# Church and State under the Tudors

CHURCH AND STATE
UNDER THE TUDORS
BY
GILBERT W. CHILD, M.A.
EXETER COLLEGE, OXFORD
'Look unto the rock whence ye are hewn, and to the hole of the pit whence ye are digged'—Isaiah li. 1
LONDON LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. AND NEW YORK: 15 EAST 16th STREET 1890
All rights reserved
CONTENTS :
| CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION |||
| | date | page |
| Object of the Book—The Relations between Church and State | — | 1 |
| In Saxon Times | — | 2 |
| Courts, and Law administered by them | — | 3 |
| The Church older than the State—Consequent Foreign Origin of Church Law | — | 4 |
| Norman Conquest | — | 5 |
| Develops still further the Foreign Elements | — | 6 |
| Effect of the Character of the Kings—Rivalry between Church and State | — | 8 |
| Unity of the Western Church until the Reformation | — | 9 |
| Its Independent Position depended on its Unity | — | 10 |
| CHAPTER II INTRODUCTION (continued) Historical Sketch from Henry II. to Henry VIII |||
| Increase of Power of the Church—Four Parties in the State, viz., the King, the Baronage, and the Church, and, subsequently, the People | — | 13 |
| Tendencies to Divisions in the Church—Held in check by the Papal Authority | — | 15 |
| Sources of the Power of the Clergy | — | 16 ​ |
| Ideal of the Papacy | — | 17 |
| Development of its Power | — | 18 |
| The Church in England—the Daughter of the Church of Rome | — | 19 |
| Papal Power in England—Not less than elsewhere, but greater | — | 20 |
| Depression of the Papacy after Boniface VIII.—Anti-papal Legislation of the Plantagenets and subsequent Kings coincident with it | — | 21 |
| Papal Power considerable throughout it—Illustrations of this | — | 22 |
| Reign of Richard II. (Wycliffe) | — | 29 |
| Statute of Præmunire | 1393 | 30 |
| Reign of Henry IV | — | 31 |
| He hangs an Archbishop, and is not censured | 1405 | 32 |
| Council of Pisa | 1409 | 33 |
| Reign of Henry V.—Council of Constance—Election of Martin | 1414 | 34 |
| V.—Revival of the Papacy—Its Effect in England | 1417 | 34 |
| Dean Hook's Theory | — | 36 |
| Church in England Papal throughout | — | 37 |
| The Anti-papal Legislation | — | 38 |
| The Relation of the English Clergy to the Papacy and the Crown respectively | — | 39 |
| The Papal Power in France and elsewhere—Social and Moral Influence of the Clergy | — | 40 |
| CHAPTER III REIGN OF HENRY VIII |||
| Characteristics of the Tudor Times—General Ferment of Ideas | — | 44 |
| Conditions under which Henry VIII.'s Statesmen worked | — | 45 |
| Peculiarities of the Reformation in England—Thomas Cromwell | — | 46 |
| What he learnt from Wolsey | — | 48 |
| His Aims | — | 49 |
| The Præmunire— Its Effect on the Clergy and the Laity respectively | — | 50 |
| Character of Henry VIII. | — | 51 |
| King-worship in the Sixteenth Century | — | 53 |
| Low Moral Standard of the Time | — | 54 |
| Position of the Church at the Accession of Henry VIII. | — | 55 ​ |
| CHAPTER IV REIGN OF HENRY VIII (continued) |||
| Murder of Hun | 1513 | 58 |
| Case argued before the King—Henry's Speech on the Occasion | — | 59 |
| Unpopularity of the Clergy—Henry's Divorce affords the immediate Occasion of the Breach with Rome | — | 60 |
| Primâ facie Henry was right | — | 61 |
| Different Views of the Papal Dispensation | — | 62 |
| Character of Clement VII.—How Henry became a Reformer | — | 63 |
| Rise of the Divorce Question—Parliament | 1529 | 64 |
| Its important Acts—Henry's Proclamation | 1530 | 65 |
| Submission of the Clergy | 1531 | 65 |
| Important Acts—Limiting the Privilege of the Clergy | 1532 | 66 |
| Petition of Convocation against the Annates—Complaint of the Commons against the Clergy | 1532 | 66 |
| Petition of the Clergy against recent Acts—Surrender of Convocation | — | 67 |
| Comments of Chapuys on the Work of the Session | — | 68 |
| Bishop Stubbs's account of the Mediaeval Theory of Church and State | — | 69 |
