OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dubuque

See also Dubuque, Iowa on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Dubuque (du-būk′), a city of Iowa, county-seat of Dubuque County, on the west bank of the Mississippi. It is a center for many railroads, and has large manufactures of carriages, wagons, plows, machinery, flour, soap, etc., with extensive lumber and pork-packing interests. It also is the chief depot for the lead-regions of the northwest. There are many fine buildings in the city, and among its educational institutions, which are very good, are a Presbyterian theological seminary, an Episcopal seminary, four Roman Catholic seminaries and the Iowa Institute of Arts and Sciences. A large iron-bridge spans the Mississippi at this point. The city is the oldest permanent settlement in Iowa. In 1893 it was created the see for an archdiocese of the Roman Catholic church. Population, 38,494.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dubois, William Edward Burghardt

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​ Dubois, William Edward Burghardt, an American educator of negro blood, was born in Massachusetts in 1868, and attended Fisk, Harvard and Berlin Universities. He is editor of the Atlanta University series of publications, and professor in Atlanta University. Professor Dubois is the author of several books upon the negro question, including The Negro Artisan (1903) and The Relation of the Negro to the Whites in the South (1901).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Duccio di Buoninsegna

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​ Duccio di Buoninsegna (do͝ot′chṓ dḗ bo͝o-ṓ′nḗn-sắn′yȧ), also known as Duccio di Siena, was born about 1260 and died about 1320. He was the Italian painter who founded the Sienese school. His great picture is the altar-piece of the Madonna in the cathedral at Siena. When completed, the delighted people carried it in a procession to the church.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dragon

See also Draco volans and Dragon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Dragon, the name given to a lizard found in the East Indies, about seven or eight inches long. The skin along the sides of the body, between the legs, is spread out into a kind of parachute, and, these animals, which live among trees, may be seen shooting through the space from tree to tree, with the parachute expanded. They feed upon insects. Their color corresponds pretty well to that of the bark of the trees, but they have little or no power of changing color. In ancient and medieval times the dragon was a fabulous monster, either a serpent or a hideous winged and clawed creature, guarding some treasure or spreading havoc by occasional visits, and against which gods, heroes and knights combated.
DRAGON
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dry Tortugas

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​ Dry Tortugas, a group of ten islets forming part of Florida, at the end of the Florida keys. They are of coral formation and are low and barren, except where covered with low bushes. On one of them are Fort Jefferson and a lighthouse. During the Civil War the fort was used to imprison Confederate prisoners, and several men who were convicted of having been concerned in the conspiracy to assassinate Lincoln were confined there.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dublin

See also Dublin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Dub′lin, the capital of Ireland, is situated on the River Liffey, at its entrance to Dublin Bay. The river cuts the city into two parts, which are joined by seven stone-bridges and two iron ones, and at its mouth are a good harbor and extensive docks and wharves. The trade is largely in timber, wine, cattle and agricultural produce. The Bank of Ireland, the custom-house, Trinity College, Dublin Castle, Christ Church, and St. Patrick's cathedral are among the finest buildings in the city. The cathedral of St. Patrick was founded in 1190 by John Comyn, archbishop of Dublin. One of the finest monuments in the city is that to Lord Nelson, which is 134 feet high. Those to O'Connell, Grattan and Burke are also noticeable. Trinity College is the most prominent university in Ireland. It was founded in 1591 by Queen Elizabeth, and to-day has a teaching staff of 54 professors, with an attendance of 1,100 students. It has special departments for the study of medicine, theology and engineering, besides the department of arts and sciences. Its library contains 190,000 volumes. The university sends two members to the house of commons. Phœnix Park, which contains about 2,000 acres, has beautiful scenery, and helps to make Dublin one of the most beautiful capitals of Europe. The Danes captured the city in the 9th century. Under Henry II the English took possession of the city. It was burned in 1190, and three later conflagrations have destroyed portions of the city. During the protectorate of Richard Cromwell the city was seized by the Royalist party, and in 1861 James II held a parliament there. In 1800 the act of union between Great Britain and Ireland was passed, and the flag of the United Kingdom was hoisted on Dublin Castle. Population, 309,272.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Montana, University of

