OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Clermont, (Claude-Catherine de)

She was an only daughter, and received a most careful education, being habituated to study from her early youth, and inured to close application, which neither injured her health or her beauty. During the absence of her second husband, who was successively ambassador in England, Germany, and Poland, she left her studies, to replace him near the throne, and to prevent his enemies having the ear of the king to his disadvantage. In all foreign affairs she was consulted as the only person at court who knew the languages. Afterwards, when her husband was in Italy, the marquis de Belle-Isle, her son, was gained over by the leaguers, and resolved to seize his father's estate. To prevent him, she assembled soldiers, and put herself at their head; which defeated the project, and maintained her vassals in obedience to their king. Henry IV. who knew how to appreciate worth, honoured the duchess with praises, and loaded her with favours. Nobody was more happy than herself—surrounded by a numerous family, and the object of general esteem and admiration. She survived her husband but a few months.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Christina de Pisa

CHRISTINA DE PISA, lived in France, at the Court of Charles VI.
Her works constituted a considerable part of the old French literature; she was particularly acquainted with the earl of Salisbury, who was himself a poet.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Chudleigh, (Lady Mary)

CHUDLEIGH, (LADY MARY) Daughter of Sir Richard Lee, of Winslade, Devonshire. Born 1656, died 1710,
Was taught no other language but her mother tongue, though her love of books and great capacity, enabled her to make a very considerable figure among the literati of her time.
She was married to Sir George Chudleigh, of Ashton, in the county of Devon, baronet, by whom she had two children; was as eminent for virtue as understanding; and, though well versed in poetry and history, dedicated much of her time to the study of philosophy and divinity, as appears from her excellent essays, which discover an uncommon degree of piety and knowledge, and a noble contempt of common vanities.
The works she wrote and published are, The Ladies' Defence; or, the Bride-woman's Counsellor answered: a poem.—In a Dialogue between Sir John Brute and Sir William Loveall; Melissa and a Parson. This last piece has been several times published, and was occasioned by an angry sermon preached against the ladies. She wrote also, The Song of the Three Children paraphrased; and many other poems upon various subjects, which are printed together, with the following title; Poems on various Occasions. By the Lady Chudleigh. Likewise Essays on several Subjects, in Prose and Verse. These are upon Knowledge, Pride, Humility, Life, Death, Fear, Grief, Self-love, Justice, Riches, Anger, Calumny, Friendship, Love, Avarice, Solitude; and are dedicated to her royal highness the princess Sophia, electress and duchess dowager of Brunswick, who, then in her ​eightieth year, honoured her with an epistle in French on the occasion.
At the end of the second volume of the duke of Wharton's Poems, are five letters from Lady Chudleigh, to the Rev. Mr. Norris, of Bemerton, and to Corinna, i. e. Mrs. Elizabeth Thomas.
She wrote several other things, which, though not printed, are carefully preserved in the family, viz. two tragedies, two operas, and a masque. Some of Lucian's Dialogues, in verse; Satirical Reflections on Saqualia, in imitation of Lucian's Dialogues, with several small poems.
She had been confined to her chamber by the rheumatism, a considerable time before her death, which happened at Ashton, in Devonshire, in the fifty-fifth year of her age.
Female Worthies, &c.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Richelieu, Louis François Armand du Plessis, Duc de

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​RICHELIEU, LOUIS FRANÇOIS ARMAND DU PLESSIS, Duc de (1696–1788), marshal of France, was a grandnephew of Cardinal Richelieu, and was born in Paris on the 13th of March 1696. Apart from his reputation as a man of exceptionally loose morals, he attained, in spite of a. deplorably defective education, distinction as a diplomatist and general. As ambassador to Vienna (1725–29) he settled in 1727 the preliminaries of peace; in 1733–34 he served in the Rhine campaign. His real public career began ten years later. He fought with distinction at Dettingen and Fontenoy, where he directed the grapeshot upon the English columns, and three years afterwards he made a brilliant defence of Genoa; in 1756 he expelled the English from Minorca by the capture of the San Felipe fortress; and in 1757–58 he closed his military career by those pillaging campaigns in Hanover which procured him the sobriquet of Petit Père de la Maraude. After the wars he plunged again into court intrigue, favoured the comtesse du Barry and supported his nephew the duc d’Aiguillon. Louis XVI., however, was not favourably inclined to him. In his early days he was thrice imprisoned in the Bastille: in 1711 at the instance of his stepfather, in 1716 in consequence of a duel, and in 1719 for his share in Alberoni’s conspiracy against the regent Orleans. He was thrice married: first, against his will, at the age of fourteen to Anne Catherine de Noailles; secondly, in 1734, by the intrigues (according to the witty Frenchman’s own account) of Voltaire, to Marie Elisabeth Sophie, Mademoiselle de Guise; and thirdly, when he was eighty-four years old, to an Irish lady. He died in Paris on the 8th of August 1788. Marshal Richelieu’s, Mémoires, published by J. L. Soulavie in nine volumes (1790), are partially spurious.
See H. Noel Williams, The Fascinating Duc de Richelieu (1910).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Richards, Henry Brinley

