# Africa by Élisée Reclus/Volume 2

Contents
Contents
CONTENTS.
| chap. | | | page |
| I. | Tripolitana | Tripolitana | 1 |
| | | Barka, p. 1. Historical Retrospect, p. 3. Physical Features, p. 4. Climate of Barka, p. 6. Flora and Fauna, p. 7. Inhabitants, p. 9. Topography, p. 13. | |
| II. | The Aujila Oases | The Aujila Oases | 23 |
| | | Topography, p. 25. | |
| III. | The Kufra Oases | The Kufra Oases | 28 |
| | | Flora and Fauna, p. 31. Inhabitants, p. 31. Topography, p. 32. | |
| IV. | The Great Syrtis and Tripolitana Seaboard | The Great Syrtis and Tripolitana Seaboard | 34 |
| | | General Survey, p. 34. Physical Features, p. 36. Hydrographic System, p-42. Coastlands, p. 43. Climate, p. 44. Flora, p. 46. Fauna, p. 48. Inhabitants, p. 49. The Arabs of Tripolitana, p. 51. The Negroes and Turks, p. 53. The Jews, Maltese, and Europeans, p. 55. Topography, p. 55. Tripoli, p. 63. | |
| V. | Fezzan | Fezzan | 68 |
| | | Physical Features, p. 69. Lakes and Wadies, p. 71. Oases, p. 73. Climate, p. 74. Flora, p. 75. Fauna, p. 76. Inhabitants, p. 77. Topography, p. 79. | |
| VI. | Ghadames | Ghadames | 82 |
| | | Physical Features, p. 83. Topography, p. 87. | |
| VII. | Rhât | Rhât | 90 |
| | | Topography, p. 92. Government and Administration, p-93. | |
| VIII. | Tunisia | Tunisia | 95 |
| | | The Atlas Orographic System, p. 96. Ethnical Elements, p. 98. Historic Retrospect, p. 101. Physical Features, p. 102. Hydrographic System, p. 106. The Tunisian Sebkhas, p. 112. The Coast and Islands, p. 118. The Syrtes, p. 121. Climate, p. 122. Flora, p. 125. Fauna, p. 127. Inhabitants, p. 130. The Berbers and Arabs, p. 130. The Turks, p. 136. The Jews, p. 137. The Europeans, p. 138. Topography, p. 139. Sfakes, p. 149. Kairwan, p. 156. Tunis, p. 168. Carthage, p. 176. Bizerta, p. 182. Social and Political Condition of Tunis, p. 189. Government, p. 193. | |
| IX. | Algeria | Algeria | 197 |
| | | Historic Retrospect p. 197. Physical Features, p. 201. The Coast Ranges, p. 204. The Southern Ranges, p. 206. Rivers, p. 212. The Shotts; Artesian Wells, p. 217. Climate, p. 221. Flora, p. 223. Fauna, p. 226. Inhabitants, p. 227. The Algerian Arabs, p. 234. The Negroes and Jews, p. 236. Topography, p. 237. Bona, p. 242. Constantine, p. 245. Philippeville, p. 249. Bougie, p. 252. Kabylia, p. 254. Algiers, p. 268. Mostaganem, p. 283. Oran, p. 286. Tlemoen, p. 290. Batna, p. 296. Biskra, p. 303. Wed-Righ, p. 306. Laghwat, p. 308. Ghardaya, p. 309. The Mzabites, p. 310. Wargla, p. 314. The Wed Maya, p. 315. El Golea, p. 316. Social Condition of Algeria, p. 319. Forests; Agriculture, p. 321. The European Settlers, p. 325. Industries; Trade, p. 327. Roads and Railways, p. 329. Administration, p. 332. The Marabuts, p. 337. The Mohammedan Brotherhoods, p. 339. Education, p. 341. | ​ |
| X. | Marocco | Marocco | 345 |
