OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wellington (Somerset)

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​WELLINGTON, a market town in the Wellington parliamentary division of Somersetshire, England, at the foot of the Blackdown hiUs, and near the river Tone, 170½ m. W. by S. of London by the Great Western railway. Pop. of urban district (1901), 7283. The 15th-century church of St John has a fine Perpendicular tower and chancel; while the clerestories nave is Early English. There is a magnificent altar-tomb to Sir J. Popham, Lord Chief Justice under Elizabeth and James I. The chief buildings include the West Somerset County School and a 17th-century hospital for the aged poor, founded by Sir J. Popham. A tower, which stands on the highest peak of the Blackdowns, 2½ m. S., was erected in honour of the duke of Wellington. The town has woollen manufactures, iron foundries and brick and tile works.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shotts

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​Shotts, a mining and manufacturing parish of Lanarkshire, Scotland. It comprises eight villages, parts of two others, and the town of Cleland (including Omoa) and is served by the North British and Caledonian railways. Pop. (1891) 11,957; (1901) 15,562. The parish contains large ironworks, tile, fire-clay and brick-works, and quarries, and includes the Lanark district asylum and a fever hospital. The curious name of Omoa is supposed to have been given to his property by some soldier or sailor who had settled here after the wars in Honduras, of which Omoa is a seaport. Matthew Baillie (1761–1823), famous for his researches in morbid anatomy, and Janet Hamilton (1795–1873), the poetess, were born in the parish of Shotts.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shoulder

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​Shoulder (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown), the name of that part of the body of man and animals where the upper arm or fore-leg articulates with the collar bone and shoulder-blade (see Joints).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shoshong

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​Shoshong, a town in the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, formerly the chief settlement of the eastern Bamangwato. It is about 200 m. N.N.E. of Mafeking and 30 m. N. of Shoshong Road Station on the Cape Town–Bulawayo railway. The town is situated 3000 ft. above the sea in the valley of the Shoshong, an intermittent tributary of the Limpopo. The site was originally chosen as the headquarters of the Bamangwato as being easily defensible against the Matabele. At the time of the declaration of a British protectorate in 1885 Shoshong had 20,000 to 30,000 inhabitants, including about twenty Europeans. Being the meeting place of trade routes from south and north it was of considerable importance to early explorers and traders in South-Central Africa, and a mission station of the London Missionary Society (preceded for many years by a station of the Hermannsburg Lutheran Missionary Society) was founded here in 1862. Owing, however, to the scarcity of water at Shoshong, Khama, the chief of the Bamangwato, and most of his followers removed about 1890 to Palapye—50 m. N.E. of Shoshong—and later to Serowe to the north-west of Palapye. Like Shoshong, these places are built in valleys of tributaries of the Limpopo. Shoshong was not entirely deserted and has a population of about 800 (see Bechuanaland).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shovel

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​Shovel (O.E. scofl, from root of scufan, to shove, push, cf. Ger. Schaufel, also Schüppe, scoop), an implement or tool, consisting of a broad flat blade with edges or sides turned up fixed to a wooden handle terminating in a bow like a spade. It is used for lifting or removing such loose substances as coal, gravel and the like.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shreveport

