OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sadducees

From volume 13 of the work.
A politico-religious sect of the Jews during the late post-Exile and New-Testament period. The old derivation of the name from tsaddiqim, i.e. the righteous; with assumed reference to the adherence of the Sadducees to the letter of the Law as opposed to the pharasaic attention to the superadded "traditions of the elders", is now generally discredited mainly on philological grounds and the term is associated with the proper name "Sadoc", Sadducee being equivalent to Sadokite. They became the dominant priestly party during the Greek and Roman period of Jewish history, and the name, whether bestowed seriously or in irony, originated doubtless in their pretensions to the descendants of Sadoc, the high-priest prominent in the times of David and Solomon (III Kings, I, 8, 26, 32; ii, 35; I Par., xxix, 22; cf. Ezech., xl, 46; xlii, 19; etc.). As a prominent political party they first appear in the reign of John Hyrcanus (135-105 B.C.). They espoused the hellenizing tendencies of the Asmonean princes in which they were strongly opposed by the Pharisees (q.v.), or Separatists, a party evolved from the earlier Assideans, and which abhorred all forms of Greek culture as detrimental to the religious interests of the Jewish nation. Under Aristobulus I and Alexander Jannæus, the immediate successor of John Hyrcanus, the power of the Sadducees was supreme, and though the opposing faction of the Pharisees came into favour during the regency of Alexandra Salome (78-69 B.C.), the Sadducees regained their ascendancy under Aristobulus II (69-63 B.C.) whom they supported in his conflicts with Hyrcanus II, Antipater, and the Romans. When Pompey captured Jerusalem (63 B.C.) he executed many of their leaders, as did also Herod the Idumean on his accession to power (37 B.C.). The Sadducees retained however, their traditional priestly functions and also a varying preponderance in the Sanhedrin, but even in this respect their influence was much diminished through the policy of Herod and later of the Roman procurators of Judea, who, arbitrarily and mainly for political reasons, appointed and removed the high-priests at will.
During this period and down to the destruction of Jerusalem the Sadducees were naturally unpopular with the masses because of their marked tendency to side closely with the ruling power, while the patriotic and exclusive Pharisees became more and more the leaders of the people. Among the religious difference between the two parties may be mentioned the denial on the part of the Sadducees of the resurrection, the immortality of the soul and the existence of angels (Matt., xxii, 23; Mark xii, 18; Acts, xxiii, 8). They rejected likewise the oral traditions which the Pharisees maintained and emphasized as a Divinely ordained supplement to the written law. While the tenacity and exclusiveness and other characteristics of the Pharisees have been indelibly impressed on all subsequent generations of Judaism, the influence of the indifferent and materialistic Sadducees vanished completely as soon as the Jews ceased to be a nation.
James F. Driscoll.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sagalassus

From volume 13 of the work.
A titular see in Pisidia, suffragan of Antioch. Sagalassus was one of the chief towns of Pisidia, near the north-west boundary of that province, in a fertile plain surrounded by hills, situated on the banks of an affluent of the Cestrus, a river which is represented on its coins. Alexander stormed it, after defeating its inhabitants in the neighbourhood. Cneius Manlius ravaged the district and made it pay a heavy war indemnity. After being subject to Amyntas, Tetrarch of Lycaonia and Galatia it became part of the Roman province of Pisidia. nothing else is known of its history, though it is mentioned by most of the ancient geographers; it is to be noted that Strabo (XII, 569) places it less accurately in Isauria, and Ptolemy (V, iii, 6) locates it erroneously in Lycia. Until the thirteenth century the "Notitiæ episcopatuum" mention it as the first suffragan see of Antioch in Pisidia. Le Quien (Oriens christianus, I, 1041) mentions four of its bishops: Jovius, present at the Council of Constantinople, 381; Frontianus, at Chalcedon, 451; Theodosius, at Nicæa, 787; Leo, at Constantinople, 869. This formerly wealthy and fortified city is now a poor village, called Aghiassoun by the Turks, about twenty-three miles south of Isbarta, in the vilayet of Koniah, containing some hundred inhabitants. It has immense ruined monuments, all later than the second century A. D.: a theatre, vast portico, gymnasium, ramparts, tombs, sarcophagi, churches, etc.
ARUNDELL, A Visit to the Seven Churches, 132 seq.; HAMILTON, Researches in Asia Minor, I, 486 seq.; FELLOWS, Asia Minor, 164 seq.; SMITH, Dict. of Gr. and Rom. Geog., s. v., with bibliography of ancient authors; TEXIER, Asie mineure, 715; MÜLLER (ed. Didot), Notes à Ptolemy, I, 483.
S. Pétridès.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sacrilege

