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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rehan, Ada

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​REHAN, ADA (1860–), American actress, whose real name was Crehan, was born in Limerick, Ireland, on the 22nd of April 1860. Her parents removed to the United States when she was five years old, and it was in Newark, N.J., that in 1874 she made her first stage appearance in a small part in Across the Continent. She was with Mrs John Drew's stock company in' Philadelphia, John W. Albaugh's in Albany and Baltimore, and other companies for several seasons, playing every kind of minor part, until she became connected with Augustin Daly's theatrical management in 1879. Under his training she soon showed her talents for vivid, charming portrayal of character, first in modern and then in older comedies. She was the heroine in all the Daly adaptations from the German, and added to her triumphs the parts of Peggy in Wycherly's Country Girl, Julia in the Hunchback, and especially Katharina in The Taming of the Shrew, besides playing Rosalind and Viola. Miss Rehan accompanied Daly's company to England (first in 1884), France and Germany (1886). Her life-size portrait as Katharina is in the picture-gallery, and her bust, with Ellen Terry's, at the entrance to the theatre in the Shakespeare Memorial at Stratford-on-Avon.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rehoboam

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​REHOBOAM (Heb. rehab'ām, probably “the clan is enarged,” see Ecclus. xlvii. 23, although on the analogy of Rehabiah and Bab. ra'bi-ilu, 'Am may represent some god; Septuagint reads ροβοαμ), son of Solomon and first king of Judah. On the events which led to his accession and the partition of the Hebrew monarchy, see Jeroboam, Solomon. Although his age is given as forty-one (1 Kings xiv. 21), the account of his treatment of the Israelite deputation (1 Kings xii.), as also 2 Chron. xiii. 7, give an impression of youth. He was partly of Ammonite origin (1 Kings xiv. 21), and, like his father, continued the foreign worship which his connexions involved. The chief event of his reign was the incursion of Egypt under Sheshonk (Shishak) I., who came up against Judah and despoiled the temple about 930 B.C. (see Egypt, History, § “Deltaic Dynasties”). That this invasion is to be connected with the friendly relations which are said to have subsisted between the first of the Libyan dynasty and Rehoboam's rival is unlikely. Sheshonk has figured his campaign outside the great temple of Karnak with a list of some 150 places which he claims to have conquered, but it is possible that these were only tributary, and the names may be largely based upon older lists. Towns of both Judah and Israel are incorporated, and it is possible that Jerusalem once stood where now the stone is mutilated. The book of Chronicles enumerates several Judaean cities fortified by Rehoboam (not necessarily connected with Sheshonk's campaign), and characteristically regards the invasion as a punishment (2 Chron. xi. 5 sqq., xii. 1–15; for the prophet Shemaiah see 1 Kings xii. 21–24). Of Rehoboam's successor Abijah (or Abijam) little is known except a victory over jeroboam recorded in 2 Chron. xiii. See further Asa, Omri, and Jews (History), §§ 7,9.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 25:11

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 25:13

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 25:4

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 25:12

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 25:2

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| Silk — Simeon of Durham | Simeon — Simplicius | Simplon Pass — Singapore | Singer — Siricius |
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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 25:10

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| Statistics — Steel | Steel construction — Steinthal | Stele — Stephens | Stephenson — Steuco |
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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 24 SAINTE-CLAIRE DEVILLE to SHUTTLE

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| Table of contributors Sainte-Claire Deville — St Petersburg Saint-Pierre — Salmasius Salmeron y Alfonso — Sanctis | Sancti Spiritus — Santals Santa Maria do Monte — Sarzana Sāsana Vaṃsa — Scafell Scaffold — Schleswig | Schleswig-Holstein — Schwetzingen Schwiebus — Seal-Fisheries Sealing Wax — Selborne Selby — Serajevo | Serampur — Sewerage Sewing Machines — Shed Shedd — Shirley Shirley — Shuttle |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 25:1

