OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Reusch, Hans Henrik

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​REUSCH, HANS HENRIK (1852–), Norwegian geologist, was born at Bergen on the 5th of September 1852. He was educated at Christiania, Leipzig and Heidelberg, and graduated Ph.D. at Christiania in 1883. He joined the Geological Survey of Norway in 1875, and became Director in 1888. He is distinguished for his researches on the crystalline schists and the Palaeozoic rocks of Norway. He discovered Silurian fossils in the highly altered rocks of the Bergen region; and in 1891 he called attention to a palaeozoic conglomerate of glacial origin in the Varanger Fiord, a view confirmed by Mr A. Strahan in 1896, who found glacial striae on the rocks beneath the ancient boulder-bed. Reusch has likewise thrown light on the later geological periods, on the Pleistocene glacial phenomena and on the sculpturing of the scenery of Norway. Among his separate publications are Silur fossiler og pressede Konglomerater (1882); Det nordlige Norges Geologi (1891).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Retro-cognition

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​RETRO-COGNITION (from Lat. retro, back, cognitio, the acquiring of knowledge), a word invented by F. W. H. Myers to denote a supposed faculty of acquiring direct knowledge of the past beyond the reach of the subject's ordinary memory. The alleged manifestations of the faculty are of several kinds, of which the most important are as follows: (1) There are many recorded cases in which an impression has been received in dream or vision representing some recent event—shipwreck, death-bed scene, railway accident—outside the knowledge of the percipient. (2) Analogous to the transmission of habits and physical peculiarities in particular families, it is alleged that there are also cases of the transmission of definite memories of scenes and events in the life of some ancestor. (3) It is asserted that pictures of past scenes may be called up in certain cases by the presence of a material object associated with those scenes—e.g. a vision of the destruction of Pompeii by a piece of cinder from the buried city, or the scene of a martyrdom by a charred fragment of bone—the percipient being unaware at the time of the nature of the object. For this supposed faculty the American geologist, Professor Denton, has suggested the name “psychometric.” There are also cases recorded in which pictures of historical scenes unknown to the seer have been described in the crystal. (4) Some spirit mediums profess to realise incidents belonging to their previous incarnation. Thus Flournoy's medium, Hélène Smith, represented herself as having been successively incarnated as a Hindoo Princess, Simandini, and as Marie Antoinette, and gave vivid descriptions of scenes in which she had figured in these capacities.
It will be gathered that the facts afford little warrant for the assumption of a faculty of retro-cognition. The cases described in the first class, though apparently exhibiting knowledge not within the range of the percipient's ordinary faculties, hardly call for such an extreme hypothesis. In the other cases the result recorded may plausibly be attributed to the imagination of the percipient, working upon hints given by bystanders, or aided by the emergence of forgotten knowledge.
Bibliography.—See W. Denton, The Soul of Things (Wellesley, Mass., U.S.A., 1863); F. W. H. Myers, article “The Subliminal Self” in Proc. S. P. R. vol. xi.; Human Personality (London, 1903); Th. Flournoy, Des Indes à la planète Mars (Geneva, 1900). (F. P.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Reumont, Alfred von

