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# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Literary Property

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Edition of 1802.
​LITERARY PROPERTY, is that right which an author justly claims in his original literary compositions; so that no person may, without his permission, either publish the work, or receive any profit from the printed copies.
The question relative to literary property has only within these few years been conclusively settled.—The late Dr. Johnson was of opinion, that the bookseller, or he who purchases the copy-right of a book, acquires the sole right of printing it, and of selling the copies printed in conformity to the manuscript: but, at the same time, such purchaser has no right either to make any additions to, or to expunge any part from, the work, without previously obtaining the author's permission, who still preserves an interest in the performance. The Doctor farther maintained, that abridgements were strictly legal, however the property of the purchaser, or the reputation of the author, may be affected; because every work, that comes into the possession of a reader, is liable to be examined, confuted, censured, translated, and abridged.
The right of abridging books is, therefore, established both by reason and the customs of trade.—Independently of the copy-right naturally inherent by our common law, the statute 8 Ann, c. 19, declares the whole liberty of printing and re-printing a work, to be vested in an author, and his assigns, for the term of fourteen years, and no longer: such property is also protected by additional penalties and forfeitures.—By the same statute it is farther enacted, that if an author be living at the expiration of that period, his original interest shall revert to him for a similar term of years.—The 8 Geo. II. c. 13, and 7 Geo. III. c. 38, have judiciously extended the same privilege to the inventors of prints, and engravings, for the space of twenty-eight years.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Lixive

Edition of 1802.
​Lixive. See Pot-ash.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Lixivium

Edition of 1802.
​LIXIVIUM, or Ley, signifies a solution of salts or ashes in water, for the different purposes of bleaching, washing, dyeing, &c.—Having, in the progress of this work, frequently employed the term lixivium, we shall in this place only observe, that a ley may be made either of the vegetable or mineral alkali; that the latter is often found native in some parts of the earth, as well as universally combined with the waters of the ocean; but that the former is uniformly obtained from the ashes of burnt vegetables. Hence a lixivium may be prepared even from straw reduced to ashes, if more substantial plants cannot be procured on the spur of the occasion.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Lob-grass

Edition of 1802.
​Lob-grass. See Brome-grass, the Soft.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Lizard-flower

Edition of 1802.
​Lizard-flower. See Satyrion.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Loadstone

Edition of 1802.
​Loadstone. See Magnet.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Loam

Edition of 1802.
​LOAM, in agriculture, a species of earth, less cohesive than clay, but more compact than chalk.
There are several varieties of loam; the most common of which we shall enumerate.
1. The clayey, that is likewise called string, stiff, cold, and heavy loam: it consists of a mixture of clay and coarse sand; is distinguished by the name of Windsor loam, and is much used for making bricks, building furnaces, &c.
2. The chalky loam; the constituent parts of which are chalk, clay, and coarse sand.
3. The sandy loam, consisting of the same ingredients as the preceding kind, though the sand prevails in a larger proportion. The two latter varieties are frequently blended, and compose what is called a deep crumbly loam. This was formerly supposed to be unfit for vegetation, till it had been exposed for several years to the influence of the sun, air, frost, &c. Experience, however, has evinced the contrary; and it is certain, that though the vegetative powers of this barren earth (as some have disdainfully called it) remain latent for a longer time than in soils which have undergone a proper degree of fermentation; yet, after its surface is broken up and properly stirred, it will, at the expiration of one year, be well adapted to the production of crops.
A deep crumbly loam is particularly calculated for the growth of fruit-trees; and, if it be laid in ridges during one winter, and the succeeding summer, it will afford ample nourishment to such trees; even though it should have been turned up from the depth of 6 feet in the ground.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Walsh, John Edward

