OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tabasco

See also Tabasco on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TABASCO, a state of Mexico, bounded N. by the Gulf of Mexico, E. by the state of Campeche and Guatemala, S. by Guatemala and Chiapas, and W. by Vera Cruz. Area 10,072 sq. m. Pop. (1900) 159,834. The surface is generally low and flat, largely covered with lagoons, watercourses and swamps. In the S. and S.E. there is an area belonging to the rough higher formation of Chiapas. Dense forests cover the whole region, and there are valuable fine woods and dye-woods. There are several large lagoons on the coast, two of which are called Sant' Ana and Tupilco bays. Two large rivers, the Grijalva and Usumacinta, traverse its territory. The Grijalva, also called Tabasco, the upper course of which is known as the Chiapas, has its most distant sources in western Guatemala and flows N.W. across Chiapas to the frontier of Oaxaca, thence N. to the frontier of Tabasco, and thence N.E. to the coast; it is navigable for 93 m. The Usumacinta likewise has its sources in western Guatemala. It forms the boundary between Guatemala and Chiapas until the frontier of Tabasco is reached, where its N.W. course turns to the N. and then N.W. to a junction with the Grijalva—the two rivers having a common outlet. The Usumacinta, including its head streams, is about 500 m. long; excluding them about 330 m. long; for about 270 m. it is navigable, for about 180 m. for large steamers. There are no railways and no good roads, and these rivers and the navigable channels of the Cuxcuchopa, Soledad, Cocohital, Tular, and Tortuguero, are the principal practical thoroughfares in the state. The capital is San Juan Bautista (pop., 1900, 10,548), formerly called Villa Hermosa, on the Grijalva river, about 70 m. above its mouth. The next most important town is Frontera (pop., 1895, 6794), a port 3 m. within the mouth of the Grijalva.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tablinum

See also Tablinum on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​Tablinum (or tabulinum, from tabula, board, picture), in Roman architecture, the name given to an apartment generally situated on one side of the atrium and opposite to the entrance; it opened in the rear on to the peristyle, with either a large window or only an anteroom or curtain. The walls were richly decorated with fresco pictures, and busts of the family were arranged on pedestals on the two sides of the room.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tabernacle (architecture)

See also Church tabernacle and Niche (architecture) on Wikipedia; Ambry; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TABERNACLE, as a general term in architecture, a species of niche or recess in which an image may be placed. In Norman work there are but few remains, and these generally over doorways. They are shallow and comparatively plain, and the figures are often only in low relief, and not detached statues. In Early English work they are deeper, and instead of simple arches there is often a canopy over the figure, which was placed on a small, low pedestal. Later in the style the heads of the tabernacles became cusped, either as trefoils, or cinquefoils, and they are often placed in pairs side by side, or in ranges, as at Wells cathedral. Decorated tabernacles are still deeper and more ornamented, the heads are sometimes richly cusped and surmounted with rocketed gables, as at York, or with projecting canopies, very much like the arcade at Lichfield. In this case the under side of the canopy is carved to imitate groined ribs, and the figures stand either on high pedestals, or on corbels. Perpendicular tabernacles possess much the same features, but the work is generally more elaborate (see Corbel, Canopy, Niche, &c.). The word tabernacle is also often used for the receptacle for relics, which was often made in the form of a small house or church (see Shrine). The term “tabernacle work” is given, in architecture, to the richly sculptured tracery, similar to that employed on the upper part of a tabernacle, decorated with canopied niches which contain statues. The Eleanor crosses in England are enriched with tabernacle work over the niches, as also the chapels of Bishops Nicholas West (1461–1553), and John Alcock (1430–1500) in Ely cathedral, both dating from the beginning of the 16th century.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Acacians

*ACACIANS, two ancient sects, the one followers of Acacius, an Arian Bishop of Caesaria; the other named after Acacius Patriarch of Constantinople, who favoured the Eutychians.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Ency. Brit
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Adamites

ADAMITES, a denomination in the second century, who asserted, that since their redemption by the death of Christ they were as innocent as Adam before the fall, and are accused of praying naked in their assemblies. It was renewed in the fifteenth century by one Picard, a native of Flanders.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, vol. i. p. 418. Broughton's Hist Library, voL i. p. 49.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Adiaphorists

