OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 10 of Woody Guthrie's Songs/Ship in the Sky

SHIP IN THE SKY
Words & Music: W.W. Woody Guthrie
A curley headed kid with a sunshiny smile Heard the roar of a plane as it sailed through the sky To her playmates she said with a bright twinkling eye My daddy rides that ship in the sky!
My daddy rides that ship in the sky My daddy rides that ship in the sky Mama's not afraid so neither am I My daddy rides that ship in the sky
A pug nose kid then kicked up his heel Said may daddy works in the iron and the steel If you're not afraid well neither am I My daddy keeps your daddy up there so high
My daddy keeps your daddy up there so high
My daddy keeps your daddy up there so high If you're not afraid then neither am I 'Cause my daddy keeps your daddy up there so high
A freckle face girl pinched her toe in the sand
Says my daddy works at the place where they land So you tell your mama don't be afraid "Cause my dad'll bring your daddy back home again
HOW'S ALL YOUR FOLKS?
LIKE TO HEAR FROM YOU
I'M NOT LOST
I LIVE IN THAT (illegible text)
HOW DO I GET OUT OF HERE TO THE CITY LIMITS?
# 10 of Woody Guthrie's Songs/Biggest Thing

THE BIGGEST THING THAT MAN HAS EVER DONE Words and Music by . . . . . . . . . . . . Woody Guthrie
I'M JUST A LONESOME TRAVELER THE GREAT HISTORICAL BUM I'M HIGHLY EDUCATED FROM HISTORY I HAVE COME I BUILT THE ROCK OF AGES THAT WAS THE YEAR OF ONE AND THAT WAS ABOUT THE BIGGEST THING THAT MAN HAD EVER DONE. I WORKED THE GARDEN OF EDEN 'TWAS IN THE YEAR OF TWO JOINED THE APPLE PICKER'S UNION AND ALWAYS PAID MY DUE I'M THE MAN THAT SIGNED THE CONTRACT TO RAISE THE RISING SUN AND THAT WAS ABOUT THE BIGGEST THING THAT MAN HAD EVER DONE. I WAS STRAW BOSS ON THE PYRAMIDS AND TOWER OF BABEL TOO I OPENED UP THE OCEAN LET THE MIGRANT CHILDREN THROUGH I FOUGHT A MILLION BATTLES AND I NEVER LOST A ONE THAT'S ABOUT THE BIGGEST THING THAT MAN HAD EVER DONE. I BEAT THE DARING ROMAN AND I BEAT THE DARING TURK DEFEATED NERO'S ARMY WITH THIRTY MINUTES WORK I MET THE GREATEST LEADERS AND LICKED THEM EVERY ONE THAT WAS ABOUT THE BIGGEST THING THAT MAN HAD EVER DONE. I WAS IN THE REVOLUTION WHEN WE SET THE COUNTRY FREE ME AND A COUPLE OF INDIANS THAT DUMPED THE BOSTON TEA WON THE BATTLE AT VALLEY FORGE AND BATTLE OF BULLY RUN AND THAT'S ABOUT THE BIGGEST THING THAT MAN HAS EVER DONE. THERE'S A MAN ACROST THE OCEAN AND I GUESS YOU KNOW HIM WELL HIS NAME IS ADOLPH HITLER AND I'LL BURN HIS SOUL IN HELL I KICKED HIM IN HIS PANZERS AND I PUT HIM ON THE RUN AND THAT'S ABOUT THE BIGGEST THING THAT MAN HAS EVER DONE THERE'S WAREHOUSE GUYS AND TEAMSTERS AND GUYS THAT SKIN THE CATS WOMEN THAT RUN THE BIG MILL THE FURNACE AND THE BLAST WE'LL STOP THESE AXIS RATTLESNAKES AND THIEVES OF OLD NIPPON AND THIS WILL BE THE BIGGEST THING THAT MAN HAS EVER DONE. THERE MINES AND MILLS AND FACTORIES THAT RUN FOR THIS BIG LAND BACKING UP THE SERVICE MEN THAT FIGHT ON EVERY HAND THE JOB IS AWFUL TOUGH AND WILL TAKE US EVERY ONE BUT THIS WILL BE THE BIGGEST THING THAT MAN HAS EVER DONE. WELL I BETTER QUIT MY TALKING 'CAUSE I TOLD YOU ALL I KNOW BUT PLEASE REMEMBER PARDNER WHEREVER YOU MAY GO THE WORLD IS DIGGING SLAVERY'S GRAVE AND WHEN THE JOB IS DONE THIS'LL BE THE BIGGEST THING THAT MAN HAS EVER DONE.
LIKE TO HAVE YOUR IDEAS FOR MY NEXT SONGBOOK. W.G.
THIS WORLD IS YOUR WORLD TAKE IT EASY BUT TAKE IT
# 10 of Woody Guthrie's Songs/East Texas Red

