoy'd Me Out o' Lauderdale

SHE'S HOY'D ME OUT O' LAUDERDALE.
* An old song recovered by Burns. He incorporated the fifth line of the last stanza in "The Deuks Dang o'er my Daddie, O!" An amended version will be found in the Aldyne edition of 1893.
There liv'd a lady in Lauderdale,
She lo'ed a fiddler fine;
She lo'ed him in her chamber,
She held him in her mind;
She made his bed at her bed-stock.
She said he was her brither;
But she's hoy'd him out o' Lauderdale,
His fiddle and a' thegither.
First when I cam' to Lauderdale,
I had a fiddle gude.
My sounding-pin stood lie the aik
That grows in Lauder wood;
But now my sounding-pin's gaen down,
And tint the foot for ever;
She's hoy'd me out o' Lauderdale,
My fiddle and a' thegither.   First when I cam' to Lauderdale,
Your ladyship can declare,
I play'd a bow, a noble bow.
As e'er was strung wi' hair:
But dow'na do's come o'er me now.
And your ladyship winna consider;
She's hoy'd me out o' Lauderdale,
My fiddle and a' thegither.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Groton

Edition of 1905. See also Groton, Connecticut on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GRO'TON. A town in New London County, Conn., on the Thames River, opposite New London, and on the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (Map: Connecticut, G 4). It contains the Bill Memorial Library, and has large ship-building yards. The government is administered by annual town meetings. Population, in 1890, 5539; in 1900, 5962.
Here occurred, on September 6, 1781, what has been called the ‘Massacre of Fort Griswold.’ One hundred and fifty Americans stubbornly resisted an attack of about 800 Tories under Benedict Arnold, who finally forced their way into the fort, and, maddened by the prolonged resistance, butchered the greater part of the survivors after their surrender. Of the 150, 85 were killed and 65 wounded, 35 mortally. A monument marks the site of the fort. Consult: History of New London County (Philadelphia, 1882), and an article, “The Massacre of Fort Griswold,” in Magazine of American History, vol. vii. (New York, 1880).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Grongar Hill

Edition of 1905. See also Grongar Hill#The poem on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GRONGAR (grōn'gẽr) HILL. A descriptive poem by John Dyer (1727). An earlier version appeared in a volume of miscellaneous poems published in the preceding year. The title was suggested by the name of a hill in South Wales, a region through which the author had shortly before wandered as an itinerant artist.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Groningen (province)

Edition of 1905. See also Groningen (province) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GRONINGEN, grṓ'niṉ-gen. The northeastern province of Holland, bounded on the north by the North Sea, on the east by Germany and the Dollart, on the south by Drenthe, and on the west by Friesland. Area, 904 square miles. Population, in 1900, 299,033. There is considerable shipping and industrial activity, but it is chiefly an agricultural province. The northern and northeastern districts produce wheat and oil seeds; the southern fen lands yield peat; potatoes, rye, and buckwheat are cultivated, and cattle are raised. The province was the ancient Cruoninga. Capital, Groningen.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Groth, Klaus

Edition of 1905. See also Klaus Groth on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GROTH, grōt, Klaus (1819-99). A German poet, and the first writer of prominence to employ ‘Plattdeutsch,’ or Low German, as a literary medium, born at Heide, in Ditmarsh, the western part of Holstein, Prussia. He studied at the Teachers' School in Tondern, and then secured a position as a teacher of girls in his native place, devoting his spare time to the study of philosophy, mathematics, and the natural sciences. Finally, his health giving way, he retired to the island of Fehmarn, in the Baltic, where he remained five years, and where most of his poems were written. In 1853 he went to Kiel, then traveled through Germany and Switzerland, and after a two years' sojourn at Bonn, where he received the doctor's degree, took up his residence in Dresden. In 1857 he returned to Kiel, where he became a tutor in German language and literature, and in 1866 was made professor, which position he held until his death. His fame rests chiefly on his Quickborn (1853, 25th ed. 1900), a collection of poems in the Ditmarsh dialect. His works have been collected and published in four volumes (Kiel, 1893). For an estimate of his works, consult Eggers, Klaus Groth und die plattdeutsche Dichtung (Berlin, 1885).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Groth, Paul

Edition of 1905. See also Paul Heinrich von Groth on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GROTH, Paul (1843—). A German mineralogist. He was born at Magdeburg, and was educated at Freiberg and Berlin. After lecturing at the mining school and at the University of Berlin, he successively occupied the chair of mineralogy at Strassburg and Munich, where he was appointed custodian of the royal mineralogical collections. In 1877 he founded at Leipzig the important periodical Zeitschrift für Krystallographie und Mineralogie. His writings, chiefly on mineralogy and crystallography, include: Tabellarische Uebersicht der Mineralien nach ihren krystallographisch-chemischen Beziehungen geordnet (3d ed. 1889); Physikalische
Krystallographie (3d ed. 1895); and Grundriss der Edelsteinkunde (1887).