OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Saunders, John Cunningham

​SAUNDERS, JOHN CUNNINGHAM (1773–1810), ophthalmic surgeon, the youngest son of John Cunningham and Jane Saunders of Lovistone, Devonshire, was born on 10 Oct. 1773. He was sent to school at Tavistock when he was eight years old, and afterwards to South Molton, where he remained until 1790. He was then apprenticed to John Hill, surgeon of Barnstaple. He served his master for the usual term of five years and came to London, where in 1795 he entered the combined hospitals of St. Thomas and Guy in the Borough. He worked at anatomy so assiduously that in 1797 he was appointed demonstrator in that subject at St. Thomas's Hospital. This post he owed to the influence of Astley Cooper, whose house-pupil he was, and to whom he acted ​as dresser. He resigned his demonstratorship in 1801, and went into the country for a short time; but on his return to London he was reappointed demonstrator, and held the post until his death.
He took a prominent part in founding a charitable institution in Bloomfield Street, Moorfields, for the cure of diseases of the eye and ear in October 1804. This institution was opened for the reception of patients on 25 March 1805, but it was soon found to be necessary to limit its benefits to those who were affected with diseases of the eye. It still flourishes as the premier ophthalmic hospital in England, with the title of The Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital.
Saunders died on 9 Feb. 1810 at his residence in Ely Place. He was buried in St. Andrew's, Holborn, on 20 Feb. 1810. He married Jane Louisa Colkett on 7 April 1803.
He was an able surgeon and a skilful operator. His early death delayed the progress of ophthalmic surgery for many years in this country, though he transmitted the rudiments of his knowledge to William Adams, afterwards Sir William Rawson (1783–1827) [q. v.]
There is a half-length in oils by A. W. Devis in the board-room of the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital. Antony Carton engraved this portrait for the collected edition of Saunders's works on the eye. His works are: 1. ‘Anatomy of the Human Ear, with a Treatise of its Diseases, the Causes of Deafness and their Treatment,’ plates, fol. London, 1806; 2nd edit. 8vo, 1817; 3rd edit. 8vo, 1829: this work appears to have been the outcome of his residence with Astley Cooper, who, about 1800, was much interested in the anatomy and surgery of the ear. 2. ‘A Treatise on some Practical Points relating to Diseases of the Eye,’ plates, 8vo, London, 1811: this work was published posthumously, by his friend, Dr. J. R. Farre. A new edition in octavo appeared in 1816, at the expense of the institution and for the benefit of his widow. Both books contain interesting records of cases seen by Saunders.
D’A. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Saunders, Laurence

​SAUNDERS, LAURENCE (d. 1555), martyr, was son of Thomas Saunders of Harrington, Northamptonshire, by his wife Margaret Cave. Sir Edward Saunders [q. v.] was his elder brother. In 1538 he was elected from Eton scholar of King's College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. in 1541. He then left the university, and was bound apprentice to Sir William Chester [q. v.] in London, but returned to Cambridge on the voluntary cancelling of his indenture. He proceeded M.A. in 1544, and later, it is said, became B.D. According to Foxe (Actes and Monuments, vi. 613), he remained at the university till the end of Henry VIII's reign. After Edward VI's accession he was appointed to read a divinity lecture in the college at Fotheringay, Northamptonshire, and he married while holding that office. When this college was dissolved he was made reader in Lichfield Cathedral. He subsequently became rector of Church Langton in Leicestershire, and prebendary of Botevant in York Cathedral on 27 Aug. 1552 (Le Neve). On 28 March 1553 he was collated by Cranmer to the rectory of All Hallows, Bread Street (Newcourt, Repert. i. 246). After Mary's accession, he was apprehended by Bonner in October 1554, and lay in prison for fifteen months. In March 1553–4 he was cited to appear before the vicar-general for having married (Strype, Cranmer, p. 468), and in the following May signed the confession of faith made by Hooper, Coverdale, and others in prison (Strype, Eccl. Mem. III. i. 223). On 29 Jan. 1554–5 he was arraigned by Gardiner at St. Mary Overy's, the day after the trial of Hooper and Rogers. He was condemned for heresy, degraded on 4 Feb., and on the 5th sent to Coventry to be burned. The sentence was carried out on 8 Feb. 1554–5.
Saunders's letters were printed in Coverdale's ‘Certain Most Godly Letters,’ 1564, 8vo, and in Foxe's ‘Actes.’ There is also ascribed to him ‘Poemata quædam’ (Tanner, Bibl. Brit.; Foxe, Actes and Monuments) and, more doubtfully, ‘A Trewe Mirrour or Glase, wherin we maye beholde the wofull state of thys our Realme of Englande, set forth in a dialogue or communication betwene Eusebius and Theophilus,’ 1550 or 1551?
W. A. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Saunders, Richard (1613-1687?)