| | | The Atlas Highlands, p. 348. The Little Atlas and Bani Ranges, p. 352. The Jebel Aiun and Beni Hassan Uplands, p. Rivers, p. 355. Climate, p. 360. Flora, p. 361. Fauna, p. 362. Inhabitants: the Berbers, p. 363. The Arabs, Jews, and Negroes, p. 369. Topography, p. 370. Jaferin Islands, p. 372. Tetuan, p. 373. Tangier, p. 375. Fez, p. 379. Wezzan, p. 383. Mazagan, p. 388. Marocco, p. 390. Tarudant, p. 395. Tufilelt Oasis, p. 402. The Guir Basin, p. 404. p. 406. Social Condition of Marocco, p. 407. Army; Finance; Administrative Divisions, p. 412. | |
| XI. | The Sahara | The Sahara | 414 |
| | | Extent; Population, p. 414 Progress of Discovery, p. 413. Physical Aspect, p. 416. The Dunes, p. 418. The Ergs, p. 419. Climate, p. Ennedi; Wajanga, p. 423. Tibesti; Borku, p. 424. Climate; Flora; Fauna, p. 427. Inhabitants; the Tibbus, p. 428. Topography, p. 433. The Kawar Oasis, p. 434. Bilma, p. 436. Dibbela; Agadem; Jebel Ahaggar, p. 437. North Tassili, p. 439. The Igharghar Basin, p. 442. Flora and Fauna, p. 444. The Tuareg Berbers, p. 446. The Twat Oases, p. 454. Flora, Fauna, and Inhabitants of Twat, p. 456. Gurura and Timimun Oases, p. 457. Ulad-Raffa; Tsabit; Tamentit, p. 460. Air and Awellimiden Berbers, p. 463. Topography, p. 466. Adghagh, p. 469. | |
| XII. | Western Sahara | Western Sahara | 471 |
| | | The Iguidi Dunes, p. 471. Rivers, p. 474. The Atlantic Seaboard, p. 474. Flora, Fauna, and Inhabitants, p. Topography, p. 477. The Adrar Nomads, p. 480. The Marabuts, p. 481. | |
| | Statistical, Tables | Statistical, Tables | 483 |
| | Index | Index | 497 |
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
MAPS PRINTED IN COLOURS.
| page | page | page | page |
| 1. Tunis and Constantine | 104 | 4. Eastern Sahara | 424 |
| 2. Algiers and Oran | 360 | 5. Western Sahara | 472 |
| 3. Marocco | 200 |
PLATES.
| Arabs, Sudanese Negro, and Female Shilluk | Frontispiece |
| The Kasr-el-Jebel Cirque to face page | 40 |
| Tripoli, from the Roadstead | 64 |
| General View of Murzuk | 80 |
| Tunisian Landscape: View taken from the Tellat Pass | 96 |
| Khumir Man, Women, and Child | 132 |
| Cabes : View taken from the Jara Gardens | 144 |
| Nafta and the Shott-el-Jerid | 148 |
| Sfakes: View taken in the Leonec Street | 152 |
| General View of Kairwan | 160 |
| Tunis: Street in the Sûk District | 172 |
| Old Ports of Carthage | 176 |
| General View of El-Kef | 180 |
| View of Stora Bay | 202 |
| Arab Mendicant, Biskra Negress, and El-Kantara Woman | 228 |
| Kabyle Family Group | 232 |
| Saharian Landscape: Nomad Encampment | 236 |
| General View of Constantine, taken from the Mansura Route | 248 |
| Kabyle Family travelling to face page | 256 |
| Kabyle Village | 264 |
| General View of Algiers, taken from the Kheir el-Din Pier | 268 |
| General View of Blida | 276 |
| Boghari Village and Market | 282 |
| Oran : View taken from the Marina | 288 |
| The El-Kantara Gorge | 300 |
| Street View in Biskra | 304 |
| General View of Laghwat | 308 |
| Beni-Ramasses Quarter, Constantine | 320 |
| General View of Tetuan | 372 |