1904 Errata appended.
​WALSH, JOHN EDWARD (1816–1869), Irish judge and writer, born on 12 Nov. 1816, was the son of Robert Walsh [q. v.], by his wife Ann, daughter of John Bayly. He received his early education at Bective school, Dublin, and matriculated at Trinity College, Dublin, in July 1832. At the conclusion of his undergraduate course he was awarded the first gold medal both in classics and ethics. He graduated B.A. in 1836.
In 1839 Walsh was called to the Irish bar, and joined the Leinster circuit. During his early years at the bar Walsh was a frequent contributor to the ‘Dublin University Magazine.’ He also edited several law-books, one of which, brought out in 1844 in conjunction with Richard Nun, on ‘The Powers and Duties of Justices of the Peace in Ireland,’ was long a standard text-book on the subject to which it relates. He was a reporter in the court of chancery from 1843 to 1852. In 1857 Walsh became a queen's counsel, and, two years later, crown prosecutor at Green Street. In 1866 he was appointed attorney-general for Ireland in Lord Derby's third administration, and in the same year was elected to represent the university of Dublin in parliament. In the same year he was raised to the Irish bench as master of the rolls, in succession to Thomas Barry Cusack-Smith [q. v.] In this eminent position Walsh displayed judicial qualities of a high order. His decision in the celebrated cause of MacCormac v. The Queen's University was of capital importance. It invalidated the charter granted to the university by Earl Russell's government in 1866. It was during his tenure of office as master of the rolls that the Irish public record office was reorganised under Sir Samuel Ferguson [q. v.]
Upon the disestablishment of the church of Ireland, Walsh became an active member ​of the provisional convention for settling the new constitution of the church. He died at Paris, after a very brief illness, on 20 Oct. 1869. He married, 1 Oct. 1841, Blair Belinda, daughter of Captain Gordon MacNeill, 77th regiment; he left five sons and one daughter. A portrait by Catterson Smith belongs to his eldest son, Canon Robert Walsh, D.D., rector of Donnybrook, co. Dublin.
Walsh will be best remembered as the author of a little book published anonymously in 1847, called ‘Ireland Sixty Years Ago,’ in which he drew a vivid picture of life and manners in the Ireland of the Grattan parliament. For the material for this work Walsh was much indebted to his father.
C. L. F.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.274 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 216 | ii | 46-47 | Walsh, John E.: for following read same |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Walsh, Nicholas

​WALSH, NICHOLAS (d. 1585), bishop of Ossory, born at Waterford, was son of Patrick Walsh, bishop of Waterford and Lismore in 1551, who died in 1578 (Cotton, Fasti, i. 123, 138; Wood, Athenæ Oxon. ii. 815; Foster, Alumni Oxon. 1500–1714). He studied at Paris, Oxford, and Cambridge, and in 1562–3 he was granted his B.A. by the senate at Cambridge on the ground of having kept twelve terms at these universities. He commenced M.A. in 1567, and in 1571 was chancellor of St. Patrick's, Dublin, and in 1573 began to translate the New Testament into Irish with John Kearney [q. v.] The edition was published in 1603. In February 1577 Walsh was consecrated bishop of Ossory, but continued his translation with Fearganainm O'Domhnallain of Catharine Hall. On 14 Dec. 1585 Walsh was stabbed with a skeine by James Dallard, whom he had cited for adultery. Dallard was hanged, and his victim buried in St. Canice's Cathedral, Kilkenny, where his tomb, bearing an interlaced cross and an inscription, is still to be seen.
[Ware's Commentary of the Prelates of Ireland, Dublin, 1704; Anderson's Historical Sketches of the Native Irish, Edinburgh, 1830; Graves and Prim's Hist. of the Cathedral of St. Canice, Dublin, 1857; Cooper's Athenæ Cantabr. i. 515–16, and authorities there cited.]
N. M.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Castor-oil

Edition of 1802.
​CASTOR-OIL is extracted from the castor nut, or the seed ot the Ricinus communis, a native of the West Indies. These seeds are about the size of small beans, which, in their brittle shells, contain white kernels, of a sweet, oily, but somewhat nauseous taste. Nor is the expressed oil quite free from the acrimony of the nut; though it is, in general, one of the mildest, and safest purgatives; so that half a tea-spoonful for a dose has been given, with success, to new-born infants, for lubricating the first passages, and expelling the meconium. It is also one of the best vermifuges, and a most efficacious remedy for the dry belly-ach, and iliac passion, when administered in proper doses, to children and adults; viz. the dose for the former, from one to two tea-spoonfuls; and the latter, a table-spoonful, repeated every two or three hours.
As patients generally have a great aversion to this oil, in its pure state, it may be taken swimming either in a glass of pepper-mint, or simple water, or in the form of an emulsion, with mucilage, or with the addition of a small quantity of rum. The greatest precaution, however, is necessary with respect to the quality of this oil, as there are two modes of preparing it, namely, by decoction and expression: the former is of a brown colour, has a rancid, disagreeable taste and smell, and consequently unfit for internal use; whereas that obtained by expression, is more limpid, rather verging to a green colour, and almost tasteless; but, when spoiled by long keeping, it is likewise an improper medicine.
Externally, castor-oil warmed, and rubbed on the parts affected, has been successfully applied in that painful spasmodic contraction, and rigidity of the muscles, called the tetanus; as likewise mixed with opium and camphor, in the ​form of a liniment, to relieve the most distressing spasms, and particularly the trismus, or locked jaw; in which cases, however, it possesses no specific action.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Cats-Milk

