# A grammar of the Teloogoo language/Chapter 3

CHAPTER THIRD.
The words of the Teloogoo language, formed of the letters treated of in the foregoing pages, are classed by Sanscrit Grammarians under four distinct heads. 1st. దేశ్యము Deshyumoo, or, as it is more emphatically termed, అచ్చదేశ్యము Utsu Deshyumoo, the pure language of the land; 2d. తత్సమము Tutsumumoo, Sanscrit words assuming Teloogoo terminations. 3d. తద్భవము Tudbhuvumoo, Teloogoo corruptions of Sanscrit words, formed by the substitution, the elision, or addition of letters; and 4th. గ్రామ్యము Gramyumoo, Provincial terms, or words peculiar to the vulgar. To these we may also add the అన్యదేశ్యము, Unyu Deshyumoo, or words from other countries, sometimes given as a subdivision of the first Class, and comprizing, according to the definition of ancient writers, words adopted from the dialects current in the Canarese, Mahratta, Guzerat, and Dravida provinces only, but now also including several of Persian, Hindoostanee, and English origin.
In each of the three following Chapters, which treat of substantive-nouns and pronouns, of adjective-nouns and pronouns, and of the verb, the దేశ్యము will be distinguished from the తత్సమము words : but all abservations regarding the తద్భవము and అన్యదేశ్యము words will be found in the Chapter respecting substantives; because the words of the two last mentioned classes consist chiefly of substantives; and the reader, reasoning from analogy, will find it easy to apply the rules given under that head, to adjectives, and verbs. ​ The గ్రామ్యము, or provincial terms, are contractions or corruptions of pure Teloogoo words, rather than a separate class of vocables; I have therefore deemed it better to offer, in the course of the work, such remarks respecting them as occasion has suggested, than to collect the rules regarding them under any separate head.
SUBSTANTIVES.
1ST OF THE POSTPOSITIONS.
Before entering on the subject of declension, a few preliminary observations are necessary, respecting that very useful class of words, by means of which the various cases of the substantive nouns and pronouns, in this language, are formed.
English substantives are declined by prefixing to them, in the singular and plural numbers, certain particles, termed prepositions. The cases of Teloogoo nouns and pronouns are formed in the same manner, except that the particles follow the noun, instead of preceding it; hence, I have termed them postpositions. In Teloogoo, we would not say with swords, by men, of me; but కత్తులతో - మనుష్యులచేత - నాయొక్క swords with, men by, me of.
When a preposition accompanies an English word which is liable to inflexion, the word cannot stand in the nominative case; it must assume it's inflected or oblique form : we cannot say of I, to I, &c. but of me, to me, &c. In the same manner, in Teloogoo, notwithstanding some nouns have nearly the same form in the inflexion, as in the nominative case, yet as all nouns and pronouns may be said to admit of inflexion, it may be laid down as a general rule, that when followed by postpositions, they cannot continue in the nominative case ; by, some of the postpositions, they are converted into their oblique form; by others, either into this simple inflected state, or into the dative; and by a few, derived from verbs, they are changed into the accusative case. The following is a list of the principal Teloogoo postpositions. ​
CONVERTING THE PRECEDING WORD INTO IT'S OBLIQUE FORM.
| యొక్క - యొక | of; the sign of the genitive case. |
| కి - కు | to, for; the sign of the dative case. |
| లో | in; the sign of the local ablative. |
| చే - చేత | by, by means of; the sign of the instrumental ablative. |
| తో - తోడ - తోడుత | with, along with; the sign of the social ablative. |
| న | in, by, with. |
| లోపల | within, inside. |
| వల్ల - వలన | by, by means of, from. |
| కొరకు - కై | to, for. |
| నిమిత్తము | for, on account of, about. |
| కోసము - కోసరము | on account of, for. |
| విషయము | respecting. |
| అందు | in. |
| వలె | like. |
| గుండా | through. |
| నుండి - నుంచి | from, away from. |
FOUND IN BOOKS ONLY.
with, along with- .wi/A, together with, for. by, from. by, by means of. CONVERTING THE PRECEDING WORD EITHER INTO IT*S OBLIQUE FORM OR INTO THE DATIVE CASE. ........out-side. upon, above- -...below, under- - o^D^C - r^^55b between. 25 A _ ​40 TELOOGOO GRAMMAR. ~3 > ?f .................. ...... behind, after . 13oa>cl ....................... behind. tO&Dj&TT -<02&>o .......... against, opposite*
CONVERTING THE PRECEDING WORD INTO THE ACCUSATIVE CASE.
Scr-2>H- - />8cS> . foQo-& towards, on account of. FOUND IN BOOKS ONLY. . ....through. ....... .from, by. through.
Under the following rules, the whole of these words may be added to any noun or pronoun, placed in the particular case which the postposition is stated above to require.
The postpositions - o s the signs of the dative case, are not used promiscuously with* any inflexion ; is added only to inflexions terminating in 9 - or ^ ; thus, inflexion ^9 Vishtnoo, dative ^8l to Vishtnoo ; inflexion $ s The Goddess of prosperity, dative ^.^i^ to the Goddess of prosperity ; and o to inflexions ending in any other letter, inflexion ""&> a stick, dative to a stick, inflexion S> & a ruler, dative <S^>0 f a ruler, inflexion Sfo/fosS" a woman, dative Sfo/foS^ to a woman: but it is requisite to insert the syllable 3 between o anc | a inflexions ending in N> "^ or ^ ; as, inflexion Rama, dative TT 3 S5ixD^6 to Rama, inflexion 65o?5s^o beauty, dative JSs^xD?5o to beauty.
The postposition $ is added only to the inflexions of nouns denotin^ inanimate things ending in ^>; thus, we may say -^^x$ in the paper, because the inflexion ~3^s&j ends in *o ; but we cannot add $ to S^V a female garment, for it ends in *-, nor to /^ow^ a horse, because it is an *) animate object.
Inflexions always terminate in some vowel, and the postpositions &O&, eJfcoo, e)ewtf, &>& } a nd ^SbTV commence with vowels; but, by the rules already given, two'^owels cannot come in contact; a singular inflexion ​terminating in > ^ or ^ although included in the class termed kululoo, when followed by these postpositions, affixes < n thus, ~5"s5ex> rjd& opposite Rama &c. (rule 108)- When these postpositions, however, follow a singular inflexion ending in any other vowel, or plural inflexions which always end in ^>, such inflexions being of the class named vex> kujulov, <:>M is inserted between them and the postpositions in question, which, in consequence, become respectively ci5bob - OCoeao - cOofe>oe - c3o&>k> and o^2$aJfc"7f '; thus, ^S" Od5oo.!56 in rulers ; at the same time, as all plural inflexions end in >, and therefore have inherent the connected vowel ^, which before an initial vowel, may, by the rules before given, have Sund t hi at option, we may also say Sf& ooCSb i* rulers &c. .&c.
1&> o^"Saow and "^^ are never subjoined to any words except verbal nouns, 135 or nounldenoting inanimate things j and 3J~> is used only after abstract nouns.
- So i^x>Cc* - ls;b and $~3 always change into '^fte - *& ^c& - *8?o ]3g and ^J^jwhen used as postpositions.
The n^ure and use of the foregoing words will be more fully explained in 137 the Syntax, where it will be shewn that many of them, though used as postpo- sitions, ap in fact parts of nouns, or forms of verbs. I have no doubt that the whole anderived from the same sources : at the same time, without a further knowledg of the ancient dialect than we now possess, it would be difficult to trace the rigin of some pure Teloogoo derivatives, such as csioo Jf t} ie s |g n j of the geitive, and & or the signs of the dative case. This difficulty has led ' some to Nat these, and similar words, rather as affixes inseparable from sub- stantives,han as a separate class of vocables. But, whatever may be the history oktymology of these words ; whether they are derived from nouns or verbs novt>bsolete, or are themselves original terms, there is no doubt that, in use, theare distinct from all others in the language? and precisely equi- valent to ot English prepositions. This, I think, justifies my classing them as a separa part of speech, and giving them the appellation by which I have endeavours to distinguish them. ​ The articles a and the may be considered as inherent in the noun ; according to the context, may mean either a or the person.
