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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Marius Aventicus

From volume 9 of the work.
(Or AVENTICENSIS)
Bishop of Avenches (Switzerland) and chronicler, born about 530 in the present Diocese of Autun; died at Lausanne, 31 December, 594. Of the events of his life little is known. From an inscription on his tomb in the church of St. Thyrsius in Lausanne (published in the "Monumenta Germ. Scriptores", XXIV, 795), we learn that he came of a distinguished, rich and probably Roman family, and at an early age embraced the ecclesiastical state. In 574 he was made Bishop of Avenches, took part in the Council of Mâcon in 585, and shortly afterwards transferred his episcopal see from Avenches, which was rapidly declining, to Lausanne. He is extolled as an ideal bishop; as a skilled goldsmith who made the sacred vessels with his own hands; as a protector and benefactor of the poor; as a man of prayer, and as a scholar full of enthusiasm for serious intellectual studies. In 587 he consecrated St. Mary's church at Payerne, which had been built at his expense and through his efforts. After his death he was venerated in the Diocese of Lausanne as a saint, and his feast was celebrated on 9 or 12 February. The church of St. Thyrsius received at an early date the name of St. Marius. A chronicle of his is still preserved, and purports to be a continuation of the chronicle of Prosper Tiro, or rather of the "Chronicon Imperiale". It extends from 455 to 581, and, although consisting only of dry, annalistic notes, it is valuable for Burgundian and Franconian history, especially for the second half of the sixth century. This explains the fact that, notwithstanding its brevity, it has been frequently published - first by Chifflet in André Duchesne's "Historiæ Francorum Scriptores", I (1636), 210-214; again by Migne in P. L., LXXII, 793-802, and finally by Mommsen in "Mon. Germ., Auctores antiqui", XI (1893), 232-9.
ARNDT, Bischof Marius von Aventicum. Sein Leben u. seine Chronik (Leipzig, 1875); MOMMSEN in his edition, Prœfatio, 227-31; POTTHAST, Bibl. hist. med. œvi, I (Berlin, 1896), 667.
PATRICIUS SCHLAGER.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Malachy

From volume 9 of the work.
St. Malachy, whose family name was O'Morgair, was born in Armagh in 1094. St. Bernard describes him as of noble birth. He was baptized Maelmhaedhoc (a name which has been Latinized as Malchy) and was trained under Imhar O'Hagan, subsequently Abbot of Armagh. After a long course of studies he ws ordained priest by St. Cellach (Celsus) in 1119. In order to perfect himself in sacred liturgy and theology, he proceeded to Lismore, where he spent nearly two years under St. Malchus. He was then chosen Abbot of Bangor, in 1123. A year later, he was consecrated Bishop of Connor, and, in 1132, he was promoted to the primacy of Armagh. St. Bernard gives us many interesting anecdotes regarding St. Malachy, and highly praises his zeal for religion both in Connor and Armagh. In 1127 he paid a second visit to Lismore and acted for a time as confessor to Cormac MacCarthy, Prince of Desmond. While Bishop of Connor he continued to reside at Bangor, and when some of the native princes sacked Connor, he brought the Bangor monks to Iveragh, County Kerry, where they were welcomed by King Cormac. On the death of St. Celsus (who was buried at Lismore in 1129), St. Malachy was appointed Archbishop of Armagh, 1132, which dignity he accepted with great reluctance. Owing to intrigues, he was unable to take possession of his see for two years; even then he had to purchase the Bachal Isu (Staff of Jesus) from Niall, the usurping lay-primate.
During three years at Armagh, as St. Bernard writes, St. Malachy restored the discipline of the Church, grown lax during the intruded rule of a series of lay-abbots, and had the Roman Liturgy adopted. St. Bernard continues: Having extirpated barbarism and re-established Christian morals, seeing all things tranquil he began to think of his own peace. He therefore resigned Armaagh, in 1138, and returned to Connor, dividing the see into Down and Connor, retaining the former. He founded a priory of Austin Canons at Downpatrick, and was unceasing in his episcoapl labours. Early in 1139 he journeyed to Rome, via Scotland, England, and France, visiting St. Bernard at Clairvaux. He petitioned Pope Innocent for palliums for the Sees of Armagh and Cashel, and was appointed legate for Ireland. On his return visit to Clairvaux he obtained five monks for a foundation in Ireland, under Chirstian, an Irishman, as superior: thus arose the great Abbey of Mellifont in 1142. St Malachy set out on a second journey to Rome in 1148, but on arriving at Clairvaux he fell sick, and died in the arms of St. Bernard, on 2 November. Numerous miracles are recorded of him, and he was also endowed with the gift of prophecy. St. Malachy was canonized by Pope Clement (III), on 6 July, 1199, and his feast is celebrated on 3 November, in order not to clash with the Feast of All Souls.
An account of the relics of St. Malachy will be found in Migne, Patrologiae cursus completus, CLXXXV. For a discussion of the prophecies concerning the popes, known as St. Malachy's Prophecies, the reader is referred to the article PROPHECIES.
W. H. Grattan-Flood.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Marcellina

