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# The Most Ancient Lives of Saint Patrick/The Life and Acts of St. Patrick/Chapter 167

The Acts of Saint Patrick while returning from Rome.
But the miracles which Saint Patrick wrought, when going to Rome, or returning thence, or after he had returned, are beyond our ability to relate either one by one or all together. For wheresoever he remained through the night, or made any abiding, left he behind him the proofs of his sanctity, in the healing of some diseased person; inasmuch as churches and oratories which were builded in those places and entitled after his name are yet to be seen; and which even to this day are redolent of his holiness, and impart the benefit of his miracles to many who sought the same with the desert of faith. And in his return he some time abided in his own country of Britain, and founded there many monasteries, and rebuilded many others which had been destroyed of the heathens; and he filled them with convents of holy monks who assented unto that form of religion which he thereto appointed; many events also, prosperous and adverse, which were to happen unto Britain, did he prophesy in the spirit; and especially he foresaw and foretold the holiness of the blessed David, who was then in his mother's womb. For there were many country places and towns, the inhabitants whereof rudely drove away the saint while journeying, lest he should abide the night among them; and these and their posterity could never prosper or become rich therein, but strangers and aliens always possessed of them the wealth and the dominion. But the groves into which the saint was by those wicked ones driven to pass the night, and which before produced but few and fruitless copses, were seen, by the blessing of such a holy guest, to thicken and to flourish with so great abundance of trees that in no future time could they be entirely destroyed. And in the rivers, where the deceivers, fraudful both in heart and word, had shown unto the saint a deep abyss instead of a safe ford, passed he over safely, having first blessed the passage, and changed the abyss into a ford; and the ford which before was pervious unto all changed he unto a deep abyss.
# The Most Ancient Lives of Saint Patrick/The Life and Acts of St. Patrick/Chapter 170

The Threefold Plague is driven out of Hibernia by Saint Patrick.
And the most holy Patrick applied all his diligence unto the extirpation of this threefold plague; and at length by his salutary doctrine and fervent prayer he relieved Hibernia of the increasing mischief. Therefore he, the most excellent pastor, bore on his shoulder the staff of Jesus, and aided of the angelic aid, he by its comminatory elevation gathered together from all parts of the island all the poisonous creatures into one place; then compelled he them all unto a very high promontory, which then was called Cruachan-ailge, but now Cruachan-Phadruig; and by the power of his word he drove the whole pestilent swarm from the precipice of the mountain headlong into the ocean. O eminent sign! O illustrious miracle! even from the beginning of the world unheard, but now experienced by tribes, by peoples, and by tongues, known unto all nations, but to the dwellers in Hibernia especially needful! And at this marvellous yet most profitable sight, a numerous assembly was present; many of whom had flocked from all parts to behold miracles, many to receive the word of life.
Then turned he his face toward Mannia, and the other islands which he had imbued and blessed with the faith of Christ and with the holy sacraments; and by the power of his prayers he freed all these likewise from the plague of venomous reptiles. But other islands, the which had not believed at his preaching, still are cursed with the procreation of those poisonous creatures. And he converted innumerable evil-doers unto the faith; but many who continued obstinate, and hardened in their perverseness, he destroyed from the face of the earth (as we have already recorded); and from the men of Hibernia, whom he made servants unto the true and living God, prayed he of the Lord that the visions of the demons and their wonted injuries should be driven away; and he obtained his prayer.
# The Most Ancient Lives of Saint Patrick/The Life and Acts of St. Patrick/Chapter 171

Without Earthly Food the Saint completeth a Fast of Forty Days.
And that in Hibernia or in the other islands which had received his blessing no poisonous animal should continue or revive, nor the wonted troop of demons therein abide, the saint completed without earthly food a fast of forty days. For he desired to imitate in his mystical fast Moses, who was then bound by the natural law, or rather Elias the prophet, appointed under the law; but most principally desiring to please the great Founder of nature, the Giver of the law and of grace, Jesus Christ, who in Himself had consecrated such a fast. Therefore he ascended the high mountain in Conactia, called Cruachan-ailge, that he might there more conveniently pass the Lent season before the Passion; and that there, desiring and contemplating the Lord, he might offer unto Him the holocaust of this fast. And he disposed there five stones, and placed himself in the midst; and therein, as well in the manner of his sitting as in the mortification of his abstinence, showed he himself the servant of the cross of Christ. And there he sat solitary, raising himself above himself; yet gloried he only in the cross, which constantly he bore in his heart and on his body, and ceaselessly he panted toward his holy Beloved; and he continued and hungered in his body, but his inward man was satisfied, and filled, and wounded with the sweetness of divine contemplation, the comfort of angelic visitation, and the sword of the love of God: "For the word of God is quick and powerful, and sharper than a two-edged sword, piercing even unto the separation of the body and the spirit," wherewith the saint was wounded, even unto holy love.
# The Most Ancient Lives of Saint Patrick/The Life and Acts of St. Patrick/Chapter 165

Of the City of Ardmachia, and Twelve of its Citizens.
Then Patrick founded, according to the direction of the angels, a city, fair in its site, its form, and its ambit, and when by the divine assistance it was completed, he brought to dwell therein twelve citizens, whom he had from all parts diligently and discreetly chosen: and these he instructed in the Catholic doctrines of the Christian faith. And he beautified the city with churches builded after a becoming and spiritual fashion; and for the observance of divine worship, for the government of souls, and for the instruction of the Catholic flock, he appointed therein clerical persons; and he instituted certain monasteries filled with monks, and others filled with nuns, and placed them under the regulations of all possible perfection. And in one of these monasteries was a certain brother, who would not take either food or drink before the hour appointed by the saint; and he perished of thirst; and Patrick beheld his soul ascending into heaven, and placed among the martyrs. And in the convent of the handmaidens of God, was a certain virgin, the daughter of a British king, with nine other holy damsels, who had come with her unto Saint Patrick, and of these, three in his presence went unto heaven. And in this city placed he an archiepiscopal cathedral; and determined in his mind that it should be the chief metropolis, and the mistress of all Hibernia; and that this his purpose might remain fixed and by posterity unaltered, he resolved to journey unto the apostolic seat, and confirm it with authentic privileges.
# The Most Ancient Lives of Saint Patrick/The Life and Acts of St. Patrick/Chapter 168

The Acts of St. Patrick after he had Returned.
And after his long journey was finished, he consoled his people with his presence; and he appointed unto the Lord's field thirty bishops which he had chosen and in foreign countries had consecrated, for that the harvest was many, and the laborers few. Therefore began he the more frequently to assemble holy synods of bishops, to celebrate solemn councils, and whatsoever he found contrary to the ecclesiastical institutes or the Catholic faith, that did he take away and annul; and whatsoever he found accordant to the Christian law, to justice, or to the sacred canons, and consonant to good morals, that did he direct and sanction. And daily he shone with innumerable miracles, and whatsoever with his lips he appointed or taught, that did he confirm by most signal miracles; whence it came to pass that all deservedly admired him, by whose kindness all the inhabitants of that island are through ages blessed; as in the sequel more fully shall we endeavor to show.
# The Most Ancient Lives of Saint Patrick/The Life and Acts of St. Patrick/Chapter 172

He banisheth the Demons forth of the Island.
And the demons grieved for their lost dominion, and assailing the saint they tormented him in his prayers and his fastings; and they fluttered around him like birds of the blackest hue, fearful in their form, their hugeness, and their multitude, and striving with horrible chatterings to prevent his prayer, long time they disturbed the man of God. But Patrick being armed with His grace, and aided by His protection, made the sign of the cross, and drove far from him those deadly birds; and by the continual sounding of his cymbal, utterly banished them forth of the island. And being so driven away, they fled beyond the sea, and being divided in troops among the islands which are alien unto the faith and love of God, there do they abide and practise their delusions. But from that time forward, even unto this time, all venomous creatures, all fantasies of demons, have through the merits and the prayers of the most holy father Patrick entirely ceased in Hibernia. And the cymbal of the saint, which from his frequent percussions thereof appeared in one part broken, was afterward repaired by an angel's hand; and the mark is beheld on it at this day. Likewise on the summit of this mountain many are wont to watch and to fast, conceiving that they will never after enter the gates of hell; the which benefit they account to be obtained to them of God through the merits and the prayers of Patrick. And some who have thereon passed the night relate them to have suffered grievous torments, whereby they think themselves purified of all their sins; and for such cause many call this place the Purgatory of Saint Patrick.
# The Most Ancient Lives of Saint Patrick/The Life and Acts of St. Patrick/Chapter 164

The Saint beholdeth a Vision of Angels, and cureth Sixteen Lepers.
When the lamp of the daily light was extinguished in the shades of nocturnal darkness, the man of God beheld in a vision of the night angels measuring the form and the extent of the city which was to be builded in that high place, and one of the angels enjoined him, that on the morrow he should go unto the fountain near Ardmachia, which is now called Tobar Patraic, that is, the Fountain of Patrick; and there he should heal in the name of the Lord sixteen lepers, who were come thither from many places to experience the mercy of the Lord, and to receive his faith. And Patrick obeyed the voice of the angel; and early in the morning he found those men, and by his preaching he converted them unto the faith, and being converted, he baptized them in that fountain, and when baptized, he purified them from the leprous taint of either man. And this miracle when published abroad, was accounted a fair presage and a present sanction of the future city. And the angel, at the prayers of Patrick, removed far from thence an exceeding huge stone which lay in the wayside, and which could not be raised by the labor or the ingenuity of man; lest it should be an hindrance to passengers approaching the city.
# The Most Ancient Lives of Saint Patrick/The Life and Acts of St. Patrick/Chapter 166

At the Direction of the Angels Saint Patrick goeth unto Rome.
And the angel of the Lord appearing unto Patrick, approved the purpose of his journey, and showed him that the Pope would bestow and divide among many churches the relics of the Apostles Peter and Paul, and of many saints. And as carriages were haply then wanting unto him, the angels provided him with four chariots, as if sent from heaven, the which conveyed him and his people unto the sea-side. Then the glorified prelate Patrick; after that the urgency of his laborious preaching was finished, and the abundance of so many and so great miracles had converted the whole island, blessed and bade farewell to the several bishops and presbyters and other members of the church whom he had ordained: and with certain of his disciples, led by his angelic guide, he sailed toward Rome. Whither arriving, while in the presence of the supreme pontiff he declared the cause of his coming, supreme favor he found in his eyes; for, embracing and acknowledging him as the apostle of Hibernia, he decorated the saint with the pall, and appointing him his legate, by his authority confirmed whatsoever Patrick had done, appointed or disposed therein. And many parting presents, and precious gifts, which pertained unto the beauty, nay, unto the strength of the church, did the Pope bestow on him; where-among were certain relics of the Apostles Peter and Paul, and of Stephen the proto-martyr, and of many other martyrs; and moreover, gave he unto the saint a linen cloth, which was marked with the blood of our Lord the Saviour Jesus Christ. Gift excelling all other gifts! And with these most holy honors the saint being returned unto Hibernia, fortified therewith this metropolitan church of Ardmachia (unto the salvation of souls and the safety of the whole nation), and reposited them in a chest behind the great altar. And in that church even from the time of Saint Patrick the custom obtained that on the days of the Passover and of the Pentecost these relics should be thereout produced, and venerated in the presence of the people.
# The Most Ancient Lives of Saint Patrick/The Life and Acts of St. Patrick/Chapter 169

