OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jefferson, Joseph

See also Joseph Jefferson on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Jefferson, Joseph, a noted American actor, was born at Philadelphia, Feb. 20, 1829. He came of theatrical stock, his father and grandfather being well-known American actors, while his great-grandfather had been a member of Garrick’s company. When Jefferson was only three years old, he appeared in the play Pizarro as Cora’s child, and at four years he was dancing as a miniature “Jim Crow.” For many jears he went through the severe training of a strolling actor, and then played at New York, where in 1857 he made a success in several characters. In 1865 he visited London, and at the Adelphi theater played his world-famous part of Rip Van Winkle for the first time. With this character his name will be forever associated. Nor is this wonderful, for it is one of the most perfect works of art — beautiful in conception and delightful and delicate in execution. The art was all the actor’s; the dramatist had done nothing. Rip was a lazy, good-for-nothing vagabond; but Jefferson made him “the Arcadian vagabond of the world of dreams.” In his profession he gained both fame and fortune, and his personal character was high. His death occurred on April 23, 1905. See his Autobiography.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jeffersonville, Ind.

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Jeff′ersonville, Ind., a city on the Ohio River opposite Louisville, Ky., with which it is connected by two iron railroad bridges each nearly a mile in length. The falls of the river are utilized in the various manufactories, which include railroad workshops, large carworks, foundries, machine shops, flourmills, etc. There also are boat-yards, and hydraulic cement is manufactured in the vicinity. One of the state prisons is here, as are the Indiana State Reformatory and also the U. S. quartermaster’s supply depot. Population 10,412.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jeffreys, George, Lord

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Jeffreys, George, Lord, an English lawyer, who rose to a high position on the bench but disgraced the profession and made his name forever infamous by his cruelties and brutal disposition, was born at Acton, England, in 1648. He was the son of a squire of small means, who contrived to give his son a good education. Among his earliest trials were those of Titus Oates and Richard Baxter, and in both he displayed his brutal and vindictive nature. In 1685 he was sent to the west to try those who took part in Monmouth’s unsuccessful rebellion. Three hundred and twenty were hanged as rebels during the trial, which was called the Bloody Assize; 840 were transported; and a still larger number were whipped, imprisoned and treated with the most brutal cruelty. He was appointed lord-chancellor by James II, and made a peer with the title of Baron Jeffreys of Wem. When James II was driven from the throne and kingdom, he tried to follow his master, disguised as a sailor, but was caught and shut up in the Tower of London, to save him from being torn to pieces by the mob. Here, worn out by hard drinking, he died on April 18, 1689. See Life by Woolrych.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jay, John

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Jay, John, an American statesman and jurist and first chief-justice of the supreme court, was born at New York, Dec. 12, 1745. He graduated at King’s College, now Columbia University, and became a lawyer. He was a member of the Continental Congress of 1774–75. As one of a committee he prepared an address to the people of British America and another to the people of Great Britain, which gave him a wide reputation. Jay took a leading part in the debates of Congress and in the secret negotiations with France before the Declaration of Independence. He left Congress to sit in the convention of New York, and drew up the constitution of that state, He was sent in 1779 as minister to Spain, one object being to secure a loan. Before he had a chance to do anything, in the face of the coldest reception by the Spanish court, congress drew on him for $500,000. Rather than let the credit of the country be damaged, he accepted the bills at his own risk. He took part with Franklin and Adams in negotiating the treaty of peace at Paris in 1783; then, going back to America, became secretary for foreign affairs till the adoption of the constitution in 1789. The famous Federalist, written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, had the greatest influence in bringing about this adoption. President Washington offered Jay a choice of the offices in his gift, and Jay preferred to become chief-justice. In 1794 he concluded a treaty with Great Britain that is known as Jay’s treaty. The treaty provided for the payment of British debts and American claims arising out of the Revolutionary War, for the restriction of American trade in the West Indies and for neutrality at sea. It also contained provisions for the surrender to the United States of the northwestern military posts and for denning the eastern boundary between the United States and British America. From 1795 to 1801 he was governor of New York, and refused to be again made chief-justice. Jay was much interested in religious wrork. His favorite books were the Bible and Cicero. He died on May 17, 1829. See his Life, by William Jay, his son.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jefferson City

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Jeff′erson City, capital of Missouri and the county-seat in Cole County, on the south bank of the Missouri River. It has several fine buildings and state institutions, the state and supreme court libraries and a Carnegie library, and is the seat of Lincoln Institute, a negro normal school. Coal and limestone are found in its vicinity, and it has manufactories of farm-implements, wagons, foundry and machine shops, brickyards, breweries etc. It is on the Missouri Pacific and Chicago and Alton railroads. Jefferson City has electric and gas lights, street railways and waterworks. Population 12,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jellyfish