A BALLAD BY WOODY GUTHRIE
DOWN IN THE SCRUB OAK TIMBER OF THE SOUTHEAST TEXAS GULF THERE USED TO RIDE A BRAKEMAN AND A BRAKEMAN DOUBLE TOUGH HE WORKED THE TOWN OF KILGORE AND LONGVIEW NINE MILES DOWN US TRAVELERS CALLED HIM EAST TEXAS RED THE MEANEST BULL AROUND I RODE BY NIGHT AND BY BROAD DAYLIGHT IN WIND AND SNOW AND SUN I ALWAYS SEEN LITTLE EAST TEXAS RED SPORTING HIS SMOOTH RUNNING GUN THE TALE GOT SWITCHED DOWN THE STEMS AND MAIN AND EVERYBODY SAID THE MEANEST MAN ON THE SHINEY RAILS WAS LITTLE EAST TEXAS RED IT WAS EARLY IN THE MORNING AND ALONG TOWARDS NINE OR TEN A COUPLE OF BOYS ON THE HUNT OF A JOB STOOD IN THE BLIZZARDY WIND HUNGRY AND COLD THEY KNOCKED ON THE DOORS OF THE WORKING FOLKS AROUND FOR A PIECE OF MEAT AND A SPUD OR TWO TO BOIL A STEW AROUND RED HE COME DOWN THE CINDER DUMP AND HE FLAGGED THE NUMBER TWO HE KICKED THEIR BUCKET OVER A BUSH AND HE DUMPED OUT ALL THEIR STEW A TRAVELER SAID MISTER EAST TEXAS RED YOU BETTER GET EVERYTHING FIXED 'CAUSE YOU'RE GONNA RIDE YOUR LITTLE BLACK TRAIN JUST ONE YEAR FROM TODAY RED HE LAUGHED AS HE CLUMB THE BANK AND SWUNG ASIDE OF A WHEELER THE BOYS CAUGHT A TANKER TO SEMINOLE AND WEST TO AMARILLO THEY STRUCK THEM A JOB OF OIL FIELD WORKDAND FOLLOWED A PIPE LINE DOWN IT TOOK THEM LOTS OF PLACES TILL THE YEAR HAD ROLLED AROUND ON ONE COLD AND WINTERY DAY THEY HOOKED THEM A GULF BOUND TRAIN THEY SHIVVERED AND SHOOK WITH DOUGH IN THEIR CLOTHES TO OLD KILGORE AGAIN OVER HILLS OF SAND AND HARD FROZE ROADS WHERE THE COTTON WAGONS ROLL ON PAST THE TOWN OF KILGORE AND ON TO OLD LONGVIEW WITH THEIR WARM SUITS OF CLOTHES AND OVERCOATS THEY WALK INTO A STORE THEY PAY A MAN FOR SOME MEAT AND STUFF TO FIX A STEW ONCE MORE THE TIES THEY WALK BACK PAST THE YARDS TILL THEY COME TO THE SAME OLD SPOT WHERE EAST TEXAS RED JUST A YEAR AGO HAD DUMPED THEIR LAST STEW POT THE SMOKE OF THEIR FIRE WENT HIGHER AND HIGHER A MAN COME DOWN THE LINE HE DUCKED HIS HEAD IN THE BLIZZARDY WIND AND WAVED OLD NUMBER NINE HE WALKED OFF DOWN THE CINDER DUMP TILL HE COME TO THE SAME OLD SPOT AND THERE WAS THE SAME THREE MEN AGAIN AROUND THAT SAME LITTLE POT RED WENT TO HIS KNEES AND HE HOLLERED PLEASE DON'T PULL THAT TRIGGER ON ME I DID NOT GET MY BUSINESS FIXED BUT HE DID NOT GET HIS SAY A GUN WHEELED OUT OF AN OVERCOAT AND IT PLAYED THE OLD ONE TWO AND RED WAS DEAD WHEN THE OTHER TWO MEN SET DOWN TO EAT THEIR STEW
# 10 of Woody Guthrie's Songs/Hard Traveling

