OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Audubon Societies

See also National Audubon Society on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Audubon Societies, organizations formed in over thirty states of the American Union, with about 75,000 members, for the study as well as the protection of bird-life. These societies have waged their battle for birds along many lines and with gratifying results. Through their literature and through the newspaper and magazine press they have awakened a wide interest in behalf of the birds, they have enlightened the public in regard to the æsthetic and economic value of birds; they have enlisted the interest of teachers in the public schools and through them have created in the minds of the young a love of birds and bird-lore; they have secured the enactment of laws forbidding the slaughter of birds and have practically stopped the trade in bird plumage. In cooperation with the federal government they have purchased and set aside as refuges, safe from depredation, many of the islands used as breeding places by various species of sea-fowl along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts and in certain points in Oregon and Washington. A warden is placed in charge of each of these whose business it is to patrol the refuge and see that the birds are protected from trespassers. In order that he may have the prestige and authority of a government officer, the federal government pays him a salary of one dollar a month, but his real salary is paid by the Audubon societies. Pelican Island, in Florida, the first bird reservation, was set aside by proclamation of the president in March, 1903. This island is the only known breeding place for brown pelicans on our Atlantic coast, and the colony had been almost exterminated when the government interfered. Here and in other reservations where many species of wild fowl, including grebes, coots, rail, white ibises, egrets, heron, etc. make their winter homes, these beautiful birds are now rapidly increasing in number. Much similar work is carried on by state organizations. In Louisiana the state Audubon Society controls 750 square miles of land and water on the east side of the Mississippi River near its mouth and a similar tract of territory on the west side. Massachusetts, New Jersey and other states have secured extensive tracts in which wild birds are to be protected. It is probable that ere long similar action will be taken by every state in the Union.
In 1903 the Audubon Societies east and west secured agreements with the Merchants' Millinery Association and the Western Jobbers' Association whereby the sale of the plumage of wild birds was discontinued. It is stated on the authority of the government Bureau of Ornithology that bird life in this country, which during the fifteen years preceding 1903 had been reduced fifty per cent. by the merciless slaughter of birds for their plumage, is now slowly but steadily on the increase, thanks to the vigorous legal measures and the awakening of public sentiment which have resulted from the work of the Audubon Societies.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Auerbach, Berthold

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Auerbach, Berthold, German novelist, was born of humble Jewish parents at Nordstetten, in the Black Forest, Germany, February 28, 1812, and died at Cannes, France, February 8, 1882. After passing through the universities and getting into trouble with the authorities for participation in the Burschenschaft, he, under the influence of Spinoza's teaching, renounced Judaism and gave himself to literature. He published a Life of Spinoza and one (unacknowledged) on Frederick the Great, but made no special success until 1843, when the first of his now famous Black Forest Village Stories appeared, followed at some interval by Little Barefoot, Joseph in the Snow, Edelweiss, The Villa on the Rhine and by On the Heights—the latter two being, with his sketches of the Black Forest, his most representative work. His subsequent work included further novels, Brigitta, Aloys Watfried and a later series of village stories of the Black Forest, with some admirable delineations of peasant life and character.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Augsburg

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Augsberg, an old and important city of Germany, in Bavaria, is on the River Lech. A colony was planted here in 12 B. C. by the Emperor Augustus. It became a free city of the empire in 1276. Holbein was a native of this city. It has many large manufactories, and is one of the main money markets ot Europe. Population, 102,293.
# The New Student's Reference Work/August

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Au'gust, the sixth month in the Roman year, which began with March. It was originally called Sextilis, and received its present name in honor of the Emperor Augustus, because several of the most important events of his life occurred in this month. In this month he was first elected consul and three times entered Rome in triumph; in the same month an end was put to the civil wars. To make it equal to the fifth month, a day was taken from February and added to August.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Augustine, Saint Aurelius

