OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 1874/Article 15

This edition is taken from the Pennsylvania Constitution Webpage at Duquesne University School of Law.

## Article XV: Cities and City Charters
### Section 1: General laws to establish cities.

Cities may be chartered whenever a majority of the electors of any town or borough having a population of at least ten thousand shall vote at any general election in favor of the same.
Amendment of November 7, 1922

### Section 2: Municipal commissions not to incur debts except on appropriations.

No debt shall be contracted or liability incurred by any municipal commission, except in pursuance of an appropriation previously made therefor by the municipal government.

### Section 3: Sinking funds in cities.

Every city shall create a sinking fund, which shall be inviolably pledged for the payment of its funded debt.

### Section 4

Added by amendment of November 6, 1928
Amendment of November 7, 1933

### Section 5

Added by amendment of November 7, 1933
# Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 1874/Article 13

This edition is taken from the Pennsylvania Constitution Webpage at Duquesne University School of Law.

## Article XI: New Counties
### Section 1: Limitation of power to create counties.

No new county shall be established which shall reduce any county to less than four hundred square miles, or to less than twenty thousand inhabitants; nor shall any county be formed of less area, or containing a less population; nor shall any line thereof pass within ten miles of the new county seat of any county proposed to be divided.
# Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 1874

* related portals: Constitutional documents, Pennsylvania.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This edition is taken from the Pennsylvania Constitution Webpage at Duquesne University School of Law.

## Preamble

WE, the people of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, grateful to Almighty God for the blessings of civil and religious liberty, and humbly invoking His guidance, do ordain and establish this Constitution.
* Article 1: Declaration of Rights
* Article II: The Legislature
* Article III: Legislation
* Article IV: The Executive
* Article V: The Judiciary
* Article VI: Impeachment and Removal from Office
* Article VII: Oath of Office
* Article VIII: Suffrage and Elections
* Article IX: Taxation and Finance
* Article X: Education
* Article XI: Militia
* Article XII: Public Officers
* Article XIII: New Counties
* Article XIV: County Officers
* Article XV: Cities and City Charters
* Article XVI:Private Corporations
* Article XVII:Roads and Canals
* Article XVIII:Future Amendments
* Schedules to Constitution of Pennsylvania
* Amendments
# Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 1874/Article 12

This edition is taken from the Pennsylvania Constitution Webpage at Duquesne University School of Law.

## Article XII: Public Officers
### Section 1: Selection of public officers.

All officers, whose selection is not provided for in this Constitution, shall be elected or appointed as may be directed by law.
Amendment of November 2, 1909

### Section 2: Federal officers disqualified for state offices.

No member of Congress from the State, nor any person holding or exercising any office or appointment of trust or profit under the United States, shall at the same time hold or exercise any office in this State to which a salary, fees or perquisites shall be attached. The General Assembly may by law declare what offices are incompatible.

### Section 3: Dueling disqualification for office.

Any person who shall fight a duel or send a challenge for that purpose, or be an aider or abettor in fighting a duel, shall be deprived of the right of holding any office of honor or profit in this State, and may be otherwise punished as shall be prescribed by law.
# Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 1874/Article 11

This edition is taken from the Pennsylvania Constitution Webpage at Duquesne University School of Law.

## Article XI: Militia
### Section 1: Organization of militia. Exemption authorized.

The freemen of this Commonwealth shall be armed, organized and disciplined for its defence when and in such manner as may be directed by law. The General Assembly shall provide for maintaining the militia by appropriations from the Treasury of the Commonwealth, and may exempt from military service persons having conscientious scruples against bearing arms.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bruce, Thomas (1655?-1741)

