OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Crandall, Prudence

Edition of 1900.
CRANDALL, Prudence, educator, b. in Hopkinton, R. I., 3 Sept., 1803; d. in Elk Falls, Kansas, 27 Jan., 1890. She was educated in Providence, and in 1831, under the patronage of residents of the town, established the Canterbury, Conn., boarding-school. In 1833 her school had become one of the best of its kind in the state. At this time Miss Crandall admitted a young negro girl as a pupil, and thereby incurred the displeasure of nearly all her former patrons, who threatened to withdraw their daughters from her care. Opposition strengthened her decision to educate the oppressed race, and, after consultation with several of the anti-slavery leaders, she issued a circular announcing that on the first Monday of April, 1833, she would open a school “for the reception of young ladies and little misses of color.” “Terms, $25 per quarter, one half paid in advance.” In the list of references are the names of Arthur Tappan, Samuel J. May, William Lloyd Garrison, and Arnold Buffum. The circular was first published in the “Liberator” of 2 March, 1833. In Canterbury there was great indignation, and several public meetings were held. Messrs. May and Buffum appeared on behalf of Miss Crandall, but were denied a hearing on the ground that they were interlopers. The town pledged itself to oppose the school, and a petition was sent to the legislature, praying for an act prohibiting private schools for non-resident colored persons. Such an act was passed in May; but in the mean time, in spite of all opposition, Miss Crandall had opened her school, and began her work with a respectable number of pupils. She was arrested and imprisoned under the new law, and in August and October was twice brought to trial. She was convicted, and the case was then carried up to the supreme court of errors, where judgment was reversed on a technicality in July, 1834. Pending this decision, Miss Crandall was the object of persecutions of the most annoying description. The term “boycott,” not then known, best describes the measures that were taken to compel the suspension of her school. Finally her house was set on fire and the building so damaged by a mob that it was deemed best to abandon the undertaking. Such was the beginning of the higher education for colored people in New England. After the breaking up of her school, she married the Rev. Calvin Philleo, a Baptist clergyman, who died in 1876. They lived at various places in New York and Illinois, and in Elk Falls, Kansas. Miss Crandall's portrait was painted by Francis Alexander in 1838, for the American anti-slavery society, and became the property of Samuel J. May, who gave it to Cornell university, in the library of which it is still preserved. The illustration presented above is from that portrait. Her life has been written by the Rev. John C. Kimball (a pamphlet, printed privately, 1886).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Crawford, Thomas Hartley

Edition of 1900. Supplement. In the 1900 edition, this entry was moved, with a small addition, from volume 2 to make room to expand the entry for sculptor Thomas Crawford, in particular the part corresponding to his son, author Francis Marion Crawford.
​CRAWFORD, Thomas Hartley, lawyer, b. in Chambersburg, Pa., 14 Nov., 1786; d. in Washington, D. C., 27 Jan., 1863. He was graduated at Princeton in 1804, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1807, and began to practice in Chambersburg. Later he was elected as a Jackson democrat to congress, and was re-elected, serving from 7 Dec., 1829, till 2 March, 1833. During 1833 he was a member of the state legislature, and in 1836 was appointed a commissioner to investigate alleged frauds in the purchase of the reservation of the land of the Creek Indians. From 1838 till 1845 he held the office of commissioner of Indian affairs. In 1845 he was appointed judge of the criminal court of the District of Columbia, and continued as such for nearly forty years, until his death.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Cox, James (artist)

Edition of 1900.
​COX, James, artist, b. in England in 1751; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1834. For many years he was the fashionable drawing-master in Philadelphia and did much to advance the fine arts. He made a remarkable collection of works on the fine arts, numbering over 5,000 volumes, which he sold, during the latter part of his life, to the Library company of Philadelphia, for an annuity of $400.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Crazy Horse