The indefinite article a is somtimes expressed by the numeral &>", vulgarly written Q, meaning one ; as, ^^55o^oX one or a person.
There is not any separate word to represent the definite article the. In the concise and nervous idiom which characterizes the Teloogoo, this article, to- gether with the relative pronoun tvho, which, that, is incorporated with the verb, in that curious part of it termed the relative participles, which possess the combined force of the definite article, the relative pronoun, and the verb ; thus, in the sentence <^c ?"*-) #s$ari^> t ^ e p rson w fr o saw me . five glish words are expressed by three Teloogoo terms, #r&^ signifies m person, and t^&cS has the power of the, who, saio.
3d. OF THE DECLENSION OF SUBSTATIVE NOUNS.
The substantive nouns have two numbers ; the singular StfofosSfebo, anc | the plural ; and three genders, the masculine s^e^Cs&o, including the gods and men only ; the feminine j^, , >oXsSx>, compizing the goddesses and women ; and ,the neuter t^)o'e)oX35co i including nanim ate things, and all animals, except the human species.
The cases are properly three only; the nominative, the inflexio, and the accusative ; but, in the following general remarks applicable to alhouns, the usual arrangement of six cases is observed-
SINGULAR.
It has already been mentioned that there are few words in tl Teloogoo language which terminate in a consonant, among the nouns theres not one. In the nominative cafe singular, they all terminate in some of ( e following vowels ^^=3 s sr>^ "^ ^^-^ or "^ thus, &*$ a ruler, $2^ a worn cm, ^>9 a robber, ^o$&>o beauty, "^ w a shawl, 3"jk a stick, "J. tl hand &c. m w
The" Inflexion singular varies with the declension, as explaed hereafter​ The Genitive singular of all nouns is the same as the inflexion singular ; but 145 in books, and in conversation with Bramins, we occasionally find the postposition ^ X5 ^_ or cxfco?f of, added to the inflexion, to form the genitive.
The Dative singular is formed by adding to inflexions in 3 or ~^_ - #35 145 to inflexions in ^ N7TS or ^, and 5 to inflexions in all other terminations.
All nouns in the Accusative singular are the same as in the singular inflexion; 147 except that the inflexion is of the class termed "$ ex) kululoo, and the accusative of that named &> iio5 i^Qbex) drootuprukrootooloo. That the reader may always bear in mind this distinction, the inflexion will hereafter be "written in it's simple state, but to mark the accusative, the affix < will be added to all in- flexions in s> or 21, (except to inflexions formed by changing the termination of the nominative into that syllable), and the affix &> to all those ending in any other letter, (except to those mentioned in rule 117) and an &c will be further added to all, to denote that although the affixes $ or & are universal in the common dialect, and in correct language may, with propriety, be used before any consonants, yet others may be substituted in lieu of them, under the rules for drootuprukrootooloo ^j*$&j^&) ? ~X), contained in the preceding chapter.
The Vocative singular is either the same as the nominative singular, or is formed by merely lengthening the final vowel of that case ; unless the nominative end in v>, when that vowel is changed into ^ or o.
The Ablative singular is formed by adding to the singular inflexion the postpositions er 6 . ^# . S* & c . or $ to t } le i n fl ex j on o f nouns denoting nanimate things ending in "O.
PLURAL.
The Nominative plural is formed, in various modes, from the nominative singular, according to the declension to which the substantive belongs. It always ends in ex>.
The Inflexion plural is formed by changing ew of the nominative plural into w. 151
The Genitive plural of all nouns is the same as the inflexion plural; but in books and in conversation with Bramins, we occasionally find the postpositi- ons"^^, or ^wr of, added to the inflexion te form, the genitive. ​ The Dative plural is formed by adding So to ( ne inflexion plural in e>.
The Accusative plural is the same as the inflexion plural, both ending in O; but the inflexion is included in the kululoo, and the accusative in the i&i&^&t^&vj drootuprukrootooloo. To remind the reader of this material distinction, the inflexion will hereafter be written in it's simple state, without any of the additions peculiar to the ku,luloo; but ?&, with nn &c. will be added to all plural accusatives, for the reasons mentioned in treating of the accusative singular : $ is never aftixed to plural accusatives, because they always end in o, never in s 5 or "^ .
The Vocative plural is formed by changing the final N> of the nominative plural into o $ or o TT .
The Ablative plural is formed by adding to the plural inflexion the post-positions. W* - "-c^ - &^ &c.
The Vocative particles, *9 - &>< - 2oox> an( j 2* i) are often prefixed to the vocative case : the first is used in calling men of inferior rank only ; the second in calling females inferior to oneself, among whom a wife is always included by the natives; and the third in calling men of equal rank with oneself; these three are prefixed to the vocative singular only : the last is prefixed to the vocative both in the singular and the plural number, and is used indifferently in calling superiors, inferiors, or equals.
It is of great importance that the reader should constantly bear in mind that, in nouns denoting inanimate things, the nominative is generally used for the accusative, and the accusative for the ablative, but that this is not the case with nouns denoting animate objects.
By the addition of the various postpositions to the different cases which they govern, the reader may form any number of other cases at pleasure.
The nouns belonging to the iSSgsfco, or language of the land, are more numerous than those of any other class ; and, as the rules which regulate their declension extend also to nouns of the three other denominations, it seems proper to treat of them firsh ​OF REGULAR (Telugu characters) NOUNS.
The regular nouns of this class are divided into three declensions. The first includes all masculine nouns, the nominative singular of which terminates in (Telugu characters); the second, all feminines or neuters of more than two syllables, having the nominative singular in (Telugu characters) or (Telugu characters); the third, nouns of all genders not included in either of the two foregoing declensions. The general rules, already given, explain the mode in which the different cases are formed from the nominative singular, the inflexion singular, or the nominative plural. It will be sufficient, therefore, to show how these three cases are formed in each declension.
FIRST DECLENSION IN (Telugu characters).
Many nouns denoting masculine agents have the nominative singular in (Telugu characters); but, as the letter (Telugu characters) is unknown to any, except the learned, the (Telugu characters) preceding (Telugu characters) is usually omitted in writing, and the nominative of this declension is consequently made to terminate simply in(Telugu characters). The obscure nasal sound of (Telugu characters) before (Telugu characters) will notwithstanding be found in the pronunciation of even the most illiterate persons.
The singular inflexion of nouns belonging to this declension is formed by changing the final (Telugu characters) of the nominative into (Telugu characters); thus, nom. (Telugu characters) a husband, inflexion (Telugu characters) nom. (Telugu characters) a younger brother, inflex. (Telugu characters). But, with the exception of (Telugu characters) a younger brother, and (Telugu characters) a son in law, all nouns of this declension, which have the vowel (Telugu characters) preceding (Telugu characters) of the nominative singular, may also form the singular inflexion by merely dropping the termination (Telugu characters); the inflexion of (Telugu characters) a husband, is (Telugu characters) only, never (Telugu characters); because (Telugu characters) does not precede the (Telugu characters) of the nominative case; but, with the two exceptions abovementioned, all words which have(Telugu characters) before (Telugu characters) of the nominative have two forms in the inflexion; thus, nom. (Telugu characters) a strong man, inflex. (Telugu characters) or (Telugu characters).
The nominative plural is formed by changing (Telugu characters) of the nominative singular into (Telugu characters); thus, nom. sing. (Telugu characters) a husband, nom. plu. (Telugu characters) husbands, nom. sing, (Telugu characters) a younger brother, nom. plu. (Telugu characters) younger brothers. ​ The other cases of this declension are formed according to the general rules given above; and, for the sake of illustration, a word of this declension is subjoined, declined according to the usual arrangement of six cases.
