OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Guébriant, (Renée du Bec, Maréchale de)

GUÉBRIANT (RENÉE DU BEC, MARÉCHALE DE),
One of the cleverest women of her time, was an ambassador in 1645 to Poland, conducting there Maria-Louisa Gonzaga, of Mantua, who was to be queen of that country. Uladislaus, however, had been in the mean time so prejudiced against his destined wife, that he thought of sending her back to France. The maréchale, however, exerted such a proper spirit in an interview with him, and so satisfied his mind in respect to what head heard, that the marriage took place; and to witness his high esteem for Madame de Guébriant, he commanded the same honours to be paid to her as to the Archduchess of Inspruck. She died at Perigueux in 1659.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Hachette, (Jane)

The Burgundians having laid siege to this town in 1472, Jane, at the head of a troop of women, valiantly defended it; repulsed them when they assaulted the place, took their colours from the hand of a soldier, who was going to plant them on the walls, and threw him headlong from it. In memory of this action, the privilege of walking at the head of the troops, carrying these colours, was granted to her, and some others ensured to her descendants. The portrait of this heroine is still shewn at Beauvais; and, on the 10th of July, there was an annual procession, in which the women walked first.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Havernon

HAVERNON, (Daughter of) the only Pupil of the celebrated Van Haspen,
Made such an astonishing progress in painting, that she excited her master's jealousy.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Helena (of Colchester)

Is celebrated for her great piety, and for discovering, according to the superstitious opinions of the age, the wood of the true cross.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Helena (of Arabia)

HELENA, Queen of Adiabene, in Arabia,
With her son, embraced the Jewish religion. She was the wife of her brother Monobazus, who left the kingdom to this his younger son, although he happened to be absent at the time of his father's death; it was confirmed by the nobles. In such a case, the other brothers were always put to death by the barbarous policy of those ages; out Helena managed to preserve those of Izates; and, till his return, put the crown upon the head of the eldest, who then willingly surrendered it. Though separated, Helena and her son had both been privately instructed in the Jewish religion; and the fearfulness of a mother made her anxious that he should conceal this difference in sentiment from his people; but he acted otherwise, and prospered, till she begun to think such concealment might be displeasing to the Almighty; and, having long formed a wish to go to Jerusalem, did so, being accompanied, the greatest part of the way, by her son. When she came there, she found the people afflicted with a famine, and sent for corn from Alexandria to relieve them. She became otherwise a great benefactor to the Jews, and built many public edifices in Judea.
Antiquities of the Jews.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thiazoles

See also Thiazole on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THIAZOLES, in organic chemistry, a series of hetero cyclic compounds containing the grouping shown below; the replaceable hydrogen atoms in which are designated o., 5 and /L They are prepared by condensing thio-amides with a.-haloid ketones or aldehyde's, the thio-amide reacting as the tautomeric thio-imino acid. Amino derivatives similarly result from thio-ureas and a-haloid ketones; the oxy derivatives from o.-sulphocyanoketones by the action of caustic alkali; and the carboxylic acids from chloro-aceto-acetic ester, &c. and thioamides. The thiazoles are somewhat basic in character, and combine with the alkyl iodides to form thiazolium iodides. Dihydrothiazoles, or thiazolines, are obtained by condensing ethylene dibromides with thio-amides; by the action of /3-haloid alkylamines on thio-amides (S. Gabriel, Bef., 1891, 24, p. LS? 1896, 29, p. 2610); and by the action of phosphorus pentasulp i e on acyl-B-bromalkylamides (A. Salomon, Bef., 1893, 26, p. 1328). They are much less stable than the thiazoles. The benzothiazoles are a series of weak bases formed by condensing carboxylic acids with ortho-aminothiophenols (A. W. Hofmann, Ber., 1880, 13, p. 1224), b heating the acid anilides with sulphur or by the oxidation oly thio-anilides. On fusion with caustic alkalis they decompose into their constituent aminothiophenol and acid. Derivatives of this group are important as substantive cotton dyestuffs. oo S
s- cH'N /
HC: CH> / CH
KB) (11) N/
Thia zole. Benzothiazole.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thiers

