# Australia and the Empire

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AUSTRALIA
AND
THE EMPIRE
BY
A. PATCHETT MARTIN, F.R.G.S.
EDINBURGH: DAVID DOUGLAS 1889
[All rights reserved.]
TO THE
RIGHT HON. ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR, M.P.
This Volume is Dedicated
AS A SLIGHT MARK OF THE PUBLIC APPRECIATION
AND
PERSONAL ESTEEM IN WHICH HE IS HELD
BY ALL CLASSES
OF HER MAJESTY'S LOYAL SUBJECTS IN THE COLONIES.
CONTENTS :
| I. ||
| Robert Lowe in Sydney, | p. 1-29 |
| Arrival in Sydney, 1842, 3 Representative principle introduced in Sydney Council, 1842, 3 Sir George Gipps' new Council, 3 Dr. Lang on the first Australian Parliament, 4 Robert Lowe nominated M.L.C. by the Governor, 5 Wentworth and Lang, 5 Motion for separating Port Phillip from New South Wales, 5 Lowe's speech in favour of the motion, 8 Resignation, 8 The Atlas: a weekly Journal, 1843-45, 9 Its Contributors, 9 Opposition to the Governor and "Downing Street," 9-13 Lord Sherbrooke's retrospect, 10 Softened feelings towards Sir Geo. Gipps, 10 Lowe's "rounded creed," 11 Poems of a Life, 11 Lowe on the relations of Britain and her Colonies, 13, 14 The utterly unknown and doubly irresponsible Clerk, 13 Lowe's Remedies—Local Self-Government and Representation in the British Parliament, 13 Unwieldiness of a Common Parliament at Westminster, 14 "Council of the Empire," 15 Bismarck on the Council of the Confederation of the German States, 15, 16 Colonial orators and Imperial councils, 16, 17 Robert Lowe on the Tractarian movement, Newman, Pusey, and Keble, 17, 18 The dominant Australasian Bishops, 18 Lowe's admiration of Dr. Arnold of Rugby, 17, 18 Sir James Martin's Creed, 18, 19 Lowe's theology and the Sydney Morning Herald, 20-23 Lowe on National Unsectarian Education, 23-26 Sir Richard Bourke—a retrospect—ablest of Australian Governors, 24, 25 Sir Richard as a Re-former, 24 Dr. Ullathorne supports Sir Richard Bourke's Education Scheme, 24, 25 Arouses Dr. Lang's bigotry, 25 Lang wrecks Sir Richard's measure, 25 Lowe converts Dr. Lang, 25 Lang's repentance—estimate of him as a public man, 26 Lowe's Colonial patriotism—a foremost Australian leader, 28 Elected member for Sydney in the Legislative Council, 1850, 28 Eight well-spent years under the "Southern Cross," 28 Returns to England in 1851, 29 ​ ||
| II. ||
| Sir Henry Parkes in England, | 31-62 |
| London Flesh Australian Grass, 31 A different type of Colonists now come "Home," 32 The Colonial Exhibition and Conference, 1887, 32 Two Emigration Commissioners, 1860-61, 32, 33 Sir Henry Parkes and the Right Hon. W. B. Dalley, 33 Mr. Fronde's Oceana, 34 His estimate of Australian public men, 34, 35 Description of Sir Henry Parkes, 35 Parkes Letters to Sydney Morning Herald in 1861, 33 Palmerston, 37 Disraeli, Brougham, 37 The American Civil War, 38-49 Apathy of the Birmingham audience towards manhood suffrage and ballot, 39 "Conservative reaction," 39 Causes of the failure of Messrs. Parkes' and Dalley's emigration mission, 39-41 "Perhaps we could spare old Briggs," 42 Parkes' sympathy with the North 43 John Bright the true representative of the English Democracy—on America and on Ireland, 43 Beresford Hope and Tennyson both against the North, 43 Carlyle and Gladstone in favour of the South, 43 Personal influence of the Queen, 45 Death of the Prince Consort, 46 The Trent incident, 46-48 Christmas Eve, 1861, 46-49 Defenceless state of Australian colonies at that date, 49 A timely warning, 49 Disraeli on Prince Albert, 50 Palmerston and "your Mr. Cowper," 51 Colonial Defences Debate—Mr. Arthur Mills and "Sam Slick," 51 "Including Mr. Childers." Twenty-seven members present, 52 Social condition of England in 1862, 53 Panegyric on Cobden, 53 Odd speculations as to the future Statesmen, 54 A government consisting of "Cobden, Gladstone, and Stanley," 54 Brougham's Adress at the Social Science Congress, 54-56 Brougham at the International Law Section with Travers Twiss and M. Gamier Pages, 56 At the Social Science Soiree with Lord Shaftesbury, 56 "The aged poet Dean Milman," 57 Palmerston a D.C.L., Oxford, 57 Sir Henry Taylor, 57-59 Wheatstone and Palmerston, 57-59 "A boy of fourscore," 59 Rural Sights and Sounds, 59, 60 Value of a Colonial Observer, 61 Britain, America, and Australia, 61, 62 ||
