# Handbook of Meteorology/Index

Adiabatic cooling, 61
Air bumps, 58
— cataracts, 59
— constituents of, 4
— convectional movements of, 19, 136
— density of, 44
— electrical conditions of, 109
— expansion coefficients, 39
— holes, 58
Airman and winds, 58
Alter shield, 229
Altitudes, air temperatures, 26, 28
— terrain, 28, 29
Ammonia, 7
Anemometer, Biram, 239
— Robinson, 239
Anti-trade winds, 50
Argon, 6
Ascending air currents, 45
Atmosphere, analyses of, 3
— depth of, 3
— unit of pressure, 39
Atmospheric optical phenomena, 1
— pressure, 39
Aureole, 121
Aurora borealis, 111
Avogadro’s law, 14
Barograms, interpretation of, 213
Barograph, 211
— adjustment of, 212
Barometer, 39
— aneroid, adjustment of, 207
construction of, 206
engineers’, 209
Barometer, aneroid, Goldschmidt, 207
— — pocket, 209
recording, 210
Barometer, mercury, 193
adjustment of, 198
construction of, 195
fixed cistern, 196
Fortin cistern, 195
observations, 202
rules for care of, 200
scales, 201
Beaufort scale, 239, 240
Bermuda high, 41, 145
Bigelow, F., quoted, 89
Billow clouds, 59, 237
Blizzard, 55
Bora, 55
British thermal unit, 21
Brooks, quoted, 85
Calm belts, 52, 53
Calorie, 21
Carbon dioxide of atmosphere, 3, 4, 5, 8
Cauliflower cloud, 83
Ceiling, atmospheric, 57, 137
Center of mass, 48
Chinook wind, 54
Chlorine, 8
Cloudbelt, equatorial, 97
Cloudbursts, 106
Cloud classification, 73, 75
— formation of, 71
— heights, 89, 286
— records, 85 ​Clouds and visibility, 140
— alto-cumulus, 79
— alto-stratus, 77
— billow, 75
— classified, 73, 75
— cirro-cumulus, 77
— cirro-stratus, 77, 122, 172
— cirrus, 75
— cirrus haze, 77, 122, 172
— cirrus uncinus, 75
— cumulo-nimbus, 81, 83
— cumulus, 81, 83
— mammato-cumulus, 79
— nimbus, 79
— rain, 87
— scarf, 87
— strato-cumulus, 79
— stratus, 83
— undulatory, 87
— unusual forms, 87
— velo, 71, 140
Cloudiness, comparative, 91
— distribution of, 89
— minimum, 91
Cohesion, 12
Cold wave, 152
Colorado desert, 109
Condensation, 61
— conditions of, 62
— forms of, 64
Convectional layer, 57
Corona, 120
Counter sun, 122
Counter trade winds, 50
Cross winds, 237
Crystallization, 12
Day, length of, 23, 283
Degree, determination of, 177
— values, 21
Dew, 64
Dew point, 62
Diathermancy, 17
Diffusion of moisture, 60
Doldrums, 52, 97
Downdraughts, 54
Ductility, 12
Dust and city fogs, 127
Dust and condensation, 127
— atmospheric, 8, 61
— bacterium content of, 132
— counters, 126
— effects of on absorption, 37
— electrification of, 124
— nuclei of condensation, 61
— sources of, 128
— storms, 142
— temperature effects of, 129
— wind-blown, 131
Earth's axis, inclination of, 23, 25
Electricity, atmospheric, 109, 110
— extra-terrestrial influences, 110
— of rain and snow storms, 110
Ether, 10, 108
Ether wave indicator, 109
Evaporation, 60
— latent-heat of, 20
— measurement of, 220
— rate of, 60
Evaporimeters, 220
Expansion-contraction, 12
False cirri, 83
Fog, advection, 68
— - and visibility, 139
— city, 69
— formation of, 68
— radiation, 69
— sea, 139
Freezing mixtures, 256
Frost, 65
— killing, 67
— probabilities, 66
— warnings, 65
Gases, properties of, 13
Gravity defined, 14
Greely quoted, 46
Growing season (map), 66, 67
Hail stones, structure of, 105
Hail storms, bombarding of, 105
forecasts of, 106
loci of, 105 ​Hail storms, notable, 105
Halo, 121
Heat, adiabatic, 20
— absorption of, 37
— conductors of, 19
— diffusion of, 18
