# Proposed Electronic Calculator/Chapter 8

​8. Scope of the Machine.
The class of problems capable of solution by the machine can be defined fairly specifically. They are those problems which can be solved by human clerical labour, working to fixed rules, and without understanding, provided that
(a) The amount of written material which need be kept at any one stage is limited to the equivalent of 5,000 real numbers (say), i.e. about what can conveniently be written on 50 sheets of paper.
(b) That the human operator, doing his arithmetic without mechanical aid, would not take more than a hundred thousand times the time available on the calculator, this figure representing the ratio of the speeds of calculation by the two methods.
(c) It should be possible to describe the instructions to the operator in ordinary language within the space of an ordinary novel. These instructions will not be quite the same as the instructions which are normally given to a computer, and which give him credit for intelligence. The instructions must cover every possible eventuality.
Let us now give real examples of problems that do and problems that do not satisfy these conditions.
Problem 1.— Construction of range tables. The complete process of range-table construction could be carried out as a single job. This would involve calculation of trajectories by small arcs, for various different quadrant elevations and muzzle velocities. The results at this stage would be checked by differencing with respect to other parameters than time. The figures actually required would then be obtained by interpolation and these would finally be rearranged in the most convenient form. All of this could in theory be done as a single job. In practice we should probably be wiser to do it in several parts in order to throw less responsibility on to the checking arrangements. When we have acquired more practical experience with the machine we will be bolder.
It is estimated that the first job of this kind might take one or two months, most of which would be spent in designing instruction tables. A second job could be run off in a few days.
Problem 2.— To find the potential distribution outside a charged conducting cube. This is a problem which could easily be tackled by the machine by a method of successive approximations; a relaxation process would probably be used. In relaxation processes the action to be taken at each major step depends essentially on the results of the steps that have gone before. This would normally be considered a serious hindrance to the mechanisation of a process, but the logical control of the proposed calculator has been designed largely with such cases in view, and will have no difficulty on this score. The ​problem proposed is one which is well within the scope of the machine, and could be run off in a few minutes, assuming it was done as one of a sequence of similar problems. It is quite outside the scope of hand methods.
Problem 3.— The solution of simultaneous linear equations. In this problem we are likely to be limited by the storage capacity of the machine. If the coefficients in the equations are essentially random we shall need to be able to store the whole matrix of coefficients and probably also at least one subsidiary matrix. If we have a storage capacity of 6400 numbers we cannot expect to be able to solve equations in more than about 50 unknowns. In practice, however, the majority of problems have very degenerate matrices and we do not need to store anything like as much. For instance problem (2) above can be transformed into one requiring the solution of linear simultaneous equations if we replace the continuum by a lattice. The coefficients in these equations are very systematic and mostly zero. In this problem we should be limited not by the storage required for the matrix of coefficients, but by that required for the solution or for the approximate solutions.
Problem 4.— To calculate the radiation from the open end of a rectangular wave-guide. The complete polar diagram for the radiation could be calculated, together with the reflection coefficient for the end of the guide and interaction coefficients for the various modes; this would be done for any given wavelength and guide dimensions.
Problem 5.— Given two matrices of degree less than 30 whose coefficients are polynomials of degree less than 10, the machine could multiply the matrices together, giving a result which is another matrix also having polynomial coefficients. This has important applications in the design of optical instruments.
Problem 6.— Given a complicated electrical circuit and the characteristics of its components, the response to given input signals could be calculated. A standard code for the description of the components could easily be devised for this purpose, and also a code for describing connections. There is no need for the characteristics to be linear.
Problem 7.— It would not be possible to integrate the area under a curve, as the machine will have no appropriate input.
Problem 8.— To count the number of butchers due to be demobilised in June 1946 from cards prepared from the army records. The machine would be quite capable of doing this, but it would not be a suitable job for it. The speed at which it could be done would be limited by the rate at which cards can be read, and the high speed and other valuable characteristics of the calculator would never be brought into play. Such a job can and should be done with standard Hollerith equipment.
Problem 9.— A jig-saw puzzle is made up by cutting up a halm-board into pieces each consisting of a number of whole squares. The calculator could be made to find a solution of the jig-saw, and, if they were not too numerous, to list all solutions.
This particular problem is of no great importance, but it is typical of a very large class of non-numerical problems that can be treated by the calculator. Some of these have great military importance, and others are of immense interest to mathematicians.
​Problem 10.— Given a position in chess the machine could be made to list all the ‘winning combinations’ to a depth of about three moves on either side. This is not unlike the previous problem, but raises the question ‘Can the machine play chess?’ It could fairly easily be made to play a rather bad game. It would be bad because chess requires intelligence. We stated at the beginning of this section that the machine should be treated as entirely without intelligence. There are indications however that it is possible to make the machine display intelligence at the risk of its making occasional serious mistakes. By following up this aspect the machine could probably be made to play very good chess.