| Tangier : View taken from the East | 376 |
| Wed-el-Halluf, near Figuig | 404 |
| General View of Fez | 408 |
| The Sahara: View taken from the Sfa Pass, North-west of Biskra | 420 |
| Group of Tibbus | 428 |
| Jebel Khanfusa | 440 |
| The Egueri Gorge | 460 |
| General View of Bona | 242 |
| Mouth of the Wed Draa: View taken from the Sea | 476 |
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
| Fig. | Page | Page |
| 1. | Route of the Chief Explorers in Cyrenaica | 4 |
| 2. | Zawya of Mazuna, in the Algerian Dahra | 11 |
| 3. | Tobruk | 14 |
| 4. | Cyrene | 16 |
| 5. | View From the in Necropolis of Cyrene | 17 |
| 6. | Benghazi | 20 |
| 7. | Regions South of Barka LyingBelow the Level of the in Mediterranean | 24 |
| 8. | Group of the in Aujila Oases | 26 |
| 9. | The Kufra Oasis | 30 |
| 10. | Kufra Oasis | 33 |
| 11. | Routes of the in Chief Explorers in Tripolitana | 35 |
| 12. | Projected Railways Across West Africa | 37 |
| 13. | Jebel Ghurian | 40 |
| 14. | Oases and Arable Lands of Tripolitana | 47 |
| 15. | Inhabitants of Tripolitana | 52 |
| 16. | Jofra Oasis | 58 |
| 17. | The in Khoms Coast District, Tripolitana | 61 |
| 18. | Tripoli | 64 |
| 19. | Routes of the in Chief Explorers in Fezzan | 70 |
| 20. | Oases of Fezzan | 73 |
| 21. | Murzuk | 80 |
| 22. | Ghadames District | 83 |
| 23. | The Ghadames Oasis | 85 |
| 24. | General View of Ghadames | 86 |
| 25. | Rhât | 91 |
| 26. | Ancient Form of Mauritania, according to Bourguignat'S Hypothesis | 96 |
| 27. | Tabarka Island — View Taken From the Coast | 103 |
| 28. | Hamada-El-Kessera | 104 |
| 29. | The Jebel Zaghwan | 105 |
| 30. | Lakes of Eskel and Bizerta | 107 |
| 31. | Gorges of the Middle Mejerda | 108 |
| 32. | Old Beds of the in Lower Mejerda | 109 |
| 33. | The in Mejerda At Slugia, Above Mejez-El-Bab | 111 |
| 34. | Sill of Cabes | 114 |
| 35. | Zone of the in Shotts South of East Algeria Tunis | 115 |
| 36. | Tracks of Travellers in the Shott-El-Jerid | 116 |
| 37. | Island of Jerba | 120 |
| 38. | Cape Bon and Zembra Island | 124 |
| 39. | Native Inhabitants of Tunis | 134 |
| 40. | Tunisian Jewess | 137 |
| 41. | Houses At Kasr El-Mudenin | 140 |
| 42. | Jerba Island Castle Near Humt Suk | 142 |
| 43. | Peninsula of Nefzawa | 146 |
| 44. | Jerid | 147 |
| 45. | The in Amphitheatre of El-Jem, Viewed From the in Ruined Side | 153 |
| 46. | Mahdiya | 155 |
| 47. | Monastir and Sûsa | 156 |
| 48. | Kairwan | 157 |
| 49. | Kasbah of Susa, Viewed From the in French Consulate | 158 |
| 50. | Kairwan: The Mosque of the Swords | 160 |
| 51. | Ruins of Sbeitla, the in Ancient Suffe-Tula | 163 |
| 52. | Sûsa and Enfida | 164 |
| 53. | Aqueducts of Carthage | 167 |
| 54. | Tunis | 173 |
| 55. | La Goletta | 175 |
| 56. | Carthage | 177 |
| 57. | Ancient Ports of Carthage | 179 |
| 58. | Plain of Ghardimau | 181 |
| 59. | Ruins of Utica | 184 |
| 60. | Bizerta, Viewed From the in Kasbah | 186 |
| 61. | Tabarka | 187 |
| 62. | Cork-Tree of Fernana | 188 |