Of the Threefold Plagues of Hibernia.
Even from the time of its original inhabitants, did Hibernia labor under a threefold plague: a swarm of poisonous creatures, whereof the number could not be counted; a great concourse of demons visibly appearing; and a multitude of evil-doers and magicians. And these venomous and monstrous creatures, rising out of the earth and out of the sea, so prevailed over the whole island that they not only wounded men and animals with their deadly sting, but slayed them with cruel bitings, and not seldom rent and devoured their members. And the demons, who by the power of idolatry dwelled in superstitious hearts, showed themselves unto their worshippers in visible forms; often likewise did they, as if they were offended, injure them with many hurts; unto whom, being appeased with sacrifices, offerings, or evil works, they seemed to extend the grace of health or of safety, while they only ceased from doing harm. And after was beheld such a multitude of these, flying in the air or walking on the earth, that the island was deemed incapable of containing so many; and therefore was it accounted the habitation of demons, and their peculiar possession. Likewise the crowd of magicians, evil-doers, and soothsayers had therein so greatly increased as the history of not any other nation doth instance.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Equinox

See also Equinox on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
E′quinox, the time when the sun is in the plane of the earth’s equator. This occurs twice a year, once on March 20th, which is called the vernal equinox, and again on Sept. 22d, which is called the autumnal equinox. The name is derived from the fact that the length of the night then exactly equals the length of the day, since the parallel rays of light from the sun, on these dates, fall upon the earth perpendicular to the axis of the earth. The sun then appears to be on the equator, and hence the equinoxes are popularly spoken of as the dates on which “the sun crosses the equator.”
# The New Student's Reference Work/Erard, Sebastien

See also Sébastien Érard on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Erard (ā̇r′ār′), Sebastien, a French inventor and maker of musical instruments, was born at Strassburg, April 5, 1752. Going to Paris at sixteen, he started in business as a maker of pianos, completing his first one in 1776 or 1777. This was one of the earliest pianos made in France. He was soon considered the best pianoforte maker in Europe. The French Revolution drove him to London, where he established a factory. The grand piano was his invention, with a double-action harp and many other valuable improvements in the making of both pianos and harps. His pianos still have a reputation. He died at Passy, near Paris, Aug. 5, 1831.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Epigynous Flowers

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Epig′ynous (ḗ-pĭj′ ĭ-nŭs) Flowers, those in which the sepals, petals and stamens seem to arise from the top of the ovary. In such cases the ovary is often said to be inferior, that is, it is to be seen below the flower, as in the common honeysuckle. The contrasting term is hypogynous. Epigynous flowers are regarded as of higher rank than those that are hypogynous, and in the highest family, the Compositæ, the flowers are all epigynous. The noun form is epigyny. See Flower.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Epiphytes

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Epiphytes (ĕp′ ĭ-fīts), commonly called air-plants, since they obtain all their food supplies from the air, having no connection with the soil or with water. They occur in great numbers in the tropics, especially the American tropics, and are found perching in great numbers upon other plants, the trees sometimes being almost covered with them. Many ferns have this habit, but it has been most cultivated by orchids and bromelias. The epiphytic orchids, with their dangling roots and odd-looking but brilliant flowers, are favorite greenhouse-plants. One of the common epiphytes of the United States is the so-called long moss or Spanish moss, which hangs in gray masses among the trees of the gulf states. It is not a moss, but a flowering plant, one of the bromelias.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Epirus

See also Epirus (region) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Epirus (ḗ-pī′ rŭs), meaning mainland, is the old name of a part of Greece lying between Illyria and the Ambracian Gulf and between the Ionian Sea and the mountain chain of Pindus. It is a mountainous region, heavily wooded and growing little wheat, though noted for its cattle and horses and for its breed of Molossian shepherd-dogs. Its best known river is the Acheron; its chief towns Dodona and Ambracia. In early times, as to-day, its people were only half Greeks, the Greek colonies being confined to the coast and southern portion. Of the Molossian kings of Epirus, the most famous was Pyrrhus, who long waged successful war against the Romans. On the conquest of Macedonia by the Romans (168 B. C.) the most revengeful measures were put in force against the Epirotes, who had helped Perseus, the Macedonian king. Æmilius Paulus, the Roman general, plundered and razed to the ground seventy towns of Epirus, and sold into slavery 150,000 of the people. From that time Epirus shared the good or bad fortunes of the Roman and Byzantine empires until 1204. Then small princes ruled the country until the 15th century, when it was at last conquered by the Turks. Epirus, peopled largely since the 14th century by the Albanians, formed latterly a part of the Turkish province of Janina. Under pressure from the great powers, Turkey ceded the strip of land east of the River Art a to Greece in 1881.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Epsom

