OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ribbons

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​RIBBONS. By this name are designated narrow webs, properly of silk, not exceeding nine inches. in width, used primarily for binding and tying in connexion with dress, but also now applied for innumerable useful, ornamental and symbolical purposes. Along with that of tapes, fringes and other small wares, the manufacture of ribbons forms a special department of the textile industries. The essential feature of a ribbon loom is the simultaneous weaving in one loom frame of two or more webs, going up to as many as forty narrow fabrics in modern looms. To effect the conjoined throwing of all the shuttles and the various other movements of the loom, the automatic action of the power-loom is necessary; and it is a remarkable fact that the self-acting ribbon loom was known and extensively used more than a century before the famous invention of Cartwright. A loom in which several narrow webs could be woven at one time is mentioned as having been working in Dantzig towards the end of the 16th century. Similar looms were at work in Leiden in 1620, where their use gave rise to so much discontent and rioting on the part of the weavers that the states-general had to prohibit their use. The prohibition was renewed at various intervals throughout the century, and in the same interval the use of the ribbon loom was interdicted in most of the principal industrial centres of Europe. About 1676, under the name of the Dutch loom or engine loom, it was brought to London; and, although its introduction there caused some disturbance, it does not appear to have been prohibited. In 1745, John Kay, the inventor of the fly-shuttle, obtained, conjointly with Joseph Stell, a patent for improvements in the ribbon loom; and since that period it has benefited by the inventions applied to weaving machinery generally.
Ribbon-weaving is known to have been established near St Étienne (dep. Loire) so early as the 11th century, and that town has remained the headquarters of the industry. During the Huguenot troubles, ribbon-weavers from St Étienne settled at Basel and there established an industry which in modern times has rivalled that of the original seat of the trade. Crefeld is the centre of the German ribbon industry, the manufacture of black velvet ribbon being there a specialty. In England Coventry is the most important seat of ribbon-making, which is also prosecuted at Norwich and Leicester.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ribald

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​RIBALD, a word now only used in the sense of jeering, irreverent, abusive, particularly applied to the uses of low, offensive or mocking jests. It has an interesting early history, of which Du Cange (Gloss. s.v. Ribaldi) gives a full account. It is one of those words, like the Greek τύραννος, an unconstitutional ruler, and the Latin latro, a hired soldier, mercenary, later robber, which have acquired a degraded and evil significance. The ribaldi were light-armed soldiers, on whom fell the duty of being first in attack, the enfans perdus or “forlorn hope” of the armies of the French kings; thus Rigordus, in his contemporary history of the reign of Philip Augustus, for the year 1189, speaks of the Ribaldi . . . qui primos impetus in expuguandis munitionibus facere consueverunt. Later we find the ribaldi among the rabble of camp-followers of an army, and Giovanni Villani, in his 16th-century Chronicle (11, 139), speaks of ribaldi et i raguazzi del hoste, and Froissart of the ribaux as the lowest ranks in an army. Ribaldus (ribaut) was thus a common name for everything ruffianly and abandoned, and Matthew Paris (Ann. 1251) says: Fures, exules, fugitivi, excommuncati, quos omnes Ribaldos Francia vulgariter consuevit appellare. The name (ribaldae or ribaldi) was particularly applied to prostitutes, brothel-keepers and all who frequent haunts of vice, and there was at the French court from the 12th century an official, known as Rex Ribaldorum, king of the ribalds, changed in the reign of Charles VI. to Praepositus Hospitii Regis, whose duty was to investigate and hold judicial inquiry into all crimes committed within the precincts of the court, and control vagrants, prostitutes, brothels and gambling-houses. The etymology of the word has been much discussed, and no certainty can be arrived at. The termination—ald—points to a Teutonic origin, and connexion has been suggested with O.H.Ger. Hripá, M.H.Ger. Ribe, prostitute, with Ger. reiben, rub, or with rauben, rob. Neither Skeat nor the New English Dictionary find any relation to the English “bawd,” procuress, pander.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ribbeck, Johann Carl Otto

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​RIBBECK, JOHANN CARL OTTO (1827–1898), German classical scholar, was born at Erfurt in Saxony on the 23rd of July 1827. Having held professorial appointments at Kiel and Heidelberg, he succeeded his tutor Ritschl in the chair of classical philology at Leipzig, where he died on the 18th of July 1898. Ribbeck was the author of several standard works on the poets and poetry of Rome, the most important of which are the following: Geschichte der römischen Dichtung (2nd ed., 1894–1900); Die römische Tragödie im Zeitalter der Republik (1875); Scaenicae Romanorum Poesis Fragmenta, including the tragic and comic fragments (3rd ed., 1897). As a textual critic he was distinguished by considerable rashness, and never hesitated to alter, rearrange or reject as spurious what failed to reach his standard of excellence. These tendencies are strikingly shown in his editions of the Epistles and Ars Poetica of Horace (1869), the Satires of Juvenal (1859) and in the supplementary essay Der echte und unechte Juvenal (1865). In later years, however, he became much more conservative. His edition of Virgil (2nd ed., 1894–1895), although only critical, is a work of great erudition, especially the Prolegomena. His biography of Ritschl (1879–1881) is one of the best works of its kind. The influence of his tutor may be seen in Ribbeck’s critical edition of the Miles Gloriosus of Plautus, and Beiträge zur Lehre von den lateinischen Partikeln, a work of much promise, which causes regret that he did not publish further results of his studies in that direction. His miscellaneous Reden und Vorträge were published after his death (Leipzig, 1899). He took great interest in the monumental Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, and it was chiefly owing to his efforts that the government of Saxony was induced to assist its production by a considerable subsidy.
The chief authority for his life is Otto Ribbeck; ein Bild seines Lebens aus seinen Briefen (1901), ed. by Emma Ribbeck.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ribault, Jean

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​RIBAULT (or Ribaut), JEAN (c. 1520–1565), French navigator, famous for his connexion with the early settlement of Florida, was born at Dieppe, probably about 1520. Appointed by Admiral Coligny to the command of an expedition to prepare an asylum for French Protestants in America, Ribault sailed on the 18th of February 1562, with two vessels, and on the 1st of May landed in Florida at St John’s river, or, as he called it, Rivière de Mai. Having settled his colonists at Port Royal Harbour (now Paris Island, South Carolina), and built Fort Charles for their protection, he returned to France to find the country in the throes of the Civil War. In 1563 he appears to have been in England and to have issued True and Last Discoverie of Florida (Hakluyt Soc., vol. vii.). In April 1564 Coligny was in a position to despatch another expedition under René de Laudonnière, but meanwhile Ribault’s colony had come to an untimely end—the unfortunate adventurers, destitute of supplies from home, having revolted against their governor and attempted to make their way back to Europe in a boat which was happily picked up, when they were in the last extremities, by an English vessel. In 1565 Ribault was again sent out to satisfy Coligny as to Laudonnière’s management of his new settlement, Fort Caroline, on the Rivière de Mai. While he was still there the Spaniards, under Menendez de Aviles, though their country was at peace with France, attacked the French ships at the mouth of the river. Ribault set out to retaliate on the Spanish fleet, but his vessels were wrecked by a storm near Matanzas Inlet and he had to attempt to return to Fort Caroline by land. The fort had by this time fallen into the hands of the Spaniards, who had slaughtered all the colonists except a few who got off with two ships under Ribault’s son. Induced to surrender by false assurances of safeguard, Ribault and his men were also put to the sword in October 1565. The massacre was avenged in kind by Dominique de Gourgues (d. 1583) two years later.
See E. and E. Haag, La France protestante (1846–1859); and F. Parkman, Pioneers of France in the New World (new ed., 1899).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Riansares, Augustin Fernandez Muñoz, Duke of

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​RIANSARES, AUGUSTIN FERNANDEZ MUNOZ, Duke of (1808 or 1810–1873), morganatic husband of Maria Christina, queen and regent of Spain, was born at Tarancén, in the province of Cuenca, in New Castile. His father was the keeper of an “estanco” or office for the sale of the tobacco of the government monopoly. He enlisted in the bodyguard, and attracted the attention of the queen. According to one account, he distinguished himself by stopping the runaway horses of her carriage; according to another, he only picked up her handkerchief; a third and scandalous explanation of his fortune has been given; it is certain that the queen married him privately, very soon after the death of her husband on the 29th of September 1833. By publishing her marriage, Maria Christina would have forfeited the regency; but her relations with Munoz were perfectly well known. When on the 13th of August 1836 the soldiers on duty at the summer, palace, La Granja, mutinied and forced the regent to grant a constitution, it was generally, though wrongly, believed that they overcame her reluctance by seizing Munoz, whom they called her “guapo,” or fancy man, and threatening to shoot him. When in 1840 the queen found her position intolerable and fled the country, Munoz Went with her and the marriage was published, and on the overthrow of Espartero in 1843 the couple returned. In 1844 Queen Isabella II., who was now declared to be of age, gave her consent to her mother’s marriage, which was publicly performed. Munoz was created duke of Riansares and made a knight of the Golden Fleece. By Louis Philippe, king of the French, he was created duke of Mont-Morot and Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour. Until his wife was finally driven»from Spain by the revolutionary movement of 1854, the duke is credibly reported to have applied himself to making a large fortune out of railway concessions and by judicious stock exchange speculations. Political ambitions he had none, and it is said that he declined the offer of the crown of Ecuador. All authorities agree that he was not only good-looking, but kindly and well-bred. He died five years before his wife at L’Adresse, near Havre, on the 11th of September 1873. Several children were born of the marriage.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rib

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​RIB (from O. Eng. ribb; the word appears in many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Rippe, Swed. reb), in anatomy, the primary meaning, .one of the series of elastic arched bones (costae) which form the casing or framework of the thorax (see Skeleton: Axial). The word is in meaning transferred to many objects resembling a rib in shape or function. In architecture, it is thus used of the arches of stone which in medieval work constitute the skeleton of the vault, and carry the shell or web. Although in the Roman vault the rib played an important element in its construction, it was generally hidden in the thickness of the vault and was made subservient to its geometrical surfaces. The Gothic masons, on the other hand, reversed the process, and not only made the vaulting surface subservient to the- rib, but by mouldings rendered the latter a highly decorative feature. The principal ribs are the transverse (arc doubleau), the diagonal (arc ogive) and the wall rib (formeret). Those of less importance are the intermediate, the ridges and lierne ribs. The ridge-rib is one first introduced into the vault to resist the thrust of the intermediate ribs between the wall and diagonal ribs, it also served to mark the junction of the filling-in or web of vaults in those cases where the courses dipped toward the diagonal rib. (See Vault.) A lierne rib (the term is borrowed from the French) is a short rib, introduced into the vaulting in the Early Perpendicular period, which coupled together the transverse and intermediate ribs; in the later period the “lierne” rib becomes one of the chief features of the “stella” vault (see further Vault).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ribbonism

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​RIBBONISM, the name given to an Irish secret-society movement, which began at the end of the 18th century in opposition to the Orangemen (q.v.), and which was represented by various associations under different names, organized in lodges, and recruited all over Ireland from the lowest classes of the people. The actual name of Ribbonism (from a green badge worn by its members) became attached to the movement later, about 1826; and, after it had grown to its height about 1855, it declined in force, and was practically at an end in its old form when in 1871 the Westmeath Act declared Ribbonism illegal. See also under Ireland: History.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bourassa, Henri

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BOURASSA, HENRI (1868–), French Canadian politician, was born in Montreal Sept. 1 1868, his mother being a daughter of L. J. Papineau. He became well known at a comparatively early age as an active writer and speaker on the side of the Nationalist movement in Canada, and a leader of the younger school of French Canadians. He was elected to the Dominion House of Commons in 1896, but resigned in protest against Canadian participation in the S. African War, 1899; he was re-elected, however, in 1900 and in 1904. He was a member of the Quebec Legislative Assembly in 1908–12. A gradual severance took place between him and his old chief, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, until in later years he became obsessed with the idea that Laurier's policy was fatal to the best interests of Canada and especially to Quebec. A speaker of extraordinary power and fascination, both in Parliament and on the platform, even Laurier himself could not sway the French Canadians as Bourassa could; and in spite of his extreme views he was heard with respect even in the strongholds of his opponents in Toronto.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bovey, Henry Taylor

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​BOVEY, HENRY TAYLOR (1852–1912), English engineer, was born in Devon in 1852. He was educated at Queen’s College, Cambridge, of which he was afterwards elected fellow. Joining the staff of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board, he became assistant engineer, but in 1887 was appointed professor of civil engineering and applied mechanics at McGill University, Montreal. In 1909 he was appointed to be the first rector of the Imperial College of Science and Technology in London, but ill- health obliged him to resign the post after a few months. He died at Eastbourne Feb. 2 1912.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Borglum, Solon Hannibal

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​BORGLUM, SOLON HANNIBAL (1868- ), American sculptor (see 4.250), brother of the foregoing, completed many important statues after 1910, including " God's Command to Retreat" (1911, Napoleon on horseback in a snow drift, bronze); "Jacob Leisler," first governor of New Amsterdam (1911, heroic figure in bronze at New Rochelle, N.Y.); "Reverie of a Pioneer " (colossal equestrian for the Court of Honour, San Francisco Exposition); " Backin' 'Em Up" (1919, four dismounted cavalrymen, with horses); " The Little Lady of the Dew " (unveiled 1920 in the churchyard of St. Mark's in the Bouwerie, New York City); " Inspiration " and " Aspiration " (1920, two statues of Indians, in stone, both at St. Mark's in the Bouwerie). He was Y.M.C.A. secretary with the French army in 1918, won the Croix de Guerre, and later was engaged in educational work with the A.E.F. in France.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Boris III.

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​BORIS III. (1894- ), King of Bulgaria, eldest son of King, Ferdinand (see 10.269) and of Marie Louise de Bourbon, eldest daughter of Duke Robert of Parma, was born at Sofia, Jan. 30 1894. Although his parents were Roman Catholics, the prince was, on Feb. 14 1896, received into the Orthodox church, the Tsar Nicholas II. being his god-father. He was educated entirely in Bulgaria, first by tutors and later at the cadet and officers' schools, serving subsequently as A.D.C. to the King and to various generals. On the abdication of King Ferdinand, immediately after the Armistice which put an end to Bulgaria's disastrous share in the World War, Boris succeeded his father, Oct. 4 1918.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bragg, Sir William Henry

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BRAGG, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1862- ), British physicist, was born at Wigton, Cumb., on July 2 1862 and was educated at King William's College, Isle of Man. He subsequently entered Trinity College, Cambridge, being elected to a major scholarship in 1882. He was third wrangler in 1884 and in the following year obtained a first class in part III. of the mathematical tripos. In 1886 he was appointed professor of mathematics and physics in the university of Adelaide, S. Australia, where he carried out his earlier researches upon radioactivity. He took an active interest in the development of scientific enterprise in Australia, was a member of the council of the Adelaide University from 1893 to 1908, of the council of the South Australian School of Mines and Industries from 1895 to 1908 and president of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, Brisbane, 1909. In 1909 he was appointed Cavendish professor at Leeds University, where he remained until his election in 1915 to the Quain professorship of physics in the university of London. His researches upon various radioactive phenomena and his power of lucid exposition brought recognition from scientific bodies both at home and abroad; in 1906 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society; in 1915 he received the Nobel Prize for Physics and the Barnard gold medal (Columbia University), both of which distinctions he shared with his son William John Bragg (b. 1890), who in 1919 became
Langworthy professor of physics in the university of Manchester. The joint work of father and son has gone far towards elucidating the arrangements of atoms in crystals, an achievement rendered possible by their development of the X-ray spectrometer. During the World War Sir William Bragg's services were placed at the disposal of the Admiralty, where he served in an advisory capacity; he was more especially associated with the problem of submarine detection. His public services of a confidential nature were acknowledged by the bestowal of the C.B.E. in 1917 and by his creation as K.B.E. in 1920. In the same year he was elected an hon. fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and served as president of the Physical Society of London.
In addition to many publications, chiefly upon radioactivity, in the Philosophical Magazine and the Proceedings of the Royal Society, he has written The World of Sound (1920), a compilation of a series of lectures given to a juvenile auditory at the Royal Institution in 1919 and, in collaboration with W. L. Bragg, X-Rays and Crystal Structure (1915).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bornet, Jean Baptiste Edouard

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​BORNET, JEAN BAPTISTS EDOUARD (1828-1911), French botanist, was born at Guerigny Sept. 2 1828. Details of his special work on algae and lichens will be found in 1.590, 16.578 and 26.899. He was elected a^ member of the Academic des Sciences in 1886 and received the gold medal of the Linnean Society in 1891. He died in Paris Dec. 17 1911.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Boroevic von Bojna, Svetozar

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​BOROEVIC VON BOJNA, SVETOZAR (1856-1920), Austro- Hungarian field-marshal, was born at Umetic in Croatia. As a young officer of infantry he served through the campaign for the occupation of Bosnia in 1878, and afterwards on the general staff until he reached the rank of general. In the World War he first led the VI. Corps in the victorious battle of Komarow, and as commander of the 3rd Army beat off the Russian attacks in the Carpathians until May 1915. He then took over the command on the Isonzo. His name is for ever associated with the 11 victorious battles fought in the defence against Italian armies twice as numerous as the Austrians and considerably better equipped. After the collapse of the monarchy the Yugoslav Government refused the " black and yellow " general permission to return to his province.
Boroevic embodies the type of the Croat general of the past in the more polished mould of the present. By iron industry he had acquired the fullest mastery of the science of war, as a general in the field he was distmguished-by his intuitive judgment of the enemy, by his tenacious energy, and by bis ingenuity as a tactician.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bosanquet, Bernard

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​BOSANQUET, BERNARD (1848- ), English philosopher, was born at Rock, near Alnwick, June 14 1848. Educated at Harrow and Balliol College, Oxford, he was for ten years a lecturer at University College, Oxford (1871-81). In 1881 he came to London, and until 1897 engaged in lecturing and social work. He married in 1895 Helen Dendy, herself the author of books on social problems. During 1903-8 he was professor of moral philosophy at St. Andrew's University. He became a fellow of the British Academy. A Hegelian in philosophy and a disciple of T. H. Green, his logical tenets are described in 16.886, 888 and 917.
Amongst his published works are Knowledge and Reality (1885); Logic, or the Morphology of Knowledge (1888); Essentials of Logic ​(1895); Psychology of the Moral Self (1897); Principles of Individuality (1911); What Religion Is (1920) as well as translations of Hegel and Lotze.