OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Truck

See also Truck system on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TRUCK. (1) A name for barter, or commodities used in barter or trade. The word came into English from the French troq, mod. troc; troquer, to barter, is borrowed from Spanish trocar, for which several origins have been suggested, such as a Low Latin travicare, the supposed original of “traffic” (q.v.), or some latinized form of Greek τρόπος, turn; it may, on the other hand, be connected with the Greek τροχός, wheel. “Truck,” in this sense, is chiefly used now in the sense of the payment of the wages of workmen in kind, or in any other way than the unconditional payment of money, a practice known as the “truck system.” Colloquially, “truck” is used in the general sense of “dealing,” in such expressions as “to have no truck with anyone.” The “truck system” has taken various forms. Sometimes the Workman has been paid with “portion of that which he has helped to produce,” whether he had need of it or not, but the more usual form was to give the workman the whole or part of his wages in the shape of commodities suited to his needs. There was also a practice of paying in money, but with an express or tacit understanding that the workman should resort for such goods as he required to shops or stores kept by his employer. The truck system led in many cases to grave abuses and was made illegal by the Truck Acts, under which wages must be paid in current coin of the realm, without any stipulations as to the manner in which the same shall be expended. (See Labour Legislation.) (2) From the Late Latin trochus, wheel, Greek τροχός, we get “truck” in the sense of a wheeled vehicle, such as the hand-barrows used for carrying luggage at a railway station; and the word is used generally for all that portion of railway rolling stock which is intended for the carriage of goods (see Railways: Rolling-stock). The term is also used of a circular disk of wood at the top of a ship's mast, generally provided with sheaves for the signal halyards.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Troy (Ohio)

See also Troy, Ohio on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TROY, a city and the county-seat of Miami county, Ohio, U.S.A., on the west bank of the Great Miami river, about 65 m. W. of Columbus. Pop. (1899), 4494; (1900), 5881 (234 foreign-born); (1910), 6122. Troy is served by the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis and the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railways, and by the Dayton & Troy and the Springfield, Troy & Piqua electric inter-urban lines. The Miami and Erie Canal, formerly important for traffic, is now used only for power. The principal public buildings include the court house and the city hall, and there are a public library (housed in the city hall) and a children’s home. Troy is situated in a good general farming region, of which tobacco is an important crop; and there are various manufactures. The municipality owns and operates the Waterworks and electric-lighting plant. The first settlement was made in 1807, and Troy was first chartered as a city in 1890.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Truckle

See also Truckle bed on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TRUCKLE, a verb meaning to submit servilely or fawningly to another's bidding, to yield in a weak, feeble or contemptible way. The origin is the “truckle bed,” a small bed on wheels which could be pushed under a large one. In early times servants or children slept in such beds, placed at the foot of their masters' and parents' bed, but the name first appears as a university word, and was derived direct from Latin trochlea, a wheel or pulley-block, Greek τροχός, wheel (τρέχειν, to run).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trueba, Antonio de

See also Antonio de Trueba on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TRUEBA, ANTONIO DE (1819-1889), Spanish novelist, was born on the 24th of December 1819 at Montellano (Biscay), where he was privately educated. In 1835 he was sent to learn business at Madrid; but commerce was not to his taste, and, after a long apprenticeship, he turned to journalism. In 1851 he hit the popular taste with El Cid Campeador and El Libro de los cantares; for the next eleven years he was absorbed by journalistic work, the best of his contributions being issued under the titles of Cuentos popular es (1862), Cuentos de color de rosa (1864), and Cuentos campesinos (1865). The pleasant simplicity and idyllic sentimentalism of these collections delighted an uncritical public, and Trueba met the demand by supplying a series of stories conceived in the same ingenuous vein. In 1862 he was appointed archivist and chronicler of the Biscay provinces; he was deprived of the former post in 1870, but was reinstated after the restoration. He died at Bilbao on the 10th of March 1889.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Amalfi, (Donna Constantia d'Avalos, Duchess d')

AMALFI, (DONNA CONSTANTIA D'AVALOS, DUCHESS D',) a Neapolitan Poetess of the Sixteenth Century,
Was of the same noble family with the husband of Victoria Colonna, Marchioness de Pescara, with whose poems her's are usually bound. She was celebrated by all the learned men of the age; and, though few of her ​works remain, those confessedly place her in a high rank among the Italian lyrists. Her muse was grave, but ingenious; and her piety is every where conspicuous in her works, as it is said to have been also in an exemplary life.
F.C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Amalasuntha