| Henry, Pope of England—Protest and Death of Archbishop Warham—Parliament not always submissive | — | 70 |
| Statute of AppealsApril 5th, | 1533 | 71 |
| Convocation pronounces Katherine's Marriage null | — | 71 |
| Coronation of Anne Boleyn, June 1st—Date of her Marriage | — | 72 |
| Act for the Submission of the Clergy—Act against Payment of Annates—Act against Payment of Peter's Pence, &c.—The Supremacy Act | 1534 | 73 |
| Convocation Petitions for a Translation of Scripture—The Archbishop changes his Title | — | 74 |
| Act for the Oath to the Succession—Attainder of Fisher and More—Act of Supremacy | — | 75 |
| Made Henry Pope | — | 77 |
| Cromwell becomes Vicegerent—Fisher and More beheaded—Paul III. excommunicates Henry—First Visitation of the Monasteries | 1535 | 78 |
| Act for Review of Ecclesiastical Laws—Act for Dissolving Smaller Religious Houses—Dissolution of Parliament of 1529—New Parliament and Convocation—Fall of Anne Boleyn | — | 78 ​ |
| Cromwell takes his seat as Vicar-General | 1536 | 79 |
| First Articles of Religion—Parliament dissolved | — | 80 |
| Cromwell's Injunctions | — | 80 |
| Act of Proclamations—Act for making Bishops by Letters Patent—Dissolution of the Abbeys—Act of Six Articles | 1539 | 80 |
| History of this Act | — | 81 |
| The Part taken in it by Convocation | — | 83 |
| Bonner takes out a Commission from the King | — | 84 |
| Act for the Dissolution of the Marriage with Ann of Cleves—Act concerning Christ's Religion—Execution of Cromwell—Henry marries Catherine Howard | 1540 | 85 |
| Proclamation for a Bible in every Church | 1541 | 86 |
| Omission of the Pope's Name from Service-Books—Attainder of Catherine Howard and Lady Rochford | 1541 | 86 |
| Bill for Bishops' Chancellors to marry—History of this Measure | — | 87 |
| Publication of the King's Book—Reformation of Service-Books—An Act for the Advancement of True Religion | 1543 | 88 |
| Modification of the Six Articles—Act for Review of Ecclesiastical Laws renewed—Publication of the King's Primer— Heresy Act disappears in the Commons (Note) | 1544 1545 — | 88 89 90 |
| Colleges and Chantries, &c., delivered up to the King—Married Doctors of Law (Chancellors) to exercise Jurisdiction—Attainder of Duke of Norfolk and Lord Surrey—Death of Henry VIII | — | 90 |
| CHAPTER V REIGN OF HENRY VIII.— SUMMARY |||
| Separation from Rome complete in Henry's Reign—The Five Acts which accomplished it | — | 91 |
| Paul III.'s Excommunication completes it on the opposite side—Changes in Doctrine and Ritual slight, but not non-existent—Not such as to satisfy the Protestants | — | 92 |
| Church in England entirely revolutionised—Henry's Anglican via media—Marillac's Estimate of the Result | — | 93 |
| Judgment of it by the Roman and Protestant Parties | — | 94 |
| Value of these Judgments—Archbishop Bramhall's Judgment | — | 95 |
| Small Share of Convocation in Henry's Legislation | — | 96 |
| It disclaims all Share in it up to 1532 inclusive—Its Share in the Legislation of 1534 | — | 96 ​ |
| Subsequently presided over by Cromwell, and entirely helpless | — | 98 |
| The Reasons of this | — | 100 |
| The Clergy had many Enemies—Their only Ally was the Pope—He was worse than none—Character of Clement VII.—Complete Subservience of Convocation | — | 101 |
| CHAPTER VI REIGN OF EDWARD VI |||
| Cromwell's System of Government—Depended upon a constant Alliance between King and Parliament | — | 103 |
| Henry himself felt this on certain Occasions—But least in the Government of the Church||style="text-align:center;"|—||style="text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;"|105 |
| Condition of Parties at Henry's Death | — | 105 |
| The Fall of the Howards—Left the Reactionary Party without Leaders | — | 107 |
| Moderate Man helpless in Revolutionary Times | — | 108 |
| Importance of Religious Questions throughout Europe—Lord Hertford and Sir William Paget overcome the Reactionary Party—Identification of the Progressive Party with the Protestants||style="text-align:center;"|—||style="text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;"|109 |
| Reaction of the last Years of Henry's Reign had embittered both Parties | — | 110 |
| Bishops take out Commissions—Issue of Edward VI.'s Injunctions and of the Book of Homilies—A Royal Visitation announced—Bonner and Gardiner sent to the Fleet | 1547 | 111 |
| Meeting of Parliament (November)—Revolutionary Measures—Repeal of the Act of Proclamations | — | 112 |
| Convocation—Its Petitions—Issue of the first English Prayer Book—Its Significance | 1549 | 114 |
| Different Views of the Intentions of those who issued it | — | 116 |
| Progress of Protestant Opinions—Authors of the two Prayer Books the same | — | 117 |
| Question of Cranmer's Sincerity—Rapid Progress of Opinions during Revolutionary Times—Gardiner an Instance | — | 118 |
| Change of Opinions not necessarily Knavery | — | 119 |
| Rebellions in Yorkshire, Devonshire, and Norfolk—Misgovernment of the Council | — | 120 |
| Fall of Somerset—The Protestant Faction still remains in power | — | 121 ​ |
| Publication of the Ordinal—Bishop Heath sent to the Fleet—Bishopric of Westminster dissolved—Ridley made Bishop of London | 1550 | 122 |
| Hooper's Contention about the Vestments—Reasonableness of Bucer and Peter Martyr—Establishment of John a Lasco's Congregation in London —Publication of Ridley's Injunctions—Deprivation of Gardiner, Heath, and Day | 1551 | 123 |
| Robbery of the Bishop's Lands and continued Misgovernment of the Council—General Distress and Discontent—Change of Religion not the Principal Cause | — | 124 |
| Execution of the Duke of Somerset—Preparation of the Forty-two Articles—Revision of the Prayer Book | — | 125 |
| Dispute as to the Authority of the latter—Change of Doctrine in it | — | 126 |
| The Homilies and the Reformatio legum ecclesiasticarum—Northumberland's Conspiracy to change the Succession | — | 127 |
| Edward himself enters into it—Cranmer's Conduct in the matter | — | 128 |
| Changes in the Position of the Church in Edward's Reign—In its relation to the State far less than in Henry's—Greater Independence of Parliament | — | 130 |
| Great Changes in Ritual—Doctrinal Changes greater in Fact, but not in Principle, than under Henry | — | 131 |
| Popular Effect of Changes in Ritual greater than of any other | — | 132 |
| CHAPTER VII REIGN OF MARY |||
| Collapse of Northumberland's Conspiracy—Mary's previous Life | — | 134 |
| Her short-lived Popularity—Finds herself Supreme Head—Restoration of the Deprived Bishops | — | 136 |
| Meeting of Parliament—Repeal of the whole of Edward's Ecclesiastical Legislation—Henry VIII.'s Ritual restored—Possible Popularity of these Changes | — | 137 |
| Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer sent to the Tower Spanish Marriage determined on—Its Unpopularity | — | 138 |
| Its Advantages and Disadvantages | — | 139 |
| Mary's Aim the Restoration of the Roman Church—Her Statesmen and Advisers all differ, both from herself and from each other | — | 140 |
| The Commons remonstrate against the Spanish Match—Sir Thomas Wyatt's Rebellion | — | 143 ​ |
| Execution of the Dudleys—Elizabeth sent to the Tower | — | 145 |
| Mary's Letter to Bonner—Commissions to eject seven Bishops | — | 145 |
| This done by the Supremacy only—Marriage Bill passed—Gardiner's Bills rejected | — | 146 |
| Parliament dissolved (May 5)—Marriage of Philip and Mary (July)—Their Characters | 1554 | 147 |
| Bonner's Visitation—Discontent | — | 148 |
| Parliament meets (November)—Reverses the Attainder of Cardinal Pole—Repeals the Anti-papal Legislation of Henry VIII.—Refuses to restore the Church Lands | — | 149 |
| Reconciliation with the Church (Nov. 30)—Parliament refuses to exclude Elizabeth from the Succession, to Repeal the Praemunire, or the Mortmain Acts — Rejects a Regency Bill in Philip's favour, and is dissolved (January)—Mary's Success | 1555 | 150 |
| Its Limits—Unsatisfactory to herself | — | 151 |
| She commences a Persecution | — | 152 |
| Gardiner's, Bonner's, and Pole's Shares in it respectively | — | 153 |
| Character of Pole | — | 154 |
| Convocation in Mary's Reign—Its Doings | — | 155 |
| Is overshadowed by Pole's Synod—Pole obtains a Warrant under the Great Seal to permit to assemble it | — | 156 |
| Arbitrary Character of Mary's Proceedings—Remonstrances against them from unlikely quarters | — | 168 |
| Mary's single-minded Fanaticism—Her Conduct to Cranmer and Gardiner respectively | — | 159 |
| Not accomited for by their Conduct in regard to her Mother's Divorce—Gardiner's Reaction probably due to Cromwell's Policy | — | 160 |
| Character of Gardiner | — | 161 |
| Character and Later History of Cranmer | — | 162 |
| Character of Mary | — | 171 |
| Effects of her Persecution | — | 172 |
| Death of Mary | — | 174 |
| CHAPTER VIII REIGN OF ELIZABETH |||
| General Rejoicing at Elizabeth's Succession | — | 175 |
| Another Ecclesiastical Revolution—Cecil, Elizabeth's Chief Adviser | — | 176 |
| Changes before the Meeting of Parliament slight | — | 177 ​ |
| Revision of Edward's second Prayer Book— Meeting of Parliament and Convocation (January) | 1558 1559 | 178 178 |
| Changes in the Views of Convocation between 1549 and 1559 | — | 179 |
| This Convocation more independent than any of the Century—Unanimously Roman—The Vicar of Bray and the Bishop of Llandaff Types of the Clergy of the time | — | 180 |
| Proceedings of Parliament | — | 181 |
| Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity—Their Effect | — | 182 |
| Convocation ignored—Disputation at Westminster—Elizabeth's first Ecclesiastical Commission—Her Interview with the Marian Bishops | — | 184 |
| They refuse the Oath, excepting Kitchin of Llandaff, and are deprived—Bonner committed to the Marshalsea—Oath of Supremacy exacted from the Clergy | — | 185 |
| Very few refuse—Probable Reasons why the Bishops refused | — | 186 |
| Matthew Parker made Archbishop of Canterbury | — | 188 |
| His Consecration | — | 189 |
| The Queen's Visitation and Injunctions | — | 190 |
| The Beginning of Difficulties with Scotland—Scotland as much a Foreign Country as France | — | 192 |
| Elizabeth's Foreign Relations | — | 193 |
| Mary Stuart as a Rival—Philip of Spain, Elizabeth's only Ally | — | 194 |
| Elizabeth's temporising Policy | — | 195 |
| Removal of Roods and Images | — | 197 |
| CHAPTER IX REIGN OF ELIZABETH (continued) |||
| Parliament meets, and also Convocation—Defenders of the Pope's Authority subjected to Prgemunire | 1562 | 199 |
| Revision of Edward's Articles | — | 200 |
| Attempt of Convocation to do away with the Habits, etc.—Nearly succeeds—Humble Protestation appended to its Acts | — | 201 |
| More Commissions issued by the Queen under 1 Eliz. Ch. I.—Re-establishment of the Dutch Church | — | 202 |
| Grindall, Bishop of London, becomes its Superintendent—Calvin's Negotiation with Parker | — | 203 |
| Bonner's Lawsuit with Bishop Home | — | 204 |
| Consequent Act of Parliament for the Validity of the Bishops' Consecrations | — | 205 ​ |
| Personal Supremacy of Elizabeth | — | 206 |
| Rise of the Puritans | — | 207 |
| Elizabeth's Dislike of them | — | 208 |
| Her Bishops mostly sympathise with them | — | 209 |
| The Advertisements— State Regulation of Foreign Protestant Churches | 1564 1567 | 210 210 |
| Elizabeth and the Jesuits | — | 212 |
| Different Views of her Conduct towards them | — | 213 |
| Elizabeth excommunicated | 1570 | 214 |
| CHAPTER X REIGN OF ELIZABETH (continued) |||
| Change of Policy produced by the Excommunication | — | 217 |
| Legislation of the thirteenth year of Elizabeth (13 Eliz. c. 12) | 1571 | 218 |
| Elizabeth's Personal Government of the Church | — | 219 |
| Enforcement of Conformity—Deprivation of Cartwright | — | 220 |
| Elizabeth's Religious Views | — | 221 |
| English Protestantism of the Swiss Type | — | 222 |
| Elizabeth and Archbishop Grindall | — | 223 |
| Grindall Sequestrated—Religious Differences increasing | — | 224 |
| Legislation of XXIII. of Elizabeth and of XXIX of Elizabeth | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ 1581 1587 $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | 225 |
| And of XXXV. of Elizabeth | 1593 | 226 |
| Whitgift becomes Archbishop—The Bishops mere Tools of Elizabeth | 1583 | 227 |
| Whitgift an Enemy of the Puritans—Whitgift an extreme Calvinist—Case of Dean Whittingham | 1578 | 228 |
| And of Travers | 1584 | 230 |
| The Martin Marprelate Controversy | 1590 | 233 |
| Bitterness of the Puritans and Harshness of the Bishops | — | 234 |
| The Oath ex officio—Inquisitorial Character—Trifling Character of the Points in Dispute | — | 235 |
| A Moderate Party exists notwithstanding | — | 236 |
| Bancroft's Sermon of 'Trying the Spirits' first suggests a Divine Right of Bishops | 1588 | 237 |
| His extreme Doctrine of the Royal Supremacy—Bilson's Perpetual Government of Christ's Church | 1591 | 238 |
| It was the State which persecuted, not the Church | — | 240 |
| The Predestinarian Controversy and the Lambeth Articles | — | 241 ​ |
| Cecil's Letter to Whitgift—The Sabbatarian Controversy arises | 1595 | 242 |
| Elizabeth's high-pressure System | — | 243 |
| CHAPTER XI REIGN OF ELIZABETH—SUMMARY |||
| Elizabeth's exceptional Position | — | 244 |
| Her System absolutely Erastian | — | 245 |
| The first two Acts of her Reign are passed independently of the Clergy | — | 246 |
| Church afterwards governed by the Queen and Council—Instances which show this | — | 247 |
| Elizabeth, Pope of England—How qualified for such an Office by Nature and Education | — | 250 |
| Peculiar Characteristics of the Church of England mainly due to her—State of Parties during her Reign—Difficulty of her Work | — | 254 |
| Her System hard and narrow, but successful nevertheless | — | 256 |
| CHAPTER XII GENERAL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |||
| Preliminary Sketch—Church not National before the Reformation | — | 259 |
| Made National by Henry VIII. | — | 262 |
| Henry no Protestant—His Motives in breaking with the Pope | — | 263 |
| Difficulty of the Situation—Completeness of the Schism | 1534 | 264 |
| Under Edward the Council rules—The Protestant Faction supreme in the Council | — | 266 |
| Rapid Changes in Opinion—Mary's tyrannical Reaction | — | 267 |
| Could never have succeeded—Commencement of Elizabeth's Reformation | 1559 | 268 |
| The Clergy have no Share in it | — | 269 |
| Elizabeth's Personal Supremacy | — | 270 |
| Leads to the Development of Nonconformity | — | 271 |
| Tudor System completely Erastian | — | 271 |
| The Church of England the Creature of the State | — | 272 |
| Elizabeth's Divines were Swiss Protestants | — | 274 |
| Conclusions to which the History of Church and State under the Tudors leads | — | 276 ​ |
| APPENDIX I. |||
| Note I. P. 62. |||
| Evidence as to the Divorce—Chapuys' Despatch to Charles V. | Evidence as to the Divorce—Chapuys' Despatch to Charles V. | 283 |
| Note II. P. 68. |||
| Despatches from Chapuys, &c. | Despatches from Chapuys, &c. | 283 |
| Note III. P. 72. |||
| Probable Date of Anne Boleyn's Marriage—Mr. Pocock's Evidence | Probable Date of Anne Boleyn's Marriage—Mr. Pocock's Evidence | 288 |
| Note IV. P. 116. |||
| Mr. Pocock on Edward the Sixth's Prayer Books | Mr. Pocock on Edward the Sixth's Prayer Books | 288 |
| Note V. P. 145. |||
| Queen Mary's Letter to Bonner | Queen Mary's Letter to Bonner | 290 |
| Her Commissions for turning out Edward's Bishops | Her Commissions for turning out Edward's Bishops | 291 |
| Note VI. P. 233. |||
| Orders in the Church of England | Orders in the Church of England | 293 |
| Note VII. P. 253. |||
| The Protestantism of Elizabeth and her Advisers | The Protestantism of Elizabeth and her Advisers | 305 |
| Note VIII. |||
| Alleged Corruption of the Clergy in the Sixteenth Century | Alleged Corruption of the Clergy in the Sixteenth Century | 312 |
| APPENDIX II.—STATUTES | APPENDIX II.—STATUTES | 320 |
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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