​SAUNDERS or SANDERS, RICHARD (1613–1687?), astrologer, a native of Warwickshire, was born in 1613, commenced the study of hermeneutics about 1647, and practised astrology and cheiromancy during ​the golden age of the pseudo-sciences in England. Lilly referred to him in 1677 as an old and valued friend, and he was also a friend and admirer of Ashmole. His almanacs, of which copies are extant for 1681, 1684, and 1686 (all London 12mo), cease from the last-mentioned date. His portrait, engraved by Thomas Cross [q. v.], was prefixed to several of his works. These include: 1. ‘Phisiognomie, Chiromancie … and the Art of Memorie,’ London, 1653, fol., with cuts and portrait; a second edition, very much enlarged, and dealing with ‘Metoposcopie, the Symmetrical Proportions and Signal Moles of the Body,’ appeared in 1671, with a dedication to Elias Ashmole of the Middle Temple. 2. ‘Palmistry, the Secrets thereof disclosed,’ 2nd edit., London, 1664, 12mo. 3. ‘The Astrological Judgment and Practice of Physick, deduced from the Position of the Heavens at the Decumbiture of a Sick Person’ (with portrait, and a letter to the reader by William Lilly), London, 1677, 4to. This is a systematic exposition of astrological therapeutics, based largely upon examination of the urine, sputa, etc., by horoscopical methods. The author is held up as a ‘counterquack’ in commendatory verses by Henry Coley [q. v.], the mathematician, and others.
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Saunders, Henry

Henry Sanders in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​SAUNDERS, HENRY (1728–1785), local historian, the son of Henry Rogers Saunders by his wife Rebecca (Hawkes), was born at Dudley in 1728. His father's mother, Sarah, daughter of Thomas Rogers, a Stourbridge glass dealer, was of Huguenot descent, and this same Thomas Rogers was an ancestor of Samuel Rogers the poet. Henry was educated partly at the expense of his father's elder brother, Thomas, a surgeon who was patronised by ‘the good Lord Lyttelton’ [See Lyttelton, George, first Baron], and much esteemed for ‘his success in inoculation.’ On leaving Dudley grammar school, he matriculated from Oriel College, Oxford, on 19 June 1746, being entered on the college books as a servitor on 18 July 1746, and graduating B.A. 31 May 1750. In 1754, having been ordained, he was appointed curate of Wednesbury at a stipend of 36l., upon which he married. After two years of semi-starvation he was transferred to Shenstone in Staffordshire, where he served as curate for fourteen years. His amiable qualities enabled him to make influential friends there, and he always expressed the liveliest gratitude towards the place and its people. His last entry in the Shenstone register is dated 22 Jan. 1770. Shortly afterwards he accepted a fairly lucrative ushership at King Edward's School, Birmingham. By the favour of his uncle's patron, Lord Lyttelton, Saunders was in 1771 appointed to the mastership of Hales Owen school in Shropshire (now Worcestershire), to which was added, by the good offices of an early preceptor, Dr. Pynson Wilmott, the perpetual curacy of Oldbury. He died at Hales Owen in January 1785, and was buried by his special request in the churchyard of Shenstone on 4 Feb. 1785. By his wife Elizabeth (Butler), who died at Shenstone in 1759, he left an only son, John Butler Saunders (1750–1830), curate of St. Augustine and St. Faith, and of St. Martin's, Ironmonger Lane, London, and an untiring supporter of the Royal Humane Society. At Birmingham Saunders devoted his spare time to the composition of ‘The History and Antiquities of Shenstone’ (published with a short account of the author by his son, John Butler Saunders, London, 1794, 4to, and also printed in Nichols's ‘Topographica Britannica,’ ix. ‘Antiquities,’ vol. i.). It is a model parish history, containing elaborate accounts of the local manors, hamlets, farms, genealogies, and assessments. The work is extensively used by Stebbing Shaw in his ‘History of Staffordshire’ (vol. ii. pt. i., 1801, folio).
[Gent. Mag. 1830 i. 473; Introduction to the History of Shenstone; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715–1881; Chambers's Worcestershire Worthies, p. 452; notes kindly supplied by C. L. Shadwell, Esq. B.C.L. of Oriel College, Oxford, and the Rev. A. F. Powley, vicar of Shenstone.]
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Saunders, William (1743-1817)

