OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The History of the Church and Manor of Wigan/Ivo de Langton

​Ivo de Langton, clerk, son of John de Langton, was admitted to the Church of Wigan on xvii Kal. July (i.e., 15th June), 1334, and instituted, on the presentation of Robert, son of John de Langton, the patron of the church, on the death of Sir ​Robert de Clyderhou. The chantry at the Altar of our Lady within the parish church of Wigan was founded in his time, and with his assent, by Dame Mabel, widow of Sir William Bradshaigh, knight, the daughter and heiress of Hugh le Norreys, Lord of Haigh and Blackrod. It was founded on the morrow of St. James the Apostle, 1338. This Ivo, or John, de Langton (for he is called by both names) had a serious dispute with his brother, Robert de Langton, the patron, respecting the tithes of Hindley. In 17 Edw. III. (1343) Robert de Langton, knight, William de Wystanlegh of Werinton, Robert de Pounale, and John de Boudon, were attached to answer Ivo de Langton, Parson of the Church of Wigan, wherefore they, on the feast of St. Margaret the Virgin, 16 Edw. III. (13th July, 1342) had come and taken by force, that is to say, with swords, and bows, and arrows, and carried away, the tithes of hay and corn of the said Ivo, at Hyndeley, to the value of 40 marks. Robert appeared for himself and the others, and defended their action on the ground that the said Ivo was bound to pay him an annual rent of 20 marks, and £20 in every alternate year, and that the said Ivo had conceded to him the aforesaid tithes in lieu of the aforesaid rents, so that they were taken by his consent: and the jury find a verdict for Robert. It is not unreasonable to suppose that this was the price which he had to pay to the patron for his presentation to the church. It is probable that the disagreement between the brothers did not end here, for in the same year John de Cravene is indicted for conspiring with others at Walton to procure the presentation of himself to the church of Wigan, which was then filled by Ivo de Langton, by reason whereof he was summoned to answer in the Court of Christianity for the said presentation, whereby the said Ivo lost £300 in divers costs, &c.
​We may conjecture, however, that Ivo was eventually obliged to succumb to those who had conspired to oust him from his benefice, for in 1344 Roger, bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, issued his letters to William, Abbot of St. Werbergh, Chester, to admit
* ↑ Lichfield Diocesan Register, Lib. 1.
* ↑ Assize Rolls Lanc., 17 Edw. III. M. 3. 434.
* ↑ County Pleas, 17 Edw. III., No. 17, Lancashire and Cheshire Records (Record Society, vol. viii. p. 362).
# The History of the Church and Manor of Wigan/John de Cravene

​Master John de Cravene to the Rectory of Wigan on the presentation of Sir Robert de Langton, Knight.
In 23 Edw. III. (1349) the King appears to have revived a claim to the right of presentation to Wigan church, which had formerly been made by his grandfather, King Edward I., on what grounds does not appear, but the judgment formerly given in favour of Robert Banastre was now reversed by reason of errors, and in Michaelmas Term, 1349, the King was adjudged to have his action against Robert de Langton, cousin and heir of the said Robert Banastre. Cravene, in his turn, had now to give way to the King's nominee. On 20th February, 24 Edw. III. (1349-50) the King, by his letters patent, informed the bishop that he had established his right to the patronage against Sir Robert de Langton, and that the verdict was on record. He thereupon nominated his beloved clerk
* ↑ Lichfield Diocesan Register.
* ↑ Vide ante, pp. 31, 32, note.
# The History of the Church and Manor of Wigan/John Langton

​John Langton will probably have been Rector of Wigan at the beginning of the sixteenth century. All that I know of him is that he died rector of Wigan in 1504.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Narasimha Aiyer, Hon’ble Bhavani Venkatagiri Aiyer

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​Narasimha Aiyer, Hon’ble Bhavani Venkatagiri Aiyer, B.A., B.L., Vakil, Salem, and Member, Madras Legislative Council; s. of Venkatagiri Aiyer; b. 1874; educ: at Salem College, Presidency College, Madras, and the Madras Christian College; passed B.A., 1895; B.L., 1898; represents the non-official members of the District Boards and Municipalities of Salem, Coimbatore and Nilgiris, in the Legislative Council, Madras. Clubs: Literary Society, and Book Club. Address: Salem, Madras Presidency, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Narasinga Rao, B.