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​RICHARDS, HENRY BRINLEY (1819–1865), English pianist and composer, was born at Carmarthen, and educated at the Royal Academy of Music in London, where later he was a professor. He took much interest in Welsh music and in the Eisteddfod gatherings. He was a prolific composer, but is perhaps principally remembered for writing the song “God bless the Prince of Wales” (1862), which has been adopted as an English national anthem.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Richards, William Trost

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​RICHARDS, WILLIAM TROST (1833–1905), American marine painter, was born at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on the 14th of November 1833. He was a pupil of Paul Weber in his native city, and lived much in France, Italy and London. He was a member of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and of the American Water Colour Society. Examples of his work a.re in the collections of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Penn.; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, the Corcoran Art Gallery, Washington, D.C., and the Schaube Gallery, Hamburg. He died at Newport, Rhode Island, on the 8th of November 1905. His daughter Anna M. Richards (b. 1870), figure and landscape painter, was a pupil of John La Farge and Benjamin Constant.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Richardson, George

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​RICHARDSON, GEORGE, English 18th-century architect and designer. The dates of birth and death of this distinguished contemporary and rival of the brothers Adam are not ascertained, but he is conjectured to have been born about 1736 and to have died in 1817. Richardson spent three years—from 1760 to 1763—travelling in Dalmatia and Istria, in the south of France and in Italy. During that period he imbibed the inspiration of a lifetime, and acquired the material for its practical application. He soon began to show remarkable skill in adapting classical ideals to the uses of his time, and in 1765 he won a premium offered by the Society of Arts for a design of a street in the classical manner. Richardson’s work is so closely allied to that of the brothers Adam that it is often difficult to distinguish between them, and if it possessed less freedom and variety, and bore to a smaller extent the impress of an original mind, it was in the main exceedingly admirable and satisfying. Richardson was an especially successful designer of ceilings and chimney pieces. He published in 1776 a Book of Ceilings in the Style of the Antique Grotesque. Many of its drawings are of exquisite taste. Nor is his fireplace work, as represented by his Collection of Chimneypieces Ornamented in the Style of the Etruscan, Greek and Roman Architecture (1781), less attractive. Richardson’s chimney pieces are still to be found in considerable numbers in town and country houses. They are mostly of marble, but examples in wood are not uncommon. He made extensive use of coloured marbles, and the effect is constantly that of the sumptuous balancing the austere. Like the Adams, Richardson often worked with composition enrichment’s, and his New Designs in Architecture (1792) contains many drawings of interior friezes and columns to be executed either in this medium or painted to suit the wall hangings. His versatility, was considerable, as the titles of his works, a dozen in number, suggest. For many years he exhibited at the Royal Academy as well as in the Galleries of the Society of Arts. Why such a man should have fallen into penury in his old age we have no means of ascertaining, but we know that his necessities were relieved by Nollekens.
His principal works in addition to those already mentioned were, in chronological order: Aedes Pembrochianae (1774); Iconology (2 vols.), with plates by Bartolozzi and other engravers (1778–1779); New Designs in Architecture (1792); Original Designs for Country Seats or Villas (1795); The New Vitruvius Britannicus, a sequel to Colin Campbell’s Vitrivius Britannicus, 2 vols. (1802); Ornaments in the Grecian, Roman and Etruscan Tastes (1816). He also published volumes dealing with vases and tripods, antique friezes and other architectural and decorative details.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Richardson, Sir John

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​RICHARDSON, SIR JOHN (1787–1865), British naturalist, was born at Dumfries on the 5th of November 1787. He studied medicine at Edinburgh, and became a surgeon in the navy in 1807. In 1819 he was appointed surgeon and naturalist to Franklin’s first arctic expedition (1819–22), and he served in the same capacity to the second (1825–26). The scientific results of these expeditions he described in contributions to Franklin’s Narratives, and especially in the four quarto volumes of his Fauna Boreali-Americana (1829–37). He was knighted in 1846, and in the following year was chosen commander of the Franklin search expedition (1848–49), the journal of which he published in 1851 under the title of An Arctic Searching Expedtion. In 1855 he retired to Grasmere, where he died on the 5th of June 1865. He also wrote accounts dealing with the natural history, and especially the ichthyology, of several other arctic voyages, and was the author of Icones Piscium (1843), Catalogue of Apodal Fish in the British Museum, translated from the German MS. (1856), the second edition of Yarrell’s History of British Fishes (1860), and The Polar Regions (1861), expanded from an article with the same title which he wrote for the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
A Life by John MacIlraith was published in 1868.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Richepin, Jean