* related portals: Louisiana.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
See also Shreveport, Louisiana on Wikipedia; the 9th edition; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ SHREVEPORT, a city and the capital of Caddo Parish, Louisiana, U.S.A., on the Red river, in the N.W. part of the state, near the Texas border. Pop. (1890) 11,979; (1900) 16,013, of whom 8532 were negroes; (1910, census) 28,015. It is the second city of the state in population. It is served by the Vicksburg, Shreveport & Pacific, the Houston & Shreveport, the Kansas City Southern, the St Louis & South-Western, the Louisiana Railway & Navigation Company, the Texas & Pacific (main line and two branches), the Louisiana & Arkansas, the Kansas City Southern, and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railways and by boats on the Red river. In the city are the State Charity Hospital (1872), the T. E. Schumpert Memorial Hospital (1910), the Genevieve Orphanage (1899) and the Shreveport Training School (1908). Owing to its situation and excellent transportation facilities the city has a large trade. The surrounding country is a rich agricultural region, mainly devoted to the production of cotton, for which Shreveport is the principal shipping point. Live-stock and cattle products are trade items of importance. The situation of the city (about 170 m. east of Dallas, and somewhat farther from Little Rock, Houston, and New Orleans) makes it a natural centre of wholesale trade of varied character, and the development since 1906 of the important Caddo oil and gas fields north of the city has added greatly to its industrial prominence. The city contains planing mills, cotton gins, compresses and cotton-seed oil mills, machine and railway shops, and ice and molasses factories. In 1905 its factory product was valued at $2,921,923 (87.8% more than in 1900). Shreveport was settled about 1835, incorporated as a town in 1839, and chartered as a city in 1871. It was named in honour of Henry Miller Shreve (1785-1854), a native of New Jersey, who in 1815 ascended the Mississippi and the Ohio rivers to Louisville in the “Enterprise,” the first steam vessel to make this trip, introduced improvements in the steamboat, and in 1826-1841 had charge of the improvement of western rivers, removing during this period the great Red river raft. After the capture of Baton Rouge, the state capital, and New Orleans by the Unionists in 1862, Shreveport was occupied by the Confederate officials of the state. In the spring of 1863 and again in that of 1864 it was the objective of combined naval and land expeditions made by the Union forces up the Red river under command of Admiral David D. Porter and General N. P. Banks, the Confederate commander in Louisiana being General Richard Taylor, with General E. Kirby Smith in charge of the entire trans-Mississippi department. In 1863 Shreveport was not seriously threatened. In 1864 when the Federals were within two marches of the city they were worsted by Taylor at Mansfield (on the 8th of April); on the next day the Confederates in their turn met with a demoralizing repulse at Pleasant Hill.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shovel, Sir Cloudesley

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​Shovel, Sir Cloudesley [or Clowdisley Shovell as he seems to have spelt the name himself] (c. 1650–1707), English admiral, was baptised at Cockthorpe in Norfolk on the 25th of November 1650, and went to sea under the care of his kinsman Sir Christopher Mynns. He set himself to study navigation, and, owing to his able seamanship and brave and open-hearted disposition, became a general favourite and obtained quick promotion. In 1674 he served as lieutenant under Sir John Narborough in the Mediterranean, where he burned four men-of-war under the castles and walls of Tripoli, belonging to the pirates of that place. He was present as captain of the “Edgar” (70) at the first fight at Bantry Bay, and shortly afterwards was knighted. In 1690 he convoyed William III. across St George’s Channel to Ireland; the same year he was made rear-admiral of the blue, and was present at the battle of Beachy Head on 10th July. In 1692 he was appointed rear-admiral of the red, and joined Admiral Russell, under whom he greatly distinguished himself at La Hogue, by being the first to break through the enemy’s line. Not long after, when Admiral Russell was superseded, Shovel was put in joint command of the fleet with Admiral Killigrew and Sir Ralph Delaval. In 1702 he brought home the spoils of the French and Spanish fleets from Vigo, after their capture by Sir George Rooke, and in 1704 he served under Sir George Rooke in the Mediterranean and cooperated in the taking of Gibraltar. In January 1704 he was named rear-admiral of England, and shortly afterwards commander-in-chief of the British fleets. He co-operated with the earl of Peterborough in the capture of Barcelona in 1705, and commanded the naval part of the unsuccessful attempt on Toulon in October 1707. When returning with the fleet to England his ship, the “Association,” at eight o’clock at night on the 22nd of October, struck on the rocks near Scilly, and was seen by those on board the “St George” to go down in three or four minutes’ time, not a soul being saved of 800 men that were on board. The body of Sir Cloudesley Shovel was cast ashore next day, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. It is said that he was alive when he reached the shore at Porthellick Cove, but was murdered by a woman for the sake of his rings.
See Life and Glorious Actions of Sir Cloudesley Shovel (1707); Burnet’s Own Times; various discussions in Notes and Queries, 5th series, vols. x. and xi.; and T. H. Cooke, Shipwreck of Sir Cloudesley Shovel (1883).
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Pʽok
### Pʽok.
#### 卜$^4$

    To divine by means of a tortoise shell; to prognosticate; conjecture.

#### 仆$^4$

    Lying down; prostate; bowing the head to the ground.

#### 扑$^4$

    A slight stroke; to strike; to flog.

#### 朴$^4$

    The bark of a tree; great; fundamentals; separate.

