OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Taunton (1.)

See also Taunton on Wikipedia; Taunton in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
Taunton has played a prominent part during the troubled periods of English history. Various Roman remains prove it to have been occupied by the Romans; but it first obtained historical notice when Ine, king of the West-Saxons, made it the border fortress of bis kingdom. It takes the name Taunton, or Thoneton, from its situation on the Tone or Thone. The castle was razed by Ethelburg after expelling Edbricht, king of the South-Saxons. About the time of William the Conqueror the town and castle were granted to the bishop of Winchester, and for many years the castle was the bishop's principal residence. In the reign of William it possessed a mint. In 1497 the town and castle were seized by the impostor Perkin Warbeck. Taunton was made the seat of the suffragan see of Taunton and Bridgwater in 1538, but, on the death of William Finch, the first bishop, in 1559, the Act had no further operation in reference to Taunton. Like the other towns of Somerset, Taunton was strongly Puritan in its sympathies. Situated at a point where the main roads of the county met, it was during the Civil War almost constantly in a state of siege by one or other of the rival parties. Having been garrisoned by the Parliamentary forces, it was captured by the Royalists in the summer of 1643, but on 8th July 1644 it was, after a long siege, taken by Blake, who held it with heroic pertinacity till relieved by Fairfax on the 11th May 1646, and again after it was invested by 10,000 troops under Goring till the siege was finally raised on the 3d July. Still constant to its Puritan traditions, Taunton welcomed Monmouth in 1685 with acclamation, and he was proclaimed king there on the 20th June, the maidens of the town presenting him with a standard. As a consequence, Taunton was made the chief example of the fearful vengeance of Jeffreys, who, at the assizes held in the castle, condemned no fewer than 134 inhabitants of the town and neighbourhood to death, and a much larger number to transportation. Taunton obtained a municipal charter from Charles I. in 1627, which was revoked in 1660. A second charter, granted by Charles II. in 1677, was permitted to lapse in 1792 owing to the corporation allowing a majority of their number to die without filling up the vacancies. From this time until it again received municipal government, 17th April 1877, it was under the care of two bailiffs appointed at the court leet of the lord of the manor. Formerly the town returned two members to parliament, but in 1885 the number was reduced to one.
See Toulmin's History of Taunton, edited by Savage, 1822; and several papers in the Proceedings of the Somerset Archæological Society for 1872.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tawing

See also Tawing on Wikipedia; Tawing in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TAWING.See Leather.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tavoy

See also Tavoy on Wikipedia; Tavoy in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TAVOY, a British, district in the Tenasserim division of Burmah, lying between 13° 15' and 15° 11' N. lat. and between 97° 48' and 98° 44' E. long. It has an area of 7200 square miles, and is bounded on the N. by Amherst district, E. by the Yoma Mountains, S. by Mergui district, and W. by the Bay of Bengal. The district is enclosed by mountains on three sides, viz., the main chain of the Yomas on the east, rising in places to 5000 feet, which, with its densely wooded spurs, forms an almost impassable barrier between British and Siamese territory; the Nwahlabo in the centre, which takes its name from its loftiest peak (5000 feet); and a third range, under the name of Thinmaw, between the Nwahlabo and the sea-coast. The chief rivers are the Tenasserim and Tavoy, the former being formed by the junction of two streams which unite near Met-ta; for the greater part of its course it is dangerous to navigation. The Tavoy is navigable for vessels of any burden. It is interspersed with many islands, and with its numerous smaller tributaries affords easy and rapid communication over the country. The climate is on the whole pleasant. The rainfall averages about 190 inches a year.
The census of 1881 returned the population of Tavoy at 84,988 (males 41,785, females 43,203), of whom 82,187 were Buddhists, 828 were Mohammedans, and 1368 were Christians. The headquarters and capital is Tavoy town, which is situated on the left bank of the river of the same name, and contained a population of 13,372 in 1881. Of the total area, only 83,740 acres are (1885-86) cultivated. Rice is the principal product; the betel-nut is extensively grown for home consumption; and the district is particularly rich in fruit trees. With its only port difficult of access, and with no means of internal communication, the trade of Tavoy district has always been small and almost entirely confined to Siam and the Straits Settlements. The principal imports are piece goods and other cotton manufactures, raw silk, tea, crockery, wines and spirits, metals, and provisions. The chief manufactures are salt and earthen pots. The gross revenue of the district in 1885-86 was £20,235, of which the land contributed £12,663. Tavoy was handed over to the British at the end of the first Burmese war in 1824. A revolt broke out in 1829, headed by Moung Da, the former governor, which was at once quelled, and since then the district as remained in undisturbed possession of the British.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Taunton (2.)