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​RICHEPIN, JEAN (1849–), French poet, novelist and dramatist, the son of an army doctor, was born at Medea (Algeria) on the 4th of February 1849. At school and at the École normale he gave evidence of brilliant, if somewhat undisciplined, powers, for which he found physical vent in different directions—first as a franc-tireur in the Franco-German War, and afterwards as actor, sailor and stevedore—and an intellectual outlet in the writing of poems, plays and novels which vividly reflected his erratic but unmistakable talent. A play, L’Étoile, written by him in collaboration with André Gill (1840–1885), was produced in 1873; but Richepin was virtually unknown until the publication, in 1876, of a volume of' verse entitled Chanson des gueux, when his outspokenness resulted in his being imprisoned and fined for outrage aux mœurs. The same quality has characterized his succeeding volumes of verse: Les Caresses (1877), Les Blasphèmes (1884), La Mer (1886), Mes paradis (1894), La Bombarde (1899). His novels have developed in style from the morbidity and brutality of Les Morts bizarres (1876), La Glu (1881) and Le Pave (1883) to the more thoughtful psychology of Madame André (1878), Sophie Monnier (1884), Césarine (1888), L'Aimé (1893), Grandes amoureuses (1896) and Lagibasse (1899), and the more simple portrayal of life in Miarka (1883), Les Braves Gens (1886), Truandailles (1890), La Miseloque (1892) and Flamboche (1895). His plays, though occasionally marred by his characteristic proneness to violence of thought and language, constitute in many respects his best work. The most notable are Nana Sahib (1883), Monsieur Scapin (1886), Le Filibustier (1888), Par le glaive (1892), Vers la joie (1894), Le Chemineau (1897), Le Chien de garde (1898), Les Truands (1899), Don Quichotte (1905), most of which were produced at the Comédie française. He also wrote Miarka (1905), adapted from his novel, for the music of Alexandre Georges, and Le Mage (1897) for the music of Iules Massenet.
His son, Jacques Richepin (b. 1880), the author of La Reine de Tyr (1899), La Cavaliere (1901), Cadet-Roussel (1903) and Falstaff (1904), based on Shakespeare’s Henry IV., gave promise of making his mark as a dramatist.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tonnerre

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​TONNERRE, a town of north-central France, capital of- an arrondissement in the department of Yonne, 52 m. S.E. of Sens on the Paris-Lyon railway. Pop. (1906), 3974. It is situated on a slope of the vineclad hills on the left bank of the Armancon. At the foot of the hill rises the spring of Fosse-Dionne, enclosed in a circular basin 49 ft. in diameter. The town has two interesting churches. That of St Pierre, which crowns the hill, possesses a fine lateral portal of the Renaissance period to which the church, with the exception of the choir (1351), belongs. The church of Notre-Dame is mainly Gothic, but the facade is a fine specimen of Renaissance architecture. The Salle des Malades, a large timber-roofed apartment in the hospital, dates from the end of the 13th century and is used as a chapel. It is 330 ft. long and contains the tombs of Margaret of Burgundy, wife of Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, and foundress of the hospital, and of Francois-Michel Le Tellier, marquis of Louvois, war minister of Louis XIV. The hospital itself was rebuilt in the 19th century. The Renaissance Hôtel d'Uzes was built in the 16th century. Tonnerre is the seat of a sub-prefect and has a tribunal of first instance. The vineyards of the vicinity produce well-known wines. The trade of the town is chiefly in wine, in the good building-stone found in the neighbourhood and in Portland cement. Cooperage is carried on.
Its ancient name of Tornodorum points to a Gallic or Gallo-Roman origin for Tonnerre. In the 6th century it became the capital of the region of Tonnerrois and in the 10th century of a countship. After passing into the possession of several noble families, it was bought from a count of Clermont-Tonnerre by Louvois, by whose descendants it was held up to the time of the Revolution.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tonqua Bean

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​TONQUA BEAN. The Tonqua, Tonka or Tonquin bean, also called the coumara nut, is the seed of Dipterix odorala, a leguminous tree growing to a height of 80 ft., native of tropical South America. The drupe-like pod contains a single seed possessed of a fine sweet "new-mown hay" odour, due to the presence of coumarin (q.v.). Tonqua beans are used principally for scenting snuff and as an ingredient in perfume sachets and in perfumers' "bouquets."
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tonson

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​TONSON, the name of a family of London booksellers and publishers. Richard and Jacob Tonson (c. 1656–1736), sons of a London barber-surgeon, started in 1676 and 1677 independently as booksellers and publishers in London. In 1679 Jacob, the better known of the two, bought and published Dryden’s Troilus and Cressida, and from that time was closely associated with Dryden, and published most of his works. He published the Miscellany Poems (1684–1708) under Dryden’s editorship, the collection being known indifferently as Dryden’s or Tonson’s Miscellany, and also Dryden’s translation of Virgil (1697). Serious disagreements over the price paid, however, arose between poet and publisher, and in his Faction Displayed (1705) Dryden described Tonson as having “two left legs, and Judas-coloured hair.” Subsequently the relations between the two men improved. The brothers jointly published Dryden’s Spanish Friar (1683). Jacob Tonson also published Congreve’s Double Dealer, Sir John Vanbrugh’s The Faithful Friend and The Confederacy, and the pastorals of Pope, thus justifying Wycherly’s description of him as “gentleman usher to the Muses.” He bought also the valuable rights of Paradise Lost, half in 1683 and half in 1690. This was his first profitable venture in poetry. In 1712 he became joint publisher with Samuel Buckley of the Spectator, and in the following year published Addison’s Cato. He was the original secretary and a prominent member of the Kit-Cat Club. About 1720 he gave up business and retired to Herefordshire, where he died on the 2nd of April 1736. His business was carried on by his nephew, Jacob Tonson, jun. (d. 1735), and subsequently by his grand-nephew, also Jacob (d. 1767).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tonsillitis

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​TONSILLITIS, acute inflammation of the tonsils, or quinsy, due to the invasion of the tonsil, or tonsils, by septic micro-organisms which may have gained access through the mouth or by the blood-stream. Sometimes the attack comes on as the result of direct exposure to sewer gas, and it is not at all an uncommon affection of house surgeons, nurses and others who have to spend most of their time in a hospital. The association of quinsy with rheumatism may be the result of the ​infection of the tonsils by the micro-organisms or the toxins of that disease. Acute tonsillitis is very apt to run on to the formation of abscess. Quinsy may begin with a feeling of chilliness or with an attack of shivering. Then comes on a swelling in the throat with pain, tenderness and difficulty in swallowing. Indeed, if both tonsils are acutely inflamed it may be impossible to swallow even fluid and the breathing may be seriously embarrassed. The temperature may be raised several degrees. There is pain about the ear and about the jaw, and there is a swelling of the glands in the neck. The breath is offensive and the tongue is thickly coated. There may be some yellowish markings on the surface of the tonsil, but these differ from the patches of “false membrane” of diphtheria in that they can be easily brushed off by a swab, but often a true diagnosis can only be made by bacteriological examination. The treatment consists in giving a purgative, and in encouraging the patient to use an inhaler containing hot carbolized water. Hot compresses also may be applied to the neck. As regards medicines, the most trustworthy are salicylic acid, iron and quinine. As soon as abscess threatens, a slender-bladed knife should be thrust from before backward deeply into the swollen mass. And if, as most likely happens, matter then escapes, the patient’s distress speedily ends. Convalescence having set in, a change of air and course of tonic treatment will be advisable.
Chronic tonsillitis is often associated with adenoid vegetations at the back of the throat of tuberculous or delicate children, such children being spoken of as being “liable to sore throat.” Chronic enlargement of the tonsils may seriously interfere with a child’s general health and vigour and, should the condition not subside under general measures such as a stay at a bracing seaside place and the taking of cod-liver oil and iron, it will be well to treat the tonsils by operation. (E. O.*)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tonnage and Poundage

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​TONNAGE AND POUNDAGE, in England, customs duties anciently imposed upon exports and imports, the former being a duty upon all wines imported in addition to prisage and butlerage, the latter a duty imposed ad valorem at the rate of twelve-pence in the pound on all merchandise imported or exported. The duties were levied at first by agreement with merchants (poundage in 1302, tonnage in 1347), then granted by parliament in 1373, at first for a limited period only. They were considered to be imposed for the defence of the realm. From the reign of Henry VI. until that of James I. they were usually granted for life. They were not granted to Charles I., and in 1628 that king took the unconstitutional course of levying them on his own authority, a course denounced a few years later by 16 Car. I. c. 18 (1640), when the Long Parliament granted them for two months. After the Restoration they were granted to Charles II. and his two successors for life. By acts of Anne and George I. the duties were made perpetual, and mortgaged for the public debt. In 1787 they were finally abolished, and other modes of obtaining revenue substituted, by 27 Geo. III. c. 13 (1787).
Poundage also signifies a fee paid to an officer of a court for his services, e.g. to a sheriff's officer, who is entitled by 29 Eliz. c. 4 (1586-1587) to a poundage of a shilling in the pound on an execution up to £ 100, and sixpence in the pound above that sum.