OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Culley, George

​CULLEY, GEORGE (1735–1813), agriculturist, younger son of Matthew Culley, in early life devoted himself to agriculture and especially to the improvement of the breed of cattle. He was the earliest pupil of Robert Bakewell (1725–1795) [q. v.], and the reputation of his brother Matthew and himself spread over the United Kingdom, and even to the continent and America. Crowds used to visit his farms to see his experiments, which made an epoch in the agricultural history of Northumberland, and his name was given to a celebrated breed of cattle. He published many works on agriculture, chiefly with John Bailey [q. v.], and was in correspondence with Arthur Young, who often speaks of him. He died, after a short illness, at his seat, Fowberry Tower, Northumberland, on 7 May 1813.
[Gent. Mag. 1813, i. 661; Richardson's Table Book, iii.; Arthur Young's Works, passim.]
H. M. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cuit, George (1743-1818)

​CUIT or CUITT, GEORGE, the elder (1743–1818), painter, born at Moulton, near Richmond in Yorkshire, in 1743, was son of a builder, and early in life displayed a great taste for drawing. This he exercised in various ways, especially in portrait-painting. Some crayon portraits of his attracted the notice of Sir Lawrence Dundas, bart., of Aske, who employed him to take the likeness of some of his children. So much pleased was he with Cuit's performance that in 1769 he sent him to Italy to study painting there, in company with a fellow-artist, Thomas Harrison (1744–1819) [q. v.] Here Cuit met many artists of note, and made great progress, especially in landscape-painting, which was most congenial to his style. In 1775 he returned to England and received various commissions from Sir Lawrence Dundas. In 1776 he exhibited at the Royal Academy ‘The Infant Jupiter fed with goat's milk and honey;’ in 1777 some views of Guisborough, Yorkshire, and a portrait. He intended to settle in London, but this was frustrated by illness, which compelled him to return to his native town, Richmond. Here he lived in quiet seclusion, receiving innumerable commissions for painting the scenery of the neighbourhood, especially views of the parks and many fine houses around. Lord Mulgrave employed him to paint a set of views of all the ports on the Yorkshire coast which Captain Cook had personally visited, and other scenes connected with the great circumnavigator. ‘An ingenious artist and very worthy man,’ As he is styled in his monumental inscription, Cuit was industrious to the end of his life, though he exhibited only occasionally in public. He died at Richmond 7 Feb. 1818, aged 75, and was buried there. By his wife Jane, who was buried 13 Jan. of the same year, he had an only son, George Cuitt [q. v.], who etched a portrait of his father after his death.
[Redgrave's Dict. of English Artists; Graves's Dict. of Artists, 1760–1880; Gent. Mag. 1818, lxxxviii. 188; Elmes's Annals of the Fine Arts, iv. 463; Royal Academy Catalogues, &c.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Culbertson, Robert

​CULBERTSON, ROBERT (1765–1823), Scottish divine, was born at Morebattle, Roxburghshire, on 21 Sept. 1765, and educated in the parish school of that village, Kelso grammar school, and Edinburgh university. He took license in the Anti-burgher Secession church, and became pastor of the Associate Congregation of St. Andrew's Street, Leith, in 1791. In 1805 he was chosen clerk of the Associate Presbytery of Edinburgh. He died at Leith on 13 Dec. 1823.
Besides many articles in the ‘Christian Magazine,’ of which he was one of the editors, he wrote: 1. ‘Hints on the Ordinance of the Gospel Ministry,’ 1800. 2. ‘Vindication of the principles of Seceders on the head of Communion,’ 1800. 3. ‘The Covenanter's Manual, or a short illustration of the Scripture doctrine of Public Vows,’ 1808. 4. Several single sermons, one of which, on the death of Princess Charlotte and her infant son, is entitled ‘The Pillar of Rachel's Grave, or a tribute of respect to departed worth,’ 1817. 5. ‘Lectures expository and practical on the Book of Revelation,’ new edit. called ‘Lectures with practical observations on the Prophecies of John,’ Edinb. 1826, 8vo, with the author's portrait, engraved by J. Horsburgh. The second and third volumes of these lectures appeared originally at Edinburgh in 1817.
[Memoir prefixed to Lectures; Evans's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, No. 14784; Watt's Bibl. Brit.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Culen