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REUMONT, ALFRED VON (1808-1887), German scholar and diplomatist, the son of Gerhard Reumont (1765-1829), was born on the 15th of August 1808 and was named Alfred after the English king, Alfred the Great. Educated at the universities of Bonn and Heidelberg, he obtained a position in Florence through the influence of an Englishman, William Craufurd, but soon he entered the Prussian diplomatic service and was employed in
Florence, in Constantinople and in Rome. He also spent some time in the Foreign Office in Berlin. From 1851 to 1860 he represented his country in Florence. Reumont was the friend and adviser of Frederick William IV. In 1879 he founded the Aachener Geschichtsverein, and having spent his concluding years at Bonn and at Aix-la-Chapelle, he died in the latter city on the 27th of April 1887.
Reumont's numerous writings deal mainly with Italy, in which country he passed many years of his life. On the history of Florence and of Tuscany he wrote Tavole cronologiche e sincrone della storia fiorentina (1841; Supplement, 1875); Geschichte Toscanas seit dem Ende des florentinischen Freistaats (Gotha, 1876-77); and Lorenzo de' Medici (Leipzig, 1874, and again 1883). This last book has been translated into English by R. Harrison (1876). He remembered his connexion with Florence when he wrote Römische Briefe von einem Florentiner (Leipzig, 1840-44), and his residence in Rome was also responsible for his Geschichte der Stadt Rom (3 vols., 1867-70). Turning his attention to the history of Naples, he wrote Die Carafa von Maddaloni: Neapel unter spanischer Herrschaft (1851; Eng. trans., 1854), and more general works on Italian history are: Beiträge zur italienischen Geschichte (6 vols., Berlin, 1853-57), and Charakterbilder aus der neueren Geschichte Italiens (1886). More strictly biographical in their nature are: Die Jugend Caterinas de' Medici (1854), which has been translated into French by A. Baschet (1866); Die Gräfin von Albany (1860) and a life of his close friend Capponi, Gino Capponi, ein Zeit- und Lebensbild (Gotha, 1880). His Ganganelli: Papst Clemens XIV., seine Briefe und seine Zeit (Berlin, 1847) is valuable for the relations between this pope and the Jesuits. Other works which may be mentioned are Zeitgenossen, Biografien und Charakteristiken (Berlin, 1862); Bibliografia dei lavori pubblicati in Germania sulla storia d' Italia (Berlin, 1863); Biographische Denkblätter nach persönlichen Erinnerungen (Leipzig, 1878); and Saggi di storia e letteratura (Florence, 1880). Reumont's other important work, one which he was peculiarly fitted to write, was his Aus Friedrich Wilhelms IV. gesunden und kranken Tagen (Leipzig, 1885).
See H. Hüffer, Alfred von Reumont (Cologne, 1904); and the same writer's article in the Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Band xxviii. (1889).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Reus

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​REUS, a city of N.E. Spain, in the province of Tarragona, on the Saragossa-Tarragona railway, 4 m. N. of Salou, its port on the Mediterranean. Pop. (1900) 26,681. Reus consists of two parts, the old and the new, separated by the Calle Arrabal, which occupies the site of the old city wall. The old town centres in the Plaza del Mercado, from which narrow and tortuous lanes radiate in various directions; the new one dates from about the middle of the 18th century, and its streets are wide and straight. There is an active trade in the agricultural products of the fertile region around the city. The local industries developed considerably between 1875 and 1905, and the city has important flour, wine and fruit export houses. There is a model farm belonging to the municipality in the suburbs. Reus has excellent primary, normal and higher grade state schools, many private schools, an academy of fine arts and a public library. The hospitals and foundling refuge, the institute and the town hall are handsome modern buildings. The earliest records of Reus date from about the middle of the 13th century. Its modern prosperity is traced to about the year 1750, when a colony of English settled here and established a trade in woollens, leather, wine and spirits. The principal incidents in its political history arose out of the occurrences of 1843 (see Spain, History), in connexion with which the town received the title of city, and Generals Zurbano and Prim were made counts of Reus. The city was the birthplace of General Prim (1814–1870) and of the painter Mariano Fortuny (1839–1874).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Retrograde

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​RETROGRADE (from the Lat. retro, backwards, gradiri, to go), in astronomy, the direction of the apparent motion of a planet from E. to W.; the opposite of its regular motion around the sun, and due to the motion of the earth.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Retz, Seigneurs and Dukes of

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​RETZ, SEIGNEURS AND DUKES OF. The district of Retz or Rais, in S. Brittany, belonged in early times to a house which bore its name, and of which the eldest branch became extinct in the 13th century in the Chabot family. From the Chabot family the lordship passed to the Lavals. Gilles de Laval, sire de Retz (1404–1440), the comrade-in-arms of Joan of Arc and marshal of France, gave himself over to the most revolting debauchery, and was strangled and burned at Nantes. The barony of Retz passed successively to the families of Tournemine, Annebaut and Gondi. In 1581 it was erected into a duchy in the peerage of France (duché-pairie) for Albert de Gondi, marshal of France and general of the galleys. Pierre de Gondi, brother of the first duc de Retz, became bishop of Paris in 1570 and cardinal in 1587. He was succeeded by his nephews, Henri (d. 1622) and Jean François de Gondi (d. 1654), for whom the episcopal see of Paris was erected into an archbishopric in 1622, and by his great-nephew, Jean François Paul de Gondi, the famous cardinal de Retz. With the death of the last male of the house of Gondi in 1676 the duché-pairie became extinct; the lordship passed to the house of Neuville-Villeroy.  (M. P.*)
# Weekly List, National Register of Historic Places (November 15, 1985)