Edition of 1900.
​CRAZY HORSE, Indian chief, b. about 1842. He was an Ogallalla Sioux, brother-in-law of Red Cloud, and one of the principal chiefs of the hostile Indians that for several years defied the authority of the U. S. government in the northwestern territories. He left Fort Laramie, and went to war, after the murder of his brother in 1865. He soon established a reputation as a brave and cunning leader, and gathered a strong band, whom he ruled with despotic rigor. With Sitting Bull he surprised and destroyed Gen. Custer's command on the Little Big-Horn river, 25 June, 1876. He was pursued by Gen. Terry into the Black Hills, and the following spring Gen. Crook conducted an expedition against him and forced him to surrender, with 900 followers, at the Red Cloud agency.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Crocker, Alvah

Edition of 1900.
​CROCKER, Alvah, capitalist, b. in Leominster, Mass., 14 Oct., 1801; d. in Fitchburg, 26 Dec., 1874. He obtained an academic education, entered a paper-mill at Franklin, N. H., in 1820, removed to Fitchburg, Mass., in 1823, and began to manufacture paper on his own account on borrowed capital. He struggled for many years with debts, but gradually extended his business, and in 1834 laid the foundation for a fortune by purchasing all the land in the Nashua valley, in order to build a new road. He was elected to the Massachusetts legislature in 1835, where he advocated steam communication with Boston, returned to the legislature in 1842, and obtained a charter for a new railroad between northern Massachusetts and the seaboard, which was completed through his exertions in 1845. He afterward engaged in building the Vermont and Massachusetts, the Troy and Boston, and the Hoosac tunnel railroads, and in 1847-'8 lectured in behalf of the tunnel project. Near his paper-mills, which became the largest in the United States, he built machine-shops and foundries. He was the first to use cotton-waste in the manufacture of white paper, and palm-leaf fibre for coarse wall-paper. He was a member of the state senate for two terms during the civil war, on 2 Jan., 1872, was elected to congress as a republican to serve out the unexpired term of William B. Washburn, who had been made governor, and was re-elected for the following term, serving from 14 Feb., 1872, until his death.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/würzen

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# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/zahm

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/zahm | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ zahm, adj., ‘tame, tractable, docile,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. zam; corresponding to Du. tam, AS. tǫm, ‘E. tame, and OIc. tamr, ‘tame, domesticated.’ Allied to zähmen, vb., ‘to tame, domesticate, break in, check,’ from MidHG. zęmen (zęmmen), OHG. zęmmen (from *zamjan), wk. vb., ‘to tame’; corresponding to Goth. gatamjan, OIc. temja, Du. temmen, ‘to tame.’ The connection between the Teut. cognates and Lat. domare, Gr. δαμᾶν, Sans. damáy (damany), ‘to subdue, compel,’ is undoubted. The relation of these cognates based on dom, ‘to subdue,’ to a similar root appearing in ModHG. ziemen (Teut. root tem, ‘to be suitable, be fitted’) is obscure. OHG. zęmmen, ‘to tame,’ looks as if it were a causative of OHG. zëman, ‘to be adapted, suit excellently.’ In that case it is remarkable that the primary verb has been preserved in Teut. only; but was it perhaps deduced from the causative? (see wecken).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/zappeln

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​ zappeln, vb., ‘to move convulsively, sprawl, flounder,’ from the equiv. MidHG. zappeln. a variant of zabeln, OHG. zabalôn (zappalôn?), ‘to sprawl.’ A specifically HG., probably of recent onomatopoetic origin.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/würgen

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​ würgen, vb., ‘to choke, strangle, throttle,’ from the equiv. MidHG. würgen (MidG. worgen), wk. vb., OHG. wurgen (from *wurgjan). Beside this wk. vb. there existed a strong verbal root, Teut. werg (deduced from the equiv. MidHG. erwërgen), from Aryan wergh, from which Lith. verszti (verżu), ‘to lace together, press firmly,’ and OSlov. vrŭzą, ‘to chain, bind,’ are derived. The word has also been compared with the Aryan root wrengh (see ringen).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/zanken

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​ zanken, vb., ‘to quarrel,’ from late MidHG. zanken, zęnken, ‘to dispute’; a remarkably late word, not recorded in the earlier Teut. periods. Perhaps MidHG. zanke (a variant of Zinke), ‘prong, point,’ is the base of zanken, which must then have meant ‘to be pointed.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/zaudern

