# An Elementary Grammar of the Japanese Language/Japanese and English Exercises

Exercises I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. XXXII. XXXIII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX. XL. XLI. XLII. XLIII. XLIV. XLV. XLVI. XLVII. XLVIII. XLIX. L. LI. LII. LIII. LIV. LV. LVI. LVII. LVIII. LIX. LX. LXI. LXII. LXIII. LXIV. LXV. LXVI. LXVII. LXVIII. LXIX. LXX. LXXI. LXXII. LXXIII. LXXIV. LXXV. LXXVI. LXXVII. LXXVIII. LXXIX. LXXX. LXXXI. LXXXII. LXXXIII. LXXXIV. LXXXV. LXXXVI. LXXXVII. LXXXVIII. LXXXIX. XC. XCI. XCII. XCIII. XCIV. XCV. XCVI. XCVII. XCVIII. XCIX. C. CI. CII. CIII. CIV. CV. CVI. CVIII. CVIII. CIX. CX. CXI. CXII. CXIII. CXIV. CXV. CXVI. CXVII. CXVIII. CXIX. CXX
JAPANESE AND ENGLISH EXERCISES.
I.
| Watakusi no, my. | Segare, son. |
| Anata no, your. | Tomodati, friend. |
| Kiodai, brother. | Musume, daughter, girl. |
To, and.
1. Watakusi no kiodai. 2. Anata no tomodati. 3. Watakusi no kiodai to anata no tomodati.
II.
1. My daughter. 2. Your friend. 3. Your son, and my brother.
III.
| Kireina, kireini, beautiful. | Gozarimasu, is, or are. |
| Sinsetuna, sinsetuni, kind. |
IV.
1. A beautiful girl. 2. Your son is kind. 3. Your daughter is beautiful. 4. My friend is kind. 5. A kind friend.
V.
| Watakusi domo no, our. | Anata gata no, your. |
1. Watakusi domo no tomodati. 2. Anatagata no kiodai. 3. Watakusi domo no tomodati wa sinsetuni gozarimasu. 4. Anatagata no musume wa kireini gozarimasu. 5. Watakusi domo no kiodai wa sinsetuni gozarimasu.
VI.
1. Our friend. 2. Your daughter. 3. Your daughter is beautiful. 4. Our friend is kind. 5. Your brother is kind.
VII.
| Kono, this, these. | Sono, that, those. |
1. Kono musume. 2. Sono tomodati. 3. Sono musume wa kireini gozarimasu. 4. Kono tomodati wa sinsetuni gozarimasu. 5. Kono segare wa sinsetuni gozarimasu. 6. Sono sinsetuna tomodati. 7. Kono kireina musume.
VIII.
IX.
| Watakusi wa, I. | Motteimasu, has, or have. |
| Anata wa, you. |
1. Watakusi wa kiodai wo motteimasu. 2. Watakusi wa musume wo mottiemasu. 3. Anata wa sinsetuna tomodati wo motteimasu. 4. Watakusi no tomodati wa kireina musume wo motteimasu. 5. Anata no kiodai wa kireina musume wo motteimasu. 6. Kono musume wa sinsetuna tomodati wo motteimasu. 7. Sono tomodati wa sinsetuna kiodai wo motteimasu.
X.
1. My brother has a beautiful daughter. 2. Your friend has a kind brother. 3. That girl has a kind brother. 4. I have a beautiful daughter. 5. You have kind brothers. 6. I have kind friends. 7. That beautiful girl has a kind brother.
XI.
| Ōkina, ōkiwu, large. | Tisai, tisana, tisou, small, or little. |
Shomotu, book.
1. Watakusi no shomotu wa ōkiwu gozarimasu. 2. Anata no shomotu wa tieso gozarimasu. 3. Watakusi no kiodai wa ōkina shomotu wo motteimasu. 4. Anata no tomodati ​wa tisana shomotu wo motteimasu. 5. Watakusi no tomodati no shomotu wa ōkiwu gozarimasu. 6. Anata no kiodai wa ōkina shomotu wo motteimasu. 7. Watakusi no tisana segari ga sono ōkina shomotu wo motteimasu. 8. Anata no ōkina kiodai wa sono shomotu wo motteimasu.
XII.
1. My book is small. 2. Your book is large. 3. Your brother has a small book. 4. My friend has a large book. 5. Your father has a small book. 6. My brother’s son has that large book. 7. That book is large. 8. This book is small.
XIII.
| Watakusi wa, or ga, motteimasu, I have. | Watakusi ga motteimasu ka? Have I? |
| Anata wa, or ga, motteimasu, you have. | Anata ga motteimasu ka? Have you? |
Ka is always put at the end of an interrogative sentence.
1. Watakusi ga sono shomotu wo motteimasu ka. 2. Anata wa kono shomotu wo motteimasu ka. 3. Anata no tomodati wa shomotu wo motteimasu ka. 4. Watakusi tiesana segare wa sono ōkina shomotu wo motteimasu ka. 5. Anata no kiodai wa segare wo motteimasu ka. 6. Watakusi no musume wa kono tiesana shomotu wo motteimasu ​ka. 7. Anata wa sono shomotu wo motteimasu ka. 8. Watakusi wa sono shomotu wo motteimasu.
XIV.
1. Have you brothers? 2. I have a brother. 3. Have I that book? 4. Have you that small book? 5. Has your son this book? 6. Has my daughter that book? 7. Have your brothers these large books? 8. My brothers have those small books.
XV.
| Watakusi domo wa, or ga, we. | Anatagata wa, or ga, you. |
| | Niwa, garden. |
1. Watakusi domo wa ōkina niwa wo motteimasu. 2. Anatagata wa sono shomotu wo motteimasu ka. 3. Watakusi domo wa sono shomotu wo motteimasu. 4. Watakusi domo wa sono tiesai shomotu wo motteimasu. 5. Anatagata wa kiodai wo motteimasu ka. 6. Anatagata wa musume wo motteimasu ka. 7 Watakusi domo wa tiesai niwa wo motteimasu. 8. Anatagata wa niwa wo motteimasu ka. 9. Watakusi domo wa niwa wo motteimasu.
XVI.
XVII.
| Watakusi domo no, our. | Anatagata no, your. |
Motteimasita, had.
1. Watakusi domo no segare ga sono shomotu wo motteimasita. 2. Anatagata no tomodati wa kiodai wo motteimasita. 3. Watakusi wa segare wo motteimasu. 4. Anatagata no musume wa kono shomotu wo motteimasita ka. 5. Watakusi domo no kiodai ga sono ōkina shomotu wo motteimasita. 6. Anatagata no niwa wa ōkiwu gozarimasu ka. 7. Watakusi domo no niwa wa ōkiwu gozarimasu. 8. Anata no niwa wa tiesō gozarimasu.
XVIII.
1. Your garden is large. 2. Your garden is small. 3. Our garden is small. 4. Have your brothers a garden? 5. My brothers have a garden. 6. Have our sons a large book? 7. Our daughter has a small book.
XIX.
Kono or Sono okata or hito, this or that person.
Either of these words is used instead of are or kare.
De is put after nouns which are placed immediately before Gozarimasu.
1. Kono hito ga sono shomotu wo motteimasu. 2. Sono okata wa tiesai shomotu wo motteimasu. 3. Sono hito wa ​watakusi no kiodai de gozarimasu. 4. Kono okata wa anata no tomodati de gozarimasu ka. 5. Sono hito wa watakusi no segare de gozarimasu. 6. Sono hito wa kiodai wo motteimasu. 7. Watakusi no musume wa sono shomotu wo motteimasu. 8. Anata no shomotu wa tiesō gozarimasu.
XX.
1. That person has a book. 2. This person is my brother. 3. Has that person brothers? 4. That person is your friend. 5. Is this person your son? 6. That person is my brother. 7. Have you sons? 8. I have a son. 9. Have you daughters? 10. I have a daughter.
XXI.
| Tokei, watch. | Kasa, hat. |
| Uma, horse. | Hōchō, knife. |
| Usinaimasita, lost, or has or have lost. ||
| Midasimasita, found, or has or have found. ||
1. Watakusi wa tokei wo usinaimasita. 2. Anata wa anata no tokei wo midasimasita ka. 3. Watakusi wa hōchō wo usinaimasita. 4. Watakusi no segare wa kasa wo motteimasu. 5. Anatagata no uma wa ōkiwu gozarimasu. 6. Watakusi no musume wa kasa wo usinaimasita. 7. Anatagata wa kasa wo motteimasu ka. 8. Watakusi domo wa uma wo motteimasu. 9. Watakusi no kasa wa ōkiwu gozarimasu. 10. Anata no kaso wa ​tiesō gozarimasu ka. 11. Watakusi no kasa wa ōkiwu gozarimasu.
XXII.
1. Have you lost your hat? 2. I have lost a hat. 3. Has your son a hat? 4. He (are wa) has a hat. 5. Your daughter’s hat is large. 6. Our hats are small. 7. We have lost a knife. 8. We have found a watch. 9. Has your brother lost a watch? 10. I have found the watch.
XXIII.
| Tegami, letter. | Uketorimasita, received, or has or have received. |
| Ye, to. |
| Ikimasu, go or goes. | Mimasita, saw, or has or have seen. |
| Dokoye, where? |
1. Watakusi wa tegami wo uketorimasita. 2. Watakusi wa Yedo ye ikimasu. 3. Anata wa Yedo ye ikimasu ka. 4. Anata wa tegami wo uketorimasita ka. 5. Watakusi no segare ga tegami wo uketorimasita. 6. Anatagata wa dokoye ikimasu ka. 7. Watakusi domo wa Kanagawa ye ikimasu. 8. Watakusi wa anata no kiodai wo mimasita. 9. Watakusi no musume wa Asakusa ye ikimasita. 10. Anata no kiodai wa tegami wo uketorimasita ka. 11. Watakusi no kiodai ga tegami wo uketorimasita.
XXIV.
1. I have received a letter. 2. You have seen my daughter. 3. I have lost my watch. 4. You go to ​Yedo. 5. Where are you going? 6. We am going to Asakusa. 7. My son went (ikimasita) to Kanagawa. 8. We have sons. 9. We went to Yokohama. 10. Your brother went to Yedo. 11. I have beautiful girls. 12. We have found beautiful books. 13. Our daughters are beautiful.
XXV.
Kara, from; Watakusi no kiodai kara, from my brother; Watakusi no haha kara, from my mother.
| Konniti, to-day. | Yoi, good. |
| Konchō, this morning. | Warui, bad. |
| Sakuzitu, yesterday. | Mainiti, every day. |
XXVI.
1. I have received a letter from your brother. 2. We have received a letter from our father. 3. Have you received a letter from my brother? 4. We have received a letter from your brother to-day. 5. We are going to Asakusa to-day. 6. We went to Kanagawa yesterday. 7. I have seen your friend this morning. 8. Have you seen your mother to-day? 9. We have lost our watches. 10. We have found your watches. 11. That person has seen your daughter. 12. This person has found your watch. 13. I go to Kanagawa every day.
XXVII.
Ye, to. Ni, to, for.
| Watakusi no haha ni, to my mother. | Rondon ye, to London. |
| | Okurimasita, sent, or has or have sent. |
| Okurimasu, send or sends. |
1. Watakusi wa kono tokei wo haha ni okurimasu. 2. Anatagata wa sono tokei wo anata no tomodati ni okurimasu ka. 3. Watakusi domo wa kono tokei wo watakusi domo no msume ni okurimasu. 4. Watakusi wa tegami wo watakusi no haha ni okurimasu. 5. Sakuzitu watakusi wa tegami wo watakusi no haha kara uketorimasita. 6. Anata wa mainiti tegami wo anata no tomodati ni ​okurimasu ka. 7. Watakusi wa tegami wo watakusi no haha ni mainiti okurimasu. 8. Watakusi no segare ga watakusi ni konniti tegami wo okurimasita. 9. Anata wa sakuzitu Asakusa ye ikimasita ka. 10. Watakusi wa sakuzitu Kanagawa ye ikimasita. 11. Anata wa Kanagawa ye mainiti ikimasu ka. 12. Watakusi wa Yokohama ye mainiti ikimasu.
XXVIII.
1. I have sent a letter to my father. 2. Do you send a letter to your brother every day? 3. We send a letter to our mother every day. 4. Our daughter sent a letter to us (Watakusi domo ye) yesterday. 5. We have received a letter from our friends this morning. 6. Do you receive a letter from your brother every day? 7. I receive a letter from my friends every day. 8. I received a letter from my brother yesterday. 9. We have lost a watch. 10. That person has a good watch. 11. This person has a small (tiesana) watch.
XXIX.
| Kore ga, wa, wo, &c., this or these. | Hito, person. |
| | Wakai, Wakō, young. |
| Sore ga, wa, &c., that or those. | Iye, house. |
| Oji, uncle. | Ki, tree. |
| Tomodati, friend. | Hana, flower. |
| Ko, child. | Binbōna, Binboni, or Binbōde, poor. |
XXX.
1. I have seen my uncle. 2. Have you seen beautiful flowers? 3. We have seen large trees. 4. That person is poor. 5. My uncle is young. 6. We have lost a watch. 7. We have seen your friends. 8. We went to your house. 9. Have you a garden? 10. We have gardens. 11. I sent a letter to my brother to-day. 12. You received a letter from your father this morning.
XXXI.
Yorimo or yori, more than.
| Yorimo ōkiwu, or ōkina, larger than. | Watakusi no, mine. |
| | Anata no, yours. |
| Yorimo tisana, or tisō, smaller than. | Watakusi domo no, ours. |
| | Anatagata no, yours. |
Watakusi no niwa wa anata no yori mo ōkiwu gozarimasu, my garden is larger than yours.