— in deep borings, 17
— insulators of, 19
— latent, 20
— radiant, 16
— sensible, 36
— sources of, 17
— specific, 20
— units of measurement, 21
Heavenly cross, 122
Helium, 7
Hertzian waves, 108
Hoang River, 131
Horse latitudes, 53, 99
Hot winds of the Plains, 55
Howard quoted, 73
Humidity, absolute, 215
— and health, 63
— measurements of, 215
— relative, 62, 215
Humphreys, W. J. quoted, 3, 129
Hurricane, West Indian, 153
Hydrogen, 6
Hygro-autometer, 216
Hygrodeik, 217
Hygrograph, 219
Hygrometer, hair, 218
— Mason’s, 216
Hygroscopes, 215
— chemical, 256
International Meteorological Congress, 75
Isle Dernier, 153
Isobars, 47
Isothermal layer, 27
Isothermal lines, 24
Isotherms, January (map), 30
— July (map), 32
Jameson, P. R. quoted, 46, 63
Khamsin, 55
Kimball, H. H., quoted, 130
Krakatoa, eruption of, 22, 128
Krypton, 6
Land-and-sea breeze, 55
Latitude and temperature, 29
Lid, atmospheric, 57, 137
Light, absorption of, 120
— diffraction of, 120
— reflection of, 120
— refraction of, 120, 143
Lightning, forms of, 115
— Reeder quoted, 115
— safeguards against, 119
McAdie quoted, 232
Mackerel sky, 77
Magnetism, 13
Malleability, 12
Matter, 10
— forms of, 11
— properties of, 11
Millibar defined, 39
Mistral, 55
Mirage, 123
— and visibility, 143
Mock moon, 121
— sun, 121
Mohave desert, 109
Mohn quoted, 46
Monsoons, 52
Mountain valley winds, 54
Mount Washington, 48
Neon, 6
Nipher shield, 229
Nitric acid, 7
Nitrogen of atmosphere, 3, 4
Northers, San Joaquin, 55
— Texas, 55
Optical phenomena, atmospheric, 120
Oxygen, 4
Ozone, 7, 8
Pampero, 55
Paraselenae, 121
Parhelia, 121 ​Photogrammeter, 71
Pillar of light, 122
Platte River, 131
Precipitation, intensity of, 226
— measurement of, 97
— summer, 107
Pressure, actual and recorded, 47
— and altitude, 48
— atmospheric, 39
— barogram of, 45
— daily ranges of, 44
— diurnal changes, 44
— mean for January (map), 40
— — July (map), 42
— — over earth, 44
— measurement of, 39
— semi-diurnal. Mt. Vernon, 46
— units of, 39, 193
Prevailing westerlies, 50
Prudden, T. M. quoted, 132
Psychrometer, sling, 217
Rainbow, 122
Rain and visibility, 141
— drops, size of, 97
— insurance against, 107
Rainfall, annual (map), 98
— cyclonic storms, 100
— Pacific Coast of U. S., 99
— Torrid Zone, 99
— Western Europe, 99
Rain gauges, Ferguson, 230
— — Friez recording, 224
— — installation of, 229
— — Marvin recording, 223
— — pit, 229
— — Short and Mason, 225
— — tipping-bucket, 224
— — Weather Bureau, 222
Reed, W. B., quoted, 83
Return trade wind,
Roaring forties, 50
St. Elmo fire, 115
Santa Ana wind, 55
Saturation, 6, 214
Scud, 81
Shaw, Sir Napier, quoted, 137, 188
Simoon, desert, 55
— electrical effects, 109
Sleet, 103
Sling psychrometer, 217
Smith, J. Warren, quoted, 119
Smoke and cloud formation, 57
— and visibility, 142
Snow, 101
— effect on visibility, 141
Snowfall, distribution of, 102
— measurement of, 230
— of Pacific Coast, 230
Snowflakes, structure of, 101
— photography of, 102
Snow gauges, 231
Solar constant, 21
Sounding balloons, 57
Specific gravity, 15
Storm cards of hurricane, 155
Storms, anticyclonic, 152
— classified, 150
— cyclonic, 101, 149
— dust, 142, 163
— forecasts, 151
— form and dimensions of, 156
— hail, 105
— ice, 103
— probabilities, 157
— secondary, 158
Storm tracks of U. S. (map), 154
Stratosphere, 27
— humidity of, 28
— movement of air in, 57
Summer precipitation, 107
Sun pillar, 122