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​ zaudern, vb., ‘to hesitate, delay, procrastinate,’ allied to MidHG. (MidG.) zûwen (*zûwern), wk. vb., ‘to draw,’ which seems like zögern, to be connected with ziehen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/würdig

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​ würdig, adj., ‘worthy, estimable,’ from the equiv. MidHG. wirdec, OHG. wirdîg.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/wüst

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​ wüst, adj., ‘desert, waste, confused, disorderly,’ from MidHG. wüeste, OHG. wuosti, ‘desolate, uncultivated, empty’; corresponding to OSax. wôsti, Du. woest, AS. wêste, ‘waste.’ —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/zag

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​ zag, adj. ‘faint-hearted, shy, irresolute,’ from MidHG. zage, OHG. zago, zag, adj., ‘faint-hearted, cowardly.’ A derivative of ModHG. zagen, ‘to lack courage, hesitate’ (comp. wach and wachen), MidHG. zagen, OHG. zagên. It is not probable that the word was borrowed, in spite of the few cognates of the Teut. stem tag. This is probably derived from a Goth. *at-agan (1st sing. *ataga, equiv. to Ir. ad-agur, ‘to be afraid’) by apocope of the initial vowel; at is probably a pref. Goth. agan, ‘I am afraid,’ is based on the widely diffused OTeut. root ag (Aryan agh), ‘to be afraid,’ with which Gr. ἄχος, ‘pain, distress,’ is also connected.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/zart

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/zart | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ zart, adj., ‘tender, soft, fragile, nice,’ from MidHG. and OHG. zart, adj., ‘dear, beloved, precious, confidential, fine, beautiful’; unknown to the other OTeut. dialects. Like the properly equiv. traut, zart appears to be a partic. with the suffix to-. Teut. tar-do, from Aryan dr-tó- (comp. satt, tot), is most closely related to the Zend partic. dereta, ‘honoured’; comp. Sans. â-dṛ, ‘to direct one's attention to something.’ The Teut. word cannot have been borrowed from Lat. carus, ‘dear.’
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Munn, Orson Desaix

Edition of 1900.
​MUNN, Orson Desaix, publisher, b. in Monson, Mass., 11 June, 1824. He received his education at the academy in his native town, and, deciding on a business career, entered a book-store in Springfield. After two years of this experience he returned to accept a more important commercial trust in Monson, but soon found his way to New York. In 1846, with Alfred E. Beach, son of Moses Y. Beach (q. v.), he bought the “Scientific American,” then in the first six months of its existence. The purchase price of this property was less than $1,000, and it included a subscription-list of 200 names. Its founder, Rufus Porter, was continued as editor, and the enterprise, placed on a sound business basis, at once proved a success. It was the first popular scientific journal in the United States, and it is now the oldest, having a recognized standing throughout the civilized world. Its function has been the publication of the record of the progress of art and science both at home and abroad. In 1876 the demand upon its space was so great, owing to the increased interest that resulted from the World's fair in Philadelphia, that a “Scientific American Supplement” was successfully begun, and has since steadily grown in circulation. An “Architect and Builders'” edition, published monthly, was established in 1885. Among the earliest requests made to the publishers of the “Scientific American” was for advice concerning the procuring of letters-patent for new inventions, there being at that time no professional patent solicitors. This department of the business developed with great rapidity, and a branch office for it was soon opened in Washington, D. C. For many years Munn and Co. enjoyed a virtual monopoly of this class of business, and upward of 100,000 applications for patents have been made by this house. Mr. Munn has strictly adhered to a principle that he laid down early in life, never to invest a penny in any patented invention.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Möllhausen, Balduin

