OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Chesterton, Cecil Edward

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CHESTERTON, CECIL EDWARD, an English author; born at Kensington, Nov. 12, 1879. He was educated at St. Paul's School and entered journalism in 1901. He wrote at first for the "Outlook" and later contributed to a large circle of magazines and journals. He tended toward radicalism in politics, and his energies were largely devoted to the exposure of corruption and inefficiency in public life. He founded the "New Witness" in 1912, and continued in the editorship until 1916. He served during the World War in the Highland Light Infantry. Among his publications are: "Gladstonian Ghosts" (1905); "Party and People" (1910); "The Prussian Hath Said in His Heart" (1914); and "The Perils of Peace" (1916). He died in 1920.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Chevalier

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CHEVALIER (she-vä-lyā′), an honorary title given, especially in the 18th century, to younger sons of French noble families. Both the Old and Young Pretender were called the Chevalier by their partisans. In a general way it is used with the same significance as Knight (q. v.).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Chevalier, Albert

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CHEVALIER, ALBERT, a London comedian: born March 21, 1861. He appeared on the stage in public when only eight years old, and subsequently took part in plays with Mr. and Mrs, Kendal, John Hare, and other eminent players. His greatest success however, was achieved appearing singly in vaudeville houses and music halls, in the character of a London coster. His characterization of this product of the British metropolis was so amusing and true to life as to create a furore. He was the author of more than a hundred monologues, sketches, and plays.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Chesterton, Gilbert Keith

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CHESTERTON, GILBERT KEITH, a British author and journalist; born at Kensington in 1874. He received his education at Slade School, and soon developed a marked bent for writing. He speedily became noted for his wit and his paradoxical style as well as for his wide range of information. Besides his contributions to periodicals he wrote many books, of which the most notable were: "Browning" (in English Men of Letters Series) (1904); "Heretics" (1905); "The Man Who Was Thursday" (1908); "The Ball and the Cross" (1910); "The Wisdom of Father Brown" (1914); "A Short History of England" (1917).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Cheyennes

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
CHEYENNES, a tribe of American Plains Indians, originally of Algonquin stock, at one time settled in Wyoming. From 1861 to 1867 the United States government had “wars” with them. There are about 3,000 who are settled on reservations in Oklahoma and Montana.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Chicago, University of

* related portals: University of Chicago.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational (non-sectarian) institution in Chicago, Ill., founded by John D. Rockefeller, dating from Sept. 10, 1890, when the institution was incorporated under the laws of Illinois. A previous institution known as the University of Chicago had gone out of existence, owing to financial difficulties, in 1886. A number of Baptists, which denomination had been interested in the old institution, desired to have a college in Chicago, and succeeded in interesting John D. Rockefeller in the plan. He promised $600,000 toward the establishment of the college if $400,000 more should be raised by June, 1890. This amount was duly raised, and the plan was enlarged in scope so as to include a university, instead of a mere college. Further large gifts were made by Mr. Rockefeller and by others, and the doors were opened for instruction Oct. 1, 1892. The site of the University includes six blocks of land, containing about 35 acres. It lies with a frontage on the Midway Plaisance, between Washington and Jackson Parks. A general architectural plan was adopted at the outset, and to this plan new buildings were successively adapted. The ​grounds are covered by a series of quadrangles, the buildings, in the English Gothic style, being constructed of gray Bedford stone, with red roofs.
In 1919 there were in the institution a total of 5,650 students. These were divided as follows: Graduate, 681; undergraduate, 2,531; professional, 1,490; university college, 1,219. The faculty comprised 346 members. There were 570,849 volumes in the library. The income for the year was $1,874,182. The productive funds amounted to $32,537,886. Harry Pratt Judson, LL. D., was president.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Lourenco Marquez

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​LOURENCO MARQUEZ (lō-rān′sö mär′kes), one of the 6 districts of the province of Mozambique in Portuguese East Africa, and the name of the capital of the district and province. It is the seat of the governor-general of the province, is located on Delagoa Bay and is the terminus of the Delagoa Bay railway to Pretoria (347 miles) and of a new line, still under construction, to the border of Swaziland. Imports (1916) about $7,000,000; exports (1916) about $1,500,000. Pop. 13,154. See Delagoa Bay; Mozambique; Portuguese East Africa.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Louisiana Purchase