See also Taunton, Massachusetts on Wikipedia; Taunton (Massachusetts) in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TAUNTON, a city of the United States, the county-seat of Bristol county, Massachusetts, lies some 31 miles nearly south from Boston. The town proper, sometimes called Taunton Green, stands on the right bank of the Taunton river, at the head of navigation, about 17 miles above its mouth. The entire area enclosed within the corporate limits is 37 square miles. Taunton is traversed by the main line of the Old Colony Railway, which connects it with Boston and Fall River, Mass., and Providence, R.I. Owing to its situation and its connexions by rail and sea, Taunton has become a supply point for the greater part of south-eastern Massachusetts. The population of the city was 18,629 in 1870, 21,213 in 1880, and 23,674 in 1885, showing an increase somewhat in excess of that of the State at large. Fully one-fourth of the population are of foreign birth, and the proportion is increasing. The State lunatic asylum is in Taunton. The leading industries are the manufacture of cotton goods, iron and steel products (particularly locomotives, machinery, nails and spikes), and silver-plated table ware. Taunton was incorporated as a town in 1639, and received a city charter in 1864.
# Duesenberg Motors Corporation v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
260 U.S. 115
Duesenberg Motors Corporation v. United States
Argued: Oct. 19, 1922. --- Decided: Nov 13, 1922
Mr. Geo. A. King, of Washington, D. C., for appellant.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 116-119 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Alfred A. Wheat, of New York City, for the United States.
Mr. Justice McKENNA delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Duet

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Duet."
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* "A Duet, with an Occasional Chorus", a novel by Arthur Conan Doyle
* "A Duet", a poem by Frances Fuller Victor
* "Duet", a poem by Leonora Speyer
* "The Duet", a poem by Ella Wheeler Wilcox
# Duellists

From Fables.
* The DUELLISTS.
* FABLE VI.
* What's honour, did your Lordship say?
* My Lord, I humbly crave a day.—
* 'Tis difficult, and in my mind,
* Like substance, cannot be defin'd.
* 5 It deals in numerous externals,
* And is a legion of infernals;
* Sometimes in riot and in play,
* 'Tis breaking of the Sabbath day:
* When 'tis consider'd as a passion,
* 10 I deem it lust and fornication.
* We pay our debts in honour's cause,
* Lost in the breaking of the laws:
* 'Tis for some selfish impious end,
* To murder the sincerest friend;
* 15 But wou'd you alter all the clan,
* Turn out an honourable man.
* Why take a pistol from the shelf,
* And fight a duel with yourself.—
* 'Twas on a time, the Lord knows when,
* 20 In Ely, or in Lincoln fen,
* A Frog and Mouse had long disputes,
* Held in the language of the brutes,
* Who of a certain pool and pasture,
* Shou'd be the sovereign and master.
* 25 Sir, says the Frog, and d---n'd his blood,
* I hold that my pretension's good;
* Nor can a Brute of reason doubt it,
* For all that you can squeak about it.
* The Mouse averse to be o'erpower'd,
* 30 Gave him the lie, and call'd him coward;
* Too hard for any frog's digestion,
* To have his froghood call'd in question!
* A bargain instantly was made,
* No mouse of honour could evade.
* 35 On the next morn, as soon as light,
* With desperate bullrushes to fight;
* The morning came—and man to man,
* The grand monomachy began;
* Need I recount how each bravado,
* 40 Shone in montant and in passado;
* To what a height their ire they carry'd,
* How oft they thrusted and they parry'd;
* But as these champions kept dispensing,
* Finesses in the art of fencing,
* 45 A furious vulture took upon her,
* Quick to decide this point of honour,
* And, lawyer like, to make an end on't,
* Devour'd both plaintiff and defendant.
* Thus, often in our British nation,
* 50 (I speak by way of application)
* A lie direct to some hot youth,
* The giving which perhaps was truth,
* The treading on a scoundrel's toe,
* Or dealing impudence a blow,
* 55 Disputes in politics and law,
* About a feather and a straw;
* A thousand trifles not worth naming,
* In whoring, jockeying, and gaming,
* Shall cause a challenge's inditing,
* 60 And set two loggerheads a fighting;
* Meanwhile the father of despair,
* The prince of vanity and air,
* His querry, like an hawk discovering,
* O'er their devoted heads hangs hovering,
* 65 Secure to get in his tuition,
* These volunteers for black perdition. 1754

## Notes

First published in The Gentleman's Magazine (Aug. 1754). Reprinted 1773, 1791. Title: The Duellist (1791).
* ↑ 38. monomachy: single combat.
* ↑ 40. montant and in passado: terms for sword-strokes in fencing.
* ↑ 60. loggerheads: thickheads, fools.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Duel v. Hollins

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.

## Dissenting Opinion

    Pitney
United States Supreme Court
241 U.S. 523
Duel v. Hollins
Argued: May 4 and 5, 1916. --- Decided: June 5, 1916
Messrs. Frederick W. Longfellow and Lewis L. Delafield for Arthur B. duel.
Messrs. Stuart McNamara and Carl A. De Gersdorff for Wiener, Levy, & Company.
Messrs. William C. Armstrong and Charles K. Beekman for Harry B. Hollins et al.
Mr. Justice McReynolds delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Duer v. Corbin Cabinet Lock Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
149 U.S. 216
Duer v. Corbin Cabinet Lock Company
This was a suit in equity by A. Adgate Duer against the Corbin Cabinet Lock Company for the infringement of a patent. The court below dismissed the bill, (37 Fed. Rep. 338,) and complainant appeals. Affirmed.
Statement by Mr. Justice BROWN:
This was a bill in equity for the infringement of letters patent No. 262,977, issued August 22, 1882, to Morris L. Orum, for an improvement in locks for furniture, such as are used on bureau or desk drawers, or the doors of wardrobes, washstands, etc.; and, as stated by the patentee in his specification, 'it has for its object to provide a lock of such shape as to adapt it for insertion in a mortise of peculiar form, whereby a pair of the securing screws or nails is dispensed with, and the case of the lock is held laterally in the mortise by reason of its conformity thereto in shape.'
The following drawings illustrate the lock, and mortise in which it is held:
The patentee further said in his specification:
'The lock costs no more than an ordinary one of equal quality, and to attach it one tack is used, instead of four screws, as usual; but the main advantage is due to the saving of time and labor in making the mortise, and to the superiority of the finished job, by reason of the fact that the lock plate is countersunk in the wood, instead of lying upon its surface. This result has never heretofore been attained, except, by hand chiseling, which is a slow and tedious process.
'I am aware that locks arranged to dovetail into their mortises are not broadly new, and such I do not claim.'
His claim-and there was but a single one-was as follows:
'The lock herein described, having a dovetail cap and top plate, and a front plate projecting laterally and below the cap, and rounded at the bottom, whereby the lock is adapted for insertion in a mortise formed by a laterally cutting bit, and when in place is sustained by a countersunk front plate, as set forth.'
The answer set up certain anticipating devices owned by the defendant, and the case was heard in the court below upon the pleadings and proofs, and the bill dismissed. 37 Fed. Rep. 338. Plaintiff thereupon appealed to this court.
Benjamin Price and Wilmarth H. Thurston, for appellant.
Chas. E. Mitchell and John P. Bartlett, for appellee.
Mr. Justice BROWN, after stating the facts in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Gram