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​Narasinga Rao, B., Pleader, Sirangapatam, and Member of the Legislative Council, Mysore. Address: Sirangapatam, Mysore Province, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Narajole, Raja of; Narindra Lal Khan

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​Narajole, Raja of; Narindra Lal Khan; descendent of Raja Ragunath of Midnapur; b. 1866; educ: privately in Sanskrit, Bengali and English; title of ‘Khan’ is hereditary, and was conferred on the family by the Nawab Nazim of Bengal; title of Raja conferred by British Government, 1887. Address; Narajole, Midnapur District, Bengal Presidency, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Narayana Aiyyar, Rajappier

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​Narayana Aiyyar, Rajappier, .B.A., I.C.S., acting Collector and Magistrate, Trichinopoly; s. of Rajappa Aiyar; educ: Christian College, Madras; passed B.A. in 1st class; Government of India Scholar to England, 1898; joined the King’s College, Cambridge; passed I.C.S., 1899; won the House of Commons Prize for English Essay; joined service as Assistant Collector and Magistrate, 1900; Sub-Collector and Joint Magistrate, 1911; acting Collector and District Magistrate, 1912. Address: Trichinopoly, Madras Presidency, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Narasimheswara Sarma, Hon’ble Baiya

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​Narasimheswara Sarma, Hon’ble Baiya, B.A., B.L., Rao Bahadur, (1909); Vakil, Madras; b. 1867; passed B.A., 1886; entered Government service and was District Munsift for a few years; passed B.L., 1892; resigned and enrolled himself as Vakil and commenced practice in Vizagapatam, about 1893; owns extensive landed property in and around Vizagapatam; a staunch friend of the progressive party in India; represented the north erngroup of Municipalities in the Madras Legislative Council before and is now a nominated Member of that body; set up practice in Madras, 1912; Member of the Congress Deputation to England, 1914; President, 21st Madras Provincial Conference held at Nellore, 1915. Address: Mylapore, Madras, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Narasinga Rao, D.M.

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​Narasinga Rao, D.M., B.A., B.L., Secretary, Government of Mysore (Revenue and General departments); Memcer, Mysore Legislative Council since 1914; b. at Kolar, 1869; educ: in the Local High School and the Central College, Bangalore; passed B.A., 1890; B.L. (1st class), 1894; appointed District Munsiff in the Mysore Service, 1914; Assistant Commissioner, 1900; on special duty in connection with Bangalore Waterworks, 1902; thanked by H.E. The Viceroy for work in connection with his reception; Assistant Secretary to Mysore Government, 1901; deputed to study the Secretariat system in Simla, 1902; Under Secretary to Government, 1903; Sub-Judge, Mysore, 1914. Address: Bangalore City, Mysore Province, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Narayan Singh Sadeshri Prasad

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​Narayan Singh Sadeshri Prasad, Rai Bahadur, Raja of Salemgarh. (See Salemgarh, Raja of.)
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Narayana Aiyar, T. S.

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​Narayana Aiyar, T. S., M.A., B.L., Puisne Judge, Cochin; b. 1871; Address: Ernakulam, Cochin State, S. India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Narayan Deo Bhauj, Raja

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​Narayan Deo Bhauj, Raja: b. 1860; succeeded to gaddi 1837; this family is descended from a younger son of Raja Narayan Bhauj of Bod; the title of Raja enjoyed by the family since the days of the Mahrattas was recognised in 1874; the family cognisance is a peacock: with tail spread; the State is also one of the tributary mahals of Orissa; area, 568 square miles; population, 42,000; maintains a military force of 313 men and 8 guns. Address: Daspalla, Orissa, Bengal, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Narayana Menon, Paruvakattil

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​Narayana Menon, Paruvakattil, B.A., Presidency Magistrate, Madras; b. 1864; passed B.A., 1887; joined service as clerk, Revenue Secretariat, Madras, 1887; Head Clerk of the same office, 1898; on special duty in the same office, 1901; acting Deputy Collector, 1901; confirmed and posted in Tanjore, 1902; on special duty as Assistant Deputy Superintendent, Gazetteer Revision, 1902; in charge of District Forest Office, South Arcot, from 3rd to 21th April 1905; Assistant Secretary to Commissioner of Land Revenue, Madras, 1910; on special duty from 14th July 1910; on general duty from 22nd September 1910; Presidency Magistrate, Madras, 1913. Address: Pursawalkam, Madras.
# The How and Why Library/Birds