#### 菐$^4$

    Luxuriant herbage; a case in which reeds are stuck.

#### 撲$^4$

    To lean towards; to fall; to pat; strike; flog.

#### 樸$^4$

    Plain, hard, close wood; substantial; without ornament.

#### 璞$^4$

    An unpolished gem; the external covering of a gem.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Pʽá
### Pʽá.
#### 疱$^{-3}$

    A disease which causes swelling; swollen; a swelling.

#### 冇$^{3-}$

    Empty, as grain without a kernel; withered; blasted.

#### 怕$^{3-}$

    To fear; be afraid.

#### 拍$^4$

    To pat; touch; stroke.

#### 打$^4$

    To strike; beat; to reckon; commence; do.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Pʽue
### Pʽue.
#### 皮$^{-1}$

    Skin; bark; peel; wrapper; to skin; to peel.

#### 培$^{-1}$

    To add earth or manure to; to assist; benefit; nourish.

#### 配$^{3-}$

    Color of wine; a fellow; an equal; companion; to pair; unite; to accompany.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Pʽwan
### Pʽwan.
#### 般$^{-1}$

    To divide distribute; remove.

#### 槃$^{-1}$

    A basin to wash in, or to drink from.

#### 磐$^{-1}$

    A rock; large stone.

#### 縏$^{-1}$

    A small bag; a satchel.

#### 鞶$^{-1}$

    A large girdle worn round the waist.

#### 弁$^{-1}$

    A cap or bonnet to keep up the hair and show a person's rank.

#### 拚$^{-1}$

    To take with the hand; to brush away; reject.

#### 磻$^{-1}$

    Name of a stream; a stone fit for pointing arrows.

#### 幡$^1$

    A napkin for dusting; long streamers; to toss about.

#### 燔$^1$

    To roast; bake; flesh used in sacrifice.

#### 蕃$^1$

    Luxuriant; abundance; exuberance.

#### 藩$^1$

    A fence; boundary; frontier; to ward off.

#### 蟠$^1$

    Prostrate; writhing curling; burrowing in the ground.

#### 判$^{3-}$

    To divide; distinguish; judge; decide; decision.

#### 拌$^{3-}$

    To reject; throw away; disregard; to divide.

#### 泮$^{3-}$

    A semi-circular pool in front of Chinese colleges; to bind.

#### 絆$^{3-}$

    Ropes for entangling the feet; a snare; halter; to bind.

#### 胖$^{3-}$

    The half of a victim; a slice of; large; fleshy.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Pʽun
### Pʽun.
#### 盆$^{-1}$

    A jar, pitcher, basin, tub,

#### 賁$^{-1}$

    Strenuous; impetuous effort.

#### 墳$^{-1}$坟$^{-1}$

    A tomb; grave; hillock; a bank; great; vast.

#### 濆$^{-1}$

    The bank of a river; to overflow; to spirt forth water.

#### 奔$^1$

    To run away; to go in haste; precipitate; hurry.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Pʽo
### Pʽo.
#### 鋪$^{-1}$

    To spread out; arrange; a bed or table; a shop or store.

#### 甫$^2$

    To spread or extend everywhere; eminent; to begin.

#### 匍$^2$

    To go; creep on the hand & feet; crawl; strive to attain.

#### 圃$^2$

    A garden; orchard; cultivated field.

#### 浦$^2$

    Small streams; a creek or inlet.

#### 莆$^2$

    Name of a plant; the sword plant.

#### 溥$^2$

    Large; great; pervading everywhere; to spread aboard; proclaim.

#### 普$^2$

    Universally pervading; everywhere; great; uniform.

#### 譜$^2$

    A list; genealogy; biography; to write out a list; to arrange.

#### 剖$^2$

    To divide; split asunder in the middle; break open.

#### 簿$^{-3}$

    A register; account or memoranda book; a badge of office.

#### 舖$^{3-}$

    A shop; a store where things are sold.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Pʽu
### Pʽu.
#### 浮$^{-1}$

    To float; to flow along with the stream; excess; light.

#### 菩$^{-1}$

    Grass; herbage; thatch.

#### 蔔$^{-1}$

    The grape.

#### 蒲$^{-1}$

    A species of water-rush of which mats are made.