From volume 9 of the work.
The only sister of St. Ambrose of Milan, b. about 330-5; d. about 398. She was older than St. Ambrose, and was born most probably at Trier, where her father resided as praefectus praetorio Galliarum. Even before her father's death she went to Rome, the home of her family, and, before her mother's arrival at the capital with her two sons, had already forsaken the world, elected to live a life of Christian virginity, and devoted herself to the practice of piety and asceticism. On Christmas Day, probably in 353, she received the veil of consecrated virginity from the hand of Pope Liberius. The advice, which the pope addressed to her on this occasion, has been preserved by St. Ambrose (De virginibus, III, i-iii), especially emphasized being the obligations of Christian virgins to preserve virginal purity. After Ambrose had become Bishop of Milan (374), he summoned his sister thither, and found in her a zealous assistant in fostering and extending the ascetic life among the maidens of Milan. To her Ambrose dedicated his work on viriginity, written in 377 ("Libri III de virginibus ad Marcellinam" in P.L. XVI, 187-232). Marcellina survived her brother, and died in 398 or shortly afterwards. She also was buried in the crypt under the altar of the Ambrosian Basilica, and was honoured as a saint. Her feast is celebrated on 17 July.
Laudatio Marcellinae in MOMBRITIUS, SS., II, 95-7; Acta SS., IV, July, 231-8; BlRAGHI, Vita della vergine romana-milanese S. Marcellina, sorella di S. Ambrogio (4th ed., Milan. 1889), SEPTIMUS A LANDE ET ALANUS DE MACULANIS, Dissert. hist. de tumulo S. Marcellinae virg. sororis S. Ambrosii in eiusdem imperiali basilica humanae (Milan, 1725). see also bibliography to AMBROSE, SAINT.
J.P. KIRSCH
# Constitution of the Sac and Fox Nation, Amendment 4, Certificate of Results

​Amendment A
CERTIFICATE OF RESULTS OF ELECTION
Pursuant to the authority delegated to the Regional Director by 209 DM 8 and 10 BIAM 3.1, a Secretarial Election authorized by the Regional Director on July 17, the attached amendment to the Constitution of the Sac and Fox Nation was submitted to the qualified voters of the Sac and Fox Nation on 10/24/02, and was (ratified)/rejected by a vote of 154 for and 27 against, and 9 cast ballots found separated or mutilated, in an election which at least thirty percent (30%) of the 305 entitled to vote cast their ballots in accordance with Article XIII of the Nation’s Constitution.
A personal signature appears here
Chairman, Election Board
A personal signature appears here
Election Board Member
A personal signature appears here
Election Board Member
Date: 10/26/02
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Constitution of the Sac and Fox Nation, Amendment 3, Letter of Certification

