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# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/United States/Bragg, Braxton

See also Braxton Bragg on Wikipedia; the 11th edition; and the disclaimer. This appears in a biographical appendix of Section I (History and Constitution) of the United States article. The section was written by Alexander Johnston.
​Bragg, Braxton (c. 1815-1876), American officer and general in the Confederate service, was born in Warren County, N. C., about 1815. He graduated at West Point in 1837, served in Florida and elsewhere for several years, and so distinguished himself in the Mexican war, particularly at Bueua Vista, as to reach the rank of lieutenant-colonel by brevet. He resigned and retired to private life in 1856, but entered the Confederate service at the outbreak of the civil war with the rank of brigadier-general. He commanded at Pensacola, but was transferred to the west in 1862, soon reaching the full grade of general in command of the department of Mississippi. Just after Lee had begun his first attempt to invade the North in the east, Bragg began a similar attempt in the west. Passing to the east of the Union line in southern Tennessee, he moved northward into Kentucky, threatening Cincinnati, and remaining in Kentucky from August until October. The battle of Perryville (Oct. 8) forced him to retreat into Tennessee, but he carried off enormous trains of captured property and booty. Returning late in the year towards Nashville, he met Rosecrans in the battle of Murfreesboro or Stone River (Dec. 31, 1862-Jan. 2, 1863). It was very nearly a drawn battle, but Rosecrans held the ground, and slowly gained possession of the important point of Chattanooga during 1863. Following Bragg beyond it into Georgia, he was met and beaten in the battle of Chickamauga (Sept. 19-20, 1863), and Bragg, pursuing in his turn, formed the siege of Chattanooga. Grant replaced Rosecrans, and beat Bragg in the battles of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge (Nov. 23-25, 1863), relieving the Union army. Bragg was then succeeded by Johnston, and took little further active part in the war. The Confederate president, Davis, retained Bragg at Richmond as military adviser. He died at Galveston, Texas, Sept. 27, 1876.
# Executive Order 11975

more info.
See the Notes section for a list of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order.
Signed by President Jimmy Carter Monday, March 7, 1977
Federal Register page & date: 42 FR 13267, Thursday, March 10, 1977
ABOLISHING THE PRESIDENT'S ECONOMIC POLICY BOARD, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and statutes of the United States of America, including Section 13 of the Emergency Natural Gas Act of 1977 (Public Law 95-2), and Section 301 of Title 3 of the United States Code, and as President of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows:
SECTION 1. There is hereby delegated to the Chairman of the Federal Power Commission, hereafter the Chairman, all of the authority vested in the President by the Emergency Natural Gas Act of 1977, except for the authority to declare and terminate a natural gas emergency pursuant to Section 3 of said Act. Nothing in such delegation shall be construed as delegating such authority to the Federal Power Commission as a collective body, except insofar as the Chairman may further delegate his authority under Section 3 of this Order.
SEC. 2. The Chairman shall, to the extent he deems appropriate, consult with the Secretary of the Interior, the Administrator of the Federal Energy Administration, other members of the Federal Power Commission and the heads of other Executive agencies in exercising the authority delegated to him by this Order.
SEC. 3. All authority delegated to the Chairman by this Order may be further delegated, in whole or in part, by the Chairman to any other officer of the United States or to any Executive agency.
SEC. 4. The heads of all Executive agencies shall cooperate with and assist the Chairman in carrying out the authority delegated to him by this Order.
SEC. 5. All Executive agencies shall, to the extent permitted by law, provide the Chairman on request such administrative support and information as may be necessary to carry out the authority delegated to him by this Order.

## Notes
### Revokes

* Executive Order 11808, September 30, 1974
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Executive Order 12017

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Amends: Executive Order 10631, August 17, 1955
Signed by President Jimmy Carter Thursday, November 3, 1977
Federal Register page & date: 42 FR 57941, Monday, November 7, 1977
The Code of Conduct has been an established standard of behavior for all members of the Armed Forces of the United States for more than twenty years. It has helped individuals in captivity to sustain their moral and physical strength and to survive extreme torture and abuse. However, experience indicates that certain words of the Code have, on occasion, caused confusion resulting in training divergencies.
Now, THEREFORE, by virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States of America, and as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States, in order to clarify the meaning of certain words, Article V of the Code of Conduct for Members of the Armed Forces of the United States, attached to and made a part of Executive Order No. 10631 of August 17, 1955, is hereby amended to read as follows:
    ``When questioned, should I become a prisoner of war, I am required to give name, rank, service number and date of birth. I will evade answering further questions to the utmost of my ability. I will make no oral or written statements disloyal to my country and its allies or harmful to their cause.´´.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Executive Order 11965