​SING IT LIKE YOU MEAN IT
HARD TRAVELLING
Words and music by: W.W. WOODY Guthrie
I BEEN A HAVING SOME HARD TRAVELING I THOUGHT YOU KNOWED I BEEN A HAVING SOME HARD TRAVELING WAY DOWN THE ROAD I BEEN A HAVING SOME HARD TRAVELING HARD RAMBLNG HARD GAMBLING I BEEN A HAVING SOME HARD TRAVELING LORD
I BEEN A RIDING THEM FAST RATTLERS I THOUGHT YOU KNOWED I BEEN A RIDING THEM FLAT WHEELERS WAY DOWN THE ROAD I BEEN A RIDING THEM BLIND PASSENGERS DEAD ENDERS KICKIN UP CINDERS I BEEN A HAVING SOME HARD TRAVELING LORD
I BEEN A WORKING IN A HARD ROCK TUNNEL I THOUGHT YOU KNOWED I BEEN A LEANING ON A PRESSURE DRILL WAY DOWN THE ROAD HAMMER FLYIN AIR HOSE SUCKIN SIX FEET OF MUD I SURE BEEN A MUCKING I BEEN A HAVING SOME HARD TRAVELING LORD
I BEEN A WORKING THAT PITTSBURGH STEEL I THOUGHT YOU KNOWED I BEEN A WORKING THAT RED HOT SLAG WAY DOWN THE ROAD I BEEN A BLASTIN I BEEN A FIRIN I BEEN A DUCKIN RED HOT IRON I BEEN A HAVING SOME HARD TRAVELING LORD
I BEEN HITTING SOME HARD HARVESTIN I THOUGHT YOU KNOWED I BEEN HITTING SOME ROUGH HANDLING WAY DOWN THE ROAD CUT THAT WHEAT AN STACK THAT HAY TRYIN TO MAKE ABOUT A DOLLAR A DAY I BEEN A HAVING SOME HARD TRAVELING LORD
I BEEN A LAYIN IN A HARD ROCK JAIL I THOUGHT YOU KNOWED I BEEN A LAYIN OUT NINETY DAYS WAY DOWN THE ROAD MEAN OLD JUDGE HE SAYS TO ME IT'S NINETY DAYS FOR VAGRANCY I BEEN A HAVING SOME HARD TRAVELLING LORD
I BEEN A HITTIN THAT LINCOLN HIGHWAY I THOUGHT YOU KNOWED I BEEN A HITTIN THAT SIXTY SIX WAY DOWN THE ROAD HEAVY LOAD AND A WORRIED MIND LOOKING FOR A WOMAN THAT'S HARD TO FIND I BEEN A HAVING SOME HARD OLD TRAVELING LORD
# 10 of Woody Guthrie's Songs/Jackhammer John

Words & Music W.W. Woody Guthrie
I'M JACKHAMMER JOHN A JACKHAMMER MAN BORN WITH A JACKHAMMER IN MY HAND LORD LORD I GOT THEM JACKHAMMER BLUES JACKHAMMER MAN FROM A JACKHAMMER TOWN BUILT EVERY PORT FROM THE NORTH POLE DOWN LORD GODI GOT THEM JACKHAMMER BLUES
HAMMERED IN THE RAIN HAMMERED IN THE DUST HAMMERED IN THE BEST AND I HAMMERED IN THE WORST HAMMERED IN THE EAST HAMMEREDIIN THE WEST HAMMERED TO THE ONE THAT I LIKE BEST HEY HEY HEY I GOT THEM JACKHAMMER BLUES
HAMMERED UNDER WATER HAMMERED UNDER ROCK HAMMER ON THE RAILROAD HAMMER ON THE DOCKS YES YES YES I GOT THEM JACKHAMMER BLUES HAMMER IN THE MILL HAMMER IN THE MINE HAMMERED OUTTA JAIL A HUNDRED TIME GREAT GOOD GOD I GOT THEM JACKHAMMER BLUES
JACKHAMMER JACKHAMMER WHERE YOU BEEN BEEN OUTTA CHASIN THEM GALS AGAIN HO HO HOWELL I GOT THEM JACKHAMMER BLUES SEE MY WOMAN WHEN THE SUN GOES DOWN GRAB MY HAMMER AND GO TO TOWN YES FOLKS I GOT THEM JACKHAMMER BLUES
MADE EVERY STATE IN THE RED WHITE AND BLUE LOOKING FOR A JACKHAMMER JOB TO DO RIDE EASY I GOT THEM JACKHAMMER BLUES GOT A JACKHAMMER WOMAN JUST SWEET AS PIE GONNA
HAMMER ON THE HAMMER TILL THE DAY I DIE LORD GOD HAVE MERCY I GOT THEM JACKHAMMER BLUES
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alfalfa

