OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jeremiah

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Jeremi′ah the prophet, son of Hilkiah the priest, was a native of Anathoth, in the territory of Benjamin. While still young he received a call to be a prophet (B. C. 627–6), and lived as a prophet, mainly in Jerusalem, for at least 40 years. Jeremiah had been a prophet five years when the lost book of the law was found and an important reformation began under Josiah. The prophet was in sympathy with this reformation, and most of his prophetic teaching had reference to it. Jehoiakim had not been long on the throne before Jeremiah began to foretell the doom of Judah. He was the first of the writing prophets and the first to declare that religion is an individual and personal relation between the soul and God. Jeremiah is believed to have met a martyr’s death about B. C. 585 at Tahpanes, the border-city of Egypt, but rabbinical tradition says that he escaped when Nebuchadrezzar conquered Egypt. See Cheyne’s Jeremiah and the Bible-book of the same name.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jephthah

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Jephthah (jef′thä), one of the “judges” (B. C. 1336–1037) of the Israelites. He led in the war against the Ammonites, defeated them with great slaughter, and was chosen ruler in reward. He vowed that whoever came to him out of his house should be sacrificed to Jehovah. His own daughter met him and “he did with her according to his vow.” The story is much like that of Iphigenia in Greek mythology, and both are grouped together by Tennyson in his poem The Dream of Fair Women. See Judges 11 and 12.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jericho

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Jer′icho, once one of the most flourishing cities of Palestine, was situated northeast trom Jerusalem a journey of six hours. Westward from Jericho lies a waste tract of limestone mountains; but the town stands on a well-watered and fruitful plain, yielding dates, raisins, balsam and honey. The capture of Jericho by the Israelites on their first entrance into Canaan, is recorded in Joshua 6. Herod the Great resided at Jericho, and erected many beautiful buildings. It was destroyed in the reign of Vespasian, and rebuilt under Hadrian. In the time of the crusades it was captured, and at last completely destroyed. At the present time its place is occupied by a miserable village, called Riha or Ariha, with barely 200 inhabitants.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jerome, Saint

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Jerome (jḗ-rōm′ or jĕr′ōm), Saint, was born at Stridon, on the borders of Dalmatia and Pannonia, sometime between 341 and 345 A. D. His parents were Christians. His early education was under the care of his father, and he afterward studied at Rome. In 386 he retired to Bethlehem, and was followed by many persons who wished to be taught by one so learned and pious as he had become during years of service in the church. Here were founded four convents, one for monks and three for nuns. Jerome himself presided over the former. It was in this sacred retreat that he completed the writings which have made him so famous. His revision of the Latin New Testament and translation of the Old Testament were wonderful achiev-ments, and originated churchly Latin. He died at Bethlehem on Sept. 30, 420. His works consist mainly of Scripture commentaries and theological treatiases. He was the supreme scholar of the ancient church. See Jerome by E. L. Cutts, in The Fathers for English Readers.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jerome, William Travers

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Jero′me, William Travers, was born in New York City in 1863, of wealthy parents, and was educated at Amherst College and Columbia Law School, from which he graduated in 1884. He was appointed assistant district-attorney, under Tammany rule, but turned against that organization, assisted in the famous Lexow investigation, which revealed the corrupt condition of the New York police, and was appointed justice of the court of special sessions New York City. He was elected district attorney in 1901, and showed courage and determination in the prosecution of gamblers and of other criminals. In 1905 lie was again elected district attorney, running independently, after both parties had refused to nominate him. Charged with failure to prosecute certain accused corporation-managers, he was vindicated by official investigation.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jersey City

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Jer′sey City, the second largest city in New Jersey and county-seat of Hudson County, is on the west bank of the Hudson opposite New York, of which, though in another state, it is an extension, and with which and with Brooklyn it is connected by steam-ferries. Its site forms the broadest part of a peninsula bounded by Hackensack River and Newark Bay, and on the southeast it extends along New York Bay. Jersey City is a busy city. It is the terminus of six great, and as many local, railroads, and is connected with Easton, Pa., by canal; and at its wharves many ocean-steamers receive and discharge their freight. It is the mart of a large trade, especially in iron, coal and agricultural produce. Its own manufactures are on a large scale, and include sugar, flour, iron and steel, zinc, boilers, machinery, locomotives, oils, chemicals, oakum, lumber, silk, watches, jewelry, lead-pencils, tobacco, pottery, soap and beer. The city has large slaughter-houses, stock-yards and grain elevators, notable for size and efficiency. Here is St. Peter’s (Roman Catholic) College, founded in 1878. The city spends on education annually about three quarters of a million dollars; the value of its public property for school purposes is $3,000,000. It also possesses a number of fine churches. The site was formerly called Paulus Hoek, but received its present name and became a city in 1838. Population 267,779, a gain of over 61,000 in the decade. In 1850 it had fewer than 7,000 inhabitants. This remarkable growth was brought about in 1871 and 1873 by consolidation with the neighboring municipalities of Hudson City, Greenville, and Bergen. This was laid out by Peter Stuyvesant in 1660, and consequently Jersey City contains the oldest school-site in the state. School 11 is the fifth building on the original site.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jet

