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# An emigrant's home letters/Letter Seventeen

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LETTER SEVENTEEN.
London, Sunday, March 24th.
My Dear Sister,
Once more, and for the last time in England, I thank you for your unspeakable kindness. I go with a happy heart, in hope of rendering you assistance in future. Tell my dear father I was never more surprised than when we received the £1 from him, knowing the sacrifice he must have made to send it; but this only rendered it more valuable to us, and us more grateful to him.
Tell my dear mother the ——— will be kept by us as long as we live in remembrance of her. Thank father for the garden seeds. I have bought half a pint of the best sorts of marrow-fat peas, also half a pint of scarlet runners, and some fine carrot seed, and tell him I know how ​to plant them all. I do hope that he will see my garden if I have one^ but do not tell him so now on account of his and poor mother's feelings. Would that I could hope to see them and all of you again; but if things should turn out well I hope we shall be able to send for you, Maria^ and Thomas, and then if my dear father is living, and we should find the climate likely to agree with him, I hope he will come and end his days in peace and happiness with us all.
Your brother has got quite into favour here. He is quite idolized by the old ladies where we live, and he is called 'a poet' by The Charter of yesterday. He has had no end of presents from people whom he has not known many months. One old gentleman made him a present of an ivory tablet, a set of reading books, and a shoe-lift, and paper knife, worth twelve or fourteen shillings. Another made him a present of a very handsome rule and several other things. You will see what The Charter of yesterday says in Answers to Correspondents relative to his song in the week's before. Should we not like to hear his song sung by some great man at some public dinner! but we bid 'farewell' to England and he shall write songs in his bark hut in Australia. Has not my ​father's wife been kind, never to send me the least thing in the world, and yet she thinks she is entitled to the name of 'mother,' but I think she does not act 'mother-like!'
I have seen the fine park and the Queen's palace and the Queen's carriage, but they are not, all of them, worth a fig to see. The park, crowded with people like a fair, the palace, guarded everywhere with soldiers with their bayonets fixed; I would rather walk in a rural lane than in such places, where you can go so far and no farther, without being stopped by a soldier with a bayonet in his hand. There are fine seats under the trees for people to sit upon; but there are also great cannons stuck all about, and policemen here, there, and everywhere.
I like not the grandeur and misery of this great place, and picture to myself more beauty and happiness even on the wide, wide ocean, on which I shall soon be. The next time I write I will tell you all the wonders I see there. Till then, a long, long farewell. Give my love to mother, father, brothers, sisters and nephew.
Yours, CLARINDA PARKES.
Note.—The relatives mentioned in this letter by my mother are all her husband's relations.
A. T. P.
# An emigrant's home letters/Letter Seven

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LETTER SEVEN.
London, January 28th, 1839.
My Dear Sister,
This letter, I hope, will find you all well at Birmingham. Clarinda and myself are neither one thing or another. I have at last obtained a situation in one of the oldest and largest turning manufactories in London. I have been there two weeks to-morrow. The work which I am upon is so heavy that it almost masters me—having to turn twine boxes (such as you see on tradesmen's counters), which take 2 cwt. of wood to one dozen. I think we are certain to leave the country in March, but shall know more about it next week. We shall have a hard struggle till then, but I hope we shall be able to get through it. I have been obliged to part with many of ​my tools since Xmas, to buy us bread, as we cannot live in London for less than 20s. per week, including rent; but I hope I shall be able to get as many in their place as will enable me to carry on the turning at Sydney. If you have the calico, please to send it for Clarinda to work upon, and let me hear from you as soon as you can, as we are very anxious to learn how my father and mother and all of you are. I am sorry I have no money to send for the shoes at present. Please to let Thomas take the small parcel to Mr. Knott's, Swan Hotel Yard—need not wait for answer. More in my next.
Yours affectionately, H. PARKES.
Our love to all.
# An emigrant's home letters/Letter Fifteen

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LETTER FIFTEEN.
London, March 10, 1839.
My Dear Sister,
I received your kind letter but I know not how to answer it. My heart feels bursting' with gratitude to you all. I can only thank you now, but may I live to see the happy day when we shall get all of you who are willing to Australia. I will then try to show you how thankful I am. My Henry is too bad to say I am unhappy. T shall never be unhappy while 1 have him to make me happy. But I have been very uneasy about my father. I was afraid I should not even get a letter from him, and the shilling was more than I expected. You have only seen a specimen of what he has been to me for the last ten or twelve years. But he is my father, and I do ​love him; you can, therefore, guess what I have felt. I thank you for asking him to send me something, but do not ask him again. It must be so unpleasant to yourself. I feel more happy now that I have heard from him. I am in very good spirits, and though I am a little ill sometimes, I think I am stronger than I used to be … I am very glad we are going, for I believe if we were to stay in London it would kill Henry outright in a short time. Thank my sister Maria for the dress; I like it very much. … Give my love to Thomas, I often think how he will be altered when we see him again, and to poor mother, too. We often think of her and weep. I am glad the dog will not let anyone hurt Maria. I hope he will take the same care of all of you. Give my love to dear father and mother, and then a long farewell, and may God bless you till we meet again.
Your affectionate sister, CLARINDA PARKES.
P.S.—My father is under a mistake about my Uncle Taylor. He is at Hobart's Town in Van Diemen's Land. We shall go six thousand miles beyond there.
​P.S. by H. P.—My good lady has made a bit of a mistake in this last statement. Hobart's Town is not very many days from Sydney.
Note.—I have given only extracts from this letter, as it refers mainly to things 2hich her sisters-in-law offered to provide for my mother during the voyage. The letter has pinned to it the following note from Maria Parkes:—'The one shilling named was obtained from Mr. Varney, by my sister Sarah, after two hours' hard talking to him on behalf of his daughter,—M.P.'
A. T. P.
# An emigrant's home letters/Letter Five

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LETTER FIVE.
December 31st, 1838.
My Dear Sister,
I have just received your parcel. Am sorry my mother is so ill, and hope she will be much better by when you get this. Am extremely glad my father is well. Shall be very glad of the seeds. Thought of writing to him before we went away for some, but there is plenty of time yet.
We are both in the enjoyment of health at present, but we have fared but badly since the date of my last, having been two or three days without anything to eat, including Christmas day, except that on that day we were made to taste Miss Irvine's plum-pudding and wine, which we were by no means ​unwilling to do. I tramped about London Christmas Eve for five or six hours to sell some work, but did not then succeed in doing so, nor till the following Thursday, when I could only get about half my price in Birmingham. Things are here so extremely awkward. I tell these things to you merely because I do not feel justified in hiding any portion of the gloomy side of the picture before me from so kind and dear a friend as you have ever proved to me; or if I had another motive for doing so, it is because I shall be able to look upon my distresses with more fortitude when I know there are those, though at a distance, who sympathise with me in them. But believe me, I do not tell you of my misery to make you miserable. Oh no! I hope you will not be more unhappy on my account than if I was living in the most perfect prosperity, though I wish your sympathy in believing I do not deserve all I suffer.
I am glad the dog gets fat and forgetful of his old master. I suppose he would have nothing to do with me now. However, I wish the old beggar a long life, and much of the good things by the way, and an easy death at the end.
I am very thankful for your arrangements respecting the clothes, and Clarinda's thanks to ​her Aunt, when you see her father again. I shall not answer my brother's letter at present, as I may have more to say before we go.
Any information which my father can give me respecting the getting of land may be of use to me till such time as he comes out to the 'land of promise' himself, which I shall depend on his doing in a year or two; though he must recollect that December and January are summer months in New South Wales, and that they have two harvests in a year. I send the Dispatch newspaper, which contains part of a letter just received from Sydney, and from an uninterested party, which you will see is very encouraging to emigrants. I feel confident James would do exceedingly well there, but he must judge for himself.
Your affectionate brother, H. P.
P.S.—Give our love to our parents and brothers and sisters, and Tom and the dog conjointly, as he is his bedfellow. Many thanks for the pie. It was good!
Perhaps I shall not send you again under three weeks or a month, on account of expense.
# An emigrant's home letters/Letter Nine

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LETTER NINE.
London, February 12th, 1839.
My Dear Sister,
Among other things, we must get you or Maria, some time before your last parcel, to go to Edgbaston church and obtain two certificates of our marriage. They will cost a shilling each. You must ask of the sexton, or beadle, for Mr. Harrison, the clerk. The best time, I think, would be on a Monday morning, between nine and ten o'clock, or Sunday morning before service. Perhaps the latter time would be the best.
Tell James if he should want to buy any shoes before he goes that he can get them cheapest in London.
Yours, H. PARKES.
# An emigrant's home letters/Letter Eleven

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LETTER ELEVEN.
London, February 13th, 1839.
My Dear Sister,
I am quite out of patience to receive James's certificates, as there is now not a minute's time for him to lose if he is to go on the 27th of next month. When I wrote the letter which you receive with this I was surprised I had not heard from him, but made sure I should hear in a day or two, or [ should have sent it off then, requesting him to send me the papers immediately. I am very unwilling to trouble you before I hear, but dare not delay any longer, lest you should not have received my last parcel safe. If by chance you have not done so, let James have directly the printed emigration paper, which you will find in the present parcel. He will find a form of ​certificate on the second page of it, and can get the clergyman or some other gentleman at Yardley to write him a certificate from it, stating explicitly what he is competent of doing, etc., etc., and get it signed as respectably as he can, and as soon as possible, and send it to me, together with a certificate of his marriage, and one of young William's age.
If you should have sent to me before you receive this, when I get hold of the papers I will lose no time in going to the office, and will write you again about the middle of next week.
The last parcel I sent off about a fortnight ago.
I have not much more time, nor have I much more to say at present. Give our sincere love to all our friends, and may God bless you all now and for ever.
Yours, H. PARKES.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kugel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kugel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kugel, feminine, ‘ball, bullet, globe,’ from the equivalent Middle High German kugel, kugele, feminine; compare Middle Low German and Dutch kogel. The word is not recorded in the other languages. It is allied to Modern High German Kaul-, from kûl, kugl, and also to Modern High German Keule, with which English cudgel and Anglo-Saxon cyčgel is closely connected; Keule is a ‘pole with a ball-shaped end.’ Kugel and Kegel cannot possibly be related by gradation.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kumpest

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kumpest. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kumpest, Kompóst, masculine, ‘preserves, heap of rubbish or dung,’ from Middle High German kumpost, also kumpóst, masculine, ‘preserves,’ especially ‘pickled cabbage,’ from Romance (Italian compósto).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kumpf

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kumpf. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kumpf, masculine, ‘basin, bowl,’ from Middle High German kumpf, masculine, ‘vessel’; compare Low German kump. A Middle Latin cumpus as the source of the German word does not exist; Middle Latin cumba, cumbus, have too no such meaning as Kumpf, hence they cannot be adduced to explain the dialectic Modern High German Kumme, ‘deep bowl.’ Kumme and Kumpf are more probably genuine Teutonic words, and allied to Anglo-Saxon cumb and the equivalent English coomb.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kuckuck

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kuckuck. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kuckuck, masculine, ‘cuckoo,’ from the equivalent late Middle High German kuckuk (rare), masculine; the usual term in Middle High German is gouch, which was introduced in the 15th century from Dutch (koekoek, early Middle Dutch cuccûc). An onomatopoetic term widely diffused, but it is not necessary to assume that it was borrowed in most of the languages, English cuckoo, French coucou, Latin cuculus, Welsh and Cornish cog, Or. cúach. See also Küchlein.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kufe

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kufe. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kufe (1.), feminine, ‘runner of a sledge’; Middle High German *kuofe and *kuoche are wanting with this meaning, so too Old High German *chuofa; Old High German chuohha is found, however, in slito-chôha, ‘runner of a sledge’ (see examples of the interchange of k-ch and p-f under kriechen); compare Middle Low German kôke, ‘runner of a sledge.’ Perhaps Lithuanian żágrė, feminine, ‘forked piece of wood on a plough,’ is allied, and also its cognates żáginýs, masculine, ‘stake, post,’ żágaras, masculine, ‘dry twig.’ From these the evolution of meaning in Kufe may be inferred.
Kufe (2.), feminine, ‘coop, vat,’ from the equivalent Middle High German kuofe, Old High German chuofa, feminine. The primary form of the word previous to the High German permutation of consonants is represented by Old Saxon côpa, feminine, and the equivalent English coop. From Middle Latin côpa, a variant of cûpa, ‘cask,’ whence Dutch kuip, ‘coop’; compare also Kübel. The word must have been borrowed before the 7th century, since it has undergone permutation in High German; perhaps it was introduced with the culture of the vine.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kummer

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kummer. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kummer, masculine, ‘grief, sorrow, distress,’ from Middle High German kumber, masculine, ‘rubbish, refuse (thus still dialectic), encumbering, oppression, distress, grief’; Modern High German mm, from Middle High German mb, as in Zimmer, Lamm, and Kamm. The word is wanting in all the Old Teutonic dialects; compare Modern Dutch kommer, masculine, ‘grief, affliction; hare's dung’; Middle English combren, ‘to encumber, molest,’ English to cumber. The cognates are very similar in sound to a Romance class — French décombres, ‘rubbish,’ Portuguese comoro, combro, ‘mound of earth, hillock,’ Italian ingombro, ‘hindrance,’ French encombrer, ‘to obstruct (with rubbish), block up’; Middle Latin combrus, ‘mound of earth, barrier of felled trees, obstructing pile.’ The Teutonic cognates seem to have passed into Romance; for, besides the more recent form with r, we find in Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian a variant with l, Old Icelandic kumbl, ‘tumulus, barrow.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kunft

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kunft. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kunft, feminine, ‘arrival,’ from Middle High German and Old High German kunft, kumft, feminine, ‘coming, arrival’; compare Gothic gaqumþs, feminine, ‘meeting, assembly,’ the corresponding verbal abstract to Gothic qiman, High German kommen, with the suffix þi-, from -ti- (compare Schuld, Durst, and Gift). The insertion of an f in the combination mþ (mfþ becoming mft; compare further Vernunft, Zunft, Ramft) corresponds to the addition of an s to nþ (nsþ becoming nst), mentioned under Kunst. —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kuh

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kuh. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kuh, feminine, ‘cow,’ from the equivalent Middle High German and Old High German kuo, feminine; compare Middle Low German kô, Dutch koe, English cow, Anglo-Saxon cû, Old Icelandic kýr, feminine (Gothic *kôs); Teutonic type kô-, feminine, ‘cow.’ This word, like the names of other domestic animals, is found in the non-Teutonic languages, and in the form of gō̆w (gô) it is common to the Aryan group; compare Indian gâus (accusative gâm), feminine, Greek βούς (stem βοϝ), Latin bos (stem bov-). These terms are both masculine and feminine, hence Sanscrit gâus, masculine, ‘bull, cattle,’ feminine, ‘cow’; Greek βούς, ‘cattle, ox, cow’; Latin bos, ‘ox, cow’; Lettic gůws, ‘cow.’ This term, like other primitively Aryan words (compare Pferd, Schaf, Hund, Ochse, &c.), proves that the Aryans, before the division into the later tribes, were already acquainted with domestic animals.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kummet

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kummet. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kummet, neuter, ‘horse-collar,’ from the equivalent Middle High German komat, neuter; borrowed in the Middle High German period from Slavonic (compare Old Slovenian chomątŭ, Polish chomąt); hence not diffused beyond the High German group. The Slavonic cognates of Old Slovenian chomątu are derived from Old Teutonic; compare Middle English and Modern English hame, Dutch haam, Westphalian ham, Rhine Provençal hamen, hammen, ‘horse-collar.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kumpan

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kumpan. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kumpan, masculine, ‘companion, mate,’ from Middle High German kumpân, kompân, masculine, ‘comrade, associate’; the latter is derived from Old French Provençal compaing, ‘companion, partner.’ Middle Latin companio, literally ‘one who shares the same food,’ is based on Old Teutonic expressions such as Gothic gahlaiba, Old High German gileibo, masculine, ‘associate, comrade,’ and the equivalent Old High German gimaȥȥo, from maȥ, neuter, ‘food’; see Laib.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/geheuer

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/geheuer | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ geheuer, adj., ‘secure against anything uncanny,’ from MidHG. gehiure, ‘gentle, graceful, free from anything uncanny’; comp. OHG. and OSax. unhiuri, ‘dreadful, terrible,’ AS. hŷre (heóre), ‘friendly, mild,’ OIc. hýrr, ‘mild.’ Indubitable cognates in the non-Teut. languages are wanting; perhaps Sans. çakrá, ‘strong’ (of deities) is allied, so that OHG. -hiuri would represent hegwro- (Aryan keqró-).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/gelegen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gelegen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gelegen, adj., ‘situated, opportune, seasonable,’ and adv.; from MidHG. gelëgen, adj., ‘neighbouring, at hand, suitable,’ OHG. gilëgan, ‘nearest, related’; partic. of giligan, MidHG. geligen. —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/gelingen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gelingen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gelingen, vb., ‘to prove succeesful, from MidHG. gelingen, OHG. gilingan, str. vb., ‘to be successful, proper’; MidHG. also lingen, ‘to proper, advance, get on.’ Allied to AS. lungre, ‘quickly,’ from pre-Teut. lughró-, to which the equiv. Gr. ἐλαφρός also points; the Aryan root lengh (lngh) appears also in Sans. lañgh, ram̃h, to spring, get on.’ See leicht.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/geheim

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/geheim | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ geheim, adj., ‘private, secret, hidden, mysterious,’ from the equiv. late MidHG. geheim, which, with heimlich, means lit. ‘belonging to the house.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/geil

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/geil | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ geil, adj., ‘rank, wanton, obscene, lewd,’ from MidHG. and OHG. geil, ‘of savage strength, wanton, exuberant, merry, joyous’; for the change of meaning on the transition from MidHG. to ModHG. comp. Schimpf. The primary meaning. ‘unrestrained, joyous,’ follows from Goth. gailjan, ‘to rejoice’; comp. OSax. gêl, Du. geil, AS. gâl. To the Teut. cognates Lith. gailùs, ‘passionate, furious, sharp, painful, sympathetic,’ and gailěti-s, ‘to injure’; OSlov. zělu (from gailo), ‘violent,’ adv. zėlo, ‘very’ In the compound Biebergeil appears the MidHG. noun geil, geile, ‘testicle.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/gelb

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gelb | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gelb, adj., ‘yellow,’ from the equiv. MidHG. gël, OHG. gëlo (gen. gëlwes); corresponding to OSax. gëlo, Du. geel, AS. geolo, E. yellow (OIc. gulr). The common West Teut. gelwa-, from pre-Teut. ghelwo-, is primit. allied to Lat. helvus, ‘greyish yellow’; the Aryan root ghel appears also in ​Gr. χλω-ρός, χλᾶ-ρός, ‘green, yellow,’ χλόη, ‘green objects,’ OSlov. zelenŭ, ‘yellow, green,’ Lith. żálias, ‘green’ (żėlti, ‘to grow green’), Sans. hari, ‘yellowish.’ Akin also to Galle and Gold.