OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Familiar spirit

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Familiar spirit: Sorcerers or necromancers, who professed to call up the dead to answer questions, were said to have a "familiar spirit" (Deuteronomy 18:11; 2 Kings 21:6; 2 Chronicles 33:6; Leviticus 19:31; 20:6; Isaiah 8:19; 29:4). Such a person was called by the Hebrews an 'ob, which properly means a leathern bottle; for sorcerers were regarded as vessels containing the inspiring demon. This Hebrew word was equivalent to the pytho of the Greeks, and was used to denote both the person and the spirit which possessed him (Leviticus 20:27; 1 Samuel 28:8; comp. Acts 16:16). The word "familiar" is from the Latin familiaris, meaning a "household servant," and was intended to express the idea that sorcerers had spirits as their servants ready to obey their commands.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Fast

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Fast The sole fast required by the law of Moses was that of the great Day of Atonement (q.v.), Lev. 23:26-32. It is called "the fast" (Acts 27:9).
The only other mention of a periodical fast in the Old Testament is in Zech. 7:1-7; 8:19, from which it appears that during their captivity the Jews observed four annual fasts.
(1.) The fast of the fourth month, kept on the seventeenth day of Tammuz, the anniversary of the capture of Jerusalem by the Chaldeans; to commemorate also the incident recorded Ex. 32:19. (Comp. Jer. 52:6, 7.)
(2.) The fast of the fifth month, kept on the ninth of Ab (comp. Num. 14:27), to commemorate the burning of the city and temple (Jer. 52:12, 13).
(3.) The fast of the seventh month, kept on the third of Tisri (comp. 2 Kings 25), the anniversary of the murder of Gedaliah (Jer. 41:1, 2).
(4.) The fast of the tenth month (comp. Jer. 52:4; Ezek. 33:21; 2 Kings 25:1), to commemorate the beginning of the siege of the holy city by Nebuchadnezzar.
There was in addition to these the fast appointed by Esther (4:16).
Public national fasts on account of sin or to supplicate divine favour were sometimes held. (1.) 1 Sam. 7:6; (2.) 2 Chr. 20:3; (3.) Jer. 36:6-10; (4.) Neh. 9:1.
There were also local fasts. (1.) Judg. 20:26; (2.) 2 Sam. 1:12; (3.) 1 Sam. 31:13; (4.) 1 Kings 21:9-12; (5.) Ezra 8:21-23: (6.) Jonah 3:5-9.
There are many instances of private occasional fasting (1 Sam. 1:7: 20:34; 2 Sam. 3:35; 12:16; 1 Kings 21:27; Ezra 10:6; Neh. 1:4; Dan. 10:2, 3). Moses fasted forty days (Ex. 24:18; 34:28), and so also did Elijah (1 Kings 19:8). Our Lord fasted forty days in the wilderness (Matt. 4:2).
In the lapse of time the practice of fasting was lamentably abused (Isa. 58:4; Jer. 14:12; Zech. 7:5). Our Lord rebuked the Pharisees for their hypocritical pretences in fasting (Matt. 6:16). He himself appointed no fast. The early Christians, however, observed the ordinary fasts according to the law of their fathers (Acts 13:3; 14:23; 2 Cor. 6:5).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/G