​CULEN or COLIN, son of Indulph, king of Scotland or Alba (967–71?), was an unimportant king of the united Scotch Pictish monarchy, whose capital was Scone. His father, Indulph, was the first king who occupied Edinburgh, up to that time within Anglian Northumbria. On the death of Indulph in a conflict with the Norwegians at Invercaliss, according to the later chroniclers, or, as Mr. Skene conjectures, Indulph having, like his father Constantine, resigned the crown and become a monk (Celtic Scotland, i. 366), Dubh, the son of Malcolm, succeeded by the law of tanistry, but his succession was disputed by Culen. In 965 Culen was defeated at Duncrub in Strathearn by Dubh, with the aid of the lay abbot of Dunkeld and the governor of Athol. But two years later Dubh was defeated and slain, perhaps at Kinloss, near Forres, and Culen acquired his father's throne. The only event recorded in his uneventful reign is the close of it by his death, along with his brother Eocha, at the hands of the Britons, which is placed both by the ‘Pictish Chronicle’ and the ‘Annals of Ulster’ in 971.
[Robertson's Scotland under her Early Kings; Skene's Celtic Scotland.]
Æ. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cullen, Robert

​CULLEN, ROBERT, Lord Cullen (d. 1810), Scottish judge, was the eldest son of Dr. William Cullen, physician [q. v.] He was educated at the university of Edinburgh, and admitted advocate on 15 Dec. 1764. According to Lord Cockburn, though ‘a gentlemanlike person in his manner, and learned in his profession,’ he was ‘too indolent and irregular to attain steady practice’ (Memorials, 144). Cockburn mentions, as ‘his best professional achievement,’ his ‘written argument for Lord Daer, in support of the right of the eldest sons of Scotch peers to sit in the House of Commons,’ and as his ‘best political one’ the ‘bill for the reform of Scotch representation in 1785.’ He was the author of various attractive essays in the ‘Mirror’ and ‘Lounger.’ His manners were remarkably genial, and he is one of the few persons referred to in flattering terms in W. A. Hay ​Drummond's ‘Town Eclogue,’ 1804, where he is styled ‘courteous Cullen.’ An amusing description of a supper at Inverary, at which he and Lord Hermand, of ‘opposite politics and no friends,’ were at last ‘soldered’ by ‘good cheer,’ is recorded by Lord Cockburn in his ‘Journal’ (i. 267). Cullen's remarkable gift of mimicry made him an acquisition in all the social circles he frequented; and as it was generally exercised in a good-humoured fashion, it provoked little or no hostility from those who were the subjects of it. According to Dugald Stewart, he was ‘the most perfect of all mimics,’ his power extending not merely to external peculiarities, but to the very thoughts and words of his subjects. Many anecdotes are recorded of his imitative talents, of which a specimen may be given. Once when the guest of the lord president of the court of session, after he had exhibited, at the request of the company, the peculiarities of the leading judges, he, on the insistence of the host, agreed reluctantly to include him also. The company were convulsed with laughter, all except the host himself, who dryly remarked: ‘Very amusing, Mr. Robert, very amusing, truly; ye're a clever lad, very clever; but just let me tell you, that's not the way, to rise at the bar.’ On the death of Lord Alvah, in 1796, Cullen was appointed a lord of session, under the title of Lord Cullen, and on 29 June 1799 he succeeded Lord Swinton as a lord justiciary. He died at Edinburgh on 28 Nov. 1810. Late in life he married a servant girl of the name of Russel, by whom he had no issue, and who afterwards married a gentleman of property in the West Indies, where she died in 1818.
[Kay's Original Portraits, ii. 336–8; Haig and Brunton's Senators of the College of Justice, 543; Lord Cockburn's Memorials (ed. 1856), 144–6; Lord Cockburn's Journal, i. 267–8.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cullimore, Isaac

​CULLIMORE, ISAAC (1791–1852), Egyptologist, a native of Ireland, devoted his whole life to the study of Egyptian antiquities, and is noteworthy as one of the first orientalists who made use of astronomy and astronomical inquiries to fix important dates in ancient history. Most of his labours are buried in the ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society of Literature,’ of which he was a member. Among his papers are: ‘On the Periods of the Erection of the Theban Temple of Ammon,’ 1833; ‘Report on the System of Hieroglyphic Interpretation proposed by Signor Jannelli,’ 1834; and ‘Remarks on the Series of Princes of the Hieroglyphic Tablets of Karnak,’ 1836. In 1842 he commenced his issue of oriental cylinders or seals from the collections in the British Museum of the Duke of Sussex, Dr. Lee, Sir William Ouseley, and Mr. Curzon, of which 174 plates had been published in parts without any descriptive letterpress when he died at Clapham on 8 April 1852.
[Gent. Mag. 1852, ii. 208; and W. Hayes Ward's article on Babylonian Seals in ‘Scribner's Magazine,’ January 1887.]
H. M. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cuitt, George (1779-1854)