See also Augustine of Hippo on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Augustine (aw' gus-tĭn), Saint Aurelius, a famous preacher and scholar, was born at Tagaste, near Carthage, Africa, November 13, 354 A. D. He had the best of schooling, the latter part of it at Carthage, where he fell into bad habits. A passage of Cicero, which he chanced to read one day, first stirred his deeper being into life. For the next ten years he was an earnest student of philosophy. In 383 he went to Milan, Italy, as a teacher of rhetoric. Here he became a close friend of the eloquent preacher, Ambrose, then bishop of Milan. Augustine often went to hear his friend preach. His mother, Monica, was an earnest Christian, and her influence and that of his friend brought him to accept Christianity. In 396 he was made bishop of Hippo in North Africa. The next year he brought out his Confessions, some passages of which for beauty can only be compared with the Psalms of David. His most powerful work is his City of God. A great thinker and writer, no man's influence on the church has been greater. He died in 430 A. D.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Waterville, Me.

See also Waterville, Maine on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Wa′terville, Me., a town on the right bank of the Kennebec River, 18 miles northeast of Augusta. Ticonic Falls give it a fine water-power, around which are clustered the factories of boot-shanks, sash and doors, shirts, furniture, carpets, paper and woolen mills. Electric power for light and transportation has also been developed, and the Maine Central railroad-shops, the most extensive in the state, are located here. It is the seat of Colby College, a Baptist institution, which was first called Waterville College, becoming Colby College in 1867. It has several fine buildings and a library of 35,000 volumes; besides, there are Coburn Classical Institute; Ursuline Academy (R. C.), an excellent system of public and parish schools; and school libraries. Population 11,458.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Weber, Wilhelm Eduard

See also Wilhelm Eduard Weber on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Weber, Wilhelm Eduard, who has been called the Nestor of German physicists, was born at Wittenberg on the 24th of October, 1804. At the suggestion of Gauss he was appointed professor of physics at the University of Göttingen; but in 1837 he was compelled to resign on account of antagonism to the state authorities. Living for the next six years as a private citizen, he was in 1843 appointed to the chair of physics in the University of Leipsic; but he was recalled to his old post in Göttingen in 1849. The volume on The Theory of Waves (Wellenlehre), which he published with his brother, E. H. Weber, in 1825, is the first scholarly, experimental treatment of water-waves in existence. But perhaps Weber's chief service to science was the introduction of the absolute system of units into physical measurement — a work which he performed conjointly with Gauss. The invention of the earth-inductor and of the electrodynamometer is also due to Weber. As early as 1833 Gauss and Weber had connected the observatory and physical laboratory at Göttingen by means of a telegraph line. Weber died at Göttingen, June 23, 1891.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Watson, John

See also Ian Maclaren on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Wat′son, Rev. John (nom de plume Ian Maclaren), one of the IAN MACLAREN most popular of the Scotch school of story-writers and a prominent figure in English religious life, was born of Scottish parents at Manningtree, Essex, Nov. 3, 1850, and educated at Edinburg University land at Tubingen. Ordained a minister of the Free Church of Scotland, he had his first important charge at Free St. Matthew's, Glasgow, and afterward was transferred to the Sefton Park Presbyterian Church, Liverpool. Till 1893 Dr. Watson was known as an able and popular preacher; but in that year he acquired greater distinction and a wider fame by a series of Scottish prose idyls, written for The British Weekly and afterwards published under the title of Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush. This work won deserved praise for the fidelity with which he has portrayed humble and reverent Scottish life and scenes, and was deservedly dramatized. The volume was followed by The Days of Auld Lang Syne, Kate Carnegie, A Doctor of the Old School, Rabbi Saunderson and Afterwards and Other Stories. His religious writings embrace The Upper Room, The Mind of the Master, The Cure of Souls, The Homely Virtues, The Inspiration of Our Faith, The Potter's Wheel and Companions of the Sorrowful Way. In 1896 and again in 1899 he visited the United States on lecturing tours, and delivered the Lyman Beecher lectures at Yale University on practical theology. He also visited the United States in 1907, where he died at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, May 6.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Watertown, N. Y.