See also Chickpea on Wikipedia; Chickpea, mung bean, urad, moth bean, horse gram, and soybean on Wikipedia, Gram in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
hairs clothing the leaves and stems of the plant, more ​especially during the cold season, when the seeds ripen, contains a notable proportion of oxalic acid, and is said to be very injurious to the leather shoes of those who walk through fields of gram. In Mysore the dew containing it is collected by means of cloths spread on the plant over night, and is valued as a remedy for dyspepsia, indigestion, and costiveness. The steam of water in which the fresh plant is immersed is in the Deccan resorted to by the Portuguese for the treatment of dysmenorrhœa. The
See W. Elliot, “ On the Farinaceous Grains and the various kinds of Pulses used in Southern India,” Edin. New Phil. Journ., 1862, vol. xvi. p. 16 sq. ; H. Drury, The Useful Plants of India, 1873; U. C. Dutt, Materia Medica of the Hindus, Calcutta, 1877.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Gran

See also Esztergom on Wikipedia, Esztergom in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​GRAN (the ancient Istrogranum, whence Hungarian Esztergom, and Latin Strigonium), the capital of a county of the same name, seat of the prince primate, and formerly a royal free city, is situated on the right bank of the Danube, nearly opposite the confluence of the Garam (Gran), 25 miles north-west of Buda, 47 46 N. lat., 18 44 E. long. It may be generally divided into the town proper, the episcopal quarter, also called Vizivaros ( Watertown), and the communes of St Thomas and of St George. The finest terraces and public buildings are to be found in the two first-named portions of the town. On an elevated and commanding position, where once a fortress stood, are the ​seminary and theological institute for the education of priests, the residences of the chapter, and the basilica. This cathedral, commenced in 1821, consecrated in 1856, and completed in 1870, is built after the model of St Peter s at Rome, and is one of the finest churches in Hungary. Among the other public edifices and educa tional establishments, besides several churches and two monastic houses, are the archiepiscopal residence, the county and town halls, a training school for teachers, an upper gymnasium, a hospital, a library, a savings-bank, &c. The population in 1870 was 8780, chiefly employed in cloth- weaving, wine-making, and agricultural pursuits. There is connexion with the market-town of Pdrkany on the left bank of the Danube by means of a bridge of boats.
Gran is one of the oldest towns of Hungary, and is famous as the birthplace of St Stephen, the first prince crowned " apostolic king" of Hungary. During the early times of the Hungarian monarchy it was the most important mercantile centre in the country, and it was the meeting place of the diets of 1016, 1111, 1114, and 1256. It was almost completely destroyed by Tartar hordes in 1241, but was rebuilt and fortified by King Bela IV. In 1543 it fell into the hands of the Turks, from whom it was recovered, in 1595, by Carl von Mansfeld. In 1604 it reverted to the Turks, who held it till 1683, when it was regained by the united forces of John Sobieski, king of Poland, and Prince Charles of Lorraine. In 1708 it was declared a free city by Joseph I. On the 13th. April 1818 it was partly destroyed by fire. Gran lay in the direct route of the victorious revolutionary campaign of April 1849. Since 1876 its civil privileges have been of a corporate character.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Gran Chaco

See also Gran Chaco on Wikipedia; Gran Chaco on Wikipedia, Gran Chaco in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​GRAN CHACO, an extensive region in the heart of South America, which stretches from 20 to 29 of S. lat., and belongs partly to Bolivia and partly to the Argentine Republic, the boundary between the two states coinciding ​with the parallel 22. The area is estimated at about 425,000 square miles, or more, than twice the area of France, and the greater portion is still unexplored. It all belongs to the La Plata basin and in general terms may be described as a plain inclining towards the S.E. and watered by the Pilcomayo, the Vermejo, and other tributaries of the Para guay. The northern portion, I/ing within the region of tropical rains, has a profusion of marshes and lakes, while the southern portion is a dry cactus-growing steppe, except in the neighbourhood of the rivers, which annually sub merge large areas with the surplus water they bring from the north. The whole of the Gran Chaco is still in the hands of the Indians, who are just beginning to learn a little agriculture, to grow pumpkins, water melons, and maize ; but the richness and extent of its forests and pas tures will certainly secure the country a prosperous future. It possesses more timber suitable for every purpose than the whole of Europe; it already exports large numbers of cattle to the neighbouring states ; and, according to Major Host, it will be able to furnish abundant supplies of petroleum. "At the foot of the western slope of the Santa Barbara range, 25 leagues from the confluence of the San Francisco O O river and the Vermejo, there is an extensive petroleum basia called the Laguna de la brea de San Miguel del Ristro, capable of yielding 2000 gallons per day."
See Von Reden, " Die Staaten im Strom-Gebiet des La Plata," in Petermann s Mitth., 1856; Petermann and Burmeister, Die Stcd- tonerikaniscken R^publiken, Argentina, &c., 1875 ; Major Host in la Plata Monatschrift, 1873.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Grains of Paradise