Mr. James DeHaas, Superintendent Shawnee Agency Federal National Bank Bldg. 116 W. Bell, Suite 200 Shawnee, Oklahoma 74801
Dear Mr. DeHaas:
We have received your January 7th memorandum which transmitted the formal results of the election held December 28, 1991 for the Sac & Fox Nation. The election was called in accordance with our authorization for proposed amendment 1A.
The complete Certificate of Results of Election verify that the proposed amendment was any duly adopted by the qualified voters of the tribe.
You will note that there have been two previous amendments to the Sac & Fox Constitution. Therefore, we have assigned number III to this amendment. This is shown by the completed Statement of Numerical Designation on the enclosed originals of the amendment as required by 25 CFR 81.20(b)(3).
As evidenced by my signature on the certificate of Approval, the amendment is hereby approved pursuant to the authority of the Secretary redelegated to me by 10 BIAM 3.1. Please deliver the following to the tribe:
* The original of the May 14, 1993 authorization Letter,
* The original of this approval letter,
* The original of the amendment and completed Certificate of Results of Election,
* The original of the Certificate of Approval for Amendment III, and
* Copies of any other materials that would be appropriate for retaining in the tribal archives related to the now completed process - including a list of qualified voters.
​You are reminded that 25 CFR 81.8(b)(6)(iii) requires you to retain the ballots and other materials among official records for at least one year.
Sincerely,
A personal signature appears here
Area Director
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Constitution of the Sac and Fox Nation, Amendment 3, Certification of Approval (1)

CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL AMENDMENT NO. III
I, L. W. Collier, Jr., Area Director, Anadarko Area Office, Secretary of Interior by the Act of the authority granted to the P.L. 100-581, which was delegated to the Assistant Secretary - Indian Affairs by 209 DM 8.3 and redelegated to me by 10 BIAM 3.1, do hereby approve and foregoing amendment No. III to the constitution and Bylaws of the Sac and Fox Nation of Oklahoma. This amendment was duly adopted by a majority of the qualified voters who cast ballots in the December 28, 1991 election.
A personal signature appears here
Area Director Anadarko Area Office Bureau of Indian Affairs P. O. Box 368 Anadarko, OK 73005
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Constitution of the Sac and Fox Nation, Amendment 3, Certification of Approval (2)

CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL AMENDMENT NO. III
I, L. W. Collier, Jr., Area Director, Anadarko Area Office, by virtue of the authority granted to the Secretary of Interior by the act of June 26, 1936, (49 Stat. 1967), and redelegated to me by 209 DM 8.3 and redelegated to me by 10 BIAM 3.1, do hereby approve the foregoing Amendment No. III to the constitution and Bylaws of the Sac and Fox Nation of Oklahoma. This amendment was duly adopted by a majority of the qualified voters who cast ballots in the December 28, 1994 election.
A personal signature appears here
Area Director Anadarko Area Office Bureau of Indian Affairs P. O. Box 368 Anadarko, OK 73005
Date:
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Constitution of the Sac and Fox Nation, Amendment 3, Certification of Results

CERTIFICATION OF RESULTS OF ELECTION
Pursuant to a Secretarial election authorized by the Area Director, Anadarko Area Office, on 7-16-91 the attached amendment of the Sac and Fox Nation of Oklahoma was submitted to the qualified voters and on 12-28- 91 was duly (ratified)) by a majority vote of 163 for and 72 against and 8 cast ballots found spoiled and mutilated in an election in which 243 of the members entitled to vote cast their ballots in accordance with 49 Stat. 1967.
A personal signature appears here
Chairman, Election Board
A personal signature appears here
Member, Election Board
A personal signature appears here
Member, Election Board
A personal signature appears here
Member, Election Board
Date:
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Constitution of the Sac and Fox Nation, Amendment 3, Letter of Approval