​SAUNDERS, WILLIAM, M.D. (1743–1817), physician, son of James Saunders, M.D., was born in Banff in 1743. He was educated at the university of Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. on 28 Oct. 1765, reading a thesis ‘De Antimonio,’ which he dedicated to his patron James, earl of Findlater and Seafield. He began practice in London, and was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians on 26 June 1769. He gave lectures on chemistry and pharmacy, which were largely attended, and of which he published a detailed syllabus in 1766; and on medicine, the scope of which is set forth in his ‘Compendium Medicinæ practicum,’ published in 1767 in English. In the same year and in 1768 he supported the views of Sir George Baker [q. v.] in ‘A Letter to Dr. Baker on the Endemial Colic of Devonshire,’ and ‘An Answer to Geach and Alcock on the Endemial Colic of Devonshire.’ On 6 May 1770 he was elected physician to Guy's Hospital, and soon after his election he began to lecture there on the theory and practice of medicine, delivering three courses of four months each during the year (Syllabus of Medical Lectures at Guy's Hospital, 1782). He was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians on 5 June 1790, and was a censor in 1791, 1798, 1805, and 1813. In 1792 he delivered the Gulstonian lectures, which he afterwards published as ‘A Treatise on the Structure, Economy, and Diseases of the Liver.’ He was probably the first English physician to observe that in some forms of cirrhosis, then called scirrhosity, the liver became enlarged and afterwards contracted (p. 281). A third edition appeared in 1803, and a fourth in 1809. He delivered the Harveian oration in 1796, in which he praises the recent discovery of the cause of Devonshire colic by Sir George Baker. On 9 May 1793 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and attained a large practice as a physician. In 1807 he was appointed physician to the prince regent. Besides the books above mentioned, he published separate volumes on mercury (1768), antimony (1773), mephitic acid (1777), red Peruvian bark (1782), and mineral waters (1800). On 22 May 1805 he was chairman of a meeting which led to the formation of the existing Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, and he was its first president. He ​resigned the office of physician to Guy's Hospital in 1802, and retired from practice in 1814. He died on 29 May 1817 at Enfield, is buried there, and has a monument, erected by his children, in the parish church. His portrait was presented to the College of Physicians by his son J. J. Saunders, and is preserved there (cf. Bromley, Cat. Engr. Portraits).
[Works; Munk's Coll. of Phys. ii. 399; Wilks and Bettany's Biographical History of Guy's Hospital, 1892.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Saunders, Richard Huck-

​SAUNDERS, RICHARD HUCK- (1720–1785), physician, whose parents were named Huck, was born in Westmoreland in 1720, and educated at the grammar school of Croughland in Cumberland. After a five years' apprenticeship with a surgeon at Penrith named Neal, he entered as a student at St. Thomas's Hospital, London, where he was a pupil of John Girle. In 1745 he entered the army, and was appointed surgeon to Lord Sempill's regiment, with which he served until the peace of 1748. He then settled at Penrith, and on 13 Oct. 1749 received the degree of M.D. from Marischal College, Aberdeen, after being ‘examined with a solution of a case of medicine and aphorism of Hippocrates.’ In 1750 he was appointed surgeon to the 33rd regiment; he joined it at Minorca, and remained there three years. From 1753 to 1755 he was quartered with his regiment at Edinburgh, availing himself of the opportunity to attend the medical classes at the university. He next went to America under the Earl of Loudoun, by whom he was promoted to the rank of physician to the army. In the latter capacity he served during the whole of the seven years' war, greatly to the benefit of the troops. After the successful expedition against Havannah, in 1762, he returned to England with health impaired; he consequently made a continental tour, journeying through France, Germany, and Italy. He finally settled in Spring Gardens, London, as a physician, and was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians on 1 April 1765. He was elected a fellow of the college, speciali gratia, on 18 Sept. 1784. He was appointed physician to Middlesex Hospital in September 1766, and physician to St. Thomas's Hospital on 14 Dec. 1768, when he resigned his office at the former institution. He held his post at St. Thomas's until 1777, when he was succeeded by Dr. H. R. Reynolds. He died in the West Indies on 24 July 1785, leaving a high reputation both with the public and the profession. In 1777 he married Jane, the niece and heiress of Admiral Sir Charles Saunders [q. v.], with whom he acquired a large fortune, and assumed the name and armorial bearings of Saunders in addition to his own. He had issue two daughters and coheirs—Anne, who married, in August 1796, Robert Dundas, second viscount Melville; and Jane, who became, in 1800, the wife of John Fane, tenth earl of Westmorland.
W. W. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Orivalle, Hugh de