​CUITT, GEORGE, the younger (1779–1854), etcher, son of George Cuit or Cuitt, the elder [q. v.], was baptised 13 Oct. 1779 at Richmond, Yorkshire, and in the early part of his life shared his father's profession as a landscape-painter. His mind was turned to etching by a fine collection of Piranesi's etchings ​which his father had brought from Rome. He removed to Chester about 1804 as a drawing-master, and in 1810 and the following years published several series of etchings, including ‘Six Etchings of Saxon, Gothic, and other Old Buildings in Chester, Castles in North Wales, and Riveaux Abbey in Yorkshire;’ ‘Etchings of Ancient Buildings in the City of Chester, Castles in North Wales, and other Miscellaneous Subjects;’ ‘Etchings of Picturesque Cottages, Sheds, &c., in Cheshire;’ ‘A History of the City of Chester from its Foundation to the Present Time.’ At the age of forty, having realised an independence, he returned to Richmond and built himself a house at Masham close by, where he resided until his death. Here he published several more sets of etchings, including one of ‘Yorkshire Abbeys.’ In 1848 he sold the copyright of his etchings to Mr. Nattali, who collected them into one volume with letterpress, published under the title of ‘Wanderings and Pencillings amongst the Ruins of Olden Times.’ Cuitt died at Masham 15 July 1854, in his seventy-fifth year. His etchings are far from being mere copies of Piranesi's style, and have great vigour and depth of their own. A portrait of him was etched, apparently by himself.
[Redgrave's Dict. of English Artists; Gent. Mag. 1856, new ser. xlii. 311; Lowndes's Bibl. Man.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Honey, George

​HONEY, GEORGE (1822–1880), actor and vocalist, born 25 May 1822, made his first appearance in London at the Princess's Theatre, November 1848, as Pan in ‘Midas.’ He then joined the Pyne and Harrison company at Covent Garden, appearing in various operas, and played in 1860 at Her Majesty's in Macfarren's ‘Robin Hood.’ Quitting the lyric for the dramatic stage, he appeared at the Strand, 9 Oct. 1863, in ‘Miriam's Crime,’ in which he played a disreputable lawyer, and gave a good presentation of drunkenness. In September 1865 he played at the Royalty Turco the Terrible in William Brough's burlesque ‘Prince Amabel,’ and on 2 July 1866 at the Princess's was Annibal Locust, a bibulous sergeant, in the ‘Huguenot Captain’ of Watts Phillips. His performance of Eccles in Robertson's ‘Caste,’ Prince of Wales's, 6 April 1867, greatly raised his reputation. This was indeed a remarkable performance, a little too robust perhaps for its surroundings, but genuinely comic. In the opening performance of the Vaudeville, 16 April 1870, he was Major Buncombe in Andrew Halliday's ‘For Love or Money.’ Graves in ‘Money’ had been assumed by him at the Holborn in 1869 under Mr. Barry Sullivan. His impersonation attracted more attention on the revival of Lord Lytton's play at the Prince of Wales's, March 1872, and again in May 1875. Among his later creations the most successful was Cheviot Hill in Mr. W. S. Gilbert's ‘Engaged,’ Haymarket, 3 Oct. 1877. Honey also acted in America. He was a useful singer and a clever comedian, but was most successful in the presentation of eccentric and dissipated characters. Ill-health compelled his retirement in 1879, and after one or two unimportant appearances for benefits he died in London of aneurism of the heart 28 May 1880. He was buried in Highgate cemetery, where a medallion surmounts his grave.
[Personal recollections; Pascoe's Dramatic List; Era newspaper, 30 May 1880; Dutton Cook's Nights at the Play; Era Almanack, various years.]
J. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Honyman, George Essex

