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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chippendale, Thomas

* related authors: Thomas Chippendale.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
1904 Errata appended.
​CHIPPENDALE, THOMAS (fl. 1760), furniture maker, was a native of Worcestershire, who came to London in the reign of George I. He describes himself in 1752 as a cabinet maker and upholsterer of St. Martin’s Lane, London. Hardly anything is known of his personal history. His influence is attested by the fact that almost all mahogany furniture of the last century is nowadays referred by the ignorant to ‘Chippendale.’ Speaking generally of his work, it is at once heavier in style and less severe in ornamentation than the slender and tasteful designs of Heppelwhite and Sheraton a quarter of a century later. Elaborate and delicate, Chippendale’s designs are overwrought, and show nothing of that architectonic feeling without which there can be no true designing of furniture. His work as a whole reflects the culture of his age. With the flimsy ‘baroque’ of the prevailing French taste, we find a tendency towards a severer and more classical style, such a style as might be suggested by the contemporary labours of Sir William Chambers and the brothers Adam. Sheraton, writing in 1793, says of Chippendale and his work: ‘As for the designs themselves, they are now wholly antiquated and laid aside, though possessed great merit according to the times in which they were executed.’ Chippendale published in 1752 the first edition of a book of designs for furniture drawn by himself, dedicated to Prince William Henry, and entitled ‘The Gentleman and Cabinet Maker’s Director.’ A second edition appeared in 1759, and a third in 1762. John Weale issued in 1858-9 an elaborate volume entitled ‘Chippendale’s Design for Sconces, Chimney and Glass Frames in the old French Style.’
[Redgrave's Dict. of Eng. School; Sheraton’s Cabinet Maker and Upholsterer's Drawing Book, 4to, 1793-4.]
E. R.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.65 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 259 | ii | 20 | Chippendale, Thomas: for 1752 read 1754 |
| | | 22 | for Prince William Henry read Hugh, Earl of Northumberland |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chillingworth, John (d.1445)

John Killingworth in the ODNB.
​CHILLINGWORTH, JOHN (d. 1445), astronomer, trod in the footsteps and inherited the fame of his predecessor of the same name, with whom he has sometimes been confounded. Like him, he was a fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and like him he cultivated with especial predilection mathematical studies. This titles of his works, however, have not been transmitted to us, and it is doubtful whether he may not have had the credit of some of his predecessor's work. He is stated to have been a native of Northumberland, was principal of St. John's Hall in 1440, and junior proctor of the university in 1441. He died 17 May 1445, and was buried outside the chapel of Merton College. His will was proved 25 May 1445. Anthony à Wood testifies that he was 'a great astronomer of his time, as his works have showed, having been a zealous follower and admirer of John Chillingworth, sometime fellow of his college, and in renown in the century going before.
[Tanner's Bibl. Brit.; Wood's Colleges and Halls (Gutch), iii. 48, App.; Brodrick's Memorials of Merton, 233.]
A. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chillingworth, John (fl.1360)

John Killingworth in the ODNB.
​CHILLINGWORTH, JOHN (fl. 1360), mathematician, was a fellow of Merton College, Oxford, where he studied with great diligence, and founded a school of zealous promoters of mathematical inquiries. He wrote learned treatises on astrology, rejected the extravagances, but retaining what he judged to be the sane substratum, of the science. Leland describes his 'Algorismus' as ingenious and effective; he had also seen his 'Canones et Tabulæ Astronomica,' Chillingworth wrote besides: 'De Judiciis Astronomiæ,' 'De Crepusculis,' 'De Ascensionibus Nubium,' 'Arithmeticum opus,' and other works not enumerated.
[Leland's Commentarii de Script. Brit. (1709), p. 455; Bale's Script. Brit. Cat. vi. 460; Pits, De Angliæ Scriptoribus, p. 489; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. p. 177; Sherburne's Sphere of M. Manilius, p. 37; Brodrick's Memorials of Merton, 27, 222.]
A. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bucke, Charles