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Amended by: Executive Order 13286, February 28, 2003 Secondary Source
Signed by President Gerald R. Ford Wednesday, January 19, 1977
Federal Register page & date: 42 FR 4329, Monday, January 24, 1977
Executive Order 11965 of January 19, 1977
Establishing the Humanitarian Service Medal
By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States of America, and as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, it is hereby ordered as follows:
Section 1. There is hereby established a Humanitarian Service Medal with accompanying ribbons and appurtenances for award by the Secretary of Defense or the Secretary of Transportation with regard to the Coast Guard when not operating as a Service in the Navy. Individuals eligible for the medal are members of the Armed Forces of the United States (including Reserve Components) who, subsequent to April 1, 1975, distinguished themselves by meritorious participation in a military act or operation of a humanitarian nature. The Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Transportation for the Coast Guard will determine types of acts or operations that warrant award of the medal.
Sec. 2. The Humanitarian Service Medal and ribbons and appurtenances thereto shall be of appropriate design approved by the Secretary of Defense and shall be awarded by the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Transportation for the Coast Guard under uniform regulations, as prescribed by the Secretary of Defense. The regulations shall place the Humanitarian Service Medal in an order of precedence immediately after the Vietnam Service Medal.
Sec. 3. No more than one Humanitarian Service Medal shall be awarded to any one person, but for each subsequent participation in a humanitarian act or operation justifying such an award, a suitable device may be awarded to be worn with that medal as prescribed by appropriate regulations of the Military Departments.
Sec. 4. The Humanitarian Service Medal or device may be awarded posthumously, and when so awarded, may be presented to such representative of the deceased as may be deemed appropriate by the Secretary of Defense or the Secretary of Transportation.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Executive Order 11969

more info.
See the Notes section for a list of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order.
Signed by President Jimmy Carter Wednesday, February 2, 1977
Federal Register page & date: 42 FR 6791, Friday, February 4, 1977
By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and statutes of the United States of America, including Section 13 of the Emergency Natural Gas Act of 1977 (Public Law 95-2), and Section 301 of Title 3 of the United States Code, and as President of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows:
SECTION 1. There is hereby delegated to the Chairman of the Federal Power Commission, hereafter the Chairman, all of the authority vested in the President by the Emergency Natural Gas Act of 1977, except for the authority to declare and terminate a natural gas emergency pursuant to Section 3 of said Act. Nothing in such delegation shall be construed as delegating such authority to the Federal Power Commission as a collective body, except insofar as the Chairman may further delegate his authority under Section 3 of this Order.
SEC. 2. The Chairman shall, to the extent he deems appropriate, consult with the Secretary of the Interior, the Administrator of the Federal Energy Administration, other members of the Federal Power Commission and the heads of other Executive agencies in exercising the authority delegated to him by this Order.
SEC. 3. All authority delegated to the Chairman by this Order may be further delegated, in whole or in part, by the Chairman to any other officer of the United States or to any Executive agency.
SEC. 4. The heads of all Executive agencies shall cooperate with and assist the Chairman in carrying out the authority delegated to him by this Order.
SEC. 5. All Executive agencies shall, to the extent permitted by law, provide the Chairman on request such administrative support and information as may be necessary to carry out the authority delegated to him by this Order.

## Notes
### Amended by

* Executive Order 12038, February 3, 1978

### Revoked by

* Executive Order 12553, February 25, 1986
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Executive Order 12015

more info.
See the Notes section for a listing of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order.
Signed by President Jimmy Carter Wednesday, October 26, 1977
Federal Register page & date: 42 FR 56947, Monday, October 31, 1977
Executive Order 12015 of October 26, 1977
Permitting Students Completing Approved Career-Related Work-Study Programs to be Appointed to Career or Career-Condition Positions in the Competitive Service
By virtue of the authority vested in me by Sections 3301 and 3302 of Title 5 of the United States Code, and as President of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows:

#### Section 1.

As used in this order "career-related work-study programs" are those programs established by the United States Civil Service Commission which provide for a formally arranged schedule of periods of attendance at an accredited school combined with periods of career-related work in a Federal agency under a Schedule B appointment.