AMALASUNTHA, Daughter of Theodoric, King of the Goths, in Italy, and Wife of Eutharic, an Ostrogoth, afterwards of Theodotus, King of Italy. Died 534.
Not having any son, her father married her, in 515, to Eutharic, as he disliked subjecting his people to the dominion of a foreigner. She became a widow before the death of Theodoric, which happened in 526, and was left regent during the minority of her son Athalaric, then eight years old, of whom she undertook the tuition, gave him a Roman education, and endeavoured, in vain, to render him worthy of his situation. He profited nothing by her example and instruction, but gave himself up to luxury and dissipation, and died at the age of sixteen. Amalasuntha, by marriage, then raised her cousin, Theodotus, to the throne, who repaid her benefits with the blackest ingratitude; imprisoned, and then caused her to be put to death, or, as others say, strangled her with his own hands. The death of Amalasuntha was revenged by the emperor Justinian, who sent his general, Belisarius, against the murderer, and destroyed the power of the Goths in Italy.
Amalasuntha was a most enlightened and excellent princess; a protector of the arts and sciences. She not only possessed the qualities necessary to support an administration beneficial to the people; but also those that would contribute to make it brilliant and glorious to herself. She was well instructed in philosophy, knew perfectly the Greek and Latin, and spoke also the languages of the different people who composed the Roman empire.
Respect for the memory of her father had given Amalasuntha great authority with the Goths; and her intrinsic merit and personal accomplishments, made a ​nation, proud and delicate in point of honour, glory in obeying her. Her majestic exterior, announced the elevation of her soul. Her understanding was lively and penetrating, but firm and moderate; and her natural powers had been cultivated by a masculine and serious education. She spoke little, but her words were full of meaning. Active, yet always tranquil, she quietly terminated the most important affairs; and the impenetrable secresy she observed, gave her leisure to remove obstacles, and insure the success of her designs. Affable, liberal, faithful to her promises, she won the hearts of her admiring people. By her prudence she pacified the eastern emperor, who had been offended, and maintained concord between the Goths and Romans, whom she impartially governed; and, as long as Athalaric was guided by her counsels, happiness and prosperity reigned in his kingdom.
This princess lamented the cruel fate of the learned Boëtius, beheaded by her father. She expressed the utmost respect for his memory; and, to make all the atonement in her power, for the injuries he had sustained, she caused his statues, which had been thrown down at Rome, to be again erected; and all his possessions restored to his heirs.
Histoire du Bas Empire, par Pere le Beau, &c.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Anacoana

ANACOANA, Queen of Maguana, and Wife of Carnabo, the most powerful King in the Island of St. Domingo,
Was a princess of great understanding, and highly favourable to the Spaniards, whose superior intelligence and knowledge she unfortunately too highly appreciated. On the death of her husband, she retired into the dominions of her brother, the king of Xiragua. Bartholomew Columbus, brother of the celebrated Christopher, profited of the partiality of this princess, to conciliate her brother, hitherto unfavourable, till he consented to receive them as friends, and pay a tribute of cotton and provisions, the produce of the country.
On the death of her brother, in 1503, without children, Anacoana was called to the throne. Her opinion ​of the Spaniards was entirely changed. She had seen their ingratitude and selfishness; and, becoming mistrustful of her, they resolved, by any means, to get her into their power. For this purpose, they accused her to Ovando, the governor-general, as meditating treason; and not to lose any time, he went directly from the town of St. Domingo to Xiragua, with a formidable suite. Anacoana suspected no evil; and, in order to do him more honour, assembled her vassals, and marched at their head, to meet him. These poor people danced, in the fashion of their country, and shouted for joy at the arrival of the Spanish general. He was conducted to the palace, in the midst of acclamations, and feasted there many days.
During this time, an act of the most atrocious perfidy was meditated. Ovando invited the queen to a feast after the European manner; and, accompanied by all her nobility, she came to it on the following Sunday. They were introduced into a hall, where it was to be celebrated, and waited there some time before the Spaniards arrived, who at length made their appearance in battle array. The infantry invested all the avenues of the place; Ovando, at the head of his cavalry, surrounded the house in which the queen was; and a multitude of Indians, whom curiosity had induced to follow their queen, were slain by the foot soldiers. After this massacre, the cavaliers dismounted, and entered the hall with drawn swords. The caciques and principal men were tied to posts, the house set fire to, and all consumed in the flames. Anacoana was loaded with chains, and carried to St. Domingo; her process was soon made out, and she was hung publicly as a rebel.
F.C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Anasandra

ANASANDRA,
Daughter of Nealces, a Grecian painter, who studied under her father, and became an artist of some eminence.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Anastasia

ANASTASIA, a Christian Martyr, at Rome, in the Dioclesian Persecution,
Was born in that city, of Pretextat, a Pagan, and a Christian woman, named Fausta, who instructed her in the principles of her own religion. After the death of her mother, she was married to Publius Patricius, a Roman knight, who obtained a rich patrimony with her; but no sooner discovered her to be a Christian, than he treated her harshly, keeping her confined, and almost in want of necessaries, while he lavished the wealth he had received with her in luxury and extravagance.
On his death, in the course of a few years, Anastasia gave herself more freely to the study of the Holy Scriptures, which had always been her delight, and to works of charity. Her fortune, though very large, scarcely sufficed for the relief of the poor, and the confessors of Christianity, by whom the prisons were at that time filled.
Her retired manner of life, and her charities, soon led to a suspicion of her religion. She, and three of her female servants, sisters, were arrested by the officers of the emperor, who wanted to make them sacrifice to idols. This they constantly refused to do; on which the three sisters were put to death upon the spot, and Anastasia conducted to prison. She was then exiled to the island of Palmaria; but soon afterwards brought back to Rome, ​and burnt alive. Her remains were buried in her garden, by a Christian, named Apollonia, and a church afterwards built upon the spot.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Anchita

ANCHITA, wife of Cleombrotus, King of Sparta,
Whose love for her country, and hatred of treason, manifested themselves in opposition to the sentiments of nature. Her son Pausanias, who had distinguished himself so nobly at the battle of Platæa, afterwards, by his arrogant and foolish conduct, disgusted his countrymen; whom he also agreed to betray to the king of Persia, on condition of receiving the daughter of that monarch in marriage. His correspondence being discovered, he fled to the temple of Minerva for refuge; from whence it was not lawful to force him, though condemned to death by the Ephori. His pursuers, therefore, contrived to block up the doors with stones; the first of which, in the proud anguish of a Spartan mother, was laid there by Anchita. In this manner, Pausanias perished with hunger, about 471 years before Christ.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Amagia

AMAGIA, Queen of the Sarmatians.
Medosac, her husband, being entirely given up to luxury and indolence, the affairs of the state, in which he took no interest, fell into the greatest disorder, till Amagia took upon herself the cares of government. She gave public audience; went herself to supply with troops the outposts, which defended the kingdom; repulsed the incursions of their enemies; and even succoured her neighbours, when they were oppressed.
She interfered successfully in the disputes of the petty principalities, with which the Scythian Chersonesus abounded. Her plans were laid with wisdom, and executed with vigour and expedition. She appears to have had justice always in view, but not to have tempered it sufficiently with mercy.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Amboise, (Frances d')

AMBOISE, (FRANCES D',) Duchess of Brittany, Daughter of Lewis d'Amboise, Viscount de Thouars, and Prince of Talmond. Died 1485.
Was brought up at the court of Brittany, and married to Peter, brother to the reigning duke, a man of a violent and jealous temper; but the heroic patience and gentleness of the duchess, at length made him ashamed of the excesses into which his passions transported him; he demanded pardon for his injustice, and they ever after lived perfectly happy.
Some time after their reconciliation, the death of his brother called Peter II. to the throne. Frances used her influence and authority only for the happiness of the people. The reform of luxury in dress, was the first object of her attention. She herself practised the most perfect simplicity; and the ladies of the court following her example, it soon spread through all ranks. The Duke wished to profit by this economy of his subjects, to impose new taxes; but the duchess persuaded him to relinquish the design. She engaged him to solicit the canonization of Vincent Ferrier, who was called the Apostle of Brittany; and to erect a house in the city of Nantes, for the nuns of the order of St. Clair.
While this house was building, the duke fell dangerously ill, of a malady to which the physicians could give no name. Ignorance attributed it to some magician, who, gained by his enemies, had reduced him to this ​situation. The greater part of the courtiers said, a more able sorcerer should be sought, to counteract the charms of the first; but, whether the good sense of the duchess led her to disbelieve the efficacy of this expedient, or her piety revolted from using unlawful means, for the attainment of any purpose, however desirable, she refused to comply.
The duke expired in her arms, in October, 1457, after having reigned seven years. Arthur, his successor, wanted to deprive her of her dowry, and caused her many unpleasant embarrassments. To ensure her a protector, her father was anxious to engage her in a second marriage, with the prince of Savoy; and the king, (Louis XI.) and queen of France, took the most lively interest in the affair: but, neither their solicitations, nor those of her father, could overcome the resolution she had formed, of living in perpetual widowhood; and, at length, to put an end not only to their entreaties, but to their well-meant, though ineffectual constraint, she retired into a convent, near Vannes, and took the habit of a Carmelite.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Amalthea