* Gaal
* Gaash
* Gabbatha
* Gabriel
* Gad
* Gadara
* Gadarenes
* Gaddi
* Gaddiel
* Gahar
* Gaius
* Galatia
* Galatians, Epistle to the
* Galbanum
* Galeed
* Galilean
* Galilee
* Galilee, Sea of
* Gall
* Gallery
* Gallim
* Gallio
* Gallows
* Gamaliel
* Games
* Gammadim
* Gamul
* Gap
* Gardens
* Gareb
* Garlands
* Garlic
* Garner
* Garnish
* Garrison
* Gate
* Gath
* Gath-hepher
* Gath-rimmon
* Gaulanitis
* Gaza
* Geba
* Gebal
* Gebalites
* Geber
* Gebim
* Gedaliah
* Geder
* Gederah
* Gederathite
* Gedor
* Gehazi
* Gehenna
* Geliloth
* Gemariah
* Generation
* Genesis
* Gennesaret
* Gentiles
* Genubath
* Gera
* Gerah
* Gerar
* Gergesa
* Gerizim
* Gershom
* Gershon
* Geshem
* Geshur
* Geshurites
* Gethsemane
* Gezer
* Ghost
* Giants
* Gibbethon
* Gibeah
* Gibeah-haaraloth
* Gibeah of Judah
* Gibeah of Phinehas
* Gibeon
* Gideon
* Gier eagle
* Gift
* Gifts, spiritual
* Gihon
* Gilboa
* Gilead
* Gilead, Balm of
* Gilgal
* Giloh
* Gimzo
* Gin
* Girdle
* Girgashite
* Gittah-hepher
* Gittaim
* Gittite
* Gittith
* Gizonite
* Glass
* Glean
* Glede
* Glorify
* Glory
* Glutton
* Gnash
* Gnat
* Goad
* Goat
* Goath
* Gob
* Goblet
* God
* Godhead
* Godliness
* Goel
* Gog
* Golan
* Gold
* Golden calf
* Goldsmith
* Golgotha
* Goliath
* Gomer
* Gomorrah
* Goodly trees
* Goodness
* Goodness of God
* Gopher
* Goshen
* Gospel
* Gospels
* Gourd
* Government of God
* Governments
* Governor
* Gozan
* Grace
* Grace, means of
* Graft
* Grain
* Grape
* Grass
* Grasshopper
* Grate
* Grave
* Graven image
* Graving
* Greaves
* Grecians
* Greece
* Greek
* Greyhound
* Grind
* Grizzled
* Grove
* Guard
* Guest-chamber
* Gur
* Gur-baal
* Gutter
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Fairs

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Fairs, (Heb. 'izabhonim), found seven times in Ezek. 27, and nowhere else. The Authorized Version renders the word thus in all these instances, except in Eze_27:33, where “wares” is used. The Revised Version uniformly renders by “wares,” which is the correct rendering of the Hebrew word. It never means “fairs” in the modern sense of the word.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Fish

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Fish – Called _dag_ by the Hebrews, a word denoting great fecundity Ge 9:2, Nu 11:22, Jon 2:1,10 No fish is mentioned by name either in the Old or in the New Testament. Fish abounded in the Mediterranean and in the lakes of the Jordan, so that the Hebrews were no doubt acquainted with many species.
Two of the villages on the shores of the Sea of Galilee derived their names from their fisheries, Bethsaida (the "house of fish") on the east and on the west. There is probably no other sheet of water in the world of equal dimensions that contains such a variety and profusion of fish. About thirty-seven different kinds have been found. Some of the fishes are of a European type, such as the roach, the barbel, and the blenny; others are markedly African and tropical, such as the eel-like silurus.
There was a regular fish-market apparently in Jerusalem 2Ch 33:14, Ne 3:3,12:39, Zep 1:10 as there was a fish-gate which was probably contiguous to it.
Sidon is the oldest fishing establishment known in history.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Forgiveness of sin

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Forgiveness of sin: one of the constituent parts of justification. In pardoning sin, God absolves the sinner from the condemnation of the law, and that on account of the work of Christ, i.e., he removes the guilt of sin, or the sinner's actual liability to eternal wrath on account of it. All sins are forgiven freely (Acts 5:31; 13:38; 1 John 1:6-9). The sinner is by this act of grace for ever freed from the guilt and penalty of his sins. This is the peculiar prerogative of God (Psalm 130:4; Mark 2:5). It is offered to all in the gospel. (See JUSTIFICATION.)
# Essays on Early Ornithology and Kindred Subjects