From volume 13 of the work.
(Lat. sacrilegium, robbing a temple, from sacer, sacred, and legere, to purloin.)
Sacrilege is in general the violation or injurious treatment of a sacred object. In a less proper sense any transgression against the virtue of religion would be a sacrilege.
Theologians are substantially agreed in regarding as sacred that and that only which by a public rite and by Divine or ecclesiastical institution has been dedicated to the worship of God. The point is that the public authority must intervene; private initiative, no matter how ardent in devotion or praiseworthy in motive, does not suffice. Attributing a sacred character to a thing is a juridical act, and as such is a function of the governing power of the Church.
It is customary to enumerate three kinds of sacrilege: personal, local, and real. St. Thomas teaches (Summa, II-II, Q., xcix) that a different sort of holiness attaches to persons, places, and things. Hence the irreverence offered to any one of them is specifically distinct from that which is exhibited to the others. Suarez (De Religione, tr. iii, 1-3) does not seem to think the division very logical, but accepts it as being in accord with the canons.
Personal Sacrilege. Personal sacrilege means to deal so irreverently with a sacred person that, whether by the injury inflicted or the defilement caused, there is a breach of the honour due to such person. This sacrilege may be committed chiefly in three ways:
Local Sacrilege. Local sacrilege is the violation of a sacred place. Under the designation "sacred place" is included not only a church properly so-called even though it be not consecrated, but merely blessed, but also public oratories as well as cemeteries canonically established for the burial of the faithful. Four species of this crime are ordinarily distinguished:
Real Sacrilege. Real sacrilege is the irreverent treatment of sacred things as distinguished from places and persons. This can happen first of all by the administration or reception of the sacraments (or in the case of the Holy Eucharist by celebration) in the state of mortal sin, as also by advertently doing any of those things invalidly. Indeed deliberate and notable irreverence towards the Holy Eucharist is reputed the worst of all sacrileges. Likewise conscious maltreatment of sacred pictures or relics or perversion of Holy Scripture or sacred vessels to unhallowed uses, and finally, the usurpation or diverting of property (whether movable or immovable) intended for the maintenance of the clergy or serving for the ornamentation of the church to other uses, constitute real sacrileges. Sometimes the guilt of sacrilege may be incurred by omitting what is required for the proper administration of the sacraments or celebration of the sacrifice, as for example, if one were to say Mass without the sacred vestments.
SLATER, Manual of Moral Theology (New York, 1908); RICKABY, Moral Teaching of St. Thomas (London, 1896); BALLERINI, Opus theologicum morale (Prato, 1899); D'ANNIBALE, Summula theologi moralis (Rome, 1908); SPELMAN, The History and Fate of Sacrilege (London, 1888).
JOSEPH F. DELANY
# Colas Breugnon