See also Thiers, Puy-de-Dôme on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THIERS, a town of central France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Puy-de-Dôme, 24 m. E.N.E. of Clermont-Ferrand, on the railway between that town and St Étienne. Pop. (1906) town, 12,601; commune, 17,418. Thiers is most picturesquely situated on the side of a hill at the foot of ​which the Durolle rapidly descends through a narrow valley into the Dore, a tributary of the Allier. The streets rising in steep rows contain a large number of stone and wooden houses, some of which date to the 15th century. A fine view of the Plain of Limagne and the Dôme mountain is obtainable from the terraces. The church of St Genès was built in 575 by Avitus, bishop of Clermont, and rebuilt in the 12th century. It has some curious mosaic work of the Merovingian period and a fine tomb of the 13th century. The church of Le Moutier, which formerly formed part of a Benedictine monastery, dates chiefly from the 11th century. Thiers is the seat of a subprefect and has tribunals of first instance and of commerce, a chamber of commerce, a board of trade arbitration, a communal college, a commercial and industrial school, and a branch of the Bank of France. Its special industry is the manufacture of cutlery, which employs some 12,000 hands in the town and its vicinity. The manufacture of handles and buttons of bone, pasteboard, stamping, hand-made and other papers and machinery are also carried on.
Thiers was sacked about 531 by the soldiers of Thierry, son of Clovis. About the same period Gregory of Tours speaks of a wooden chapel which may have occupied the site of the present church of Le Moutier. The commercial importance of the town was much increased in the 16th century when the manufacture of cutlery was introduced from the neighbouring town of Chateldon.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Theuriet, Claude Adhémar André

See also André Theuriet on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THEURIET, CLAUDE ADHÉMAR ANDRÉ (1833–1907), French poet and novelist, was born at Marly-le-Roi (Seine et Oise) on the 8th of October 1833, and was educated at Bar-le-Duc in his mother's province of Lorraine. He studied law in Paris and entered the public service, attaining the rank of chef de bureau before his retirement in 1886. He published in 1867 the Chemin des bois, a volume of poems, many of which had already appeared in the Revue des Deux Mondes; Le bleu et le noir, poemes de la vie réelle (1874), Nos oiseaux (1886), and other volumes followed. M. Theuriet gives natural, simple pictures of rustic and especially of woodland life, and Theophile Gautier compared him to Jaques in the forest of Arden. The best of his novels are those that deal with provincial and country life. Among them are: Le mariage de Gérard (1875); Raymonde (1877); Le fils Maugars (1879); La maison des deux Barbeaux (1879); Sauvageonne (1880); Reine des bois (1890); Villa tranquille (1899); Le manuscrit du chanoine (1902). Theuriet received in 1890 the prix Vitet from the French Academy, of which he became a member in 1896. He died on the 23rd of April 1907, and was succeeded at the Academy by M. Jean Richepin.
See Emm. Besson, André Theuriet (1890).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thibaut IV.

See also Theobald I of Navarre on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THIBAUT (or Theobald) IV. (1201-1253), count of Champagne and Brie, and king of Navarre, French poet, was born at Troyes in 1201. His father, Thibaut III. of Champagne, died before his son's birth, and his mother, Blanche of Navarre, was compelled to resign the guardianship of the young prince to Philip Augustus, king of France, but there is little doubt that the child was acquainted with Chrétien de Troyes and the other trouvères who found patronage at the court of Champagne. Thibaut's verses belong to what is called “courteous” poetry, but they have a personal note that distinguishes them from mere exercises. They are addressed to Blanche of Castille, the wife of Louis VIII., and Thibaut's relations with her have been the subject of much controversy. The count took part with Louis in the crusade against the Albigenses, but in 1226, with no apparent reason, left the king and returned to Champagne. Three months later Louis died under doubtful circumstances, and Thibaut was accused by his enemies of poisoning him to facilitate his own intrigue with Blanche. The real reason for Thibaut's desertion appears to have been a desire to consolidate his position as heir-apparent of Navarre by an alliance with the disaffected nobility of the south of France, but from this confederation Blanche was skilful enough to detach him. The resentment of the league involved him in a war in which Champagne was laid waste, and his capital saved only by the royal intervention. In 1234 he succeeded his uncle, Sancho VII., as king of Navarre, and from this period date his most fervent songs in praise of his lady. The crusade turned Thibaut's thoughts to religion, and he announced his intention of singing henceforth only in honour of the Virgin. Unfortunately his devotion took darker forms, for before sailing for the Holy Land he ordered and witnessed the burning of a hundred and eighty-three unfortunate men and women convicted of Manichaeism. The years 1239 and 1240 were spent in Palestine, and from the time of his return Thibaut devoted ​himself to efforts for the improvement of his dominions that won for him the title of le Bon. He died at Pampeluna on the 14th of July 1253.
Thibaut was the most popular of all the 13th century songwriters, and his work is marked by a grace and sweetness which he owes perhaps in part to his association with the troubadours of the south. He is said to have set his own songs to music. It seems doubtful whether the notes that have come down to us can with justice be attributed to him, but there is no contesting the musical quality of his verse. His fame spread beyond the Alps, and Dante admired his poetry. He was one of the most celebrated authors of jeux-partis, elaborate discussions between two interlocutors, usually on the subject of love.
His works were edited in 1851 by P. Tarbé in his Chansonniers de Champagne.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thibaudeau, Clair Antoine, Comte