See also Watertown (city), New York on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Watertown, N. Y., county-seat of Jefferson County, is on Black River, ten miles from Lake Ontario. The river crosses the city and falls 112 feet in about two miles, thus giving fine water-power for the manufactures of the place. Flour-mills, paper-mills, foundries, breweries, sewing-machine works and factories of paper flour-sacks, boots and shoes, cigars, carriages and sashes, together with the New York Air Brake works, are the most important of its manufactures. It also has a large trade with the fine agricultural region in which it is situated. The city annually expends $103,000 on its public schools, which have a force of 130 teachers and an enrollment of 4,600 pupils. It was settled in 1800, and became a city in 1869. Population 26,730.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Watertown, Wis.

See also Watertown, Wisconsin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Watertown, Wis., a city in Dodge and Jefferson Counties, is on Rock River, 35 miles northeast of Madison. It has a large trade and a number of manufactories, as flouring-mills, threshing-machine works, brick, furniture and shoe and box -factories. It is the seat of Northwestern University, a Lutheran institution founded in 1864, and of the University of the Sacred Heart (R. C.), chartered in 1872. It has admirable public and parish schools, a free public library and some fine churches. Population 8,829.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Watson, Thomas

See also Thomas Watson (poet) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Watson, Thomas (1557-1592), was one of the English lyrical poets who inaugurated the great outburst of Elizabethan literature. He is known to have attended Oxford University and to have studied law in London. He was an elegant and celebrated Latinist. His Latin translation of the Antigone of Sophocles appeared in 1581. He also translated Tasso's Aminta into Latin pastoral form. His English works include the Tears of Fancy, a beautiful collection consisting of 60 sonnets, some of which appear to have been utilized by Shakespeare. Watson also wrote a book of 100 professed sonnets, which had 18 lines each instead of 14; this he called The Passionate Century of Love. His themes are largely from the French and Italian. His English verse is published in Arber's English Reprints.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Weber, Karl Maria von

See also Carl Maria von Weber on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Weber (vā'bẽr), Karl Maria von, a German composer, was born in Holstein, Dec. 18, 1786. He early showed the musical genius which he inherited from his father. By the time he was 14, he had already composed two operas, the second one, The Forest Maiden, being put on the stage. He held several positions, such as conductor of the opera at Breslau, musical instructor in the family of Duke Louis at Stuttgart, director of the opera at Prague and at Dresden and musical director to the king of Saxony. His work includes operas, symphonies and overtures for the piano, clarionet, oboe, bassoon and violoncello and a large number of songs, among them a series of national songs from Körner's Lyre and Sword, which roused the patriotic sentiment during the war of liberation. His best opera, Der Freischütz (The Archer), was produced in 1822 at Berlin, and created a great sensation throughout Europe, so that Charles Kemble asked him for an opera for the English stage. Oberon was written in answer to this request, and brought out under his own direction at London in 1826, where he was greeted with enthusiastic applause. He died while on this visit to England, June 5, 1826. Consult Life by his son, translated by Simson.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Watervliet, N. Y.

See also Watervliet, New York on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Watervliet (wa′tẽr-vlët), N. Y. (formerly West Troy village, incorporated as a city since 1890), in Albany County, on the Hudson River, opposite Troy and a few miles north of Albany. Here, on a reservation, is Watervliet Arsenal with its ordnance-constructing plant, powder and ammunition magazines etc, owned and operated by the national government. The Erie Canal passes through the reservation, and the arsenal controls considerable wharfage on the Hudson. The town grows apace, and in civic institutions, as well as in residences, begins to assume the status of a city. Population 15,074.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Watson, John Crittenden