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Jet, a mineral of a perfectly black color, capable of being easily cut and carved and taking a very beautiful polish. It was first found in Asia Minor. In Great Britain it is obtained chiefly at Whitby in Yorkshire. Very large quantities are found in France, where it gives employment to many of the people of Aude. It is made into rosary beads, crosses and other ornaments. As a material for mourning jewelry it is especially valuable, and for that purpose is largely used. Imitations of jet are made from hardened india-rubber, called vulcanite or ebonite, and from glass.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jena University

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Jena (yā́′nȧ) University was founded about 1547 at Jena, in the grandduchy of Saxe-Weimar, by John Frederic of Saxony. It soon acquired a high reputation as a seat of learning. It is the university of the smaller Saxon states, and is supported by taxes from all. The library is large, numbering 200,000 volumes. The university has graduated many men who have become famous professors in other institutions of learning. In its schools of law, medicine and theology there have been many distinguished names. There are 112 professors and 1,362 students.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jenner, Edward

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Jen′ner, Edward, the discoverer of vaccination, was born at Berkeley, England, May 17, 1749. He went to London in his 21st year and studied under the celebrated John Hunter. The discovery which has made Jenner famous was the result of a long series of experiments. His attention was attracted to the nature of cowpox by a young woman who had remarked: “I cannot take the smallpox, for I have had the cowpox.” Many investigations delayed the discovery for 16 years, when, at length, the final experiment was made on May 14, 1796, on James Phipps, who was vaccinated with perfect success. The practice met with great opposition at first; but finally honors were showered upon Jenner, and he was elected a member of all the learned societies of Europe. He died of apoplexy at Berkeley on Jan. 26, 1823. See his Life and Correspondence by Dr. J. Baron.
# The Praises of Amida

The Praises of Amida.
SEVEN BUDDHIST SERMONS
TRANSLATED
FROM THE
JAPANESE
OF
TADA KANAI
BY
Rev. Arthur Lloyd, M. A.
Lecturer at the Imperial University, Naval Academy, and Higher Commercial School in Tokyo. Formerly Fellow of Perterhouse, Cambridge.
TOKYO.
Published by the Kyōbunkwan.
Yokohama: Kelly and Walsh.
1907.
Printed at the Rikkyo Sha Printing Office.
CONTENTS.
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wilmington, Del.

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​ Wil′mington, Del., the county-seat of Newcastle County and the largest city in the state, is on Delaware River, 28 miles southwest of Philadelphia. The city stands on hilly ground between Brandywine and Christiana Creeks, and slopes toward the Delaware, which is not yet reached by the built-up part of the city. At this point, 65 miles from the ocean, the Delaware is three miles wide, with 30 feet of water at mid-tide in its shallowest parts. There are electric lights and electric street-cars. A fine park has been laid out along the Brandywine. The principal buildings are the government's building, county courthouse, city-hall, St. Peters' Orphanage (R. C.) for girls, St. Joseph's Home (R. C.) for colored people, two homes for the aged, two hospitals and several other charitable institutions. The city annually expends $258,005 on its public schools, which have 253 teachers and 11,005 pupils. The high school has a handsome building and furnishes manual training. Other educational institutions are Hebb's School, Wilmington Friends' School, Wilmington Military Academy, Ursuline Academy, Goldey College and Wilmington Business College. The city has three libraries and 60 churches. The Swedes' church, founded in 1698, received funds from William Penn, a Bible from Queen Anne and a communion service from the miners of Sweden. Among the larger manufactures are railroad passenger-cars, for which it is the second city in America, powder, flour, morocco, carriages and iron shipbuilding. Wilmington was founded in 1732 on the site of the first Swedish settlement in 1638. Population 87,411.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wilson, Henry