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Jel′lyfish, the name given to free swimming hydrozoa (q. v.). They are common at the seacoast and are often seen from the decks of vessels. Some forms look like mushrooms, others have more the form of an umbrella or saucer with something suspended underneath. They formerly were called medusæ and acalephæ. The body is composed of a clear jelly-like substance, often highly colored in parts during the breeding-season. When taken from the water, they soon dry and shrivel in shreds. The bell-shaped swimming discs vary in curvature from that of a thimble to that of a saucer. The animal swims by the contraction of the swimming bell — the water contained inside being thrown out through a circular opening in the membrane. Tentacles and long contractile lines hang suspended from the disc. Jellyfish are provided with numerous thread-cells or nettle-cells, from which thread-like darts can be discharged, and some larger forms can inflict very severe stings by means of these darts. See Romanes’ Jellyfish, Starfish and Sea Urchins.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jay

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Jay, any one of a group of birds belonging to one division of the crow family. Jays are birds of moderate size with short, rounded wings and long, rounded tails, and are common in Europe, Asia, and North America. The blue jay of eastern North America remains throughout the year and is widely known. It is blue with black bars on the wings and tail, which are also tipped with white. Underneath it is whitish with a black collar across the chest. Its harsh cry of jay! jay! is varied with other notes. It imitates the sounds of several other birds, especially the hawks. It keeps quiet and retired while nesting, but is abundant in the autumn, picking up acorns and chestnuts. The jays as a group feed on seeds, acorns, eggs and young birds. The Florida jay and California jay are mainly blue. The Canada jay is slaty or grayish. The common jay of Europe is crested, as are also the blue jay, the Mexican jay and others.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jehu

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Jehu (jē' hū), the eleventh king of Israel, reigned between 883 and 855 B. C. He was reckless and violent in character. The house of Ahab fell by his hand, and the heathen priests were executed, thus sweeping the kingdom clean of idolatry and establishing Jehovah's worship. But his reign was unprosperous. See Second Kings: 9 and 10.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jena, Battle of

See also Battle of Jena-Auerstedt on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Jena (yā́′nȧ), Battle of. This name is applied to two engagements fought on the same day, Oct. 14, 1806 — one at Auerstadt, 14 miles north, between 30,000 French under Davoust and 48,000 Prussians under the duke of Brunswick; the other on the heights around Jena between 70,000 Prussians under the prince of Hohenlohe and 90,000 French under Napoleon. In both the Prussians were badly defeated, leaving the fatherland at the mercy of Napoleon.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Angell, James Burrill

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Angell, James Burrill, LL. D., American educator and diplomat, was born at Scituate, R. I., January 27, 1829. A graduate of Brown University, he afterward traveled abroad and returned to take the professorship of modern languages at his alma mater. In 1866, he became president of the University of Vermont, and five years later exchanged the post for that of president of the University of Michigan, resigning the office in 1909. In 1880–81 he acted as United States minister to China, and then he negotiated for the government some important treaties. For a year (1897–98) he was American minister to Turkey; he has also served on international commissions, especially on those dealing with Canadian-American fisheries and deep water-ways.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Angelo, Michael

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Angelo, Michael (mī' ka-el ăn' jā-lō), an Italian sculptor, painter and architect, was born near Florence in 1475. (The great painter's name is frequently written as one word—"Michelangelo"; or, in Italian,"Michelagnolo Buonarroti"). He began to draw as soon as he could use his hands, and his early paintings on the walls of the house where he lived as a boy were once shown. A great merchant prince, Lorenzo dei Medici, opened a garden in Florence filled with statues. Here Angelo went often to draw, and his first piece of sculpture, a copy in marble of a laughing faun, so pleased Lorenzo that he took the boy into his own house, treating him like a son. His Sleeping Cupid brought him to the notice of all Italy, and got him an invitation to come to Rome. Here, besides other statues, he carved his Pieta, the mourning Mary with the dead Christ in her lap, now in a chapel of St. Peter's. From now on his life was of the busiest. A huge block of marble, 18 feet long, lay outside the cathedral at Florence. One sculptor had hacked at it and half spoiled it, but out of it Angelo cut his statue of David. The pope gave him an order for a tomb, and Angelo's design was so magnificent that it was decided to rebuild St. Peter's as a fit covering for it, and Michael Angelo was made the architect. The Sistine chapel was to be ornamented, and in 20 months the great painter had covered the whole ceiling with the beautiful frescoes that may be seen there today. It was on the walls of this chapel that he afterward painted his Last Judgment. Michael Angelo was a poet, and wrote beautiful sonnets; and also an engineer, and built the fortifications of Florence. Besides possessing genius, he had a passion for work. He carved till his hands could no longer guide a tool, only giving up his work at the age of 90, when he said, "Death often pulls me by the coat to come with him." He died in 1564.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Angola