​1. Watakusi no shomotu wa anata no yori mo tiesō gozarimasu. 2. Anata no uma wa watakusi no yori ōkiwu gozarimasu. 3. Anata no shomotu wa watakusi no yorimo yō gozarimasu. 4. Anatagata no uma wa watakusi no yorimo kireini gozarimasu. 5. Anatagata no hōchō wa watakusi domo no yori ōkiwu gozarimasu. 6. Kono hito wa watakusi yorimo binbōni gozarimasu. 7. Kono hana wa sono hana yori kireini gozarimasu. 8. Anata wa kono niwa yori ōkina niwa wo motteimasu ka. 9. Watakusi wa kono niwa yori ōkina no wo motteimasu. 10. Kono hito wa sono hito yorimo wakō gozarimasu. 11. Kono ki wa sore yorimo ōkiwu gozarimasu. 12. Watakusi no iye wa anata no yorimo tiesō gozarimasu. 13. Anata wa kore yorimo tiesana hōchō wo motteimasu ka. 14. Watakusi wa sore yorimo tiesana hōchō wo motteimasu.
XXXII.
XXXIII.
| Mutukashī, Mutukashū, difficult. | Neko, cat. |
| | Matti, town or city. |
| Yasui, Yasuwu, easy, cheap. | Tuki, moon. |
| | Hosi, star. |
| Inu, dog. | Hi, sun. |
1. Anata wa neko wo motteimasu ka. 2. Watakusi wa inu wo motteimasu. 3. Anata wa kono shomotu wo mimasita ka. 4. Sono shomotu wa mutukasu gozarimasu. 5. Watakusi no shomotu wa Anata no yorimo yasuwu gozarimasu. 6. Hi wa tuki yorimo ōkiwu gozarimasu. 7. Yedo wa ōkina matti de gozarimasu. 8. Watakusi no tomodati wa Yedo ye ikimasita. 9. Anata wa konniti Asakusa ye ikimasu ka. 10. Watakusi wa konniti yokohama ye ikimasu. 11. Anata no neko wa watakusi no yori ōkiwu gozarimasu. 12. Anata no kiodai wa niwa wo motteimasu ka. 13. Watakusi no titi ga ōkina niwa wo motteimasu.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
| Ni, in, or at. | Orimasu, live, lives, is, are. |
| Niwa ni, in the garden. |
| Uti ni, in the house, or at home. | Orimasita, lived, was, were. |
1. Watakusi wa Yokohama ni orimasu. 2. Anata wa Yokohama ni orimasu ka. 3. Watakusi wa Kanagawa ni orimasu. 4. Watakusi wa Yedo ni orimasita. 5. Konniti watakusi wa uti ni orimasu. 6. Anatagata wa sakuzitu uti ni orimasita. 7. Kireina hana ga niwa ni gozarimasu. 8. Anata no niwa ni kireina hana ga gozarimasu ka. 9. Watakusi no niwa ni ōkina ki ga gozarimasu. 10. Anata wa Asakusa ni orimasita ka. 11. Watakusi wa Yokohama ni orimasita. 12. Anata no niwa ni neko ga orimasu.
XXXVI.
XXXVII.
| Hana, flower. | Sukimasu, like, likes. |
| Ringo, apple. | Sukimasita, liked, or has or have liked. |
| Nashi, pear. |
| Itudemo, always. | Watakusi wa hana wo sukimasu, I like flowers. |
| Tabitabi, often. |
1. Anata no niwa ni hana ga gozarimasu ka. 2. Watakusi no niwa ni hana ga gozarimasu. 3. Anata wa Asakusa ye tabitabi īkimasu ka. 4. Watakusi wa Yokohama ye tabitabi īkimasu. 5. Anatagata wa ringo wo sukimasu ka. 6. Watakusi domo wa nashi wo sukimasu. 7. Watakusi domo no niwa kireina hana ga gozarimasu. 8. Kono hana wa sono hana yori kireini gozarimasu. 9. Watakusi wa itudemo uti ni orimasu. 10. Anata no tomodati wa tabitabi Yedo ye ikimasu ka. 11. Watakusi no tomodati wa tabitabi Kanagawa ye ikimasu.
XXXVIII.
XXXIX.
| Iti, one. | Zū sitti, seventeen. |
| Ni, two. | Zū hatti, eighteen. |
| San, three. | Zū ku, nineteen. |
| Si, four. | Ni zū, twenty. |
| Go, five. | Ni zū iti, twenty-one. |
| Roku, six. | Ni zū ni, twenty-two. |
| Sitti, seven. | San zū, thirty. |
| Hatti, eight. | Si zū, forty. |
| Ku, nine. | Go zū, fifty. |
| Zū, ten. | Roku zū, sixty. |
| Zū iti, eleven. | Sitti zū, seventy. |
| Zū ni, twelve. | Hatti zū, eighty. |
| Zū san, thirteen. | Ku zū, ninety. |
| Zū si, fourteen. | H’yaku, hundred. |
| Zū go, fifteen. | Sen, thousand. |
| Zū roku, sixteen. | Man, ten thousand. |
| Hítotu, one. | Muttu, six. |
| Futatu, two. | Nanatu, seven. |
| Mittu, three. | Yattu, eight. |
| Yottu, four. | Kokonotu, nine. |
| Hutu, five. | Tō, ten. |
| Shōgatu, January. | Sitigatu, July. |
| Nigatu, February. | Hatigatu, August. |
| Sangatu, March. | Kugatu, September. |
| Sigatu, April. | Zugatu, October. |
| Gogatu, May. | Zuittigatu, November. |
| Rokugatu, June. | Zunigatu, December. |
| Heya, room. | Hiroi, or hirō, wide. |
| Tukuye, table. | Kaimasu, buy, or buys. |
| Kosikake, chair. | Kaimasita, bought, or has or have bought. |
| Nen, year. |
| Tuki, month. | Wurimasu, sell, sells. |
| Takusan, many. | Wurimasita, sold, or has or have sold. |
| Hikui, or hikuru, low. |
XL.
1. Do you sell this chair? 2. I sell that chair. 3. Do you buy that flower? 4. I buy this table. 5. We have three tables. 6. We have two rooms in (my) house. 7. I sold this flower. 8. Did you live in Yedo? 9. I lived in Yedo three (mi) months. 10. Twelve months make (gozarimasu) one year. 11. We have many chairs. 12. You have many houses. 13. We have three (mittu) houses.
XLI.
| Iti, one. | Siti, seven. |
| Ni, two. | Hati, eight. |
| San, three. | Ku, nine. |
| Si, four. | Zu, ten. |
| Go, five. | Zu iti, eleven. |
| Roku, six. | &c. |
These are used for measure, weight, hours, or money.
| Ni sun, two inches. | Ni, or san toki, two or three hours. |
| Ni, or san, gō, two or three gō, the gō being a measure for liquids and grains. | Ni, or san bu, two or three shillings. |
Ni means ‘by’ when it is put before the words ‘buy’ and ‘sell,’ as the words for or with is used in English.
Watakusi wa sono kosikake wa san bu ni kaimasita, or wurimasita, I sold or bought that chair for three shillings. ​
| Bu, one shilling. | Gō, a measure for liquids and grain. |
| Riyo, four shillings. | Simasu, cost, present. |
| Toki, hour. | Simasita, cost, past. |
Ikura, or ikurani, how much?
1. Anata no shomotu wa ikura simasita ka. 2. Watakusi no shomotu wa san bu simasita. 3. Anata no iye wa ikura simasita ka. 4. Watakusi no iye wa h’yaku rigo simasita. 5. Anata wa kono tukuye wo ikurani kaimasita ka. 6. Watakusi wa kono tukuye wo san riyo ni kaimasita. 7. Anata wa kono tukuye wo ikurani wurimasu ka. 8. Watakusi wa kono tukuye wo ni riyo ni wurimasu. 9. Kono matti (street) wa hirō gozarimusu. 10. Nizu is toki ga itti nitti (day) de gozarimasu. 11. Anata wa kono hana wo kaimasu ka. 12. Watakusi wa sono hi wo kaimasu. 13. Anata wa Yedo ni orimasita ka. 14. Watakusi wa Yedo ni iti nen orimasita.
XLII.
1. How much did your book cost? 2. My book cost three bu. 3. How much did you pay for (buy) that table? 4. I bought that table for two bu. 5. We sold that chair for two riyo. 6. Twenty-four hours are one day. 7. Twelve months are one year. 8. How much does that table cost? 9. That table costs three riyo. 10. How much did your house cost (you)? 11. My house cost (me) a hundred riyo. 12. I have ​a garden. 13. Are there flowers in your garden? 14. In my garden (there) are three trees.
XLIII.
Ni, or san nin, for numbers of persons. Hiki, piki, or biki, for number of quadrupeds; as, Uma san biki, three horses; wa, or ba, pa, for birds.
Tori san ba, or zit pa, three or ten birds. Biki or hiki, wa, ba, or pa, are placed after as well as before nouns which they qualify.
Anata no niwa ni tori ga san ba orimasu. There are three birds in your garden.
| Niwatori, cock or hen. | Yamagara, bullfinch. |
| Suzume, sparrow. | Kamo, wild duck. |
| Inu, dog. | Ike, pond. |
| Neko, cat. | Kawa, river. |
| Sakana, fish. |
1. Anata no niwa ni tori ga orimasu ka. 2. Watakusi no niwa ni tori ga san ba orimasu. 3. Ike ni kamo ga san ba orimasu. 4. Anata no iye ni neko ga orimasu ka. 5. Watakusi no iye ni neko ga si hiki orimasu. 6. Watakusi wa suzume wo go wa mimasita. 7. Anatagata wa watakusi no inu wo mimasita ka. 8. Watakusi domo wa anato no neko wo mimasita. 9. Anata no ike ni kamo ga san ba orimasita. 10. Kono kawa ni sakana ga ​orimasu. 11. Anata no nina ni yamagara ga si wa orimasu. 12. Konchō watakusi wa suzume wo zu niwa mimasita.
XLIV.
1. In your garden there are three sparrows. 2. In your pond there is a fish. 3. Have you seen my dog? 4. We have seen your cat. 5. Have you three brothers? 6. I have three daughters. 7. We have three horses. 8. Have you many (takusan) houses? 9. We have three houses. 10. My brother has a wild duck. 11. In your garden there are many birds. 12. We have seen three bullfinches this morning. 13. You have seen my garden. 14. In your pond there are three fishes.
XLV.
De means ‘in’ when it is placed before aimasu or mimasu, meet, or see. Watakusi wa kono okata ni matti de aimasita, I met with this person in the street.
Doko, what place or where?
When ‘to see,’ or ‘meet,’ is used, de must be put after doko; thus, Doko de anata wa kono hito ni aimasita ka? Where have you met with him?
When ‘to live,’ or ‘to be,’ is used, ni must be put after doko; thus, anata wa doko ni orimasu ka, Where do you live? ​
| Kami, God. | Oka, land. |
| Sekai, world. | Aimasu, meets, or meet. |
| Umi, sea, or ocean. | Aimasita, met, or has or have met. |
| Kosirayemasu, makes, or make. | Konniti, to-day. |
| Kosirayemasita, made, or has or have made. | Mainiti, every day. |
1. Kami ga sekai wo kosirayemasita. 2. Anata wa mainiti kono hito ni aimasu ka. 3. Watakusi wa sono hito ni mainiti aimasu. 4. Anata wa doko de sono hito ni aimasu ka. 5. Watakusi wa kono hito ni Yokohama de aimasu. 6. Anatagata wa doko ni orimasu ka. 7. Watakusi domo wa Yedo ni orimasu. 8. Watakusi no inu wo anata wa doko de mimasita ka. 9. Anata no inu wo watakusi wa matti de mimasita. 10. Watakusi wa anata no tomodati ni konniti aimasita. 11. Watakusi wa tori wo san ba anata no niwa de mimasita. 12. Anata no neko ga watakusi no niwa ni orimasu.
XLVI.
XLVII.
| Itu, when, used interrogatively. | Kane, money or metal. |
| | Koko, here. |
| Nan doki ni, at what time or hour? | Made, into. |
| | Kara, from. |
| Nan riyo, how many riyo? | Suguto, immediately. |
| | Zinmin, people. |
| Nan ri, how many miles? | Niti-niti, every day. |
| Nan nin, how many persons? | Minato, seaport. |
1. Koko kara minato made nan ri gozarimasu ka. 2. San ri gozarimasu. 3. Anata wa Yokohama ye itu ikimasu ka. 4. Watakusi wa Yokohama ye konniti ikimasu. 5. Anata wa kono iye wo kaimasita ka. 6. Watakusi wa kono iye wo kaimasita. 7. Anata no iye wa nan riyo simasita ka. 8. Watakusi no iye wa h’yaku riyo simasita. 9. Anata wa nan doki ni Yokohama ye ikimasu ka. 10. Watakusi wa Yokohama ye zu ni zi ni (12 o’clock) ikimasu. 11. Anata no iye ni hito ga nan nin orimasu ka. 12. Watakusi no iye ni hito ga roku nin orimasu. 13. Ikura anata wa kane wo motteimasu ka. 14. Watakusi wa kane wo zu riyo motteimasu.
XLVIII.
1. How much money have you? 2. I have three riyo. 3. At what time do you go to Yedo? I go to ​Yedo at 12 o’clock. 5. How many miles are there from here to Kanagawa? 6. (There) are three miles from here to Kanagawa. 7. How many persons are there in your house? 8. There are ten persons in my house. 9. When are you going to your friend’s house? 10. I go to my friend’s house to-day. 11. I go to my house immediately.
XLIX.
Takusan, much, or many. Watakusi wa saké wo takusan nomimasita, I have drunk much rice-spirits.
Watakusi wa takusan shomotu wo motteimasu, I have many books.
Wazuka, a little or few.
Watakusi wa wazuka kane wo motteimasu, I have a little money.