SINGULAR.
C3& ........................... a younger brother* i o r es&o >15^x>j:f_ ........ ofayounger brother. &o )i3 .............................. to a younger brother. Acc efo&s & &c. ................... ....... a younger brother- V- efS&> C~GJ ......... . ...... ....'.......9 younger brother. Ab. &Sxx> iO - ef^ - "iS^" . ^** ....... in t by, or with a younger brother. P L U K A L. N- e^^x^oo ............................. younger brothers. G. ^^ V or ^^ > c^ 50 .^. ---- of younger brothers. D. ef5&,e;^> ........................... fo younger brothers. Ace. e^^Soo e)o^) &c. ..................... younger brothers- V.' iS"S^ er "^ ........ .... ............ younger brothers. Ab ^^J SJ - er* - ^SeS" - ^ ....... i nt by } or with younger brothers.
By rule 163, all words, except e^^c^b and esejoc^, which, in the nominative singular, have the vowel ^ preceding the final termination C^ may in the inflexion singular have two forms : such words, therefore, have likewise two forms in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular, which are formed from the inflexion ; thus, nom. sing. a)j)x<&b a strong man, inflex. sin. v&> or >>&>. sren- sing;. &>>>b<0c&>o' or w^CSb^ooS' dat. O <v V> or> "U~~" *v> ~U~~ sino-. We)25o^)| or W&^^So by the addition of to >e)&>!0 or ^o to a)e)5$o o fy^ ro * on on rules 132 & 146. ace. sing. &> &c. or we)^> &c- see rule 117. abl. sing. ttSeS^^ - er- 6 - "^^ - or ^^^ - er 6 - ir - &* and even D or) V> and ^^tfc, which, in the other cases, are exceptions to this rule, in the dative ​similar, take two forms : viz- s& %.- O r ^55c o . ef>ex>!0 or <H)>iwo. ^ 6 m <v> The plural however has no change of this kind.
In the inferior dialect, & is substituted for $ in all the singular cases of 166 this declension, except the accusative, which is made to terminate in Hk instead of $ ; thus, nom. sing, ^x> c5& } inflexion sing. e$2$& d a t. s j n g. 5"s5cx> ~~tS 4 ^s accus. sing. e^S&^rl!^ &c. but these forms are never to be found in correct writings.
EXCEPTIONS.
Some word- 1 , of this declension, form the nominatve and inflexion plural, by 167 changing the final C & of the nominative singular into o and o . or into >"^ ar.d c ^, instead of forming them regularly, by changing cu& into ex> o respectively ; thus, Xo&cSso robust man, makes in the nominative plural Xc3*-V?/<?,- 2os" C5sb O7ze man, makes in the nom. plu. fcjsj^^sb,- eSwc-^-o son-in-laic, makes in the nom. plu- ft9o, and this rule applies tu many othei words of the same kind.
SECOND DECLENSION INCLUDING FEMININE OR NEUTER NOUNS, OF MOUE THAN TOW SYLLABLES, IN ^ o5ivD _ "=" SSoO or o So5.
There is a numerous class of neuter words of more than tow syllables ending, in the nominative singular, in ^ &*>, and several in "^ >co and -~*x> : but "^OT^SbD a wife, is almost the only feminine noun of this declension.
The inflexion singular is the same as the nominative singular ; thus, nom. sing, ^oea^oa/wr^e, inflex. sing. ^H^.
The nominative plural is formed either by adding ex> to the nominative singu- 170 lar ; or by changing the termination ^ of the nominative singular into ex), and lengthening the preceding vowel, if not already long; thus, nom. sing. ^oef)S5JxD a horse, nom. plu. /fce>3&>ex> O r /^o^^X) horses- e<9 es w i
The other cases are formed according to the general rules already given. Subjoined is an example of this declension, according to the usual arrangement of six cases, ​48 TELOOGOO GRAMMAR. SIN GULAR. N XSftsSSbo.., ..... a /tore. G /foesisco or /&&9 3oo csfco^, ...of a horse. e*9 66> ee Ace- /^oes^f &c ...................................... ahorse.' ee V. /fcesSsr ........... ................................. o horse. ee * Ab. /foe>3co -tr . & - ........................ iX by, or with a horse. &9 PLURAL. N /^oes^ooex) or /S^ex) ............................ horses. &e> A ee or G. or 6 " } of horses. or 66) 66) or Aoe^i) ........................ ^ h orses, 66) 6> ee bce>?6o &c.") or Acc. ' or } horses. V- 7^oeso5ooo~ o u or AD ef> <y rT) o ' .....o horses. 6S 66) i >, by, p c Ab. or )> .............., ...... in, by, or ivith horses. . er 6 - 6>
All nouns in this declension, besides the dative singular as given above, may also form that case by changing S$DO of the nominative into $, lengthening the preceding vowel, if not already long, and affixing the postposition? instead of &; thus, nom. sing, /^o^^o a horse, dative sing. /fo&9S5i>D?5o O r fc~& nom. sing. 00x3"^ a bribe, dative sing. e.)o^S"S^o?5So or
The postposition $ added to the singular inflexion of nouns ending in *o denoting inanimate things, is either affixed in the regular manner to inflexions of this declension, or the sSoo of the inflexion is changed into fS, and the preceding vowel, if not already long, is lengthened; thus IT^JS^MrS or in paper. ​ The nominative singular of nouns in this declension is often, in books, found 174 changed, from xx>, to %^ or o ; thus, nom. sing, ^ows^x) a horse, is often found written AoeaS&o^ O r ^b *~> O2X> - This rule, however, does not apply to nouns which have the long vowel * preceding the final &*> ; TfcpnHRjfci a wife, can never become "*3"^ T>S ^ or "^oTpoew.
In the inferior dialect, all the singular cases in this declension, (except the 175 accusative), ending in &>, constantly change that termination into o ; thus, in conversation we frequently hear ^^ gmrrum used for KoegSSbo gmrrumco ; but this practice is contrary to the genius of the language, which requires all words to terminate with a vowel.
The accusative, in the inferior dialect, is formed by changing &> of the nominative singular into >X and lengthening the preceding vowel, if not already long ; thus, nom. sing. ^o|g 3oo a horse, ace. sing. ^||*^ nom. sing. fc>o 5^o$bo a bribe, ace. sing. >o"Tir > N .
The following, with all other neuter or feminine nouns, of mor than two syllables, ending in ^x>, "" S5x> ? O r ~~s5bo, are declined like the chin, a beard. sale, a wife. V a dispute. lime, chalk. a key. the lock of a door. lead. an i ron style. raw r i ee beauty. && M yaw. .a fight, a battle. .tin. .residence. ..an elephant's. trunk. ..an accusation. .a crime. .a wager. .a bridle. S&o ​50 TELOOGOO GRAMMAR.
THIRD DECLENSION.
This declension includes all other regular nouns, of every gender, not com- prized in the two foregoing declensions ; it comprizes, therefore, all regular neuters in &>, all regular nouns in S5w O f two syllables only, or of more than two syllables when the 5&> is not preceded by *" "= or ; in short, it com- prizes every regular noun whether masculine, feminine, or neuter, provided it be not a masculine in c &o, or a feminine or neuter, of more than two sylla- bles, in ^sSx), ~= 5&> or S&>-
The inflexion singular is always the same as ths nominative singular ; thus, nom. sing. ><g a child, inflex. sing. 03*. nom. sing. ^_ a knife or sword, inflex. sing. $ &.