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Ango'la, a Portuguese colony on the west coast of South Africa, in lower Guinea. It has an area of 484,800 square miles; population, 4,119,000. It was discovered by the Portuguese in 1484, and is still in their possession. The capital is St. Paulo de Loando. An army of 5,000 men, four war vessels and the cost of maintaining the packet service eat up almost the entire revenue of the colony. The country has a coast line, between the mouth of the Congo and German Damaraland, of over 1,000 miles; the boundaries separating it from the Congo Independent State and from French, German and British possessions in southwestern Africa have been adjusted by conventions in the past fifteen years. Angola is divided into six districts: Congo, Loando, Benguella, Mossamedes, Huitla and Lunda. It has a large export trade in coffee and rubber, besides ivory, cocoa nuts, vegetable oils, oxen and fish. Estimated revenue 1910–11, 2,321,373 milreis; expenditure, 3,171,373 milreis. It has over 300 miles of railroad in operation. A trunk line of railway is projected between Lobito Bay, near Benguella, on the coast, to the eastern frontier of the colony, about 900 miles, and work has begun. In 1909 there were 69 telegraph offices with 1,940 miles of line in operation. The trade is largely with Portugal.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Angelico, Fra

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Angel'ico, Fra (the angelic), a Dominican monk and the most celebrated of early Italian painters, was so called because of the beauty of the angels and saints he painted. He never would take money for his pictures, and always prayed before commencing a picture. His Coronation of the Virgin is in the Louvre at Paris. His era is 1387–1455.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Angus, Richard B.

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Angus, Richard B., of Montreal, capitalist. Born near Edinburgh, 1830. Came to Canada in 1857 and joined the staff of the Bank of Montreal. In 1861, placed in charge of the Chicago agency. Later local manager at Montreal and in 1869 general manager. For ten years he achieved brilliant success in this position. In 1879 he retired to take the position of general manager of the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway. In 1880 he was one of the Stephen (afterward Lord Mount Stephen) Smith (Lord Strathcona) syndicate, which built the Canadian Pacific Railway, which was completed in 1885. This was the leading incident in a phenomenally successful career. He is a governor of McGill University, president of the Board of the Royal Victoria Hospital and a director of the Bank of Montreal; possesses a valuable art gallery; and is one of the most prominent of successful Canadians.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Angiosperms

See also Flowering plant on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Angiosperms (ăn' jĭ-ō-sperms). One of the two divisions of seed plants, or Spermatophytes, the other being Gymnosperms. It is the highest and most recent great group of plants, and to it belong almost all the plants of ordinary experience. The group contains over 100,000 described species, and at the present time furnishes the chief vegetation of the earth's surface. To it belong all the true flowering plants, as well as the plants directly useful to man. The bodies of angiosperms are exceedingly varied in size, habit and duration. They range in size from no larger than the head of a pin to the giant redwood; in habit, from floating and creeping to erect; in duration, from a few weeks to centuries. The name refers to the fact that the seeds are inclosed in a case, and are not freely exposed as in the Gymnosperms. The two subdivisions of angiosperms are the Monocotyledons, to which grasses, lilies, palms, orchids, etc., belong; and the Dicotyledons, to which the common trees, buttercups, roses, mints, sunflowers, etc., belong. For a further account see Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Anglin, Hon. Timothy Warren

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Anglin, Hon. Timothy Warren. Born and educated in Ireland. Came to New Brunswick in 1848 where he founded the Morning Freeman. Sat in the New Brunswick Assembly from 1861 to 1866, opposed to Confederation. Elected to the House of Commons at Ottawa. Elected speaker in 1874. A very influential member of the Roman Catholic Church. His death occurred in 1896.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Aniline

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Aniline (ăn' ĭ-lĭn or lēn), a colorless, oily and poisonous liquid, discovered 80 years ago as a product of the dry distillation of indigo, but now mainly derived from the benzene of coal-tar. It is largely used in the manufacture of dyes, now an extensive industry since the development by chemists of the variety of aniline and coal-tar colors and their application in dyeing and calico printing. On exposure to air and light aniline takes on a dark red color, and it boils at 183° C. United with acids, it forms crystallized salt.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Anglo-Saxon

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An'glo-Sax'on, the name of the German tribes that invaded England just after the Romans had left it. They came mostly from three tribes, the Saxons, Angles and Jutes, all living on or near the Danish peninsula. They subdued and overspread the country, driving the Britons, who were of the Celtic race, before them. They founded the seven kingdoms, Kent, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia, Essex and Northumbria, which were banded together for protection into the Heptarchy or Seven Kingdoms, and afterward united in one nation called England, from the Angles. Each of the seven divisions had its king and a queen, who were treated with great respect. Next came the athelings or high nobles; then the thanes, who were landed farmers. Below these were the churls, who were retainers of the thanes, and lowest of all were the slaves, most of whom had been prisoners of war. The Anglo-Saxon language is the German language spoken by these tribes, mixed with a few words of Celtic spoken by the Britons and many Latin words introduced by the monks, who were the only scholars then in the country. Although the English language grew out of the Anglo-Saxon, we cannot read it now without studying it like a new language.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Angora Goat