ADIAPHORISTS, those moderate Lutherans who followed Melanchton, and suscribed the interim. See Lutherans.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Abrahamites

ABRAHAMITES, different denominations in the middle ages called after their respective leaders; one of which was condemned by Theophilus for worshipping images, and another united with the Paulicians.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, voL L p. 10.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Acephali

ACEPHALI, [headless,] a branch of the Eutychians, who had been deserted by their chief.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Adoptiani

ADOPTIANI, a sect, who in the eighth century taught that Jesus Christ was not the natural, but adapted Son of God.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Dict. of Arts and Scien. vol. i. p. 49.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Abyssinian Church

ABYSSINIAN CHURCH, that established in the empire of Abyssinia. They maintain that the two natures are united in Christ, without either confusion or mixture; so that though the nature of our Saviour be really one, yet it is at the same time two-fold and compound.
The Abyssinian church embraced these tenets in the seventh century. They disown the pope's supremacy, and transubstantiation, though they believe the real presence of Christ in the sacrament, and administer the communion in both kinds. Like the Roman catholics, they offer their devotions and prayers to the saints, and believe in a state of purgatory. They use confession, and receive penance and absolution from the priests. Their divine service consists in reading the Scriptures, administering the Eucharist, and reading some Homilies of the Fathers. They use different forms of baptism; and keep both Saturday and Sunday as sabbaths. They are circumcised, and abstain from swine's flesh; not out of regard to the Mosaic law, but purely as an ancient custom of their country. They read the whole four evangelists regularly every year in their churches; and when they speak of an event, they say, "It happened in the days of Matthew," i. e. while Matthew was reading in their churches. They are a branch of the Cophts.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, vol. ii. p. 172. vol. iii. p. 492. Mod. Univ. Hist. vol. xv. p. 174 —177. Ludolph's Hist. of Ethiopia.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Academics

*ACADEMICS, an ancient Philosophical sect, which taught in a grove near Athens, sacred to Academus, who was one of their heroes. They were originally the disciples of Socrates and Plato; hut in after times neglected the plain and useful truths which they had taught, and devoted themselves to the most abstruse and incomprehensible studies: they have been confounded, by Mr. Hume and others, with the Sceptics.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Ency. Perthens.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Adessenarians

ADESSENARIANS, [from Adesse, to be present,] a branch of the Sacramentarians, believed the literal presence of Christ's body in the elements of the eucharist, though in a different manner from the Romanists.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Grassi, Cecilia

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Graupner, Christoph

From volume 1 of the work.
​GRAUPNER, Christoph, composer, born 1683 or 84 at Kirchberg in Saxony, near the Erzgebirge; came early to Leipzig, where he studied nine years at the Thomas-schule under Cantors Schelle and Kuhnau. He began to study law, but was driven by the Swedish invasion to take refuge in Hamburg, where he passed three years as harpsichord player at the opera under Keiser. The Landgrave Ernst Ludwig of Hesse Darmstadt, then staying in Hamburg, having appointed him his vice-Capellmeister, he removed in 1710 to Darmstadt, and in the same year was promoted to the Capellmeistership on the death of Briegel. Here he did much to elevate both sacred and dramatic music, and greatly improved the court performances, the excellence of which is mentioned by Telemann. In 1723 he was proposed, together with Bach and Telemann, for the post of Cantor at the Thomas-schule (when Bach was elected), but he preferred remaining in Darmstadt. In 1750 he lost his sight, a great trial to so active a man, and died May 10, 1760, in his 78th year.
[ C. F. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Grave

From volume 1 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Gray and Davison

From volume 1 of the work.
​GRAY & DAVISON. Robert Gray established an organ factory in London in 1774, was succeeded by William Gray, who died in 1820, and then by John Gray. In 1837–38 the firm was John Gray & Son, after which John Gray took Frederic Davison into partnership. Gray died in 1849, but the firm continues to bear the same title. Amongst the many organs erected by these favourite makers all over the country, we may mention those in the Crystal Palace (Handel orchestra), St. Paul's, Wilton Place, and St. Pancras, London; Magdalen College, Oxford; and the Town Halls of Leeds, Bolton, and Glasgow.
[ V. de P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Graziani, Signor