Watakusi wa wazuka shomotu wo motteimasu, I have a few books.
| Pan, bread. | Nomimasu, drinks, or drink. |
| Niku, meat. | Tabemasita, ate, or has or have eaten. |
| Saké, rice-spirit. |
| Midu, water. | Nomimasita, drank, or has or have drunk. |
| Tabemasu, eats, or eat. |
1. Kono okata wa niku wo tabemasu ka. 2. Kono okata wa pan wo tobemasu. 3 Anata wa niku wo takusan motteimasu ka. 4. Watakusi wa wazuka niku wo motteimasu. 5. Anata no tomodati wa saké wo nomimasu ka. 6. Watakusi no tomodati wa midu wo nomimasu. 7. Watakusi ​domo wa niku wo takusan tabemasita. 8. Watakusi no kiodai wa saké wo wazuka nomimasu. 9. Anata wa kane wo takusan mottemasu ka. 10. Watakusi wa wazuka kane wo motteimasu. 11. Ikura anata wa kane wo motteimasu ka. 12. Watakusi wa kane wo san riyo motteimasu. 13. Anata no niwa ni takusan hana ga gozarimasu ka. 14. Watakusi no niwa ni wazuka hana ga gozarimasu.
L.
1. Have you many books? 2. I have a few books. 3. Are there many trees in your garden? 4. There are a few trees in my garden. 5. We have much rice-spirit. 6. Do you eat meat? 7. I eat bread. 8. Do you drink water? 9. I drink rice-spirit. 10. I have drunk a little rice-spirit. 11. We have eaten much meat. 12. You have drunk much water. 13. We have many houses. 14. You have many friends.
LI.
Amari, too.
Anata wa amari takusan kane wo motteimasu. You have too much money.
To, …, to, and.
Watakusi to anata to ga ikimasu. I and you go.
Watakusi wa konniti inu to neko to wo mimasita, I have seen a dog and cat to-day. ​
| Satō, sugar. | Kiraimasu, dislike, or dislikes. |
| Konniti, to-day. |
| Sumi, ink. | Hiru maye, before noon. |
| Kurō, kuroi, black. | Urimasita, sold, or has or have sold. |
| Sukimasu, like, or likes. |
1. Anata wa satō wo sukimasu ka. 2. Watakusi wa satō wo kiraimasu. 3. Kono sumi wa amari kurō gozarimasu. 4. Konniti hirumaye ni watakusi domo wa Yedo ye ikimasu. 5. Anata wa itu Yokohama ye ikimasu ka. 6. Watakusi wa Yokohama ye konniti ikimasu. 7. Watakusi wa watakusi no kiodai to anata no tomodati wo mimasita. 8. Niti-niti watakusi wa anata no kiodai to tomodati wo mimasu. 9. Watakusi wa saké to midu wo sukimasu. 10. Anata no iye wa ikura simasita ka. 11. Watakusi no iye wa h’yaku riyo simasita. 12. Anata wa anata no neko wo urimasita ka. 13. Watakusi wa watakusi no inu wa urimasita.
LII.
1. You have too much money. 2. You and I go to Yokohama. 3. We have too many trees in our garden, or, There are too many trees in our garden. 4. I saw my brother and your friend. 5. When are you going to Yokohama? 6. We are going to Yokohama to-day. 7. Do you see your friend every day? 8. I see my friend every day. 9. My mother and father go to Yedo to-day. 10. How much did your brother’s house cost? ​11. Your brother’s house cost 200 riyo. 12. You have too many horses. 13. We saw a cat and dog in your garden to day.
LIII.
Dare ga, no, or wo, who, whose, or whom? in the interrogative sense.
Dare ga kimasita ka, who came (here)?
Dare wo anata wa mimasita ka, whom have you seen?
Nani ga, wo, or no, what?
Anata wa nani wo mimasita ka, what have you seen?
Anata no niwa ni nani ga orimasu ka, what is there in your garden?
| Hako, box. | Cha, tea. |
| Kutu, boot, or shoe. | Tebukuro, glove. |
| Sekihitu, pencil. |
1. Dare ga watakusi no hako wo motteimasu ka. 2. Anata no tomodati ga anata no hako wo motteimasu. 3. Anata wa dare wo mimasita ka. 4. Watakusi wa anata no kiodai wo mimasita. 5. Anata no niwa ni nani ga orimasu ka. 6. Watakusi no niwa ni tori ga orimasu. 7. Anata wa nani wo motteimasu ka. 8. Wotakusi wa kane wo motteimasu. 9. Anata wa konniti nani wo mimasita ka. 10. Konniti watakusi wa uma wo mimasita. 11. Anata wa dare no shomotu wo motteimasu ka. ​12. Watakusi no tomodati no shomotu wo motteimasu. 13. Anata wa nani wo sukimasu ka. 14. Watakusi wa cha wo sukimasu. 15. Anata no tebukuro wa ikiira simasita ka. 16. Watakusi no tebukuro wa san bu simasita.
LIV.
1. What have you? 2. I have gloves. 3. Whom have you seen? 4. I have seen your brother. 5. Who has my books? 6. My friend has your books. 7. What have you seen in (de) my garden? 8. I have seen a cat in your garden. 9. Do you drink tea? 10. I drink water. 11. Do you like sugar? 12. I like sugar. 13. Whose book have you? 14. I have my book. 15. How much did your pencil cost? 16. My pencil cost (H’yaku mon) a penny.
LV.
| Ōkina, Ōkiwu, large, or great. | Yorimo, or Yori, ōkiwu, or ōkina, larger, or greater. |
Itiban ōkiwu, or ōkina, largest, or greatest.
Yoi, Yō, good.Yori yoi, or yō, better.Ittiban yoi, or yō, best.
| Chonin, merchant. | Tiesai, tiesō, small. |
| Yama, mountain. | Jobu, jobuni, strong. |
| Tori, bird. |
1. Watakusi no iye wa anata no (yours) yori ōkiwu gozarimasu. 2. Anata no niwa wa watakusi no yori tiesō gozarimasu. 3. Kono tori wa sono tori yori ōkiwu gozarimasu. 4. Anata wa kore (that) yori ōkina iye wo motteimasu ka. 5. Kono iye ga watakusi no ittiban ōkina iye de gozarimasu. 6. Watakusi no iye wa jobuni gozarimasu. 7. Anata no niwa wa watakusi no yori yō gozarimasu. 8. Anata no shomotu ga ittiban yō gozarimasu. 9. Anata no niwa ni tori ga orimasu ka. 10. Tori wa yama ni takusan orimasu. 11. Anata wa chonin de gozarimasu ka. 12. Watakusi wa chonin de gozarimasu. 13. Anata wa kore yori ōkina kutu wo motteimasu ka. 14. Kore ga ittiban ōkina kutu de gozarimasu.
LVI.
LVII.
| Dare kara, from whom? | Dare ni, or ye, to whom? |
Dare no de, whose one?
| Itiban, first. | Rokuban, sixth. |
| Niban, second. | Sitiban, seventh. |
| Sanban, third. | Hattiban, eighth. |
| Siban, fourth. | Kuban, ninth. |
| Goban, fifth. | Zuban, tenth. |
| Nitiyoniti, Sunday. | Mokuyoniti, Thursday. |
| Getuyoniti, Monday. | Kinyoniti, Friday. |
| K’wayoniti, Tuesday. | Doyoniti, Saturday. |
| Suiyoniti, Wednesday. |
| Kerai, servant. | Orimasita, lived, or has or have lived. |
| Gejo, maidservant. |
| Kokoni, here. | Uketorimasu, receives, or receive. |
| Konniti, to-day, or this day. |
| Sokoni, there. | Uketorimasita, received, or has or have received. |
| Orimasu, lives, or live. |
1. Kono shomotu wa dare no be gozarimasu ka. 2. Sono shomotu wa watakusi no de gozarimasu. 3. Konniti dare kara tegami wo uketorimasita ka. 4. Konniti watakusi wa tegami wo watakusi no tomodati kara uketorimasita. 5. Konniti wa nitiyoniti de gozarimasu ka. 6. Konniti wa getuyoniti de gozarimasu. 7. Anata no kerai wa kokoni oriwasu. 8. Anata no gejo wa sokoni orimasu. 9. Kono tegami wo anata wa dare ye okurimasu ka (send). ​10. Watakusi wa kono tegami wo kiodai ye okurimasu. 11. Anata wa sono tegami wa anata no tomodati ye okurimasu ka. 12. Watakusi wa kore wo watakusi no haha ni okurimasu.
LVIII.
1. To whom do you send this letter? 2. I send that to my friend. 3. Where is my servant? 4. Your servant is here. 5. Is my maidservant there? 6. Here is your maidservant. 7. From whom have you received that letter? 8. I have received this letter from my brother. 9. Whose is this book? 10. That is mine. 11. Is this day Monday? 12. This day is Tuesday.
LIX.
Indicate Mood. Present. Motteiru, to have.
| Watakusi ga, or wa motteimasu, | I have. |
| Anata ga, or wa motteimasu, | you have. |
| Koko or Sono hito or okata, | she or he had. |
| Watakusi domo, | we have. |
| Anatagata, | you have. |
| Kono or sono hito, or okata | they have. |
| Kane, money. | Tanmono, cloth. |
| Kasa, hat. | Haori, coat. |
| Heya, room. | Kushi, comb. |
1. Anata wa kane wo motteimasu ka. 2. Watakusi wa kane wo takusan motteimasu. 3. Anatagata wa kasa wo motteimasu ka. 4. Watakusi domo wa kasa wo motteimasu. 5. Kono okata wa heya wo motteimasu ka. 6. Kono okata wa heya wo motteimasu. 7. Anata no tomodati wa ōkina niwa wo motteimasu ka. 8. Watakusi no tomodati wa ōkina iye wo motteimasu. 9. Anata no kiodai wa tanmono wo motteimasu ka. 10. Watakusi no tomodati wa haori wo motteimasu.
LX.
1. Have you a comb? 2. I have a comb. 3. Have you hats? 4. We have hats. 5. He has a coat. 6. Has she cloth? 7. She has cloth. 8. Has your brother a room. 9. My brother has a room. 10. Have your friends much money? 11. My brothers have much money.
LXI.
Indicative Mood. Past.
| Watakusi ga, or wa motteimasita, | I had. |
| Anata ga, | you had. |
| Kono or Sono okata, | he had. ​ |
| Watakusi domo wa motteimasita, | we had. |
| Anatagata, | you had. |
| Kono or Sono okata, | he had. |
| Izen, formerly. | Imani, presently. |
| Ima, now, this time. | Suguto, directly. |
1. Anata wa kono shomotu wo ina motteimasu ka. 2. Watakusi wa kono shomotu wo izen motteimasita. 3. Anatagata wa heya wo motteimasu ka. 4. Watakusi domo wa heya wo motteimasu. 5. Anata wa kane wo motteimasita ka. 6. Watakusi wa kane wo motteimasita. 7. Anata no tomodati wa iye wo motteimasu ka. 8. Watakusi no tomodati wa izenniye wo motteimasita. 9. Watakusi no kiodai wa takusan kane wo motteimasu ka. 10. Sono chōnin wo tanmono wo motteimasita. 11. Kono chōnin wa tanmono wo motteimasu.
LXII.
LXIII.
Indicative, Mood. Present, negatively. Masen, have not, or has not.
| Watakusi wa or ga motteimasen, | I have not. |
| Anata wa, | you have not. |
| Kono or Sono okata wa, | she or he has not. |
| Watakusi domo wa, | we have not. |
| Anata gata wa, | yuo have not. |
| Kono or Sono okata wa, | they have not. |
| Toki ni or niwa, when, or at the time. | Orimasu, live. |
| Kara, because. | Orimasita, lived. |
| Nipon, Japan. | Sakuzitu, yesterday. |
| Ni, in, or at. | Ye, to. |
| Hanasimasu, speak or speaks. | Kotoba, word, or language. |
Anata wa Nipon ni orimasita tokini, (anata wa) takusan kane wo motteimasita ka, or Nipon ni orimasita tokini, anata wa takusan kane wo motteimasita ka. Had you much money when you were in Japan?
Nipon ni orimasita kara, wutakusi wa Nipon kotoba wo hanasimasu. I speak Japanese because I lived in Japan.
1. Anata wa kane wo motteimasu ka. 2. Watakusi wa kane wo motteimasen. 3. Anatagata wa heya wo motteimasu ka. 4. Watakusi domo wa heya wo motteimasen. ​5. Anata wa takusan tomodati wo motteimasu ka. 6. Watakusi wa takusan tomodati wo motteimasen. 7. Anata no tomodati wa uma wo motteimasu ka. 8. Watakusi no tomodati wa uma wo motteimasen. 9. Nipon ni orimasita tokini anata wa kane wo takusan motteimasita ka. 10. Watakusi wa, Nipon ni orimasita tokini, takusan kane wo motteimasita. 11. Watakusi wa, Nipon ni orimasita kara, Nipon kotoba wo hanasimasu. 12. Anata wa izen Yokohama ni orimasita ka. 13. Watakusi wa izen Yedo ni orimasita. 14. Ima anata wa doko ni orimasu ka. 15. Ima watakusiwa Yokohama ni orimasu.
LXIV.
1. Have you much money? 2. I had much money when I was in Japan. 3. Have you a horse? 4. I have no (have not) horse. 5. Had you many houses when you were in England (Igilisu). 6. We had three houses when we were in England. 7. Has your brother a room? 8. He has no room. 9. Did you live in Yedo formerly? 10. I lived formerly in Yokohama. 11. Where do you live now? 12. I live in Yedo now.
LXV.
Indicative Mood. Past tense, negatively.
| Watakusi wa motteimasenanda, | I had not. |
| Anata wa, | you had not. |
| Kono or Sono okata, | she or he had not. ​ |
| Watakusi domo wa motteimasenanda, | we had not. |
| Anata gata, | you had not. |
| Kono or Sono okata, | she or he had not. |
Mi tuki izen ni, three months ago. Roku nen izen ni, six years ago.
| Kimasita, came, or has or have come. | Kaimasu, buy, or buys. |
| Ikutu, how old, how many. | Haori, coat. |
| Ikura, how much. | Kimono, dress. |
1. Anata wa mi tuki izen ni Nipon ye kimasita ka. 2. Watakusi wa itti nen izen ni Nipon ye kimasita. 3. Anata no kiodai wa ikutu de gozarimasu ka. 4. Watakusi no kiodai wa zu ni de gozarimasu. 5. Kono okata wa Yokohama kara kimasita ka. 6. Sono okatu wa Yedo kara kimasita. 7. Anata wa Yokohama ni orimasita tokiniwa, takusan tomodati wo motteimasenanda ka. 8. Watakusi wa Yokohama ni orimasita tokiniwa tomodati wo motteimasenanda. 9. Kono haori wa ikura simasita ka. 10. Kono haori wa san riyo simasita. 11. Anata wa sono kimono wo kaimasu ka. 12. Watakusi wa sono kimono wo kaimasen.