​BUCKE, CHARLES (1781–1846), dramatist and miscellaneous writer, was born at Worlington in Suffolk, 16 April 1781. For more than thirty years he prosecuted his literary labours in the midst of great poverty. Ultimately he found a liberal benefactor in Mr. Thomas Grenville, from whom, it is believed, he regularly received 5l. a month. He also obtained several grants from the Literary Fund. His death occurred at Pulteney Terrace, Islington, 31 July 1846.
His works are: 1. ‘Amusements in Retirement, or the influence of science, literature, and the liberal arts on the manners and happiness of private life,’ 1816. 2. ‘The Italians, or the Fatal Accusation: a tragedy [in five acts and in verse]. With a preface containing the correspondence of the author with the committee of Drury Lane Theatre, P. Moore, Esq., M.P., and Mr. Kean,’ 7th edition 1819, 8th edition 1820. This tragedy was printed previously to its representation at Drury Lane Theatre on 3 April 1819. It was accepted by the committee of Drury Lane for representation in 1817, and announced in the bills to be performed immediately, Edmund Kean to take the principal character, Albanio; but from several causes it was delayed until 15 Feb. 1819, when Miss Porter's tragedy ‘Switzerland’ was presented. In the latter play Kean acted so badly that Bucke withdrew ‘The Italians.’ The public exposure of Kean created such a sensation that ‘The Italians’ had a rapid sale and passed through eight editions. 3. ‘The Fall of the Leaf and other poems,’ 1819. 4. ‘On the Beauties, Harmonies, and Sublimities of Nature, with occasional remarks on the laws, customs, manners, and opinions of various nations,’ 4 vols., London, 1821, 8vo; 3 vols., 1837; New York, 1843. Originally published anonymously in 1813, under the title ‘The Philosophy of Nature.’ The author left this work improved and enlarged in twenty manuscript volumes. 5. ‘Classical Grammar of the English Language,’ 1829. 6. ‘Julio Romano, or the Force of the Passions. An Epic Drama in six books,’ 1830. 7. ‘On the Life, Writings, and Genius of Akenside, with some account of his friends,’ 1832. 8. ‘The Book of Human Character,’ 2 vols., 1837. 9. ‘A Letter intended (one day) as a supplement to Lockhart's “Life of Sir Walter Scott,”’ London, 1838, 8vo (privately printed). 10. ‘The Life of John, Duke of Marlborough,’ 1839. 11. ‘Ruins of Ancient Cities, with general and particular accounts of their rise, fall, and present condition,’ 1840.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Buckenham, Robert

According to the ODNB, Buckenham was not archdeacon of Lewes. 1904 Errata appended.
​BUCKENHAM, ROBERT (fl. 1530), was prior of the Dominican or Black Friars at Cambridge, in which university he took the degrees of B.D. in 1524 and D.D. in 1531, when he became archdeacon of Lewes. When Latimer was preaching at Cambridge in 1529, in favour of an English bible and other religious innovations, Buckenham was one of his principal opponents, and, in answer to Latimer's sermon on the cards, preached on ‘Christmas dice,’ using the terms cinq and quater as suggestive of the four doctors of the church and five texts of scripture, but did not succeed in silencing him (see Demaus, Tyndale, 431). His adherence to the papal supremacy and the old form of religion rendered it expedient for him to leave England. In 1534 he went to Edinburgh, and stayed for some time in the Black Friars convent there. In March 1535 he crossed the sea to Louvain to ​assist in the prosecution of William Tyndale, the translator of the Bible into English, who was then in prison at Vilvoorde. He and another Englishman, named Harry Philippes, busied themselves in translating into Latin the English papers found in Tyndale's possession, which were useful as evidence of heresy. No further particulars of his life appear to have been recorded, except that he was the author of a book ‘De Reconciliatione locorum Sacræ Scripturæ,’ of which a copy was in the English College at Rome. Foxe tells us that he was nicknamed ‘Domine labia,’ but does not mention the reason why he was so called. A Dr. William Bokenham, who was master of Gonville Hall from 1514 to 1536, has sometimes been confused with the subject of this notice, and Tanner's statement that Robert Buckenham was chancellor of the university of Cambridge is an error of the same kind, Dr. William Buckmaster having held the office of vice-chancellor in 1529.
C. T. M.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.41 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 199 | ii | 16 f.e. | Buckenham, Robert: after 1531 insert In the latter year he became archdeacon of Lewes |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Buckland, Ralph