See also Alfalfa on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ALFALFA, the name in America for the leguminous plant Medicago sativa, known elsewhere as lucerne (see Lucerne).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alfani, Domenico

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​ALFANI, DOMENICO, Italian painter, was born at Perugia towards the close of the 15th century. He was a contemporary of Raphael, with whom he studied in the school of Perugino. The two artists lived on terms of intimate friendship, and the influence of the more distinguished of the two is so clearly traceable in the works of the other, that these have frequently been attributed to Raphael. Towards the close of his life Alfani gradually changed his style and approximated to that of the later Florentine school. The date of his death, according to some, was 1540, while others say he was alive in 1553. Pictures by Alfani may be seen in collections at Florence and in several churches in Perugia.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alexius V.

See also Alexios V Doukas on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ALEXIUS V., eastern Roman emperor, was proclaimed emperor on the 5th of February 1204, during the siege of Constantinople by the Latins (Fourth Crusade). His name was Alexius Ducas Murtzuphlos, and he was a connexion of the imperial house of the Angeli. His elevation was the result of a revolution in the city against Isaac II. and Alexius IV. He conducted the defence with great bravery till it became hopeless (April 12), whereupon he fled. He would then have made common cause with Alexius III. against the Latins, but was blinded by that ex-monarch and fell into the hands of the crusaders, who put him to death by casting him from the top of the Pillar of Theodosius as the murderer of Alexius IV.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alfeld

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​ALFELD, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Hanover, 10 m. W. of Hildesheim, on the river Leine and the Hanover-Cassel main line of railway. Pop. (1900) 4900. It has a handsome church with twin spires, and training colleges for schoolmasters and theological candidates. Its industries are flourishing, and embrace paper-making, agricultural machine-works, iron-founding and flax-spinning.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alexius II.

See also Alexios II Komnenos on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ALEXIUS II. (Comnenus) (1167–1183), emperor of the East, was the son of Manuel Comnenus and Maria, daughter of Raymund, prince of Antioch, and was born at Constantinople on the 10th of September 1167. On Manuel’s death, Maria, who had been immured in a convent under the name of Xene, had herself proclaimed regent (1179–1180), and handing over her son to evil counsellors, who encouraged him in every vice, supported the government of Alexius the protosebastos (nephew of Manuel), who was supposed to be her lover. The young Alexius and his friends now tried to form a party against the empress mother and the protosebastos; and his sister Maria, wife of Caesar John, stirred up riots in the streets of the capital. Their party was defeated (May 2, 1182), but Andronicus Comnenus took advantage of these disorders to aim at the crown, entered Constantinople, where he was received with almost divine honours, and overthrew the regents. His arrival was celebrated by a barbarous massacre of the Latins in Constantinople, which he made no attempt to stop. He allowed Alexius to be crowned, but forced him to consent to the death of all his friends, including his mother, his sister and the Caesar, and refused to allow him the smallest voice in public affairs. The betrothal in 1180 of Alexius with Agnes, daughter of Louis VII. of France, a child of nine, was quashed, and he was married to Irene, daughter of Andronicus. The latter was now formally proclaimed as co-emperor, and not long afterwards, on the pretext that divided rule was injurious to the Empire, he caused Alexius to be strangled with a bow-string (October 1183).  (J. B. B.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alford, Henry