| III. ||
| Lord Beaconsfield and Young Australia, | 63-75 |
| Effect of the cable, 63 Victorian Government and the broken cable, 64 ​ News only received monthly (until Aug. 22, 1872) during the Franco-German War, 1870—contrasted with the daily intelligence of the progress of the Russo-Turkish Campaign, 1877-78, 64, 65 Russia and Australia, 65 Beaconsfield's Imperialism, 66 "Patriotic Sonneteering," 66-68 Beaconsfield Demonstration in Melbourne, 68-71 Speech by Mr. Service, 69, 70 Mr. David Gaunson, 70 Comments of Melbourne Argus, 71-73 Meeting at Sydney, 71 Congratulations from Ballarat, Adelaide, and Newcastle, 71 Causes of Disraeli's popularity, 74 and Mr. Gladstone's unpopularity in Australia, 75 ||
| IV. ||
| Australian Democracy, | 77-114 |
| Australasia, seven self-governing democratic states claiming to be members of the Empire, 77 Qualifications necessary in a historian, 78 Causes of the failure of more than one Colonial Historian, 77, 78 The anti-democratic bias, 79 Wentworth's failure to create Colonial aristocracy, 79 His love of Australia and his imperial instincts, 79 Colonial autonomy and Colonial aristocracy, 80 Wentworth's proposed Australian House of Lords, 80 Opposed by Robert Lowe in the British House of Commons, 80 and by Henry Parkes in Sydney, 80 If it failed in New South Wales what chance had it in Victoria? 81 Responsible Government in Victoria 81 William Nicholson, 81 Vote by ballot, 82 Democratisation of the constitution, 82 Mr. Rusden's History of Australia, 82 Secret of the rapid triumph of democratic principles, 84 The anti-colonial party, 83 Wentworth and Stawell exceptional, 84 Pessimism of the "upper-class" party, 85 Optimism of the democratic leaders, 85 An appeal to the Privy Council in 1869, 86 Bribers and bribed, 86 Hon. George Higinbotham's reply, 86, 87 His faith in the body politic, 87 Hostility of the English press, 88 Mr. Finch-Hatton's Advance Australia, 88 His estimate of Australian public men, 89 "The wealthy lower orders," 90 Mr. C. H. Pearson, Minister of Education, 91 Sir Charles Dilke's Greater Britain, 91, 92 his chapters on Democracy and Protection, 91 his estimate of Australian public men, 92 Aim of the democratic party, 93 ​ The Crown lauds and squatters, 93 National education, 94 The Rev. J. Dalton on the Educational expenditure in Great Britain and the Colonies, 94 "Quill-driving" versus a handicraft, 95 General Gordon's wise forecast, 95 "Protection" in Victoria, Mr. Richard Heales and Sir Graham Berry, 96 "The logic of events," 96 Effect of "free soup-kitchen," in Collingwood, 96 "What shall we do with our toys? " 97 Change in the Fiscal Policy of Victoria, 98 A Free-trade Cabinet introduces Protectionist tariff, 98 Inter-Colonial restrictive duties, 98 Can we have Imperial Free Trade with Protection against the world? 100 A British Zollverein, 100 Conversation between an Australian Protectionist and a great English Free-Trader, 100 "Titles for Colonists," 101 Mr. Higinbotham's view, 102 "Impossible to discriminate their relative baseness," 102 Messrs. Higinbotham and Francis decline a title, 102 The rest have accepted K.C.M.G. when offered, 102 Sir Robert Stout's remarkable Article, 103 Sir George Grey's views, 104 Opposed to Lord Carnarvon and Sir Michael Hicks-Beach, 105, 106 A merely "local" title illegal, 105 Should the Colonial or British Cabinet "advise" the Queen as to the distribution of honours in a self-governing Colony? 105 Sir R. Stout sums up controversy, 106 Obstruction in Colonial Parliaments, 108 Mr. Alfred Deakin's proposed remedy, 108 Mr. Service's opinion of Sir Chas. Warren and the Police in Tralfalgar Square Riots, and murder of Sergeant Brett, 109 Why Colonial public-men can be outspoken, 110 Mr. Service on Armaments, 110 On the Conscription, 111 Australian Democratic Press, Age and Leader, 112 Australia and America, 112 Australian democracy must be met as a fact, 114 ||
| V. ||
| Australia and Irish Home Rule, | 115-134 |
| A "solid" Australia, 115 Mr. Parnell and Mr. Rhodes, 115, 116 Mr. Parnell an "Imperial Federationist," 116-119 Australian Irishmen may be Home-rulers, 119 No section analogous to the Irish American Dynamite Party, 119 Sir John O'Shanassy on the brothers Redmond, 119, 12 Effect of Mr. Gladstone's "conversion" on the Australian public mind, 120 Mr. Topp's Essay on English Institutions and the Irish Race, 121 ​ English Roman Catholics, 123 Cardinal Manning, 123 Celt and Teuton, 124 Mr. Davitt on race, 124 His "Mission of the Celts," 125 Bismarck on race, 126 Melbourne Review, 126 The Highlander and Lowlander in Scotland, 129 Bismarck on the German and French character; the former applicable to the English and Lowland Scotch, 120 The relations of England and Ireland in a sentence, 131 What is the Irish Problem? 132 ||
| VI. ||
| The Irish in Australia, | 135-156 |
| Irish population in Australia, 135 "An Australian Example," 135 "The Irish in Australia," 136 Contrasted with "Victorian Year-Book," 136 Has the British majority played a minor rôle? 136 Victorian autonomy and Mr. Balfour, 137 Political capacity of the Irish in Australia, 138 The Anglo-Irish and the Irish Celts, 138 Marcus Clarke's nationality, 139 Wentworth, "the Australian Patriot," 140, 141 Sir Wm. Foster Stawell, 141 Judge Molesworth, 142 Wm. Edward Hearn. 142 George Higinbotham, 142 Their share in building up Victoria, 143 Early English Emigrants, 144 Sir C. Gavan Duffy on the two Irish Sections, 145 The purely Celtic Claims, 145, 146 "Why don't you stand ?" 146 I am an Englishman! 146 Disadvantages of belonging to the "Imperial and consolidating race," 146 The Celt a powerful factor in colonial affairs, 147 "The Roman Catholic vote," 147 The English clergyman as a "wire-puller," 148 "A political pessimist," 149 "Poll early, and Poll often," 149 Acts of filial piety, 150 Irish domestic servants, 150 An Englishman's anti-patriotic bias, 150 What do the Irish contribute to Australian or Imperial objects? 151 Australia's contribution to Irish famine fund, 151 Criminal Statistics, 152 Autonomy of Victoria not applicable to Ireland, 152 Major-General Sir Andrew Clarke, 152 Letter to John Bright, 154 Toleration the mark of the Victorian Era, 155 "The Weary Titan," 156 ||
| VII. ||
| The State Schoolmaster, | 157-187 |
| Education in the colonies, 157 "Free, secular, and compulsory," 157 Not necessarily purely secular, 157 Why was religion banished from Victorian schools? 158 Voluntary and Board schools in England, 159 ​ Dr. Rigg and the "voluntary" Church of England schools, 159 Australian difficulties and sociological differences, 160 Wilberforce Stephen's Education Act, and before, 160 Roman Catholic "Denominational" schools, 160 The Policy of Bishop Perry and Bishop Moorhouse, 161 What is to be done with an alien race? 161 Assimilation by a "Common" Education, 161 Mr. Topp's views, 161 The Roman Catholic clergy much more hostile than the laity, 163 Mr. Charles Fairfield's arguments, 163-166 Working of the Roman Catholic system in Spain and England, 164, 165 Criminal statistics, and the national and religious divisions of the people, 165-167 Sir Robert Stout's views, 166-168 "Waifs and Strays," 166 Crimes prevail not because of, but in spite of, religious belief, 168 Why religions not taught in State schools, 168-170 Anglican laity despite their bishops have built up the Australian National system, 169 "Common" schools, 169, 170 Policy of the Roman Catholic Church in denouncing "mixed marriages," 170 Real cause of the necessity for a "Common" system of State Education, 171 Otherwise two permanently hostile races, 171 Australia,—comparison with Scotland, 171 An "up-country" State schoolmaster 172-177 Charles Wesley Caddy the bush philosopher, 172-177 The late Mr. Geddie Pearse, "A Roger-Ascham of the Bush." His system of moral discipline, 176 Does the system justify the cost? 178, 179 Mr Alex. Sutherland on the "Royal Readers," 179 Opinion of the working-class electors, and of many of the Protestant clergy, 180 Attitude of the Church of England, 180, 181 A hope that the policy of Bishops Broughton and Moorhouse may be reversed, 181, 182 What has the Church gained?—only run the risk of "dis-Australianising" herself, 182 Result if she would assist in the work of the "common"; education of people, 183 She might restore some measure of religious instruction, and make herself the Church of Australia, 183 Are the State schools to be uprooted?—Opinion of an experienced Parliamentarian, 184 The University Professor, 185 Melbourne University, 186 Melbourne and Sydney not truly "so democratic as Oxford and Cambridge," 187 ||
| VIII. ||
| Native Australians and Imperial Federation, | 189-231 ​ |
| Lord Carnarvon on Australian development, 189 "Australia for the Australians," 189 Census Returns—Three out of every five persons in Victoria natives, 190 "Natives Association," 190 Racial and national speculations, 191 Anew "Utopia," 191-194 Comments by an old Pioneer, 195-198 Dr. Hearn's "Aryan Household," 195, 196 Are the opinions of Young Australia day-dreams? 199, 200 Echoes of the outworn traditions of Downing Street, 201, 202 Sir Henry Taylor's minute to Lord Carlingford, 1865, 202, 203 Sir Henry's comments thereon, 1885, 204 Policy of Colonial independence originated with Sir James Stephen, but never countenanced in Australia, 204, 205 Dr. Lang's "Coming Event," 204, 205 The typical colonist apathetic about Imperial Federation, 206 Lord Salisbury's opening speech at Colonial Conference, 207-210 "A matter purely of self-interest," 210 Are the colonies safer in the Empire? 210 America after the Declaration of Independence, 210 Colonies in the 18th and 19th centuries, 212 Effects of steam and telegraph, 212 Bars to legislative union, 214 What is meant by Imperial Federation? 214 Sir Henry Parkes' scheme of local federation, 214, 217 Queensland and Western Australia omitted, 216-218 Mr. James Service's successful efforts to initiate a "bund" between Victoria, Queensland, Tasmania, and West Australia, 217 "Foreign Pressure," 218 New South Wales, South Australia and New-Zealand stood out 218 "The Phantom at Hobart," 218 Imperial Federation a misnomer without Imperial Free-trade, 219 Victorian customs duties, 219 Must we drift? 220 The change of sentiment now shaping new Nationalities and combinations of peoples, 220 George Borrow and the Spanish Alcalde, 221 "The Grand Baintham," 221 South American Republics, 221, 222 Effect of the American Civil War, 222 The Republic of George Washington and that of M. Grevy, 223 The crux of the problem, 223 Can the colonies be received on equal terms into an Imperial alliance? 223 The question of Colonial Governorships—The Queen to appoint direct on advice from the Self-governing Colonies, instead of the Governor being a Downing Street nominee, 224-231 Over-centralisation, 230 Itinerant Councils, and peripatetic Secretaries-of-State, 231 ​ ||
| IX. ||
| The Moral of Queensland Imbroglio, | 233-252 |
| The Queensland Governorship, 233 Sir Henry Blake, 233 Sir Thomas M'Ilwraith, 234 Poaches on Sir Samuel Griffith's "Radical preserves," 234 Dispute with Sir Anthony Musgrave and with Lord Knutsford, 235 Utility of "scientific imagination," 235 Early and present-day politicians contrasted, 236-239 "Plato and the preaching friars," 237 "Colonial Jealousies and the Government" 239 Loyalists and Disloyalists, 240, 241 The Celtic element in Colonial Cabinets, 241, 242 Mrs. Campbell Praed's Policy and Passion, 247 "Thomas Longleat," Premier of "Leichardt's-Land," 247 Sir Thomas M'Ilwraith's "Opportunism," 245 Mr. Gladstone's "Idolatry of the Immediate," 246 Sir Thomas M'Ilwraith and Sir William Harcourt, 245, 246 Programme of the National Party in Queensland, 248, 249 Mr. Gowen Evans on the Irish Home-Rule Party in the colonies, 249-250 The "little finger," 250 The Victorian vote on Colonial Governorships—Moral, 251 ||
| APPENDICES. ||
| A. Robert Lowe on the Disabilities OF Colonists, | 253 |
| B. Sir C. Gavan Duffy's "Royal Commission," | 258 |
| C. The Colonial Office and the "Foreign Noblemen," | 263 |
| D. Religion and Irish Home Rule, | 267 |
| E. Education in Australia, | 271 |
| F. "A Typical Australian Statesman," | 276 |
| G. The Late W. E. Hearn, | 280 |
| H. The late William Bede Dalley | 283 |
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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