See also Antoine Claire Thibaudeau on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THIBAUDEAU, CLAIR ANTOINE, Comte (1765-1854), French politician, was born on the 23rd of March 1765, the son of Antoine de Thibaudeau (1730-1813), a lawyer of Poitiers and a deputy to the States-General of 1789. He was admitted to the bar in 1787, and in 1789 accompanied his father to the States-General at Versailles. When he returned to Poitiers in October he immediately set up a local revolutionary club, and in 1792 was returned as a deputy to the Convention.
Thibaudeau joined the party of the Mountain and voted for the death of Louis XVI. unconditionally. Nevertheless he incurred a certain amount of suspicion because he declined to join the Jacobin Club. In May 1793 he was on a special mission in the west and prevented his department from joining the Federalist movement. Thibaudeau occupied himself more particularly with educational business, notably in the organization of the museum of the Louvre. It was he who secured the inclusion of Tom Paine's name in the amnesty of Girondist deputies. Secretary and then president of the Convention for a short period, he served on the Committee of Public Safety and of Generaly Security. After the insurrection of 13 Vendément as prefect of the Bouches du Rhone, with consequent banishment from Paris, was a semi-disgrace.
A peer of the Hundred Days, he fled at the second Restoration to Lausanne. During his exile he lived in Vienna, Prague, Augsburg and Brussels, occupying himself with his Mémoires sur la Convention et le Directoire (Paris, 2 vols., 1824); Mémoires sur le Consulat: par un ancien conseilier d'état (Paris, 1827); Histoire générale de Napolion Bonaparte (6 vols., Paris and Stuttgart, 1827-28, vol. iii. not printed); Le Consulat et l’Empire voL I. of which is identical with vol. vi. of the Histoire de Napoléon (10 vols.; 1834). The revolution of 1830 permitted his return to France, and he lived to become a member of the Imperial Senate under the third empire. He died in Paris on the 8th of March 1854 in his eighty-ninth year.
The special value of Thibaudeau's works arises from the fact that he wrote only of those events of which he had personal knowledge, and that he quotes with great accuracy Napoleon's actual words. His Mémoires sur le Consulat has been translated into English, with introduction and necessary notes, by G. K. Fortescue with the title of Bonaparte and the Consulate (1908). Among the papers left by Thibaudeau were documents entitled Ma Biographie and Mémoires avant ma nomination a la Contention. These were published in a small volume (Paris and Niort, 1875) which includes a list of his works and of the narrative of his life.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thielmann, Johann Adolf