The nominative plural of nouns of this declension is formed by adding ex> to the nominative singular, except to those ending in short s which change the final 9 into *o ex> as, nom. sing. )8* a child, nom. plu. C)^ex> children ; CJ (j^ ^g but as the noun "_Q a knife or sword, ends in 9 , it makes 3" e&gx) swords, in the nominative plural, never ST^exj*
The following is an example of this declension, declined according to the usual arrangement of six cases. SINGULAR. N. a child. G. or Acc. V. Ab. &c o child. N. G. 1). PLURAL. children. or >|e)C&30' of children. , .....to children. Acc. OSSoix> &c .children- V- SsSera^r , ....o children. (A* Ab. ' ​Page:A grammar of the Teloogoo language.djvu/117 ​52 TELOOUOO GRAMMAR. an ass. Do"S a large metal pot. a window, a creeping plant. S3 13 a small village. a spear, or pike. a box, a chest, a table. Sp the body-
IRREGULAR PLURALS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
Many nouns ending in &, ^, ^, |?, <&, or &, which are regular both in the singular and plural, frequently drop the <> of the penultimate syllable in the plural number: thus, ^Sft &3 a person of the Comtee cast, makes the nom. plu. S^SfckweX) or ir'afo^; and if a double consonant precede the "b thus dropped, it is reduced to a single consonant in the nominative plural ; thus, "^ ^ a tree, "S^ex) or "^^f trees, wj? a bottle, nom. plu. ax>gbex> O r ^Jo bottles. ^o<2& an eqq, nom. plu. fto5bex> or ^o&> eqqs &c IAS 6s> ro V9
Some nouns in & or 2&, regular in both numbers, forn> also an irregular plural, by changing the & or #o of the nominative singular into & ; thus, nom. sing. fr>& powder, regular nom. plu. c^Sfcex), irregular nom. i Arti j^C** plu. s^^y. A Or>
All nouns in this declension ending in <a or <>&,, which have the letter C or o immediately preceding these terminations, besides the regular plural, may have two irregular forms, viz. by changing the & or ^ of the nominative singular into either <*&> or w - } thus, nora. sing. fc)OGc a carriage, nom. plu. ajoSfcex), irregular nom. plu. 8>oJfo or a)oyo. fir fv>
Many nouns having the termination of the nominative singular in ^ or ?^, in addition to the regular plural, form an irregular one in the manner mentioned in rule 184 ; thus, ~*>x>'& & an alligator ,makes in the nom. plu. either "S>^ ex>ex> or "sfco^W but nouns of two short syllables ending in or ex) have the regular plural only, e)) a tiqer, makes ^)ex>ex> tiqers, never ^)&. C*i /' v * */ **^ Or)
The noun "*> o<*sO marriage, makes in the nom. plu. "H>o<Xs02&, or "^oJOwOvJ or ~^)O<soc!s>?sX) marriages*
Some nouns, having the nominative singular in &>, change that syllable in the nom. plu. into C&ew . thus, "?& a tank, nora, plu. ^;coex> ; others ​change the & into C^oeX) ; thus, ^ ^ JAe wawie o/ a tree, nom. plu. ?v c?6ew ; others change the <& into o) in the nom. plu. as, W T >?&> jfoA, nom. plu. Xr*ex> fishes, and others have the regular plural by adding W to the nom. sing. thus, ~&>(fo the body, nom. plu. ~&>r&e>3 bodies, 1TV& ^ e tcaisf, nom. plu. IPj&eX) waists.
The noun ~ooo n^rfa makes the nom. plu. $ p -*>, and the noun 3q) a cow, makes in the norn- plu. either 3q5)ex3 O r 55ew.
IRREGULAR "SJSTCS&O NOUNS-
As it is hardly possible to form any general rules for the declension of the 190 irregular "w^f CS$M nouns : a list of most of them is subjoined, shewing the nominative singular, the inflexion singular, and the nominative plural of each. Except in the formation of these cases, the whole follow the general rules for declension laid down in rule 143 &c.
Most of the following nouns change the last syllable of the nominative sin- 191 gular into & O r C3 to form the inflexion singular, and into o2fc or &o to form the nominative plural, some of them also form the nominative plural, in the regular manner by adding *> to the nominative singular.
Nom. sing. Inflex- sing. Nom. plu. / Waler boiled >f r ^e purposed ^ & ZZ&vo or (^ of dressing nee fyc. . ....... J f Any thing placed under a | ) 1 ' ou J, ld vessel to P revent ifs Vo^^S oc&5b^o or falling, such as a straw I ( rope 8fc. ... , ....... . ...... ) Theforehead. ........... >C&>^ c^?^5bex) or The mouth ............. ~&rt>3 "^b-D5bex> or The west. .... ..... . . . S5c35b&3 SSSiS&esex) A river .............. &&3 ^asoew or C A plain, an open field, an~ _ ^ ew J empty space of ground, an >J/^ ^e3oex) or {^esplanade, the outside. ..) 00^8 The palate or throat* . . . o^^S fc?o?sewo or ​Page:A grammar of the Teloogoo language.djvu/120 ​Page:A grammar of the Teloogoo language.djvu/121 ​Page:A grammar of the Teloogoo language.djvu/122 ​Page:A grammar of the Teloogoo language.djvu/123 ​Page:A grammar of the Teloogoo language.djvu/124 ​Page:A grammar of the Teloogoo language.djvu/125 ​ when it denotes the liquor extracted from the Cocoanut, Palmyra, or Date tree, is a regular noun of the 3d. declension ; but when it denotes a stone,ii becomes in the sing, inflex. ^o&3 , and in the nom. plu. SoflSo*
measure is used only in composition with other nouns, and in the inflexion becomes <^C3 ; thus, <^c2& compounded with ^ytf a fathom, makes the nominative singular "sP~3C(5&> the measure of a fathom, a fathom's length, and the inflexion singular "23~~C&3.
Most of the irregular llsf^sScx) nouns, which have the inflexion different from the nominative singular, by changing the final vowel of that inflexion into *% form, in a manner peculiar to themselves, an inflected local or instrumental ablative ; they have also the regular form by the addition of the post-positions er* - T&# &c. thus, inflexion S'o&S the eye, inflected ablative S'ok), regular ablative S'o^-er^. -to^ &c. in or ly, the eye ; and many of these iflected ablatives are used as adverbs or postpositions ; thus from the inflexion ]J3 $ comes |^k> in a plain or outside; from lto>>63, ~5ook> in the beginning, or at, first, from er^sSD, cr^Soo in the inside, or inside.
The student will find it of great advantage to commit to memory the following list of nouns, denoting the several degrees of consanguinity and affinity, peculiar to the people of Telingana.
.. ............ a father ............... astep mother i^i a father's elder brother- his wife ....... ......... ~^Jf also a mother's elder sister. i^ i a father's younger brother his wife ........ ........ i)o5"ef also a mother's young sister. a grand father ........ a grand mother father in law ....... a mother in law a mother's brother ...... his w(fe also a father's sister. ​Page:A grammar of the Teloogoo language.djvu/127 ​addressing the person to whom they refer; in speaking to such relations, the males are called ^dSotf . ejS^cSc - $_ - ^fco, and the females or O c
A native never addresses his wife by name, nor by the term denoting the degree of her affinity to him : but, in speaking to her, makes used of cu o^> and other words, equivalent to our phrases " 1 say, Hear you/' &c. It is considered a great indelicacy, approaching almost to indecency, even to mention the name of one's wife or husband to any person.
Such nouns in the foregoing list, denoting females, as have the nominative singular in ^o, form the singular inflexion by changing that termination to ), and the nom. plu. by changing it to o^ or Oyufc^.
OF NOUNS TERMED &8>>V>3$b:)<DO O R SANSCRIT DERIVATIVES.
All Sanscrit * nouns may be adopted into this language; but they appear in it under a new form, by assuming terminations and cases peculiar to the Teloogoo.
In explaining the derivation of Teloogoo nouns from the Sanscrit, Native ' Grammarians divide all the nouns in the Sanscrit language into two classes, 3&3$rJ&*, t fo superior, an( j e93&r>>ex> the inferior. The o5br>8o<>x> or superior class includes nouns of the masculine gender, and the 5>5SbtiS-e&e>3 or inferior class comprises those of the feminine, arid neuter gender, as defined in rule 14 J.
The Sanscrit derivative is formed from the crude Sanscrit noun, and crude nouns, in the S anscrit language, generally terminate in the vowels v * s 5 ^ e) or m the consonants -S"2Tef~<"(^"?"fr^~So5 IT <f" Ix T S?T>
If the crude Sanscrit noun becomes a nominative singular in Teloogoo by affixing the termination C^b, it is declined like the nouns of the first regular ~'S& declension. If, in order to form the nominative singular, it assumes the Teloogoo affix S&x>, jj follows the rules for the second regular ~zS3fC35ba declension; and if it is modified in any other manner,'or is not changed at all, it
The rules respecting Sanscrit derivatives and corruptions apply to adjectives, as well as to substantives, borrowed from that language. ​is declined like the nouns of the third regular iS^TCsSbo declension. It will suffice, therefore, to shew how the nominative singular in Teloogoo is formed from the crude Sanscrit noun; for, when that is known, this general rule will guide the student in declining it.
OF CRUDE SANSCRIT NOUNS ENDING IN VOWEL9.
1st OF THOSE IN ^
Crude Sanscrit nouns ending in short v form the nominative singular, in Teloogoo, by changing that termination into ^c <JSc, if they be of the superior class, and by merely affixing 35^ if they be of the inferior class; thus, in the 3fc sS~>e&>ex> or superior class, The God Rama makes the nom. sing, in Teloogoo & the sun literally light-maker do 3" the f moon literally snow-rayed do & Sec. are declined precisely in the same manner as ^sSco^CuSb Sec. see rule 164; and, as all Sanscrit derivatives ending in 0*0 nave the vowel N> preceding c2gb of the nominative singular, every noun of this description takes the two forms explained in rule 165.
thus, also in the C93&r o j&ex> inferior class. a garden, a forest makes the nom. sing, in Teloogoo a mountain do do a dwelling do.. . do an elephant do do sin.. do do a lotus do- do &e. are declined exactly in the same manner as . see rule 1 72. EXCEPTIONS. The noun %H&> a friend, together with words used in composition to 210 i ) -/ w imply eminence, as coo,,^ a lion * T *SrP*; a tiger &c. are considered included t The sun and moon are included in the oSboJ^e^beX) or superior class, because they are t;onsiiiered, or ai least personified, by the Hindoos, &s male divinities. ​both in the superior and the inferior classes. Thus, we msy say either or &>&j Z$x> af fiend, ^)5b5$v^>o^=^ O r ^Sbsl&otfrwiJfc a man-lion, a noble person, <)&>5x-rog^>^ S$x> or "<^5b&~^Cy^x>oycb a man-tiger, a fierce person.
The noun 5S# offspring makes WSSe^sSbo, never WSSSbec&b, and the word atfra denoting, either a house, or a protector, refuge &c- when it has the latter meaning, takes in Teloogoo three forms, $ tfrsSJco or $> &FW or'S'^rax 2&; but, when it means a house, it has the first form only.
The nouns c*5crcc an experienced person, and &n>e a messenger, a spy, included in the or3)OO O r superior class, together with all nouns of the female gender, and the words ^^ a kind of holy grass, usually named durbjia, a woman's garment, rOfO a sivan, se> the Indian nightingale, -XQ& or 8j a history, $j*$$ delirium^ confusion, 9*per*>& desire, S^o^rs exaggeration, or enlargement, sooc ttw earthen pot, with some other nouns of the 9xOo&" D <3oex> or inferior class, do not affix the terminations mentioned in the above rules, but, remaining unchanged, are declined according to the rules for the third regular ^^ C^o declension.
2d OF THOSE IN 9
Crude Sanscrit nouns of all genders ending in short 9 , when brought into Teloo[oo, do not undergo any change ; and, therefore are all declined like S nouns in , of the 3d. declension. The God Vishnoo makes the nom. sing, in Teloogoo Sr8 Mind ,....do , ; ....<fo 55b^ A precious stone.., .do do.. S&ro
3d OF THOSE IN O
Crude Sanscrit nouns^in short ^ when adopted into Teloogoo, either undergo no change, or they form the nominative singular by affixing either & or' C b if they be included in the S5b^5oex) or superior class, but $b only if they be of the Wofo^^W or inferior class; thus, in the 5&3S-j&w or superior class, ​Page:A grammar of the Teloogoo language.djvu/131 ​ No other crude Sanscrit nouns ending in 3_ or """ are ever found in Teloogoo works. It is, therefore, unnecessary to lay down any rules respecting them.
6th OF THOSE ENDING IN LONG VOWELS.
Except monosyllables, all crude Sanscrit nouns ending in the long vowels 5 or vr^ w hen adopted into Teloogoo, change these long terminations into the corresponding short vowels, * * and >
All nouns ending in long vowels, thus converted to short vowels, are considered as originally terminating in these short vowels ; and, accordingly, form the nominative singular in Teloogoo, agreeably to the rules already given for crude Sanscrit nouns ending in short ^ 9 or o respectively.
EXAMPLES.
The protector of the world, being changed into S^ 5 , makes the [nom. sing, in Teloogoo S>3f$)cfe 8ee 209. , being changed ) Z^c&>'$> or do 8 do sgo^cSb se e 4. ( the wife of Vishnoo, being feminine,
( is merely shortened into ......... ) Suruswuttee ...... 1 , j _,_ . _cj >do . . do-- -rrefvS 866 213. the goddess of learning, j f a woman, makes the nom. ^ <>r^ ' or SdSo*) see 214. . 1 ^^ . . . >..... ,so I sing, m Teloogoo either, f
క్ష్మా the earth, ^~*j an eye brow,._g a woman &c. being monosyllables, never shorten the last vowel ; when adopted into Teloogoo, they remain the same as in Sanscrit, and are declined like the nouns of the 3d. regular o3fcs5i declension.
OF CRUDE SANSCRIT NOUNS ENDING IN CONSONANTS.
Crude Sanscrit nouns ending in the consonants ^ ~ 5" ^" ^T $ f and
శ్
దృశ్ an eye, &దిశ్ a side, or quarter, make దృక్కు and దృశ, or దిక్కు and దిశ.
ష్
రుష్ anger, & త్విష్ splendour, make రుట్టు and రుష or త్విట్టు and త్విష.
221 Crude Sanscrit nouns ending in త్ change it to త్తు, to form the nominative singular in Teloogoo; thus, వియత్ the sky, విద్యుత్ lightning, మరుత్ wind, గరుత్ a feather, &c. make వియత్తు - విద్యుత్తు - మరుత్తు - గరుత్తు which are, of course, declined according to the rules for the 3rd. declension.
EXCEPTIONS.
222 The nouns ^XSS'cS the Deity, and o5"r&5&~cS Ifunooman, have respectively the following irregular forms. </<e universe makes &Xe& or a village or country makes ^^^ or
223 Crude Sanscrit nouns in %~ drop the final consonant, and then form the no- minative singular in Teloogoo according to the rules for crude Sanscrit nouns ending in the particular vowel with which they terminate.
EXAMPLE.
the sun by dropping f~ is changed to ^PtfCSfc and then- becomes in [Teloogoo Wtfgsfcac&b see 209. gold . . . . do .... do ... ^rSfc ...... do . . . do "ir^S&S&o see 209. an elephant .... do . . . 6 ............ do ... do S'Q see 213- ( the trident bearer A ^ fa^ ..... do ^^ (
EXCEPTIONS.
the sou/, the supreme being, becomes in Teloogoo &&> C&> or or a king ..... ............. do f when denoting Brumha, one of the ~-l attributes of the divinity, personified in J- do ... v*}'& l,the Indian Trinity, becomes ......... J ' when denoting the supreme being himself, becomes either or ​ Nouns ending in 3&I~ have also an irregular form.
EXAMPLE
or o are rarely adopted into the 224 lightness, smallness, makes
Crude Sanscrit nouns ending in IT Teloogoo.
Crude Sanscrit nouns terminating with S" form the nominative singular in Teloogoo, either by affixing <&> or ^ ; or, after dropping the final consonant, by following the rules for crude Sanscrit nouns ending in the particular vowel with which they terminate. Masculine nouns in ^ T admit of a fourth form, by assuming ^oCi^b without dropping the final 5 . Masculine.
EXAMPLES.
makes in Teloogoo if a? 5 c&> or r ~ & c &b anchorite. Feminine. do. do. . or O r Nettfer. .... do. .. . . do- . do. . . . . do. . . .... do. . . . . do. . . . . . . do. . . . do. . . do- ... ... do. ... do.... ... do.... ' do. ... ... do.... do. ... ... do.... fr;. .... do. . ..do.... [a female resplendent as gold. the mind* the breast. the breast. penance. darkness. eriod of life.
EXCEPTIONS.
s3r.S)p> a sacrificial fire-offering, 226 a giant, o the mind, 5Sb^-^ /u^re, tf5~ a /a/te, 650^-^ n, water, <if>o$V- water, ^5A'^ transgression, and a few others, affix onl the sllable & as- 3o&o - e>3fcio & c . ​70 TELOOOOO GRAMMAR.
When the noun ^cSfcfT signifies a bird it makes SScS&tty, but when it signifies the total period of life, or youth, or age, &c it makes either, S$<3&&> or tf cOo&y - e;S)tf " a nymph, makes ^>%)S3, or ^jtfioo) ; ~^#S~, the Creator, Brumha, makes ^#.
OF NOUNS TERMED $>S^5$X>eW QR CORRUPTIONS OF THE SANSCRIT.
227 Besides the regular Sanscrit derivatives, there is in Teloogoo a class of worda named &&&x>?x> t or corruptions of the Sanscrit. These are formed from the crude Sanscrit noun by the substitution of one letter for another; by the elision, the insertion, or addition of letters ; by subverting the order of the letters, or by doubling some of them. After these changes in the original letters of the crude Sanscrit noun, some of the Sanscrit corruptions affix Teloogoo terminations, in the same manner as the Sanscrit derivatives, and others take no affixes. In either case, the rules already given for the declension of the ~ C3$ nouns apply equally to the >sS. It will, therefore, be sufficient to submit a few explanations respecting the manner in which the nominative singular is formed from the crude Sanscrit noun ; at the same time, these, from the nature of the subject, must be necessarily very undeterminate.
OF THE CORRUPTION OF THE VOWELS IN CRUDE, SANSCRIT NOUNS.
228 If the first syllable, in the original crude noun terminate in the vowels 9 or N>, these vowels are often, in Teloogoo, changed to "*' or cv *. thus ; &T a quarter of the world, makes ~3S . JDS' 600 a pungent taste, makes "SX^oo . &> SStf an astringent taste, makes &*$.
229 If the first syllable in the original crude noun end with "S or these letters are respectively changed to ~" and
EXAMPLES.
SCfS? ............... sorrow ............... makes $> ............. -...pain ...... ............ do ................. ~ expenditure ..... . ...do ................. liberality ............. do ................ .justice, propriety... .do ......... *... . . ........... do ............... ​OF SUBSTANTIVES. 71
The same rule applies to * C or og terminating a syllable in the middle or end of the original crude noun, provided the preceding syllable be short ; in this case, however, the consonant preceding *" or -< is doubled ; thus. ...... learning, art ........................ makes ...... 'C ...... ayoung girl ........ * .. .......... do S ...difference ............................. do
v terminating the first syllable in the original crude noun, are 231 changed to ^ or v*; thus, fever .............................. makes the sound of the voice, a note ............. do a sound ........................ . ..... do .S f ^e 12/A day of the increase or decrease of the moon do. . . &%
The vowel ^ in the original crude noun is sometimes changed to ? , "*, 232 . or 8 ; thus, . beauty .......................... makes a beast ........................ do .Thursday .......... ......... do ...... a star ......................... do ......... 8^
THE CORRUPTION OF CONSONANTS IN CRUDE SANSCRIT NOUNS.
The consonants $ , o y are often changed to ^" ; thus, 233 .......... theplanet Venus ............. .makes ^ ....... sugar ......................... do .......... a plate made of bell metal .......... do .........
The consonants -S" , 1^, and S, in the original Sanscrit, are frequently 234 changed in Teloogoo to 5" ; as, > a cash (the coin so named) '. ........ makes an elephant hook .................. do danger, deceit ....................... do ..language.,, . . . ............ '...do ​72 TELOOGOO GRAMMAR.
235 *&~ is somtimes changed to 5" ; as, the day omchich the moon is full.. .makes ...... q disposition, quality .......... . ..... do . ... .
236 cSo, at the commencement of nouns, is frequently changed, in Teloogoo, 'to """ as , as, cSSo55b ... ... Yama, the God of death * ........... makes ...... cScr$5d ..... fAree English hours ................ do .......
237 S preceded by another syllable, is changed in Teloogoo to "?^Nor |_ ; thus. 5<&. ......... a serfe ..................... makes ...... 5 ?f lac ......................... do ....... _ a /efter or charactor .......... do ....... -Sf>-?f do . .... . rule, definition ................. do ..
238 "tj. preceded by the vowel ^, is. generally changed to ^^ ; and preceded by , to 5 ; thus, cCo K ......... a sacrifice .................. makes ...... a?5^3&o .... the sacerdotal thread .......... do ....... a command, order, or adjuration. . .do ._o command, permission ............ do ...... but it is sometimes changed to 89 ; thus, 15^ ^ a Queen, makes a^-
239 &" is changed in X. . ...... ... makes ....... a crane. ...... ..... . ...... do
240 The consonants of each vurga are interchangeable.
EXAMPLES.
a face ................ makes . . colour ................ . . do a seat ...... .... ........ do ............ a J7iwdc>o Aowr ......... .do ............ a forest ................ do . ........... a history, a story. . . ...... do ........ .... the mind ................ do a line^ . - .......... do beetle nut . . do, , ​OF SUBSTANTIVES. 73
The consonants 5 ^J~ fx ^ or So, when connected wilh other consonants without the intervention of a vowel, are generally dropped, and the consonant with which they may be connected is sometimes doubled ; thus,
o$ otf:ro3 ...... a journey .............. . .......... makes . ...a mark ......................... do f & ............. .a cow-house ........................ do ej ....... ........ fire ................................. do ....... ...... .......... a piece of money ..... . ............ do ......... '*
Some of the changes among the ^^ &x> nouns are so little obvious, that the reader may occasionally be inclined to doubt the existence of any connexion between the adulterated word and that stated to be it's original. Great deference, however, is due by a foreigner to the concurrent testimoney of native authors . on this head ; and when it is considered that most of the &S5s$3o words have, in all probability, passed into Teioogoo, through the medium of the Pracrit, or other corrupt dialects of the Sanscrit, and have been naturalized in it for ages, the little resemblance now to be found between some of the original words, and their corruptions, ought not, alone, to invalidate the established etyTnologies of successive Grammarians.
OF NOUNS TERMED W^g 65^'S^O OR FOREIGN.
In treating of the declension of the ^^iSSfCSSco - &^bs&o an d <> 55"s$x> nouns, the peculiarities of the (^v^sC35bo O r common dialect, have been duly pointed out. It remains, therefore, only to offer a few observations respecting foreign nouns.
The great facility with which the Teioogoo adopts arid naturalizes foreign terms, must already have attracted the notice of the Student. The intercourse of the people of Telingana with the neighbouring provinces, has led to the introduction of a few terms from the Orissa, the Mahratta, the Guzerat, the Canarese or Carnataca, and the Dravida or Tamil : but, except from the Tamil and Canarese, with which the Teioogoo is radically connected, it has not bor- rowed extensively from any of these languagps. Since the Mahomnicdan con​74 TELOOGOO GRAMMAR.
quest of the Deccan, numerous technical revenue terms, and words connected with official business, derived from the Arabic, Persian, or Hindee, have been introduced into Teloogoo, through the medium of the Hindoostanee; but the use of many such words begins now to be superseded by that of corresponding English terms.
244 Nouns of foreign derivation are subject to the same rules as the nouns of the third declension; thus, the Hindoostanee words.
s'ax>3b news. (OoJ->oo a question. | , ... a treasury. ^^ an answer. a country, a district- arrangement, settlement. " ^ ^ a number. - ... a visit. a disturbance, an intrigue. 2 . ..... trouble, annoyance. Co .... the chief town in a district. J-C& ( a carriage of any kind, a ' ' palankeen fyc. c a petition and the English words. ink. a pen. <xg~^ex) a pencil. i , a decree. a summons fyc. are declined like &* a child. fo
4th. OF THE DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVE PRONOUNS.
245 The rules of politeness among the Hindoos, although very different from those in use among European nations, are so firmly established, and so scru- pulously observed by the people, that the least deviation from the proper mode of address should be studiously avoided. Particular attention is therefore necessary to the correct use of the Teloogoo pronouns.
246 All the pronouns belong to that division of the Teloogoo termed "3Sf03&> or language of the land.
247 There are no relative pronouns in Teloogoo: the idiom of the language renders the use of them superfluous ; as will be fully explained hereafter. The substantive pronouns have two numbers ; the singular, and the plural.
248 The speaker, and the person addressed, being present, their sex is supposed to be obvious: the distinction of gender is therefore confined to the pronouns of ​OF SUBSTANTIVE PRONOUNS.
the third person, in treating of which, we shall explain the peculiar manner in which it is marked.
The substantive pronouns, like the substantive nouns, may be said to have properly only three cases; viz. the nominative, the inflexion, and the accusative ; but they are here declined according to the arrangement adopted in the declension of the nouns. The vocative case is wanting in all the Teloogoo pronouns.
The genitive or possessive case, without "c5fco^_,is likewise the inflexion, which, with the addition of the postpositions, forms the different compound , cases. The inflexions of the pronouns are of course included in the class termed "sfeA) kululoo, while the accusative cases belong to the (&> S$&j^^&>vddroo~ tuprukrmtoolco ; but, in addition to this general distinction, it will be observed, that the pronouns of the two first persons have the inflexion entirely different from the accusative.
THE PRONOUN OF THE FIRST PERSON.
251 N G D Ace. . Singular. .of me to me or me Plural. We ........... of us J S5cn>o .............................. to us or us n us. Ab "ST" -er* . --co .&* i n e . me
Men of rank, speaking of themselves, generally use the plural ~&>S&o We, 252 for the singular ~j;& / : indeed, arrogance often induces inferior natives to apply the plural to themselves ; but this is understood to be very improper when they address a superior. The Ratsawars and Velrnawars in the Northern Circars, a bold warlike race of men, scarcely ever deign to speak of themselves in the singular number ; even to a Bramin, their acknowledged superior in cast.
In the superior dialect, <*><& and oi^bo are sometimes used for &> and Singular. N . . D-. . feSo Ace. . .>&> or
THE PRONOUN OF THE SECOND PERSON.
Plural. if*. -_ VL . . thou . . of thee . >to thee . . thee -in Sec. thee 253 254 you - &j-cs&>=5' of you or 4 to you . you
in you ​ 255 Although both the singular and plural inflexions of this pronoun end in s , they take, in the dative cases, & instead of i, in opposition to the general rules 132 - 146 & 153.
256 Addressing inferiors, or conversing familiarly with equals, >q) thou, the nominative singular of this pronoun, may be used ; but, when we speak to superiors, or even to equals or inferiors, with any degree of kindness or respect, the plual S>r5b you, is the only proper term of address. To be called &q) thou, bj a person decidedly his inferior, is an insult not be borne by the most meek Hindoo, he will resent it as studied disrespect, couched in the most bitter terms of reproach.
257 When much deference is paid to men of superior ago, rank, or learning, the speaker uses the words IT'S&o or &o&5b they, ~&sS$-zr>& or "^"^ SXs Lord, "Which correspond with the English phrases, Sir, My Lord &c. &c.
258 In the superior dialect "&>$) and -&>5b are sometimes used for&q) and^ 5 ^^)-
259 The pronouns of the first and second persons have their respective plural . numbers, 5kS5x> and SXr&>, as given above, corresponding precisely with our words we and you* But the first of these two pronouns in Teloogoo has likewise another plural, applying to both persons jointly, which, from the want of a corresponding term in English, we are obliged also to translate we. This plural is declined as follows.
N Sfotfaoo we G sfotf ,. 5&>csko' of us D SfctfSo to us Ace. 5Sbr^e> or 3fo#35boe> ?/.<? Ab SSo?5 . er* - ~3 e t . &* n frc. us
There is a very material difference between ~So35w we, and S&Z>&x> we: iSoSSbo is the plural of the first person only, it refers exclusively to those who speak ; but o&f5&> i s a plural, used by the first person, but applying to the first and second persons conjointly ; it refers exclusively to neither, but includes both those who speak and those who are addressed, each of whom may be either one, or more persons. For example, if two gentlemen, meeting several ​ Bramins, were to enquire who they were, they would not use the joint plural of the first and second persons and answer o$3cS$x>i^j'o3~ c ea3O5x we (who speak and are addressed) are Bramins; for, in that case, they would be under- stood to affirm that the gentlemen also were Bramins. Using the plural of the first person, they would say ~&>S&> 13" .^S^DO^X) we (who speak) are Bra- tnins-
THE PRONOUNS OF THK THIRD PERSON.
The Teloogoo pronouns of the third person may be divided into two classes; the definite, and the indefinite; the first referring to one or more particular defined objects, and the second referring to a number or collection of objects less defined. The first class consists of the demonstratives, and of the interrogative pronoun derived from them. The second class comprizes the collectives, and their interrogative.
The distinction of gender is confined to the pronouns of this person, and the mode in which it is defined in the singular number, is different from the mode in which it is marked in the plural. In the singular, the masculine gender is distinct from the feminine and neuter, which are both represented by the same word. In the plural, the masculine and the feminine are the same, and the neuter is distinct from both. It is of importance that this peculiarity should be strongly impressed on the memory of the Student, for it will be found to pervade the verbs and adjectives, and materially to affect the construction of the language.
DEFINITE PRONOUNS.
DEMONSTRATIVE PROXIMATE.
Singular.
M. F. If N, N. )cob ...>& he, she and it, this. G. & or oD^csko^T _ G$& or oPcsfoolT , t jpf him, her and it, this. D. >>...., &<Q| f hi my h er an d ^ ^^ Ace. >fS , a$ ^ Wj herandit, this. Ab. -> ^^ - 'S3' - p. .0$ . . er*. TS^-tS" . in tyc. him, her and it., this. ​j 8 TELOOGOO GRAMMAR, Plural. M. & F. N. N. &5o .................. q ........................ they, these. G. &8 or fc8Soor_ . ...i^S or &3iaxir_ ..... o/^Aew, these. D. Ace. Ab. 8- -er - - . . .6. - - - **. . .in ^a and ^^ are vulgarly Avritten o^S and QX, jj.
DEMONSTRATIVE REMOTE.
Singular.