Elmer Manatowa, Principal Chief Sac and Fox Nation Route 2, Box 246 Stroud, Oklahoma 74079
Dear Chief Manatowa:
On December 28, 1991, a Secretarial Election was conducted to let the registered voters of the Sac and Fox Nation vote to accept or reject proposed amendment 1A to its Constitution and Bylaws. The voters duly adopted the proposed amendment by a vote of 163 to 72. The certification of the results of the election were forwarded to the Anadarko Area Office on January 7, 1992.
On January 10, 1992, the Area Director approved the amendment, which has been assigned Amendment No. III. Enclosed are copies of the following:
* The original of the Area Director's approval letter,
* The original of the amendment and completed Certificate of Results of Election, and
* The original of the Certificate of Approval for Amendment III.
Previously, you were sent the original May 14, 1991, authorization letter to conduct the election. We will forward under separate cover the list of qualified voters used for the purpose of this election.
If you have any question, please contact Terry Bruner, Anadarko Area Tribal Government Services Officer, (405)247-6674 ext. 209.
Sincerely,
A personal signature appears here
Acting Superintendent
Enclosures
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Constitution of the Sac and Fox Nation, Amendment 4

PROPOSED AMENDMENT
CONSTITUTION OF THE SAC AND FOX NATION
Proposed Amendment A
The current ARTICLE I - MEMBERSHIP OF TRIBE shall be amended to read:
Section 3. All persons now living and eligible for membership under Article I of the Constitution of the Sac and Fox Nation, amended August 26, 1967.
| e. | Persons born after date of October 16, 1954, who possess one-eighth (1/8) or more Sac and Fox Indian blood, shall be entitled to membership with the Sac and Fox Nation, provided an application is submitted in writing to the Sac and Fox Nation and provided that such person, if enrolled with another tribe, shall first file a conditional relinquishment with the other tribe. |
Numerical Designation
Having been duly approved and ratified, Proposed Amendment A is hereby designated as Amendment No. 4 to the Constitution of the Sac and Fox Nation.
This work is in the public domain in the U.S. because it is an edict of a government, local or foreign. See § 313.6(C)(2) of the Compendium II: Copyright Office Practices. Such documents include "legislative enactments, judicial decisions, administrative rulings, public ordinances, or similar types of official legal materials" as well as "any translation prepared by a government employee acting within the course of his or her official duties."
These do not include works of the Organization of American States, United Nations, or any of the UN specialized agencies. See Compendium III § 313.6(C)(2) and 17 U.S.C. 104(b)(5).
A non-American governmental edict may still be copyrighted outside the U.S. Similar to {{PD-in-USGov}}, the above U.S. Copyright Office Practice does not prevent U.S. states or localities from holding copyright abroad, depending on foreign copyright laws and regulations.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Constitution of the Sac and Fox Nation, Amendment 5

PROPOSED AMENDMENT
CONSTITUTION OF THE SAC AND FOX NATION
Proposed Amendment B
The current ARTICLE I - MEMBERSHIP OF TRIBE shall be amended to read:
Section 3. All persons now living and eligible for membership under Article I of the Constitution of the Sac and Fox Nation, amended August 26, 1967.
| f. | Persons making application for membership shall be entitled to file application under Section 3(c) only two times, and if rejected both times, they shall not be entitled to further consideration under 3(c). |
Numerical Designation
Having been duly approved and ratified, Proposed Amendment A is hereby designated as Amendment No. 5 to the Constitution of the Sac and Fox Nation.
This work is in the public domain in the U.S. because it is an edict of a government, local or foreign. See § 313.6(C)(2) of the Compendium II: Copyright Office Practices. Such documents include "legislative enactments, judicial decisions, administrative rulings, public ordinances, or similar types of official legal materials" as well as "any translation prepared by a government employee acting within the course of his or her official duties."
These do not include works of the Organization of American States, United Nations, or any of the UN specialized agencies. See Compendium III § 313.6(C)(2) and 17 U.S.C. 104(b)(5).
A non-American governmental edict may still be copyrighted outside the U.S. Similar to {{PD-in-USGov}}, the above U.S. Copyright Office Practice does not prevent U.S. states or localities from holding copyright abroad, depending on foreign copyright laws and regulations.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Constitution of the Sac and Fox Nation, Amendment 5, Certificate of Results

