OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Shepreve, William

​SHEPREVE or SHEPERY, WILLIAM (1540–1598), in Latin, Scepreus, catholic divine, nephew of John Shepreve [q. v.], was born near Abingdon, Berkshire, in 1540, and was admitted a scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 16 Feb. 1554–5. He became a probationer of the college in November 1558, and was admitted B.A. 19 Feb. 1559–60. Being a zealous catholic he withdrew to the continent, and eventually settled in Rome, where he was ‘exhibited to’ by Cardinal Gabriele Paleotti, archbishop of Bologna, in whose family he lived for several years. He appears to have had the degree of D.D. conferred upon him at Rome, where ‘he was accounted the most skilful person in divers tongues of his time, and the worthy ornament of the English exiles.’ He died at Rome, ‘in ædibus S. Severiani,’ in 1598.
His works are: 1. ‘Connexio literalis Psalmorum in officio B. V. Mariæ et corroboratio ex variis linguis et patribus, vna cum mysticis sensibus,’ Rome, 1596. 2. ‘Argumenta in Novum Testamentum,’ published by John Shaw in his ‘Biblii Summula,’ 1621. A ‘Carmen in Novum Testamentum’ by Shepreve was published in ‘Ad Lectorem Gemma Fabri,’ 1598. He left in manuscript: 1. ‘Miscellanea celebrium sententiarum Sacræ Scripturæ.’ 2. ‘Commentarii in Epist. D. Pauli ad Rom. ex Latino, Græco, Syriaco, Æthiopico.’ 3. ‘Notæ in omnes Epistolas D. Pauli et canonicas, de differentiis textus Latini à Græco et Syriaco,’ vol. i. 4. ‘Expositio locorum difficilium in officio B. Mariæ.’
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sherbrooke, Viscount

​SHERBROOKE, Viscount. [See Lowe, Robert, 1811–1892.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sherard, James

​SHERARD, JAMES (1666–1738), physician and botanist, son of George Sherard or Sherwood of Bushby in Leicestershire, and Mary, his second wife, was born on 1 July 1666. William Sherard [q. v.] was his brother. On 7 Feb. 1682 he was apprenticed to Charles Watts, an apothecary, who was curator of the botanical gardens at Chelsea. Sherard under Watts's guidance devoted himself to botany; but he at the same time worked hard as an apothecary, and by many years' practice in Mark Lane, London, accumulated an ample fortune. He retired from the business about 1720. He purchased the manors of Evington and Settle in Leicestershire, but he chiefly resided at Eltham in Kent, where he pursued the cultivation of valuable and rare plants and his garden became noted as one of the finest in England. A curious catalogue of his collection was published by Dillenius in 1732 as ‘Hortus Elthamensis, sive Plantarum Rariorum quas in Horto suo Elthami in Cantio collegit vir ornatissimus et præstantissimus Jac. Sherard, M.D., Reg. Soc. et Coll. Med. Lond. Soc. Catalogus’ (cf. Nichols, Illustrations, i. 403, for some interesting letters from Sherard to Richardson).
In 1728, as executor of his brother William's will, Sherard carried into effect his brother's endowment of a professorship of botany in the university of Oxford, the nomination of the professor being entrusted to the College of Physicians of London. His administration of the trust led the university of Oxford to confer upon him the degree of doctor of medicine, by diploma dated 2 July 1731, and the College of Physicians to admit him on 30 Sept. 1732 to their fellowship without examination and without the payment of ​fees. He died on 12 Feb. 1738, and was buried in the church of Evington, near Leicester. A marble tablet, with Latin inscription, was placed by his widow in the chancel of the church. He left a fortune of 150,000l. He married Susanna, daughter of Richard Lockwood, but had no issue. His wife died on 27 Nov. 1741.
Sherard was singularly accomplished. In addition to being an excellent botanist, he was an accomplished amateur musician and violinist. He composed twenty-four sonatas, twelve for the violin, violoncello, and bass, extended for the harpsichord.
W. W. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Shepreve, John

​SHEPREVE or SHEPERY, JOHN (1509?–1542), hebraist, born at Sugworth, in the parish of Radley, Berkshire, about 1509, was admitted a probationer fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, in 1528, graduated B.A. on 3 Dec. 1529, and M.A. in 1533 (Wood, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 81). He was Greek reader in his college, and was appointed Hebrew professor of the university about 1538, in succession to Robert Wakefeld. In April 1542 he obtained permission from the university to expound in the public schools the book of Genesis in the Hebrew language, 'provided that he lectured in a pious and catholic manner.' He died at Agmondesham, Buckinghamshire, in July 1542. When his death became known at Oxford many learned men composed Greek and Latin verses to his memory, and pasted them on the doors of St. Mary's Church. These verses, together with some of Shepreve's own compositions, were collected with a view to their publication, under the editorship of George Etheridge, but they never appeared in print. Wood says Shepreve was ​'one of the skilfullest linguists (his age being considered) that ever was in Oxon . . . and was thought to surpass Origen in memory. So excellent a poet also he was that his equal scarce could be found, it having been an ordinary matter with him to compose one hundred very good verses every day at vacant hours.' Several authors, including John Leland (Encomia, 1589, pp. 81-2) and Dr. John White, have celebrated his memory in their books of poems.
He was the author of: 1. 'Summa et Synopsis Novi Testamenti distichis ducentis sexagmta comprehensa,' published by John Parkhurst at Strasburg about 1556, 8vo; reprinted London, 1560, Oxford, 1586, 8vo, the last edition being revised by Dr. Laurence Humfrey. The verses are also reprinted in 'Gemma Fabri,' London, 1598. They were composed for the purpose of giving mnemonical aid to students of divinity. 2. 'Hippolytus Ovidianae Phaedrae respondens,' published at Oxford about 1584 by George Etheridge, a physician who had been one of Shepreve's pupils. The original manuscript is in the library of Corpus Christi, Oxford, No. 266. 3. 'Vita et Epicedion Johannis Claymondi Praesidis Coll. Corp. Chr.,' manuscript in the library of that college. There is another copy in Wood's collection, 8492, and a transcript among Rawlinson's manuscripts. Misc. 335, both in the Bodleian. This poem is important as being the main authority for Claymond's life (see Fowler, Hist. Corpus Christi Coll., pp. 79, 83, 84, 86, 88, 370). 4. 'S. Basilius, Episc. Caesariensis. In Esaiam Prophetam commentariorum tomus prior,' translated into Latin from the original Greek (Birch MSS. in Brit. Mus. No. 4355). 5. 'Oratio in laudem Henrici VIII,' manuscript in the Royal Library, Brit. Mus. 16 A 2. In the same volume there are two orations by Shepreve, in Hebrew, on the same subject. 6. 'Carmen de Christi Corpore.' He is also credited with a translation into Latin of the 'Hecuba' of Euripides, and a translation into English of Seneca's 'Hercules Furens.'
T. C.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Apiary

* related portals: Apiculture.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, definition, taxonomy, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1802.
​Apiary. See the article Bee.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Aqua Regia

Edition of 1802.
​AQUA REGIA is a compound of the nitrous and marine acids, in different proportions, according to the purpose for which it is required; and usually made, by dissolving sal ammoniac, or common salt, in nitrous acid. When the former is employed, the usual proportion is one of this salt to four of the acid; but equal parts will be necessary to dissolve platina.
Aqua regia is used as a menstruum for gold; it likewise dissolves all other metals, silver alone excepted. The best kind for the above-mentioned purpose, is a preparation of three parts of the pure marine, with one of the nitrous, acid. One hundred grains of gold require for their solution, two hundred and forty-six of this mixture.—Concerning the nature and cure of those casualties which may arise from an improvident use of this powerful solvent, we refer to the preceding article.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Aquilegia

Edition of 1802.
​Aquilegia. See Columbine.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Aphorism

Edition of 1802.
​APHORISM is a term used to denote either an unconnected maxim, or a short pointed sentence, comprising much in a few words. It is at present chiefly used in medicine, and law: thus we say, the Aphorisms of Boerhaave, Hippocrates, of the Civil Law, &c.
It would be highly conducive to the progress of learning, if all elementary works, which treat of any ​particular art or science, were written in an aphoristic form, so that every detached fact, or assertion, might be reduced to a distinct proposition.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Aphthæ

Edition of 1802.
​Aphthæ. See Thrush.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Apium graveolens

Edition of 1802.
​Apium graveolens, L. See Smallage.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Apothecary

Edition of 1802.
​APOTHECARY, is an appellation given to persons who vend and compound medicinal drugs; though most of them likewise prescribe for diseases, and attend patients, as well in slight as in the most dangerous cases. We forbear to animadvert upon the propriety, safety, or expediency of the latter practice.
​The apothecaries of this country, however, are, almost without exception, men of a liberal and scientific education. They were incorporated into a company, by a charter obtained from James I. at the solicitation of Drs. Mayerne and Atkins; previously to which time, they formed a part of the Grocers' Company. By an act, which was made perpetual in the 9th year of George I. they are exempted from serving upon juries, and from parochial offices. Their medicines are compounded from the formulæ prescribed in a printed dispensatory; and their shops may be visited by the censors of the Royal College of Physicians, who are empowered to destroy such articles of the materia medica, as they think either damaged or unfit for use. This power, however, is rarely, if ever, exercised. There is now established a handsome Apothecaries' Hall, in Blackfriars, with two fine laboratories, from which the surgeons' chests are furnished with medicines for the Royal Navy.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Aqua Vitæ

Edition of 1802.
​AQUA VITÆ is usually understood to signify either brandy, or spirit of wine, prepared simply, or with aromatics. Some, however, make a distinction; appropriating the term brandy to what is drawn from wine, or the grape; and aqua vitæ to that which is extracted from malt, &c.—See Brandy.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Arabic

Edition of 1802.
​Arabic. See Gum Arabic.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vernon, George (1578?-1639)

​VERNON, Sir GEORGE (1578?–1639), judge, only son of Sir Thomas Vernon of Haslington, Cheshire, by Dorothy, daughter of William Egerton of Betley in the same county, was born about 1578. He was admitted in November 1594 a student at the Inner Temple, where in 1603 he was called to the bar, and in the autumn of 1621 and in Lent 1627 was reader. He was also in 1627 called to the degree of serjeant-at-law (4 July), advanced to a seat in the court of exchequer (13 Nov.), and knighted (23 Dec.) Thence he was transferred on 8 May 1632 to the court of common pleas. In the following year he was placed on the ecclesiastical commission (17 Dec.) He concurred with his colleagues of the common-law bench in the extrajudicial opinion in favour of the legality of ship-money, signed on 7 Feb. 1636–1637, and also, by writing, being absent by reason of ill-health, in the judgment in Hampden's case. He died at Serjeants' Inn on 16 Dec. 1639. His remains were interred (18 Dec.) in the Temple church. His contemporary, Sir George Croke, describes him as ‘a man of great reading in the statutes and common law, and of extraordinary memory.’
Vernon married twice: first, Jane, daughter of Richard Corbet of Stoke, Shropshire; secondly, Alice, daughter of Sir George Booth of Dunham, Cheshire. By his second wife he had no issue; by the first he had three daughters, of whom the second and survivor, Muriel, married Henry Vernon of Sudbury, Derbyshire, ancestor of George Venables Vernon, first lord Vernon of Kinderton (created on 1 May 1762).
[Ormerod's Cheshire, ed. Helsby, iii. 317–18; Inner Temple Books; Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. p. 168; Chron. Ser. pp. 108, 109; Rymer's Fœdera, ed. Sanderson, xix. 348; Whitelocke's Liber Famel. (Camden Soc.) p. 108; Metcalfe's Book of Knights, p. 188; Hist. MSS. Comm. 12th Rep. App. ii. 20; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1633–4 p. 326, 1636–7 p. 418; Cobbett's State Trials, iii. 1125; Croke's Reports, ed. Leach, iii. 565; Collins's Peerage, vii. 401; Foss's Lives of the Judges.]
J. M. R.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Mount

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Mount Palestine is a hilly country (Deut. 3:25; 11:11; Ezek. 34:13). West of Jordan the mountains stretch from Lebanon far down into Galilee, terminating in Carmel. The isolated peak of Tabor rises from the elevated plain of Esdraelon, which, in the south, is shut in by hills spreading over the greater part of Samaria. The mountains of Western and Middle Palestine do not extend to the sea, but gently slope into plains, and toward the Jordan fall down into the Ghor.
East of the Jordan the Anti-Lebanon, stretching south, terminates in the hilly district called Jebel Heish, which reaches down to the Sea of Gennesareth. South of the river Hieromax there is again a succession of hills, which are traversed by wadies running toward the Jordan. These gradually descend to a level at the river Arnon, which was the boundary of the ancient trans-Jordanic territory toward the south.
The composition of the Palestinian hills is limestone, with occasional strata of chalk, and hence the numerous caves, some of large extent, found there.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Mount of the congregation

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Mount of the congregation Only in Isa. 14:13, a mythic mountain of the Babylonians, regarded by them as the seat of the gods. It was situated in the far north, and in Babylonian inscriptions is described as a mountain called Im-Kharasak, "the mighty mountain of Bel, whose head reaches heaven, whose root is the holy deep." In their geography they are said to have identified it with mount El-wend, near Ecbatana.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Mount of beatitudes

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Mount of beatitudes See [422]SERMON.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Mount of the Amalekites

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Mount of the Amalekites A place near Pirathon (q.v.), in the tribe of Ephraim (Judg. 12:15).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Mount of the Amorites

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Mount of the Amorites The range of hills which rises abruptly in the wilderness of et-Tih ("the wandering"), mentioned Deut. 1:19, 20, "that great and terrible wilderness."
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Mount of the valley

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Mount of the valley (Josh. 13:19), a district in the east of Jordan, in the territory of Reuben. The "valley" here was probably the Ghor or valley of the Jordan, and hence the "mount" would be the hilly region in the north end of the Dead Sea. (See [423]ZARETH-SHAHAR.)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/N

* Naam
* Naamah
* Naaman
* Naamathite
* Naarah
* Naarai
* Naaran
* Naarath
* Nabal
* Naboth
* Nachon
* Nadab
* Nagge
* Nahaliel
* Nahallal
* Naharai
* Nahash
* Nahath
* Nahbi
* Nahor
* Nahshon
* Nahum
* Nahum, Book of
* Nail
* Nain
* Naioth
* Naked
* Naomi
* Naphish
* Naphtali
* Naphtali, Mount
* Naphtali, Tribe of
* Naphtuhim
* Napkin
* Narcissus
* Nathan
* Nathanael
* Nativity of Christ
* Naughty figs
* Nazarene
* Nazareth
* Nazarite
* Neah
* Neapolis
* Nebaioth
* Neballat
* Nebat
* Nebo
* Nebuchadnezzar
* Nebuchadrezzar
* Nebushasban
* Nebuzaradan
* Necho II
* Neck
* Necromancer
* Nedabiah
* Needle
* Neginah
* Neginoth
* Nehelamite
* Nehemiah
* Nehemiah, Book of
* Nehiloth
* Nehushta
* Nehushtan
* Neiel
* Nekeb
* Nemuel
* Nephilim
* Nephtoah
* Ner
* Nereus
* Nergal
* Nergal-sharezer
* Nero
* Net
* Nethaneel
* Nethaniah
* Nethinim
* Netophah
* Nettle
* New Moon, Feast of
* New Testament
* Neziah
* Nezib
* Nibhaz
* Nibshan
* Nicanor
* Nicodemus
* Nicolaitanes
* Nicolas
* Nicopolis
* Niger
* Night-hawk
* Nile
* Nimrah
* Nimrim, Waters of
* Nimrod
* Nimshi
* Nineveh
* Nisan
* Nisroch
* Nitre
* No
* Noadiah
* Noah
* Nob
* Nobah
* Nobleman
* Nod
* Nodab
* Nogah
* Noph
* Nophah
* North country
* Northward
* Nose-jewels
* Numbering of the people
* Numbers, Book of
* Nun
* Nuts
* Nymphas
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Naam

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Naam, pleasantness, one of the three sons of Caleb, the son of Jephunneh (1 Chr. 4:15).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Mount of corruption

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Mount of corruption (2 Kings 23:13; Vulg., "mount of offence"), the name given to a part of the Mount of Olives, so called because idol temples were there erected in the time of Solomon, temples to the Zidonian Ashtoreth and to the "abominations" of Moab and Ammon.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Cage

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Cage : (Heb.@kelub', Jer. 5:27, marg. "coop;" rendered "basket" in Amos 8:1), a basket of wicker-work in which birds were placed after being caught. In Rev. 18:2 it is the rendering of the Greek phulake, properly a prison or place of confinement.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Caiaphas

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Caiaphas: The Jewish high priest (A.D. 27-36) at the beginning of our Lord's public ministry, in the reign of Tiberius (Luke 3:2), and also at the time of his condemnation and crucifixion (Matt. 26:3, 57; John 11:49; 18:13, 14). He held this office during the whole of Pilate's administration. His wife was the daughter of Annas, who had formerly been high priest, and was probably the vicar or deputy (Heb.@sagan) of Caiaphas. He was of the sect of the Sadducees (Acts 5:17), and was a member of the council when he gave his opinion that Jesus should be put to death "for the people, and that the whole nation perish not" (John 11:50). In these words he unconsciously uttered a prophecy. "Like Saul, he was a prophet in spite of himself." Caiaphas had no power to inflict the punishment of death, and therefore Jesus was sent to Pilate, the Roman governor, that he might duly pronounce the sentence against him (Matt. 27:2; John 18:28). At a later period his hostility to the gospel is still manifest (Acts 4:6). (See ANNAS.)