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Grasshopper

From volume 1 of the work.
​GRASSHOPPER or HOPPER, in a square or upright pianoforte of ordinary London make, is that part of the action known technically as the escapement lever or jack, so constructed with base mortised into the key and back piece, that it may be taken out or replaced with the key, without disturbing the rest of the mechanism. There is a regulating screw perforating the jack, tongue, or fly, as it is variously called, of the grasshopper, drilled into the backpiece and bearing a leather button, the position of which and the pressure of a spring determine the rake of the jack, and consequently the rise and rebound of the hammer; the rebound being further regulated by a contrivance attached to the jack, when not an independent member, and used for checking or arresting it after the blow. In grand pianofortes, and in upright ones with crank lever actions, the escapement apparatus is less easily detached from the action.
[ A. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Gravicembalo

From volume 1 of the work.
[ A. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Grassineau, James

From volume 1 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cifra, Antonio

From volume 1 of the work.
​CIFRA, Antonio, was born at Rome during the latter part of the 16th century, and was one of the few pupils actually taught by Palestrina during the short time that the great master associated himself with the school of Bernardino Nanini. In 1610 he was Maestro at Loreto, but in 1620 removed to San Giovanni in Laterano. Two years later he entered the service of the Archduke Charles, and in 1629 returned to Loreto, where he died. That he was an erudite and elegant musician is shown by the fact that the Padre Martini inserted an Agnus Dei of his, as a specimen of good work, in his essay on counterpoint. He himself published a large quantity of his Sacred Motets, Madrigals, and Psalms, at Rome and at Venice, of which a specific catalogue need hardly be given here. After his death Antonio Poggioli of Rome published a volume containing no less than 200 of his Motets for 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 voices. The title-page of this book contains a portrait of him taken in the 45th year of his age. Underneath the engraving are the following exceedingly poor verses—
'Qui poteras numeris sylvas lapidesque movere,  Siccine præruptus funere, Cifra, siles?  Fallimur; extincto vivis Iætissimus ævo,  Et caneris propriis clarus ubique modis.'
[ E. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cimador, Giambattista

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cinq Mars

[ M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cibber, Susanna

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cinelli

[ M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cimbalom

​CIMBALOM. See Dulcimer, vol. i. p. 468 b.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cinques

From volume 1 of the work.
[ C. A. W. T. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cinti

From volume 1 of the work.
​CINTI. See Damoreau.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cianchettini, Veronica

From volume 1 of the work.
​CIANCHETTINI, Veronica, sister of J. L. Dussek, born at Czaslau in Bohemia 1779, pianist and composer, studied the pianoforte under her father from infancy. In 1797 she joined her brother in London, where she married Francesco Cianchettini. She was a successful teacher, and composed two concertos and several sonatas for the pianoforte.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Anna (15)

​St. Anna (15), daughter of the Emperor Romanus. Wife of the Russian Prince St. Vladimir II. (Yaroslavitch;, son of St. Anna (14). Mother of the Grand-prince St. Mistislav the Brave, who feared no person or thing, but God only. He defended Novgorod against Andrew of Sousdalia, and was beloved all over Russia. Mistislav, his father St. Vladimir, his mother, and grandmother are buried in the church of St. Sophia at Novgorod, which Vladimir Yaroslavich built on the site of the wooden church of the year 1000: the stone church was built by Greek architects, and is preserved, with its gilt domes, in all its grandeur, unspoilt by wars or storms. St. Misiislav's dead hand, quite black, protrudes from under the cloth which covers his body, and is exposed for the kisses of the faithful. Chester's Russia, and the authorities for the other Russian saints.
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Annofledis

​St. Annofledis, Dec. 1 and 7 (Agneflette, Lanofledis, Nofledis, Noflete). c. 655. Nun under St. Fara. Angels were heard singing at the moment of her death. Chastelain, Voc. Hag. Mabillon, AA.SS. O.S.B.
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Begga (1)