1904 Errata appended.
​BRUCE, THOMAS, third Earl of Elgin and second Earl of Ailesbury (1655?–1741), was the sixth and eldest surviving son of Robert, second earl [q. v.], and Diana, daughter of Henry Grey, first earl of Stamford. When the Prince of Orange landed in England, he was one of the noblemen who adhered to the cause of James, but on the king's withdrawal from Whitehall he signed the application to the Prince of Orange. He was one of those appointed to meet with the king when he was stopped by fishermen near the isle of Sheppey, to invite him to return to Whitehall. He accompanied the king in his barge to Rochester, previous to his final flight. Afterwards he returned to London, but he never took the oaths to William and Mary. When the French threatened a descent on England, in 1690, during William's absence in Ireland, an order was given, on 5 July, by Queen Mary for apprehension of the earl and of other Jacobite noblemen, but the danger having passed it was not deemed necessary to put the order into execution. In 1691 King William issued an order to enable him and his countess to make a revision for paying their debts and to make loanes of their estates. In May 1695 he was present at a meeting held at the Old King's Head tavern, Aldersgate Street, London, to concert measures for the restoration of King James, and was sent over to France to persuade Louis to grant a body of troops to aid in the enterprise. On account of his connection with the plot he was committed to the Tower in February 1695-6. His wife, Elizabeth Seymour, sister and heiress of William, duke of Somerset, died in childbed from anxiety connected with his imprisonment. He was admitted to bail on 12 Feb. following, and obtained the king's permission to reside in Brussels, where he married Charlotte, countess of Sannu, of the house of Argenteau, in the duchy of Brabant. He died at Brussels in November 1741, in his eighty-sixth year. By his first wife he had four sons and two daughters, and by the second he had an only daughter, Charlotte Maria, who was married in 1722 to the Prince of Home, one of the princes of the empire. One of her daughters, Elizabeth Philippina, married Prince Gustavus Adolphus of Stolberg Guedern, and was the mother of Louisa Maximiliana, the wife of Prince Charles Edward Stuart,, the pretender. The Earl of Elgin was succeeded by Charles, his second and only surviving son.
[Collins's Peerage, ed. 1812, v. 124-6; Douglas's Peerage of Scotland, i. 516.]
T. F. H.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.40 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 130 | i | 32 | Bruce, Thomas, 2nd Earl of Ailesbury: before When the insert He was lord-lieutenant of Bedfordshire and Huntingdonshire 1685-9 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bruce, Robert (d.1245)

​BRUCE, ROBERT de V (d. 1245), son of William de Bruce, married Isabel, second daughter of David, earl of Huntingdon, younger brother of William the Lion, and thus founded the claim of his descendants to the crown. In 1215-16 he obtained from King John a confirmation of a grant of a market and fair at Hartlepool. He was a witness at York in 1221 of Alexander II’s charter of jointure to his wife Joanna, sister of Henry III. During this reign his own great estate and royal connection by marriage made the lord of Annandale one of the chief barons of southern Scotland. Like his ancestors he was liberal to the church, confirming and increasing their grants. He died in 1245, and was buried at the abbey of Saltrey in Huntingdonshire.
[Rymer’s Fœdera, i. 252; Dugdale’s Baronage, i, 449; Monasticon, ii. 151. Several charters by or to him are amongst the Duchy of Lancaster Charters, and notes of them are printed, Calendars of Documents relating to Scotland, i. Nos. 1680-5.]
Æ. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bruce, Robert (d.1685)

​BRUCE, ROBERT, second Earl of Elgin and first Earl of Ailesbury (d. 1685), was the only son of Thomas, third lord Bruce of Kinloss, and first earl of Elgin, and Anne, daughter of Sir Robert Chichester of Raleigh, Devonshire. While his father was still alive he was, at the Restoration, constituted, along with the Earl of Cleveland, lord-lieutenant of Bedfordshire, 26 July 1660. He was returned member for the county to the convention parliament in the same year, and also to the parliament which met in 1661. Succeeding to his father's estates and titles in December 1663, he was, on 18 March 1663-4, created Baron Bruce of Skelton in the county of York, Viscount Bruce of Ampthill in Bedfordshire, and Earl of Ailesbury in Buckinghamshire. On 29 March 1667 he was constituted sole lord-lieutenant of Bedfordshire, on the death of the Earl of Cleveland. The same year he was appointed ​ one of the commissioners for such moneys as had been raised and assigned to Charles II during his war with the Dutch. On 18 March 1678 he was sworn a privy councillor. He was also one of the gentlemen of the king's bed-chamber, and a commissioner for executing the office of earl marischal of England, as deputy to Henry, duke of Norfolk. At the coronation of King James II he bore the sword, and on 30 July 1685 he was appointed lord chamberlain of the household. He died 20 Oct. of the same year at Ampthill, and was buried there. By his wife, Diana, daughter of Henry Grey, first earl of Stamford, he had eight sons and nine daughters. Wood says: 'He was a learned person, and otherwise well qualified, was well versed in English history and antiquities, a lover of all such that were professors of those studies, and a curious collector of manuscripts, especially of those which related to England and English antiquities.'
[Collins's Peerage, ed. 1812, v. 122-3; Douglas's Peerage of Scotland, i. 515-16; Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series; Wood's Fasti (Bliss), i. 491.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bruce, Robert (fl.1138-1189?)