Edition of 1900.
​MÖLLHAUSEN, Balduin, German traveller, b. in Bonn, 27 Jan., 1825. He came to the United States in 1851, visited the Rocky mountains with Duke Paul William, of Würtemberg, returned to Europe in 1852, and in 1853 was photographer and draughtsman to Lieut. Amiel W. Whipple's expedition to the Pacific. In 1857-'8 he was with Lieut. Joseph C. Ives in his exploration of Colorado river. Besides several novels, he has published “Tagebuch einer Reise vom Mississippi nach der Südsee” (Leipsic, 1858; English translation by Mrs. Sinnett, 2 vols., London, 1858; 2d ed., entitled “Wanderungen durch die Prairien und Wüsten des westlichen Nordamerika,” 1860); “Reisen in die Felsengebirge Nordamerika's bis zum Hochplateau von Neu-Mexiko” (2 vols., 1861); “Der Flüchtling: Erzählung aus Neu-Mexiko” (4 vols., 1862); “Palmblätter und Schneeflocken: Erzählung aus dem fernen Westen” (2 vols., 1863); “Der Mayordomo: Erzählung aus dem südl. Californien und Neu-Mexiko” (4 vols., 1863); “Das Mormonenmädchen” (6 vols., 1864-'71); “Reliquien: Erzählung aus dem westlichen Nordamerika” (3 vols., Berlin, 1865); “Die Mandanenwaise: Erzählung aus den Rheinlanden und dem Stromgebiet des Missouri” (4 vols., 1865); and “Nord und Süd: Erzählungen und Schilderungen aus dem westlichen Nordamerika” (2 vols., Jena, 1867).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Müller, Nikolaus

Edition of 1900.
​MÜLLER, Nikolaus, German poet, b. in Langenau, near Ulm, Germany, in 1809; d. in New York city, 14 Aug., 1875. In 1823 he was apprenticed to a printer, and after learning this trade thoroughly settled in Stuttgart. Many of his poems appeared in 1834-'7, entitled “Lieder eines Autodidakten,” and a collection was published in 1837. He took part in the revolutionary movements of 1848, was forced to flee to Switzerland, and in 1853 came to New York, where he bought a printing-office. In the period of the civil war he published “Zehn gepanzerte Sonette” (New York, 1862), and a volume of poems entitled “Neuere Gedichte” (1867). During the Franco-German war he published a collection of patriotic poems, “Frische Blätter auf die Wunden deutscher Krieger.” In 1874 he retired from the printing business. At the time of his death he was preparing a complete edition of his poems. See “Aus der transatlantischen Gesellschaft,” by Karl Knortz (Leipsic, 1882).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Munsell, Joel

Edition of 1900.
​MUNSELL, Joel, printer, b. in Northfield, Mass., 14 April, 1808; d. in Albany, N. Y., 15 Jan., 1880. He established himself as a printer in Albany, N. Y., in 1827, was associate editor of the ​“Microscope” in 1834, published and edited the “New York Mechanic” in 1841-'3, and subsequently published “The Lady's Magazine,” the “Northern Star and Freeman's Advocate,” “The Spectator,” the “Unionist,” the “State Register,” the “Guard,” the “Typographical Miscellany,” “The New York Teacher,” the “Morning Express,” “Webster's Almanac,” “The Daily Statesman,” and for three years the “New England Historical and Genealogical Register.” He made the history and application of the art of printing a special study, and his collection of works on that subject, the largest in the United States, was in part purchased by the New York state library. Among his services to American historical literature is the “Historical Series” that he projected, edited, and annotated. He was a member of many learned societies, a founder of the Albany institute, and for many years published its proceedings. Mr. Munsell is the author of “Outlines of the History of Printing” (Albany, N. Y., 1839); “Annals of Albany,” a contribution to the history of that city (10 vols., 1849-'59); “Every-Day Book of History and Chronology” (New York, 1856); “Chronology of Paper and Paper-Making” (Albany, 1857; enlarged ed., 1864 and 1870); and “A Manual of the 1st Lutheran Church of Albany, from 1670 till 1870” (1871). His printing and publishing business is continued by his sons.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Munson, James Eugene