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​ Wilson, Henry, eighteenth vice-president of the United States, was born at Farmington, N. H., Feb. 16, 1812. His proper name was Jeremiah J. Colbaith, which at 21 he changed for some unknown reason to that of Henry Wilson. His father was a day-laborer, and poor. When ten years old, the boy went to work as a farm-hand. He was greedy for reading, and before the end of his apprenticeship had read more than a thousand volumes. He then walked to Natick, Mass., and learned the trade of shoemaker, by which he paid his way through Concord Academy. After setting up as a shoe-manufacturer he became a noted public speaker in support of Harrison in the campaign of 1840. For the next ten years he was regularly elected to the legislature of Massachusetts. In 1848 he left the Whig party and became a Free-Soiler. In 1853 he was defeated for governor on the Free-Soil ticket, but two years later was made Sumner's colleague in the United States senate. Wilson had helped to form the anti-slavery society; throughout his political life he had earnestly upheld antislavery; and he became one of the founders of the Republican party. In 1872 he was chosen vice-president on the ticket with Grant, but died on Nov. 22, 1875. He left three important historical works: Antislavery ​ Measures in Congress, Reconstruction Measures in Congress and The Rise and Fall of the Slave-Power in America. Consult Nason's Life.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wilson, James Harrison

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​ Wilson, James Harrison, American soldier (major-general United States volunteers), was born near Shawneetown, Ill., Sept. 2, 1837, and was educated at McKendree College there and at West Point, where he graduated in 1860. He was assigned to the corps of topographical engineers, serving in the department of Oregon. He was distinguished as an officer of engineers in the Civil War, notably in the Richmond raid and in the operations near Petersburg; in 1864 he commanded the 3d division of Sherman's cavalry and the cavalry corps in the military division of the Mississippi; participated in the capture of Fort Pulaski, took part in the campaigns of Antietam, Vicksburg, Chattanooga and the Wilderness; commanded in the assault and capture of Selma and Montgomery, Ala., Columbus and Macon, Ga., and finally in the capture of Jeff Davis. After the war he was engaged in railroad and engineering operations; and in the war with Spain he commanded the 1st division of the 1st army corps in the campaign in Porto Rico. He is the author of China; Andrew J. Alexander; and (with the late Chas. A. Dana) a Life of General Grant.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wilson, James H.

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​ Wilson, James H., U. S. Secretary of Agriculture since March 5th, 1897, was born in Ayrshire, Scotland, Aug. 16th, 1835. He came to the United States in 1852, and settled in Norwich, Conn., with his parents. In 1855 he moved to Tama County, Iowa, where in 1861 he engaged in farming. He was a member of the 12th, 13th and 14th assemblies of Iowa, of the last of which he was speaker. He was the state's railway commissioner and a member of Congress during 1873-7 and 1883-5. Prom 1870 until 1874 he was regent of the University of Iowa. From 1890 until 1897 he was director of the Iowa Agricultural Experiment-Station, and for a time he was professor of agriculture at Iowa Agricultural College. He was awarded the degree of LL. D. by the University of Wisconsin in 1904. In 1894 he was appointed Secretary of Agriculture by President McKinley, and was retained by President Roosevelt.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Whitefish

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​White′fish′, a common name for a number of fishes of pale or white color belonging to the salmon family. They are inhabitants mostly of lakes in the northern hemisphere. The name applies especially to the common whitefish of the great lakes of North America. This is the largest of the group, reaching a length of about 30 inches, It varies in appearance with age and ​condition. It ranges from the region of the great lakes north to the Arctic circle. It feeds on small crustacea, insects and minute organisms in the water. It is one of the finest food-fishes of America. The whiting is a slimmer and smaller variety of whitefish. The smallest and handsomest of the American whitefishes is the lake herring or cisco, a slender fish from ten to 15 inches long. In Europe the name of whitefish is given to any fish with silvery scales and without spots.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Willow

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​ Wil′low, a class of trees of the same family as the poplar. Willows vary in size from those of the Alps, which are an inch or two high, to trees of from 50 to 80 feet. They are found in most countries, with the exception of Australia; rival the birch in wandering far northward; and in the New World are found as far south as Chile. The catkins, usually yellow, appear before or with the leaves, stamen-bearing flowers on one tree, pistil-bearing ones on another. The flowers are rich in honey, and so are prime favorites with bees. Willows scatter their seeds prodigally; and their twigs and branches take root readily and grow rapidly The trees have many and large roots, which grow a long distance through moist soil and bind it with a network of fibers, thus preventing the banks of streams from being worn away. The bark is tough and bitter, charged with salicylic acid. It is used for making fishnets, ropes, tan-bark and sometimes, in Norway and Sweden, for mixing with oatmeal. The wood is used in houses, vessels, farm-tools and casks; as fuel; and for charcoal. The twigs and young shoots are used in making baskets and light furniture. Willow leaves show a great variety of greens, ranging from a yellow to a blue green; they grow on short stalks one by one along the twigs. There are some 60 North American willows, ten of which are not found elsewhere. The most important of all kinds is the white willow, common throughout Asia, Europe and America. It sometimes reaches the height of 80 feet. It is very useful on the prairies, as it is a fast grower and also protects other trees from the wind. Other kinds are the golden osier or yellow, the blue, brittle, varnished and green willows. Very ancient is the use of willow-withes in the making of ropes and baskets. To-day the willow-ware industry is receiving increasing attention. The wood is light-colored and light in weight. Its charcoal is preferred above others for gunpowder. The weeping willow, a native of Asia and North Africa, has been introduced into America, and the drooping, supple branches are generally familiar. It grows to a large size and a great age. The tree is frequently planted in cemeteries. It is a favorite in China, and has a prominent place in Chinese pictures. A famous weeping-willow marks Napoleon's empty grave at St. Helena. In olden days the wearing of the willow was sign of despairing love. The pussy-willow is common in the United States. Usually it is but a shrub. It bears well-known, silky, white catkins, which, appearing so early in spring, are eagerly hailed as vernal heralds. Gall-insects work much harm on the willows, and gall-growths are often found on twig and leaf.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wilmington, N. C.