* related portals: United States National Park Service.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Department of the Interior
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE P.O. BOX 37127 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20013-7127
The Director of the National Park Service is pleased to inform you that the following properties have been entered in the National Register of Historic Places beginning November 3, 1985 and ending November 9, 1985. For further information call (202) 343-9552.
STATE, County, Vicinity, Property, Address, (Date Listed)
CALIFORNIA, Humboldt County, Bald Hills Archeological District Extension (Boundary Increase) (11/04/85) CALIFORNIA, Marin County, Inverness vicinity, Point Reyes Lifeboat Rescue Station-1927, Drake's Bay, Point Reyes National Seashore (11/07/85) CALIFORNIA, Orange County, Santa Ana, Harmon-McNeil House, 322 E. Chestnut St. (11/07/85) CALIFORNIA, Shasta County, Tower House—Soo-Yeh-Choo-Pus (11/04/85)
COLORADO, Pueblo County, Pueblo, Barndollar—Gann House, 1906 Court St. (11/07/85) COLORADO, Pueblo County, Pueblo, Black, Dr. John A., House Complex, 102 W. Pitkin Ave. (11/07/85) COLORADO, Pueblo County, Pueblo, Rice, Ward, House, 1825 Grand Ave. (11/07/85) COLORADO, Pueblo County, Pueblo, Tooke—Nuckolls House, 38 Carlile Pl. (11/07/85)
CONNECTICUT, Fairfield County, Norwalk vicinity, South Main and Washington Streets Historic District (Boundary Increase), 11—15 through 54—60 South Main St. (11/08/85)
FLORIDA, Santa Rosa County, Thomas Creek Archaeological District (11/04/85)
KENTUCKY, Scott County, Georgetown, West Main Street Historic District, 217—600 W. Main St.v(11/05/85)
LOUISIANA, East Baton Rouge Parish, Baton Rouge, Main Street Historic District, 442—660 Main St. (11/07/85) LOUISIANA, Terrebonne Parish, Thibodaux vicinity, Ducros Plantation House, LA 20 (11/07/85)
MASSACHUSETTS, Hamshire County, Northampton, Building at 8—22 Graves Avenue, 8—22 Graves Ave. (11/07/85) MASSACHUSETTS, Worcester County, Worcester, Richmond, Willard, Apartment Block (Worcester MRA), 43 Austin St. (11/07/85) MASSACHUSETTS, Worcester County, Worcester, Russell (The) (Worcester MRA), 49 Austin St. (11/07/85)
MINNESOTA, St. Louis County, Duluth, Duluth State Normal School Historic District, E. Fifth St. (11/08/85)
MISSISSIPPI, Leflore County, Greenwood, Building at 308 Lamar Street (Greenwood MRA), 308 Lamar St. (11/04/85) MISSISSIPPI, Leflore County, Greenwood, Building at 312 George Street (Greenwood MRA), 312 George St. (11/04/85) MISSISSIPPI, Leflore County, Greenwood, Building at 710 South Boulevard (Greenwood MRA), 710 South Boulevard (11/04/85)
Potentially one or more missing pages
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Who's Who in the Far East/PENNEFATHER, Lieut. -Colonel Edward Graham

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​PENNEFATHER, Lieut.-Colonel Edward Graham (SINGAPORE), Inspector-General of Police; b. Feb. 12, 1850; m. Nov. 19, 1885, Mary, d. of Rev. J. L. Crompton. Educ.: Harrow; Exeter College, Oxford. Gazetted sub. -Lieutenant, 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons, April 23, 1873; on special service in Zulu War, 1879; commanded advanced posts in operations in Zululand, 1888 (honourably mentioned, brevet Lieutenant -Colonel); Assistant Commissioner and President Magistrate, Ngutu District of Zululand, Nov., 1888, to April, 1889; appointed to command pioneer expedition which took possession of Mashonaland, 1890, and in command of B.S.A. Co.'s Police to Dec., 1892: Inspector General of Police, Straits Settlements, since March, 1895. Club: Army and Navy, Pall Mall, S.W. Address: Singapore; Straits Settlements.
# Who's Who in the Far East/PENNEY, Clifford Ernest

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​PENNEY, Clifford Ernest (BANGKOK), Solicitor; b. Oct. 28, 1881, at Gravesend, s. of Stephen Penney, J.P.; m. Oct. 26, 1905, Cecil Georgina Frances, d. of William Rowdstone. Educ.: Cumberland House school, Milton, near Gravesend, Kent. Admitted a Solicitor to Supreme Court in England, March 25, 1904; appointed Judicial Assistant at Ministry of Justice, Siam, March 26, 1904; Judicial Adviser to Police Courts in Bangkok Province, Nov. 5, 1904 Judicial Adviser to Monthon Pyap (Northern Siam), Dec. 8 1905. Club: British, Bangkok. Address: Bangkok, Siam.
# Who's Who in the Far East/PEDLEY, Major Stanhope Humphrey

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​ PEDLEY, Major Stanhope Humphrey ( HONGKONG ), 2nd Queen's Own (Royal West Kent); b. Oct. 2, 1865; Lieut., Royal West Kent Regt., 1886; Capt,, Sept., 1895; Major, Mar., 1904; took part in operations on N. W. Frontier of India, 1897-8. Decorations: Medal with clasp. Club: Hongkong. Address: Military Headquarters, Hongkong.
# Who's Who in the Far East/PENNEY, William Hughes

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​ PENNEY, William Hughes (LABUAN), Deputy Governor. Educ.: Hymer's College, Yorkshire. Appointed to Treasury Department, British North Borneo, July, 1888; acting Treasurer-General, 1891; Postmaster General, 1895; District Magistrate, 1896; acting Resident, Province Alcock, 1898; Protector of Chinese and Member of Council, 1901; Superintendent of Customs, 1902; Resident and Deputy-Governor, Labuan, Jan., 1903. Address: Labuan, Borneo.
# Who's Who in the Far East/PEDLEY, Rev. Hilton

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​ PEDLEY, Rev. Hilton (MAEBASHI), Missionary and Minister; b. June 14, 1862; m. Martha Johnson Clark. Educ.: Ontario Public Schools; McGill University, Montreal (gold medallist). After graduating came to Japan as a missionary in 1889. was stationed at Nugata for 11 years and subsequently at Maebashi; in 1897-98 was a graduate student at Yale University. Address: Maebashi, Joshu, Japon.
# Who's Who in the Far East/PEIRCE, Robert

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​ PEIRCE, Robert (SINGAPORE), M.I.C.K.; Municipal Engineer; b. Jan. 21, 1863. Educ.: Manchester, England. During 1880-1891 engaged on construction of Drainage, Water Works, Bridges and Tramways in Lancashire, Worcestershire, Warwickshire and Herefordshire, notably Nelson Waterworks (Lanes.), Birmingham Cable and ​Eleetrie Tramways; Barrow in Furness Tramways; Kidderminster Waterworks and Sewerage Works, and Hereford Sewerage; prepared scheme and despatched all materials and plant for Water Supply of Pretoria, South Africa; prepared scheme for Sewerage of Cape Town, Woodstock, Wynberg, Rondebosch and for Kimberley, South Africa; appointed Municipal Engineer, Penang, by General Sir Andrew Clarke, in 1891; resigned to take up appointment of Municipal Engineer, Singapore, in 1901; during service in Straits Settlements has designed and constructed Roads, Bridges, Sea Walls, Reservoirs, Drains, Abattoirs, Sewerage Systems and Jetties; last work being the raising of dam of Impounding Reservoirs: is a Member of Incorporated Association of Municipal and County Engineers; British Association of Water Works Engineers, and Society of Engineers. Club: Sports, London. Address: Municipal Office, Singapore, Straits Settlements.
# Who's Who in the Far East/PENNEY, Hon. Frederick Gordon

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​PENNEY, Hon. Frederick Gordon (SINGAPORE), M.A.; Treasurer, Straits Settlements, and Resident Councillor, Malacca; s. of late Lord Kinloch, of Scottish Bench Educ.: Trinity College, Glenalmond; Edinburgh University. Appointed Cadet in service of Straits Settlements Government, 1876; Resident Councillor, Malacca, since 1904. Clubs: Win d h a m; Sports; Conservative, Edinburgh. Address: Treasury, Singapore Straits Settlements.
# Williams v. North Carolina (325 U.S. 226)