​BRUCE, ROBERT de III (fl. 1138–1189?), second son of Robert II, and so called Le Meschin or the Cadet, was the founder of the Scottish branch. He held the Annandale fief, with Lochmaben as its chief messuage, for the service of a hundred knights during the reigns of David I, Malcolm IV, and William the Lion, who confirmed it by a charter in 1166. He paid escuage for the manor of Hert in the bishopric of Durham in 1170, which he is said to have received from his father to supply him with wheat, which did not grow in Annandale. The date of his death is uncertain, but he must have survived the year 1189, when he settled a long-pending dispute with the see of Glasgow by an ​agreement with Bishop Jocelyn, under which he mortified the churches of Moffat and Kirkpatric, and granted the patronage of Drivesdale, Hoddam, and Castlemilk, in return apparently for a cession by the bishop of his claim to certain lands in Annandale.
[Charter of William the Lion in Ayloffe’s Charters; Madox's History of Exchequer; Resgistrum Glasguense, pp. 64-5; Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland, i. No. 197.]
Æ. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bruce, Robert (d. before 1191)

​BRUCE, ROBERT de IV (d. before 1191), son of Robert III, was married in 1183 to Isabel, daughter of William the Lion, by a daughter of Robert Avenel, when he was given the manor of Haltwhistle in Tyndale as her dowry. He must have survived his father, if at all, only a short time, as his widow married Robert de Ros in 1191, and the date of his father's death being uncertain it may be doubted whether he succeeded to Annandale. He was succeeded by William de Bruce, his brother, in that fief, who was the only exception to the line of Roberts. William held Annandale along with the English manors of Hert and Haltwhistle till his death in 1215.
[Dugdale's Baronage, i. 449; Graham's Lochmaben, pp. 16 and 17.]
Æ. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bruce, Robert (d.1094?)

The ODNB casts doubt on the content of Mackay's article. 1904 Errata appended.
​BRUCE, ROBERT de I (d. 1094?), was an ancestor of the king of Scotland who made the name of Bruce or Brus famous. The family is a singular example of direct male descent in the Norman baronage, and it is necessary to distinguish with care the different individuals who bore the same surname, and during eight generations the christian name of Robert. The surname has been traced by some genealogists beyond Normandy to a Norse follower of its conqueror Rollo, a descendant of whose brother, Einar, earl of Orkney, called Brusi (which means in old Norse a goat), is said to have accompanied Rollo and built a castle in the diocese of Coutances. A later Brusi, son of Sigurd the Stout, was Earl of Orkney, and died 1031. But the genealogy cannot be accepted. The name is certainly territorial, and is most probably derived from the lands and castle of Brin or Bruis, of which a few remains in the shape of vaults and foundations can still be traced between Cherbourg and Vallonges. More than one de Bruce came with the Conqueror to England, and the contingent of ‘li sires de Bréaux’ is stated at two hundred men (Leland, Collectanea, i. 202). Their services were rewarded by forty-three manors in the East and West, and fifty-one in the North Riding of Yorkshire—upwards of 40,000 acres of land, which fell to the lot of Robert de Bruce I, the head of the family. Of the Yorkshire manors the chief was Skelton in Cleveland, not far from Whitby, the salt of the elder English branch of the Brnces after the younger migrated to Scotland and became lords of Annandale.
[Orkeyinga saga, olds History of Cleveland, p. 198; Domesday, Yorkshire, 332 b, 333, and Kelham's Illustrations, p. 121; Dugdale’s Baronage, i, 447; Registrum Honoris de Richmond, p. 98, gives the seal of Robert.]
Æ. M.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.40 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 114 | i | 23 f.e. | Bruce, Robert de, I: for Brin read Brix |
| | | 12 f.e. | for Hemingford read Hemingburgh |
# Curtis Publishing Company v. Butts