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​ Wilmington, N. C., capital of New Hanover County, the largest city and chief port of North Carolina, is on Cape Fear River, 20 miles from the sea and no southeast of Raleigh. It is a railroad center, and its wharves are kept busy with a large coastal and foreign trade. Steamers run to Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York. The chief exports are lumber, turpentine, rosin, tar, pitch, shingles and cotton. The manufacturing industries consist of these articles and of the manufacture of men's clothing, wagons, carriages and cotton, ​foundry and machine products. Among the prominent public buildings are the county court-house, city-hall, Masonic Temple, three hospitals, the United States Marine Hospital, two charitable institutions and 33 churches. There are public and parochial schools, and the city also contains Cape Fear Academy, Alderman's School, the Academy of the Incarnation (R. C.) and Gregory Normal School (colored). Wilmington was first called Newton, and was founded in 1733. During the Civil War it was a noted port for blockade runners until the capture of Fort Fisher at the mouth of Cape Fear Inlet by General Terry in January of 1865. In February of the same year General Schofield forced the Confederates to abandon Wilmington. Population 25,748.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Whitefield, George

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​Whitefield (whīt′fēld), George, an English preacher and reformer, was born at Gloucester, Dec. 16, 1714. While at Pembroke College, Oxford, he became associated with Wesley (q. v.) and his band of followers, who already were known as Methodists, and even among them was remarkable for his zeal, as shown in his labors in the jails. He preached his first sermon at Gloucester Cathedral, where the earnestness and eloquence of his oratory produced a great impression. Five persons are said to have gone crazy with excitement, but when complaint was made to the bishop he said that he hoped that "the madness would last till next Sunday." The same excitement attended his preaching in London, where the streets were filled in the early morning with persons carrying lanterns on their way to hear him preach, hours before the time of service. The clergy of the English church were offended at Whitefield's open-air preaching, which he soon used almost entirely, owing to their unwillingness to open their churches to him. He and Wesley separated on doctrinal points, and Whitefield's supporters, led by Lady Huntingdon, built him a large shed called The Tabernacle, where immense crowds gathered. He paid seven visits to America, some of them lasting two or three years, where he preached to as large crowds as in England and Scotland, 20,000 persons hearing him at one time on Boston Common. His health failing, he put himself on what he called a short allowance—one sermon a day and three on Sunday. He died on his last visit to America, at Newburyport, Mass., Sept. 30, 1770. Consult Life by Tyerman; Life and Times by Philip; and Lecky's History of England, Vol. II.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wilson, Alexander

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​ Wil′son, Alexander, an American naturalist, was born at Paisley, Scotland, July 6, 1766. He was a weaver and peddler, and at 24 published a volume of poetry. In 1794 he reached Newcastle, Del., with but a few borrowed shillings in his pocket. While peddling through New Jersey he began to study the habits of birds, and after teaching some years he determined to form a collection of American birds. His first trip was made in 1804 through the unbroken wilderness of western New York to Niagara Falls. He gave an account of this journey in his poem of The Foresters. His position of assistant-editor of Rees' Cyclopædia gave him more means and time for his undertaking, and, when the first volume came out in 1808, he spent some months in tramping, “looking for birds and subscribers.” He sailed down the Ohio to Louisville, and rode on horseback from Nashville to New Orleans. He made another tour of the eastern states in 1812. He had, however, overworked himself in preparing his book, and lived only to finish seven volumes. Two more were edited by George Ord, who had accompanied him on some of his journeys, and the work was carried further by Charles Lucien Bonaparte. Wilson was the first to make a careful study of American birds, and his great work on American Ornithology is a scientific classic. The author died at Philadelphia, Aug. 23, 1813. Consult Difficulties Overcome by C. Lucy Brightwell.