Part IV—Birds
A Bird-Lover's Outdoor Aviary
Editors' Note to Mother and Teacher.—Your mother and grandmother can remember the time when it wasn't thought to be so very wicked to rob birds' nests, or even to kill song birds for their pretty wings. Isn't that strange? But, in nearly every village in the land there was some wise, kind man or woman who knew these things to be not only very wicked but very foolish. If it had not been for these few, scattered bird-lovers, who protected the little feathered friends that sing to us so sweetly, and work for us so willingly, we would not have as many wild birds as we have today.
This is the story of one of these old-time bird-lovers and his bird-haunted garden. He was a country doctor. He lived in a village in the middle West, in a small white house with green shutters. In his large garden he had many beautiful trees, and the finest flowers and fruits and vegetables in the town, although he never seemed to take any more pains with them than his neighbors. People said he was lucky, or had the "knack" of growing things. But the wise doctor only smiled and said:
"I have all my little feathered friends to help me." Few people understood just what he meant by that.
As the years went by, and wild birds became fewer, the doctor's garden was almost the only place in the town where many of them nested. Then people went to the doctor's house, to see and to hear the birds they had driven from their own door yards. The dearest treat the doctor kept for his little human friends, was to invite a few of them at a time to a sunrise concert on his vine-covered side porch. There, as still as little mice, they could listen to the bird songs, look through the doctor's big field-glass, and watch the happy singers at work or play. Now and then, the quietest child of all was allowed to peep into a big knot-hole in a fence post, and look at Mama Bluebird sitting on her eggs.
That is the way in which one little girl learned to know and to love our wild song birds. Don't you want to go into the doctor's garden, and watch the birds as they come north in the spring? You can learn to know them by their songs and colors, their nests and babies. You can learn how they helped their good friend grow flowers and fruits and vegetables. And you can learn how he made them understand that they were wanted, and would be protected. If you know all these things you, too, can have the wild song birds for summer visitors wherever you live. They will come to farms and into sheltered gardens of houses in large towns, and into the parks of the very largest cities.
# The How and Why Library/Common Things/Section III
## What is Smoke?

That depends upon the kind of fuel that is burned. Smoke from a fire of dry hard wood, from anthracite coal or from a gas flame is chiefly a column of hot air. Often it cannot be seen. There is very little solid matter in it. The thick, black smoke from locomotives, factories and house chimneys is made by burning soft coal in a wasteful way. If you will turn back and read the little story of how gas is made, you will understand the changes that take place when coal is heated. In making gas, the coal is not burned but is roasted in an airless retort or oven. The heat sets the coal gas free. This is allowed to escape into a tank where it is stored for future use. When the oven is opened there is found, not ashes but coke, the carbon of the coal. Nothing has been consumed. The gases and the carbon have simply been separated. Both the coke and the gas can be burned and with very little smoke.
In all coal fires this separation of gases and carbon takes place at low, roasting temperatures—too low, indeed, to heat our houses or to make steam in boilers. Put a shovelful of soft coal into your furnace and watch the thick, yellow gas hover over the black mass before it bursts into flame. Open a draft below the fire box. The oxygen in the air helps to make a hotter fire. Hot air rises. you can see these gases and coal dust rush up the smoke pipe, on the column of hot air. They are carried away before they have time to burn. Of course, then, you understand that smoke means waste of fuel. Under boiler and house furnace fires, from two to five tons of coal are burned to produce the heat that is in one ton.
For more than a hundred years it has been understood that we could save a lot of money if we burned our smoke, and at the same time make this world a sweeter, cleaner, healthier place to live in. Coal gas is poisonous to breathe, and carbon dust is bad for the throat, nose and lungs. Both are bad for plants, for grass, flowers and shade trees. Countless smoke-consuming devices have been patented since James Watt took out a patent in 1785. These devices have aimed at two things: Skillful feeding of fuel and management of drafts to make less smoke, or trapping the smoke and feeding it to the fire again. Some men who have studied the smoke problem, think that all soft coal should be turned into gas and coke at the mine, and then burned separately, the gas sent to the cities through big pipes. This would be possible for factories and houses, but not for locomotives and steam vessels. Can you tell why? There are several fortunes in this field of invention for bright boys who will be men by and by. Any boy has a good beginner's text book on the smoke problem, in the furnace at home.
# The How and Why Library/Flowers
## Nature Study
### Part I—Flowers