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Angora Goat. See Goat.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gnetaceæ

Edition of 1906. See also Gnetum, Ephedra (genus) and Welwitschia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GNETACEÆ, nḗ-tā'shḗ-ē (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Gnetum, from Malay gnemon, gnemo, the native name). One of the great groups of gymnosperms, which comprises at present three genera, that differ remarkably in habit and habitat.
The genera are Ephedra, with about 30 species, from the arid regions of both hemispheres; the very peculiar Tumboa (Welwitschia), from the extremely arid regions of Western South Africa; and Gnetum, with about 15 species, from the tropics of both hemispheres. The species of Ephedra are low, straggling shrubs, with long-jointed and fluted green stems, and opposite, scale-like leaves connate into a two-toothed sheath. The body of Tumboa has the shape of a gigantic radish, which rises little above the surface of the ground, and whose crown is sometimes 12 to 15 feet in circumference. From the edge of the crown two enormously long, parallel-veined leaves arise, which extend upon the ground sometimes for 10 to 15 feet, and become split into numerous ribbons. This single pair of opposite leaves, the only pair produced, grows continually at the base, and lasts through the lifetime of the plant, which is said to reach more than a hundred years. The species of Gnetum are either small trees or woody climbers, and are among the prominent lianas of tropical forests. The foliage is leathery in texture and suggests dicotyledons, as the well-developed opposite leaves are lanceolate to ovate in outline and pinnately net veined. See Plate of Gymnosperms.
The group is of special interest to the botanist on account of the display of certain angiospermous characters that have suggested that Gnetaceæ may have given rise to the angiosperms; but such a theory has been abandoned by most morphologists. The characters that distinguish the group from other gymnosperms are the occurrence of true vessels in the secondary wood, and the presence of a so-called perianth. In addition to these two distinguishing characters, the group has the following four characters in common, but not peculiar to it: (1) Opposite leaves; (2) dicotyledonous embryos; (3) cauline ovules; and (4) no resin-ducts. Some fossil forms of plants referable to the Gnetaceæ have been found; the majority from Tertiary deposits seem to belong to the modern genus Ephedra. The stems and female flowers of a species of Ephedra are found commonly in finely preserved condition in the Tertiary amber of the Baltic provinces. Stems and leaves of still earlier age, resembling those of Ephedra, and hence called Ephedrites, have been obtained in the Jurassic rocks of Eastern Siberia.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft

Edition of 1906. See also Mary Wollstonecraft on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GODWIN, Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-97). An English miscellaneous writer. She was born at Hoxton, near London, April 27, 1759, and was of Irish descent. Her mother died in 1780, and owing to the brutality of her father, Mary and her sisters were compelled to leave his house. Mary earned her living as school-teacher and governess until 1788, when she settled in London and was employed by Johnson the publisher as reader and translator. While at Paris in 1792 she met Gilbert Imlay, an American merchant and author. After bearing to him a daughter she was deserted. On March 29, 1797, she married William Godwin, and became the mother of Mary, the future Mrs. Shelley. She died September 10, 1797. The outline of her career contributed to the plot of Mrs. Amelia Opie's Adeline Mowbray (1804). Mrs. Godwin was one of the ‘advanced women’ of her time. Her most notable work is Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792). She attacked Rousseau's ideal woman, the heroine of novels and boarding-schools. She advocated the establishment of Government day schools, and maintained the right of women to enter the professions and politics. In short, her thesis was the equality of the sexes. Among her other works are: Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (1787); Original Stories from Real Life (1788); Vindication of the Rights of Men, a letter to Burke (1790); Posthumous Works, containing “Wrongs of Women,” fragment of a novel, and “Letters and Miscellaneous Pieces” (4 vols., 1798). Consult: Godwin, Memoirs of the Author
of a Vindication of the Rights of Women (London, 1798); Paul, Mary Wollstonecraft: Letters to Imlay, with memoir (London, 1879); and Pennell, Life of Mary Wollstonecraft (Boston, 1884).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Godwin, Thomas

Edition of 1906. See also Thomas Godwyn on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GODWIN, Thomas (1587-1642). A Church of England scholar. He was born at Wookey, Somersetshire, educated at Oxford; was rector of Brightwell, Berkshire, and died there March 20, 1642. He is remembered for his English treatise on Roman antiquities, with the Latin title Romanæ Historiæ Anthologia (1614); and Moses and Aaron, or Civil and Ecclesiastical Rites Used by the Ancient Hebrews (1625).