LXVI.
1. When you were in Japan, had you many friends? 2. When I was in Japan, I had many friends. 3. How ​much does this coat cost? 4. This coat cost three riyo. 5. We have many houses in Yedo. 6. Did you come to Japan three days (mittka izen) ago? 7. I came to Japan three months ago. 8. How old are you? 9. I am twelve (years old). 10. Do you buy this dress? 11. I do not buy this dress.
LXVII.
Indicative Mood. Future.
| Watakusi wa or ga motteimasho, | I shall have. |
| Anata, | you will have. |
| Kono okata, | she or he will have. |
| Watakusi domo, | we shall have. |
| Anata gata, | you will have. |
| Kono okata, | they will have. |
Miyo niti, to-morrow. Miyo ban, to-morrow evening. Miyo asa, to-morrow morning.
Ikimasho, will or shall go. Uketorimasho, will or shall receive. Mimasho, will or shall see.
1. Watakusi ga sono hako wo motteimasho (shall hold). 2. Anata no tomodati wa Asakusa ye miyo niti itymasu ka. 3. Watakusi no tomodati wa miyo asa Asakusa ye ikimasho. 4. Watakusi wa sono shomotu wo miyo ban mimasho. 5. Itu anata no tomodati ga kono tegami wo ​uketorimasho ka. 6 Watakusi no tomodati ga sono tegami wo miyo ban uketorimasho. 7. Watakusi domo wa miyo niti Anala no iye wo mimasho. 8. Watakusi wa sono kane wo miyo niti uketorimasho. 9. Itu kono okata wa Yedo ye ikimasho ka. 10. Sono okata wa Yedo ye miyo niti ikimasho. 11. Itu anata wa kono tegami wo uketorimasita ka. 12. Watakusi wa kono tegami wo sakuzitu uketorimasita.
LXVIII.
1. When will you go to Yedo? 2. I shall go to Yedo to-morrow. 3. Shall I hold this book? 4. I shall hold that book. 5. When do you receive your money? 6. I shall receive my money to-morrow morning. 7. You will go to Asakusa to-morrow evening. 8. Shall we see that book to-day? 9. We shall see this book to-morrow. 10. When have you seen (did you see) my friend? 11. I have seen (saw) your friend yesterday.
LXIX.
Indicative Mood. Future, negatively.
| Watakusi wa motteimasumai, | I shall not have. |
| Anata wa motteimasumai, | you will not have. |
| Kono okata wa, | he will not have. |
| Watakusi domo, | we shall not have. |
| Anata gata, | you will not have. |
| Kono okata, | they will not have. |
Ikimasumai, shall or will not go. Mimasumai, shall or will not see. Kimasumai, shall or will not come. Made, till.
1. Anata no tomodati wa konniti Yedo ye ikimasu ka. 2. Watakusi no tomodati wa konniti Yedo ye ikimasen. 3. Anata wa miyo niti Asakusa ye ikimasho ka. 4. Watakusi wa miyo niti Asakusa ye ikimasumai. 5. Anata no kiodai wa miyo ban Kanagawa ye ikimasho ka. 6. Watakusi no kiodai wa miyo ban Kanagawa ye ikimasumai. 7. Anata no tomodati wa miyo niti anata no iye ni kimasho ka. 8. Watakusi no tomodati wa niyo niti watakusi no iye ni kimasumai. 9. Kono hito wa sono kane wo miyo ban made motteimasho ka (will keep)? 10. Sono hito wa kono kane wo miyo ban made motteimasumai. 11. Anata wa kono okata wo miyo niti mimasho ka. 12. Watakusi wa kono hito wo miyo niti mimasumai.
LXX.
1. I shall not go to Yedo to-morrow. 2. Shall we go to Yokohama? 3. We shall not go to Yokohoma to-morrow. 4. Will your friends come to my house? 5. My friends will not come to your house. 6. You will see my friend to-day. 7. I shall not see your brother to-morrow, because I shall go to Yedo. 8. Where will you go to-morrow? 9. I shall go to Kanagawa to-morrow. 10. I shall wait (matteimasho) ​till you come. 11. How much did this coat cost? 12. This coat cost three riyo.
LXXI.
| Iku, to go. | Hasiru, to run. |
| Kiku, to hear. | Sosiru, to sneer at. |
| Suku, to like. |
Indicative. Present.
Ikimasu, go, or goes. Kikimasu, hear, or hears. Sukimasu, like, or likes. Ikimasen, do not go, or does not go. Kikimasen, do not hear, or does not hear. Sukimasen, do not like, or does not like.
LXXII.
1. Do you like flowers? 2. I do not like flowers. 3. Where do you go? 4. I go to Tedo. 5. When do you go to Asakusa? 6. I go to Asakusa to-day. 7. Does your brother like saké? 8. My brother does not like saké. 9. Does your son like meat (niku)? 10. My son likes meat. 11. Where does your friend go? 12. My friend goes to his room (heya).
LXXIII.
Indicative. Past.
Sukimasita, liked, or has or have liked. Ikimasita, went, or has or have gone. Kikimasita, heard, or has or have heard. Hasirimasita, ran, or has or have run. Sosirimasita, sneered at, or has or have sneered at.
Negatively.
Sukimasenanda, has or have not liked. Ikimasenanda, has or have not gone. Kikimasenanda, has or have not heard. Hasirimasenanda, has or have not run. Sosirimasenanda, has or have not sneered.
| Hanasi, story. | Hayaku, quickly. |
| Sinbun, news. | Hito, person, or others. |
1. Sakuzitu anata wa Yedo ye ikimasita ka. 2. ​Watakusi wa sakuzitu Yedo ye ikimasenanda. 3. Doko ye anata no kiodai wa ikimasita ka. 4. Watakusi no kiodai wa Kanagawa ye ikimasita. 5. Itu anata wa sono sinbun wo kikimasita ka. 6. Watakusi wa sono sinbun wo sakuzitu kikimasita. 7. Anata wa kono hanasi wo kikimasita ka. 8. Watakusi wa sono hanasi wo kikimasenanda. 9. Anata no segare wa hayaku hasirimasu ka. 10. Watakusi no segare wa hayaku hasirimasen. 11. Anata wa izen kono hana wo sukimasita ka. 12. Watakusi wa izen sono hana wo sukimasita.
LXXIV.
1. Did you like my house? 2. I liked your house. 3. Did you hear that news? 4. I heard that news yesterday. 5. Did you run quickly? 6. I did not run quickly. 7. Does my friend sneer at others? 8. Your friend sneered at others yesterday. 9. Did you go to your brother’s house? 10. I went to my brother’s house.
LXXV.
Indicative Mood. Future.
Sukimasho, will or shall like. Ikimasho, will or shall go. Kikimasho, will or shall hear. Hasirimasho, will or shall run. Sasirimasho, will or shall sneer at. ​Sukimasumai, will or shall not like. Ikimasumai, will or shall not go.
1. Anata no kiodai wa sono shomotu wo sukimasho ka. 2. Watakusi no kiodai wa sono shomotu wo sukimasho. 3. Anata wa miyo niti Yedo ye ikimasho ka. 4. Watakusi wa miyo niti Yedo ye ikimasumai. 5. Watakusi domo wa sono hanasi wo miyo niti kikimasho. 6. Anata no musume wa kono hana wo sukimasho ka. 7. Watakusi no musume wa sono hana wo sukimasumai. 8. Anata wa doko ye ikimasu ka. 9. Watakusi Kanagawa ye ikimasu. 10. Itu anata no tomodati wa Asakusa ye ikimasita ka. 11. Watakusi no tomodati wa sakuzitu Asakusa ye ikimasita. 12. Watakusi no kiodai wa miyo niti Yedo ye ikimasumai.
LXXVI.
LXXVII.
| Tokeru, to melt. | Okiru, to get up. |
| Kangayeru, to think. | Miru, to see. |
| Taduneru, to seek. | Otiru, to fall. |
Indicative. Present.
Tokemasu, melt or melts. Kangayemasu, think or thinks. Tadunemasu, look for or looks for. Okimasu, get up or gets up. Mimasu, see or sees. Otimasu, fall or falls. Tokemasen, has or have not melted. Kangayemasen, has or have not thought.
| Ame, rain. | Iti zi, one o’clock. |
| Yuki, snow. | Ni zi, two o’clock. |
| Maiasa, every morning. | Hati zi, eight o’clock. |
| Mainiti, every day. | Tenki, weather. |
| Attakani, warm. |
1. Nan doki ni anata wa maiasa okimasu ka. 2. Watakusi wa maiasa hatti zi ni okimasu. 3. Nani wo anata wa mainiti mimasu ka. 4. Watakusi wa mainiti shomotu wo mimasu. 5. Tenki ga attakani gozarimasu kara yuki ga tokemasu. 6. Anata no tomodati wa mainiti anata no kiodai wo mimasu. 7. Konniti wa attakani gozarimasu kara yuki ga tokemasu. 8. Anata wa nani wo kangayemasu ka. 9. Watakusi wa shomotu wo kongayemasu. 10. Anata no musume wa nani wo tadunemasu ka. ​11. Watakusi no musume wa shomotu wo tadunemasu. 12. Anata no tomodati wa mainiti nan doki ni okimasu ka. 13. Watakusi no tomodati wa maiasa hati zi ni okimasu. 14. Yuki ga tokemasen. 15. Watakusi wa konniti tomodati wo mimasen.
LXXVIII.
1. At what time do your friends get up? 2. They get up at eight o’clock. 3. What does your brother look for? 4. My brother looks for (his) books. 5. What do you think of? 6. Do you see your friends every day? 7. I see my friends every morning. 8. I think about (my) books. 9. Do you get up every morning at eight? 10. I get up at eight every morning. 11. Do your daughters see books? 12. My daughters see books. 13. I do not see your friends. 14. I do not look for books.
LXXIX.
Indicative Mood. Past.
Tokemasita, melt, or has or have melted. Kangayemasita, thought, or has or have thought. Tadunemasita, looked for, or has or have looked for. Okimasita, got up, or has or have got up. Mimasita, saw, or has or have seen. Okimasita, fell, or has or have fallen. Tokemasenanda, has or have not melted. Kangayemasenanda, has or have not thought. Tadunemasenanda, has or have not looked for.
| Konchō, this morning. | Dōsite, how. |
| Naze, why. | Kimono, dress. |
| Koto, matter. |
1. Yuki ga konchō tokemasita. 2. Anata wa konchō nan doki ni okimasita ka. 3. Watakusi wa konchō hatti zi ni okimasita. 4. Konniti wa attakani gozarimasen kara yuki ga takemasen. 5. Anata wa kono koto wa kangayemasita ka. 6. Watakusi wa sono koto wo kongayemasenanda. 7. Anata wa sakuzitu nani wo Asakusa de mimasita ka. 8. Watakusi wa sakuzitu Asakusa de tori wo mimasita. 9. Anata wa nani wo tadunemasu ka. 10. Watakusi wa kimono wo tadunemasu. 11. Anata wa naze kono shomotu wo sukimasen ka. 12. Sono shomotu wa omosiroku (amusing) gozarimasen kara watakusi wa sukimasen. 13. Anata wa konniti watakusi no segare wo mimasita ka. 14. Watakusi wa anata no tomodati wo mimasita.
LXXX.
1. Have you thought about that matter? 2. I did not think about that matter. 3. What are you looking for? 4. I look for your brother’s book. 5. What time did you get up this morning? 6. I got up this morning at eight o’clock. 7. Why have you not seen my friend yesterday? 8. I have not seen your friend yesterday, because I did not go to Yokohama. 9. Where did you go yesterday? 10. I went to Asakusa ​yesterday. 11. What does your brother look for? 12. My brother looks for (his) book.
LXXXI.
Indicative Mood. Future.
Tokemasho, will or shall melt. Kangayemasho, will or shall think. Tadunemasho, will or shall look for. Okimasho, will or shall get up. Mimasho, will or shall see. Tokemasumai, will or shall not melt. Kangayemasumai, will or shall not think. Okimasumai, will or shall not get up.
| Miyo niti, to-morrow. | Hayaku, early. |
Miyo asa, to-morrow morning.
1. Miyo niti yuki ga tokemasho ka. 2. Miyo nit yuki wa tokemasumai. 3. Anata no tomodati wa miyo asa nan doki ni okimasho ka. 4. Watakusi no tomodati wa miyo niti hatti zi ni okimasho ka. 5. Anata wa miyo asa hayaku okimasho ka. 6. Watakusi wa miyo asa hayaku okimasumai. 7. Anata wa nani wo usinaimasita ka. 8. Watakusi wa kane wo usinaimasita. 9. Anata wa sore wo tadunemasita ka. 10. Watakusi wa sore wo tadunemasenanda. 11. Anata no kiodai wa miyo niti watakusi no tomodati wo nimasho ka. 12. Watakusi no kiodai wa miyo niti Yedo ye ikimasen kara, Anata no ​tomodati wo mimasumai. 13. Naze anata no kicdai wa miyo niti Yedo ye ikimasumai ka. 14. Watakusi no kiodai wa biyokide (ill) gozarimasu kara ikimasumai.
LXXXII.
1. What time will you get up to-morrow morning? 2. I shall get up to-morrow morning at eight o’clock. 3. Will you see me to-morrow in Yedo? 4. I shall not see you to-morrow. 5. Does your daughter get up early every morning? 6. She gets up every morning at six o’clock (roku zi). 7. Why do your friends go to Yedo to-day? 8. My friends go to Yedo because (they) have (their) houses (there). 9. What do you look for? 10. I look for my books. 11. Have you lost (your) money? 12. I have lost my knife (hōchō).
LXXXIII.