| 63. | Railways and Highways of Tunis | 192 |
| 64. | Gradual Conquest of Algeria | 199 |
| 65. | Erosions of the in Mountains Near Tiaret | 203 |
| 66. | Junction of the in Geodetic Lines Between Algeria and Spain | 205 |
| 67. | Ancient Glaciers of the in Haizer Mountains | 207 |
| 68. | Gorges of the in Wed Agriun | 208 |
| 69. | View Taken In The Shabet-El-Akra Route | 209 |
| 70. | Cape De Fer | 211 |
| 71. | Lakes of La Calle | 214 |
| 72. | Cliffs of the Igharghar: View taken from the North of Temassinin | 216 |
| 73. | Valley of the in Wed Miya, between the Garaa El-Onkser and the in Garaa T-El-Beida | 217 |
| 74. | Shott Melghigh and Projected Inland Sea | 218 |
| 75. | Artesian Wells of Ziban and the in Wed Righ | 219 |
| 76. | Barrage of the in Hamiz | 220 |
| 77. | Rainfall of the in Sahara in 1884 | 222 |
| 78. | Forests of Algeria | 224 |
| 79. | The Alfa Region | 225 |
| 80. | Chief Ancient Cities of Algeria | 230 |
| 81. | Chief Tribes of Algeria | 232 |
| 82. | Arabs and Berbers of Algeria | 233 |
| 83. | Arab Type: Agha of Tugurt | 235 |
| 84. | -Ahras and its Environs | 238 |
| 85. | La Calle | 239 |
| 86. | Petrified Cascade of Hammam-El-Mesk-huthin | 241 ​ |
| 87. | Bona | 243 |
| 88. | Edugh and Lake Fetzara | 244 |
| 89. | Constantine in 1836 | 246 |
| 90. | The Natural Arch of Constantine | 247 |
| 91. | Constantine in 1884 | 248 |
| 92. | Philippeville | 250 |
| 93. | Jijili | 251 |
| 94. | Bougie | 253 |
| 95. | Zwawa and Ait-Iraten Territory | 257 |
| 96. | Chief Tribes of Kabylia | 258 |
| 97. | Kuku and Shellata Pass | 261 |
| 98. | Fort National | 264 |
| 99. | Dellys | 265 |
| 100. | Palestro and Gorges of the Isser | 266 |
| 101. | Lower Sebau and laser Valleys | 267 |
| 102. | Algiers in 1830 | 269 |
| 103. | Algiers in 1885 | 270 |
| 104. | Street View in the Old Town, Algiers | 271 |
| 105. | Military Lines of Algiers | 272 |
| 106. | Sidi-Ferrush | 273 |
| 107. | Algerian Sahel | 274 |
| 108. | Bufarik | 275 |
| 109. | Blida | 277 |
| 110. | Tomb of the Christian Lady | 278 |
| 111. | Isthmus of Tipaza | 279 |
| 112. | Shershell | 280 |
| 113. | Tenes | 281 |
| 114. | Gorges of the Shelif | 282 |
| 115. | Medea | 283 |
| 116. | Miliana, Sill of Affreville | 284 |
| 117. | Mostaganem | 285 |
| 118. | Arzeu | 287 |
| 119. | Oran | 288 |
| 120. | Plain of the Andalusians | 289 |
| 121. | Tlemcen | 291 |
| 122. | Street View in Tlemcen | 292 |
| 123. | Mouth of the Tafna | 293 |
| 124. | Nemours | 294 |
| 125. | Nemours | 295 |
| 126. | The Sheliya and Plain of Medina | 297 |
| 127. | Lambæsis: Ruins of the Prætorium | 298 |
| 128. | Fum Ksantina | 299 |
| 129. | Ancient Roman Towns in North Aures | 300 |
| 130. | A Nail Arab Woman | 301 |
| 131. | The Bu-Khail Mountains | 302 |
| 132. | Emancipated Negress, Biskra | 304 |
| 133. | Oases of the Northern and Southern Zibans | 305 |
| 134. | The Wed Righ Oasis | 306 |
| 135. | Tugurt | 307 |
| 136. | Laghwat | 308 |