United States Supreme Court
325 U.S. 226
Williams v. North Carolina
Argued: Oct. 13, 1944. --- Decided: May 21, 1945
See 325 U.S. 895, 65 S.Ct. 1560.
Mr. W. H. Strickland, of Lenoir, N.C., for petitioners.
Mr. Hughes J. Rhodes, of Burlington, N.C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Williams v. North Carolina (378 U.S. 548)/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
378 U.S. 548
Williams v. North Carolina (378 U.S. 548)
The petition for writ of certiorari is granted, the judgment vacated and the case remanded to the Supreme Court of North Carolina for consideration in light of Robinson v. Florida, 378 U.S. 153, 84 S.Ct. 1693.
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS would reverse outright on the basis of the views expressed in his opinion in Bell v. Maryland, 378 U.S. 242, 84 S.Ct. 1823.
Mr. Justice BLACK, Mr. Justice HARLAN and Mr. Justice WHITE dissent.

## Notes

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# Williams v. Nottawa

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
104 U.S. 209
Williams v. Nottawa
ERROR to the Circuit Court of the United States for the Western District of Michigan.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
Submitted on printed arguments by Messrs. Hughes, O'Brien, & Smiley for the plaintiff in error, and by Mr. Charles Upson for the defendant in error.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WAITE delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Williams v. North Carolina (317 U.S. 287)

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
317 U.S. 287
Williams v. North Carolina
Argued: Oct. 20, 1942. --- Decided: Dec 21, 1942
[Syllabus from pages 287-289 intentionally omitted]
Mr. W. H. Strickland, of Lenoir, N.C., for petitioners.
Mr. Hughes J. Rhodes, of Burlington, N.C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Williams v. North Carolina (378 U.S. 548)

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
378 U.S. 548
Williams v. North Carolina (378 U.S. 548)
Leonard B. Boudin, Victor Rabinowitz and Conrad J. Lynn, for petitioner.
T. W. Bruton, Atty. Gen. of North Carolina, and Ralph Moody, Asst. Atty. Gen., for respondent.
On Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the Supreme Court of North Carolina.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Williams v. Oklahoma

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
358 U.S. 576
Williams v. Oklahoma
Argued: Jan. 21, 1959. --- Decided: Feb 24, 1959
See 359 U.S. 956, 79 S.Ct. 737.
Mr. John A. Ladner, Jr., Tulsa, Okl., for petitioner, pro hac vice, by special leave of Court.
Mr. Mac Q. Williamson and Sam H. Lattimore, Oklahoma City, Okl., for respondent.
Mr. Justice WHITTAKER delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Iophon

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​IOPHON, Greek tragic poet, son of Sophocles. He gained the second prize in 428 B.C., Euripides being first, and Ion third. He must have been living in 405, the date of the production of the Frogs of Aristophanes, in which he is spoken of as the only good Athenian tragic poet, although it is hinted that he owed much to his father’s assistance. He wrote 50 plays, of which only a few fragments remain. It is said that Iophon accused his father before the court of the phratores of being incapable of managing his affairs, to which Sophocles replied by reading the famous chorus of the Oedipus at Colonus (688 ff.), with the result that he was triumphantly acquitted.
See Aristophanes, Frogs, 73, 78, with scholia; Cicero, De senectute, vii. 22; Plutarch, Moralia, 785 B; A. Nauck, Tragicorum Graecorum fragmenta (1889); O. Wolff, De Iophonte poëta (Leipzig, 1884).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Iovilae

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​IOVILAE, or Jovilae, a latinized form of iůvilas, the name given by the Oscan-speaking Campanians in the 5th, 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. to an interesting class of monuments, not yet fully understood. They all bear crests or heraldic emblems proper to some family or group of families, and inscriptions directing the annual performance of certain ceremonies on fixed days. While some of them are dedicated to Jupiter (in a special capacity, which our present knowledge of Oscan is insufficient to determine), others were certainly found attached to graves.
See the articles Osca Lingua, Capua, Cumae and Messapii. The text of all those yet discovered (at Capua and Cumae), with particulars of similar usages elsewhere in Italy and other historical and archaeological detail, is given by R. S. Conway in The Italic Dialects (Cambridge, 1897, pp. 101 ff.). A briefer but valuable discussion of the chief characteristics of the group will be found in R. von Planta’s Oskisch-umbrische Grammatik, ii. 631 ff., and a summary description in C. D. Buck’s Osco-Umbrian Grammar, 247. (R. S. C.)