#### Sec. 2.

The appointment of a student to a position in a career-related work-study program may be converted noncompetitively to a career or career conditional appointment if the student:
| (a) | has completed within the preceding 120 days an educational program that meets the provisions established by the Civil Service Commission; |
| (b) | has satisfied all course requirements leading to completion of the related curriculum at an accredited school; |
| (c) | is recommended for such an appointment by the employing agency in which the career-related work was performed; and, |
| (d) | satisfies such other requirements and conditions as the Civil Service Commission may prescribe for career or career conditional appointment of an individual in career-related work study programs. |

#### Sec. 3.

The Civil Service Commission shall prescribe such regulations as it deems necessary to carry out the provisions of this order and to provide for the continuation of planning, implementation and evaluation of employment programs for students throughout the Government. These regulations shall provide for the periodic evaluation of the work of each student and require that each student's continuation in the program shall be dependent upon a finding of satisfactory performance.

#### Sec. 4.

Executive Order No. 11813 of October 7, 1974, is hereby revoked.

## Notes

Shortcut: WS:USEO

### Revokes

* Executive Order 11813, October 7, 1974

### Amended by

* Executive Order 12107, December 28, 1978;
* Executive Order 13024, November 7, 1996

### Revoked by

* Executive Order 13562, December 27, 2010
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Executive Order 1196

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Amends Executive Order 740, January 27, 1908. See also Executive Order 1451, December 30, 1911.
Signed by President William H. Taft Thursday, April 28, 1910
1910 CSR 106
Clauses (a) and (b) of section 1 of Rule VII of the civil-service rules are hereby amended to read as follows:
    (a) The nominating or appointing officer shall request the certification of eligibles, and the commission shall certify, from the head of the register of eligibles appropriate for the group in which the position or positions to be filled are classified, a number of names sufficient to permit the nominating or appointing officer to consider three names in connection with each vacancy. When so provided by regulation of the commission, selection shall be made from the register by the nominating or appointing officer without preliminary certification of the commission. Certification of an eligible for temporary appointment shall not affect his certification for probational appointment. Certifications shall be made without regard to sex unless sex is specified in the request.
    (b) The nominating or appointing officer shall make selection for the first vacancy from not more than the highest three names certified or on the register, with sole reference to merit and fitness, unless objection shall be made and sustained by the commission, to one or more of the persons certified, for any of the reasons stated in Rule V, section 4. For the second vacancy he shall make selection from not more than the highest three remaining who have not been within his reach for three separate vacancies, or against whom objection has not been made and sustained in the manner indicated. The third and any additional vacancies shall be filled in like manner. More than one selection may be made, from the three names next in order for appointment, or from two names if the register contains only two, subject to the requirements of section 2 of this rule as to the apportionment. Any eligible who has been within reach for three separate vacancies in his turn may be subsequently selected, subject to the approval of the commission, from the certificate on which his name last appeared, if the condition of the register has not so changed as to place him in other respects beyond reach of certification.
The White House,
    April 28, 1910.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Executive Order 11967

more info.
See the Notes section for a list of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order.
Signed by President Jimmy Carter Friday, January 21, 1977
Federal Register page & date: 42 FR 4331, Friday, January 21, 1977
The following actions shall be taken to facilitate Presidential Proclamation of Pardon of January 21, 1977:
1. The Attorney General shall cause to be dismissed with prejudice to the government all pending indictments for violations of the Military Selective Service Act alleged to have occurred between August 4, 1964 and March 28, 1973 with the exception of the following:
(a) Those cases alleging acts of force or violence deemed to be so serious by the Attorney General as to warrant continued prosecution; and
(b) Those cases alleging acts in violation of the Military Selective Service Act by agents, employees or officers of the Selective Service System arising out of such employment.
2. The Attorney General shall terminate all investigations now pending and shall not initiate further investigations alleging violations of the Military Selective Service Act between August 4, 1964 and March 28, 1973, with the exception of the following:
(a) Those cases involving allegations of force or violence deemed to be so serious by the Attorney General as to warrant continued investigation, or possible prosecution; and
(b) Those cases alleging acts in violation of the Military Selective Service Act by agents, employees or officers of the Selective Service System arising out of such employment.
3. Any person who is or may be precluded fro reentering the United States under 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(22) or under any other law, by reason of having committed or apparently committed any violation of the Military Selective Service Act shall be permitted as any other alien to reenter the United States.
The Attorney General is directed to exercise his discretion under 8 U.S.C. 1182(d)(5) or other applicable law to permit the reentry of such persons under the same terms and conditions as any other alien.
This shall not include anyone who falls into the exceptions of paragraphs 1(a) and (b) and 2(a) and (b) above.
4. Any individual offered conditional clemency or granted a pardon or other clemency under Executive Order 11803 or Presidential Proclamation 4313, dated September 16, 1974, shall receive the full measure of relief afforded by this program if they are otherwise qualified under the terms of this Executive Order.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Executive Order 120