Colas Breugnon is an historical novel set in 16th-century Burgundy. The story is told in the first person, and contains episodes and observations about life in France at that time.
COLAS BREUGNON
BY
ROMAIN ROLLAND
Author of "Jean-Christophe"
TRANSLATED BY KATHERINE MILLER
"There is life in the old dog yet"
NEW YORK
HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY
To
SAINT MARTIN OF GAUL PATRON SAINT OF CLAMECY
"St. Martin gaily drinks his fill and lets the stream flow to the mill."
xvith cent. Proverb
CONTENTS
| CHAPTER | | PAGE |
| | Foreword to the Reader | v |
| I. | The Lark of Candlemas-Day | 3 |
| II. | The Siege; or, The Lamb, the Shepherd, and the Wolf | 21 |
| III. | The Vicar of Brèves | 50 |
| IV. | The Idler | 75 |
| V. | Belette | 103 |
| VI. | Birds of Passage; or, The Serenade at Asnois | 136 |
| VII. | The Plague | 152 |
| VIII. | My Old Woman's Death | 169 |
| IX. | The Fire | 181 |
| X. | The Riot | 200 |
| XI. | A Practical Joke | 227 |
| XII. | Other People's Houses | 245 |
| XIII. | Plutarch's Lives | 262 |
| XIV. | Health to the King! | 278 |
Copyright, 1919 by HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY
The Quinn & Boden Company BOOK MANUFACTURERS RAHWAYNEW JERSEY
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# Colombo v. New York

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
400 U.S. 16
Colombo v. New York
On Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the Court of Appeals of New York
No. 175.
Certiorari granted; 25 N.Y. 2d 641, 254 N.E. 2d 340, vacated and remanded.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Collins v. United States/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Wikipedia article
United States Supreme Court
150 U.S. 62
Collins v. United States
The facts of this case presented a proper question for the consideration of the jury as to whether the homicide was murder or manslaughter. The instruction challenged did not, when taken in connection with the other parts of the charge, present the law inaccurately, for theretofore the judge had charged, substantially, that premeditation was necessary to the crime of murder; and also, quoting from some authority, that 'voluntary manslaughter is the unlawful killing of another without malice, upon sudden quarrel, or in the heat of passion;' and, further, that 'the law, kindly appreciating the infirmities of human nature, extenuates the offense committed, and mercifully hesitates to put on the same footing of guilt the cool, deliberate act and the result of hasty passion.' In the language complained of, he goes on to say that mere passion does not reduce the crime from murder to manslaughter, for it may be a passion voluntarily created for the purpose of homicide; but it must spring from some wrongful act of the party slain at the time of the homicide, or so near theretofore as to give no time for passion to cool. Applying the rule to the facts in evidence, the instruction was that if the defendant, in a moment of passion, aroused by the wrongful treatment of his brother, and without any previous preparation did the shooting, the offense would be manslaughter, and not murder; but, as is immediately thereafter added, if he prepared himself to kill, and had a previous purpose to do so, then the mere fact of passion would not reduce the crime below murder.
We see nothing in this of which the defendant can properly complain, and, as this is the only matter called to our attention. the judgment of the circuit court must be affirmed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Collins v. Yosemite Park & Curry Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Collins v. Yosemite Park & Curry Co., 304 U.S. 518 (1938), is a court case in which the appellee, the Yosemite Park and Curry Co., brought this suit to enjoin the California State Board of Equalization and the State Attorney General from enforcing the 'Alcoholic Beverage Control Act' of the State of California, within the limits of Yosemite National Park. Warning: template has been deprecated.
United States Supreme Court
304 U.S. 518
Collins v. Yosemite Park & Curry Company
Argued: April 27, 28, 1938. --- Decided: May 31, 1938
Appeal from the District Court of the United States for the Northern District of California.
[Syllabus from pages 518-520 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. Seibert L. Sefton and U.S. Webb, both of San Francisco, Cal., for appellants.
Mr. James S. Moore, Jr., of San Francisco, Cal., for appellee.
Mr. Justice REED delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cologne

Written in 1828 and first published in Friendship's Offering, 1834 it was first collected in The Poetical Works of S.T. Coleridge, 1834. When first published it was headed Expectoration the second and followed on from On My Joyful Departure from the Same City, a layout which has been used in some later published collections.
In Köhln, a town of monks and bones, And pavements fang'd with murderous stones, And rags, and hags, and hideous wenches; I counted two and seventy stenches, All well defined, and several stinks! Ye Nymphs that reign o'er sewers and sinks, The river Rhine, it is well known, Doth wash your city of Cologne; But tell me, Nymphs, what power divine Shall henceforth wash the river Rhine?
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Scala Sancta (Holy Stairs)