See also Henry Alford on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer. See Author:Henry Alford.
​ALFORD, HENRY (1810–1871), English divine and scholar, was born in London on the 7th of October 1810. He came of a Somersetshire family, which had given five consecutive generations of clergymen to the Anglican church. Alford’s early years were passed with his widowed father, who was curate of Steeple Ashton in Wiltshire. He was an extremely precocious lad, and before he was ten had written several Latin odes, a history of the Jews and a series of homiletic outlines. After a peripatetic school course he went up to Cambridge in 1827 as a scholar of Trinity. In 1832 he was 34th wrangler and 8th classic, and in 1834 was made fellow of Trinity. He had already taken orders, and in 1835 began his eighteen years’ tenure of the vicarage of Wymeswold in Leicestershire, from which seclusion the twice-repeated offer of a colonial bishopric failed to draw him. He was Hulsean lecturer at Cambridge in 1841–1842, and steadily built up a reputation as scholar and preacher, which would have been enhanced but for his discursive ramblings in the fields of minor poetry and magazine editing. In September 1853 Alford removed to Quebec Chapel, London, where he had a large and cultured congregation. In March 1857 Viscount Palmerston advanced him to the deanery of Canterbury, where, till his death on the 12th of January 1871, he lived the same strenuous and diversified life that had always characterized him. The inscription on his tomb, chosen by himself, is “Diversorium Viatoris Hierosolymam Proficiscentis.”
Alford was a not inconsiderable artist, as his picture-book, The Riviera (1870), shows, and he had abundant musical and mechanical talent. Besides editing the works of John Donne, he published several volumes of his own verse, The School of the Heart (1835), The Abbot of Muchelnaye (1841), and a number of hymns, the best-known of which are “Forward! be our watchword,” “Come, ye thankful people, come,” and “Ten thousand times ten thousand.” He translated the Odyssey, wrote a well-known manual of idiom, A Plea for the Queen’s English (1863), and was the first editor of the Contemporary Review (1866–1870). His chief fame, however, rests upon his monumental edition of the New Testament in Greek (4 vols.), which occupied him from 1841 to 1861. In this work he first brought before English students a careful collation of the readings of the chief MSS. and the researches of the ripest continental scholarship of his day. Philological rather than theological in character, it marked an epochal change from the old homiletic commentary, and though more recent research, patristic and papyral, has largely changed the method of New Testament exegesis, Alford’s work is still a quarry where the student can dig with a good deal of profit.
His Life, written by his widow, appeared in 1873 (Rivington).  (A. J. G.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Amiternum

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​AMITERNUM, an ancient town of the Sabines, situated about 5 m. N. of Aquila, in the broad valley of the Aternus, from which, according to Varro, it took its name. It was stormed by the Romans in 293 B.C., and though it suffered from the wars of the Republican period, it seems to have risen to renewed prosperity under the empire. This it owed largely to its position. It lay at the point of junction of four roads—the Via Caecilia, the Via Claudia Nova and two branches of the Via Salaria, which joined it at the 64th and 89th miles respectively. The fertility of its territory was also praised by ancient authors. There are considerable remains of an aqueduct, an amphitheatre and a theatre (the latter excavated in 1880—see Notizie degli scavi, 1880, 290, 350, 379), all of which belong to the imperial period, while in the hill on which the village of S. Vittorino is built are some Christian catacombs. Amiternum was the birthplace of the historian Sallust. In a gorge 11/2 m. east are massive remains of cyclopean walls (i.e. in rough blocks), probably intended to regulate the flow of the stream (N. Persichetti in Römische Mitteilungen, 1902, 134 seq.).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Amidines

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​AMIDINES, in organic chemistry, the name given to compounds of general formula R·C : (NH)·NH$_2$, which may be considered as derived from the acid-amides by replacement of oxygen by the divalent imino (= NH) group. They may be prepared by the action of ammonia or amines on imide chorides, or on thiamides (O. Wallach, A. Bernthsen); by the action of ammonium chloride or hydrochlorides of amines on nitriles; by condensing amines and amides in presence of phosphorus trichloride; by the action of hydrochloric acid on acid-amides (O. Wallach, Ber., 1882, 15, p. 208); and by the action of ammonia or amines on imino-ethers (A. Pinner, Ber., 1883, 16, p. 1647; 1884, 17, p. 179). They are monacid bases, which are not very stable; they readily take up the elements of water (when boiled with acids or alkalies), yielding amides and ammonia. On dry distillation they yield nitriles and ammonia. When warmed with sulphuretted hydrogen they yield thiamides, R·C : (NH)·NHR + H$_2$S = R·C(NH$_2$)(SH)NHR = R·CSNH$_2$ + NH$_2$·R or RCS·NHR + NH$_3$. With β-ketonic esters, HO(CH$_3$)C : CH·CO$_2$R, they yield oxypyrimidines (A. Pinner, Ber., 1890, 23, p. 3820).
Formamidine, HC : (NH)NH$_2$, is only known in the form of its salts, the hydrochloride being obtained by the action of ammonia on the hydrochloride of formimido-ethyl ether (A. Pinner, Ber., 1883, 16, p. 357). Acetamidine, CH$_3$C : (NH)·NH$_2$, is alkaline in reaction, and readily splits up into acetic acid and ammonia when warmed with acids. Its hydrochloride melts at 163° C., and crystallizes from alcohol in colourless deliquescent prisms. Acetic anhydride converts the base into an acetamino-dimethyl pyrimidine, acetic acid and acetamide being also formed.
Benzamidine, C$_6$H$_5$·C : (NH)NH$_2$, forms colourless crystals which melt at 75-80° C. When warmed it breaks down into ammonia and cyanphenine (s-triphenyl triazine). It condenses with acetic anhydride to form a methyldiphenyl triazine, acetamide being also formed; with acetyl-acetone to form dimethylphenyl pyrimidine (A. Pinner, Ber., 1893, 26, p. 2125); and with trimethylene bromide to form a phenyl tetrahydropyrimidine (Pinner). H. v. Pechmann (Ber., 1895, 28, p. 2362) has shown that amidines of the type R·C : (NY)·NHZ sometimes react as if they possessed the constitution R·C : (NZ)·NHY; but this only appears to occur when Y and Z are groups which function in the same way. If Y and Z are groups which behave very differently, then there is apparently no tautomerism and a definite formula can be given to the compound.
The formulae of the ringed compounds mentioned above are here shown:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Amlwch

