OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Commissioners v. Sellew

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* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
99 U.S. 624
Commissioners v. Sellew
ERROR to the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Kansas.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
Mr. Matt. H. Carpenter for the plaintiff in error.
Mr. E. Stillings, Mr. L. B. Wheat, and Mr. T. A. Hurd, contra.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WAITE delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Commissioners of Sinking Fund of Logan County Kentucky v. United States

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* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
169 U.S. 255
Commissioners of Sinking Fund of Logan County Kentucky v. United States
Charles C. Binney, for appellants.
Alphonso Hart, for the United States.
Mr. Justice PECKHAM delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Commissioners v. Bank of Commerce

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
97 U.S. 374
Commissioners v. Bank of Commerce
ERROR to the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of South Carolina.
This was an action brought by the Bank of Commerce to recover the amount of sundry coupons which were formerly attached to bonds, purporting to be issued by the Board of County Commissioners of the County of Pickens, South Carolina, in aid of the Atlanta and Richmond Air-Line Railway Company. The complaint alleges that the said coupons are for different sums of money, depending on the size of the bonds, and are in the form following, to wit:--
'$7.00. The County of Pickens, State of South Carolina, will pay the bearer on the first day of January, 1874, seven dollars, at Pickens Court-house, for annual interest on bond No. 113.
'H. J. ANTHONY,
'Chairman of Board of County Commissioners.
'Receivable in payment of taxes.'
-and that the plaintiff is the bona fide holder of them for value, and that they, though due, have not been paid.
Judgment was rendered in favor of the bank. Several defences, interposed below, were abandoned here. The remaining facts and the assignment of error are mentioned in the opinion of the court.
Mr. William W. Boyce for the plaintiff in error.
The 'county of Pickens' not having been sued by its corporate name, no judgment on its contracts can be rendered against it in this suit. A corporation (unless empowered to sue and be sued in the name of its clerk or trustee) should sue and be sued by the name in which it is incorporated. Brown, Actions at Law, 115; 1 Saunders, Plead. and Evid. 387. The statutes of the State do not authorize a suit for the enforcement of a county liability to be brought against the persons who constitute the board of commissioners; and the present judgment against them as individuals must be reversed, because there is nothing on the record showing their personal liability. The plaintiff below must therefore fail, as against the county, because he has not sued it; he must fail against the defendants, because he asserts a claim for the payment of which they are not individually bound. The words 'county commissioners' added to their names are a descriptio personarum, and do not define or limit their liability.
The objection is not for misnomer, nor is it one of form. It is for a defect in matter of substance, apparent on the pleadings, for which error lies.
Mr. James Lowndes and Mr. W. E. Earle, contra.
MR. JUSTICE HUNT delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Adam, Sir Frederick

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​ADAM, SIR FREDERICK ( ? –1853)
Governor: son of Right Hon. William Adam: entered the Army, 1795: in the Guards, 1799: in Egypt, 1800–1: in Sicily and Spain: A.D.C. to the Prince Regent: Maj-General: commanded a Brigade at Waterloo: K. C. B.: Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, 1824–6: G.C.M.G.: P.C, 1831: Governor of Madras, 1832–7: G.C.B., 1840: Colonel of the 57th and 21st regts.: General, 1846: died Aug. 17, 1853.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Adams, Andrew Leith

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​ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH ( ? –1882)
Naturalist, Army-Surgeon and Surgeon-Major from 1848 to 1873: Professor of Zoology at Dublin, and of Natural History at Cork: wrote Wanderings of a Naturalist in India, and The Western Himalayas and Cashmere: F.G.S.: F.R.S.: and LL.D. of Aberdeen: died in Aug. 1882.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Adams, Thomas

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​ADAMS, THOMAS ( ? –1764)
Major: an officer of the school of Clive: in 1763 succeeded to a command in Bengal: defeated Mir Kasim, Nawab of Bengal, performing splendid exploits during the campaign: he started, just after a British reverse, with a few English veterans and a handful of sepoys: defeated one of the Nawab's Generals at Katwa: marched on Murshidabad and occupied it: won a brilliant victory at Gheria: dislodged the enemy from their position of great strength at the pass of ​Udwanala : took Monghyr : marched on Patna, and took it by assault, though he was so broken down by illness that he could scarcely retain his command. Mir Kasim had fled from Patna on the approach of the English : Adams pursued him as far as the boundary of Oudh : he then handed over the command to Knox and died, worn out, Jan. 16, 1764.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Adye, Sir John Miller

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​ADYE, SIR JOHN MILLER (1891–1900)
Born Nov. 1, 1819, son of Major J. P. Adye, R.A. : entered the Royal Artillery in Dec. 1836 : in the Crimea as Brig-Major to the Artillery; Brevet-Lt-Colonel, 1854, and C.B. : through the mutiny as A.A.G. for Royal Artillery: with General Windham at Cawnpur and at the defeat of the Gwalior contingent, Dec. 6, 1857 : commanded the R.A. in Madras in 1859 : D.A.G. of Artillery in India, 1863; in the Sitana (Umbeyla) campaign : Director of Artillery at the War Office, 1870 : to the Crimea in 1872, to report on the British cemeteries and monuments : Governor of R.M.A. Woolwich, 1875 : wrote largely on the question of the Russians in Central Asia and on Afghanistan, opposing a forward policy : Surveyor-General of Ordnance, 1880 : Chief of the Staff to Lord Wolseley in the Egyptian campaign, 1882 : Governor of Gibraltar, 1883–1886 : K.C.B. in 1873 : Commander of the Legion of Honour, 1874 : G.C.B. in 1882, and the Order of the Medjidie : General, Nov. 20, 1884 : died Aug. 26, 1900. He wrote on India, viz.. The Defence of Cawnpur, Sitana, a Mountain Campaign, Indian Frontier History,and an autobiography.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Afghanistan, Dost Muhammad Khan, Amir of

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​AFGHANISTAN, DOST MUHAMMAD KHAN, AMIR OF (1791–1863)
Twentieth son of Payinda Khan (executed 1799), who was chief of the Barakzais, and brother of Fateh Khan, the Barakzai "Mayor of the Palace" of Mahmud Shah, of the Abdalis, or Duranis. As the result of the fighting among the members of the Durani and Barakzai families from the time of Payinda Khan, Dost Muhammad established himself in 1822–3 in Kabul, Kashmir having been lost to the Sikhs in 1819, Herat and Peshawar not being in his power. He defeated Shah Shuja, the Sadazai or, Durani, late Amir, at Kandahar in 1833: ​but lost Peshawar to the Sikhs in 1834 : styled himself Amir in 1833. In 1837 Burnes was sent on an embassy to Kabul, to oppose Persian designs on Herat : Dost Muhammad was found to be intriguing with Russia, and a Russian Envoy appeared at Kabul : Lord Auckland's Government decided to depose Dost Muhammad and reinstate Shah Shuja as Amir : on the approach of the British force in 1839 Dost Muhammad fled to Bokhara, but escaped, advanced on Kabul, made a stand at Bajgah, but was defeated and fled again : after a success against the English at Parwandarra, he surrendered, Nov. 3, 1840, to the English envoy and was sent down to Calcutta : at the end of the first Afghan war, in 1842, he returned to Kabul and resumed his reign : in the Panjab campaign of 1848–9, he sent assistance to the Sikhs : he concluded the treaty of Pesha-war with the Governor-General in March, 1855, by which the independence of Afghanistan was recognised : and a sub-sidy was given to him, under an agreement made in Jan. 1857 : he regained Kanda-har in Jan. 1856 : remained quiet and staunch to the British during the mutiny : established his power throughout Afghanistan, capturing Herat, May 27, 1863 : died at Herat, June 9, 1863: was a strong ruler, and leader of men, but cruel and unscrupulous.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Adam, John

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​ADAM, JOHN (1779–1825)
Son of Right Hon. W. Adam: born May 4, 1779. educated at Charterhouse and Edinburgh University: writer in the E. I. Co.'s service, reached Calcutta, Feb. 1796: three years at Patna: head assistant in the judicial-revenue Secretariat: in May, 1802, was Head of the "Governor-General's office": in 1804, Deputy Secretary in the Secret and Political Departments: in 1809, Secretary in the Military Department: in 1812, Secretary in the Secret, Foreign and Political Departments: Private Secretary in 1817 and Political Secretary to the Marquis of Hastings, whom he accompanied during the Mahratta-Pindari war, greatly influencing his policy of establishing the British supremacy: was "the very able and very conservative" Member of the Supreme Council, 1819–25: opposed the liberty of the Press as unsuited to India, and the financial transactions of Palmer & Co with the Nizam: ​acted as Governor General from Lord Hastings' departure in Jan. until Lord Amherst's arrival in Aug., 1823: adopted a strong and active policy: a Regulation was passed, in April, 1823, to curb the public Press: under it, John Silk Buckingham, who had established the Calcutta Journal and criticised Government, satirically commenting upon an appointment made by Government, was deprived of his licence and deported to England. The Court of Directors approved Adam's policy, and the Privy Council concurred. Adam was the first to grant public money, a lakh of rupees a year, in support of native education: devoted town duties to public works: increased civil judicial establishments: added four regiments to the Bengal Army: was given a renewed term as Member of Council: he died at sea, off Madagascar, June 4, 1825. His picture, by Chinnery, is in the Town Hall, Calcutta, and a tablet to his memory is in St. John's Church there, testifying to his merits.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Adams, Sir John Worthington

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​ADAMS, SIR JOHN WORTHINGTON (1764–1837)
Entered the Army 1780: fought under Sir R. Abercromby (q.v.) against the Rohillas: was at the capture of Seringapatam, 1799: commanded his regt. in 1809, on active service in Central India: C.B., 1815: held commands in Kumaon, Nagpur, the Dekkan: took Chanda in 1818, was at Bhartpur in 1826: commanded the Sirhind Division, May, 1828: Maj-General 1830: Colonel of the 16th Bengal, N.I.: K.C.B.: died March 9, 1837, at Sabathu.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Adam, William Patrick

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​ADAM, WILLIAM PATRICK (1823–1881)
Governor: son of Admiral Sir Charles Adam, K.C.B.: born 1823: educated at Rugby and Trinity College, Cambridge: B.A.: called to the bar by the Inner Temple, 1849: Private Secretary to Lord Elphinstone, Governor of Bombay, 1853–58: M.P. for Clackmannan and Kinross, 1859–80: Lord of the Treasury, 1865–6, and 1868–73: First Commissioner of Works in 1873, and Privy Councillor: 'Whip' of the Liberal party, 1874–80, and Governor of Madras, Dec. 20, 1880: died at Ootacamund May 24, 1881: his eldest son was created a Baronet in recognition of his father's public services: his widow was given the rank of a Baronet's widow and made a member of the Order of the Crown of India.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Adams, Rev. James Williams

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​ADAMS, REV. JAMES WILLIAMS (1840–1903)
Educated at Trinity College, Dublin: ordained, 1863: on the Bengal Ecclesiastical Establishment, 1868–1887: chosen, 1879, to be Chaplain to the Kabul Field Force: was at Charasia and other engagements, and in Lord Roberts' march from Kabul to Kandahar: won the Victoria Cross—the only clergyman who ever gained it—in the Chardeh valley, near Kabul, in Dec. 1879: first saved a wounded man of the 9th Lancers, by dismounting and supporting him until relieved; he then, up to his waist in water, and under a heavy fire from the Afghans within a few yards, by sheer strength dragged out two more men of the same regiment from under their horses in a ditch. He also saw service as Chaplain in Burma. On his retirement, in 1887, he was appointed Rector of Postwick, Norfolk; died at Ashwell Rectory near Ockham, on Oct. 20, 1903, "Padre" Adams, as he was called, had immense influence with the British soldier, who adored him. He was Chaplain in Ordinary to H.M., 1901.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Afghanistan, Abdur Rahman, Amir of

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​AFGHANISTAN, ABDUR RAHMAN, AMIR OF (1844–1901)
Son of Afzal Khan, and grandson of the Amir Dost Muhammad : confirmed by Shir Ali, in 1863, in a government in Turkistan : took part in the civil war between his father and his uncle Shir Ali (q.v.) : escaped to Bokhara when his father was imprisoned in 1864 : collected a force and defeated Shir Ali at Shekhabad in May, 1866, and recovered Kabul for his father : on the latter's death, in 1867, became C. in C. to his uncle Muhammad Azim : retired to Balkh : he was defeated at Tinak Khan, by Yakub on behalf of Shir Ali, on Jan. 3, 1869, and made for Bokhara, receiving an allowance from Russia : remained for 10 years at Samar-kand. In 1880 he watched events from Balkh, and, when Yakub Khan abdicated and was sent to India, negotiations were opened with Abdur Rahman, who proceeded to Charikar, was recognised as Amir of Kabul by the British Government in July, 1880, and finally nominated Amir on Aug. 10 : he subsequently occupied Kandahar when evacuated by the British forces, lost it to his uncle Ayub Khan (q.v.) in 1881, but personally recovered it from Ayub in Sep. 1881 : established his power throughout Afghanistan, and had frontier disputes with Russia : visited the Viceroy, Lord Duf-ferin, at Rawul Pindi, March, 1885, to discuss Afghan affairs, and was then made G.C.S.I. At the time of the Penjdeh incident with Russia, in April, 1885, he showed great forbearance. He had to repress risings in various parts of the kingdom : defeated his cousin Ishak, Governor of Turkistan. In 1893 he received Sir M. Durand's mission to settle a number of frontier questions, which at times had nearly led to hostilities with the British. He ruled with a rod of iron. GC.B., 1895 : disappointed at not being allowed to have a diplomatic agent resident in London, for which he asked through his son Nasrulla, in 1895. During his reign he employed English firms and experts to work for him at Kabul, and greatly strengthened his kingdom and military power, but maintained the traditional Afghan policy of keeping foreigners in general out of his country: in an autobiography he showed his confidence in the British alliance : he died Oct. 3, 1901.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Alt, Philippe Samuel

Alt, Philippe Samuel, composer and organist at Weimar, was born in 1689.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Aloysius, join petr

Aloysius, join petr. See PALESTRINA.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Alphabet

Alphabet. Applied to the seven letters used in music, thus : -
When either part exceeds these seven, either ascending or descending, the same series is repeated, observing the same order.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Alt

Alt, secretary to the town of Glogau, a composer and violinist, published some quartets at Berlin about the year 1790.
ALT. An abridgment of the Italian adjective rite, high. A. term applied to that portion of the great scale of sounds which lies between F, on the upper line of the treble staff, and G of the octave above. Thus the A on the first added line above is called A in alt.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Altenburg, Michael

Altenburg, Michael. A Lutheran clergyman at Erfurt, where he died in 1640. He published some sacred music.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Alpine Horn

Alpine Horn. An instrument made of the bark of a cherry tree; and, like a speaking trumpet, used to convey sounds to a great distance. When the last rays of the sun gild the summit of the Alps, the shepherd, who inhabits the highest peak of those mountains, takes his horn, and cries with a loud voice, "Praised be the Lord." As soon as the neighboring shepherds hear him, they leave their huts and repeat the words. The sounds are promulgated many minutes, while the echoes of the mountains, and grottoes of the rocks, repeat the name of God. Imagination cannot picture any thing more solemn or sublime than this scene. During the silence that succeeds, the shepherds bend their knees and pray in the open air, and then retire to their huts to rest. The sunlight gilding the tops of those stupendous mountains, upon which the blue vault of heaven seems to rest, the magnificent scenery around, and the voices of these shepherds sounding from rock to rock the praise of the Almighty, must fill the mind of every traveller with enthusiasm and awe.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Alterata

Alterata. (I.) One of the terms given by the old theorists to the first deviation from the ecclesiastical modes ; which modes, till this innovation, were so rigidly confined to the diatonic wale, as to admit of no semitones but those from E to F, A to B flat, and B natural to C.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Alsted

Alsted, or ALSTEDIUS, JOHN HENRY, a German divine, wrote, among other works, the following, which was translated into English : "Templum Musicum, being a compendium of the rudiments both of the mathematical and practical parts of music, on which subject not any book is extant in the English tongue. Faithfully translated out of the Latin, by John Birchensha. Lon-don, 1664." This book consists of little more than nearly unintelligible and dry definitions. Alstedius died in 1638.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Alta

Alta. (I.) High. This word is frequently to be understood in the comparative degree ; as, 3 va. alta signifies an octave higher.
# Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Wodehouse

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.

## Dissenting Opinion

    Frankfurter
United States Supreme Court
337 U.S. 369
Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Wodehouse
Argued: June 13, 1949. --- Decided: Oct 10, 1949
See 70 S.Ct. 31.
Miss Melva M. Graney, Washington, D. C., for petitioner.
Mr. Watson Washburn, New York City, for respondent.
[Argument of Counsel from page 370 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice BURTON delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Commissioner v. First Security Bank of Utah
## Dissenting Opinions

    Marshall
    Blackmun
Supreme Court of the United States
405 U.S. 394
Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. First Security Bank of Utah, N.A., et al.
Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
No. 70-305. Argued: January 10, 1972 --- Decided: March 21, 1972
Respondent banks were subsidiaries of a holding company that also controlled a management company, an insurance agency, and, from 1954, an insurance company (Security Life). In 1948 the banks began to offer to arrange credit life insurance for their borrowers, placing the insurance with an independent insurance carrier. National banking laws were deemed to prohibit the banks from receiving sales commissions, which were paid by the carrier to the insurance agency subsidiary. The commissions were reported as taxable income for the 1948-1954 period by the management company. After 1954, when Security Life was organized, the credit life insurance on the banks' customers was placed with an independent carrier, which reinsured the risks with Security Life, the latter retaining 85% of the premiums. No sales commissions were paid. Security Life reported all the reinsurance premiums on its income tax returns for the period 1955 to 1959, at the preferential tax rate for insurance companies. Petitioner, pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 482, granting him power to allocate gross income among controlled corporations in order to reflect the actual incomes of the corporations, determined that 40% of Security Life's premium income was allocable to the banks as commission income earned for originating and processing the credit life insurance. The Tax Court affirmed petitioner's action, but the Court of Appeals reversed.
Held: Since the banks did not receive and were prohibited by law from receiving sales commissions, no part of the reinsurance premium income could be attributed to them, and petitioner's exercise of the § 482 authority was not warranted. Pp. 403-407.
436 F. 2d 1192, affirmed.
POWELL, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which BURGER, C.J., and DOUGLAS, BRENNAN, STEWART, and REHNQUIST, JJ., joined. MARSHALL, J., filed a dissenting opinion, post, p. 407. BLACKMUN, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which WHITE, J., joined, post, p. 418.
Ernest J. Brown argued the cause for petitioner. On the brief were Solicitor General Griswold, Acting Assistant Attorney General Ugast, Matthew J. Zinn, and Bennet N. Hollander.
Stephen H. Anderson argued the cause for respondents. With him on the brief was S.J. Quinney.
Ernest Getz filed a brief for Bud Kouts Chevrolet Co. et al. as amici curiae urging affirmance.