​Amendment B
CERTIFICATE OF RESULTS OF ELECTION
Pursuant to the authority delegated to the Regional Director by 209 DM 8 and 10 BIAM 3.1, a Secretarial Election authorized by the Regional Director on July 17, 2002, the attached amendment to the Constitution of the Sac and Fox Nation was submitted to the qualified voters of the Sac and Fox Nation on 10/26/02, and was (ratified)/rejected by a vote of 132 for and 55 against, and 6 cast ballots found separated or mutilated, in an election which at least thirty percent (30%) of the 305 entitled to vote cast their ballots in accordance with Article XIII of the Nation’s Constitution.
A personal signature appears here
Chairman, Election Board
A personal signature appears here
Election Board Member
A personal signature appears here
Election Board Member
Date: 10/26/02
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Constitution of the Sac and Fox Nation, Amendment 6

PROPOSED AMENDMENT
CONSTITUTION OF THE SAC AND FOX NATION
Proposed Amendment A
ARTICLE II - GOVERNING COUNCIL
Section 3. As required by Article VIII, Section 2, following the meetings of the Governing Council, the Election Board shall conduct an election pursuant to the election ordinance on the issues presented at a meeting of the Governing Council where action was taken to place a matter upon the ballot, provided, that no referendum vote shall be necessary to approve the tribal claims and tribal programs budget.
ARTICLE III - BUSINESS COMMITTEE
Section 2. The Business Committee shall have power to appoint subordinate committees and representatives, to transact business and otherwise speak or act on behalf of the tribe in all matters on which the tribe is empowered to act, now, or in the future, and to hire and employ legal counsel to represent the tribe; provided, that when the Governing Council acts within the powers specifically delegated to it by this Constitution, such action shall be binding on all elected officers and the Business Committee.
Numerical Designation
Having been duly approved and ratified, Proposed Amendment A is hereby designated as Amendment No. VI to the Constitution of the Sac and Fox Nation.
This work is in the public domain in the U.S. because it is an edict of a government, local or foreign. See § 313.6(C)(2) of the Compendium II: Copyright Office Practices. Such documents include "legislative enactments, judicial decisions, administrative rulings, public ordinances, or similar types of official legal materials" as well as "any translation prepared by a government employee acting within the course of his or her official duties."
These do not include works of the Organization of American States, United Nations, or any of the UN specialized agencies. See Compendium III § 313.6(C)(2) and 17 U.S.C. 104(b)(5).
A non-American governmental edict may still be copyrighted outside the U.S. Similar to {{PD-in-USGov}}, the above U.S. Copyright Office Practice does not prevent U.S. states or localities from holding copyright abroad, depending on foreign copyright laws and regulations.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cook v. Marshall

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
196 U.S. 261
Cook v. Marshall
Argued: December 9, 12, 1904. --- Decided: January 16, 1905
This was a petition by the owner and tenant of a certain room in the city of Marshalltown, Iowa, addressed to the board of supervisors, for the remission of a tax of $300, imposed upon the business of selling cigarettes, which business was carried on by Charles P. Cook, one of the plaintiffs in error. The petition being denied, an appeal was taken to the district court, where a demurrer was interposed, which was sustained by that court, and an appeal taken to the supreme court, where the judgment of the district court was affirmed. 119 Iowa, 384, 93 N. W. 372.
Messrs. Junius Parker, W. W. Fuller, and Frank S. Dunshee for plaintiffs in error.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 262-264 intentionally omitted]
Mr. F. E. Northup for defendant in error.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 264-268 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice Brown delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse