OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Hornet

Edition of 1802.
​HORNET, or Vespa Crabro, L. a well known insect, which is about one inch in length, and builds its nest in hollow trees.
Hornets are very voracious, devouring other insects, and even bees. Their sting is severe, and occasions a considerable tumor, accompanied with intense pain; for the mitigation of which, there is no better remedy than sweet-oil, or honey-water, immediately applied to the injured part.
​Different methods have been suggested for exterminating these pernicious insects; the most simple of which appear to be the following: Towards the end of April, hornets are found on rotten planks, gates, and posts, in a torpid state: each of these insects contains the generation of a swarm; and as they may then be easily taken, the destruction of one, before they breed, is equal to the extirpation of numbers. After they are hatched, hornets chiefly infest melon-beds, where they occasion great injury to the fruit. In order to prevent these depredations, it has been recommended to procure slender rods of different lengths, and to rub the ends of them with bird-lime. By touching the insects with these rods, they may easily be taken; and, as the females only proceed in quest of food, by destroying these, the whole brood will consequently perish.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Hogs-head

Edition of 1802.
​HOGS-HEAD, in Commerce, a measure of capacity which contains 63 gallons.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Horn-distemper

Edition of 1802.
​HORN-DISTEMPER, a disorder incident to horned cattle: it gradually wastes the internal substance of the horn, commonly called the pith, which is the spongy part of the bone, and the cells of which are filled with an oily matter. Thus, at length, the horn becomes hollow.
From an account published by Dr. Tofts, in the 1st vol. of the Memoirs of the American Academy, it appears that this spongy bone is sometimes partially, and sometimes entirely, consumed. The horn is deprived of its natural heat, and on touching it, feels unusually cold. When this malady is suspected, other symptoms should be particularly attended to; such as dullness in the countenance; a sluggish motion; want of appetite; a desire to lie down; and, if attended with an inflammation of the brain, a giddiness, and frequent tossing of the head. Stiffness, as in the rheumatism, affects the limbs; the milk often fails in cows; the udder is hard, and there is in most cases a sudden wasting of the flesh.
As soon as the distemper is discovered, an opening should be made in the diseased horn, with a gimlet of a moderate size, two or three inches above the head. If it be found hollow, and the gimlet pass through without any discharge of blood from the aperture, it will be advisable to bore lower, and as near to the head as the hollowness may probably extend. This aperture is asserted to be a necessary operation, and freequently affords speedy relief. It should, however, be carefully kept open, as it is liable to be filled up by a thin fluid that gradually oozes out and obstructs the passage. Sawing off the horn has sometimes been adopted; but, from the best observations, boring is preferable expedient. Dr. Tofts supposes injections to be useless; as nothing more is required than to perforate the horn in an early stage of the distemper; and to keep it open, in order to admit fresh air, to prevent compression, and to promote the discharge of fluctuating matter. Should, however, the distemper have affected the brain, so as to produce a high degree of inflammation, no method of cure is likely to succeed; and the animal ought to be killed without farmer delay; as otherwise its flesh would become useless.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Horned Poppy

Edition of 1802.
​Horned Poppy. See Poppy, the Horned.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Horn

Edition of 1802.
​HORN, a hard substance growing on the heads of various animals, particularly on cloven-footed quadrupeds.—The oil extracted from it, by repeated distillations, becomes extremely subtle and volatile; in which state it is called oil of Dippel, being the name of its inventor.
The horns of stags yield the greatest proportion of rectified animal oil, as they contain a larger quantity of that species of earth which is found in bones, than those of any other animals.
Horns form a considerable article in the arts and manufactures. Those of bullocks, when softened by heat, are converted into lanthorns, combs, knives, inkhorns, &c. After the horn is roasted over a fire made of the stalks of furze, so as to render it sufficiently soft, it is slit on one side, and spread out between a pair of flat tongs, large enough to keep it expanded a second time over the fire, and reduce it to a flat state; it is then put into a press between iron plates which are heated and greased. Here the horns are suffered to remain till they are gradually cooled; next they are soaked in water, till soft enough to be pared down to a proper thinness, with a large knife worked horizontally on a block. Thus, they acquire their transparency; and, after being immersed in urine, they are polished, by rubbing them with whiting and the coal of burnt willow.
The refuse or shavings of horn are of considerable utility as a manure for chalky land, on which they are strewed in the proportion of fourteen bushels per acre. Their efficacy was not exhausted after a succession of four crops, each of which was remarkably improved. Hence they are advantageously employed on light and gravelly soils, together with hotter manures, preventing the latter from burning the crops; because horny substances have been observed to attract the dew, and retain moisture.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Horn-beam

Edition of 1802.
​HORN-BEAM, or Carpinus, L. a genus ot plants consisting of five species, one of which is a native of Britain; viz. the Betulus, Common Horn-beam-tree, Hard-beam-tree, Horse or Horn-beech-tree. It grows in woods and hedges; flowers in the month of May.
The horn-beam will thrive on poor, stiff soils, on barren and exposed hills; and, if intended for trees, it is propagated by seed, as soon as it is ripe. It vegetates eighteen months before the plants appear above ground; and the young trees are transplanted at the age of two years, to the spots where they are intended to remain. When designed for hedges and underwood, it is propagated by layers.
​The horn-beam is a very valuable tree, and grows to a large size; its leaves afford a grateful food to cattle, but no grasses will flourish under its shade. Its wood is very tough, white, and burns like a candle; it is much employed by turners; is very useful for various implements of husbandry; and is wrought into cogs for the wheels of mills, presses, &c. which are far superior to those made of yew.—The inner bark imparts a permanent yellow colour to yarn.—See also p. 257, Fence.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Casement

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Casement : A barrier of open-work placed before windows (Prov. 7:6). In Judg. 5:28 the Hebrew word is rendered "lattice," in the LXX. "network," an opening through which cool air is admitted.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Casiphia

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Casiphia : Silver, a place between Babylon and Jerusalem, where Iddo resided (|Ezra 8:17); otherwise unknown.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Caterpillar

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Caterpillar : The consumer. Used in the Old Testament (1 Kings 8:37; 2 Chr. 6:28; Ps. 78:46; Isa. 33:4) as the translation of a word (hasil) the root of which means "to devour" or "consume," and which is used also with reference to the locust in Deut. 28:38. It may have been a species of locust, or the name of one of the transformations through which the locust passes, locust-grub. It is also found (Ps. 105:34; Jer. 51:14, 27; R.V., "cankerworm") as the rendering of a different Hebrew word, yelek, a word elsewhere rendered "cankerworm" (q.v.), Joel 1:4; 2:25. (See LOCUST.)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Carve

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Carve : The arts of engraving and carving were much practised among the Jews. They were practised in connection with the construction of the tabernacle and the temple (Ex. 31:2, 5; 35:33; 1 Kings 6:18, 35; Ps. 74:6), as well as in the ornamentation of the priestly dresses (Ex. 28:9-36; Zech. 3:9; 2 Chr. 2:7, 14). Isaiah (44:13-17) gives a minute description of the process of carving idols of wood.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Casluhim

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Casluhim : Fortified, a people descended from Mizraim (Gen. 10:14; 1 Chr. 1:12). Their original seat was probably somewhere in Lower Egypt, along the sea-coast to the south border of Palestine.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Cassia

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Cassia :
(1.) Hebrew kiddah', i.e., "split." One of the principal spices of the holy anointing oil (Ex. 30:24), and an article of commerce (Ezek. 27:19). It is the inner bark of a tree resembling the cinnamon (q.v.), the Cinnamomum cassia of botanists, and was probably imported from India.
(2.) Hebrew pl. ketzi'oth (Ps. 45:8). Mentioned in connection with myrrh and aloes as being used to scent garments. It was probably prepared from the peeled bark, as the Hebrew word suggests, of some kind of cinnamon.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Cart

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Cart : A vehicle moving on wheels, and usually drawn by oxen (2 Sam. 6:3). The Hebrew word thus rendered, 'agalah (1 Sam. 6:7, 8), is also rendered "wagon" (Gen. 45:19). It is used also to denote a war-chariot (Ps. 46:9). Carts were used for the removal of the ark and its sacred utensils (Num. 7:3, 6). After retaining the ark amongst them for seven months, the Philistines sent it back to the Israelites. On this occasion they set it in a new cart, probably a rude construction, with solid wooden wheels like that still used in Western Asia, which was drawn by two milch cows, which conveyed it straight to Beth-shemesh.
A "cart rope," for the purpose of fastening loads on carts, is used (Isa. 5:18) as a symbol of the power of sinful pleasures or habits over him who indulges them. (See [102]CORD.) In Syria and Palestine wheel-carriages for any other purpose than the conveyance of agricultural produce are almost unknown.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Castor and Pollux

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Castor and Pollux : The "Dioscuri", two heroes of Greek and Roman mythology. Their figures were probably painted or sculptured on the prow of the ship which Luke refers to (Acts 28:11). They were regarded as the tutelary divinities of sailors. They appeared in the heavens as the constellation Gemini.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Castaway

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Castaway : Gr. adokimos, (1 Cor. 9:27), one regarded as unworthy (R.V., "rejected"); elsewhere rendered "reprobate" (2 Tim. 3:8, etc.); "rejected" (Heb. 6:8, etc.).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Castle

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Castle : A military fortress (1 Chr. 11:7), also probably a kind of tower used by the priests for making known anything discovered at a distance (1 Chr. 6:54). Castles are also mentioned (Gen. 25:16) as a kind of watch-tower, from which shepherds kept watch over their flocks by night. The "castle" into which the chief captain commanded Paul to be brought was the quarters of the Roman soldiers in the fortress of Antonia (so called by Herod after his patron Mark Antony), which was close to the north-west corner of the temple (Acts 21:34), which it commanded.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/T'ai-tsung

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​T'AI-tsung. Temple name of Abahai [q. v.].
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/T'ai-tsu

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​T'AI-tsu. Temple name of Nurhaci [q. v.].
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/T'a-ch'i-pu

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​T'A-ch'i-pu 塔齊布 (clan name 陶佳 or 托爾佳 T. 智亭), d. Aug. 30, 1855, age 39 (sui), member of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner, was one of the most valiant generals in the campaign against the Taipings. While serving as an imperial bodyguard he was ordered to Hunan (1851) as a captain. Tsêng Kuo-fan [q. v.], impressed with his loyalty and his prowess, strongly recommended him to the throne as one capable of great usefulness. This judgment was confirmed when T'a-ch'i-pu dealt the Taipings a serious blow by dislodging them, after sanguinary encounters, from the city of Hsiang-t'an ​on May 1, 1854. Tsêng Kuo-fan, at that time discouraged by the defeat of his forces, was much cheered by the news that the threat to the capital of Hunan had been averted. T'a-ch'i-pu was thereupon made a brigade-general and was soon appointed commander-in-chief of the province. He proceeded northward to help drive the enemy from Yochow, and later cooperated with Lo Tsê-nan [q. v.] and others in recapturing Wuchang (October 14). He then participated in a desperate effort to destroy the strong defense of the Taipings at T'ienchia-chan (see under P'êng Yü-lin) and was rewarded with the Yellow Riding Jacket and the hereditary title of Ch'i tu yü. He was defeated, however, in an engagement near Kiukiang, where, fighting as usual with a small vanguard, he alone narrowly escaped with his life. Undismayed, he attacked the city of Kiukiang, which had been in the hands of the Taipings since February 18, 1853, and had withstood many severe assaults. From early spring to August 1855 T'a-ch'i-pu besieged the city. Just as his plans were completed and an order was given for a general advance, he died suddenly of heart trouble. (Kiukiang remained in the hands of the Taipings until 1858). T'a-ch'i-pu was canonized as Chung-wu 忠武 and in 1864 was given the hereditary title of Ch'ing ch'ê tu yü of the third class.
[1/415/1a; 2/44/33a; 5/50/22a; 7/26/6a; 8/6上/1a.]
Teng Ssŭ-yü
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/T'ai-ch'ang

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​T'AI-ch'ang. Reign title of Chu Ch'ang-lo.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Sung Wan

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​SUNG Wan 宋琬 (T. 玉叔, H. 荔裳, 漫山人), 1614–1673, man of letters and calligrapher, was a native of Lai-yang, Shantung. His father, Sung Ying-heng 宋應亨 (T. 嘉甫, H. 長元, chin-shih of 1625, d. 1643), was for a time district magistrate of Ch'ing-fêng, Chihli, where he earned the reputation of being a good administrator. One of his brothers, Sung Huang 宋璜 (T. 玉仲, H. 答昊), became a chin-shih in 1640. He himself obtained this degree in 1647 and was appointed to the post of an assistant secretary in the Board of Revenue. In 1650 he became inspector of customs at Wuhu, Anhwei, and in 1653 intendant of the Lung-hsi circuit in Kansu. In 1657 he was transferred to the intendancy of the circuit of Tungchow and Yung-p'ing, Chihli. While thus occupied, he compiled the local history of Yung-p'ing, entitled Yung-p'ing fu-chih, 24 chüan, printed in 1658. In 1660 he was assigned to a similar post in the circuit of Ningpo, Shaohsing, and T'ai-chou in Chekiang. In the following year he was made provincial judge of the same province.
About this time a man by the name of Yü Ch'i 于七 instigated a rebellion in Têng-chou, Shantung, Sung Wan's native prefecture (see under Yang Chieh). A fellow-clansman of Sung maliciously reported to the authorities that Sung was connected with it. In consequence of this accusation, he and his family were arrested and put into prison. He did not regain his freedom until three years later (1664) when he was cleared of the charge. He was recalled to office and appointed in 1672 to the post of provincial judge of Szechwan. In the following year he was summoned to the capital for an audience with the Emperor. During his stay in Peking the rebellion of Wu San-kuei [q. v.] broke out and Chengtu, the capital of Szechwan, where his family was then residing, fell into the rebels' hands. He died in Peking, owing, it is said, to worry over this situation.
Sung Wan was looked upon in his day as one of the great literary men of North China as Shih Jun-chang [q. v.] was in South China—hence the saying, first attributed to Wang Shih-chên [q. v.], "Shih of the South and Sung of the North" (南施北宋). His collected literary works, entitled 安雅堂集 An-ya t'ang chi, containing his poems, essays, a drama, and letters, were printed in the 1660's and 1670's and reprinted in 1699. A supplement, entitled An-ya t'ang chi wei-k'an kao (未刊稿), 8 chüan, was printed in 1766.
[1/489/8b; 3/152/22a; 4/78/3b; 26/1/39a; Lai-yang hsien-chih (1688) 8/7a; Ssŭ-k'u 74/7b, 181/12b.]
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# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Yung-chêng

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​YUNG-chêng. Regin-title of Yin-chên [q. v.].
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Yung-ho

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​YUNG-ho. Reign-title of Chu I-kuei [q. v.].
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Yu T'ung

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​YU T'ung 尤侗 (T. 同人 and 展成, H. 悔庵 and 艮齋 and 西堂老人), June 16, 1618–1704, July, scholar and calligrapher, was a native of Ch'ang-chou, Kiangsu. In 1648 he was made a pa-kung, or senior licentiate of the first class. Appointed police magistrate of Yung-p'ing-fu, Chihli, in 1652, he remained at this post until 1656. For more than twenty years thereafter he led a life of leisure, finding his chief pleasure in literature. His literary compositions were widely known, even during his youth, despite the fact that he had not obtained a high degree. In 1678 he was recommended to take the special examination, known as po-hsüeh hung-tz'ŭ, which he passed in the following year as the oldest of the fifty successful competitors (see under P'êng Sun-yü). He was then made a corrector in the Hanlin Academy with appointment to assist in the compilation of the Ming Dynastic History (Ming-shih). He retired in 1683.
During his three years on the Historiographical Board Yu T'ung wrote 6 chüan of Ming biographies (明史擬傳), 8 chüan of accounts relating to foreign state 外國志 and 4 chüan consisting of a bibliography of Ming literature (明史蔭文志). Only the first two of these works are reproduced in his published writings. Though the last work, which lists 7,141 titles, was not printed, it nevertheless set a new standard for dynastic bibliographies in that it aimed to include only titles of books written in the Ming period—apparently following in this respect a suggestion made by the Pang critical historian, Liu Chih-chi (see under Chi Yün). In the opinion of the compilers of the Ssŭ-k'u Catalogue (see Chi Yün) it fell short of this aim since it included some forty works that were written in ​former dynasties. Though the later editors of the Ming history declined to utilize Yu T'ung's bibliography, they did adopt his plan of listing only the literature of the dynasty in question—a procedure that was followed by the compilers of the Draft History of the Ch'ing Dynasty, 清史稿 Ch'ing-shih kao, printed in 1927–28. Special favors were bestowed on Yu T'ung by Emperor Shêng-tsu on the latter's tours to South China in 1699 and in 1703. A collection of Yu's works, entitled 西堂全集 Hsi-t'ang ch'üan-chi, was first printed in 1686 and was provided with a supplement (餘集 Yü-chi) of which the preface is dated 1691. His compositions in musical drama, known as yüeh-fu 樂府, were highly praised in his time. His son, Yu Chên 尤珍 (T. 慧珠，謹庸, H. 滄湄, 1647–1721), was a chin-shih of 1682.
[3/119/3a; 20/1/00 (portrait); 26/1/39a; 32/3/12a; autobiographical nien-p'u down to the age of 86 (sui) appears with portrait in Hsi-t'ang yü-chi; Soochow fu-chih (1881) 88/15b; Ssŭ-k'u 87/3a.]
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