# Economic Development in Denmark Before and During the World War/Index

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INDEX
Accident insurance, 32; development of, 38-40.
Agricultural Commission (1786), 6; (1894) 76; (1910) 79-80.
Agriculture, 5; reforms in, 6-7, 14, 17; development of, 66; decline in price of agricultural products, 68; value of co-operative dairies to, 71; effect of World War on, 80-82; effect of rationing on, 87.
Allowance system (England), 91.
Arbitration: Permanent Court of, 28, 63-64; state arbitrator, 64.
Artisans, 7; number and proportion of (1787), 8; wages of (1872), 21.
d'Avity, Pierre, 3.
Bacon, 68; establishment and working of co-operative factories, 72.
Barley, 85.
Berg-Hörup Bill, 43, 45, 46.
Blanc, Louis, 52.
Bolshevism, 102.
Bondage, introduction of, 5; abolition of, 6.
Bread cards, 85.
Budget, 98.
Burial funds, 37.
Butter, 68, 69; 'estate butter', 70; export trade in, 74; decline in export of, 81; rationing of, 85.
Cattle, exports of, 68; export duty on, 81, 86.
Cattle-breeding societies, 74.
Central Organization of Danish Dairy Associations, 72.
Cheese, export duty on, 86.
Children, care of illegitimate, 48-49; employment of, 57, 59, 60.
Cholera epidemic, 18.
Class distinctions, 8, 11, 28.
Coal distribution, 87.
Compulsory insurance, 30.
Compulsory service, 4.
Constitution (June 5, 1915), 2, 26.
Consumptives, care and employment of, 49-50.
Control societies, 73, 74.
Co-operative movement, 3, 23, 28; co-operative dairies, 69-72; in agriculture, 72; Danish Dairy Farmers' Association, 72; co-operative bank, 75; erection of dwelling-houses, 75; Co-operative Committee, 75-76; value of, to rural population, 75; co-operative stores, 75; co-operative supply societies, 75; Co-operative Wholesale Society of Denmark, 75.
Copenhagen, legislation for, 17; housing question in, 18-19; average daily wage in (1872), 21; trade unions of, 24-25; growth of Social Democratic Party in, 26; labour exchange office in, 55; schools in, 62; increase of wages in, 65; taxation in, 94-95; Slavic immigration, 102.
Corn Act, 85.
Court of Arbitration, 63.
Cottars, number of, 10; abolition of punishment by landlord of, 76.
Cream, export duty on, 86.
Customs Act (1908), 95.
Dalgas, E. M., 61.
Danish Bacon Agency, 74.
Danish Co-operative Egg Export Society, 73.
Danish Employers' and Masters' Union, 41, 56.
Defence Act (1909), 95.
Education, 2-3; progress of, 12-14.
Eggs, co-operative exportation of, 73-74.
Employers and employees, relative numbers of, 11, 21; growing antagonism between, 27.
Employers' Associations, 26-28.
Employer's Liability Act, 29, 38.
Employment offices, 52.
Encyclopaedists, 5.
Excess Profits Tax, 96.
Expenditures, fiscal, 98-99.
Exports, regulation of, 83-84.
​Factory Act (1873), 57, 59; (1901) 59; (1913) 60.
Farm labourers, 18; wages and condition of, 77.
Federated Trade Unions of Denmark, 24; Federative Agricultural Union, 41; Federative Danish Cottars' Union, 41.
Federative Trade Unions, 24-25, 56.
Fertilizer, importation of, 68; decline in importation of, 81, 86.
Fishery, subsidization of, 86.
Folketing (Lower House), 25, 26, 42, 43, 54.
Food Council, 85.
Forlov (quittance-fee), 4.
Free Constitution (June 5, 1849), 14, 16, 18, 20.
Freeholds, 3, 5, 6, 17, 18; free proprietorship of land, 79.
Friendly Societies, 32-37, 41, 74.
George, Henry, 79.
Grain, price of, 66; exports and imports of, 68, 81.
Grundtvig, N. F. S., 13.
Guild system, 7-9, 15, 17; abolition of, 19, 21, 22.
Harlkorn, 12, 17, 76.
Hedeselskabet (Heath Company), 61.
Hogs, increase in raising and export of, 69; loss of, 81; state regulation of slaughtering of, 85.
Holidays, 58.
Horses, breeding-societies for, 74; foreign sale of, 80.
Hospitals, reduction of charges in, 36; increased building of, 50.
Housing question in Copenhagen, 18.
Illegitimate children, care of, 48-49.
Income tax, 94; revenue from, 97.
Incomes, increase of, in 1916-1918, 92.
Indirect taxes, 96-97; revenue from, 97.
Individualism, 1, 16, 47, 57, 61-62, 87.
Industrial revolution, 7.
Industriraadet (Industrial Council), 27, 87.
Industry, 19; proportion of employers and employees in, 21; use of machinery in, 29-30.
Inheritance tax, 96; revenue from, 97.
Insurance: unemployment, 9, 25, 31, 50-55, 88-89, 90, 99; compulsory, 30; accident, 32, 38-39, 72; sickness, 36; invalid, 46; National Insurance Act (England), 47; life insurance companies, 97.
International Association of Labourers, 22.
Invalid Insurance, 46.
Invalid Pensions, 30.
Joint Council of Trades, 87.
Joint Representatives of Trade and Industry, 27.
Journeymen, 7; number and proportion of, 8, 9; legislation in regard to, 15; unemployment of, 51; wages of, 65.
Klebegesetz, 31, 44.
Labour Council, 59-60.
Labour Exchange, 25, 51; intervention of state in, 55.
Labour movement, 22; progress of, 24-26.
Land, tenure of, 6; values of, 66-67; new principle in regard to sale of, 79.
Landgildet (ground-rent), 3.
Landsting (Upper House), 26, 54.
Lassalle, Ferdinand, 3, 24.
League of Federated Trades, 24, 25, 41.
Leaseholds, 3-5, 15, 17, 18; abolition of, 79.
Legislation: Church Acts, 16; Press Act, 16; Municipal Acts, 17; Trade Act (1857), 17, 19, 28; Servants' Act, 18; Building Act, 19; Friendly Societies, 33; Employer's Liability Act, 29, 38; Codification of July 6, 1916, 39-40; Berg-Horup Bill, 43, 45-46; Old Age Pensions, 43; National Insurance Act (England), 47; Widows and Orphans, 48; Tuberculosis, 49; Unemployment, 53; Labour Exchange, 55; Arbitration, 63; War Legislation, 82; State Labour Exchange Act (England), 55; Factory Acts, 57, 59-60; Corn Act, 85; Customs Act (1908), 95; Defence Act (1909), 95.
Life Insurance Companies, duty on management of, 97.
Live stock, 69, 80; export duty on, 86.
Loans to small farmers, 77.
Lock-outs, 27, 28, 53, 63.
​Machinery, use of, in industry, 29-30.
Maize, increase in importation of, 68; decline in importation of, 81.
Margarine, 81.
Marx, Karl, 3, 24, 101.
Masters, 8, 9, 15; Unions of, 27.
Meat, 71; exportation of, 86.
Medical care, 32, 33.
Military conscription, 5.
Milk, co-operative production of, 70-71; establishment of export duty on, 86.
Mill, John Stuart, 95.
National Bank, 83; note circulation of, 92.
National debt, increase of, 98.
National Insurance Act (England), 47.
Nitrate, purchase by government of, 86.
Norway, unemployment insurance, 52-53.
Notes, redemption of, 83; circulation of, 92.
Oats, 85.
Oilcakes, 68; decline in importation of, 81.
Old-age pensions, see Pensions.
Orphans, care of, 48.
Parliament (Rigsdag), elections to, 25.
Peasants, 3-7, 10.
Pensions: old-age, 29-30, 42-47, 49; invalid, 30, 46.
Permanent Agricultural Committee, 85.
Permanent Court of Arbitration, 28, 63, 64.
Physiocracy, 5.
Pio, Louis, 22, 23, 25.
Polaklov, 37.
Population, 1; in Denmark, 1787, 8; in Denmark, 1801-1901, 9; peasant, 10; distribution of, 20.
Poor relief, 17; municipal relief funds, 88, 90.
Potatoes, 85.
Poultry raising, co-operation in, 73.
Press Act, 16.
Price Regulating Committee, 82.
Prices, 14; advance in, caused by World War, 65, 92, 93; effect of exportation on, 83; regulation of, 83-84.
Private and public schools, 61-62.
Profit-sharing, 28-29.
Profits, limiting of, 88.
Property tax, 95.
Railways, decreased revenue from, 98.
Rationing, 84, 85; of bread, 85; of petroleum, oil, fats, soap, tea, and coffee, 86; of sugar, 87; cost of system of, 99.
Revenues, fiscal, 97-98.
Royal Veterinary and Agricultural College, 13.
Rye, 68; state appropriation of, 84.
Savings banks, 29, 83; increase in deposits of, 92.
September Agreement, 28, 63.
Servants' Act, 18.
Sheep, decline in breeding of, 69.
Sickness insurance, 32, 36, 38.
Single tax, 79.
Slaughter-houses, 72-73.
Sleswick, 2, 13; loss of, 19, 61.
Smith, Adam, 52.
Social-Democratic Labour Party, 23; growth of, 25-26, 102.
Social Democratic Society, 24.
Socialism, 3, 22; spread of, 24; 'Professorial socialism', 30; trend of opinion toward, 47; advance toward state socialism, 101.
Sognebaand, 16.
Sörensen, Th., 34, 53.
Spirits, prohibition of use of wheat and rye for manufacture of, 84, 87.
State arbitrator, 64.
State Labour Exchange Act (England), 55; (Denmark), 5-56.
Strikes, 23, 25, 28, 53.
Sugar, 84, 85, 87.
Sunday work, 29, 58.
Taxation, 14, 17, 79, 88, 94-97; income from, 97.
Textile Manufacturers' Association, 87.
Town labourers, 21.
Trade Act (1857), 17, 19, 28.
Trade Marks, 72.
Trade Unions, aims of, 23; membership of, 24; principles and objects of, 25; support of unemployed by, 51.
Trades, joint Council of, 87.
Tree felling, 86.
Tuberculosis, 49-50; unemployment caused by, 50.
Turgot, 52.
Turpentine, 87.
​Unearned increment, 79.
Unemployment Council, 90.
Unemployment: insurance, 9; care of unemployed, 25, 31, 50-55, 88-90; in Switzerland, 51-52; in Belgium, 51; compulsory savings to support, 51; Norwegian Act, 53; cost of helping unemployed, 99.
Unemployment Insurance Fund (Berne), 52.
Unemployment societies, object of, 53; government support of, 54; increase in membership of, 54; statistics for 1916-1918, 82, 90-91.
'Village community', 6.
Villeinage, 4.
Wages, rise of, 18, 19; average daily wage in Copenhagen, 21-22; of farm labourer, 65-66; rise in wages of farm labourer, 77-78; advance in, caused by World War, 93; sliding scale of, 93-94.
Wheat, 68; decline in importation of, 81; state appropriation of, 84, 85.
Widows, care of, 48.
Women, position of, 2; changed attitude toward, 60.
Working hours, 21.
Workmen's Commission (1875), 28-30.
Workmen's compensation, 30.
Workmen's Insurance Council, 38, 39, 41.
World War, 1, 2; rise in cost of old-age pension during, 45-46; economic changes caused by, 80; effect of, on food situation, 81; legislation caused by the war, 82-88.