See also University of Montana on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Montana, University of, is at Missoula in the western portion of the state. It consists of a preparatory department, a college of literature, science and the arts and a school of mechanical engineering. It is endowed with 72 sections of land granted by Congress in 1892, with the proviso that the land may not be sold for less than $10 an acre. The university was established in 1895. It now has 22 instructors and 360 students, of whom about a third are in the preparatory department and about 100 pursue courses in the arts. There are 22 students in mechanical engineering. Tuition is free, except in the law-school when that shall be established. Its library consists of about 16,000 volumes, and its income is about $65,000 a year.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Montpellier

See also Montpellier on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Montpellier (môn′pắ′lyắ′), a French city, 76 miles northwest of Marseilles and six from the Mediterranean. Its great industry, the production of wine, at periods suffers by the phylloxera, a minute insect that attacks the vines and almost destroys the vineyards; the cure effected by grafting the vines upon American stocks was first tried here. There is a flourishing school of agriculture devoted to the study of wine and silk-culture. Montpellier is more celebrated, however, as an ancient city belonging to Aragon or to Navarre, before it finally became a French city in 1392. Its university (1289), with schools of law, medicine and arts, rivaled that of Paris. Population 75,950.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Montreal

See also Montreal on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Mont′real″, in Quebec, Canada, is the commercial metropolis of all British America. It stands at the head of sea-going navigation and at the foot of the St. Lawrence canal-system and of Ottawa River. The Canadian Pacific directly links Ontario and the western provinces to Montreal. It is the western terminus of the Intercolonial Railway system. The Grand Trunk makes Montreal its chief center. Every Canadian industry (sugar-refining, iron-works, cotton-mills, car-shops, bridge-works), is represented in Montreal. The two large universities, McGill and Laval, (q. v.) are located here; it also has numerous smaller colleges. Its church architecture is said to thebe the finest on the continent. The McGill buildings also attract attention. The situation of Montreal lying on Mount Royal and along the river is most picturesque. Population with suburbs 466,000. The city is noted for its hospitals and their perfect equipment. Montreal is the home of scores of millionaires, not a few of whom are patrons of art, owning valuable paintings and generous towards educational and charitable objects. The population is mixed, the French predominating, and yet to a wonderful extent harmony and good feeling prevail. The deepening of the St. Lawrence (q. v.) at great cost by the government placed Montreal at the head of ocean navigation. The Dominion canals between Montreal and Lake Superior are the Lachine, Soulanges, Cornwall, Farrans Point, Rapide Plat, Glops, Murray, Welland and Sault Ste. Marie. (See articles.) Their aggregate length is 73 miles; total lockage (or height directly overcome by locks) 551 feet. The number of locks through which a vessel would pass in its passage from Montreal at the head of ocean navigation to the head of Lake Superior is 48. Soulanges Canal takes the place of Beauharnais Canal. Communication between Lakes Superior and Huron is obtained by means of the Canadian Sault Ste. Marie Canal and also by the St. Marys Falls Canal, situated on the United States side of the River St. Mary. Both these canals are free from toll. See St. Lawrence River.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Montezuma

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​ Montezuma or Moctezuma II (mŏn-tḗ-zo͞o′mä), the last of the Aztec emperors of Mexico (q. v.), was born in 1479 and ascended the throne in 1502. He gave his chief attention to the improvement of the laws of the country and to building the magnificent palaces associated with his name. His enormous expenses led to heavy taxation, which resulted in many revolts. When Cortez (q. v.), the Spanish conqueror, landed in Mexico in 1519, Montezuma tried to buy him off with his treasures of gold and silver. Admitting him to his halls as a guest, he soon found himself a prisoner in the Spanish camp. To quiet a revolt of the people Cortez led out Montezuma, who was wounded by a stone thrown by some one in the crowd. This, added to his other indignities, broke his heart. Tearing the bandages from his wound, he refused all remedies and food, and died at Tenochtitlan, June 30, 1520. See Conquest of Mexico by Prescott and Story of Mexico by Hale.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Montgomery

See also Montgomery, Alabama on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Montgomery (mŏnt-gŭm′ẽr-ĭ), the capital of the state of Alabama, is situated on Alabama River. It is surrounded with fine country seats, and is a growing city, with artesian water, electric lights and other modern improvements. Since 1865 the manufactories have increased rapidly, including foundries, steam-mills, cottongins and oil-works. The capitol is a fine building, overlooking a wide stretch of country. The city is 400 miles from Mobile on the Alabama, a distance formerly passed over by flatboats in a three months' journey. Population 38,136.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Montmorency, Falls of

See also Montmorency Falls on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Montmorency, Falls of, are in Montmorency River, eight miles below Quebec, where it empties into the St. Lawrence. The water falls over a precipice 250 feet high and 50 wide. There is a series of natural steps above the falls worn by the water, and at the foot of the falls an ice-mountain, sometimes 200 feet high, is formed every winter. It is a place of resort for tourists.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Montpelier

See also Montpelier, Vermont on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Montpelier (mŏnt-pē′lĭ-ẽr) is the capital of Vermont and the chief city in Washington County. It is on Winooski River, 206 miles from Boston. It is built on a plain, surrounded by hills. It has a granite ​state-house, with a statue of Ethan Allen, Vermont Seminary, a Methodist institution and several mills, machine-shops and tanneries. Population 7,856.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Montfort, Simon de

See also Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Montfort (mont′fẽrt), Simon de, Earl of Leicester, an English general and statesman, the leader in the war of the barons against Henry III (q. v.), was born in the beginning of the 13th century. The king was surrounded with foreigners who fared sumptuously at the expense of the people; bad harvests and famine added to their discontent; and in 1258 the barons appeared in arms before Parliament and demanded the driving out of the foreigners and the appointment of a committee of 24 to manage affairs. Later in the same year Parliament drew up laws called the Provisions of Oxford, which the king agreed to. By these provisions the foreigners were to surrender their castles, and Montfort gave up Kenilworth and Odiham. In 1261 the king repealed the act of parliament, which brought Montfort to the front as leader of the barons. He surprised the king's army at Lewes and captured the young prince, May 14, 1264. In his arrangements for a peaceable settlement of the difficulties a parliament was called, in which the barons, bishops and abbots sat, with four knights chosen from each shire and, for the first time in England, two representatives from certain towns. This may be looked upon as the germ of the modern parliament. He was, however, ahead of his times; the barons were dissatisfied and Gloucester deserted; the young prince escaped; and, joining with Gloucester, defeated Montfort, Aug. 4, 1265. He was killed on the field of battle (Evesham), but his memory survives among the people, who know him as St. Simon. The Song of Lewes, first printed in a collection of political songs in 1839, is a full account of this constitutional struggle of the barons. See Constitutional History of England by Stubbs and the Life by Prothero.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Musk Plant

See also Musk#Plants on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MUSK PLANT, Musk Root, Musk Tree, Musk Wood. Various plants possessed of a musky odor. Among these are the common musk plant (Mimulus moschatus); the musk tree (Olearia argophylla) of Tasmania; the musk okra (Hibiscus moschcutos); the musk tree of Jamaica (Trichilia moschata); and the West Indian musk wood (Guarea grandifolia), used in perfumery. The drug called musk root or Sambul, brought from Asia principally through Russia and Persia, is the starchy root of Euryangium Sambul, which has a pure musky odor, and is used as a substitute for musk.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mädler, Johann Heinrich

Edition of 1905. See also Johann Heinrich von Mädler on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MÄDLER, mā′dlẽr, Johann Heinrich (1794-1874). A German astronomer, born in Berlin. He began to study natural science at the University of Berlin in 1822, and in 1830 was appointed an instructor in the Berlin Normal School. As the result of his astronomical observations he published a map of the moon in 1834-36, and in the latter year was chosen assistant in the Berlin Observatory. In 1837 he published his Allgemeine Selenographie, and in 1840 was made director of the observatory at Dorpat, Russia. There he made extensive researches in regard to the fixed stars, and in 1846 published Die Centralsonne, propounding the theory, now discarded, that the centre of the stellar universe is located in the Pleiades. In 1865 he returned to Germany. His works in connection with variable and double stars is of great value, and established him among the eminent astronomers of the century. His further publications include Der Fixsternhimmel (1858) and Geschichte der Himmelskunde (1872-73).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Murray, George Henry

See also George Henry Murray on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MURRAY, George Henry (1861— ). A Canadian statesman of Scottish parentage, born at Grand Narrows, Nova Scotia. He began his education in his native place, finished it at Boston University, was called to the bar in 1883 and practiced his profession at North Sydney, N. S. He was elected to the local House in 1889, and after being a member of the Nova Scotia Cabinet (1891) he became Premier and Secretary for his native province (1896). In 1897 he was sent to the Dominion Parliament as Liberal member for Victoria County.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Murray, Hugh

See also Hugh Murray (geographer) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MURRAY, Hugh (1779-1846). A Scottish geographer, born at North Berwick. After 1816, when he became a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, he applied himself to the study of geography. He was chiefly noted for his share in the Encyclopædia of Geography (1834). He also compiled historical or geographical works upon The Southern Seas (1826); Polar Seas (1830); Africa (1830); British India (1832); China (1836); British America (1839); and The United States (1844).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Musk Ox

See also Muskox on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MUSK OX. The musk ox (Ovibos moschatus), although approaching cattle in size, is really quite as closely allied to the sheep. It undoubtedly belongs in the family Bovidæ and is perhaps entitled to have a subfamily division to itself. The genus contains only the single species, at present confined to Arctic America, but formerly ranging over the Northern United States as far south as Kentucky and over Northern Asia and Europe also, as is shown by the bones found in the Pleistocene deposits of those regions. Its southern limit is gradually retreating northward, and there can be little doubt that the number of musk oxen is steadily declining. The name ‘musk ox’ or ‘musk sheep’ refers to a peculiar musky odor, the origin of which seems to be in doubt; apparently, however, there is no special gland as in the musk deer and other musky mammals. The legs are short and stout, so that the animal is somewhat lower than a small ox, which it otherwise resembles in size and shape. The hair is amber brown, woolly and long; thick, matted and curly on the shoulders, giving the appearance there of a hump: elsewhere it is straight and hangs down so as to conceal the short tail and upper half of the legs. The wool has been spun into fabrics said to be extremely soft. The hoofs are remarkable in being asymmetrical, the outer half being rounded while the inner is pointed; the sole of the foot is hairy. The head is inclined to be massive, especially in old males, where the horns have extremely broad bases. The latter are elegantly curved, first obliquely downward and backward by the side of the head and then upward and forward. The ears are so small as to be concealed by the hair, and the muffle is hairy as in sheep and goats. The flesh is coarse grained, but of variable quality, some individuals being tender and of good flavor, while others are tough and so musky as to be uneatable. Curiously enough, the difference in flavor is apparently not a matter of age or sex. Musk oxen are gregarious, going in flocks of 20 or 30, or rarely as many as 80 or 100, and are said to be very sheep-like in their habits. Although the legs are so short, they run with speed, and can climb steep slopes and clamber over rocks with remarkable agility. The young are produced, one at a time, at the end of May or early in June, and the rutting season is in September. The food of the musk ox is grass, moss, lichens, and tender shoots of willow and pine. They are themselves an important item in the larder of the Eskimos and of Arctic explorers. The writings of these explorers contain the best accounts of the animal, whose young have now and then been brought alive to Europe, and have survived for a time in zoölogical gardens. See Plate of Wild Sheep and Musk Ox with Sheep.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Murray, Grenville

See also Eustace Clare Grenville Murray on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MURRAY, Grenville (1824-81). An English journalist, the illegitimate son of Richard Grenville, second Duke of Buckingham. After studying at Magdalen College, Oxford, and at the Inner Temple, he entered the diplomatic service, and held various posts at Vienna, Hanover, Constantinople, and Odessa. Returning to England in 1868, he founded The Queen's Messenger (1869), the first of the English satirical society papers. Driven from England, he settled in Paris, where he figured as the Comte de Rethel d'Aragon, borrowing the title of his Spanish wife. He was one of the pioneers in the gossip and scandal of modern journalism. Among his separate publications are: The Roving Englishman (1854); Round About France (1878); and Side Lights on English Society (1881), containing a mock dedication to the Queen.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Möllendorf, Wichard Joachim Heinrich von

Edition of 1905. See also Wichard Joachim Heinrich von Möllendorf on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÖLLENDORF, mẽl'len-dôrf, Wichard Joachim Heinrich von (1724-1816). A Prussian general, born at Lindenberg. He was in the first and second Silesian wars, and was promoted for bravery at Soor (1746). In the Seven Years' War he rose to the rank of major and received the Order for Merit. At Torgau (1760), where he showed great bravery, he was captured by the Austrians, but he was released in 1761, and was made general a year after. Möllendorf was division commander in the War of the Bavarian Succession (1779); Governor of Berlin (1783); and commander in 1793 of the troops which put into effect the second partition of Poland. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Army of the Rhine in 1794. In 1806 he again took the field, was wounded at Auerstädt and captured at Erfurt, but was released by Napoleon, who gave him the cross of the Legion of Honor.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mödling

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MÖDLING, mẽd'līng. A town of Lower Austria, situated at the foot of the Wienerwald, ten miles south-southwest of Vienna. The manufactures consist of iron products, railway supplies, footwear, etc. Population, in 1890, 10,956; in 1900, 15,304.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Möllhausen, Balduin

Edition of 1905. See also Balduin Möllhausen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÖLLHAUSEN, mẽl'hou-zen, Balduin (1825—). A German traveler and novelist, born at Bonn. He studied agriculture in Pomerania, and spent several years in North America, traveling with Duke Paul of Württemberg (1851), and, at the instance of Humboldt, acting as draughtsman to a scientific expedition to the far West. After a second trip through the Western part of the United States, especially Colorado, he wrote Tagebuch einer Reise vom Mississippi nach den Kusten der Südsee (1858) and Reisen in die Felsengebirge Nordamerikas (1861). His many novels, mostly on American topics, include: Die Halbindianer (1861); Das Mormonenmädchen (1864; 3d ed. 1871); Das Monogramm (1874); Die beiden Yachten (1891); and Fegefeuer in Frappes Wigwam (1901).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ménage, Gilles de

Edition of 1905. See also Gilles Ménage on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MÉNAGE, mā̇′näzh′, Gilles de (Ægidius Menagius) (1613-92). A French lexicographer and linguist, born at Angers. Disliking the profession of an advocate, he renounced it, entered the Church, and fixed his residence in the Convent of Notre Dame. His Dictionnaire etymologique, ou Origines de la langue française (Paris, 1650-94; best ed. by Jault. 2 vols., Paris, 1750), and his Origini della lingua italiana (1669) are erudite and valuable works.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Watermelon

See also Watermelon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Wa′termel′on, the fruit of Citrullus vulgaris, a species of the gourd family, and native to Asia and Africa. Over 60 varieties have been produced and catalogued.