​LOUISIANA PURCHASE, the territory purchased from France in 1803.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Louisiana Purchase Exposition

​LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION, an exposition to commemorate the one hundredth anniversary of the purchase of Louisiana from France. It was held in St. Louis, Mo., from April to December, 1904. There were over five hundred buildings on the grounds ​containing the exhibits of foreign governments, in addition to the large structures containing the manufactures of the United States. The buildings and grounds covered nearly 1,200 acres. Under the direction of the United States Government were important exhibits of the Philippine Islands. Most of the important tribes sent representatives, together with exhibits showing the state of industry among them.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Lourdes

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​LOURDES (lörd), a town of France, in the department of Hautes-Pyrénées, arrondissement of and 6 miles N. N. E. of Argeles, on the Gave-de-Pau, 10 miles W. by N. from Bagnères-de-Bigorre, on the Toulouse and Bayonne railroad; situated at the foot of an almost inaccessible rock, and commanded by a strong castle, now used as a prison; in the neighborhood are marble and slate quarries. In modern times a famous place of pilgrimage, a fact due to the belief that in 1858 the Virgin Mary appeared in a grotto in the neighborhood, above which a magnificent basilica has since been erected. Pop. commune, 8,805.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Louisiade Archipelago

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​LOUISIADE (lö-ē-zē-äd′) ARCHIPELAGO, a group of islands belonging to British New Guinea, and forming an E. extension of that island; it embraces Sudest (45 miles long by 4 to 10 miles wide), Rossel, St. Aignan's (28 miles long by 8 to 9 miles wide), and a vast number of smaller islands. All are mountainous, rising to 3,500 in St. Aignan's and covered with vegetation. The natives seem to partake of both Malayan and Papuan characteristics.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​LOUISIANA STATE UNIVEBSITY AND AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, an educational nonsectarian institution, in Baton Rouge, La.; founded in 1860; reported at the close of 1918: Professors and instructors, 21; students, 326; volumes in the library, 21,000; productive funds, $318,313; grounds and buildings valued at $150,000; income, $47,333; President Thomas D. Boyd, M. A.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Louis Quinze

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​LOUIS QUINZE (kangz), the name sometimes given to the style of architecture and internal ornamentation prevailing in France during the reign of Louis XV. It is often known under the designation Rococo (q. v.). Internal arrangement and decoration are the main characteristics of the style of this period, and in this direction the best results were doubtless obtained. Large and lofty rooms, as well as scope of display, were indispensable; consequently this style of embellishment was most happily carried out in state apartments, especially in princely castles and palaces and the mansions of the aristocracy. Curved lines superseded all straight lines both in ground plans and in designs, while the most ordinary and characteristic embellishments were volutes, shell-fish and scrolls, groups of fruit, garlands of flowers, hangings, etc.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Louisville

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​LOUISVILLE, a city and county-seat of Jefferson co., Ky.; on the Ohio river, and on the Louisville and Nashville; the Louisville, Henderson and St. Louis; the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis; the Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville; the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis; the Illinois Central; the Chesapeake and Ohio, and the Southern railroads. The city is built at the falls of the Ohio 400 miles from its mouth, and is also known as Falls City, a name derived from these rapids which are 27 feet high. Area, 14,348 acres; pop. (1910) 223,928; (1920) 234,891.
The city is provided with modern water and lighting systems, and there is an abundance of electrical power for industrial purposes.
The public buildings of Louisville are of a solid and substantial character. They include the Court House, which is a limestone structure costing $1,000,000; the City Hall; Free Public Library; the United States Government Building; Masonic Temple; Commerce Building; Masonic Widows' and Orphans' Home; many public and semi-public institutions, and a magnificent city hospital. Louisville has nearly 250 large industrial plants. These include woodworking plants, metalworking plants, tobacco factories, textile mills, varnish manufactories, paint manufactories, large oil refineries, elevator plants, leather industries, refrigerating machinery plants, ​clothing factories. The total value of manufactured products in Louisville amounts to $313,000,000 per annum. It is the center of the tobacco industry of the United States.
There were in 1920 four National and ten State banks, with deposits of over $100,000,000. The city has a branch of the Federal Reserve district bank. The bank clearings in 1919 were $1,635,533,961.
In 1920 over 35,000 children were enrolled in the public schools. There were 3 high schools, and 70 school buildings. The institutions of higher education include the University of Louisville (academic, law and medical departments); the Jefferson School of Law; the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary; the Presbyterian Theological Seminary of Kentucky, and several important institutions for the education of colored people. There are several excellent daily papers, including the famous “Courier-Journal.”
History.—The first settlement was made here in 1778 by 13 families under Col. George Roger Clarke. Two years later the place was incorporated by an act of the Virginia Legislature, and called Louisville in honor of Louis XVI. of France, whose soldiers were then aiding the Americans in the Revolutionary War. During its early history it suffered greatly from Indian attacks. It was chartered as a city Feb. 13, 1828. In 1890 it was visited by a cyclone which destroyed $3,000,000 worth of property and killed 100 persons.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Lounsbury, Thomas Raynesford

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​LOUNSBURY, THOMAS RAYNESFORD, an American scholar; born in Ovid, N. Y., Jan. 1, 1838. He was graduated at Yale in 1859, and led the life of a student in Anglo-Saxon and early English, and a writer in critical and biographical works, till 1862, when he enlisted as a volunteer in the Union army, served as 1st lieutenant of the 126th New York Volunteers, and was mustered out at the close of the war; after 1871 occupied the chair of Professor of English in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Among his published works are Chaucer's “House of Fame” and “Parlement of Foules”; “History of the English Language” (1879); biography of James Fenimore Cooper in “American Men of Letters” series (1883); his crowning work, which brought him great celebrity, “Studies in Chaucer, his Life and Writings” (3 vols. 1892); “Shakespeare and Voltaire” (1902); “The Standard of Pronunciation in English” (1904); “The Standard of Usage in English” (1908); “Shakespeare as Dramatic Artist” (1912). He died in 1915.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ven. Henry Walpole

From volume 15 of the work.
English Jesuit martyr, born at Docking, Norfolk, 1558; martyred at York, 7 April, 1595. He was the eldest son of Christopher Walpole, by Margery, heiress of Richard Beckham of Narford, and was educated at Norwich School, Peterhouse, Cambridge, and Gray's Inn. Converted by the death of Blessed Edward Campion, he went by way of Rouen and Paris, to Reims, where he arrived, 7 July, 1582. On 28 April, 1583, he was admitted into the English College, Rome, and in October received minor orders. On 2 February, 1584, he became a probationer of the Society, and soon after went to France, where he continued his studies, chiefly at Pont-à-Mousson. He was ordained subdeacon and deacon at Metz, and priest at Paris, 17 Dec., 1588. After acting as chaplain to the Spanish forces in the Netherlands, suffering imprisonment by the English at Flushing in 1589, and being moved about to Brussels, Tournai, Bruges, and Spain, he was at last sent on the mission in 1590. He was arrested landing at Flamborough, and imprisoned at York. The following February he was sent to the Tower, where he was frequently and severely racked. He remained there until, in the spring of 1595, he was sent back to York for trial. With him suffered Alexander Rawlins, of the Diocese of Gloucester. After being twice imprisoned at Newgate for religion in 1586, Rawlins arrived at Reims, 23 Dec., 1589; he was ordained subdeacon at Laon, 23 September, 1589, deacon and priest at Soissons, 17 and 18 March, 1590, was sent on the mission the following 9 April, and landed at Whitby.
See, for Walpole: JESSOPP, One Generation of a Norfolk House (Norwich, 1878); IDEM, Dict. Nat. Biog., s.v.; POLLEN, English Martyrs 1584-1603 in Cath. Rec. Soc. Publ. (London, 1908). For Rawlins: CHALLONER, Missionary Priests, I, nn. 90 and 108; KNOX, Doway Diaries (London, 1878); Cath. Rec. Soc. Publ., II, 261, 264, 267.
John B. Wainewright.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ven. Hugh Taylor

From volume 14 of the work.
English martyr, born at Durham; hanged, drawn, and quartered at York, 25 (not 26) November, 1585. He arrived at Reims on 2 May, 1582, and having been ordained a priest was sent thence on the mission on 27 March, 1585. He was the first to suffer under the Statute 27 Eliz. c. 2. lately passed. On 26 November, Marmaduke Bowes, a married gentleman, was hanged for having harboured him. Bowes is described by Challoner as of Angram Grange near Appleton in Cleveland, but is not mentioned in the will of Christopher Bowes of Angram Grange, proved on 30 Sept., 1568, nor in the 1612 pedigree. The sole evidence against him was that of a former tutor to his children, an apostate Catholic. Having been previously imprisoned at York with his wife, he was under bond to appear at the Assizes which, began on 23 November at York, and on his arrival found that Taylor was about to be arraigned. Bowes, though always a Catholic at heart, had outwardly conformed to the Established Church. "Before his death he was made a member of the Catholic Church the which he boldly confessed with great alacrity of mind".
John B. Wainewright.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ven. Henry Heath

From volume 7 of the work.
English Franciscan and martyr, son of John Heath; christened at St. John's, Peterborough, 16 December, 1599; executed at Tyburn, 17 April, 1643. He went to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 1617, proceeded B.A. in 1621, and was made college librarian. In 1622 he was received into the Church by George Muscott, and, after a short stay at the English College at Douai, entered St. Bonaventure's convent there in 1625, taking the name of Paul of St. Magdalen. Early in 1643, he with much trouble obtained leave to go on the English mission and crossed from Dunkirk to Dover disguised as a sailor. A German gentleman paid for his passage and offered him further money for his journey, but, in the spirit of St. Francis, Heath refused it and preferred to walk from Dover to London, begging his way. On the very night of his arrival, as he was resting on a door step, the master of the house gave him into custody as a shoplifter. Some papers found in his cap betrayed his religion and he was taken to the Compter Prison. The next day he was brought before the Lord Mayor, and, on confessing he was a priest, was sent to Newgate. Shortly afterwards he was examined by a Parliamentary committee, and again confessed his priesthood. He was eventually indicted under 27 Eliz. c. 2, for being a priest and into the realm. At Tyburn he reconciled in the very cart one of the criminals that were executed with him. He was allowed to hang until he was dead.
CHALLONER, Missionary Priests, II, 175; COOPER, in Dict. Nat. Biog., s.v.; GlLLOW,, Bibl. Dict. Cath, III, 239.
J. B. Wainewright.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ven. Jean Louis Bonnard

From volume 2 of the work.
A French missionary and martyr, b. 1 March, 1824 at Saint-Christôt-en-Jarret (Diocese of Lyons); beheaded 30 April, 1852. After a collegiate course at Saint Jodard, he entered the seminary of Lyons, which he left at the age of twenty two, to complete his theological studies at the Seminary of the Foreign Missions in Paris. From Nantes, where he was ordained, he sailed for the missions of Western Tongking and reached there in May, 1850. In 1851 he was put in charge of two parishes there; but as early as 21 March, 1852, he was arrested and cast into prison. Sentence of death was pronounced against him and was executed immediately upon receipt of its confirmation by the king (30 April, 1852). His remains were thrown into the river, but recovered by Christians and sent by them to the Seminary of Foreign Missions. Bonnard has been declared Venerable by the Church.
LAUNAY, Les cinguante-deux serviteurs de Dieu (Paris, 1895), 355-373.
N.A. WEBER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ven. Gertrude van der Oosten

From volume 6 of the work.
Beguine; born at Voorburch, Holland; died at Delft, 6 Jan., 1358. She was born of peasant parents, and was remarkable from childhood for her piety and prudence. Later, in order to gain a livelihood, she entered into service at Delft, where she likewise devoted herself to practices of piety and charity. Her surname of "van Ooten", or "of the East", is due to her custom of singing a hymn which began: "Het daghet in den Oosten", i.e., "Day breaketh in the East", the composition of which is attributed to herself. She lived devoutly in the world, spending much time in exercises of piety and works of charity, and finally determined to abandon all human ties and give herself to the service of God. With this intent she begged, and with difficulty obtained, entrance into the Beguinage of Delft. Here, though not a religious, nor bound by vows, she profited by the ample opportunities afforded for the exercise of her zeal and charity, as well as by the atmosphere of prayer and seclusion, to attain to a very high degree of virtue and contemplation. Gertrude evinced great devotion to the mysteries of the Incarnation, especially to the Sacred Passion, on which account she merited to receive on her body the impression of the sacred stigmata, from which the blood flowed freely seven times a day at each of the canonical hours. Distressed and alarmed at the multitude that flocked to witness such a wonder, she begged that the favour might be withdrawn, and her prayer was so far granted that the blood ceased to flow, but the marks of the sacred stigmata remained. At the same time the great spiritual consolation she had enjoyed was favoured with the gift of prophecy, having knowledge, at the actual time, of what took place at a distance as well as of what was to happen in the future.
At length, after many years passed among the Beguines in great fervour, austerity, and devotion, the time of her death approched. She had been wont to speak of her great delight of this day, to meditate on it devoutly, and even to make it a subject of her frequent songs. She died on the feast of Epiphany and buried in the church of St. Hippolytus Delft, the Beguines having neither a church nor a cemetery of their own at the time. Her name has never been inscribed in the Roman Martyrology, though she is commemorated in various others, and her cultus is merely a local one. Her private dwelling is still preserved with veneration, and the cross before which she received the stigmata is annually exposed on the anniversary of her death.
Gertrude Casanova.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ven. Gonçalo Da Silveira

From volume 13 of the work.
Pioneer missionary of South Africa, b. 23 Feb, 1526, at Almeirim, about forty miles from Lisbon; martyred 6 March, 1561. He was the tenth child of Dom Luis da Silveira, first count of Sortelha, and Dona Beatrice Coutinho, daughter of Dom Fernando Coutinho, Marshal of the Kingdom of Portugal. Losing his parents in infancy, he was brought up by his sister Philippa de Vilhena and her husband the Marquis of Tavora. He was educated by the Franciscans of the monastery of Santa Margarida until 1542 when he went to finish his studies in the University of Coimbra, but he had been there little more than a year when he was received into the Society of Jesus by Fr. Miron, rector of the Jesuit college at Coimbra. At the dawn of the Christian Renaissance, when St. Ignatius, St. Philip, and St. Teresa were founding their institutes, even then Goncalo was recognized as a youth of more than ordinary promise. Fr. Goncalo was appointed provincial of India in 1555. The appointment was approved by St. Ignatius a few months before his death. Fr. Goncalo's term of government in India lasted three years. He proved a worthy successor of St. Francis Xavier, who bad left India in 1549, and his apostolic labors and those of the hundred Jesuits under him, were crowned with much success, yet he was not considered the perfect model of a superior. He used to say that God had given him the great grace of unsuitability for government - apparently a certain want of tact in dealing with human weakness.
The new provincial Fr. Antonio de Quadros sent him to the unexplored mission field of south-east Africa. Landing at Sofala on 11 March, 1560, Fr. Goncalo proceeded to Otongwe near Cape Corrientes. There, during his stay of seven weeks, he instructed and baptized the Makaranga chief, Gamba and about 450 natives of his kraal. Towards the end of the year he started up the Zambesi on his expedition to the capital of the Monomotapa (q.v.) which appears to have been the N'Pande kraal, close by the M'Zingesi river, a southern tributary of the Zambesi. He arrived there on 26 December, 1560, and remained until his death. During this interval he baptized the chief and a large number of his subjects. Meanwhile some Arabs from Mozambique, instigated by one of their priests, began to spread calumnies against the missionaries, and Fr. Silveira was strangled in his hut by order of the chief. The expedition sent to avenge his death never reached its destination, while his apostolate came to an abrupt end from a want of missionaries to carry on his work.
CHADWICK, Life of the Ven. Goncalo Da Silveira (Roehampton, 1910); THEAI, Records of S. E. Africa, printed for the Government of Cape Colony, VII (1901); WILMOT, Monomotapa (London, 1896).
James Kendal.