Orival in the ODNB.
​ORIVALLE, HUGH de (d. 1085), bishop of London, was the first bishop appointed by William the Conqueror to the see of London, and was consecrated by Lanfranc in 1075. William of Malmesbury simply calls him ‘Hugonem quendam’ (Gest. Pontiff. p. 145). Mr. Freeman speaks of him as ‘an obscure name enough’ (Norman Conquest, iv. 375). Dean Milman calls him ‘Hugh of Orwell,’ but he gives no authority; and, if Orwell in Suffolk is the place intended, it must be regarded as in the highest degree unlikely that William should have selected a native Englishman for the bishopric of his capital. We may feel pretty certain that, like William's other bishops, he was a Norman. The only thing recorded of him is that he was afflicted with leprosy, which attacked the lower parts of his abdomen; by the advice of his physicians, Orivalle resorted to the remedy adopted by Origen, ‘but for the health of his body and not of his soul’ (Freeman, ib.) It proved ineffectual; he remained a leper to the day of his death, and thus, in Malmesbury's words, ‘opprobrium spadonis tulit, et nullum invenit remedium.’
[Godwin, De Præsul. i. 175.]
E. V.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ormerod, Edward Latham

​ORMEROD, EDWARD LATHAM (1819–1873), physician, sixth son of George Ormerod [q. v.], the historian of Cheshire, and his wife Sarah, eldest daughter of Dr. John Latham [q. v.], was born in London in 1819. He was sent to school first at Laleham, and afterwards at Rugby, which he left in 1838. He then became a student at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and worked there till October 1841, when he entered Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. At Caius he obtained a classical scholarship, and afterwards scholarships in anatomy and chemistry. In 1846 (Graduati Cantabr. 1800–84, p. 389) he graduated M.B., and in 1851 M.D. In 1867 and 1868 he was an examiner for the M.B. degree. At St. Bartholomew's Hospital he worked in the post-mortem room as a demonstrator during 1846 and 1847, but in the latter year his health broke down, and he left London and went to practise as a physician at Brighton. In 1848 he published ‘Clinical Observations on Continued Fever,’ and in 1853 he was elected physician to the Sussex County Hospital. He published two papers on ‘Degeneration of the Bones’ in the ‘St. Bartholomew's Hospital Reports’ (vols. vi. and vii.), and one (vol. iv.) on ‘Fatty Degeneration,’ as well as several less important papers in the ‘Medico-Chirurgical Transactions’ and in medical journals. All contain evidence of his careful pathological work. In 1868 he published a natural history of ‘British Social Wasps,’ a work esteemed by entomologists, and was elected F.R.S. in 1872. At the time of his death he was working at the change of colour observable in gurnards, fish of brilliant hues. He died on 18 March 1873 of malignant disease of the bladder, the agony of which he bore patiently. He was a modest, shy, and sensitive man, whose personal character and pathological attainments were respected by the physicians of his time, and in the wide circle of the school of St. Bartholomew's Hospital. He married, in 1853, Mary Olivia Porter, who died three months later; and, in 1856, Maria Millett, by whom he had six children.
[Memoir by Sir James Paget in St. Bartholomew's Hospital Reports, vol. ix.; information from his son; Works.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Orem, William