Editors' Note to Mother and Teacher—One day, more than sixty years ago, a group of young men in Harvard University were assigned a lesson in Zoology, by a new professor from Switzerland. He told them to study a live fish swimming in a tank. Every day for two weeks the class was sent back to look again at that fish. Then the teacher went to the tank with his pupils, and gave a lecture an hour long, on the things they had failed to see. The professor was Louis Agassiz. His method of teaching from the natural object, rather than from a text book, gave such amazing results that he won world-wide fame. His class-room was crowded with eager students who afterwards, having learned to see what they looked at, made discoveries in the natural sciences.
It took a long time for this Nature study idea to work down into the primary grades. We have to get our knowledge of everything about us through the five senses. As the senses are keenest in childhood, that is the time to get into the habit of seeing. The successful man is the one who sees the most and best, and who grasps the meaning and relation of things, and applies them to his own particular affairs. The first object of nature study, then, is the training of the powers of observation. What a child observes matters little, so long as it secures his absorbing interest. How he observes it, matters a great deal. Any one flower, tree, insect, bird, animal or other natural object, truly seen, is as inexhaustible as Professor Agassiz' fish, and is bound in infinite ways to the whole material universe.
The following studies in nature are offered as examples and methods. Older people should read the article on Nature Study, in Volume III, page 1307. It is a summary of the best educational thought on the subject, and gives plans to be followed in practical work. Midway of the common school period, in the fourth and fifth years, educators have noticed that there are "lean years," when interest in books flags, and a child learns little and cares less. Nature Study gives the child something he wants to look up in text and reference work. It cultivates his sympathies, tastes and judgment, and makes him talk and write with eager intelligence. A microscope, a camera and a case for arranging and preserving specimens, are valuable helps.
# The Life of Sir Thomas More/Appendix 18

No. XVIII.
# The Fifth Book/Chapter XXXVIII
## Of the temple's admirable pavement

When I had read those inscriptions, I admired the beauty of the temple, and particularly the disposition of its pavement, with which no work that is now, or has been under the cope of heaven, can justly be compared; not that of the Temple of Fortune at Praeneste in Sylla's time, or the pavement of the Greeks, called asarotum, laid by Sosistratus at Pergamus. For this here was wholly in compartments of precious stones, all in their natural colours: one of red jasper, most charmingly spotted; another of ophites; a third of porphyry; a fourth of lycophthalmy, a stone of four different colours, powdered with sparks of gold as small as atoms; a fifth of agate, streaked here and there with small milk-coloured waves; a sixth of costly chalcedony or onyx-stone; and another of green jasper, with certain red and yellowish veins. And all these were disposed in a diagonal line.
At the portico some small stones were inlaid and evenly joined on the floor, all in their native colours, to embellish the design of the figures; and they were ordered in such a manner that you would have thought some vine-leaves and branches had been carelessly strewed on the pavement; for in some places they were thick, and thin in others. That inlaying was very wonderful everywhere. Here were seen, as it were in the shade, some snails crawling on the grapes; there, little lizards running on the branches. On this side were grapes that seemed yet greenish; on another, some clusters that seemed full ripe, so like the true that they could as easily have deceived starlings and other birds as those which Zeuxis drew.
Nay, we ourselves were deceived; for where the artist seemed to have strewed the vine-branches thickest, we could not forbear walking with great strides lest we should entangle our feet, just as people go over an unequal stony place.
I then cast my eyes on the roof and walls of the temple, that were all pargetted with porphyry and mosaic work, which from the left side at the coming in most admirably represented the battle in which the good Bacchus overthrew the Indians; as followeth.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Gajjar, T. M. A.