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​AMLWCH (llwch＝“lake”), a market town of Anglesey, North Wales, situated on slightly rising ground on the N. coast of the island, 15 m. N.W. of Beaumaris and 262 m. from London, by the London & North-Western railway. Pop. of urban district (1901) 2994. Originally it owed its whole importance to the copper mines of the Parys (probably, Parry’s) mountain, as, before ore was discovered in March 1768, it was a small hamlet of fishermen. The mines once produced 3000 tons of metal annually, copper smelting being largely carried on, but have now almost ceased working. Though apparently not mentioned by Ptolemy, they were perhaps Roman. Robert Parys, chamberlain of North Wales under Henry IV., is often given as their godfather. The poor harbour called the “port,” protected by a breakwater, has been cut out of the rock (shingle). Amlwch is the terminus of the branch railway from Gaerwen to Amlwch, formerly the Anglesey Central Railway Company. Porthllechog, or Bull Bay (so called from the Bull Rock), at a mile’s distance, is a small but favourite watering-place. Beyond, on the coast, some 3 m. distant, are the remains of a British fort and of the Llanllaianau monastery, opposite the Middle Mouse islet and close to Llanbadrig old church and Cemmaes. Industries include slate quarrying, shipbuilding, iron and brass foundries, alum, vitriol, manure, guano and tobacco works. At Llanllaianau was found, in 1841, a stone coffin, holding a well-preserved skeleton of 71/2 ft. in length. The coffin was apparently of Aberdovey (Aberdyfi) limestone, much corroded. At Llangefni, not far from Amlwch, in 1829, and at Llangristiolus, 3 m. distant from Llangefni, about 1770, were found human bones of a high antiquity, between Glan Hwfa and Fron, and at Capel, respectively. The town has an old Anglican church (St Eleth’s).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Amir

See also Emir on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​AMIR, or Ameer (an Arabic word meaning “commander,” from the root amr, “commanding”), a title common in the Mahommedan East. The form emir is also commonly employed in English. The word originally signified a military commander, but very early came to be extended to anyone bearing rule, Mahomet himself being styled by the pagan Arabs amir of Mecca. Thus the term gradually came to be applied to any high office-bearer, or to any lord or chief. The caliph has the style of Amir ul Omara, “lord of lords.” The title Amir ul Muminim, or “commander of the faithful,” now borne by the sultan of Turkey, was first assumed by Abu Bekr, and was taken by most of the various dynasties which claimed the caliphate, including the Fatimites, the Spanish Omayyads and the Almohades. The Almoravides and the Merinides assumed the style of Amir ul Muslimin, “commander of the Mussulmans.”
The use of the word is, in fact, closely akin to that of the English “lord,” sometimes connoting office, as in Amir ul-aḥghal (minister of finance) under the Almohades (cf. “lord of the treasury”), sometimes mere dignity, as in the case of the title of honour borne by all descendants of the Prophet, or of the title Mir assumed by men of great rank in the Far East. Sometimes it implies a temporary office of dignity and command—e.g. the Amir ul-haj, “commander of the pilgrimage” (to Mecca). Sometimes again it connotes the meaning of “sovereign lord,” in which sense it was early assumed by the princes of Sind and by the rulers of Afghanistan and Bokhara, the title implying a lesser dignity than that of sultan. Thus too it is very generally applied in the East to the chiefs of independent or semi-independent tribes. In the Lebanon both the Christian clans and the Druses are ruled by hereditary amirs. Finally the word (confused not unnaturally with the particle usually attached to it) was borrowed by the West, and is the origin of the English “admiral.”