Indicative. Present.
| Kuru, to come. | Zonzuru, to know. |
| Suru, to do. | Kurū, to be wild. |
| Kioiku sure, to educate. | Kanzuru, to admire. |
Kimasu, come or comes. Simasu, do or does. Kioiku simasu, educate or educates. Kanzimasu, admire or admires.
| Ki, mind. | Saiku, workmanship. |
| Zinmin, people. | Ye, picture. |
| Dō or Dosite, how. |
1. Anata wa mainiti nani wo simasu ka. 2. Watakusi wa mainiti shomotu yomimasu (read). 3. Anata no tomodati wa mainiti nani wo simasu ka. 4. Watakusi no tomodati wa mainiti ye wo kakimasu (paints). 5. Anata no kiodai wa konniti koko ye kimasu ka. 6. Watakusi no kiodai wa konniti koko ye kimasu. 7. Anata wa kono saiku wo mimasita ka. 8. Watakusi wa mada (yet) kono saiku wo mimasenanda. 9. Anata wa kore wo dō omoimasu (think of) ka. 10. Watakusi wa sore ni kanzimasu. 11. Zinmin wo kioiku suru ga yō gozarimasu. 12. Anata wa kono saiku ni kanzimasu ka. 13. Watakusi wa sono saiku ni kanzimasu. 14. Anata wa konniti watakusi no iye ye kimasu ka. 15. Watakusi wa konniti anata no iye ye ikimasen.
LXXXIV.
LXXXV.
Indicative Mood. Past.
Kimasita, came, or has or have come. Simasita, did, or has or have done. Kioiku simasita, educated, or has or have educated. Kimasenanda, has or have not come. Simasenanda, has or have not done.
| Sibai or Sibaya, theatre. | Sitateya, tailor. |
| Tera, church. | Kutuya, shoemaker. |
1. Anata wa koko ye itu kimasita ka. 2. Watakusi wa koko ye sakuzitu kimasita. 3. Sakuzitu anata wa nani wo simasita ka. 4. Sakuzitu watakusi wa shomotu wa yomimasita. 5. Anata wa konniti sibai ye ikimasu ka. 6. Watakusi wa konniti tera ye ikimasu. 7. Dare ga kimamasita ka. 8. Sitateya ga kimasita. 9. Anata wa kimono wo kosirayemasu (make) ka. 10. Watakusi wa haori wo kosirayemasu. 11. Anata wa konchō nani wo simasita ka. 12. Watakusi wa konchō sinbunsi (newspaper) mo yomimasita. 13. Anata wa kono saiku ni kanzimasita ka. 14. Watakusi wa kono saiku ni kanzimasita.
LXXXVI.
1. Where did you go yesterday? 2. I went to Asakusa. 3. Did you read the newspaper yesterdad? 4. I read the newspaper yesterday. 5. Did you come to my ​house last night (saku ya)? 6. I came to your house last night, but you were not at home. 7. Did you go to church this morning? 8. Who came here yesterday? 9. A shoemaker came here yesterday. 10. Yesterday a tailor came here. 11. Do you make a coat ? 12. I make a cloak (tonbi). 13. Do you come here every morning? 14. I come here every morning.
LXXXVII.
Indicative Mood. Future.
Kimasho, shall or will come. Simasho, shall or will do or make. Kanzimasho, will or shall admire. Kimasumai, will or shall not come. Simasumai, will or shall not do or make.
1. Itu anata no tomodati wa koko ye kimasho ka. 2. Watakusi no tomodati wa koko ye kimasumai. 3. Dokoye anata wa ikimasu ka. 4. Watakusi wa konniti Yokohama ya ikimasu. 5. Nani wo watakusi wa miyo niti simasho ka. 6. Anata wa miyo niti tera ye ikimasho. 7. Konniti anata no kiodai wa watakusi no iye ye kimasumai ka. 8. Watakusi no kiodai wa konniti anata no iye ye kimasumai. 9. Anata wa mainiti nani wo simasu ka. 10. Watakusi wa mainiti shomotu wo yomimasu. 11. Anata no tomodati wa mainiti gakkō (school) ye ikimasu ka. 12. Watakusi no tomodati wa ​mainiti gakkō ye ikimasen. 13. Sono okata wa kono saiku ni kanzimasho ka. 14. Kono okata wa sonosaiku ni kanzimasho. 15. Anata wa watakusi no tomodati wo itu mimasita ka. 16. Watakusi wa anata no tomodati wo sakusitu mimasita. 17. Tenki ga yō gozarimasu.
LXXXVIII.
1. What did you do yesterday? 2. I went to Yokohama. 3. What does your brother do every day? 4. My brother goes to school every day. 5. Where are you going? 6. I am going to Asakusa. 7. When will your friend come to my house? 8. My friend will come to your house to-morrow evening. 9. Do you go to church often (tabitabi)? 10. I go to church sometimes (toki-doki). 11. Will your brother admire this workmanship if (he) sees (it)? 12. My brother will admire this workmanship. 13. Shall we go to Yokohama to-night. 14. My brother will go to Yokohama to-morrow evening. 15. Do you like tea? 16. I like tea. 17. Do you drink saké? 18. I drink saké.
LXXXIX.
| Mattu, to wait. | Usinau, to lose. |
| Utaū, to sing. | Kaku, to write, or to paint. |
| Konomu, to like. | Uru, to sell. |
| Hanasu, speak. |
| Nasi, pear. | Igilisu kotoba, English language. |
| Kudamono, fruit. |
| Mikan, orange. | Furansu kotoba, French language. |
| Uta, song. |
| Tegami, letter. |
1. Anata wa tegami wo kakimasita ka. 2. Watakusi wa tegami wo kakimasita. 3. Kore wa anata ga mimasita shomotu de gozarimasu ka. 4. Kore wa watakusi ga mimasita shomotu de gozarimasu. 5. Anata wa dokoye ikimasu ka. 6. Watakusi wa anata ga sakuzitu ikimasita tokoro (the place) ye ikimasu. 7. Anata wa uta wo utaimasu ka. 8. Watakusi wa uta wo utaimasen ga (but) watakusi no musume ga utaimasu. 9. Anata no tomodati wa nashi wo konomimasu ka. 10. Watakusi no tomodati wa mikan wo konomimasu. 11. Sono okata wa Igilisu kotoba wo hanasimasu ka. 12. Kono okata wa Furansu kotoba wo hanasimasu. 13. Anata wa kokode dare wo mattimasu ka. 14. Watakusi wa kokode watakusi no tomodati wo mattimasu. 15. Anata wa kudamono wo konomimasu ka. 16. Watakusi wa kudamono wo konomimasen ga watakusi no musume ga konomimasu. 17. Dare ​ga kono shomotu wo urimasu ka. 18. Shomotuya (book-seller) ga kono shomotu wo urimasu.
XC.
1. Does your brother speak the French language? 2. My brother speaks the English language. 3. Did you write your letters last night? 4. I did not write my letters last night, but my brother wrote (them). 5. Is that the man whom you saw yesterday? 6. That is the man whom I saw yesterday. 7. Does your friend like oranges? 8. My friend likes oranges. 9. Is this the man who sells cloth? 10. This is the man who sells cloth. 11. Do you wait here for your brother? 12. I wait here for my daughter. 13. How much does this book cost (simasu)? 14. This book costs three shillings (san bu). 15. Does your friend sing a song? 16. My friend does not sing a song.
XCI.
| To, …, to, and. | Iro, colour. |
| Keredomo, but. | Kireina, kireini, beautiful. |
| Watakusi no, mine. | Hanahada, very. |
| Atai, price. | Mairimasu, go, or goes. |
1. Watakusi to watakusi no kiodai to ga konniti Asakusa ye mairimasu (go). 2. Watakusi wa Igilisu kotoba wo hanasimasen keredomo watakusi no kiodai ga ​hanasimasu. 3. Anata wa ima doko ni orimasu ka. 4. Watakusi wa ima Yokohama ni orimasu. 5. Kono shomotu wa anata no de gozarimasu ka. 6. Kono shomotu wa watakusi no kiodai no de gozarimasu. 7. Kono shomotu wa watakusi no de gozarimasen. 8. Kono tanmono no atai wa ikura de gozarimasu ka. 9. Kono tanmono no atai wa go riyo de gozarimasu. 10. Anata no kimono no iro wa kireini gozarimasu. 11. Anata no niwa ni arimasu hana wa hanahada kireini gozarimasu. 12. Anata no tomodati wa watakusi no niwa wo mimasita ka. 13. Watakusi no tomodati wa mada (yet) anata no niwa wo mimasenanda. 14. Sakuzitu anata wa nani wo simasita ka. 15. Sakuzitu watakusi wa tomodati no iye ye ikimasita. 16. Anata no tomodati wa dokoni orimasu ka. 17. Watakusi no tomodati wa Yedo ni orimasu. 18. Anata wa konniti tegami wo anata no tomodati ye okurimasu (send) ka. 19. Watakusi wa konniti tegami wo watakusi no haha ni okurimasu. 20. Konchō anata wa sinbunsi (newspaper) wo mimasita ka. 21. Watakusi wa konchō mada sinbunsi wo mimasenanda.
XCII.
1. The flowers (which) are in your garden are very beautiful. 2. Do you like flowers? 3. I like flowers. 4. Where do you go to? 5. I go to my friend’s house. 6. What do you do every day? 7. I read books every day. 8. Did you. receive my letter yesterday? 9. I ​received your letter this morning. 10. I do not like those pictures, but my friends like (them). 11. This is the workmanship (which) I saw three years ago. 12. Who came here to-day? 13. The tailor and draper (tanmonoya) came here to-day. 14. How much does this cloth cost? 15. That cloth costs three riyo. 16. Will your friends come to your house this evening? 17. My friends will come to my house this evening.
XCIII.
| Mosi… nara, if. | Tatoye… nisiro or sitemo, although. |
Mosi watakusi ga sono okata wo mimasita nara kono tegami wo watasimasho. If I see him, (I) shall deliver the letter (to him).
Tatoye konniti wa yoi tenki de gozarimasu nisiro, miyoniti wa uten de gozarimasho. ALthough it may be fine to-day, yet to-morrow it will rain.
| Onasi or Onazi, koto or mono, the same thing. | Konniti wa, good day. |
| Kinu, silk. | Īye or Īya, no. |
| Sazi, spoon. | Wasuremasita, has or have forgotten or forgot. |
| Sayōnara, good-bye. |
XCIV.
1. Although it is fine now, it will rain presently (imani). 2. Have you forgotten me? 3. No, I have ​not forgotten you. 4. Where are you living now? 5. I am living in Yedo. 6. When are you coming to my house? 7. I am going to your house to-day. 8. Have you bought this silk? 9. Yes, I bought that silk. 10. How much did that cost? 11. This cost three riyo a foot (iti shaku). 12. If I see your friend to-day, what shall I say (to him)? 13. If you see my friend to-day, deliver (watasite kudasare) this letter (to him). 14. Did you live in England a long time (nagaku)? 15. I lived in England three years. 16. I have lost my book.
XCV.
Yakusoku suru, To promise, to make an agreement.
The word to (with) must be put after the names of persons to whom we make a promise.
Watakusi wa kono okata to miyo niti Yedo ye iku yakusoku simasita. I promised you to go to Yedo to-morrow.
| Watasu, to deliver. | Shabon, soap. |
| Tou, to ask. | Tenugui, towel. |
1. Anata wa konchō anata no tomodati ni tegami wo okurimasita ka. 2. Watakusi wa tegami wo sakuzitu okurimasita. 3. Anata wa kono kane wo dare ni watasimasu ka. 4. Watakusi wa kono kane wo watakusi no tomodati ni okurimasu. 5. Itu anata wa sono kane wo kono okata ni watasimasita ka. 6. Sakuzitu watakusi wa ​sono kane wo kono okata ni watasimasita. 7. Anata wa sono koto wo anata no tomodati ni toimasita ka. 8. Īye watakusi wa sono koto wo mada toimasenanda. 9. Anata wa watakusi no segare to miyo niti Yedo ye iku yakusoku simasita ka. 10. Īye watakusi wa anata no tomodati to Yokohama ye iku yakusoku simasita. 11. Sakuya anatagata wa sibai ye ikimasita ka. 12. Īye watakusi domo wa sakuzitu Asakusa ye ikimasita. 13. Anata wa konniti tegami wo anata no kuni (country) kara uketorimasita ka. 14. Sayo, watakusi wa tegami wo watakusi no haha kara uketorimasita.
XCVI.
XCVII.
In the Japanese, when we apply ko (son), kanai (wife), and kiodai (brother) to those of others, we prefix o or go before these words merely to express our respect to others.
Watakusi no ko, my son. Anata no o ko [special courtesy], your son. Watakusi no kanai, my wife. Anata no go kanai [special courtesy], your wife.
| Noru, to ride. | Jōkisen, steamer. |
| Kayeru, to return. | Jōkisha, railway train. |
XCVIII.
1. Did you come here by a train or steamer? 2. I came by a steamer. 3. Are there railways in your country? 4. There is a railway in my country. 5. Is your wife in your house? 6. No, my wife went to Yokohama. 7. Is that your brother? 8. No, that is my friend. 9. I have seen your daughter in Asakusa. 10. When did you see my daughter in Asakusa? 11. I saw your daughter three days ago. 12. When will your brother return from Kanagawa? 13. My brother will return to-day. 14. Did you ride in the train often (tabitabi). 15. No, I rode in the train three times (san do).
XCIX.
When we apply haha (mother) and titi (father) to those of others, we add the word sama, or sometimes we use altogether different words:—Okkasan for mother, and ottossan for father.
Anata no titisama or ottossan, your father. Watakusi no haha or titi, my mother, or father.
| Oji, uncle. | Oba, aunt. |
| Asa-mesi, breakfast. | Taberu, to eat. |
| Hiru-mesi, dinner. | Nomu, to drink. |
| Ban-mesi, supper. | Sakana, fish. |
C.
1. Where is your brother? 2. My brother is in the house. 3. I have seen your mother in the garden. 4. Did you finish (sumimasita) your breakfast? 5. Yes, I finished my breakfast. 6. At what time does your ​father get up? 7. My father gets up at seven o’clock. 8. What do you eat at dinner? 9. I eat meat and fish. 10. Does your mother like meat? 11. My mother likes meat. 12. At what time do you eat supper? 13. I eat supper at six o’clock. 14. Do you write a letter to your father every day? 15. Yes, I write a letter to my father every day. 16. Will your brother return here to-day? 17. I do not know (zouzimasen). 18. Have you seen the railway trains? 19. Yes, I rode in the train often (tabitabi).
CI.
| Sosiraremasu, | is, or are sneered at. |
| Sosiraremasita, | was, or were sneered at. |
| Wutaremasu, | is, or are beaten. |
| Wutaremasita, | was, or were beaten. |
| Miraremasu, | is, or are seen or looked at. |
| Miraremasita, | was, or were seen or looked at. |
| Hana mi ni, to see the flower. | Sakura, cherry-tree, or flower. |
| Fune, ship, or boat. | Sakuzitu, yesterday. |
| Inu, dog. | Mati, street. |
| Sono hito, that person. | Kisi, bank. |
| Kawa, river. | Fuzin, lady. |
1 Kono inu wa hito ni wutaremasu ka. 2. Īye, kno inu wa hito ni wutaremasen. 3. Sono inu wa sakuzitu hito ni wutaremasita. 4. Sono fuzin wa hito ni ​miraremasu ka. 5. Kono fuzin wa sakuzitu hito ni miraremasita. 6. Dokode sono fuzin wa hito ni miraremasita ka. 7. Mati de miraremasita. 8. Itudemo kireina fuzin wa hito ni miraremasu. 9. Anata wa hana mini ikimasita ka. 10. Watakusi wa fune de hana mini ikimasita. 11. Sakura wa doko nī gozarimasu ka. 12. Sakura wa kawa no kisi ni gozarimasu. 13. Sakura wa fune kara miraremasu ka. 14. Hei fane kara miraremasu. 15. Sakura wa kireina hana de gozarimasu ka. 16. Sakura wa hanada kireini gozarimasu. 17. Sono fuzin wa hito ni sosiraremasu ka. 18. Īye, kono fuzin wa hito ni homeraremasu (is praised). 19. Sono hito wa hito ni homeraremasu ka matawa sosiraremasu ka. 20. Kono hito wa hito ni homeraremasu. 21. Mainiti tenki ga yō gozarimasu kara, sakura no hana ga kireini gozarimasho. 22. Dare ga hana mini ikimasu ka. 23. Watakusi no tomodati to watakusi ga hana mini ikimasu. 24. Hana wa doko ni takusan arimasu ka. 25. Muko zima ni arimasu.
CII.
1. Was this lady seen by the people yesterday? 2. Yes, this lady was seen by the people. 3. Where was that lady seen by the people? 3. This beautiful lady was seen by the people everywhere (dokodemo). 5. Where did you go yesterday? 6. I went to see the flower. 7. Where is the flower? 8. (It) is on the bank of a river. 9. When did you go to the theatre? ​10. I went to the theatre yesterday. 11. Was that person sneered at by the people? 12. No, that person was not sneered at by the people. 13. How did you go to see the flower? 14. I went in a boat. 15. Who was beaten yesterday? 16. This dog was beaten yesterday. 17. Do you write a letter to-morrow? 18. I write a letter to-morrow. 19. Are (there) cherry-trees in the street? 20. Yes, there are cherry-trees in the street. 21. The flower of a cherry-tree is beautiful. 22. I do not go to see the flower, but my friend goes.
CIII.
| Miyemasu, | can see. |
| Miru koto ga dekimasu, | can see. |
| Ikemasu, | can go. |
| Iku koto ga dekimasu, | can go. |
| Yomemasu, | can read. |
| Yomu koto ga dekimasu, | can read. |
| Kakemasu, | can paint, or write. |
| Kaku koto ga dekimasu, | can paint, or write. |
| Mono, thing. | Mono, thing. | Mono, thing. | Tada ima, just now. |
| Tōku, | | distance. | Yozi, business. |
| Yenpo, | | distance. | Megane, spectacle. |
| Musi, insect. | Musi, insect. | Musi, insect. | Saka duki, saké cup. |
1. Konniti sibai ye anata wa ikemasu ka. 2. Hei, watakusi wa konniti sibai ye iku koto ga dekimasu. 3. Anata wa kono tisana musi wo miru koto ga ​dekimasu ka. 4. Īye, sono musi wa miyemasen. 5. Anata wa yenpo ga miyemasu ka. 6. Watakusi wa megane nasini yenpo ga miyemasen. 7. Anata wa tada ima Yokohama ye iku koto ga dekimasu ka. 8. Watakusi wa itudemo ikemasu. 9. Konniti anata wa hana mini iku koto ga dekimasu ka. 10. Watakusi wa konniti hana mini iku koto ga dekimasu. 11. Anata wa kono tisai mono wo megane nasini miru koto ga dekimasu ka. 12. Īye, watakusi wa megane nasini sore wo miru koto ga dekimasen. 13. Izen anata wa dokoni orimasita. ka. 14. Watakusi wa izen Nagasaki ni orimasita. 15. Mata anata wa Nagasaki ye ikimasu ka. 16. Hei, watakusi wa, yozi ga arimasu kara, Nagasaki ye ikimasu. 17. Anata wa Nagasaki kara kayaku kayeru koto ga dekimasu. 18. Īye, watakusi wa hayaku kayeru koto ga dekimasen. 19. Sokoni sakaduki ga arimasu ka. 20. Īye, kokoni sakaduki wa arimasen. 21. Anata wa kono shomotu wo yomu koto ga dekimasu ka. 22. Īye, watakusi wa sono shomotu wo yomu koto ga dekimasen. 23. Anata wa ye ga kakemasu ka. 24. Watakusi wa ye ga kakemasu.
CIV.
1. Have you any buisness to-day? 2. No, I have not any business. 3. Can you go to Asakusa this morning? 4. I can go (there) just now. 5. Can you read this book? 6. I can read that book. 7. Can you write ​a letter to-day? 8. Yes, I can write a letter to-day. 9. Can you see this small insect without spectacles? 10, Yes, I can see (it). 11. Where do you go every day? 12. I go to see the flower every day. 13. Can you go to see the flower every morning? 14. I can go to see the flower every morning. 15. Was this dog beaten by the people last night? 16. Yes, this dog was beaten last night. 17. Can you paint a picture? 18. Yes, I can paint a picture. 19. Can you go to Nagasaki in a ship? 20. Yes, I can go to Nagasaki in a ship. 21. Can you see that? 22. I can see that. 23. Can you read this English word? 24 Yes, I can read (it).
CV.
| Ikemasita, | could go. |
| Iku koto ga dekimasita, | could go. |
| Ikemasen, | cannot go. |
| Iku koto ga dekimasen, | cannot go. |
| Miyemasen, | cannot see. |
| Miru koto ga dekimasen, | cannot see. |
| Kumo, spider. | Tōmegane, telescope. |
| Inaka, country. | Hai, fly. |
| Turi, fishing. | Hane, wing. |
| Kenbikiyo, microscope. | Asi, foot, or feet. |
1. Anata wa konniti sibai ye ikemasu ka. 2. Īye, watakusi wa konniti ikemasen. 3. Anata wa sakuzitu ​Asakusa ye iku koto ga dekimasita ka. 4. Hei, dekimasita. 5. Anata wa kono hai wo kenbi kiyo de mimasita ka. 6. Watakusi wa sono hai no hane wo kenbikiyo de mimasita. 7. Anata wa sono liane wo yoku miru koto ga dekimasita ka. 8. Hei, watakusi wa sore wo yoku miru koto ga dekimasita. 9. Watakusi wa kumo no asi wo kenbikiyo nasini yoku miru koto ga dekimasen. 10. Anata wo koncho inaka ye iku koto ga dekimasu ka. 11. Īye, koncho watakusi wa iku koto ga dekimasen. 12. Anata wa mainiti turi ni iku koto ga dekimasu ka. 13. Īye, watakusi wa mainiti turini iku koto wa dekimasen. 14. Itu anata wa inaka ye iku koto ga dekimasu ka. 15. Koncho watakusi wa ikimasu. 16. Anata wa nani wo tōmegane de mimasu ka. 17. Watakusi wa tōmegane de hosi wo mimasu. 18. Anata wa sore wo tōmegane nasi ni miru koto ga dekimasu ka. 19. Watakusi wa tomegane nasi ni miru koto ga dekimasu. 20. Anata wa sakuzitu hana mini iku koto ga dekimasita. 21. Sakuzitu hana mini iku koto ga dekimasita. 22. Anata wa kono musi no asi wo kenbikiyo de miru koto ga dekimasita ka. 23. Hei, miru koto ga dekimasita. 24. Anata wa kono shomotu wo yomu koto ga dekimasita ka. 25. Hei, sono shomotu wo yomu koto ga dekimasita.
CVI.
1. Could you go to a tailor yesterday? 2. Yes, I could go to a tailor yesterday. 3. When did you go ​to a shoemaker? 4. I went to a shoemaker yesterday. 5. Could you see this small wing with a microscope? 6. Yes, I saw it with a microscope. 7. Why could you not go to see the flower yesterday? 8. I could not go to see the flower yesterday, because I had business (or there was business). 9. How did you go to Nagasaki? 10. I went in a ship. 11. At what time can you go to Yokohama to-day? 12. I can go to Yokohama directly. 13. Can you see this small work without a microscope? 14. No, I cannot see this small work without a microscope. 15. Have you seen the wing of a fly with a microscope? 16. Yes, I have seen (it). 17. Can you see the foot of a spider well without a microscope? 18, No, I cannot see (it) well. 19. When you were in Japan, did you go to Asakusa? 20. Yes, when I was in Japan, I went to Asakusa. 21. When you were in Japan, were you able to go to see the flower? 22. When I was in Tokio, I went in a boat to see the flower. 23. Was this small dog beaten by the people yesterday? 24. No, this small dog was not beaten.
CVIII.
| Miyemasho, | | Will, or shall be able to see. |
| Miru koto ga dekimasho, | | Will, or shall be able to see. |
| Miyemasumai, | | Will, or shall not be able to see. |
| Miru koto ga dekimasumai, | ​ | Will, or shall not be able to see. |
| Ikemasho, | | Will, or shall be able to go. |
| Iku koto ga dekimasho, | | Will, or shall be able to go. |
| Ikemasumai, | | Will, or shall not be able to go. |
| Iku koto ga dekimasumai, | | Will, or shall not be able to go. |
| Kaze, wind. | Koye, sound, or voice. |
| Kiku, chrysanthemum. | Tori, bird. |
| Yuri, lily. | Wuguisu, nightingale. |
| Ayame, sweet flag. | Wataru, to cross. |
| Kakitubata, iris. | Sewashū, busy. |
1. Miyoniti watakusi wa yuri no hana wo miru koto ga dekimasho ka. 2. Hei, Anata wa miyoniti yuri no hana wo miru koto ga dekimasho. 3. Nitiyoniti ni watakusi wa sono ye wo miru koto ga dekimasho ka. 4. Īye, nitiyoniti ni wa miru koto ga dekimasen ga getuyoniti ni dekimasho. 5. Asakusa ye watakusi wa miyoniti fune de iku koto ga dekimasho ka. 6. Hei, dekimasho. 7. Wumi wo fune de wataru koto ga dekimasu ka. 8. Konniti anata wa fune de wataru koto ga dekimasen. 9. Miyoniti fune de wumi wo wataru koto ga dekimasho ka. 10. Hei, Miyoniti anata wa fune de wataru koto ga dekimasho. 11. Naze konniti wataru koto ga dekimasen. 12. Konniti wa kaze ga tuyō gozarimasu kara, dekimasen. 13. Anata wa tokei wo kosirayeru koto ga dekimasu ka. 14. Hei, watakusi wa tokei wo kosirayeru koto ga dekimasu. 15. Anata wa Nipon no kotoba wo hanasu koto ga dekimasu ka. 16. Watakusi wa Nipon no kotoba wo sukosi hamasu koto ga ​dekimasu. 17. Miyoniti watakusi domo wa kiku no hana wo miru koto ga dekimasho ka. 18. Anata gata wa miyoniti kiku no hana wo miru koto ga dekimasumai. 19. Anata wa konnen (this year) wuguisu no koye wo kikimasita ka. 20. Haru (Spring) ga kimasen kara, mada watakusi wa wuguisu no koye wo kikimasen. 21. Anata wa ayame no hana wo mimasita ka. 22. Īye, mada watakusi wa ayame wo mimasen ga kakitubata wo mimasita.
CVIII.
1. Will you be able to go to the theatre to-morrow? 2. Yes, I shall be able to go to the theatre to-morrow. 3. Will your friend be able to go to Sinagawa to-morrow morning (miyocho)? 4. Yes, my friend will be able to go to Sinagawa to-morrow morning. 5. Will you be able to see that bird to-morrow? 6. Yes, I shall be able to see that bird to-morrow. 7. Will you be able to see that lily to-morrow evening? 8. Yes, I shall be able to see that lily. 9. Shall we be able to hear the voice of a nightingale in this place (koko de)? 10. You will not be able to hear the voice of a nightingale here. 11. Shall we be able to cross the sea to-day? 12. You will be able to cross the sea if there is no wind. 13. Will you be able to read this book to-morrow? 14. No, I shall not be able to read that book, because I am busy. 15. Will you be able ​to see this wing of a fly with a microscope to-morrow? 16. I shall be able to do so (Dekimasho). 17. Shall we be able to go to Mukozima in a boat to-morrow? 18. We shall be able to go to Mukozima in a boat to-morrow. 19. Have you seen that beautiful bird? 20. I have seen that beautiful bird. 21. Will you be able to go to Sikoku next year? 22. We shall not be able to go to Sikoku next year.