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Ep′som, a small town market of Surrey, England, fifteen miles southwest of London. The springs which made Epsom so fashionable a resort in the latter half of the 17th century, gave name to the Epsom salt, formerly made from them. The church, rebuilt in 1824, contains monuments by Flaxman and Chantrey. On Banstead Downs, one and a half miles south of the town, the most famous horse-races of the world are held yearly on Derby day. The grand stand was built in 1829–30 at a cost of $100,000, and seats 7,500 spectators. Population, 10,915.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Erasmus, Desiderius

See also Erasmus on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Eras′mus, Desiderius, a Dutch scholar and philosopher, was born at Rotterdam, according to the date on his statue, in 1467. His guardians tried to induce him to enter a monastery, in order to obtain his property, and Erasmus, to please them, agreed to attend the Augustinian College of Sion, near Delft, where for six years he led the life of a monk. This life probably made him the bitter and sarcastic enemy of the monks that he was during the remainder of his life. He studied and taught in Paris till 1498. Among his pupils was Lord Mountjoy, at whose invitation, probably, he made his first visit to England, in 1498. He spent his time there mostly at Oxford. Six years spent in Paris give us the Adagia, a collection of Greek and Latin proverbs, and the Christian Soldier's Dagger. Another visit to England was made at the accession of Henry VIII, and on this journey he planned his Praise of Folly, a satire on kings and monks. He was professor of divinity and also of Greek, at Cambridge, for the next few years. In 1519 appeared his most famous work, the Colloquia, a series of talks on everyday subjects, the sharpness and boldness of which did much to prepare the minds of the people for the work of Luther. In 1516 his edition of the New Testament in Greek, the first published Greek text, appeared. He also edited scores of Greek and Latin texts. When the Reformation came, Erasmus stood between the two parties, and the last years of his life were spent in a long dispute and struggle with the friends and foes of the new religion, neither of whom he satisfied. In spite of these troubles, he enjoyed fame and consideration beyond that of any man-of-letters before or since. He died at Basel, Switzerland, July 12, 1536. See Essays by Milman, Life by Drummond, Letters edited by Froude and Life by Emerton.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Epping Forest

See also Epping Forest on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ep′ping Forest, where kings hunted in the olden days, once covered all of Essex (England) , and extended almost to London. Inclosures slowly curtailed it from 60,000 acres to 4,000 in 1871, when London undertook to preserve what was left and to recover the later inclosures. In 1882, at a cost of $2,000,000, 5,600 acres of Epping Forest were opened to the public. Easily reached from London, its nine square miles of almost unbroken woodland, which at High Beech or Queen Victoria’s wood, rises 759 feet above sea-level, form one of the largest and most beautiful pleasure-grounds in Europe. See E. N. Buxton’s Epping Forest.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Equisetales

See also Equisetales on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Equisetales (ĕk′wĭ-sē̇-tā′lēz), one of the three great plant-groups which make up pteridophytes, commonly known as horsetails or scouring rushes. In early geological times the group was of great importance, and was represented by a great display of forest-forms. At present it contains but a single genus (Equisetum), represented by about twenty-five species. The equisetums have a very characteristic body. The stem is slender and jointed, and the joints ​separate easily. It is also green and fluted, and there is so much silica in the epidermis that the plants feel rough. It is on this account that the name scouring rush is sometimes used. Foliage leaves have been abandoned, but minute scale-leaves form sheaths at each joint. The stems are sometimes simple, at other times they branch profusely, but they are always green, since they do leaf-work. At certain times a cone-like structure, the strobilus, appears at the top of the stem, which bears the sporangia containing spores. Horsetails are found in wet ground or in very dry ground. Slender branching forms are very common along the sandy embankments of railroads. See Pteridophytes.