See also John C. Watson on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Watson, John Crittenden, American naval officer (rear-admiral in command of the Asiatic station, with pennant on United States battleship Oregon), was born at Frankfort, Ky., Aug. 24, 1842, entered the United States Naval Academy in 1856, and graduated in 1860. From 1862 to 1864 he acted as aid to Admiral Farragut on the Hartford, and took part in forcing the Mississippi River and capturing New Orleans; he was wounded at the battle of Mobile Bay. From 1865 to 1867 he served on the Colorado in the European squadron, and was promoted to commander in 1874, to captain in 1887, and to commodore in 1897. In the war with Spain he commanded the blockading squadron on the northern Cuban coast on the Newark. In June, 1898, he was given command of a squadron designed to operate against the coasts of Spain, but the collapse of the war rendered the project unnecessary. In June, 1898, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the eastern squadron.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Africaine, L'

Edition of 1905. See also L'Africaine on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AFRICAINE, L’, lȧ′frē̇′-kā̇n′ (Fr., The African). A French opera by Giacomo Meyerbeer (q.v.) . The words are by Scribe, and it was produced in Paris, April 28, 1865, a year after the composer's death.
# The New International Encyclopædia/African International Association

Edition of 1905. See also International African Association on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AFRICAN IN′TERNA′TIONAL ASSO′CIA′TION. In 1876 the King of Belgium called a conference at Brussels of geographers and explorers to consider means for the opening up of Africa to civilization, and there the African International Association was formed, with the object of establishing stations for scientific purposes in Eastern Africa. When H. M. Stanley in 1877 revealed the magnitude and importance of the fertile Congo basin, a second conference was assembled at Brussels, at which the African International Association made plans which extended its field of operation over the newly explored territory. But the greed of the different nations, awakened by the dazzling territorial and commercial prospects the Congo basin afforded, brought about endless disputes, until at length it was decided, by the mutual consent of all the great powers, including the United States, to leave the final adjustment of the difficulties to an international conference in Berlin. The conference opened at Berlin, November 17, 1884, with Prince Bismarck in the chair, and ended its labors February 26, 1885. Fifteen States were represented. As a result of mutual compromises, it was declared that the immense regions forming the basin of the Congo River and its tributaries shall be neutral territory, that perfectly free trade shall exist there, that citizens of any country may undertake every species of transportation within its limits, that the powers exercising sovereign rights over neighboring territory are forbidden to exercise monopolies or favors of any kind in regard to trade, and that they shall bind themselves to suppress slavery. The King of Belgium was made sovereign of the new State. See Africa; Congo Free State; Stanley, H. M.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Afranius, Lucius

Edition of 1905. See also Lucius Afranius (poet) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ AFRA′NIUS, Lucius. A Roman poet and playwright, who lived about 100 B.C. He was praised by Cicero and Quintilian for the excellence of his plays, only the titles and a few fragments of which survive. They are collected by Ribbeck, Comicorum Romanorum Fragmenta (Leipzig, 1898).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Aeby, Christoph Theodor

Edition of 1905. See also Christoph Theodor Aeby on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AEBY, e'b'. Christoph Theodor (1835-85). A Swiss anatomist and anthropologist, born near Pfalzburg. Lorraine. He studied medicine at Basel and Göttingen. In 1863, he was made professor of anatomy at Bern, and in 1884 at the University of Prague. He is best known for his contributions to anthropology, which include a new and valuable craniometric method. He also demonstrated the influence of atmospheric pressure on the several joints of the human body. His published works include: Untersuchungen über die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Reizung in der quergestreiften Muskelfaser (Brunswick, 1862); Eine neue Methode zur Bestimmung der Schädelform von Menschen und ​Säugetieren (Brunswick, 1862); Die Schädelformen des Menschen und der Affen (Leipzig, 1867); Ueber das Verhältnis der Mikrokephalie zum Atavismus (Stuttgart, 1878).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Afragola