​St. Begga (1), Dec. 17. 7th century. Patron of Anden.
Represented (1) with a bear or boar, to show that she built her church in a place previously the resort of wild beasts, or in memory of a tradition that her grandson, Charles Martel, killed a bear at Anden; (2) with a hen and seven chickens, or a flock of ducks in a little pool. (The site of her churches is said to have been indicated to her by seven little animals grouped round their mother.) She holds in her hand a complicated building to represent the seven churches that she built.
Begga was daughter of Pepin of Landen, mayor of the palace under Clothaire II. (612) and Dagobert I. (628), Kings of France, and Sigebert II. (638), King of Austrasia. Her mother was B. Ida. Her sister was the famous St. Gertrude of Nivelle. Begga married Ansigisilus, or Anchisus, son of SS. Arnulf and Doda. ​Arnulf, or Arnoul, was of noble Frankish birth. Ansigisilus and Begga had a son, Pepin of Herstal, the second of the three great Pepins, and the father of Charles Martel. Ansigisilus met his death while hunting. Begga then made a pilgrimage to Rome, and on her return built seven chapels at Anden on the Meuse between Huy and Namur, in imitation of the seven principal churches in Rome. She also built a nunnery at Anden like that of her sister at Nivelle. Gertrude had long been dead. St. Wulfetrude, the second abbess, was dead too. Agnes, the third abbess, took care to give Begga the benefit of all that she had learned under the holy Gertrude, and sent nuns to train the new community. They took with them a piece of St. Gertrude's bed, and placed it near the altar of St. Genovefa, in Begga's church, where it worked miraculous cures, and was adorned with votive offerings of gold and precious stones. The monastery of Anden was afterwards converted into a collegiate church of thirty-two canonesses of noble families, with ten canons to officiate at the altar. Begga is said by some authorities to have founded the Béguines, who devoted themselves to religion under simple vows not taken for life. The general opinion is that they were founded in the 12th century, by Lambert le Bégue, a priest of Liége. R.M. Cahier. Butler, Lives. Bouquet, Recueil, iii. 304, "Chronique de St. Denis." Pertz, Hausmeier, p. 52. Mabillon, Contemporary Life of St. Gertrude.
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Bonosa (2)

​St. Bonosa (2), May 10, M. at Tarsus, in Cilicia. Boll., AA.SS.
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Anna (14)

​St. Anna (14), Grand-princess of Russia, Feb. 10, and, with her son St. Vladimir, Oct. 4 (Ingardas, Ingebiorg, Ingigerda, Irene). She was daughter of Olaf Skoetkonung, king of Sweden, who gave her for dowry the town of Aldeigaburg, or Old Ladoga. She took the name of Irene at her baptism, and that of Anna with the monastic habit, shortly before her death. She was the wife of Yaroslav the Great, son of the first St. Vladimir and father of the second, who, in 1015, succeeded his father as ​Grand-prince of all the Russias, and reigned from the Baltic to Asia, and to Hungary and Dacia. He was far more enlightened than his predecessors, and than many of his successors for some generations. He caused the Bible to be translated into the Slavonian tongue, and transcribed some copies with his own hand; he founded many schools, but his great glory was the code of laws he enacted. He built the church of St. Sophia, at Kief, one of the oldest in Russia. That of St. Sophia, at Novgorod, was built by the second St. Vladimir; it is the oldest building in Novgorod, and one of the three oldest churches in Russia. In it the founder and his mother, St Anna, lie buried. The date of Anna's death, 1050, is still to be seen on her tomb. She was the first of the Russian princesses to take the religious veil on the approach of death, a custom which afterwards became general. Yaroslav and Anna had six sons, one of whom was St. Vladimir II., and one is said to have married a daughter of Harold Godwinsson of England. Anna had three daughters: Elizabeth, queen of Norway; Anna or Annte, queen of France; and Anastasia, or Agmunda, who married Andrew I., king of Hungary; perhaps also a fourth daughter, Agatha, who married the English Prince Eadward Aethling, and was mother of Edgar Atheling and St. Margaret, queen of Scotland. Yaroslav died in 1054, and was buried at Kief.
These accounts of these Russian princesses are chiefly taken from Karamsin, Histoire de Russie. S. Anna Ingigerda is also mentioned by Mailath, Stammtafel der Arpaden; Martinov, Slav. Calendar; Snorri Sturlusson, Kings of Norway; Neale, Holy Eastern Church.
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Anominata