See also Johann von Thielmann on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THIELMANN, JOHANN ADOLF, Freiherr von (1765-1824), Prussian cavalry soldier, was born at Dresden. Entering the Saxon cavalry in 1782, he saw service against the French in the Revolutionary Wars and in the Jena campaign. When, after the disaster of Jena, Saxony allied herself with her conqueror, Thielmann accompanied the Saxon contingent which fought at the siege of Danzig and at Friedland. In 1809, as colonel of a Free-Corps, he opposed the advance of the Austrians into Saxony, and was rewarded for his services with the grade of major-general, further promotion to lieutenant-general following in 1810. As commander of the Saxon Heavy Cavalry Brigade he took part in the advance on Moscow two years later, and his conduct at Borodino attracted the attention of Napoleon, who took Thielmann into his own suite. His own sovereign at the same time made him Freiherr. In the war of Liberation Thielmann took a prominent part; as governor of Torgau, by his king's orders he at first observed the strictest neutrality, but on receipt of an order to hand over the fortress to the French he resigned his command and, accompanied by his staff officer Aster, joined the allies. As a Russian general he was employed in reorganizing the Saxon army after Leipzig, and in 1814 he commanded the Saxon corps operating in the Low Countries. Early in the following year he became a lieutenant-general in the Prussian service, and in command of the 3rd army corps he took part in the Waterloo campaign. From the field of Ligny he retired with the rest of Blücher's army on Wavre, and when the other corps marched towards Waterloo, Thielmann covered this movement against Grouchy, fighting the spirited action of Wavre (June 18-19). He was later a corps commander at Münster and at Coblenz, and at the latter place he died in 1824.
See von Hütel, Biographische Skizze des Generals von Thielmann (Berlin, 1828); von Holzendorff, Beiträge zur Biographie des Generals Freiherrn von Thielmann (Dresden, 1830); von Petersdorf, General Johann Adolf Freiherr von Thielmann (Leipzig, 1894).
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Ting

​185 Chao Ting 趙鼎 (T. 元鎮). Died A.D. 1147. A native of 聞喜 Wên-hsi in Shansi, who graduated as chin shih in 1106 and rose to be a Minister of State. He was a steadfast opponent of ​Ch'in Kuei and his policy of making peace with the Tartars, for which he was banished to various places; among others to Ch'ao-chou Fu in Kuangtung, where he remained for five years, and ultimately to a distant military post at 吉陽 Chi-yang. In his memorial of thanks to the Emperor he said, "My hair is white, and I can hardly hope to return. Yet though my days be few, my heart remains firm; and were I to die nine deaths, I would not change my views." "This old fool," cried Ch'in Kuei, on reading these words, "is as obstinate as ever!" Three years afterwards he fell ill, and indited the following epitaph: "My grosser self has mounted upon the stars to heaven, but my spirit will remain under the form of hills and rivers as a line of defence for the Throne." He then refused all nourishment and died. Canonised as 忠簡.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Tsung

​Chao Tsung. See Li Chieh.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Tun (趙惇)

​190 Chao Tun 趙惇. A.D. 1147—1200. Third son of Chao Shên, whom he succeeded in 1190 as third Emperor of the Southern Sung dynasty. At first he held the reins of power firmly, dismissed favorites, lightened taxation and penalties; but he fell under the dominion of his fierce wife, and was terrified into an illness which left all power in her hands. He was so afraid of assassination that he would seldom give audience, and turned back on several occasions when he had mustered up courage enough to reach the door of the audience-chamber. In 1194 the Empress would not let her husband visit his father, nor take his place as chief mourner upon the death of Chao Shên. Thereupon the Empress Dowager, aided by Chao Ju-yü, Yeh Shih, and Han T'o-chou, forced Chao Tun to abdicate in favour of his son. Canonised as 光宗皇帝.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Tzŭ

​191 Chao Tzŭ 趙咨. 3rd cent. A.D. An officer of the Wu State, who was sent by Sun Ch'üan as ambassador to Ts'ao P'ei. When asked by the latter how many able men they had in the Wu State, he replied that of really able men there were about eighty or ninety, while such men as himself might be measured by cartloads or bushelfuls.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Yeh

​193 Chao Yeh 趙曄 (T. 長君). 1st cent. A.D. A native of Chehkiang, who after serving for a while in a subordinate official capacity, studied for twenty years under Tu Fu. Author of the 吳越春秋, a history of the States of Wu and Yüeh between the 12th and 5th centuries B.C., in which there is a mixture of fact, unauthentic anecdote, and romance. He also wrote the 詩細 on the Odes.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao T'o