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts, 388 U.S. 130 (1967), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States established the standard of First Amendment protection against defamation claims brought by private individuals. Warning: template has been deprecated.

## Concurring Opinion

    Warren

## Concurrence/Dissents

    Black
    Brennan
United States Supreme Court
388 U.S. 130
Curtis Publishing Company v. Butts
Argued: Feb. 23, 1967. --- Decided: June 12, 1967
See 88 S.Ct. 11, 13.
-No. 37:
[Syllabus from pages 130-133 intentionally omitted]
Herbert Wechsler, New York City, for petitioner.
Allen E. Lockerman and William H. Schroder, Atlanta, Ga., for respondent.
No. 150:
William P. Rogers, New York City, for petitioner.
Clyde J. Watts, Oklahoma City, Okl., for respondent.
Mr. Justice HARLAN announced the judgments of the Court and delivered an opinion in which Mr. Justice CLARK, Mr. Justice STEWART, and Mr. Justice FORTAS join.

## Notes

* ↑ Five members of the Court, while concurring in the result reached in No. 150, would rest decision on grounds other than those stated in this opinion. See separate opinions of THE CHIEF JUSTICE (post, p. 162), of Mr. Justice BLACK (post, p. 170), and of Mr. Justice BRENNAN (post, p. 172).
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Curtis v. Connly

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
257 U.S. 260
Curtis v. Connly
Argued: Nov. 16-17, 1921. --- Decided: Dec 12, 1921
Mr. Edward F. McClennen, of Boston, Mass., for appellant.
Messrs. Wm. W. Moss. Arthur M. Allen, and Eugene A. Kingman, all of Providence, R. I., for appellees.
Mr. Justice HOLMES delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Curtis v. County of Butler

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
65 U.S. 435
Curtis v. County of Butler

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Campbell, Colin (d.1782)

Date of death 1798 in the ODNB.
​CAMPBELL, COLIN (d. 1782), of Kilberry, major of 100th foot, obtained an unenviable notoriety in consequence of a fatal assault committed by him on Captain John McKaarg, a brother officer, while stationed at the island of Martinico in 1762. The cause of difference is said to have originated at Jersey, where Campbell, at that time major-commandant of the 100th foot, was obliged to take the payment of McKaarg's company out of his hands, owing to the latter's pecuniary difficulties. On the arrival of the regiment at Martinico, McKaarg took every opportunity of vilifying Campbell, who demanded in writing an explanation. McKaarg replied in a curt letter. Campbell immediately proceeded to McKaarg's tent armed with a bayonet and a small-sword, and demanded satisfaction. McKaarg, having a broad sword only, endeavoured to evade a meeting. Thereupon Campbell struck him several times with his sword. McKaarg was compelled by his antagonist to beg for his life, and immediately expired. He had received eleven wounds, two of which were mortal. Campbell was arrested, and on 6 April 1762 was tried for murder by a general court-martial held at Fort Royal. He endeavoured to prove that McKaarg had fallen in a fair duel. On 14 April the court adjudged Campbell to be cashiered, and declared him incapable of serving his majesty in any military employment whatsoever.
Pending the king's consideration of the sentence, Campbell escaped from the island. Owing to some informalities the proceedings were not confirmed, but he was immediately dismissed from the army. On his return to England Campbell presented a memorial to the secretary-at-war, charging Major-general the Hon. Robert Monckton, who commanded in the island of Martinico, ‘with many wrongs and deliberate acts of oppression.’ A general court-martial was, in consequence, held at the judge advocate-general's office, at the Horse Guards, in April 1764, and Monckton was honourably acquitted. The relatives of Captain McKaarg subsequently brought an action of assythment against Campbell, and ultimately damages to the extent of 200l. were awarded to them. Campbell chiefly resided in Edinburgh, where he attracted notice by his foppery, and was well known as an antiquated old beau. In the summer he visited Buxton and the other fashionable watering-places of the day. He died unmarried at Edinburgh in 1782, and his estate at Kilberry in Argyllshire descended to his nephew. An excellent portrait of Campbell will be found in Kay, ii. No. 172.
G. F. R. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Campbell, George (1761-1817)

​CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1761–1817), Scotch poet, was descended from humble parents and was born at Kilmarnock in 1761. His father died when he was still very young, and he was brought up under the care of his mother, who earned her subsistence by winding yarn for the carpet works. Being apprenticed to a shoemaker, he made use of his leisure hours to educate himself with a view of entering the university of Glasgow, and while still a student there he published in 1787 a volume of ‘Poems on several Occasions,’ which was printed at the press of Kilmarnock, from which in the preceding year the first edition of the poems of Robert Burns had been issued. The poems, which are chiefly of a moral or didactic kind, are not written in the Scotch dialect. Though commonplace in thought, and not displaying much richness of fancy, their expression is often happy and the versification easy and flowing. He was ordained minister of the Secession church of Stockbridge, Berwickshire, on 19 Aug. 1794, and remained in that charge till his death on 23 Nov. 1817. In 1816 he published at Edinburgh a volume of ‘Sermons on Interesting Subjects.’
[Contemporaries of Burns, pp. 122–34; Mackelvie's Animals of the United Presbyterian Church, p. 106; Anderson's Scottish Nation.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Campbell, Daniel (1665-1722)

Donald Campbell of Duchernan in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​CAMPBELL, DANIEL (more correctly Donald) (1665–1722), Scotch divine, only son of Patrick Campbell of Quaycrook, Caithness, was born 1 Aug. 1665. On 15 July 1686 he graduated as M.A. in the university and King's College of Aberdeen, and thereafter studied divinity at Edinburgh (?). On 31 Dec. 1691 he was ordained minister of the parish of Glassary in Argyllshire. Of the forty-two who subscribed his call twenty-two were Campbells. In 1692 he married Jean, daughter of Patrick Campbell, minister of Glenary, and had issue several daughters, who all married in the county, and one son, James, afterwards minister of Kilbrandon. Campbell's father died in 1705, and he thereupon sold the Caithness property. The family had previously acquired the estate of Duchernan in Glassary, and they were henceforth designated by it till 1800, when it passed into other hands. The manse of Glassary was chiefly constructed at Campbell's expense. It was one of the first in Argyllshire, and was renowned for its ‘nineteen windows.’ Campbell died 28 March 1722. He was the author of several devotional works, of which one at least was very widely popular. This was ‘Sacramental Meditations on the Sufferings and Death of Christ’ (Edinburgh, 1698). It is announced as ‘the substance of some sermons preached before the communion in the Irish Language in Kilmichael, of Glasrie’ (title-page). This treatise went through a great many editions during the next hundred and twenty years. A Gaelic translation by ​‘D. Macphairlain, A.M.,’ was published at Perth in 1800.
Campbell also wrote: 1. ‘The Frequent and Devout Communicant;’ to this is appended ‘A Dialogue between a private Christian and a Minister of the Gospel concerning preparation for the Lord's Supper,’ 1703. 2. ‘Meditations on Death,’ 1718 (reprinted Glasgow, 1741). 3. ‘Dæmonomachie, or War with the Devil, in a short treatise by way of dialogue between Philander and Theophilus,’ 1718. 4. ‘Man's Chief End and Rule; the substance of Catechetical Sermons on the first three questions of the Shorter Catechism,’ 1719; a continuation of this was announced, but apparently never published. 5. ‘Meditations on Eternity,’ Edinburgh, 1721. 6. Three manuscript volumes of sermons.
[Scott's Fasti Ecclesiæ Scoticanæ, iii. 8, Edinburgh, 1870; Notes and Queries, 27 Aug. 1864, pp. 171-2; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
F. W-t.