Edition of 1905. See also Afragola on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ AFRAGOLA, ä′frȧ-gō′lȧ. A city in south Italy, five miles northeast of Naples, noted for the manufacture of straw goods. Pop., 1881, 19,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Afinger, Bernhard

Edition of 1905. See also Bernhard Afinger on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ AFINGER, ä′fĭng-ẽr, Bernhard (1813-82). A German sculptor, born at Nuremberg, Bavaria. He studied the works of old German sculpture there, was for a time a silversmith, and in 1840 began instruction under Rauch at Berlin. In portrait medallions and works of a religious character he was particularly successful. There is an Arndt memorial by him at Bonn, a university memorial at Greifswald, and a statue of Newton in the National Museum, Pesth.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Afiun-Kara-Hissar

Edition of 1905. See also Afyonkarahisar on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ AFIUN-KARA-HISSAR, ȧ′fē̇-o͞on′kȧ-rä′-hĭs-sär′ (Turk., Opium Black Castle). A city of Anatolia, Asiatic Turkey, 170 miles northeast of Smyrna (Map: Turkey in Asia, D 3). It is surrounded by rocky hills, on one of which are found the ruins of a castle. The town contains several mosques and Armenian churches. It manufactures woolen carpets and opium, the latter being one of the chief articles of commerce, from which the town derives its name. The trade is considerable. The town is connected by rail with Smyrna, Constantinople, and Konieh. Pop., about 20,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/African Hair

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​AF′RICAN HAIR. See Chamærops.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Africander

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​AF′RICAN′DER. See Afrikander.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dresden

See also Dresden on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Dresden (drĕz' den), one of the largest cities of the German empire and the capital of Saxony, is situated in the beautiful valley of the Elbe. The city lies on both sides of the river, the old portion on the left bank having narrow, gloomy streets; while the streets of the newer part are wide and regular. Dresden is often called the German Florence, because of its many objects of high historic value. Many of the churches are of historic interest, and the palaces are beautiful buildings, containing fine collections of celebrated works of art. The oourt-theater is another fine building. There also are many beautiful monuments scattered through the city. The chief pleasure ground is the Grosser-Garten, in which are a summer theater and two museum. Near by, is the zoological garden. Dresden is famous for its artistic, literary and scientific collections. The most valuable of these is the picture-gallery, in the museum, which contains 2,500 pictures. This collection is one of the finest in Europe. The so-called Japanese palace contains a library of 300,000 volumes and collections of coins, ancient works of art, china and similar objects. Among the chief branches of industry in the town are manufactures in gold, silver, straw-plait and scientific and musical instruments. Dresden is known to have existed in 1206. It was almost entirely burned in 1491, but was soon rebuilt. In the first half of the 18th century Augustus I and II, Electors of Saxony, by their extensive improvements began to give the city the appearance it now has. The city suffered severely in the Seven Years' War, in the wars of Napoleon and in the Revolution of 1848. It has greatly improved in the last 25 years. Population, 546,882.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dromedary

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Dromedary. See Camel.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Duhamel

See also Joseph-Thomas Duhamel on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Duhamel (dü′ȧ′mĕl′). The most Reverend Joseph Thomas, Archbishop of Ottawa, was born in the province of Quebec in 1841, educated at St. Joseph's College, Ottawa, and ordained in 1863. Consecrated bishop of Ottawa in 1874, in 1876 he was made archbishop, in 1887 becoming metropolitan of the ecclesiastical province of Ottawa. He is chancellor of the University of Ottawa, and has been earnest and persistent in the cause of education.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dubois, Pa.

See also DuBois, Pennsylvania on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Dubois, (du-bois′), Pa., a borough in Clearfield County, about 80 miles from Pittsburg. It is located in a coal-region, but besides its mining-interests it manufactures agricultural and mining implements, has flour and lumber-mills and an iron-works. Dubois has the service of three railroads. Population, 12,623.