#### 簠$^{-1}$

    A round basket for grain.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Pʽwat
### Pʽwat.
#### 𰼤$^4$

    A small piece of money, in Siam used for a Tical.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Pʽoi
### Pʽoi.
#### 批$^1$

    To strike; to compare; decide and declare officially; a petition; the reply; to pare off.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Pʽua
### Pʽua.
#### 婆$^{-1}$

    A designation of women, especially aged mothers.

#### 破$^{3-}$

    Rent; broken; defeated; ruined; to break; defeat.

#### 剖$^{3-}$

    To divide in the middle; split asunder; break open.

#### 潑$^4$

    To throw forth or sprinkle water; a shower; rain.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yuriev

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​YURIEV (formerly Dorpat, also Dörpt; Russian, Derpt; Esthonian, Tarto and Tartolin; in Lettish, Tehrbata), a town of W. Russia, in the government of Livonia, situated on the Embach, 158 m. by rail N.E. of Riga, in 38° 23′ N. and 26° 23′ E. Pop. 42,421. The principal part of the town lies S. of the river, and the more important buildings are clustered round the two eminences known as the Domberg (cathedral hill) and the Schlossberg (castle hill), which in the middle ages were occupied by the citadel, the cathedral and the episcopal palace. Owing to a great fire in 1777, the town is almost entirely modern; and its fortifications have been transformed into promenades. Besides a good picture gallery in the Ratshof, and the 13th-century church of St John, Yuriev possesses a university, with an observatory, an art museum, a botanical garden and a library of 250,000 volumes, which are housed in a restored portion of the cathedral, burned down in 1624. The university was founded by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in 1632; but in 1699 teachers and students removed to Pernau on the advance of the Russians, and on the occupation of the country by Peter the Great again took flight to Sweden. In spite of the treaty of 1710 and the efforts of the Livonian nobles, it was not till 1802 that its restoration was effected under the patronage of Alexander I. Down to 1895, in which year it was thoroughly Russified, the university was German in spirit and in sentiment. It is now attended by some 1700 students annually. The astronomical department is famous, owing partly to the labours of F. G. W. von Struve (1820-39), and partly to Fraunhofer's great refracting telescope, presented by the emperor Alexander I. There are monuments to the naturalist K. E. von Baer (1886) and Marshal Barclay de Tolly (1849), and the town is the headquarters of the XVIII. army corps.
The foundation of Dorpat is ascribed to Yaroslav, prince of Kiev, and is dated 1030. In 1224 the town was seized by the Teutonic Knights, and in the following year Bishop Hermann erected a cathedral on the Domberg. From that date till about 1558 the town enjoyed great prosperity, and the population reached 50,000. In 1558 it was captured by the Russians, but in 1582 was yielded to Stephen Bathori, king of Poland. In 1600 it fell into the hands of the Swedes, in 1603 reverted to the Poles, and in 1625 was seized by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. The Russians again obtained temporary possession in 1666, but did not effect a permanent occupation till 1704. In 1708 the bulk of the population were removed to the interior of Russia.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yōsai

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​YŌSAI [Kikuchi] (1781–1878), Japanese painter, was the son of a samurai named Kawara, of Yedo. He was adopted by the Kikuchi family, who were old hereditary retainers of the Tokugawa clan. When eighteen, he became a pupil of Takata Enjō; but, after studying the principles of the Kanō, Shijō, and Maruyama schools—in the latter, perhaps, under Ozui, a son of Ōkyo—he developed an independent style, having some affinities with that of Tani Bunchō. He was one of the last great painters of Japan; and his illustrated history of Japanese heroes, the Zenken Kojitsu, is a remarkable specimen of his power as a draughtsman in black and white.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yvetot

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​YVETOT, a town of N. France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Seine-Inférieure, 24 m. N.W. of Rouen on the railway to Havre. Pop. (1906) 6214. Cotton goods of various kinds and hats are made here, and trade is carried on in agricultural products. The church (18th century) contains a marble altar from the Carthusian monastery at Rouen, fine woodwork of the 17th century from the abbey of St Wandrille, and a handsome pulpit. The town is the seat of a sub-prefect and has tribunals of first instance and of commerce, and a chamber of arts and manufactures. The lords of Yvetot bore the title of king from the 15th till the middle of the 16th century, their petty monarchy being popularized in one of Béranger's songs. In 1592 Henry IV. here defeated the troops of the League.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yuzgat