​BUCKLAND, RALPH (1564–1611), catholic divine, born in 1564, was the son of Edmund Buckland, who was descended from an ancient family living at West Harptree, Somersetshire. He was admitted into Merchant Taylors' School on 15 June 1571, and in Michaelmas term 1579 he became a commoner of Magdalen College, Oxford, but before he took a degree he came to London and studied the municipal laws for some time. At length, being ‘inflamed with a love to the Roman catholic religion, he left his parents, country, and the prospects of a fair inheritance,’ and went to the English college at Rheims. He proceeded to the Roman seminary in February 1585–6, returned to Rheims in September 1588, and, having been ordained, was in December the same year sent to England to labour on the mission. Wood supposes that he lived chiefly in his own county, and ‘spent above twenty years in doing offices belonging to his profession.’ His name appears on a list of forty-seven priests and jesuits banished in 1606. He died in 1611, leaving behind him ‘among the brethren’ the character of a ‘most pious and seraphical person,—a person who went beyond all of his time for fervent devotion’ (Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 107). Dodd mentions that Buckland presented a piece of St. Thomas of Canterbury's hair shirt to Douay College, where it was preserved with due respect in a silver case.
His works are: 1. ‘Seaven sparkes of the enkindled soule, with foure lamentations composed in the hard times of Q. Elizabeth,’ 8vo, without place or date, but printed after the accession of James I. Dr. Ussher, primate of Ireland, in a sermon preached at St. Mary's, Oxford, on 5 Nov. 1640, referred to this book, which contains pious aspirations for the reconciliation of Great Britain to the Roman church, and cited passages to show that the existence of the gunpowder plot was known and its success prayed for in Rome two years before its discovery. The alleged proof, however, consisted merely of fervent ejaculations and scriptural quotations such as: Psal. 2, p. 32, ‘But the memory of novelties shall perish with a crack: as a ruinous house falling to the ground.’ Psal. 4, p. 54, ‘The crack was heard into all lands; and made nations quake for fear.’ Wood points out that there is no reason for Ussher's supposition that the book was printed at Rome. 2. ‘An embassage from heaven; wherein Christ giueth to understand his iust indignation against al such as being catholikely minded, dare yeelde their presence to the rites and praier of the malignant church,’ 8vo, without place or date. A metrical epi- ​logue is prefixed to the work. 3. An English translation of ‘De Persecutione Vandelica,’ written by Victor, bishop of Biserte or Utica, who flourished about 490. 4. A translation of the six tomes of Laurentius Surius ‘De Vitis Sanctorum.’ This is often quoted under the name of Robert (instead of Ralph) Buckland.
T. C.
# David Swan

* "David Swan" in Twice-Told Tales (1837)
* "David Swan" in Little Daffydowndilly, and other stories (1887)
# Davidson v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
305 U.S. 44
Davidson v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue
Argued: Oct. 14, 1938. --- Decided: Nov 7, 1938
Messrs. E. J. Svoboda and J. A. C. Kennedy, both of Omaha, Neb., for petitioner.
Messrs. Homer S.C.ummings, Atty. Gen., and Edward J. Ennes, of New York City, for respondent.
Mr. Justice BUTLER delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Davidson Steamship Company v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
205 U.S. 187
Davidson Steamship Company v. United States
Argued: March 1, 1907. --- Decided: March 25, 1907
Messrs. Charles E. Kremer and Hermon A. Kelley for plaintiff in error.
[Argument of Counsel from page 187 intentionally omitted]
Assistant Attorney General Purdy for defendant in error.
[Argument of Counsel from page 188 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice Brewer delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Finch, Anne (d.1720)

​FINCH, ANNE, Countess of Winchilsea (d. 1720), poetess, was the daughter of Sir William Kingsmill of Sidmonton, near Southampton, and the wife of Heneage Finch, second son of Heneage, second earl of Winchilsea [q. v.] Her husband succeeded to the title as fourth earl on the death of his nephew Charles in 1712. Finch was gentleman of the bedchamber to James II when Duke of York, and his wife maid of honour to the second duchess. Anne Finch was a friend of Pope, of Rowe, and other men of letters. Her most considerable work, a poem on 'Spleen,' written in stanzas after Cowley's manner, and published in Gildon's 'Miscellany,' 1701, inspired Howe to compose some verses in her honour, entitled 'An Epistle to Flavia.' Pope addressed 'an impromptu to Lady Winchilsea' (Miscellanies, 1727), in which he declared that 'Fate doomed the fall of every female wit' before 'Ardelia's' talent. She replied by comparing 'Alexander' to Orpheus, who she said would have written like him had he lived in London. The only collected edition of her poems was printed in 1713, containing a tragedy never acted, called 'Aristomenes, or the Royal Shepherd,' and dedicated to the Countess of Hertford, with 'an Epilogue to [Rowe's] Jane Shore, to be spoken by Mrs. Oldfield the night before the poet's day' (printed in the General Dictionary, x. 178, from a manuscript in the countess's possession). Another poem, entitled 'The Prodigy,' written at Tunbridge Wells, called forth Cibber's regret that the countess's rank made her only write occasionally as a pastime. Wordsworth sent a selection of her poems with a commendatory sonnet of his own to Lady Mary Lowther, and remarked in a prefatory essay to his volume of 1815 that Lady Winchilsea's 'nocturnal reverie' was almost unique in its own day, because it employed new images 'of external nature.' On her death, 5 Aug. 1720, she left a number of unpublished manuscripts to her friends, the Countess of Hertford and a clergyman named Creake, and by their permission some of these poems were printed by Birch in the 'General Dictionary.' She left no children. Her husband died 30 Sept, 1726. Her published works were : 1. The poem on 'Spleen,' in 'A New Miscellany of Original Poems,' published by Charles Gildon, London, 1701, 8vo; republished under the title of 'The Spleen, a Pindarique Ode; with a Prospect of Death, a Pindarique Essay,' London, 1709, 8vo. 2. 'Miscellany Poems, written by a Lady,' 1713, 8vo.
E. T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Finch, Edward (1664-1738)

​FINCH, EDWARD (1664–1738), composer, born in 1664, was the fifth son of Heneage, first earl of Nottingham [q. v.] He proceeded M.A . in 1079, and became fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. He represented the university of Cambridge in the parliament of 1689-90. He was ordained deacon at York in 1700, became rector of Wigan, was appointed prebendary of York 26 April 1704, and resided in the north end of the treasurer's house in the Close, taking an active interest in musical matters, as appears from the family correspondence. Finch was installed prebendary of Canterbury 8 Feb. 1710. He died 14 Feb. 1737-8, aged 75, at York, where a monument erected by him in the minster to his wife and brother (Henry, dean of York) bears a bust and inscription to his memory.
Finch's 'Te Deum' and anthem, 'Grant, we beseech Thee,' both written in five parts, are to be found in Dr. Tudway's 'Collection of Services' (Harleian MSS. 7337-42); 'A Grammar of Thorough Bass,' with examples, a manuscript of sixty-six pages, is in the Euing Library at Glasgow. Of Finch's manuscript letters, that addressed to his brother Daniel, second Earl of Nottingham [q. v.], and dated Winwick, 12 July 1702, is of interest; he there enunciates his views of a sinecure and discusses other questions of preferment.
[Collins's Peerage, iii. 290; Graduati Cantabrigienses, 1823, p. 168; Le Neve's Fasti, iii. 650; Dict. of Musicians, 1827, i. 247; Willis's Survey of Cathedrals, 1742, i. 176; Drake's Eboracum, 1736, pp. 513, 559, 570; Addit. MSS. 28569 f. 130, 29588 f. 88, 32496 f. 48 b; Hasted's Hist. of Canterbury, 1801, ii. 63; Harleian MSS. 2264 f. 267, 7342 p. 306; Gent. Mag. viii. 109; Brown's Biog. Dict. of Musicians, p. 246.]
L. M. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fillian, John

​FILLIAN, JOHN (fl. 1658–1680), engraver, was a pupil of William Faithorne the elder [q. v.], and worked in his style, though he never attained his excellence. Evelyn, in his ‘Sculptura’ (1662), speaks of him as ‘J. Fellian, disciple of Mr. Faithorne, who is a hopeful young man.’ He died early, about 1680, before these hopes could be realised. Very few of his engravings exist, notably a portrait of Thomas Cromwell, earl of Essex, published by P. Stent in 1658, a good work; a portrait of his master, ​Faithorne, from a drawing by himself; a copy of J. Payne's portrait of Paracelsus; ‘Dr. Michael,’ after Guido Reni; and the frontispiece to P. Heylyn's ‘Cosmography,’ published in 1669. Walpole was of opinion that Faithorne's engraving of ‘Christ with a Globe,’ from a picture attributed to Raphael, was completed by Fillian.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Walpole's Anecd. of Painting, ed. Dallaway and Wornum; Le Blanc's Manuel de l'Amateur d'Estampes; Evelyn's Sculptura.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fills, Robert

​FILLS, ROBERT (fl. 1562), translator from the French, published in 1562 ‘The Lawes and Statutes of Geneva, as well concerning Ecclesiastical Discipline as Civill Regiment, with certeine Proclamations duly executed, whereby God's religion is most purely mainteined, and their commonwealth quietli governed.’ The volume contains a dedication to ‘Lord Robert Duddley,’ in which Fills explains that he has done his work to confute those who say ‘against men of our profession’ that ‘we departed oute of this realme in the late tyme of banishement of Goddes churche onelye to this ende, to enjoye more unchastised freedome of sensuall lyfe.’ In 1563 (according to Herbert) appeared ‘A Briefe and Piththie Summe of the Christian Faith, made in forme of a Confession, with a confutation of all such superstitious errours as are contrary thereunto. Made by Theodore de Beza. Translated out of Frenche by R. F.’ In a long dedication to Lord Hastings Fills speaks of himself as ‘knowing the author [Beza], and being somewhat acquainted with him,’ and makes a fierce attack upon the secular pursuits of the English clergy, complaining of the ‘myngle mangle of spirituall and temporall regiment,’ and asserting that many cathedral churches are ‘a very refuge and denne of ydell, ignoraunt, and unpreaching lubbers.’ Several editions of this work were printed. In 1568, according to Tanner and Maunsell, Fills published ‘Godly Prayers and Meditations paraphrasticallye made upon all the Psalmes very necessary for al the godly, translated out of Frenche into Englishe.’ The book was published again in 1577, and a third time in 1590 with the title, taken from the dedication, of ‘The Anatomie of the Soule.’ Besides these there is an undated translation entitled ‘Meditations of True and Perfect Consolation, declared in two tables: in the first is seven considerations of the evills which happen unto us; in the second seven considerations of the good we receive. Translated out of French by Rob. Fills.’
[Tanner's Bibliotheca, p. 279; Ames's Typogr. Antiq. (Herbert); Maunsell's Cat. of English Printed Books, p. 50.]
R. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Finan

​FINAN, Saint (d. 661), bishop of Lindisfarne, was a monk of Iona, and succeeded Aidan [q. v.] in the see of Lindisfarne in ​652. He was ordained in Scotland according to the rites of the Columban church. His diocese at Lindisfarne embraced nearly all Northumbria. He rebuilt his church, after the Scottish fashion, of oaken planks thatched with reeds, and devoted himself to missionary work outside Northumbria. His chief success was in Mercia. Oswiu, king of Northumbria, made the conversion of Peada, Penda's son, a condition of the marriage of the Mercian prince with his own daughter Alchfleda. Finan baptised Peada near the river Tyne, probably at Benwell, and consecrated Diuma, one of his priests, first bishop of Mercia. Similarly with the aid of King Oswiu Finan baptised Sigebert, king of the East-Saxons, at the same place. St. Cedd [q. v.] went from Mercia as a missionary to Sigebert's kingdom, and was consecrated a bishop by Finan when on a visit to him at a later period, in consideration of his success. Finan observed the Columban method of celebrating Easter, and was impervious to argument on the point, although one Ronan, a Scottish priest, who had studied in France and Italy, endeavoured to change his views. Finan died on 31 Aug. 661, but his opposition to the Roman ritual deprived him of a place in the calendar. He appears, however, in the Scottish lists and in the Aberdeen breviary.
[The Rev. Canon Raine in the Dictionary of Christian Biography; Colgan's Acta SS. Hiberniæ, i. 357; Hardy's Cat. i. 1, 59 (Rolls Ser.); Bædæ Eccl. Hist. iii. 21, 22, 25.]