M. F 5r N. N. *rcafo .................. a ......... . .Ae, she and it, that. G. -sr? - -snS)^oSl_ . . . TS^ --^^^ooj_ . . . O fhim, her and it, that. D. -SJ^^I ..................... -25*^3 ............... .. .to him, her and it, that. Ace. "sr ^ ..................... 7?T> ^ .................. him, her and it, that. Ab. -sr^. .er 6 - ^#- ^..TS* ^..er 6 .^^.^ t - n <. Awn, Aer & if, jtf. 4- F. N. N. -s^Sb ..................... & ................ they, those. G. ~^8 - T^8"^>o I' ...-5P> 63 --5T" iS ^o?f_ .o/* ^Ae D. "sr8 .................. "sy^Si ............. to them, those. Ace. TT8^ ................. ^n'^SfD ............ them, those. Ab. -sr8..er- T&&.S*. . thS M C^. < 4Jr.iS ft m -c. them, those.
264 It will be observed that the change of ^ ee to a and of <9 z to & u, in the first syllable of these pronouns, is the only difference between them.
265 Besides the plurals >& and "wSb, these two pronouns, like some of the regular !33fC3& nouns*, occasionally take irregular plurals ; thus, >5b often o becomes ^ C( ^ or bc&>i and "^r5b is changed into "5^c<^> or "S^c ^^. In this case, they make the inflexion plural >C< or &C i^, and "S 3 ^ ^ or and the accusative plural,^ c^ixO O r CCiY^, and" 5 ^^^ 3 or rc ​OF SUBSTANTIVE PRONOUNS. 79
In the common dialect, the accusatives )> and ~ZT*& are respectively written 266 The singular numbers of the foregoing demonstrative pronouns, and their irregular plurals, are never used, except when inferiors or equals are spoken of: when persons of very high rank are the subject of conversation, the plurals s^>5b and Sa>, are used to express the English words he or she. Bat if the speaker alludes to a person only in a trifling degree respected by him, instead of the pronoun 3G2&", he uses ^<&c<&b to denote a male, and -&>C)3 or -^."^ to denote a female ; and instead of the pronoun ~^c &b . tfJ^cSD for the masculine, and tsOSi or ^"^ for the feminine gender ; or if he alludes to a person considerably superior to him, yet not of very high rank, instead of )C<3b he uses denote a male, and "Y^^to denote a female, and instead of "rcb, for the masculine, and ^S~5o for the feminine gender. These pronouns have no plural number, SJ^C^band 9f cb are declined like nouns of the firs.t declension ; thus.
N ............ Wtfcgb ............. . .......... / ie . G ...9#S- ef>&^DO*f . ..of him. TJ" D ............ ef><3' <0 ........................ to him. Ace ......... *3& ........................... him. Ab ......... ^^^...er^ - 1$&- cT 9 ...... in &c. him.
- &$) - -&"!>> and -^"Sa and e5dSocS are declined like nouns of the third declension ; thus,
. N .......... 3o3otf .................. he. G ---- ---- 5d5o?5 . ef dCo^^oo^ . . . of him. and . ........ him. 5 - ly# - (5^ *in |-c. him.
Instead of >&3 and TT43, in the neuter plural of the demonstrative pronouns, 268 we sometimes find & and ^ used in bcoks. ​80 TELOOGOO GRAMMAR.
INTERROGATIVE.
Singular. M. G. I). Ace. Ab. N. G. wh')? which.? of whom 9 which ? C !0 whom ? which ? ...in frc. whom ? which? M. S F. Plural. N. '..who? which? ..... of whom ? which ? to whom? which? whom? which? Ace. 58$ Ab. ^S^9.. e -^
269 Instead of <&&, the word ^3S^ which follows the rules for the first declension, is often used, in the singular, to denote a female.
270 The initial <^ & <^ of the interrogative pronoun is constantly converted, in the common dialect, into 3 & o^ 3 ".
271 In the common dialect, ><3> - -F>%> and c*5oS5 <& are used, in the singular number of the definite pronouns, instead of & 7T and *ti$pi except in the accusative, which is made to terminate in P^ instead of ^.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
272 ' As the pronouns of this class refer to a number of objects, they have no singular, but are all of the plural number.
COLLECTIVES.
M. Sf F. N. N. ^oSeso ........................ ^<0^ ............... so many. G. ^oe . ^o&fcB 3cx>_?f ..Sp^OS . q$.C&'Sx>g_ ... of po many. D. ^oSeBi .......... /. ........ --.^^^5^^ ......... to so many' Ace. S?oeB$ ................. . ...... S?^C^ ......... 50 w W y. Ab. 2?oSe,.<Lr* . ^^ -^..^^C^,,.f^ . ~$L$ . S^...in frc. so many. ​ OF SUBSTANTIVE PRONOUNS. 81
The initial ^ of this pronoun is constantly written ooo, in tho common dialect.
M. % F. - Y N. G. D. ef>oe3 ........... ............... o&^ca ....................... to off. Ace. e>oel ...................... ..<if>^c3 ....................... a//. Ab. Af. * F. ^- . N. ^o&&*> ...................... "."8^.....; .................... a few. G. ^oe3. . r > o^e3^x)' r _ M r > ^c^..r ) ^ci3cSx)^l ofafeio. D. ^025631 ..... ................... Ace. Ab. r^o^^er 6 - -^^ - ^....r^c^S .. er- ^^ . ^ , ^ a few*
INTERROGATIVE.
M. <^ F. N. N. ^o2SftX3 ........... .. .............. cOSK ........................... hoiotnany? G. ^o2SeS..<io2e^oo|l .... <^^&3 ..^S^cfeSSooS' ..ofhowmany? Ace. <o>e<. ......................... tco ...................... ^o w many ? Ab. <^o^e3 .. er* . ^^ . ^ .. . . $&j L C*3er*-l5tf-$'*. . in & AOMJ mawy ?. ^
The initial <>J of this pronoun is, in the common dialect, converted into c3o. 274
None of the foregoing pronouns of the third person can be used more than once in a sentence, with reference to the same person or thing. If I say, ~^c<5& he, "ofr^oQ i , e^* with his father, S^-SV^'^'C^b has come, 1 should not be understood to express that he (the third person) has come with his own father, but that he (the third person) has come with the father of a fourth. If I ask SX<&> Soooo^is^awiyc-a* did he go to his house ? I ask whether he (the third person) went to the house of another, not whether he went to his own house​82 TELOOGOO GRAMMAR.
276 This peculiarity in the use of the pronouns of the third person, has given rise to the reflective pronoun IF'So, which is the same for all genders, and is always used with reference to some nominative of the third person preceding it.
Singular. N '. er'jfc he, she, or it. G li#-lf#9blf:i of him, her, or it. D &?5o t j l i nii ^r, or it. Ace . &&* ortfffc^ him, her, or it. Ab ^....erS-ll^^.. i n fa. him, her, or it. Plural jq 1 15" e 5b or "ST*s5bo O r &S5bSo they. of them. to them. Ace... es$cor &>x>, them. Ab #35b....er* - "tf- S*.... i n S$c. them.
we say ^c&5tf#o.^iT*>-S^-sr>c2& Ae cime with his (own) father. ?5oooo&3l c?T* ( ^ W "^T C C-UJ T) rfirf Ae ^o to /'. (oit'w) house?
277 The pronoun <&?*> commonly written oSoSo, what? is defective: its inflexion is &Rto*>fy or >3, but it is seldom used, except in the nominative or dative case ; thus, nom. sing. iX>, what? dat. sing. oO&Sl, or <6So63, ^ or for what ? why ?
278 The words ^c^-efo^-^o^when standing alone, are not to be considered pronouns, but adverbs, respectively denoting in this place, in that place, and in what place ? but when the postpositions & - er* - "^<& - $& - S'o'eb.^ and a few others, are affixed to them, they are indeclinable pronouns, res- pectively denoting this, that, what ? as ^o2&er* in this, &Q&'$& by that, what? wherefore.?