OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Extradition

See also Extradition on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Extradition is the surrender of a prisoner accused of a crime by the government in whose dominions he has taken refuge to the government of which he is a subject, so that he may be punished or dealt with according to its laws for an offense committed within its jurisdiction. The crimes for which extradition may be demanded comprise murder, manslaughter, counterfeiting and forgery, embezzlement and larceny, obtaining money or goods on false pretenses, etc. Between this country and Great Britain the offenses number nearly 30 that are extraditable, though political offenses are excluded, as they usually are in all international treaties. Since the assassination of President Garfield provision has been made in the treaties of this country with foreign powers that attempts against the head of the state, in the way of assassination, murder or poisoning, shall not be deemed political offenses, and so they are extraditable. The rendition, in this country, of criminals or fugitives from justice from one state to another is provided for by the constitution; the state making demand for the return of the criminal paying the costs connected with the arrest and surrender of the person extradited.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Eyck, Hubert and Jan van

See also Hubert van Eyck and Jan van Eyck on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Eyck (īk), Hubert and Jan van, two illustrious painters of the early Flemish school. They probably were born at Alden Eyck or Masseyck on the Maas, but the date of their birth is uncertain; Hubert is supposed to have been born about 1370 and Jan about 1389. The distinction of being the inventors of oilpainting is claimed for them, though evidence exists that it was practiced previously. But the Van Eycks were the first who brought into notice and perfected the mode of mixing colors with oil. For transparent and brilliant coloring and minute finish their works have never been surpassed. Jan seems to have been instructed in art by his elder brother and to have worked with him as court-painter to Philip of Charolais till 1422, when he entered the service of John of Bavaria, count of Holland, at The Hague; and in 1425 he was appointed painter to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, practicing his art chiefly at Bruges. Hubert continued to reside in Ghent, and at the time of his death, Sept. 18, 1426, was engaged upon an important altarpiece, which was completed by Jan. The masterpieces of the brothers are mostly met with in Ghent, Bruges, Antwerp, Berlin, Munich and Paris. Three pictures of Jan's are in the National Gallery, London, dated 1432, '33 and '34. In the Louvre, Paris, is his exquisitely finished little picture of Chancellor Rollin kneeling before the Virgin. Jan died at Bruges on July 9, 1440. See Early Flemish Painters by Crowe and Cavalcaselle.
# The New Student's Reference Work/F

See also F on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​F (ĕf), the sixth letter, is a consonant. It is called a labio-dental surd, because it is made with the lips or, more commonly, with the lower lip against the upper teeth, and does not sound. It requires considerable breath to pronounce it, and gives a simple breath-sound, as in fame. The Spaniards and Greeks had great difficulty in pronouncing it. Its value comes from the Latin.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Factory and Factory-Legislation

See also Factory and Labour law on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Factory and Factory-Legislation. It is not easy to set a date for the origin of factories. In England factories for wool were established in the reign of Edward III. But the nineteenth century was the great period of the rise of factories. This rise was the result of many new mechanical inventions, chief among which were those of Hargreave, Arkwright, Cartwright and Crompton. The factory-system of industry greatly increased the amount of production per man, but in bringing together great numbers of men, women and children it paved the way for the replacement of the old personal interest between master and workman by a mere cash-bond. Overwork and sweating became common practices. In England and America the first laws about factories dealt with the abuse of child and pauper-labor and with the lack of sanitary care within the factories, which became a fertile source of disease. The factory-system came later in America than in England. The English factories jealously guarded the secrets of their machinery. But in 1790 a factory for water-frame spinning was built in Rhode Island; and in 1803 the first cotton mill in America was built in Massachusetts. The growth of factories in America has continued with extraordinary rapidity.
The first modern factory-legislation in England was the law of Sir Robert Peel in 1802, dealing with the labor of children and paupers. A great number of acts followed, dealing with these and other problems. (See Child-Labor Acts.) In the United States, Massachusetts took the lead in labor-legislation; and the laws of the other states tend to be based on this code. But Australia and New Zealand have gone far beyond either England or America in limiting the hours of labor, the age of employees, the lowness of the wage that may be offered and the strife that is apt to occur from time to time between employers and employed, leading to wasteful strikes. But there are laws in the United States regulating the labor of women and children, sanitary matters, the soundness and safety of machinery, payment of wages, hours of labor (limited in Massachusetts to 58 hours a week for young people), hours of meals, licenses, etc.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lichtenberger, Frédéric Auguste