CIX.
| Mosi… nara, if. | Iku koto, to go. | Iku koto, to go. |
| Miyo, see (command). | Miru koto, | to see. |
| Mite kudasare, pray see (entreaty). | Mini, | to see. |
| | Yomu koto, | to read. |
| Ike, go (command). | Yomini. | to read. |
| Ite kudasare, pray go (entreaty). | Kiku koto, | to hear. |
| | Kikini, | to hear. |
1. Sore wo miyo. 2. Sore wo nite kudasare. 3. Soko ye ike. 4. Soko ye ite kudasare. 5. Anata wa Yokohama ye ikimasu nara, watakusi no tomodati no iye ye ite kudasare. 6. Anata wa konniti yōzi ga gozarimasen nara, watakusi no shomotu wo mite kudasare. 7. Anata wa hanasi wo kiku koto wo sukimasu ka. 8. Hei, watakusi wa hanasi wo kiku koto wo sukimasu. 9. Anata wa itu hanasi wo kikini ikimasu ​ka. 10. Watakusi wa hanasi wo maiban kikini ikimasu. 11. Anata wa sibai ye iku koto wo sukimasu ka. 12. Hei, watakusi wa sibai ye iku koto wo sukimasu. 13. Nipon no fuzin wa sibai ye iku koto wo sukimasu ka. 14. Hei, Nipon no fuzin wa sibai ye iku koto wo suki masu. 15. Hanasi wo kiku koto wa hanahada yō gozarimasu. 16. Sibai wo miru koto wa hanahada omosirō gazarimasu. 17. Shomotu wo yomu koto wa hanahada taisetu de gozarimasu (important). 18. Anata wa doko ye shomotu wo yomini ikimasu ka. 19. Watakusi wa shomotu wo yomini gakko ye ikimasu. 20. Anata wa gakko ye iku koto wo sukimasu ka. 21. Hei, watakusi wa gakko ye iku koto wo sukimasu. 22. Anata wa wuguisu no koye wo kiku koto sukimasu ka. 23. Watakusi wa wuguisu no koye wo kiku koto wo sukimasu. 24. Anata wa kenbikiyo de tisai mono wo miru koto wo sukimasu ka. 25. Kenbikiyo de tisai musi wo miru koto wa omosiro gozarimasu.
CX.
1. Do you like to read books? 2. Yes, I like to read books. 3. What book do you like to read? 4. I like to read a novel (kusazosi). 5. To read a novel is amusing, but to read a history (rekisi) is important. 6. Go to the left. 7. See that man. 8. Do you often go to (see) a theatre? 9. I do not go to (see) the theatre often. But I like to go to the ​theatre. 10. Does your friend like to hear an amusing story? 11. Yes, my friend likes to hear an amusing story. 12. Will you be able to go to hear a story to-day? 13. No, I shall not be able to do so. 14. Will you be able to go to see the flower to-morrow morning? 15. I shall not be able to do so. 16. Why can you not go to the theatre this evening? 17. I cannot go to the theatre to-day, because I have business (there is business). 18. If you go to Asakusa, pray go to the house of my brother. 19. If you come to my house, pray see my picture. 20. Pray see that book. 21. Where do you go to read books? 22. I go to read books in the school. 23. Do you like to go to the school every day? 24. Yes, I like to do so.
CXI.
| Oide nasare, | go. |
| Oide nasareta, | went. |
| Oide nasaren, | does, or do not go. |
| Oide nasarenanda, | did not go. |
These forms of the verb are employed to address the second person when respect is expressed. For instance, Dokoye anata wa oide nasaru ka instead of Doko ye anata wa ikimasu ka. Where do you go? The latter way of expression is quite intelligible, but the former is preferable as a mere polite expression. ​
| Goran nasaru, | see. |
| Goran nasaren, | does, or do not see. |
| Okiki nasaru, | hear. |
| Okiki nasaren, | does, or do not hear. |
| Oyomi nasaru, | read. |
| Oyomi nasaren, | does, or do not read. |
| Owuketori nasaru, | receive. |
| Owuketori nasaren, | does, or do not receive. |
| Okomomi nasaru, | like. |
| Okonomi nasaren, | does, or do not like. |
| Okosiraye nasaru, | make. |
| Okosiraye nasaren, | does, or do not make. |
| Onomi nasaru, | drink. |
| Onomi nasaren, | does, or do not drink. |
| Okirai nasaru, | dislike. |
| Okirai nasaren, | does, or do not like. |
| Otadune nasaru, | seek, or look for. |
| Otadune nasaren, | does, or do not seek. |
| Okangaye nasaru, | think. |
| Okangaye nasaren, | does, or do not think. |
1. Anata wa koncho doko ye oide nasaru ka. 2. Watakusi wa Yokohama ye ikimasu. 3. Anata wa konniti Asakusa ye oide nasaru ka. 4. Īye, konniti watakusi wa ikimasen. 5. Anata wa sakuzitu Sinagawa ye oide nasareta ka. 6. Īye, watakusi wa sakutzitu Sinagawa ye ikimasenanda. 7. Anata wa konban Kanagawa ye oide nasaru ka. 8. Īye, watakusi wa konban Kanagawa ​ye ikimasen. 9. Anata wa nani wo sakuzitu goran nasareta ka. 10. Watakusi wa sakuzitu hana wo mimasita. 11. Anata wa sakuzitu omosiroi hanasi wo okiki nasareta ka. 12. Hei, sakuzitu watakusi wa omosiroi hanasi wo kikimasita. 13. Konniti anata wa shomotu wo oyomi nasaru ka. 14. Hei, watakusi wa shomotu wo yomimasu. 15. Konncho anata wa watakusi no tegami wo owuketori nasareta ka. 16. Hei, watakusi wa anata no otegami wo koncho wuketorimasita. 17. Anata wa sibai ye iku koto wo okonomina saru ka. 18. Watakusi wa sibai ye iku koto wo konomimasu. 19. Anata ga kono kireina hako wo okosiraye nasareta ka. 20. Hei, watakusi ga kosirayemasita. 21. Anata wa sake wo onominasaru ka. 22. Īye, watakusi wa sake wo nomimasen. 23. Anata wa kono tisai inu wo okirai nasaru ka. 24. Īye, watakusi wa sono inu wo sukimasu. 25. Soko de anata wa nani wo otadune nasaru ka. 26. Watakusi wa watakusi no tomodati no shomotu wo tadune masu.
CXII.
1. What do you think (about) every day? 2. I think of something about the books (shomotu no koto wo). 3. Do you go to see a picture to-day? 4. No, I go to see the flower. 5. Did you receive my letter yesterday? 6. I did not receive your letter yesterday. 7. Did you hear an amusing story last night? 8. Yes, I heard an amusing story last night. 9. What did you ​read yesterday morning? 10. I read an amusing book yesterday morning. 11. Did you not see the beautiful flowers in Asakusa? 12. I saw the beautiful flowers in Okuyama. 13. What do you drink every day? 14. I drink tea every day. 15. Did you not drink saké last night? 16. I drank saké last night. 17. Did you dislike the garden of Asakusa? 18. I did not dislike it. 19. Did you make that beautiful cabinet (tedansu)? 20. Yes, I made that cabinet. Do you like (it)? 21. Yes, I like (it). 22. Have you not seen this picture yet (mada)? 23. No, I have not seen (it) yet. 24. What (dō) do you think of that? 25. I think that good (yoi to).
CXIII.
| Oide nasaru koto ga dekimasu, | can go. |
| Oide nasaru koto ga dekimasen, | cannot go. |
| Oide nasaru koto ga dekimasita, | could go. |
| Oide nasaru koto ga dekimasenanda, | could not go. |
| Teduma, conjuring. | Katana, sword. |
| Tedumasi, conjurer. | Karuwaza, acrobatic feats. |
| Odori, dancing. | Karuwazasi, acrobat. |
| Wuta, song. | Hebitukai, snake tamer. |
In conversation, the relative pronoun is not used. For instance, Kore wa watakusi ga yomimasita shomotu de gozarimasu. This is the book I read.
… to yuwu … called. For example, ​Sumida to yuwu kawa, a river called Sumida, Tokio to yuwu mati, city called Tokio, &c.
| Gei, acting, or art. | Tokoro, scene or place. |
| Gedai, the title of a play. | Yakusha, actor. |
| | Hanasika, storyteller. |
| Yekaki, painter. | Koshakusi, lecturer. |
| Awarena, sorrowful or touching. | Kadi, blacksmith. |
| | Kenbutunin, spectator. |
| Sansui, landscape. | Nadakai, famous. |
1. Miyoniti anata wa sibai ye oide nasaru koto ga dekimasu ka. 2. Hei, watakusi wa iku koto ga dekimasu ga doko no sibai ye anata wa oide nasaru ka. 3. Watakusi wa miyoniti Asakusa no sibai ye ikimasho. 4. Nan to yuwu sibai no gedai de gozarimasu ka. 5. Tiwusingura to yuwu gedai de gozarimasu. 6. Sono sibai ni wa awarena tokoro ga takusan gozarimasu ka. 7. Tiwusingura ni wa takusan awarena tokoro ga gozarimasu. 8. Nan to yuwu yakusha ga Asakusa no sibai ni orimasu ka. 9. Danzurō to yuwu yakusha ga orimasu. 10. Danzurō wa watakusi ga mayeni mimasita yakusha de gozarimasu. 11. Konniti anata wa Meguro to yu tokoro ye oide nasaru koto wa dekimasen ka. 12. Konniti watakusi wa dekimasen. 13. Sakuzitu anata wa karuwaza wo goran nasaru koto ga dekimasita ka. 14. Hei, dekimasita. 15. Kenbutunin ga takusan orimasita ka. 16. Kenbutunin ga takusan orimatita. 17. Sono atode (after that) nani wo goran nasareta ka. ​18. Sono atode hebitukai to tedumasi wo mimasita. 19. Sono atode oyado ye (to your house) okayerī nasareta ka. 20. Īye, sore kara mata hanasika to koshakusi wo kiki ni ikimasita. 21. Dare ga kono katana wo kosirayemasita ka. 22. Sore wa Masamune to yuwu katana kadi ga kosirayemasita katana de gozarimasita. 23. Sakuzitu odori wo goran nasaru koto ga dekimasita ka. 24. Īye, odori wo miru koto wa dekimasenanda ga wuta wo kiki ni iku koto ga dekimasita. 25. Nan to yuwu wuta wo okiki nasareta ka. 26. Yugure to yuwu wuta wo kikimasita.
CXIV.
1. Could you go to see dancing yesterday? 2. No, I could not go to see dancing yesterday, but I saw a snake-tamer. 3. Did you come home after that? 4. No, I went to (see) a theatre after that. 5. What (Doko no) theatre did you go to? 6. I went to a theatre in Asakusa. 7. What is the name of the play? 8. It is a piece called Awanonaruto. 9. Is it amusing? 10. No, it is touching. 11. Could you go to the place called Ozi yesterday? 12. Yes, I could go (there). 13. Could you not go to see conjuring yesterday? 14. No, I could not go to see conjuring, but I went to see (some) pictures. 15. What pictures did you see yesterday? 16. I saw landscapes. 17. Who painted ​them? 18. A famous painter called Hokusai painted them. 19. Where do you go to-day? 20. I go to hear a story-teller. 21. What story (Nan to yuwu hanasi) are you going to hear? 22. I am going to hear the story of Tiwusingura. 23. Who is the story-teller? 24. I do not know (his) name. 25. Tiwusingura is the story I heard before.
CXV.
Where two or more verbs are connected by the conjunction “and” in an English sentence, the verbs in a Japanese sentence change their termination except a final one, in order to avoid the repetition, of masu, masen, &c. For instance, Watakusi wa Asakusa ye ite, hana wo mite, sore kara kayerimasho. I shall go to Asakusa, see the flower and then return. Here the words iku “to go,” and miru “to see,” are respectively changed into ite and mite. These forms of the verbs remain the same whether the tense is present, past, or future.
Where a verb is governed by a relative pronoun in an English sentence, the verb in a Japanese sentence often changes its termination. For instance, Sore wa watakusi ga mita shomotu de gozarimasu, That is the book (which) I have seen. Here the verb miru “to see,” is changed into mita. The following is the declension of the verb ending in ku. ​
| Iku, to go, | Ite. |
| Iku, to go, | Ita. |
| Hataraku, to work, | Hatarite. |
| Hataraku, to work, | Hatarita. |
| Nabiku, to incline, | Nabīte. |
| Nabiku, to incline, | Nabīta. |
| Taku, to burn, | Taite. |
| Taku, to burn, | Taita. |
| Kiku, to hear. | Kīte. |
| Kiku, to hear. | Kīta. |
| Aruku, to walk, | Aruite. |
| Aruku, to walk, | Aruita. |
| Tataku, to beat, | Tataite. |
| Tataku, to beat, | Tataita. |
| Nageku, to mourn. | Nageite. |
| Nageku, to mourn. | Nageita. |
| Kaku, to write or paint, | Kaite. |
| Kaku, to write or paint, | Kaita. |
| Maneku, to beckon, | Maneite. |
| Maneku, to beckon, | Maneita. |
| Toku, to solve, or dissolve, | Toite. |
| Toku, to solve, or dissolve, | Toita. |
| Yaku, to toast, or burn, | Yaite. |
| Yaku, to toast, or burn, | Yaita. |
| Hiku, to draw, or pull, | Hīte. |
| Hiku, to draw, or pull, | Hīta. |
| Naku, to cry, or weep, | Naite. |
| Naku, to cry, or weep, | Naita. ​ |
| Tuku, to stab, | Tuite. |
| Tuku, to stab, | Tuita. |
| Sirizoku, to retire, | Sirizoite. |
| Sirizoku, to retire, | Sirizoita. |
1. Kore wa Kanaoka ga kaita ye de gozarimasu ka. 2. Īye, sore wa Hokusai to yuwu yekaki ga kaita ye de gazarimasu. 3. Watakusi wa kono tegami wo kaite okurimasu. 4. Watakusi wa sore wo ite mimasho. 5. Sore wa watakusi ga kīta hanasi de gozarimasu. 6. Watakusi wa sono koto wo kīte kanasimimasita (lamented). 7. Watakusi wa mainiti hataraite hi wo okurimasu. 8. Kore wa watakusi ga sakuzitu aruita miti de gozarimasu. 9. Anata wa konniti Asakusa made aruite oide nasaru ka. 10. Hei, Watakusi wa konniti Asakusa made aruite ikimasu. 11. Sono hito ga kono inu wo tataite korosimasita (killed). 12. Sore wa kono hito ga tataita hito de gazarimasu. 13. Watakusi wa kore wo midu ni toite ye wo kakimasu. 14. Kono hito ga sono neko wo yari (spear) de tuite korosimasita. 15. Watakusi wa miyoniti soko ye ite sono hana wo mimasho. 16. Watakusi wa sakuzitu Asakusa ye ite sono tori wo mimasita. 17. Watakusi wa hataraite kane wo mōkemasu (earn money). 18. Watakusi ga Yokohama ye ikimasita tokini minato ni takusan fune ga orimasita. 19. Kono hito ga sono ami (net) wo hīte sakana wo torimasu. 20. Anata wa Mukozima ye oide nasareta tokini sakura wo goran nasareta ka. 21. Īye, watakusi ​ga Mukozima ye ita tokini sakura wa mada gozarimasenanda.