| 137. | Mzab | 311 |
| 138. | General View of Ghaedaya | 312 |
| 139. | Mzab and Metlili | 313 |
| 140. | Wargla | 316 |
| 141. | El-Golea | 317 |
| 142. | The Ain-Sefra Highlands | 318 |
| 143. | Growth of the European Population in Algeria since 1830 | 320 |
| 144. | Teniet-el-Haad and ita Forests | 322 |
| 145. | A Great Algerian Domain | 326 |
| 146. | Thermal Springs | 328 |
| 147. | Growth of the Foreign Trade of Algeria since 1830 | 329 |
| 148. | Line of Steam Navigation between Mauritania and the Opposite Coast | 330 |
| 149. | Roads and Railways of Algeria | 331 |
| 150. | An Arab Family of Tlemcen | 334 |
| 151. | Fully Privileged, Mixed, and Native Communes in Algeria | 336 |
| 152. | Relative Population of the Algerian Communea | 337s |
| 153. | Holy Cities and Chief Religious Associations in Algeria | 338 |
| 154. | Algiers in 1832 | 342 |
| 155. | Tiaret and Tagdemt | 343 |
| 156. | Routes of the Chief Explorers in Marocco | 346 |
| 157. | Bled-el-Makhzen and Bled-es-Siba | 347 |
| 158. | Crests and Passes of the Atlas South of Marrakesh | 349 |
| 159. | Jebel Tiza: View taken from the Tagherut Pass | 350 |
| 160. | The Tetuan Highlands | 354 |
| 161. | The Sherat River | 356 |
| 162. | Lower Course of the Sebu | 357 |
| 163. | Arabs and Berbers of Maghreb-el-Aksa | 358 |
| 164. | A Tangier Arab | 364 |
| 165. | Arab Woman of Tangier | 365 |
| 166. | Arab Camel-Driver | 368 |
| 167. | Ujda, Isly, and the Angad Plain | 371 |
| 168. | Tetuan | 373 |
| 169. | Ceuta | 374 |
| 170. | Tangier | 376 |
| 171. | El-Araish and Chemmish | 378 |
| 172. | Fez and Neighbourhood | 379 |
| 173. | A Gateway in Fez | 380 |
| 174. | Mecnes and Volubilis | 382 |
| 175. | Mulai Tayeb, Sherif of Wezzan | 384 |
| 176. | Rbat and Mouth of the Bu-Reorag — View taken from Sla | 386 |
| 177. | Rbat and Sla | 387 |
| 178. | Mazagan and Azemmur | 389 |
| 179. | Marocco — The Christian's Gate | 391 |
| 180. | Marrakesh | 392 |
| 181. | Mogador and Neighbourhood | 394 |
| 182. | Tarudant | 396 |
| 183. | Ifni and Neighbouring Coast | 399 |
| 184. | Wed Zis and Tafilelt Oases | 400 ​ |
| 185. | El-Bahariat of the Wed Ouir | 405 |
| 186. | Figuig Oasis | 406 |
| 187. | A School in Fez | 409 |
| 188. | Frontiers of Algeria and Marocco | 410 |
| 189. | Fez: Gateway to the Kasbah | 411 |
| 190. | The Great East Erg | 420 |
| 191. | Routes of the Chief Explorers in the Eastern Sahara | 425 |
| 192. | Northern Tibesti | 426 |
| 193. | Borku | 431 |
| 194. | Kawar Oasis | 435 |
| 195. | Routes of the Chief Explorers between Algeria and the Tuareg Territory | 439 |
| 196. | Geology of the Sahara south of Algeria | 443 |
| 197. | Targui Type | 448 |
| 198. | Tuaregs on a Journey | 449 |
| 199. | Issawan Valley | 454 |
| 200. | Gurara and Wed Saura | 458 |
| 201. | Twat and Tidikelt | 462 |
| 202. | Air | 457 |
| 203. | Routes of the Chief Explorers in the Western Sahara | 472 |
| 204. | Rio de Oro | 475 |
| 205. | Arawan and Mabruk | 479 |