Thomas Orem in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​OREM, WILLIAM (fl. 1702), historian of Aberdeen, belonged to a family who had a long connection with Old Aberdeen. On 7 Sept. 1691 he was admitted conjunct clerk of Old Aberdeen, and he is said to have died soon after 1725. A Thomas Orem, ‘baile in Old Aberdeen,’ died there on 9 July 1730, and the name occurs several times in the local burial records. William Orem wrote ‘A Description of the Chanonry, Cathedral, and King's College of Old Aberdeen in the years 1724 and 1725,’ which has been much quoted by later local historians. The book remained in manuscript for several years after the author's death, and many transcripts of it were made before it was printed by J. Chalmers at Aberdeen in 1791; another edition appeared at Aberdeen in 1830. It was first publicly referred to in Gough's ‘British Topographia’ (1780), ii. 643, where extracts are made from it. Gough bought a transcript made by James Dalgarno, in 360 pp. 12mo, at Aberdeen in 1771.
[Preface to Chalmers's edition as above; private information from Alexander Walker, esq., Aberdeen, who had at one time three manuscript copies; burial records of Old Machar; minutes of Old Aberdeen Town Council.]
J. C. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Orme, Daniel

​ORME, DANIEL (1766?–1832?), portrait-painter, son of John Orme, merchant, was born at Manchester about 1766, and he received his art education at the schools of the Royal Academy, where in 1788 he competed for the gold medal. He continued to reside in London, where he practised as a portrait-painter in oil and miniature, and had ​for sitters many distinguished men of the time. He also engraved in stipple and other methods, was appointed engraver to George III, and in 1814 he styles himself artist to his majesty and the prince-regent. He engraved his own works, like Alexander and Thais, as well as portraits of Admiral the Earl of St. Vincent, after Gardner, and others. In October 1814 he returned to Manchester, residing at 40 Piccadilly, where he gave lessons in oil-painting, drawing, and etching, and continued his portrait-painting both in oil and on ivory. He exhibited at the Royal Academy eleven portraits between 1797 and 1801. He was represented in the first exhibition of the Royal Manchester Institution, 1827, by one portrait, ‘William Butterworth, the Oldham Hermit.’ He died at Buxton, Derbyshire, after 1832. There is a small drawing, slightly washed in colour, of ‘the New Pier, Margate,’ in the South Kensington Museum, which shows him to have been a capital draughtsman. It is evidently only out of a sketch-book. His brother William, also born at Manchester, was practising as a drawing-master and landscape-painter in that town in 1794, his address being Ardwick. He supplied the sketch of ‘Chetham College and Hunt's Bank’ from which Thomas Girtin made his drawing for ‘Turner and Girtin's Picturesque Views,’ 1797. He was an exhibitor of twenty pictures at the Royal Academy between 1797—when he removed to London—and 1819. In the British Museum there is a small book, published about 1800, and entitled ‘The Old Man, his Son and the Ass,’ with engravings by him.
[Manchester City News, 21 Jan. 4 Feb. 1893; Royal Academy and Manchester Royal Institution Catalogues; Graves's Dict. of Artists; Brit. Museum Cat.]
A. N.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Seddon, Felix John Vaughan

​SEDDON, FELIX JOHN VAUGHAN (1798–1865), orientalist, son of William Seddon, attorney, of Pendleton, near Manchester, was born in 1798, and educated at the Manchester grammar school. In 1815 he went to India, where he resided fifteen years, and during his stay acquired an intimate knowledge of several oriental languages. He was in 1820 appointed registrar of Rangpur, Bengal, and at the outbreak of the Burmese war, in 1824, accompanied the army as translator and accountant to the agent of the governor-general. He translated the articles of war and artillery exercise into Munipuri, for use of the native levy, and prepared a grammar and dictionary of the language of Assam. When his health failed in 1830, he was engaged on a comparative dictionary of the Munipuri, Siamese, and Burmese tongues. At a later date he assisted in translating the Bible into some Indian language. On 12 July 1833 he was elected professor of oriental languages at King's College, London, and published in 1835 ‘An Address introductory to a Course of Lectures on the Languages and Literature of the East,’ 8vo. In 1837 he again went out to India, intending to open a college at Lucknow, a project in which William IV took much interest; but when he arrived there he found that the king of Oude was dead, and his successor was opposed to the plan. This and other difficulties obliged him to abandon the undertaking. He was afterwards appointed preceptor to the nawab Nizam, and for his services received a pension. The latter part of his life was spent at Murshidabad, Bengal, where he died, unmarried, on 25 Nov. 1865.
C. W. S.