Sunshine in U. S. (map), 248
— measurement, 250
— results of, 251
Sunshine recorders, 242, 245
— — Campbell-Stokes, 246
— — Marvin, 247
photographic, 247
Temperature, absolute, 177
— and altitude, 26, 57
— and latitude, 29
— radiation, 36
— and wind, 35 ​ Temperature, anomalies of, 187
— effects on civilization, 37
— inversion of, 26
— maxima and minima, 34
— mean annual, 31
— mean seasonal, 31
— normals, 33, 34, 35
— ranges, 33, 34
— records, New York City, 33
— — Cooperstown, N. Y., 33
Thermograph, 190
— high air, 192
Thermometer, adjustment of, 184
— black-bulb, 192
— construction of, 179
— graduation of, 180
— maxmium, 183
— miminum, 185
— shelter for, 186
— Six’s pattern, 189
— standard, 181
Thunder, causes of, 114
Thunder-storms, 112
— and cumulo-nimbus clouds, 114
— forecasts of, 118
— Humphreys quoted, 113
— occurrence of, 117
— pressure waves, 117, 118
Tornado, 158
— prevalence, 162
— regions of frequency, 162
Trade Winds, 50
Troposphere, 27
Turbulence, atmospheric, 69, 135
Updraughts, 58
Velo cloud, 71, 140
Vesuvius, eruption, 83
Visibility, atmospheric, 133
— factors of observation, 134
— forecasts of, 144
Warmth, diffusion of, 24
Washoe Zephyr, 55
Waterspouts, 163
Water vapor of the air, 5, 9, 214
Weather folklore, 167
Weather folklore, annual indications, 173
— — barometer indications, 167, 169
— — cloud indications, 172
— — humidity indications, 170
— — plant indications, 172
— forecasts, 164
— information, 147
— map, daily, 146
West Indian hurricanes, 101
Wet-bulb thermometer, 215
Whipple quoted, 47
Whirling table, 217
Whirlwinds, desert, 163
White squalls, 163
Wind direction, 234
— recording, 241
— velocity, measurement of, 56, 237
Winds, Atlantic Ocean, 53
— Pacific coast, 56
— United States, 51
— Prevaling Westerlies, 35
Winslow, C.-E. A. quoted, 63
Winter storms, 101
Xenon, 6
Zero, absolute, 178
— Centigrade, 178
— Fahrenheit, 178
— Reaumer, 178
Zones, climatic, 24
— light, 24
Reference Tables
C. G. S. units, 253
Electricity, units of, 255
Magnetism, units of, 255
TABLES
1. Miscellaneous Tables:
    Atmospheric equivalents, 260
    Capacity equivalents, 259
    Cubic equivalents, 259
    Linear equivalents, 258
    Miscellaneous equivalents, 261
    Precipitation equivalents, 260 ​
    Velocity equivalents, 261
    Weight equivalents, 259
    Work equivalents, 260
2. Inches to centimeters, 262
3. Centimeters to inches, 262
4. Cubic inches to cubic centimeters, 263
5. Cubic centimeters to cubic inches, 263
6. Miles to kilometers, 264
7. Kilometers to miles, 264
8. Feet to meters, 265
9. Meters to feet, 265
10. Barometer inches to millimeters, 266
11. Barometer millimeters to inches, 267
12. Barometer inches to kilobars, 268-271
13. Miles per hour to meters per second, 272
14. Meters per second to miles per hour, 273
15. Comparison of temperature scales, 274-276
16. Degrees Fahrenheit to Centigrade, 277
17. Boiling point of water F, 278
18. Boiling point of water C, 278
19. Quantity of rainfall in cubic feet, 279
20. Depth of water to weight of snow, 279
21. Weight of cubic foot of saturated vapor, 280
22. Expansion of air, 32°-212°, 281
23. Wind pressure, pounds per sq ft, 282
24. Weight and volume of cu ft of water, 32°-212°, 283
25. Longest summer day, Lat 0°-66°, 283
26. Mean barometer at different latitudes, 284
27. Speed per hour, 285
28. Altitude of clouds, 286
29. Constants, 287