​St. Anominata, V. M. Sister of St. Colomba of Evora.
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Alda (1)

​St. Alda (1), Nov. 18. 8th century. Sister of St. Tudgui, confessor at St. Pol de Léon, in Brittany. The village of "Ste. Aude, in Seine-et-Marne," Alda Sancta, or Adellæ Villa, is called after her. Her relics are in a silver shrine at the altar of St. Clotilda, in the church of SS. Peter and Paul, built by Clovis and Clotilda, in Paris, and afterwards called the church of Ste. Geneviève. St. Alda has been called a companion of St. Geneviève, from their relics being together; but it is more probable that Alda lived in the 8th century. Chastelain, Vocab. Hag. Migne, Dict. des Legended du Moyen Age. Molanus has St. Tudgui, Nov. 18. Butler, Life of St. Geneviève.
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Alla

​St. Alla, or Abba, May 7, M. in Africa. AA.SS.
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Alda (2)

​B. Alda (2), April 16 (Aldobrandesca, Blanca, Bruna). 1245-1309 or 1310. One of the patron saints of Siena. Represented holding a large nail; or at the feet of the Saviour, who runs a nail into her hand. Daughter of Pier Francesco de Ponzii, an honest merchant of noble birth in Siena, and Agnes de Bolgherini, his wife. Her birth was marked by special signs of the favour of God. At 18 she married Bindo Bellanti, whose piety, as well as his worldly station, was equal to her own. They spent the first eight days of their married life in mortification and devotion, and during the rest of Bellanti's life strove to live like the angels of God. Soon after his death, Alda joined the Third Order of the Humiliati, a branch of the Benedictines, which flourished in the duchy of Milan. Bucelinus calls Alda a nun; but she appears to have belonged, at all events for a time, to the number of the Humiliati remaining in the world. She lived at a little country place of her own, was there favoured with visions, and wrought many miracles. Latterly she lived in the hospital of St. Andrew, afterwards called of St Onofrio; she attended to the sick poor, and converted sinful women, to the great edification of the nuns. A girl named Jacomina, in the hospital, saw two great white candles before Alda, wherever she turned or moved; they were carried without human hands. Jacomina exclaimed, and called the attention of everybody to this prodigy. Alda, who hated human praise, shut herself up in her room, beat herself very severely, remained in seclusion some days, and then returned to her duties. Once she turned water into wine. One morning she did not come to her place in the church at the usual hour; the nuns ran to her cell, and found her standing with her head raised and her mouth open, as if speaking to the crucifix. They thought she was in one of those ecstasies with which they knew the Lord favoured her, and did not suspect her to be dead until a Dominican monk, B. Baptist Tolomei, arrived and said that he had seen her soul, in the form of a dove, conducted to heaven by angels. Alda was buried in the Basilica of St. Thomas of the Humiliati, where she wrought many miracles. Her body was solemnly taken up from the grave in 1489. Papebroch, in AA.SS., from her life by Lombardelli.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Celtes

*CELTES, (or Celtae,) one of the primitive nations, by which most parts of Europe were peopled. The Druids were their priests and judges. Their religion was pure Paganism without images, but they worshipped in consecrated groves. See Druids and Pagans.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Ency. Perth.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Catholics

*CATHOLICS. See Roman Catholics.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Cerdonians

CERDONIANS, followers of Cerdo, a branch of the Gnostics in the second century, which were also called Marcionites.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Catechumens

*CATECHUMENS, the lowest order of Christians in the primitive church, being such as were under Catechetical Instruction previous to Baptism.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, vol. i. p. 184, 185.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Chiliasts

CHILIASTS. See Millenarians.