Edition of 1905. See also Frédéric Auguste Lichtenberger on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LICHTENBERGER, lĭK'ten-bĕr-gẽr, Frédéric Auguste (1832—). A French theologian, born at Strassburg. He obtained his degree in theology, and was made professor at the University of his native town (1864). In 1877 he was appointed professor in the newly founded Protestant faculty at Paris, of which he also became dean. His publications include: La théologie de Lessing (1854); De Apostolorum Præceptis Redemptoriam Christi Mortem Spectantibus (1857); Etude sur le principe du protestantisme (1857); Des éléments constitutifs de la science dogmatique (1869); and Histoire des idées religieuses en Allemagne depuis le milieu du XVIIIème siècle (1873-87).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lichtenstein, Martin Heinrich Karl

Edition of 1905. See also Martin Lichtenstein on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LICHTENSTEIN, lĭK'ten-stīn, Martin Heinrich Karl (1780-1857). A German traveler and zoölogist, born at Hamburg, and educated at Jena and Hehnstedt. He went as physician and tutor with the Dutch General Janssens to South Africa (1801), and served as surgeon to an infantry battalion of Hottentots and as governmental commissioner to the Bechuanas. In 1806, on the occupation of the colony by the English, he returned to Germany, devoting himself to the study and classification of the zoölogical and especially ornithological material he had collected in Africa. In 1811 he was made professor of zoölogy at Berlin, and two years afterwards was appointed to succeed Illiger as director of the Zoölogical Museum. His more important publications were Reisen im südlichen Afrika (1810-11) and Darstellungen neuer oder wenig bekannter Säugetiere (1827-34).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lichtenstein, Ulrich von

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
LICHTENSTEIN, Ulrich von. See Ulrich von Lichtenstein.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lieber, Guido Norman

Edition of 1905. See also Francis Lieber#Family on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LIEBER, Guido Norman (1837—). An American soldier and publicist. He was born at Columbia, S. C., where his father, Francis Lieber (q.v.) was a professor in South Carolina College. He graduated at that institution in 1856, and at Harvard Law School in 1859, and at the outbreak of the Civil War was practicing law in
New York City. He then obtained an appointment as a lieutenant in the Regular Army, was assigned to the Eleventh Infantry, was advanced to the rank of regimental adjutant, and served in McClellan's Peninsular campaign, in which he was brevetted captain for gallantry at the battle of Gaines's Mill (June 27, 1862). At the second battle of Bull Run he served as an aide on General Pope's staff. Appointed major and judge-advocate, he was assigned to the Department of the Gulf, receiving a further brevet for services in the Red River campaign. From 1878 to 1882 he was professor of law at West Point. He became assistant judge-advocate-general, with rank of colonel, in 1884, and was judge-advocate-general of the United States Army from 1895 to 1901, in which capacity he was one of the most valuable advisers of President McKinley during the Spanish-American War. His publications include several important treatises on the laws of war, such as The Use of the Army in Aid of the Civil Power (1898), and Remarks on the Army Regulations (1898).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lichtwer, Magnus Gottfried

Edition of 1905. See also Magnus Gottfried Lichtwer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LICHTWER, lĭKt′vẽr, Magnus Gottfried (1719-83). A German fabulist. He was born at Wurzen, studied law at Leipzig and Wittenberg, and was subsequently Canon of Saint Mauritius. His chief work is to be found in the Vier Bücher Aesopischer Fabeln (1748). There is a collection of Schriften (1828) edited by Von Pott and Cramer.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Liebknecht, Wilhelm

Edition of 1905. See also Wilhelm Liebknecht on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LIEBKNECHT, lēp'knĕKt, Wilhelm (1826-1900). A German social democrat, born at Giessen. He studied in the university there and at Berlin and Marburg. In 1848 he took part in the revolt in Baden; was imprisoned, but escaped in May of 1849, going first to Switzerland and then to London. There he earned his living as correspondent for German newspapers and as a member of the Communistenbund, associated with Marx and Engels. In 1862 he took advantage of the amnesty, returned to Germany, and began to write for the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung. But in 1865 he was banished from Berlin and Prussia for socialistic agitation. Two years later he was elected to the North German Parliament, and in 1868 he began to edit the Demokratisches Wochenblatt, in which he attacked Bismarck so bitterly that in 1872 he was imprisoned for two years, with his fellow-editor Bebel. But before he was released he had been elected to the German Reichstag. Save for brief periods he sat there until his death. In 1879 he was elected to the Second Chamber of the Saxon Legislature. He was editor of the Berlin Vorwärts from 1890 to 1900, and in 1895 was imprisoned for four
months on the charge of lèse majesté. He wrote: Zur Grund- und Bodenfrage (1876); Ein Blick in die neue Welt (1886), relating his impressions of a trip to the United States made in that year; Robert Blum und seine Zeit (2d ed. 1890); Geschichte der französischen Revolution (1890); Die Emser Depesche (5th ed. 1892); Robert Owen (1892); and Volksfremdwörterbuch (7th ed. 1894).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lieblein, Jens Daniel Carolus

Edition of 1905. See also Jens Lieblein on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LIEBLEIN, lēb'līn, Jens Daniel Carolus (1827—). A Norwegian Egyptologist, born at Christiania. He studied in the University of Christiania, at Berlin under Brugsch and Lepsius, in Paris and Turin at the expense of the State, and later at London and Leyden. He was made professor at Christiania in 1870. As representative of Norway he was present at the opening of the Suez Canal (1869), and traveled in Egypt again in 1887-88 and 1899-1900. His earliest publication was Aegyptische Chronologie (1863), which did much to systematize that branch, especially in the sequel; Recherches sur la chronologie egyptienne d'après les listes généalogiques (1873). His other works include: Dictionnaire des noms hieroglyphiques, en ordre généalogique et alphabetique (1871), which is supplemented by Hieroglyphisches Namenwörterbuch (1891); Gammelægyptisk Religion (1883-85); Handel und Schiffahrt auf dem rothen Meere in alten Zeiten (1886); Le livre égyptien: Que mon nom fleurisse (1895).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lichtenberg, Leopold

Edition of 1905. See also Leopold Lichtenberg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LICHTENBERG, Leopold (1861—). An American violinist, born in San Francisco. He first appeared in public when eight years of age. Four years later he came under the tuition of Wieniawski, and toured with him through the various States of the Union. Subsequently he was for six months under Lambert in Paris, after which he rejoined Wieniawski in Brussels; and, devoting himself for three years to serious study, he was enabled to win a first prize at the national ‘concours.’ He returned to America, and for a time played under Theodore Thomas in New York, after which he made a three years' tour of Europe. Returning to America, he became a member of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and was appointed head of the violin faculty of the New York Conservatory.
# The New York Times/1918/11/11/Friars Will Frolic for War Fund

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Friars Will Frolic for War Fund.
Among those who will take part in the Friars' Frolic at the Metropolitan next Sunday in aid of the allied war funds will by Cyril Maude, George M. Cohan, William Collier, Lew Fields, Joe Weber, Irving Berlin, Al Jolson, Leo Ditrichstein, Joseph Cawthorn, Frank Tinney, James J. Corbett, De Wolf Hopper, Doyle and Dixon, and John Charles THomas. An escpecially prepared program will be given instead of the customary series of individual specialties. An auction sale of seats will take place at the Cohan & Harris Theatre tomorrow afternoon.
# The New York Times/1918/11/11/German Newspapers Still Rail at America

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GERMAN NEWSPAPERS STILL RAIL AT AMERICA
Rhenish Gazette Doubts Wilson's Sincerity and Thinks We Strive for Power.
Copyright, 1918, by The New York Times Company.
Special Cable to The New York Times.
THE HAGUE, Nov. 9.—Commenting on the American election, the Rhenish Gazette says:
"Doubtless there are many pacifists at work today in America, who also support Wilson's League. These are mostly to be found among Democrats; but it is a mistake to believe that all Democrats want peace. The Democrats pursue imperialism under the banner of the protection of small nations and freedom of nations and of the seas, and these ideas are propagated by means of beautiful phrases, which, however, are nevertheless filled with true American strivings for power and force. All the same, it must be admitted that the ideas for a prace of justice and conciliation are more prevalent among the Democrats than the Republicans."
The paper alleges that Roosevelt, Taft and Lodge are the champions of peace by force and want to destroy Germany, and it points out that President Wilson's election message to the people was an appeal to the self-love and vanity of Americans and was an effort to take the wind out of the Republican's sails.
"As Wilson was elected peace President," says the paper, "he must appear as a positive factor in ending the war, and the league is thereby a means to an end. On the other hand, if he wishes to down the Republicans and assure his party victory in Congress, which at present is dubious, then he is forced to make imperialistic chauvinistic concessions.
"All this, however, is incidental for the Germans, and the main question is whether Wilson is an honest peace-bringer, as his admirers believe, or whether he is a disguised imperialist under the mask of pacifism, only desiring Germany's destruction. Only the armistice conditions will show whether Wilson is striving for a just peace or whether he is the slave and spokesman for Lloyd George and Clemenceau. It is possible that delay in the publication of the armistice conditions is connected with the American elections, and only when the results are known will it be clear which way the pendulum swings."
It is evident that the Germans are still banking on discussion among the Allies as to peace conditions and feeling for a weak spot in the allied armament, although, as one paper explains, it is difficult to tell whether these differences can be used for the advantage of the German Empire and whether Wilson's influence on the Allies is not exaggerated.
Judging by quotations from the Tageblatt, the majority party is now clinging to President Wilson as the only peace apostle left in the world, which is somewhat incongruous with the many insults heaped on the President's head in this respect.
# The New York Times/1918/11/11/French Scholars Arrive

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FRENCH SCHOLARS ARRIVE.
Sent by Their Government to Lecture at American Universities.
Five members of a group of French scholars, delegated by their Government to put before the Maerican people in the form of a series of university lectures on some of the leading features of French civilization, her ideals, aspirations, and scientific progress, arrived here yesterday. Two others of the seven members, who will be known as the Mission of French Scholars to the United States, are now exchange professors at Columbia University. All will be guests of Columbia pending the arranging of the schedule for their itinerary of two months, during which they will appear at all the leading universities and colleges.
Three of the lecturers come from active service in the present war. They are Dr. Theodore Reinach of the Institute de France and Lieutenant Colonel in the French Army; Captain Charles Cazamian and Dr. Etienne Burnet, surgeon with the French forces. Captain Cazamian, Professor of English Literature at the University of Paris, is the author of studies on the social aspects of English literature. Dr. Burnet of the Pasteur Institute is a specialist in microbiology. The other members are: Dr. Charles Koechlin, composer and critic of music, who has contributed interesting studies to the history of French music; Dr. Seymour de Ricchi, art critic and secretary of The Gazette des Beaux-Arts; Professor Emmanuel de Martonne, one of the most widely known French geographers, who has been an exchange professor at Columbia three weeks, and Professor Fernand Baldensperger, Professor of French Literature at Columnbia. Both are from the University of Paris.
Commenting on the objects of the mission Lieut. Col. Reinach made the prediction that every American soldier now in France would be an agent for the furthering of good will and political ties between France and America.
# The New York Times/1918/11/11/German Royalties in General Flight