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​YUZGAT, the chief town of a sanjak of the same name in the Angora vilayet of Asia Minor, altitude 4380 ft., situated 105 m. E. of Angora, near the head of a narrow valley through which the Angora-Sivas road runs. The town was built largely out of the ruins of Nefez Keui (anc. Tavium), by Chapan Oghlu, the founder of a powerful Dere Bey family. There is a trade in yellow berries and mohair. The sanjak is very fertile, and contains good breeding-grounds, upon which horses, camels and cattle are reared. The population, about 15,000, includes a large Armenian community.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yusafzai

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​YUSAFZAI, a large group of Pathan tribes, originally immigrants from the neighbourhood of Kandahar, which includes those of the Black Mountain, the Bunerwals, the Swatis, the people of Dir and the Panjkora valley, and also the inhabitants of the Yusafzai plain in Peshawar district of the North-West Frontier Province of India. Three sections of the tribe, the Hassanzais, Akazais and Chagarzais, inhabit the W. slopes of the Black Mountain, and the Yusafzai country stretches thence to the Utman Khel territory. The trans-border Yusafzais are estimated at 65,000 fighting men, giving a total population of about 250,000. The Yusafzais are said to be descended from one Mandai, who had two sons, Umar and Yusaf. Umar died, leaving one son, Mandan; from Mandan and Yusaf come the two primary divisions of the Yusafzais, which are split into numerous subdivisions, including the Isazais, Malizais, Akazais, Ranizais and Utmanzais.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yāqūt

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​YĀQŪT, or Yakut (Yaqut ibn 'Abdallah ur-Rūmī) (1179-1229), Arab geographer and biographer, was born in Greece of Greek parentage, but in his boyhood became the slave of a merchant of Hamah (Hamath), who trained him for commercial travelling and sent him two or three times to Kish in the Persian Gulf (on his journeys, cf. F. Wüstenfeld, "Jacut's Reisen" in the Zeitschr. d. deutsch. morg. Gesellschaft, vol xviii. pp. 397-493). In 1194 he quarrelled with his master and had to support himself by copying; he took advantage of the opportunity of studying under the grammarian al-‘Ukbarī. After five years he returned to his old master and again travelled for him to Kish, but on his return found his master dead, and set up for himself as a bookseller and began to write. During the next ten years he travelled in Persia, Syria, Egypt and visited Merv, Balkh, Mosul and Aleppo. About 1222 he settled in Mosul and worked on his geography, the first draft of which was ready in 1224. After a journey to Alexandria in 1227 he went to Aleppo, where he died in 1229. In his large geography, the Mu‘jam ul-Buldān (ed. F. Wüstenfeld, 6 vols., Leipzig, 1866-73), the places mentioned in the literature or the stories of the Arabs are given in alphabetical order, with the correct vocalization of the names, an indication whether they are Arabic or foreign and their locality. Their history is often sketched with a special account of their conquest by the Moslems and the name of the governor at the time is recorded. Attention is also given to the monuments they contain and the celebrities who were born in them or had lived there. In this way a quantity of old literature, both prose and poetry, is preserved by Yāqūt.
The parts of this work relating to Persia have been extracted and translated by Barbier de Meynard under the title Dictionnaire géographique, historique et littéraire de la Perse (Paris, 1871). Some account of its sources is given in F. J. Heer's Die historischen und geographischen Quellen in Jacut's geog rap his chem Wörterbuch (Strassburg, 1898), and the material relating to the Crusades is treated by H. Derenbourg, "Les Croisades d'apres le dictionnaire géographique de Jacout" in the volume of the Centenaire de I'école des langiies orientates vivantes, 71–92. A digest of the whole work was made by Ibn 'Abdulhaqq (d. 1338) under the title Marāṣid ul-Ittilā (ed. T. G. J. Juynboll, Leiden, 1850–1864). Yaqut also wrote a dictionary of geographical homonyms, the Mushtarik (ed. F. Wüstenfeld, Göttingen, 1846). Besides all this activity in geography Yaqut gave his attention to biography, and wrote an important dictionary of learned men, the Mu'jam ul-Udabā. Parts of this work exist in MS. in different libraries; vol. i. has been edited by D. S. Margoliouth, Irshād al-Arib Il ā Mārifat al Adib (London, 1908).
(G. W. T.)