From volume 13 of the work.
Consisting of twenty-eight white marble steps, at Rome, near the Lateran; according to tradition the staircase leading once to the prætorium of Pilate at Jerusalem, hence sanctified by the footsteps of Our Lord during his Passion.
The historians of the monument relate that the Holy Stairs were brought from Jerusalem to Rome about 326 by St. Helena, mother of Constantine the Great. In the Middle Ages they were known as Scala Pilati, the Stairs of Pilate. From old plans it can be gathered that they led to a corridor of the Lateran Palace, near the Chapel of St. Sylvester, were covered with a special roof, and had at their sides other stairs for common use. When Sixtus V in 1589 destroyed the old papal palace and built the new one, he ordered the Holy Stairs be transferred to their present site, before the Sancta Sanctorum (Holy of Holies). The latter is the old private papal chapel, dedicated to St. Lawrence, and the only remaining part of the former Lateran Palace, receiving its name from the many precious relics preserved there. The Sancta Sanctorum also contains the celebrated image of Christ, "not made by human hands", which on certain occasions used to be carried through Rome in procession. These holy treasures, which since Leo X (1513-21) have not been seen by anybody, have recently been the object of learned dissertations by Grisar and Lauer.
In its new site the Scala Sancta is flanked by four other stairs, two on each side, for common use, since the Holy Stairs may only be ascended on the knees, a devotion much in favour with pilgrims and the Roman faithful, especially on Fridays and in Lent. Not a few popes are recorded to have performed this pious exercise; Pius IX, who in 1853 entrusted the Passionist Fathers with the care of the sanctuary, ascended the Holy Stairs on 19 Sept., 1870, the eve of the entrance of the Piedmontese into Rome. Pius VII on 2 Sept., 1817 granted those who ascend the stairs in the prescribed manner an indulgence of nine years for every step. Finally Pius X, on 26 Feb., 1908, granted a plenary indulgence to be gained as often as the stairs are devoutly ascended after confession and communion. Imitations of the Scala Sancta have been erected in various places, as in Lourdes and in some convents of nuns, and indulgences are attached to them by special concessions.
LIVARIUS OLIGER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Scalimoli

From volume 13 of the work.
Theologian, better known by his religious name, ANDREA DI CASTELLANA, from his place of origin in Apulia. He entered the Order of the Conventual Franciscans in the Province of St. Nicholas (Bari), of which he was later appointed provincial. His experience as a missionary in Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania, as Prefect Apostolic of Hungary, and as visitor general of the Franciscan missions in Russia led him to the composition of a work which was approved by the general of the order in 1642, and is dedicated to Cardinal Barberini "Missionarius apostolicus a Sacra Congregatione de Propaganda Fide instructus quomodo debeat inter haereticos vivere, pravitates eorum convincere, et in fide catholica proficere per Germaniam, Poloniam, Ungariam, et per omnes partes ubi vigent blasphemiae lutheranae" (Bologna, 1644).
WADDING, Scriptores ordinis minorum (Rome, 1906), 16; SBARAGL1A, Supplementum et castigatio ad scriptores trium ordinum S. Francisci (Rome, 1908), 35-36; FRANCHINI, Bibliosofia e memorie letterarie di scrittori francescani conventuali (Modena, 1693, 36).
C.A. DUBRAY
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Sun, Parallax of the

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
SUN, PARALLAX OF THE, or SOLAR PARALLAX, the angle subtended by the radius of the earth at a distance equal to that of the earth from the sun. More exactly, it is the angle subtended by the equatorial radius of the earth at the mean distance of the sun, though this would be called, when speaking exactly, the mean equatorial horizontal parallax of the sun. It is, as nearly as we know it today, almost 8.8", with an uncertainty of probably not more than 0.01" or 0.02" different from this in either direction. This corresponds to a distance of the sun a little less than
93,000,000 miles. More time, labor, and money have been expended in the determination of the polar parallax than of any other astronomical constant, on account of its importance in giving us an accurate base line with which to gauge the solar system and then strike out into the depths of stellar space. Before the last transit of Venus it was thought that careful observation would give an exceedingly accurate value of this constant; but these hopes were disappointed, and it is known that we have at hand at any time more accurate methods of determining the distance of the sun than from any possible observation of a transit of Venus. The most accurate direct method is likely to be the direct measurement of the parallax of the nearer and brighter asteroids by the heliometer.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Surabaya

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SURABAYA, or SOERABAYA, a large seaport town of Java; on the N. E. coast, and capital of one of the three provinces into which the island is divided by the Dutch; lat. 1° 12′ 30″ S.; lon. 112° 44′ 7″ E.; it is at the mouth of a navigable river, 1½ mile from the seashore. The river separates the European part of the town from the Chinese and the native quarter. The houses are very good, and some are elegant, particularly the country seats of private individuals. Surabaya is situated within that narrow strait which is formed by the islands of Java and Madura, and is defended by batteries. The mouth of the river is also defended. Pop. of town about 120,000. Province area 2,327 square miles. Pop. 2,115,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Surakarta

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SURAKARTA, a trading town on the N. E. coast of Java; near the mouth of the Solo river, opposite the island of Madura; 150 miles W. S. W. of Samarang. It is the chief town of the feudatory State of Surakarta and the residence of the emperor and of many of the native princes and nobles. The emperor's palace is a building of great extent and grandeur. The European town, defended by a strong fort, has a trade in rice, sugar, coffee, pepper, tobacco, etc., and a pop. of about 125,000. State, area 2,191 square miles. Pop. 1,100,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Sumner, Edwin Vose

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
SUMNER, EDWIN VOSE, an American military officer; born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 30, 1797. He was a captain in the Black Hawk War; served with
distinction in the Mexican War in 1846-1847, especially at the battles of Cerro Gordo and Molino del Rey; was made major in 1846; governor of New Mexico in 1851-1853; in 1855 was made colonel and was one of the escort of Abraham Lincoln from Springfield, Ill., to Washington, D. C, in February, 1861; in March, 1861, promoted Brigadier-General U. S. A. During the Civil War he commanded a corps at the battle of Fair Oaks May 31-June 1, 1862; at Malvern Hill July 1, and at the battle of Antietam Sept. 17 of that year; he also commanded one of the three great divisions of Burnside's army at the battle of Fredericksburg Dec. 13, 1862; was given command of the Department of the Missouri in 1863, He died in Syracuse, N. Y., March 21, 1863.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Surajah Dowlah

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SURAJAH DOWLAH, the last independent nawab of Bengal, under whom was perpetrated the massacre of the Black Hole. He succeeded his grandfather, Ali Verdy Khan, in 1756, and within two months of his accession found a pretext for marching on Calcutta. On the arrival of Clive and Admiral Watson he retreated to Moorshedabad, but was routed at the battle of Plassey (June 23, 1757). He then fled up the Ganges, but was betrayed by a fakir, and was put to death by order of the son of Meer Jaffier, the new nawab. Surajah Dowlah's reign lasted 15 months, his age at the time of his death being barely 20.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Sumner, William Graham

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
SUMNER, WILLIAM GRAHAM, an American political economist; born in Paterson, N. J., Oct 30, 1840; was graduated at Yale in 1863; studied at Geneva, Göttingen, and Oxford; was tutor at Yale in 1866-1869; in 1867 took orders in the Protestant-Episcopal Church; was assistant at Calvary Church, New York, and rector of Church of the Redeemer, Morristown, N. J.; appointed Professor of Political Economy and Social Science at Yale College in 1872. His writings include a translation of Lange's “Commentary on Second Kings” (1872); “History of American Currency” (1874); “Life of Andrew Jackson” (1882); “What Social Classes Owe to Each Other” (1883); “Problems in Political Economy” (1884); “Protectionism” (1885); “History of Banking in the United States” (1896); etc. He died April 12, 1910.