CXVI.
1. I heard the story and returned. 2. I went there, heard that story, and returned. 3. I shall go there to-morrow, hear that story, and return. 4. When I went to Sinagawa, I saw a large dog in the street. 5. That is the story I heard last night. 6. I went to Mukozima, and saw the flower of the cherry-tree. 7. This man has beaten this dog, and killed it. 8. I shall paint a picture and send it to my friend. 9. I shall burn this stone (isi) and make it (or reduce it to) powder (ko). 10. This child heard that news and wept. 11. I shall work and earn money. 12. That is the letter I wrote yesterday. 13. That is the book I wrote. 14. I shall write a letter to-morrow and send it to that person. 15. Is this the dog which barked last night. 16. No, that is not the dog which barked last night. 17. Who painted this picture? 18. That is the picture Kanaoka painted. 19. Who sent that picture? 20. My friend painted and sent it to me.
CXVII.
The verbs ending in au.
| Au, to meet, | Ōte. |
| Au, to meet, | Ōta. ​ |
| Tatakau, to fight, | Tatakōte. |
| Tatakau, to fight, | Tatakōta. |
| Mau, to dance, | Mōte. |
| Mau, to dance, | Mōta. |
| Hau, to creep, | Hōte. |
| Hau, to creep, | Hōta. |
| Nerau, to aim, | Nerōte. |
| Nerau, to aim, | Nerōta. |
| Warau, to laugh. | Warōte. |
| Warau, to laugh. | Warōta. |
| Kau, to buy. | Sitagau, to obey. |
| Usinau, to lose. | Utagau, to doubt. |
The verbs ending in mu and imu.
| Konomu, to like, | Kononde. |
| Konomu, to like, | Kononda. |
| Nomu, to drink, | Nonde. |
| Nomu, to drink, | Nonda. |
| Tutusimu, to revere, or to be reverential, | Tutusinde. |
| Tutusimu, to revere, or to be reverential, | Tutusinda. |
| Kanasimu, to lament. | Kanasinde. |
| Kanasimu, to lament. | Kanasinda. |
| Yomu, to read. | Yonde. |
| Yomu, to read. | Yonda. |
| Tanomu, to trust. | Tanonde. |
| Tanomu, to trust. | Tanonda. |
| Tanosimu, to enjoy. | Tanosinde. |
| Tanosimu, to enjoy. | Tanosinda. ​ |
| Kurusimu, to suffer, | Kurusinde. |
| Kurusimu, to suffer, | Kurusinda. |
| Kabe, wall. | Wakareru, to part. |
| Tuta, ivy. | Sina, article or thing. |
| Meirei, command. | Osiye, instruction. |
| Mise, shop. | Teppo, gun. |
| Tobu, to fly or jump. | Tuye, stick. |
| Katāna, sword. |
1. Watakusi wa miti de sono hito ni ōte hanasi wo kikimasita. 2. Kono hito wa watakusi ga sakuzitu Asakusa de ōta hito de gozarimasu. 3. Kireina tuta ga kabe ni hōte orimasu. 4. Sakuzitu watakusi ga kōta tokei wo konniti usinaimasita. 5. Kore wa watakusi ga sakuzitu kōta sina de gozarimasa. 6. Watakusi ga teppo de nerōta tori wa tobimasita. 7. Watakusi wa anata no osiye ni sitagōte kono koto wo simosho. 8. Kono hito wa anata no meirei ni sitagōte konniti kono tokoro ye kimasita. 9. Kono hito ga sono hito wo warōte soirimasita. 10. Kore wa watakusi ga sakuzitu usinota sina de gozarimasu. 11. Sono hito wa hito wo utagote sono tegami wo watasimasen. 12. Anata wa kono sake wo kononde onomi nasaru ka. 13. Watakusi wa kononde nomimasu. 14. Kono hito wa mainiti kono tokoro ye kite sake wo nonde tanosimimasu. 15. Kore wa watakusi ga nonda sake de gozarimasu. 16. Sono hanasi wo kīte kanasinda hito aw kono hito de gozarimasu. 17. Watakusi wa sono ​sina wo kōte, kono hito ni tanonde, watakusi no tomodati ni okurimasho. 18. Watakusi wa sakuya hanasika no seki ye ite, omosiroi hanasi wo kīte, tanosinde kayerimasita. 19. Kono shomotu wo yonde kurusinda okata wa dare de gomrimasu. 20. Sore wa watakusi de gozarimasu. 21. Sore wa watakusi ga kono mise de kōta sina de gozarimasu. 22. Watakusi wa sono koto wo kīte, tegami ni kaite okurimasita. 23. Sakuya kono ko wa awarena hanasi wo kīte, nasite, kanasimimasita.
CXVIII.
1. This is the person I met in the street yesterday. 2. This is the article I bought in the shop yesterday. 3. I shall obey your command and do this matter. 4. Does this person like saké, and drink much? 5. Yes, this person likes saké and drinks much. 6. I bought that article in this shop and sent it to you just now. 7. I went to a story-teller, heard an amusing story, and then returned. 8. This child heard a touching story and cried. 9. What did you see when you went to Asakusa? 10. I saw birds when I went to Asakusa. 11. I wrote a letter and sent it to my friend. 12. What did you write in the letter which you sent to your friend? 13. I wrote an amusing story in my letter, which I heard last night. 14. I suffered, worked, and earned money. 15. That man ​has beaten this dog with a stick, stabbed it with a sword, and then killed it. 16. That person met me in the street and (we) parted just now. 17. This is the thing I bought yesterday at Sinagawa. 18. This is the place where I came yesterday. 19. That child heard that story and cried. 20. I went to my friend’s house just now and returned. 21. I shall go to this story-teller and return.
CXIC.
| Atumeru, to collect, | Atumete. |
| Atumeru, to collect, | Atumeta. |
| Oboyeru, to remember, | Oboyete. |
| Oboyeru, to remember, | Oboyeta. |
| Tokeru, to melt. | Nigeru, to run away. |
| Miru, to see. | Tadaneru, to look for. |
| Homeru, to praise. | Okiru, to get up. |
| Kangayeru, to think. | Nagameru, to gaze. |
The verbs ending in aru.
| Atumaru, to assemble, | Atumatte. |
| Atumaru, to assemble, | Atumatta. |
| Suwaru, to sit down, | Suwatte. |
| Suwaru, to sit down, | Suwatta. |
| Hasiru, | Hasitte. |
| Hasiru, | Hasitta. ​ |
| Kiru,, to cut, | Kitte. |
| Kiru,, to cut, | Kitta. |
| Ikaru, to become angry, | Ikatte. |
| Ikaru, to become angry, | Ikatta. |
| Tomaru, to stop, | Tomatte. |
| Tomaru, to stop, | Tomatta. |
| Uketoru, to receive. | Uketotte. |
| Uketoru, to receive. | Uketotta. |
| Uru, to sell, | Utte. |
| Uru, to sell, | Utta. |
The Verbs ending in uru.
| Kuru, to come, | Kite. |
| Kuru, to come, | Kita. |
| Bassuru, to punish, | Bassite. |
| Bassuru, to punish, | Bassita. |
| Suru, to do, or to make, | Site. |
| Suru, to do, or to make, | Sita. |
| Hassuru, to start, | Hassite. |
| Hassuru, to start, | Hassita. |
| Tassuru, to reach, | Tassite. |
| Tassuru, to reach, | Tassita. |
| Hossuru, to wish, or to intend, | Hossite. |
| Hossuru, to wish, or to intend, | Hossita. |
| Hei, army. | Yubin kiyoku, post-office. |
| Noti, future, or after. | Yubin, mail, or post. |
| Na, name. | Tuini, finally. |
| Yo, generation. | Minato, harbour. |
| Kō, Lord, or a term of respect. | Mukasi, ancient times. |
| Seifu, government. | Ikusa, battle. |
| Wasureru, to forget. | Makeru, to be defeated. |
1. Kono tokoro wa mukasi Hideyosi kō ga hei wo atumeta tokoro de gozarimasu. 2. Yubin wa itu kono minato wo hassite itu Osaka ye tassimasu ka. 3. Kono yubin wa konniti kono tokoro wo hassite miyoniti Ossaka ye tassimasu. 4. Sono zainin wo bassita hito wa dare de gozarimasu ka. 5. Sono zainin wo bassita hito wa seifu de gozarimasu. 6. Watakusi wa tadaima tegami wo kaite yubin kiyoku ye okurimasita. 7. Sakuzitu anata wo hometa hito wa kono hito de gozarimasu. 8. Mituhide wa Yamasaki ni hei wo atumete Hideyosi to tatakōte tuini makemasita. 9. Masasige kō wa Minatogawa no ikusa ni utizini wo site noti no yo ni na wo nokosimasita. 10. Watakusi wa sono hanasi wo kīte, oboyete, hito ni hanasimasho. 11. Yuki ga tokete, kawa no midu ga masimasita (increased). 12. Kore wa watakusi ga sakuzitu uketotta tegami de gozarimasu. 13. Kono inu wa naite orimasu. 14. Watakusi wa kosikake ni suwatte, shomotu wo yonde, tanosimimasu. 15. Watakusi wa kono tokoro ni tomatte miyo asa ​kayerimasho. 16. Watakusi wa miyoasa hayaku okite, sitaku wo site, kayerimasho. 17. Sono hito wa kono tuye wo katana de kirimasita. 18. Shomotu wo yoku yonde kangayeta hito wa yonda koto wo wasuremasen. 19. Watakusi ga taduneta hito wa sono hito de gozarimasu. 20. Kono hito wa kokoni atumatte sore kara dokoye ite, nani wo simasu ka. 21. Kono hito wa kokoni atumatte, hanasi wo kite tanosimimasu. 22. Maiban watakusi wa kono tokoro ye kite, kireina hana wo mite tanosimimasu. 23. Kono hito wa shomotu wo yonde, sore wo oboyete, sosite hito ni hanasimasu. 24. Kono tegami ga tassite, sono henzi (reply) wa itu kimasho ka. 25. Sore wa miyoniti kimasho.
CXX.
1. Who punished that criminal? 2. The government punished that criminal. 3. Is this the place where Hideyosi collected his army? 4. No, this is the place where Yosimoto collected his army and fought against Nobunaga. 5. What is this place called? 6. This is the place called Okehazama of Narumi. 7. Do you stay here and amuse (yourself)? 8. Yes, I shall stay here, see this place, and then return. 9. Why do these people assemble together here, and where do these people go? 10. These people go to a story-teller’s house and hear the story. 11. I shall consider this matter (koto) and do it. 12. When does this mail start from ​this harbour and reach Yokohama? 13. The mail will start from this harbour to-day and reach Yokohama to-morrow evening. 14. I met that person in the street and told that story. 15. I bought that article in this shop and sent it to my friend. 16. Is this the place (where) I have lost a knife, and looked for it yesterday. 17. Yes, this is the place where you have lost your knife. 18. Is this the name of a person who came here yesterday? 19. Does this child read that book and remember (it) well. 20. Yes, that child reads that book, remembers it well and tells the other people what he has read (yonda koto). 21. Did you receive this letter and read it yesterday? 22. I received this letter yesterday and read it this morning. 23. Did you hear an amusing story yesterday, write it in a letter, and send it to your friend? 24. Yes, I wrote in a letter an amusing story which I heard last night, and sent it to my friend.
GILBERT & RIVINGTON (LIM.), ST. JOHN’S HOUSE, CLERKENWELL, E. C.
* ↑ See Rule XVIII.
* ↑ See Rule XVIII.
* ↑ See Rule VIII.
* ↑ See Note, page 6.
* ↑ see Rule XVIII.
* ↑ See Rule XVIII.
* ↑ Here no may be translated into “one.”
* ↑ This number is used for weight, measure, &c.
* ↑ This is for counting ordinary articles, such as chairs, tables, &c.
* ↑ After the words nan ri, the sign of case is not put.
* ↑ See Rule III.
* ↑ See Rule XVIII.
* ↑ As we have the same form of the verb in all persons, singular or plural, we do not repeat them all here.
* ↑ Here anata wa (you) is generally understood.
* ↑ Here nominative and objective are understood in the Japanese sentence.
* ↑ See Rule XII.
* ↑ Konniti wa yoi tenki de gozarimasu, “This day is a fine day,” is contracted into Konniti wa.
* ↑ Here is the difference between yes and hei.
* ↑ In some cases Hei and Īye do not correspond to the English ‘yes’ and ‘no;’ or, as the examples above show, there is a difference in the idiomatic use of these words in the two languages.
* ↑ This form of the infinitive mood is used when it is governed by an intransitive verb.
* ↑ “Twilight.”
* ↑ These verbs change their termination in the same was as those ending in aru.
WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
I. AN ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR OF THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE, with easy progressive exercises.
II. THE ENGLISH IN JAPAN: What a Japanese thought and thinks about them.
III. THE TREATY BETWEEN JAPAN AND ENGLAND.