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German Royalties in General Flight; Two Princesses Wounded by Bullets
Copyright, 1918, by The New York Times Company.
Special Cable to The New York Times.
STOCKHOLM, Nov. 10.—After the abdication, Prince Adalbert, third son of the former Kaiser, sought refuge on his yacht, the crew of which remains loyal. His wife, Princess Adelheld, and the children, are leaving Kiel by rail.
Prince Henry of Prussia, and his consort seem to be hiding near the Danish frontier awaiting a chance of crossing. Prince Henry had a narrow escape from death during his flight from Kiel, in a motor car, a bullet entering his sleeve, while the Princess was shot above the elbow.
COPENHAGEN, Nov. 10.—According to a frontier message, Princess Heinrich, wife of the grandson of Ludwig III. of Bavaria, was wounded in the arm when fired upon as she was fleeing from Munich.
She and her husband are now hiding in Southern Bavaria with Princess Adelheld, wife of Prince Adalbert, Emperor William's third son.
AMSTERDAM, Nov. 10.—Advices from Munich state that the King of Bavaria with his daughters and his son, Crown Prince Rupprecht, departed in motor cars Thursday night for an unknown destination. The Soldiers' and Workmen's Councils occupy the royal residences. Later it was said the King returned to the castle to take away the Queen, who was ill, from the excited city.
# The New York Times/1918/11/11/Front is Quiet, Berlin Says

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FRONT IS QUIET, BERLIN SAYS.
But Admits Continued Retreat Before the British in Belgium.
WASHINGTON, Nov. 10.—"It is officially reported that the west front was quiet today," said a wireless message from the German station at Nauen, received tonight by naval radio towers in this country.
BERLIN, Nov. 10. (via London.)—The German official statement issued today regarding military operations on the western front says:
   Yesterday between the Scheldt and the Meuse the enemy followed our movements beyond Ronsse, Leuze, St. Guislain, Maubeuge, Trelow, and over the Sormonne River, west of Charleville.
   On the Eastern Meuse Heights and on the plain of the Woevre many attacks of the Americans were repulsed.
# The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898/Volume 1/Documents regarding the Line of Demarcation

* Papal bulls: Inter cætera (May 3), Eximiæ (May 3), Inter cætera (May 4), Extension de la concesion (September 25)—1493.
* Treaty of Tordesillas—June 7, 1494.
* [Note on correspondence of Jaime Ferrer—1493–95]
* Compact between the Catholic Sovereigns and the King of Portugal—April 15, 1495.
* Papal bull, Præcelsæ—November 3, 1514.
* Instructions from the King of Spain to his ambassadors—February 4, 1523.
* Letter from Cárlos I to Juan de Zúñiga—December 18, 1523.
* Treaty of Vitoria—February 19, 1524.
* Junta of Badajoz: extract from the records (April 14–May 13), opinions of cosmographers (April 13–15), letters to the Spanish delegates (March 21, April 10)—1524.
* Treaty of Zaragoza—April 22, 1529.
Sources: See Bibliographical Data at end of this volume.
Translations: The Papal Bulls are translated by Rev. Thomas Cooke Middleton, D.D., O.S.A.; the Treaty of Zaragoza, by José M. Asensio; the remaining documents of this group are compiled, translated, and arranged by James A. Robertson.
# The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898/Volume 1/Carta do rei

LETTER FROM THE KING OF CASTILE TO FERNANDO DE MAGALHÃES AND RUY FALERO.
The King.
Fernando de Magallãins and Ruy Falero, knights of the order of San Tiago, our captain-generals of the fleet which we are about to despatch on an expedition of discovery, and the other individual captains of the said fleet; the pilots, sailing masters, boatswains, and sailors in the ships of the said fleet: inasmuch as I am quite well assured by those who have actually been there, that the Maluco Islands are rich in spices—the chief article sought by the said fleet,—I order you, the said Fernando de Magallãins, to pursue a direct course to the above-mentioned islands, exactly as I have told and commanded you. And I order you all individually and collectively, that, in the said voyage you heed strictly the counsels and decisions of the said Fernando de Magallãins; and that, first and foremost, before sailing elsewhere, you proceed without fail to the said Maluco Islands, for in this wise do you perform our service. Afterwards you may seek other suitable things, in accordance with your orders. And none of you shall act contrary to this our will, in any manner, under penalty of loss of property and life. Barcelona, April nineteen, one thousand five hundred and nineteen: I, the King. By command of the King: Francisco de los Covos.
[Endorsed: "In order that those sailing in the fleet may heed the counsels and decisions of magallanes, and that first and foremost, before proceeding elsewhere, they may sail to the spice islands."]