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Amends Executive Order 119, May 29, 1899.
Signed by President William McKinley Tuesday, June 6, 1899
Rule VI is hereby amended by inserting after clause No. 33 the following as clause No. 34 and renumbering the succeeding clauses to the end:
Approved.
Executive Mansion,
    June 6, 1899.
Note.—This clause was in the draft of amendments to the civil-service rules of May 29, 1899, and was intended to be approved by me, but was omitted inadvertently in the copy sent to the printer. This exception had existed prior to that date.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Executive Order 1197

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Signed by President William H. Taft Thursday, April 28, 1910
General Orders, No. 85, War Dept., May 7, 1910
Pursuant to section twelve of Act of Congress approved July 1, 1902, entitled "An Act temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of civil government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes" (32 Stat. L., 691), the following lands lying within the limits of the municipality of Cotabato, District of Cotabato, Moro Province, Philippine Islands, described by reference to the map of Cotabato Townsite, approved by the Director of Lands, June 23, 1908, are hereby reserved, subject to private rights, if any there be, and to the conditions hereinafter set forth, for military purposes, viz:
* Plot 24 (Military Reservation), bounded on the north by the Cotabato River, east by Calle Marquez de Figueroa, south by Calle Felipe II, and on the east by an estero.
* Block 11, bounded on the north by Paseo de Villeron, east by an estero, south by Calle Felipe II, and on the west by Calle Sultan de Makacua.
* Section 1 of Block 12, bounded on the north by Calle Felipe II, east by an estero, south by Section 2 of Block 12, and on the west by Calle Sultan de Makacua.
* Section 2 of Block 1, bounded on the north by Section 1 of Block 1, east by Sections 4 and 8 of Block 1, south by Calle Felipe II, and on the west by Calle Marquez de Figueroa.
* Section 3 of Block 1, bounded on the north by Section 4 of Block 1, east by Calle General Corcuera, south by Calle Felipe II, and on the west by Section 2 of Block 1.
The said reservations are made subject to the following conditions:
That no private property shall be taken or destroyed without first making payment therefor; that no private parties who are at present lawful owners or occupants or in the lawful possession or occupation of the lands required for these reservations, shall be dispossessed or disturbed in their ownership, possession, or occupation, until their ownership or right to possession or occupancy has been extinguished by due process of law and all lawful claims of such owners or occupants have been fully paid.
The White House,
    April 28, 1910.

## Notes
### Amended by

* Executive Order 1338, April 20, 1911

### Revoked by

* Executive Order 3056, March 3, 1919
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Executive Order 1198

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Amended by Executive Order 1303, February 18, 1911. Also see unnumbered Executive Order of September 4, 1911, appointing the secondary board of review.
Signed by President William H. Taft Saturday, April 30, 1910
Hon. Charles B. Elliott, Secretary of Commerce and Police of the Philippine Islands, Lieut.-Colonel George P. Scriven, U. S. Army, and Commander Chester M. Knepper, U. S. Navy, are hereby appointed a board to study and make recommendations relating to the construction, operation, maintenance, and management of a system of wireless telegraphy for the Philippine Islands, and as to the relations of the Army, the Navy, the government of the Philippines, and the commercial community to it.
The report of the board will be forwarded to the Secretary of War for the information of a board which will be appointed at Washington to determine finally the questions involved.
The White House,
    April 30, 1910.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse