OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lansing, John

Edition of 1905. See also John Lansing Jr. on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​LANSING, John (1754-1829). An American jurist, born at Albany, N. Y. He was privately educated and studied law with Robert Yates (q.v.) in his native city, and with James Duane in New York, where he was established in practice at the outbreak of the Revolution. During the war he served for some time as military secretary to Gen. Philip Schuyler. He was elected to Congress in 1784, and while retaining this office, was elected also to the lower branch of the Legislature, of which in 1786 he was chosen Speaker. In the same year he was named by the council of appointment Mayor of Albany, and succeeded John Jay as a member of the Massachusetts-New York boundary commission. In March, 1787, while still a member of Congress, he was appointed, with Yates and Hamilton, to represent New York in the Constitutional Convention, but left it with the first-named, after two months' participation, on the grounds that they had not been delegated to form a new Constitution, but only to amend the Articles of Confederation. In June, 1788, with George Clinton and Melancthon Smith (q.v.), he led the opposition to the ratification of the Constitution by New York at the Poughkeepsie convention. After serving on the New York-Vermont boundary commission, he was, in September, 1790, named a judge of the New York Supreme Court. He succeeded Yates as Chief Justice in 1798, and in 1801 succeeded Robert R. Livingston (q.v.) as Chancellor, which position he retained until 1814, when he in turn was succeeded by James Kent (q.v.). He declined the Anti-Federalist nomination for Governor of New York in 1804.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Laramie

Edition of 1905. See also Laramie, Wyoming on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ LARAMIE, lăr′ȧ-mē̇. A city and the county-seat of Albany County, Wyo., 50 miles northwest of Cheyenne, the State capital; on the Big Laramie River, and on the Union Pacific Railroad (Map: Wyoming, G 5). The city, situated on ​the Laramie plains, is near mountains which afford fine scenery and are rich in minerals. It is the see of the Protestant Episcopal missionary bishopric of Wyoming, and among its chief institutions are the State University, the State Agricultural College, and the State Fish Hatchery. The principal industries are stock-raising and manufacturing, the industrial plants including soda-works, flouring-mills, glass-works, and the extensive machine and repair shops and rolling-mills of the Union Pacific Railroad Company. First settled in 1868, Laramie was incorporated in 1869, and was chartered as a city in 1884. The present government, under a charter of 1887, is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, a unicameral council, and administrative officials, all appointed by the executive, subject to the consent of the council. The city owns and operates the water-works. Population, in 1890, 6388; in 1900, 8207.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lapworth, Charles

Edition of 1905. See also Charles Lapworth on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ LAP′WORTH, Charles (1842—). An English geologist. He was born at Faringdon, Berkshire; received a pedagogical training at Culham College; taught at Galashiels (1864-75), at Madras College, Saint Andrews (1875-81), and at Mason College, Birmingham, which afterwards became Birmingham University. He won the Bigsby gold medal in 1887, and the Wollaston medal in 1899; in 1892 he became president of the geological section of the British Association of Edinburgh. Lapworth urged strongly the theory of ‘rock-fold’; investigated the graptolites—The Geological Distribution of the Rhabdophora (1879-80)—showing, against Barrande's theory of colonies, the chronological and zonal sequence; and made great contributions to the stratigraphy of the Darness Eribole district of the Scotch Highlands. His writings are in the publications of the Edinburgh Geological Society, the reports of the British Association, the Quarterly Journal of the London Geological Society, and the Geological Magazine. He revised the tenth edition of Page's Physical Geography (1881), also his Geology (1888), and published an Intermediate Text-book of Geology (1899).
# The Mysterious Lodger

* information about this edition.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
First published 1850.
Part I
Part II
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Mysterious Key and What It Opened

1867
* Chapter I
* Chapter II
* Chapter III
* Chapter IV
* Chapter V
* Chapter VI
* Chapter VII
* Chapter VIII
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Meaning of Easter Eggs

From Popular Science Monthly Volume 33, May 1888 Popular Miscellany
​ The Meaning of Easter Eggs.—Larousse's "Dictionnaire Universel" says: "The use of Easter eggs is general among all the people of the different Christian communities. It appears to have been a symbolic tradition of the Christian Church, which has been explained in different ways. Some see in it a remembrance of the red egg which, according to Ælius Lampidius, a hen belonging to the parents of Alexander Severus laid on the day of his birth. Others trace it to the martyrdom which was inflicted upon Christians by the ova ignita.
Among pagans, the egg had a mystic sense, relating to the origin of beings and of the whole world; and it is perhaps the case that this tradition was preserved, along with many others, in the new religion. The most probable interpretation, however, is that the Christian adepts saw in the egg, in view of the phenomenon of its hatching, a symbol of the resurrection of Christ; and hence the custom of carrying eggs to the temple on Easter-day to be blessed by the priest, which were afterward distributed to the family and friends. But it may be that there is in this nothing more than a joyful manifestation on the occasion of having again eggs of which the laity had been deprived during the whole of Lent."
# The New Student's Reference Work/Moody, Dwight Lyman

See also Dwight Lyman Moody on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* DWIGHT L. MOODY
Mood′y, Dwight Lyman, evangelist, was born at Northfield, Mass., Feb. 5, 1837. At 17 he became an earnest Christian and zealously embraced Christian work. Wishing to strike out a new path for himself, he went from Boston to Chicago. A tireless worker, he settled down to the hunting up of ragged children in the worst parts of the city and winning them to school and to a good life. Soon a deserted saloon was hired for a Sunday-school which Moody built into a great mission.
The breaking out of the Civil War gave Moody an opportunity that was improved to the utmost. He carried on a great revival at the recruiting camp near Chicago. Soon a call came from the sick and wounded. Back and forth between Chicago and camp and battlefield Moody toiled and traveled.
Moody's great work was as an evangelist, but his many converts in Chicago, who had founded a church, forced him to become their pastor. But this charge could not keep him from carrying on great revivals which were wonderfully successful and will always hold his name in remembrance. In 1870 and 1883, with Sankey (who died in 1908), he visited England, where his success was as great as in America. Another great ​agency we owe Moody is the summer-school for Bible study at Northfield, where Christian workers study under the foremost preachers and professors. Connected with this school is the institute for the training of young men for this work, which was founded from the proceeds of the sale of Moody and Sankey’s Gospel Hymns, the most popular hymn-book ever published. Many of Moody’s sermons have been published. See Moody and the Memoir by W. R. Moody, his son (b. 1869), who continues the father’s work in Northfield. He died on Dec. 22, 1899.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Morgan, John Tyler

See also John Tyler Morgan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Morgan, John Tyler, an American soldier and statesman, was born at Athens, Tenn., June 20, 1824; emigrated to Alabama in 1833; was admitted to the bar in 1845; became a delegate to the Alabama secession convention in 1861; joined the Confederate army in 1861; and, passing through all grades from private upward, was made brigadier-general in 1863 and served to the close of the struggle. In 1877 he was elected to the United States senate. In 1892 he was appointed arbitrator on the Bering Sea fisheries by President Harrison. In 1898 he was appointed by President McKinley one of the commissioners to organize a territorial government in Hawaii. He died on June 11, 1907.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Morgan, John Hunt

See also John Hunt Morgan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Morgan, John Hunt, a Confederate general, was born at Huntsville, Ala., in 1826. In the Civil War he took the Confederate side; was a bold and successful raider; and his troops were the terror of the border regions and known as Morgan's Guerrillas. He is celebrated for what is known as Morgan's raid, in which, crossing the Ohio, he dashed through southern Indiana and Ohio, but was captured while recrossing the river, and confined in the Ohio penitentiary. After his escape he led another raid into Tennessee, but was surprised and killed at Greenville, Tenn., Sept. 4, 1864.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Moriah, Mount

See also Temple Mount on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Mori′ah, Mount, a hill in Palestine, forming a part of the site of Jerusalem. Solomon's temple was built upon it, and at its foot, in the valley of Jehoshaphat, is the Virgin's Fountain, an intermittent spring from which the water flows through an aqueduct cut into the mountain into the Pool of Siloam. When the temple was destroyed at the taking of Jerusalem, Mount Moriah was literally plowed over. It is the site of the great mosque of Jerusalem, which occupies about one seventh of the present city.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Moody, William Henry

See also William Henry Moody on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Moody, William Henry, was born in Newbury, Mass., educated at Phillips Academy, Andover, and graduated from Harvard in 1876. He took up the law, and became district-attorney of the east district of Massachusetts in 1890, serving till 1895. He successfully prosecuted the “boodle” aldermen of Lawrence. He was elected to the 54th Congress, and served also in the 55th, 56th and 57th Congresses. During that time he gained the reputation of being a thorough master of the method of conducting the proceedings of the house; and he also was of much service in the important committee of appropriations. On May 1, 1902, he was selected by President Roosevelt to succeed Mr. Long as Secretary of the Navy. On July 1, 1904, he was appointed Attorney-General of the United States. In 1906 he was appointed Supreme-Court Justice. He has had charge of many of the important prosecutions which the government has conducted against offending corporations and their officers.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Moon

See also Moon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Moon, a satellite of the earth and our nearest neighbor in the stellar universe. Its distance from the earth varies from 221,614 to 252,972 miles. Its apparent mean diameter is 31′ 7″ so that its real diameter is 2,163 miles, and its volume only 1/49 that of the earth. The moon’s mass, however, is only about 1/80 of the earth’s, which makes the acceleration of gravity at its surface only 1/6 that at the surface of the earth. Professor Young illustrates this by saying that “a man on the moon could jump six times as high as he could on the earth and could throw a stone six times as far.” The absence of any atmosphere or water on the surface of the moon has been proved by the moon’s appearance in the telescope, by the spectroscope and by the absence of refraction in the occultation of stars. The moon, like the sun, moves constantly toward the east among the stars; but it gains 12° 11.4′ daily on the sun. Accordingly the moon requires (360° / 12° 11.4′) days to gain one complete revolution on the sun. This length of time, which is 29$^d$ 12$^h$ 44$^m$ 2.7$^s$ is called one month. This is also exactly the time required for one rotation of the moon upon her own axis. The consequence is that she always keeps the same side toward the earth. The other side of the moon is something that no inhabitant of the earth has ever seen. The reason why the period of the moon’s rotation is exactly one month is a matter which is thoroughly understood — namely, tidal friction — but is too advanced for discussion in this place. The various phases which the moon presents will be clear from the accompanying figure which represents the earth and the moon’s orbit, illuminated by a sun at a great distance above the top of the page. When the moon lies exactly in the direction of the sun we say it is “new.” In this position we see none of its illuminated hemisphere; but as the moon moves away from the sun’s direction we see more and more of the illuminated portion. At the end of one week, half of the bright surface is seen by an observer on the earth, and we speak of this as a “half moon.” A week later we see the complete, illuminated hemisphere and call it “full moon.” The moon now begins to wane and passes through these same phases, in reverse order, until the next “new moon.” The moon has in all ages been and still is the subject of many superstitions. Witness such words as moon-struck and lunacy.
PHASES OF THE MOON
# The New Student's Reference Work/Moonstone

See also Orthoclase on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Moon'stone. See Feldspar.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Morgan, John Pierpont

See also Pierpont Morgan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* PIERPONT MORGAN
Morgan, John Pierpont, an American financier, was born at Hartford, Conn., April 17, 1837. He was educated at the high school in Boston and the University of Göttingen, Germany. He began his career as a banker in 1857 in New York City; and in 1860 was appointed the American agent of the London firm of George Peabody and Company. In 1864 he became one of the firm of Dabney, Morgan and Company; and in 1871 he became a partner of the Drexels. He took a lively interest in railroad management, being director in a number of roads and active in the reorganization and development of lines that had failed in other hands. In 1895 he successfully conducted a syndicate formed for the purchase of United States four per cent. bonds, Mr. Morgan became director in no less than 23 railroad companies by 1900, and it was through his efforts that the great steel-manufacturing interests of the country were combined into a company having a capital of $1,100,000,000. In 1901 he purchased three lines of ocean-steamers, and with his associates engaged in the largest financial transactions which have ever been entered into by private individuals. He was an art connoisseur and collector and made many important contributions to the Metropolitan Art Museum of New York. He died in Rome, March 31, 1913.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Morgarten

See also Oberägeri on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Morgarten (mōr′gär′t’n), a mountain on the border of Lake Egeri in Switzerland, near which 1,400 Swiss from Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden won a great victory over 15,000 Austrians, Nov, 15, 1315.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Morley, John

See also John Morley on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* VISCOUNT MORLEY
Mor′ley, John, an English statesman and writer, was born at Blackburn, Lancashire, Dec. 24, 1838, and was educated at Oxford. He chose literature as a profession, writing Edmund Burke, Walpole, Rousseau, Voltaire, Richard Cobden, an essay on Compromise and Critical Miscellanies among other works, and editing from 1867 to 1882 the Fortnightly Review. He also was editor of the English Men of Letters Series. From 1880 to 1883 he edited the Pall Mall Gazette. In 1880 he entered Parliament as a Liberal, where his speeches in favor of home rule, as well as his newspaper articles, did much to influence public opinion. In 1886 he was Irish secretary for a short time. He supported Gladstone in 1890, and from 1892 to 1895 was secretary for Ireland. He is popular as a public speaker; and opposed the Salisbury government in undertaking the Boer War. His later works embrace Oliver Cromwell and William Ewart Gladstone, besides Studies in Literature. In 1907 ​he became secretary of state for India in the Campbell-Bannerman cabinet. In 1908 he was made a viscount.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fabius Maximus

See also Fabius Maximus on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Fa′bius Max′imus, a member of one of the most illustrious patrician families of Rome. He was five times consul and twice censor, and was elected dictator immediately after the defeat of the Romans at Trasimenus. The tactics he observed in the second Punic War gave rise to what is now known as the Fabian policy in warfare. He avoided a direct engagement and harassed the enemy by guerilla warfare; he annoyed them by marches and counter-marches and cut off their stragglers and foragers; and during all this time his delay allowed Rome to assemble her forces in greater strength. He recovered Tarentum, one of Hannibal's strongholds. He died 203 B. C.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Faed, Thomas

See also Thomas Faed on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Faed (fād), Thomas, a Scottish painter of renown, was born at Burley Mill, in Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland, on June 8, 1826. He was made an associate of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1849, an associate of the Royal Academy in 1861, an Academician in 1864, and in 1875 was elected an honorary member of the Vienna Royal Academy. Among his celebrated pictures are The Motherless Bairn, The Last of the Clan and Scott and His Literary Friends at Abbotsford.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Expositions

See also Trade fair on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Expositions. National and international exhibitions or expositions of manufactures, arts, commerce, agriculture and mining are a feature of the present and the recent century. The first of any importance was held at Paris in 1798, and for half a century these displays were held every three years. In this, as in other things, Paris set the fashion. Between 1820 and 1850 exhibitions were held at Vienna, Berlin, Brussels, St. Petersburg, Stockholm, Moscow, Lisbon, Madrid, Dublin, Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham, New York, Philadelphia and many other cities. The first really national exposition in England was held in 1851 at the Crystal Palace, London; and the first of great importance in the United States was held in New York in 1853. The idea was also adopted in the east, and a large exposition was held at Constantinople in 1863. These great industrial shows had now become quite common events, and we need only mention as instances in the next few years the magnificent Paris Exposition of 1867 and the one at Vienna in 1873. The Philadelphia Centennial Exposition of 1876 was held in commemoration of the hundredth anniversary of American independence. Other recent expositions in this country have been those at Louisville in 1882 and at New Orleans in 1884. The Paris Exposition of 1878, which surpassed all others before it, was overshadowed by the Universal Exhibition of Paris in 1889. The Eiffel Tower (which see), wonderful as it was, was rivaled by the Machinery Palace, which had a span of 377 feet, but was without pillars or like support.
The World's Columbian Exposition, in Chicago in 1893, far exceeded all its predecessors. The opening of this century was marked by two industrial exhibitions of some magnitude and attractiveness, one at Glasgow, Scotland, and the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, N. Y. The design of the latter was to illustrate the progress of the age in science, arts and industries—especially those of the New World. The exposition also had for its object to promote trade among all American countries and to present a great object-lesson showing the industrial development of the continent. Part of its motive-power was obtained from the neighboring Falls of Niagara. The St. Louis or Louisiana-Purchase Exposition of 1903 was held to commemorate the centenary of Jefferson's purchase of the Louisiana territory; the Portland, Oregon, Exposition of 1905 memorialized Lewis and Clarke's successful conclusion of their exploration of the new acquisition; and the Jamestown, Virginia, Exposition celebrated the tercentenary of the founding of the first English colony in the present United States. Seattle, Washington, held an Alaskan Exposition in 1909. The Pan-American Exposition of the resources of the Americas at Buffalo in 1901, which was otherwise a brilliant success, was saddened by the assassination of President McKinley.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel

See also Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Fahrenheit (fä′ren-hīt), Gabriel Daniel, the improver of the thermometer and barometer, was born at Dantzic, Prussia, on May 14, 1686. Originally intended for business, he abandoned trade at an early age and took up the study of natural philosophy. About 1714 he conceived the idea of using quicksilver instead of spirits of wine in the making of thermometers, thereby increasing their accuracy. Fahrenheit fixed his freezing point at 32°, to avoid errors in measuring the temperature. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, of London in 1724, and died on Sept. 16, 1736. For all practical purposes Fahrenheit's thermometer is the one in general use in the United States.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ezra

See also Ezra on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ez'ra (Help), a Jewish scribe, lived about 450 B. C., and was regarded by the Jews of Christ's time as the second founder, with Nehemiah, of the Judean state. Judaism, as a religion, in distinction from the Hebrew religion before the captivity, dates from his day.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Express Companies

See also Express company on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Express Companies. This is an American system organized for the speedy transmission of parcels or merchandise of any kind and their safe delivery in good condition. It began in the trip made from Boston to New York by William Frederick Harnden (1813-45), the first “express-package carrier,” on March 4, 1839. The plan recommending itself to business men, competing companies sprang up rapidly, and express lines were established in all directions. Adams & Company's California express was started in 1849; Wells, Fargo & Company's in 1852; the American-European Company in 1855. As railroads extended, the early “pony express” disappeared, and individual companies made contracts with the railroad companies, their business over these routes being held to be entitled to the protection of the courts against any efforts to dispossess them. Many of the rival companies united, and now are joint-stock institutions, employing capital amounting to over $50,000,000. A feature of the system is the “collect on delivery” business—goods to strangers being marked C. O. D., with the amount to be collected, the express company making the collecting and forwarding “returns” to the shipper. Money-orders also are issued, payable at any of the numerous offices throughout the United States. They are received at banks from depositors, and ​are often preferred as cheaper and safer than checks or postal orders for small remittances by mail. See A. L. Stimson's History of the Express Business.