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| Shuválov — Sideboard | Sidgwick — Sierra Leone | Sierra Morena — Sign-Manual | Signorelli — Silius Italicus |
| Shuválov, Peter Andreivich, Count Shuya Shwebo Sialkot Siam Sībawaihi Sibbald, Sir Robert Siberia Sibi Sibonga Sibpur Sibsagar Sibthorp, John Sibylline Oracles Sibyls Sicani Sicard, Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicily Sickingen, Franz von Sickles, Daniel Edgar Siculi Sicyon Siddons, Sarah Side Sideboard | Sidgwick, Henry Sidi-Bel-Abbes Sidmouth, Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth Sidney, Algernon Sidney, Sir Henry Sidney, Sir Philip Sidney Sidon Siebengebirge Siebold, Carl Theodor Ernst von Siebold, Philipp Franz von Siedlce (government) Siedlce (town) Siegburg Siege Siegen Siemens, Ernst Werner von Siemens, Sir William Siena Sienetjo Sienkiewicz, Henryk Sieradz Siero Sierra Leone | Sierra Morena, The Sierra Nevada (California) Sierra Nevada, The (Spain) Sieve Sieyès, Emmanuel-Joseph Sifaka Sigalon, Xavier Si-gan Fu Sigebert, King Sigebert of Gembloux Sigel, Franz Siger de Brabant Sights Sīgiri Sigismund Sigismund I. Sigismund II. Sigismund III. Sigmaringen Signal Signature Sign-board Signia Significs Sign-Manual, Royal | Signorelli, Luca Sigonius, Carolus Sigourney, Lydia Huntley Sigurd Sigurðsson, Jón Sigwart, Christoph Wilhelm von Sigynnae Sikh Sikhism Sikh Wars Sikkim Sila Silanion Silas Silay Silchar Silchester Silenus Silesia Silesian Wars Silhouette, Étienne de Silica Silicon Silistria Silius Italicus |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 25:3

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Paruta, Paolo

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​PARUTA, PAOLO (1540–1598), Venetian historian. After studying at Padua he served the Venetian republic in various political capacities, including that of secretary to one of the Venetian delegates at the Council of Trent. In 1579 he published a work entitled Della Perfezione della vita politica, and the same year he was appointed official historian to the republic, in succession to Luigi Contarini. He took up the narrative from where Cardinal Bembo had left it, in 1513, and brought it down to 1551. He was made provveditore to the Chamber of Loans in 1580, savio del gran consiglio in 1590, and governor of Brescia in the following year. In 1596 he was appointed provveditore of St Mark, and in 1597 superintendent of fortifications. He died a year later. His history, which was at first written in Latin and subsequently in Italian, was not published until after his death—in 1599. Among his other works may be mentioned a history of the War of Cyprus (1570–72), and a number of political orations.
See Apostolo Zeno’s edition of Paruta’s history (in the series Degli Istorici delle cose veneziane, Venice, 1718), and C. Monzani’s edition of Paruta’s political works (Florence, 1852).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Parvis

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​PARVIS, Parvise, or Parvyse, an open space surrounded by an enceinte or stone parapet in front of buildings, particularly cathedrals or large churches; probably first used to keep the people from pressing on and confusing the marshalling of processions. The word “parvis” is French and is a corruption of Lat. paradisus, an enclosed garden or paradise (q.v.), which is sometimes also used instead of “parvis.” The Lat. paradisus is defined by Du Cange (Glossarium, s.v.) as atrium porticibus circumdatum ante aedes sacras. At St Paul’s in London the “parvis” was a place where lawyers met for consultation.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Parysatis

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​PARYSATIS, daughter of Artaxerses I., married to her brother Ochus (Ctesias, Pers. 44), who in 424 B.C. became king of Persia under the name of Darius II. (q.v.). She had great influence over her husband, whom she helped by perfidy in the suppression of his brothers Secydianus, who was king before him, and Arsites, who rebelled against him (Ctes. Pers. 48–51). Her favourite son was Cyrus the Younger, whom she assisted as far as possible in his attempt to gain the throne. But when he was slain at Cunaxa (401) she nevertheless gained absolute dominion over the victorious Artaxerxes II. She was the evil genius of his reign. By a series of intrigues she was able to inflict the most atrocious punishment on all those who had taken part in the death of Cyrus.  (Ed. M.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pasadena

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​PASADENA, a city in the San Gabriel valley of Los Angeles county, in southern California, U.S.A., about 9 m. N.E. of Los Angeles and about 20 m. from the Pacific Ocean. Pop. (1880) 391; (1890) 4882; (1900) 9117, of whom 1278 were foreign-born; (1910 census) 30,291. Area about 11 sq. m. It is served by the Southern Pacific, the Santa Fe, and the San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake railway systems, and by interurban electric lines. The city lies at an altitude of 750–1000 ft., about 5 m. from the base of the Sierra Madre range. Some half-dozen mountain peaks in the immediate environs rise to heights of 3200 to more than 6000 ft., notably Mt Wilson (6666 ft.), whose base is about 5 m. north-east of Pasadena, Echo mountain (4016 ft.), and Mt Lowe (6100 ft). From Rubio canyon, near Pasadena, to the summit of Echo mountain, runs a steep cable railway, 1000 yds. long. On Echo mountain is the Lowe Observatory (3500 ft.), with a 16-in. equatorial telescope, and on Mt Wilson is the Solar Observatory (5886 ft.) of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, equipped with a 60-in. reflecting telescope and other instruments for stellar photography, a horizontal telescope for solar photography. ​a 60-ft. tower telescope (completed in 1907), and a second tower telescope of 150 ft. focal length (under construction in 1910). At this observatory important researches in solar and stellar spectroscopy have been carried on under the direction of George Ellery Hale (b. 1868), the inventor of the spectroheliograph. The physical laboratory, computers' offices and instrument construction shops of the Solar Observatory are in Pasadena. About 5 m. south-east of Pasadena, in the township of San Gabriel (pop. 2501 in 1900), is the Mission (monastery) de San Gabriel Arcangel, founded in 1771. Pasadena is one of the most beautiful places in southern California. Fruits and flowers and sub-tropical trees and small plants grow and bloom the year round in its gardens. On the first of January of every year a flower carnival, known as the “Tournament of Roses,” is held. Among the principal public buildings are a handsome Romanesque public library, which in 1909 contained about 28,500 volumes, an opera house of considerable architectural merit, high school, and several fine churches. The surrounding country was given over to sheep ranges until 1874, when a fruit-growing colony, organized in 1873, was established, from which the city was developed. The sale of town lots began in 1882. Pasadena was first chartered as a city in 1886; by a clause in the present special free-holders' charter, adopted in 1901, saloons are prohibited in the city.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Paré, Ambroise

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​PARÉ, AMBROISE (1510–1590), French surgeon, was born at Laval, in the province of Maine, and died at Paris in 1590. His professional career and services to his art are described in the article Surgery. A collection of his works was published at Paris in 1575 and they were afterwards frequently reprinted. Several editions have appeared in German and Dutch, and among the English translations was that of Thomas Johnson (1665).
See J. F. Malgaigne, Œuvres complètes (Paris, 1840); Le Paulmier, Ambroise Paré d’après de nouveaux documents découverts aux archives nationales et de papiers de famille (Paris, 1885); Stephen Paget, Ambroise Paré and his Times (London, 1897).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Opalina

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​OPALINA (so named by J. E. Purkinjě and G. Valentin), a genus of Protozoa, without mouth or contractile vacuole, covered with nearly equal flagelliform cilia, and possessing numerous nuclei, all similar. It has been referred to Aspirotricha by Bütschli, but by M. Hartog (Cambridge Natural History, vol. ii., 1906) has been transferred to the Flagellates (q.v.). All the species are parasitic in cold-blooded Vertebrates.
See Bezzenberger in Archiv. f. Protistenkunde (1903), iii. 138.