See also Aframomum melegueta on Wikipedia; Aframomum melegueta on Wikipedia, Grains of Paradise in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
GRAINS OF PARADISE, Guinea Grains, or Melegueta Pepper (German, Paradieskörner; French, Graines de Paradis, Maniguette), the semina cardamomi majoris or piper melegueta of pharmaceutists, are the seeds of Amomum Melegueta, Roscoe, a reed-like plant of the natural order Zingiberaceæ, which is a native of tropical western Africa, and of Princes and St Thomas's Islands in the Gulf of Guinea, is cultivated in British Guiana, and may with ease be grown in hot-houses in England. The plant has a branched horizontal rhizome; smooth, nearly sessile, alternate leaves, with the blade oblong-lanceolate; large, white, pale pink, or purplish flowers; and an ovate-oblong fruit, ensheathed in bracts, which is of a scarlet colour when fresh, and reaches under cultivation a length of 5 inches. The seeds are contained in the acid pulp of the fruit, are commonly wedge-shaped and bluntly angular, are about 1$\scriptstyle {\frac {1}{1}}$ line in diameter, and have a glossy dark-brown husk, with a conical light-coloured membranous caruncle at the base, and a white kernel. They contain, according to Flückiger and Hanbury, 0·3 per cent. of a faintly yellowish neutral essential oil, having an aromatic, not acid taste, and a specific gravity at 15·5° C. of 0·825, and giving on analysis the formula C$_{₂₀}$H$_{₃₂}$O, or C$_{₁₀}$H$_{₁₆}$ + C$_{₁₀}$H$_{₁₆}$O; also 5·83 per cent. of an intensely pungent, viscid, brown resin. Grains of paradise were formerly officinal in British pharmacopœias, and in the 13th and succeeding centuries were used as a drug and a spice, the wine known as hippocras being flavoured with them and with ginger and cinnamon. In 1629 they were employed among the ingredients of the twenty-four herring pies which were the ancient fee-favour of the city of Norwich, ordained to be carried to court by the lord of the manor of Carleton (Johnston and Church, Chem. of Common Life, p. 355, 1879). Grains of paradise were in past times brought overland from West Africa to the Mediterranean ports of the Barbary States, to be shipped for Italy. They are now exported almost exclusively from the Gold Coast. The amount received by Great Britain in 1871 was upwards of 760 cwts. Grains of paradise are to some extent used in veterinary practice, but for the most part illegally to give a fictitious strength to malt liquors, gin, and cordials. By 56 Geo. III. c. 58, no brewer or dealer in beer shall have in his possession or use grains of paradise, under a penalty of £200 for each offence; and no druggist shall sell the same to a brewer under a penalty of £500. They are, however, devoid of any injurious physiological action, and are much esteemed as a spice by the natives of Guinea.
See Bentley and Trimen, Medicinal Plants, part 30, tab. 268; Lanessan, Hist. des Drogues, pp. 456–460, 1878.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Grammont

See also Geraardsbergen on Wikipedia, Grammont in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​GRAMMONT (Belgian, Geeraerdsbergen), a town of Belgium, province of East Flanders, is situated on both sides of the Dender, 21 miles S.S.E. of Ghent. It is sur rounded by walls and possesses a college, a town-hall, and a hospital. Its principal manufactures are lace, cotton, and woollen goods, leather, beer, paper, and tobacco ; and there are also bleaching and dyeing works. The population in 1866 was 8861.