​HONYMAN, Sir GEORGE ESSEX (1819–1875), judge, was born at Strawberry Hill, Middlesex, 22 Jan. 1819. His father, Sir Ord Honyman, the third baronet, born 25 March 1794, became lieutenant-colonel commanding the Grenadier guards 27 Dec. 1850 (Hamilton, Grenadier Guards, iii. 149, 150, 425, 506), and died at Nice 27 Jan. 1863, having married, 7 April 1818, Elizabeth Essex, youngest daughter of George Bowen of Coton Hall, Shropshire, an admiral of the red. She died at Boulogne 28 Oct. 1864. The eldest son, George Essex, was received in 1838 into the office of Martineau, Malton, & Trollope, solicitors, of Lincoln's Inn. In 1840 he became a pupil of Sir Fitzroy Kelly, and afterwards read with David Octavius Gibbons, the special pleader. In 1842 he commenced practice as a pleader. For seven years he had few clients, but studied hard, and mastered commercial law. On 8 June 1849 he was called to the bar at the Middle Temple, and went the home circuit, where he at once attracted the attention both of the leaders of the bar and of the bench. In 1853 he was the best commercial lawyer of the day. He was not a great orator, but he had a quick intellect, a tenacious memory, and was industrious and conscientiously thorough. He succeeded his father as fourth baronet in 1863. On 23 July 1866 he was appointed a queen's counsel, became a bencher of his inn in November 1866, and a serjeant-at-law 23 Jan. 1873. On the recommendation of Lord Selborne he became a judge of the court of common pleas, 23 Jan. 1873. He resigned in February 1875, and died at Tunbridge Wells 16 Sept. 1875. His brother, the Rev. Sir William Macdonald Honyman, succeeded as fifth baronet. He married, 26 Nov. 1860, Annie Johanna, daughter of Virtue Thirkettle of Kingston-on-Thames; she died 13 Jan. 1881.
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Honywood, Mary

​HONYWOOD, MARY (1527–1620), daughter and coheiress of Robert Waters, esq., of Lenham, Kent, was born at that place in 1527. In 1543, being then in her sixteenth year, she married Robert Honywood, esq., of Charing, and afterwards of Marks Hall, Essex, by whom she had sixteen children. Mrs. Honywood was chiefly celebrated for her longevity, and for the unprecedentedly large number of lineal descendants whom she lived to see. By her sixteen children she had 114 grandchildren, 228 great-grandchildren, and nine great-great-grandchildren, 367 in ​all. Her grandson, Dr. Michael Honywood [q.v.], dean of Lincoln, was accustomed to tell of his having been present at a banquet given by her to her descendants, two hundred of whom sat down to table. She was also noted for her piety, but in her declining years fell into deep despondency. It is recorded that Foxe, the martyrologist, having visited her with the view of consoling her, she 'dashed a Venice glass to the ground, saying, "Sir, I am as sure to be damned as this glass is to be broke," when by God's wonderful providence the glass was taken up uninjured.' She died at Marks Hall on 12 May 1620, aged 93. She was buried at Lenham on 20 May, and a monument was erected to her memory at Marks Hall. One portrait is at Marks Hall, 'æt. suæ 70,' and another in Lincoln Cathedral Library. An engraved portrait is in the 'Topographer and Genealogist,' ii. 185, 256.
[Fuller's Worthies; Botfield's Cath. Libraries; Flavel's Mystery of Providence; Hasted's Kent; Topographer and Genealogist, ii. 185, 256.]
E. V.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Honey, Laura

​HONEY, LAURA (1816?–1843), actress, said to have been born 6 Dec. 1816, was daughter of Mrs. Young, an actress at Sadler's Wells, and occupied as a girl a position in connection with the wardrobe of that house. She first appeared on the stage there, under the name of Laura Bell, in some juvenile parts. In 1826 she was with her mother at the Olympic, and played in 1827 a midshipman in Bayle Bernard's ‘Casco Bay.’ After a brief engagement at the Surrey, where she took lessons in music, she returned in 1829 to Sadler's Wells. She married Mr. Honey, a youth connected with the law, from whom she soon separated. He lived on her earnings, and was drowned in the Thames in 1836. She went in 1832 with Mrs. Waylett to the Strand, where she first appeared in the ‘Loves of the Angels’ of Leman Rede. In 1833 she was at the Queen's, subsequently the Prince of Wales's Theatre, under Mrs. Nisbet. At the Adelphi under Yates she made a great success as Psyche with John Reeve in a burlesque called ‘Cupid,’ and as Lurline in the fairy drama of that name. After a season at the Haymarket and a tour in the country she went in turns to the St. James's, the Olympic under Madame Vestris, and other theatres, before she undertook the management of the City of London. She played Tom Tug in the ‘Waterman,’ Myrtilla in Planché's ‘Riquet with the Tuft,’ and in the ‘Spirit of the Rhine,’ by Morris Barnett, in which she sang with great effect ‘My beautiful Rhine,’ long popular. In the last season she played at the Haymarket, went into the country, and returned to the City of London. She died ​on Saturday, 1 April 1843, at 149 Albany Street, Regent's Park, and was buried on the 6th in the churchyard of the Old Church, Hampstead. She bequeathed her property by will to two children aged respectively ten and three. She was a pleasing and graceful actress and a delightful ballad-singer, but her performances were practically confined to the lightest class of entertainment.
[Actors by Daylight, 1838; Era newspaper, 9 April 1843; Era Almanack, various years; Baker's London Stage; Notes and Queries, 7th ser. ix. 9, 93, 157.]
J. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Honorius