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​Gajjar, T. M. A., B.Sc. C.F.C.S., &c., b. at Surat, 1862; first class honours in Science; first came to public notice by successfully removing pitch from the Victoria statue at Bombay, and won a prize of Rs. 2000, 1897; joined Baroda service and started Kalabhavan (Technical school) there, on the Zurich Charlottenburg model; put the dyeing industry in India on a scientific basis; supplied trained students for working dyeing factories in Bombay and Madura; has experimented largely in oils and has been instrumental in opening oil mills at Ahmedabad, Broach, Surat, and other places; joined Wilson College, Bombay, as Professor of Chemistry; is a pioneer of Chemical and Technical industries in Western India; Address: Bombay, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Galletti di Cadilhac, Arthur Mario Agricola Collier

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​Galletti di Cadilhac, Arthur Mario Agricola Collier, I.C.S., Under Secretary to Government, Madras; ​educ; Emmanuel College, Cambridge: joined Service, 1900; Assistant Collector, District Magistrate and Government Agent, Godavari, 1901; in charge of Depty Collector’s office. Agency Division, May to August 1902; Head Assistant Collector and Magistrate, from June 1902; Ag. Assistant Secretary to Government, 1903; Ag. Under Secretary to Government, Revenue Department 1905; confirmed, 1906; French Translator to Government from 15 April 1909; services placed at the disposal of the Government of India, Home Department, for Legislative training, from 4th April to 6th November 1903; Publications: Translation of K. Viresalingam’s ’“Vinodya Taringini”; The Madras Ecclesiastical Manual for Magistrates; The Madras Ecclesiastical Manual; The Government Dutch Record Series; the Dutch in Malabar.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Gait, Edward Albert

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​Gait, Edward Albert, C.I.E., (1907), I.C.S., Census Commissioner for India; s. of late John James Gait; b. 1863; educ; University College, London; entered service, 1882; acted in various places and in various capacities, and became Superintendent of Census Operations, Assam, 1892; Deputy Commissioner, 1892; Director, Land Records and Agriculture, 1893; Secretary, 1896; Collector and Magistrate, 1897; Provincial Supttd of Census, Bengal, 1900; Census Commissioner for India, 1902; Deputy Commissioner, 1904; Financial Secretary to Govt, of Bengal, and Member of Council of Liet.-Governor, 1905; Commissioner, Chota Nagpur, 1906; Chief Secretary to Government, Bengal, 1907; Census Commissioner for India, 1909; Address: Yates Place, Simla, India; Club: East India Unted Service.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Galbraith, A. N.

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​Galbraith, A. N., I.C.S., Private Secretary to H.E. the Governor of Ceylon; Address: Government House, Colombo, Ceylon.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Gaitskell, A.

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​Gaitskull, A.; I.C.S, Commissioner, Tennaserim Division; appointed 1918. educ; at Cheltenham and New College, Oxford; appointed to Burma service, 1889; Director, Land Records and Agriculture, 1899; Address, Tennaserim, Burma.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Gallwey, Surgeon-General Sir Thomas Joseph

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​Gallwey, Surgeon-General Sir Thomas Joseph, M.D., M.Ch., K.C.M.G. (1900) C.B. (1896) Army Medical Staff; 4th s. of late Henry Gallwey J.P., Tramore, Waterford; b. 1852; educ; Stonyhurst, and Royal University, Ireland; joined Army Medical Deptt, 1874; specially made Surgeon-Major, 1S85; became Colonel, 1898; Afghan War, Ali Musjid (medal with clasp), etc; Egyptian Expedition induing Kassnssin and Tel-el-Kebir (medal with clasp, Khedive’s Star); Soudan Expedition, 1884-85; P.M.O., India, 1902-00; P.M.O., Aldershot 1900-11; retired, 1911; holds 3rd class Medjedie, 1895. Recreations: racquets, billiards, Cricket, polo, shooting, racing. Club: junior United Service.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Galtrey, Albert Sidney

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​Galtrey, Albert Sidney; b. Scarborough 1878; Commenced life as a journalist and was successively on the Staff of the Leeds Daily News and Leeds Mercury; editor of the Indian Sporting Times, Bombay, 1901; was connected with the Times of India; became intimately associated with racing and polo in India; was a member of the Bombay Light Horse Corps; left for England where he became assist. editor and dramatic critic of The Sportsman, 1905; now special sporting correspondent of the Daily Telegraph; contributor to Fry’s Magazine, The Tatler, etc. is a well-known authority on polo. Address: Daily Telegraph, Fleet Street, E.C.