​187 Chao T'o 趙佗. Died B.C. 137. A general in the service of the First Emperor. In B.C. 215 he was appointed to a command under Jen Hsiao, and co-operated with him in the reduction of ​the wild southern tribes. Upon the death of the latter, he succeeded as Viceroy of the South, with his headquarters in modern Canton, whence he is sometimes spoken of as 尉佗 Viceroy T'o; and upon the fall of the Ch'in dynasty he proclaimed himself Prince of Yüeh, with the title 武 Martial. In B.C. 196 he consented to recognise the first Emperor of the Han dynasty as his suzerain (see Lu Chia); and with the exception of a brief period of hostility under the Empress Lü Hou, he remained a faithful vassal until his death, which took place at a very advanced age. He bequeathed his throne to his grandson, who however was speedily dethroned by the Hans, and his dominions added to the empire.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Tun (趙盾)

​189 Chao Tun 趙盾 (T. 孟). 7th cent. B. C. Son of Chao Ts'ui, and his successor in the office of Minister, the functions of which he discharged with such stern impartiality that he was feared by the people as the summer sun. His master, Duke 靈 Ling of Chin, was a brutal tyrant. Among other things he amused himself by shooting at his passing subjects from the top of a tower. He put his cook to death for serving up some badly prepared bear's-paws, and committed similar atrocities. Chao Tun felt bound to remonstrate, and accordingly fell into disfavour. The Duke employed an ​assassin to kill him, and with that intent the latter approached his house early in the morning; but finding Chao in his robes of State, ready to go to Court, he was unable to do the deed, and dashed out his own brains in despair. The Duke then invited him to a banquet, with the same design. Chao, however, was prevented by the fidelity of a retainer from drinking to excess, and again got safely away. Thereupon the Duke let loose after him a fierce dog, which the same retainer slew. Chao then took to flight, but was soon recalled by his cousin 趙穿 Chao Ch'uan, who had slain the Duke in his peach-orchard.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Wên

​192 Chao Wên 趙温 (T. 子柔). Died A.D. 208. A Governor of the Metropolitan District under the Eastern Han dynasty. "Ah", ​sighed he, "a hero should fly like a cock and not brood like a hen." Accordingly, he resigned his post and retired into private life. Soon afterwards there was a severe famine, and he spent the whole of his private fortune in relieving the sufferers. This coming to the ears of the Emperor Hsien Ti, he was at once summoned by his Majesty who took him to Ch'ang-an and made him Minister of State, at the same time ennobling him as Marquis. In 208 he incurred the displeasure of Ts'ao Ts'ao, and was obliged to throw up his post.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Ti

​Chao Ti. See Liu Fu-ling.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chao Ts'ui

​188 Chao Ts'ui 趙衰 (T. 子餘). 7th cent. B. C. Chief among the trusty adherents who in B. C. 654 followed Ch'ung Erh into exile among the wild tribes of the north. Two captive girls having been presented by the savages to his master, the latter gave the younger, named 季隗 Chi Wei, to him, and she became the mother of Chao Tun. On their return from exile Chao Ts'ui was rewarded with the post of Prime Minister; and he discharged his duties with such success that the people were said to love him as the winter sun.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thrum-eyed

See also Heterostyly on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THRUM-EYED, a botanical term for flowers which occur in two forms, one of which shows the stamens in the mouth of the corolla, as in the primrose, contrasted with pin-eyed (q.v.).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thuin

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​THUIN, a town of Belgium, in that part of the province of Hainaut called " entre Sambre et Meuse." Pop. (1004), 6198. It is situated on the Sambre about 9 m. S.W. of Charleroi. The old part of the town, which dates back to the 10th century, occupies a narrow promontory between the Sambre and a small stream called the Biesmelle. The ruined tower called after him is all that remains of the fortress constructed by Bishop Notger of Liege. It was successfully defended against the Normans and long afterwards against the French under Marshal de Lorges in 1654. Although the town itself retains something of its medieval appearance it is the centre of a great manufacturing and mining district, the banks of the Sambre being lined with factories and coal-yards.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Throat

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​THROAT (O. Eng. þrotu, þrote or þrota, possibly from þreōtan, to press, whence threat, or, with loss of initial s, connected with strut, to swell), the term applied to the front external part of the neck from below the chin to the collar-bone in human and animal anatomy, and to the internal parts, which include the gullet, viz. the fauces, pharynx and oesophagus, and the windpipe, viz. the larynx and trachea (see Pharynx, Alimentary Canal, and Respiratory System: Anatomy; and for diseases see Pharyngitis, Laryngitis, Diphtheria, Tonsilitis and Oesophagus).