​HONORIUS, Saint (d. 653), fifth archbishop of Canterbury, one of the disciples of Pope Gregory, and of the companions of St. Augustine in his mission to England, was, after the death of Archbishop Justus on 10 Nov. 627, consecrated to the see of Canterbury by Paulinus, archbishop of York, though not before 628. The ceremony took place in the stone church which the ealdorman Blæcca built at Lincoln. Probably about 630 Honorius ordained Felix [q. v.], and sent him to preach to the East Angles. In answer to Honorius's request that on a vacancy occurring either at Canterbury or York the surviving archbishop might appoint and ordain to the vacant see, Pope Honorius wrote to him in 634 acceding to his wish, and sent palls both to him and to Paulinus. The terms of the letter and the equal gifts are sufficient to discredit the letter preserved by William of Malmesbury, and purporting to have been written by the pope at the same date, which declares the superiority of Canterbury over York. After the church of York had been overthrown by the defeat and death of Edwin [q. v.] in 633, Honorius received Paulinus, and with the concurrence of Eadbald [q. v.], king of Kent, appointed him bishop of Rochester. By the accession of Earconberct in Kent in 640 Honorius gained a powerful and zealous helper, for the king compelled the destruction of all the idols in his kingdom and the observance of the Lenten fast. Honorius did not exercise jurisdiction except in Kent, where, without the assistance of other bishops, he ordained Ithamar as bishop of Rochester in 644, and in East Anglia, where he ordained two bishops in 647 and 652. He died on 30 Sept. 653, and was buried in the west porch of St. Peter's at Canterbury. The see of Canterbury remained vacant until the consecration of Deusdedit [q. v.] eighteen months later.
[Bæda's Hist. Eccl. ii. cc. 3, 16, 17, 18, 20, iii. cc. 8, 20 (Engl. Hist. Soc.); Anglo-Saxon Chron. ann. 627, 653, 654; William of Malmesbury's Gesta Pontiff. pp. 49–51, 134 (Rolls Ser.); Haddan and Stubbs's Councils and Eccl. Docs. iii. 82–93.]
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Honywood, Robert

​HONYWOOD, Sir ROBERT (1601–1686), politician and translator, born at Hollingbourn, Kent, on 3 Aug. 1601, was eldest son of Sir Robert Honywood of Pett's Court, in the parish of Charing, Kent, and of Alice, daughter of Sir Martin Barnham of Hollingbourn. He served on the continent in the wars of the Palatinate, having the rank of colonel, and became steward to the queen of Bohemia, who in her letters refers to him as Sir Robin. He was knighted on 15 June 1625. In May 1659 he was among those appointed to the council of state who had not seats in parliament, and in the following July, with Thomas Boone, Edward Montague, and Algernon Sidney, he was sent on an embassy to Sweden. At the Restoration (May 1660) he obeyed the royal proclamation recalling him. In 1673 he translated and published (London, fol.) ‘The History of the Affairs of Europe to this present Age, but more particularly of the Republick of Venice, written in Italian by Battista Nani.’ In the dedication to his ‘Dear Brother’ Sir Walter Vane the translator says that ‘the circumstances of an uncomfortable old age and ruined fortunes,’ brought about ‘rather by public calamity than private vice or domestick prodigality,’ have induced him to undertake the work of translation; the allusion may be to the troubles of his son, who failed to obey the proclamation of April 1666 recalling Englishmen who were serving in the army of Holland, and lost his property at Charing in consequence. Honywood was married to Frances, daughter of Sir Henry Vane, by whom he had nine sons and seven daughters. He died on 15 April 1686, and was buried at Charing, where a monument commemorates himself and his wife, who survived till 17 Feb. 1687–8.
[Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. iv. 322; Cal. of State Papers, Dom. passim; Whitelocke's Mem. 678, 680, 698; P. Parsons's Monuments of Kent, p. 121; Hasted's Hist. of Kent, iii. 212; Collins's English Baronetage, 1741, iii. 1, 106.]
R. B.