ESSAYS ON EARLY ORNITHOLOGY
200 copies printed
Casuarius uniappendiculatus, juv.
ESSAYS
ON
EARLY ORNITHOLOGY
AND KINDRED SUBJECTS
BY
JAMES R. McCLYMONT
M.A., AUTHOR OF 'PEDRALUAREZ CABRAL' 'VICENTE AÑES PINÇON'
WITH THREE PLATES
LONDON
BERNARD QUARITCH LTD.
11 GRAFTON STREET, NEW BOND STREET
1920
CONTENTS
| | PAGE |
| The Rukh of Marco Polo | 3 |
| The Penguins and the Seals of the Angra de Sam Bràs | 7 |
| The Banda Islands and the Bandan Birds | 15 |
| The Etymology of the Name 'Emu' | 21 |
| Australian Birds in 1697 | 25 |
| New Zealand Birds in 1772 | 32 |
LIST OF PLATES
... Frontispiece
This plate should be compared with that opposite p. 22, which represents a cassowary with two wattles—probably an immature Casuarius galeatus, Vieill. for that is the species which is believed to have been brought alive to Europe by the Dutch in 1597. An immature example of that species was not available for reproduction.
p. 22
p. 35
In the Manuel d'Ornithologie (1828) Lesson writes: 'Le Fou Manche de Velours, "manga de velado" des navigateurs portugais, que l'on dit étre le fou de Bassan, est de moitié plus petit. Ce serait donc une race distincte.' tom. II. p. 375. And in the Traite d'Ornithologie the same author amplifies thus what he has written: 'Fou Manche de Velours; Sula dactylatra, Less. Zool. de la Coq., Texte, part 2, p. 494. Espèce confondue avec le fou de Bassan adulte; est le manga de Velado des Portugais. Plumage blancpur; ailes et queue noires; bec corné; tarses jaunes; la base du bec cerclée d'une peau nue, qui s'étend sur la gorge en forme de demi-cercle, Femelle: Grise. L'île de l'Ascension, les mers chaudes des Tropiques.' Texte, p. 601.
# Essays on Early Ornithology and Kindred Subjects/The Rukh of Marco Polo

THE RUKH OF MARCO POLO
​MARCO POLO, had he confined himself to a sober narration of his travels, would have left to posterity a valuable record of the political institutions and national customs of the peoples of his day in the Far East. He was not satisfied with doing this, but added to his narrative a number of on-dit more or less marvellous in character, which he collected from credulous or inventive persons with whom he came into contact, principally from mariners and from other travellers.
Of these addenda to his story not one is more incredible than that of the rukh, and yet that addendum may be regarded as indicating the transition from the utterly incredible to the admixture of truth with fiction in bird-lore. For, whilst the rukh possessed some characteristics which are utterly fabulous, others are credible enough. We are told, for example, that it resembled an eagle, that it was carnivorous, that it possessed remarkable powers of flight, and that it visited islands which lay to the south of Zanzibar, within the influence of an ocean current which rendered difficult or impossible a voyage from these regions to India, and which therefore must have tended in a southerly direction. In this current we have no difficulty in recognising that of Mozambique. On the other hand, that the rukh had an expanse of wing of thirty paces, and that it could lift an elephant in its talons, are of course utterly incredible assertions.
The rukh therefore holds a position in bird-lore intermediate ​between that of the phœnix and that of the pelican fed upon the blood of its mother whose beak is tipped with red, or that of the barnacle goose, of which the name suggests the mollusc, the barnacle, and which was said to proceed from the mollusc or that of the bird of paradise, the feet of which were cut off by the Malay traders who sold the skins, and which were commonly reported never to have had feet, but to float perpetually in the air.
Thus two streams united into one floated the conception of the rukh—a mythological stream taking its rise from the simourgh of the Persians and a stream of fact taking its rise in the observation of a real bird which visited certain islands off the south-east coast of Africa, and which is said to have resembled an eagle and may have been a sea-eagle. With commendable reticence lexicographers tell us that 'rukh' was the name of a bird of mighty wing.
# Essays on Early Ornithology and Kindred Subjects/The Etymology of the Name 'Emu'

THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE NAME 'EMU'
​THE name 'emu' has an interesting history. It occurs in the forms 'emia' and 'eme' in Purchas his Pilgrimage, in 1613. 'In Banda and other islands,' says Purchas, 'the bird called emia or eme is admirable.' We should probably pronounce 'eme' in two syllables, as e-mé. This eme or emia was doubtless a cassowary—probably that of Ceram. The idea that it was a native of the Banda Group appears to have existed in some quarters at the beginning of the seventeenth century, but the idea was assuredly an erroneous one. So large a struthious bird as the cassowary requires more extensive feeding-grounds and greater seclusion than was to be found in any island of the Banda Group, and, as at the present day so in the past, Ceram was the true home of the Malayan cassowary, which found and which finds in the extensive forests of that island the home adapted to its requirements. It is, however, equally certain that at an early date the Ceram cassowary was imported into Amboyna and probably into Banda also, and we know of an early instance of its being introduced into Java, and from Java into Europe. When the first Dutch expedition to Java had reached that island, and when the vessels of which it was composed were lying at anchor off Sindaya, some Javans brought a cassowary on board Schellenger's ship as a gift, saying that the bird was a rare one and that it swallowed fire. At least, so they were understood to say, but that they really did say so is somewhat doubtful. ​However, the sailors put the matter to the test by administering to the bird a dose of hollands; perhaps the hollands was ignited and administered in the form of liquid fire, but it is not expressly stated that this was the case. This cassowary was brought alive to Amsterdam in 1597, and was presented to the Estates of Holland at the Hague. A figure of it, under the name 'eme,' appears in the fourth and fifth German editions of the account of this voyage of the Dutch to Java, by Hulsius, published at Frankfort in 1606 and 1625. The figure is a fairly accurate representation of an immature cassowary.
Whence comes, let us ask, the name 'eme' and the later form, 'emu.' The New Historical English Dictionary suggests a derivation from a Portuguese word, 'ema,' signifying a crane. But no authority is quoted to prove that ema signifies, or ever signified, crane. On the other hand, various Portuguese dictionaries which have been consulted render 'ema' by 'casoar,' or state that the name 'ema' is applicable to several birds, of which the crane is not one. Pero de Magalhàes de Gandavo, in his Historia da Provincia Sancta Cruz, published in 1576, uses the name 'hema' in writing of the rhea or nandu.
The Eme
# Essays on Political Economy

Essays first published in French in 1848–50 and published as a collection in English in 1874. Page scans are available.
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
[FOURTH (PEOPLE'S) EDITION.]
ESSAYS
ON
POLITICAL ECONOMY.
BY THE LATE
M. FREDERIC BASTIAT,
MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE.
LONDON:
PROVOST & CO., 36 HENRIETTA STREET,
COVENT GARDEN.
PRINTED FOR PROVOST AND CO.,
# Economic Development in Denmark Before and During the World War/Introduction

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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN DENMARK BEFORE AND DURING THE WORLD WAR
Introduction
The economic and social transformation which will be a natural consequence of the World War will of course differ in strength and character in the various countries. The greatest change may perhaps be expected in the nations which bore the brunt of the struggle, whether they emerged victorious or vanquished. In time of war the individual is naturally merged in the state to a much greater degree than in time of peace. For the last four or five years the peoples at war have been schooling themselves, so to speak, in socialism. Now that the war is over they will seek to throw off the restraints of the school; but certain results of their experiences will be deeply impressed upon them, in spite of all reversion toward individualism.
But the small nations, which happily did not actively participate in the World War, have also undergone changes determined in strength and character by their entire preceding development. The change of conditions in these small countries may seem to offer a quite insignificant subject for inquiry when considered from the standpoint of the world at large. Their combined populations constitute but a small percentage of the population of Europe; that of the kingdom of Denmark is not 2 per mille of the population of the earth. Still, there is profit in such an inquiry. In the whirling stream in which society is now drifting there is, as it were, a current for each country; and the smaller the country, the easier the task of following its course. In a diminutive state such as Denmark the same forces are ​at work as in the great nations, so that a study of what is happening here may help us to understand what is happening elsewhere.
# Economic Development in Denmark Before and During the World War/Labour Exchange