Edition of 1802.
​Cats-Milk. See Wart-wort.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Castor

Edition of 1802.
​Castor. See Beaver.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Cataract

Edition of 1802.
​Cataract. See Gutta Serena.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Cassia

Edition of 1802.
​CASSIA, in botany, a genus of plants, comprising thirty species, the most remarkable of which are:
1. The cassia fistula, L. or purging Cassia of Alexandria. It is indigenous in Egypt, and both Indies, and bears a cylindrical pod, containing a soft, black pulp, of a sweetish taste, which dissolves, for the most part, both in water and rectified spirit. This pulp is a gentle laxative, and frequently given, in doses of several drams, to persons of costive habits. In inflammatory complaints, it is sometimes administered in much larger doses, from one to two ounces, when acrid purgatives are improper; though it is apt to nauseate the stomach, to produce flatulency, and griping: especially if the pulp be of an interior kind, or spoiled by long keeping: these effects may, however, be obviated by the addition of aromatics, and by taking it in a liquid form.
2. The Cassia Senna. See Senna.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Cataplasm

Edition of 1802.
​Cataplasm. See Poultice.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Cassia-bark

Edition of 1802.
​Cassia-bark. See Laurus Cassia, p. 201.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Cat-salt

Edition of 1802.
​CAT-SALT, a beautiful granulated species of common salt, thus denominated by the manufacturer. It is made from the bittern, or leach brine, by the following process: When the common salt is drawn out of the boiling pans, it is put into long, wooden troughs, the bottoms of which are perforated, that the brine may drain off. Beneath these troughs, vessels are placed for the reception of the brine, and across them small sticks, to which the cat-salt adheres in large and beautiful crystals.
This salt is very pungent, and, though pellucid when in a mass, becomes white on being reduced to powder: it is sometimes used for culinary purposes, but more frequently employed by the manufacturers of hard soap.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Whipple, George Mathews

​WHIPPLE, GEORGE MATHEWS (1842–1893), physicist, the son of George Whipple, a native of Devonshire, was born on 15 Sept. 1842 at Teddington, Middlesex, where his father was master of the public school. He was educated at the grammar school, Kingston-on-Thames, at Dr. Williams's private school at Richmond, Surrey, ​and at King's College, London, taking a degree of B.Sc. at the university of London in 1871. During thirty-five years, from 4 Jan. 1858, when he entered the Kew Observatory in a subordinate capacity, he identified himself with the activity of that establishment, of which he became magnetic assistant in 1862, chief assistant in November 1863, and superintendent in 1876. He drew the plates for Warren de la Rue's ‘Researches in Solar Physics,’ 1865–6; improved the Kew magnetic instruments; invented, besides other optical apparatus, a device for testing the dark shades of sextants (Proceedings Royal Society, xxxv. 42); and made, with Captain Heaviside in 1873, a series of pendulum experiments, repeated with Colonel Herschel in 1881, and with General Walker in 1888, for determining the constant of gravitation. Wind-pressure and velocity were his lifelong study; he carried out at the Crystal Palace in 1874 a reinvestigation of the ‘cup-anemometer’ invented by Thomas Romney Robinson [q. v.]; and with General (Sir) Richard Strachey in 1890 conducted a research in cloud-photography under the meteorological council, communicating the results to the Royal Society on 23 April 1891 (ib. xlix. 467).
Whipple contributed freely to scientific collections, especially to the ‘Quarterly Journal’ of the Meteorological Society, of which body he became a member on 18 April 1874. He served on its council (1876 to 1887), and acted as its foreign secretary (1884–5). He sat also for many years on the council of the Physical Society of London, and was elected a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society on 12 April 1872. He was assistant examiner in natural philosophy to the university of London (1876–81), and in the science and art department, South Kensington (1879–82 and 1884–9). The magnetic section of the ‘Report on the Eruption of Krakatoa,’ published by the Royal Society in 1888, was compiled by him. He died at Richmond in Surrey on 8 Feb. 1893.
A. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Whincop, Thomas