AMALTHEA, DEMOPHILA, or HIEROPHILA, the Cumean Sybil.
In the year of Rome, 219, 535 years before Christ, an old woman presented Tarquin the Proud nine books, which, she said, concerned the future destiny of Rome, and asked three hundred golden crowns for them. The king treated her demand with contempt; on which she burnt three before him. Some days after, she returned, and offered him the six which remained, for the same sum she had demanded for the whole; and, on his refusal, burnt three more. Surprised at her behaviour, he asked what she would have for those which were left; but she would not abate her first price. Not knowing what to do, he consulted the pontifs, who advised him to pay her the three hundred crowns. These books were held in such veneration by the Romans, that two magistrates were appointed to keep and consult them upon all extraordinary occasions, such as public calamities or necessities, when they acted as these sacred volumes appeared to advise them.
From fragments which remain, and from the use which Virgil made of them in his Pollio, it is evident, that they predicted the birth of our Saviour; but, whether they were merely the work of human fraud and ingenuity, and borrowed this striking prophecy from the Hebrews, or that the evil spirits, deluding the world so many ages by lying oracles, were obliged thus to ​foretel their own destruction, has been a doubt with the learned.
A work called the Sybilline Oracles, was published at Amsterdam, in 1689; but is believed to be spurious.
New Biographical Dictionary. F. C. &c.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Ammanati, (Laura Battiferri)

AMMANATI, (LAURA BATTIFERRI,) an Italian Poetess. Born at Urbino, 1513, died at Florence, November, 1589, aged 76.
Daughter of John Anthony Battiferri, and wife of Bartholomew Ammanati, a celebrated sculptor and architect, of Florence. She applied herself all her life to the study of philosophy and polite literature; and cultivated Italian poetry with so much success, that she is esteemed one of the best poets of the sixteenth century. Her translations of the Penitential Psalms, in odes; the Prayer of Jeremiah, in blank verse; and a hymn on the ​Glory of Paradise, written originally by Peter Damien, and falsely attributed to St. Augastin, are the most generally approved by men of letters, and especially by Annibal Caro, and Bernard Tasso, father of the famous Tasso, who speaks very highly of her in his Amadis. Her works are distinguished by a noble and elevated stile; by the excellence of the morality, and the spirit of piety which pervades them. Her death was regretted by all who loved the fine arts, and particularly by the court of Tuscany, where she was highly esteemed. The Academy of the Intronati, at Sienna, chose her for one of their members; and the famous German painter, Ans d'Aken, requested permission to take a portrait of her, that he might carry a copy back to his own country, and make a lady known to it, whose praises were celebrated throughout Italy. A collection of her poems were printed, first at Florence, and then at Naples, in 1694.
F.C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Marchebrusc, (M. Chabot, mother of)

Learned and polite, she had great talents for poetry, and versified equally well in the Provençal and other living languages. Having chosen Avignon for her residence, she held there what was called a court of love, which seems to have been an institution to criticize and ​encourage the lighter branches of literature. It was open to all the poets, and gentlemen and ladies of the country. She acquired so great a reputation, that every little piece of her writing was esteemed a treasure. It does not appear that she had any other children than Marchebrusc, who was as good a poet as herself, and wrote a work On the Nature of Love, in which he recited all the good and evil that it produced. This poem has, however, been attributed to his mother; and another, "Pictures of Love," said to be the one written by him. They flourished at Avignon, under the pontificate of Clement VI.
Some have supposed that the sonnets Petrarch made against Rome, were made against the mother of Marchebrusc; upon which Tassoni, in his reflections on that poet, says, "a certain Provençal, named Nostredamus, reports, we believe with little probability, that the three sonnets, Fiammia dal Ciel, &c, L'Avara Babylonia, and Fontano di Dolore, were made against the mother of Marc Brusc, a Provençal poet, which lady also wrote poems, and was much celebrated in her time."
F.C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Marcia, (di Marco Varrone)

MARCIA, (DI MARCO VARRONE),
A female painter, who drew many Roman women; she surpassed, in velocity of pencil, Sopilus and Dionysius, the most celebrated painters of the age.
Abecedario Pitt.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Margaret, (Dauphiness of France)

MARGARET, (DAUPHINESS OF FRANCE), eldest Daughter of James I. of Scotland,
Was contracted, in 1428, at the age of eight, to the Dauphin, afterwards Lewis IX, and the marriage was celebrated eight years after, at Tours. She was a princess of merit, and particularly attached to learning and the learned.—It is said that Alain Chartier, one of the best poets and orators of his time, was the ugliest man in France; and that Margaret, passing with some of her ladies through a hall where he lay asleep, approached and kissed him, which surprised the ladies, who reproached her with having bestowed that honour upon a man who, in their opinion, so little deserved it. "I have not kissed him," said she, "but the lips which have spoken so many beautiful things."
Margaret had not been beloved by her husband; but, sensible of her worth, he shed many tears on losing her in 1444. Her death is said to have been occasioned by her grief at calumnious reports which attacked her virtue.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Marescotti, (Margaret)

MARESCOTTI (MARGARET),
A poetess of Sienna, in the 16th century, of much merit.
F.C