Edition of 1900.
​MUNSON, James Eugene, phonographer, b. in Paris, Oneida co., N. Y., 12 May, 1835. He studied for a time at Amherst, but was not graduated. His attention was early directed to the study of short-hand, and he soon became an expert. Coming to New York city early in 1857, he was called upon, ten days after his arrival, to take his first verbatim report on the occasion of the Harvey Burdell murder trial. Soon afterward, in connection with other reporters, he set to work to simplify the existing systems of short-hand, and the fruits of their labor, as finally shaped and put into practice by Mr. Munson, were presented in his “Complete Phonographer” (New York, 1866), to the preparation of which he had devoted three years of labor, and tested it by seven years of practice. This was followed in 1874 by a “Dictionary of Practical Phonography,” and in 1877 a revised edition of the “Complete Phonographer” appeared. In 1879 Mr. Munson issued “The Phrase-Book of Practical Phonography,” the “phrases” being taken almost entirely from illustrations gathered from the author's notes made in his court practice, he having been court stenographer in New York city for more than twenty years. He also reported the Henry Ward Beecher trial for the New York “Sun,” without assistance, during the six months of its continuance. On two days of the trial the report reached seven and a half columns of agate type each day. He is now (1888) perfecting a type-setting machine that he has invented, which, being operated by means of a prepared ribbon of paper, automatically sets a column of corrected, justified, and leaded type. He has also invented machines by which the ribbon is prepared, and a telegraph, also operated by the same paper ribbon, which causes an exact fac-simile of the ribbon to be automatically produced at a distant point, ready for use in operating a similar type-setting machine. These inventions are based on his “Selecting Device,” which has also been patented by him.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Munson, Æneas

Edition of 1900.
​MUNSON, Æneas, physician, b. in New Haven, Conn., 24 June, 1734; d. there, 16 June, 1826. He was graduated at Yale in 1753, and, after being a tutor there and studying divinity under President Ezra Stiles, was chaplain in the army on Long Island in 1755. He studied medicine under Dr. John Darby, and began practice at Bedford, N. Y., in 1756, and in 1760 removed to New Haven, where for more than fifty years he enjoyed a high reputation. He was president of the Medical society of Connecticut, and was a professor in the medical school of Yale from its organization till his death. During the Revolutionary war he was often a member of the legislature.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Munn, George F.

Edition of 1900.
​MUNN, George F., artist, b. in Utica, N. Y.. in 1852. He first studied art under Charles Calverly, the sculptor, and subsequently at the schools of the National academy of design at New York. Later he entered the art-schools at South Kensington, England, where he received a gold medal, the first that was awarded to an American, for a clay model of the Farnese Hercules. He received a silver medal for life drawing in the schools of the Royal academy, and was afterward in the studio of George F. Watts in 1876. He has painted and sketched in Brittany, and has exhibited at the Dudley gallery, London, at Birmingham, and elsewhere. Among his works are “Wild Flowers,” “Roses,” “Meadow-Sweet,” and “A Sunny Day, Brittany.”
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Möller, Henry

Edition of 1900.
​MÖLLER, Henry, clergyman, b. in Hamburg, Germany, in 1749; d. in Sharon, N. Y., 16 Sept., 1829. He came to this country when fourteen years of age, and while wandering about the streets of Philadelphia was accosted by Rev. Dr. Henry M. Muhlenberg, the “patriarch” of the Evangelical Lutheran church in America, who recognized him from a family likeness. He was at once taken into the clergyman's house, and made assistant in a school in which the latter was teaching. His leisure hours having been devoted to the study of theology, he was licensed to preach by the synod of Pennsylvania. He engaged in work among the poor, in collecting congregations and erecting churches, and in extending the principles of the Lutheran faith. During the Revolutionary war he was chaplain of a German regiment in the American army. Möller's first regular pastoral charge was at Reading, Pa. Thence he removed to Philadelphia, and later settled at Albany, N. Y., where he built the first Lutheran church. In 1788 he was called to New Holland, Pa., and labored there until 1795, when he took charge of the Lutherans at Harrisburg, where he remained seven years. After preaching again six years at Albany, he had the care of the united churches at Sharon and New Rhinebeck, Schoharie co., N. Y.