​WHINCOP, THOMAS (d. 1730), compiler, came of a London family which produced several divines of fair repute in the seventeenth century. John Whincop or Wincopp was appointed rector of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields in January 1641–2, a post which he resigned in 1643, though two years later he preached two sermons before the House of Commons (Journals, ii. 992). His son, Thomas Whincop, D.D., was appointed rector of St. Mary Abchurch on 10 Nov. 1681, preached the Spital sermon in 1701, and died in 1710 (Hennessy, Novum Repertorium, p. 297; cf. Cole, Athenæ, Add. MS. 5883, f. 23). The compiler may have been a son of this Dr. Whincop, but virtually nothing is known concerning him save that he lost considerable sums in the ‘South Sea bubble’ during 1721, and died at Totteridge, where he was buried on 1 Sept. 1730. Seventeen years after his death was printed, as by the late Thomas Whincop. ‘Scanderbeg; or Love and Liberty: a Tragedy. To which is added a List of all the Dramatic Authors, with some Account of their Lives; and of all the Dramatic Pieces published in the English language to the year 1747’ (London, 1747, 8vo). The work was nominally edited and brought up to date by Martha Whincop, the widow of the compiler, who dedicated the volume to the Earl of Middlesex and obtained a goodly list of subscribers; but it is clear that some of the articles were prepared by the biographical compiler John Mottley [q. v.], and it is probable that the whole ‘List’ was thoroughly revised by his hands (see List, pp. 264–8). The dramatic authors are divided into two alphabetical categories, those who flourished before and those who flourished after 1660, and the double columns are embellished by a number of small medallion portraits engraved by N. Parr. At the end is an index of the titles of plays. The book is neatly arranged, but cannot claim to be more than a hasty compilation, based for the most part upon the ‘English Dramatic Poets’ (1691) of Gerard Langbaine the younger. Whincop's labours have long since been merged in those of Victor, Baker, and Reed. The British Museum has a copy of the ‘List’ with copious manuscript notes by Joseph Haslewood.
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Whistler, Daniel

​WHISTLER, DANIEL (1619–1684), physician, son of William Whistler of Elvington, Oxfordshire, was born at Walthamstow in Essex in 1619. He was educated at the school of Thame, Oxfordshire, and entered Merton College, Oxford, in January 1639. He graduated B.A. in 1642. On 8 Aug. 1642 he began the study of physic at the university of Leyden, where he graduated M.D. on 19 Oct. 1645, having in the interval returned to Oxford to take his M.A. degree (8 Feb. 1644). His inaugural dissertation at Leyden, read 18 Oct. 1645, 'De Morbo puerili Anglorum, quern patrio idiomate indigense vocant "The Rickets,"' is his only published work, and is the first printed book on rickets. He reprinted it in 1684. The disease was at that time the subject of much active observation by Francis Glisson [q. v.], and a committee, seven in number, of the College of Physicians which worked with him had made the subject well known, though Glisson's elaborate 'Tractatus de Rachitide ' did not appear till 1650. Whistler's thesis contains no original observations, but many hypotheses and reports of the views of others who are not named. It is clearly based on the current discussion, and takes nothing from the originality of Glisson's great work. He proposes the name 'Pædossplanchnosteocaces' for the disease, but no subsequent writer has used the word. He was incorporated M.D. at Oxford on 20 May 1647, and was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians on 13 Dec. 1649. On 13 June 1648 he was elected professor of geometry at Gresham College, and was at the same time Linacre reader at Oxford. He took care of wounded seamen in the Dutch war of 1652, and in October 1653 was desired to accompany Bulstrode Whitelocke [q. v.] to Sweden. His first case (Whitelocke, p. 188) was a broken arm, and his next a broken leg, and he himself set both. He spoke Latin and French, and wrote Latin verses on the abdication of Queen Christina of Sweden, which are printed in the 'Journal of the Swedish Embassy' (ii. 474). In July 1654 he returned to London. At the College of Physicians he delivered the Harveian oration in 1659, was twelve times censor, registrar from 1674 to 1682, treasurer in 1682, and in 1683 president. He married in 1657, and died on 11 May 1684, while president, of pneumonia, and was buried in Christ Church, Newgate Street. His house was in the college in Warwick Lane. He was thought agreeable by Samuel Pepys [q. v.], who often dined and supped with him. They walked together to view the ravages of the great fire of 1666. John Evelyn also liked his conversation. He was negligent as registrar, and as president of the College of Physicians took little care of its property. His portrait was presented in 1704 to the College of Physicians.
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Whiston, John