Layout 2
Labour Exchange
An essential supplement to unemployment insurance is labour exchange. In this field, too, England has progressed very far through the passage of the State Labour Exchange Act, which went into effect on January 1, 1910. Denmark introduced her state labour exchange by an act of April 29, 1913, after a municipal labour exchange office had existed in Copenhagen for a number of years. The Act authorizes the Secretary of the Home Office to grant government recognition to municipal employment offices established by county, town, or parochial governments separately or jointly. They are governed by councils composed of an equal number of employers and employees chosen by the municipal council, with a chairman sanctioned by the Secretary of the Home Office. In Copenhagen the office also acts as a central bureau for the whole country under the management of ​a Director of Labour Exchange and a council in which, as in the subordinate councils, there is an equal representation of both interests, four members appointed by the Secretary of the Home Office on nomination by the Danish Employers' and Masters' Union and the Federative Trade Unions of Denmark, and the rest elected by the town council. Labour exchange is gratis and does not cease during labour conflicts; but when the office is informed of such a conflict by a trade union, it must notify the workers in that trade by bulletins posted in the office or otherwise. When a workman is assigned work outside the place in which he lives, he may receive pecuniary aid for his travelling expenses up to one-half the price of his ticket.
A considerable amount of co-operation with the recognized unemployment societies is implied, since the latter are obligated to forward each week to the labour exchange office in the district concerned a list of all members in the district who are receiving unemployment support. On the other hand, the unemployment societies can receive information from the labour exchange office through which a member out of work has obtained employment. Other things being equal, members of recognized societies have a prior right to appointment. A recognized unemployment society must not grant support to members who refuse, without giving any satisfactory reason, to accept any suitable employment assigned to them by the board of the society or by a municipal employment office.
On the whole, much has been accomplished. Many municipal offices have been founded, and they are working well and keeping in close touch with the unemployment societies.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Augustine (2.)

See also Augustine of Canterbury on Wikipedia; Augustine of Canterbury, on Wikipedia, Saint Augustine in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
AUGUSTINE, or Austin, St, the first archbishop of Canterbury, was originally a monk in the Benedictine convent of St Andrew at Rome, and was educated under the famous Gregory, afterwards Pope Gregory I., by whom he was sent to Britain with forty monks of the same order, to carry out the favourite project of converting the English to Christianity. The missionaries set out with much reluctance, for the journey was long and perilous, and on the way they endeavoured to persuade the Pope to allow them to return. His orders, however, were peremptory; they proceeded, therefore, on their journey, and at last landed, some time in the year 590, on the isle of Thanet. Having sent interpreters to explain their mission to King Ethelbert, whose queen, Bertha, was a Christian, they received from him permission to preach and to make converts. He treated them with great favour, held a public conference with them, and assigned them a residence at Durovernum, now Canterbury. His own conversion to the Christian faith, which took place shortly afterwards, had a powerful influence with his subjects, who joined the new church in great numbers. Augustine, seeing the success of his labours, crossed to France, and received consecration at Aries. He then despatched messengers to the Pope to inform him of what had been done, and to propose for his consideration certain practical difficulties that had arisen. They brought back the pallium, with which Augustine was consecrated as first archbishop of Canterbury, and certain vestments and utensils for the new churches. Gregory also gave most prudent counsel for dealing with the new converts, strongly advising the archbishop to make the change of faith, so far as ceremonial went, as gradual as possible, and not on any account to wound the feelings of the people by destroying their temples, but rather to consecrate them afresh, and use them for Christian worship. Augustine passed the remainder of his life principally at Canterbury, where he died, probably in 607, on the 26th May. See Lives of the English Saints, No. III. 1847, and Mrs Jameson's Legends of the Monastic Orders.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Augustovo

See also Augustów, on Wikipedia, Augustowo in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
AUGUSTOVO, a city in Russian Poland, in the government of Suvalki, situated on the river Netta, near a lake, which abounds in fish. It was founded in 1557 by Sigismund II. (Augustus), and is laid out in a very regular manner, with a large market-place. It carries on a large trade in cattle and horses, and manufactures linen and huckaback. Population, 9383.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Augustine

See also Augustine (disambiguation) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
In the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, Augustine may refer to:
* St Augustine of Hippo, the 4th-century theologian, or
* St Augustine of Canterbury, the 6th-century apostle of England.
See also Augustinians, the monastic order, and St Augustine, the Floridian town in the United States.