​WHISTON, JOHN (d. 1780), bookseller, was the son of William Whiston [q. v.], and was probably born within five years of his father's marriage in 1699, though he is known to have been a younger son. He set up as a bookseller in Fleet Street, and enjoyed the coveted, though nominal, distinction of being one of the printers of the votes of the House of Commons. He was one of the earliest issuers of regular priced catalogues (Nichols, Lit. Anecd. iii. 668). In 1735 he bought and issued a priced catalogue of Edmund Chishull's library. Shortly after this date he seems to have been in ​ship with Benjamin White (d. 1794), but White subsequently withdrew and specialised in natural history and other costly illustrated books. In conjunction with White he issued in 1749 ‘Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Mr. William Whiston.’ His mother died in January 1751, and his father followed her in the year ensuing, whereupon in 1753 John Whiston issued a ‘corrected’ edition of the ‘Memoirs.’ His publishing trademark was ‘Boyle's Head.’ With Osborne, Strahan, and other bookseller-publishers, Whiston took a leading part in promoting the ‘New and General Biographical Dictionary,’ issued in twelve volumes at six shillings each during 1761–2. The British Museum possesses a copy with a large number of marginal notes and addenda written by Whiston. Other biographical memoranda of no great value were supplied by Whiston to John Nichols, and acknowledged by him in his ‘Literary Anecdotes.’ Whiston's shop was known as a meeting-place and house of call for men of letters, and a comic encounter is reported to have taken place there between Warburton and his adversary, Dr. John Jackson. In 1765 Whiston bought the library of Adam Anderson (1692?–1765) [q. v.] He probably retired soon after this, and nothing further is known of him save that he died on 3 May 1780. His elder brother, George Whiston, is stated to have been for a time associated with him in the Fleet Street business (Nichols, Lit. Anecd. viii. 376), and to have died at St. Albans about 1775.
[Nichols's Literary Anecdotes and Lit. Illustrations, index, freq.; Allibone's Dict. of English Literature; Timperley's Cyclopædia, 1842, pp. 772, 782.]
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Whiddon, John

​WHIDDON, Sir JOHN (d. 1576), judge, was the eldest son of John Whiddon of Chagford in Devonshire, where his family had long been established. His mother, whose maiden name was Rugg, was also a native of Chagford. He studied law at the Inner Temple, and was elected a reader in the autumn of 1528. Failing to read on that occasion, his appointment was renewed for the following Lent; he was again elected to the office on 12 Nov. 1535, and was chosen treasurer on 3 Nov. 1538, holding the office for two years. He was nominated a serjeant at the close of Henry VIII's reign, and constituted by a new writ a week after the king's death. His arguments in court during Edward's reign are reported by Plowden. Whiddon was appointed a judge of the queen's bench, almost immediately after Mary's accession, by patent dated 4 Oct. 1553, and on 27 Jan. 1554–5 he was knighted. He was the first judge to ride to Westminster Hall on a horse or gelding instead of a mule, according to previous custom. In April 1557, after the rising of Thomas Stafford (1531?–1557) [q. v.], he was sent down to Yorkshire to try the prisoners, and it is said that he received the commission of general, giving him authority to raise forces to quell any further risings. It is even stated that, owing to the unsettled state of the country, he sat on the bench in full armour. His patent was renewed on Elizabeth's accession, and he continued in his office until his death. He died at Chagford on 27 Jan. 1575–6, and was buried in the parish church. He was twice married. By his first wife, Anne, daughter of Sir William Hollis, he had one daughter, Joan, married to John Ashley of London; by his second, Elizabeth, daughter and coheiress of William Shilston, he had six sons and seven daughters.
E. I. C.