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# The Lives and Characters of the English Dramatick Poets/Sir Richard Fanshaw

Sir Richard Fanshaw.
Brother to the Right Honourable Thomas Lord Fanshaw of Ware-Park in Hertfordshire; he was Educated at Cambridge, from thence removed to Court; he perfectly understood Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese; was Secretary to the King in Holland, France, and Scotland, was after the Restauration sent Ambassador to Portugal, to Consummate the Match between the present Queen Dowager and Charles the Second. In the Year 1664. he was sent into Spain, Ambassador, to confirm the Treaty of Commerce and League between the two Crowns, and dyed at Madrid, 1666. to say nothing of his Capacity as a Statesman, we confine our selves only to his Poetry, and particularly his Dramatick Pieces.
​Pastor Fido, The Faithful Shepherd, a Pastoral, 8vo. and 4to. Dedicated to King Charles the Second, when Prince of Wales. Translated from Guarini's Italian, and Printed with his Poems, 8vo.
Querer por Solo querer, To Love only for Love's sake, 4to. 1671. This is a Dramatick Romance, Translated from the Spanish of Mendoza, when Sir Richard was a Prisoner in Tankersly-Castle in Yorkshire, after the Battle of Worcester, where he was on the King's side, this Play consists but of three Acts, the Spanish Poets seldom exceeding that Number.
# The Lives and Characters of the English Dramatick Poets/Sir William Killigrew

Sir William Killegrew.
A Gentleman lately deceased, being in his Lifetime Vice-Chamberlain to the Queen Dowager, and has writ several Plays; as
Ormasdes, a Tragi-Comedy, fol.
Pandora; or, The Converts, a Tragi-Comedy, fol.
Selindra, a Tragi-Comedy, fol.
The Siege of Urbin, a Tragi-Comedy, fol.
There’s another Play ascrib’d to him, call’d,
The Imperial Tragedy, fol. The chief Part of this Play out of Latin, for the Plot see Marcelinus, Cassiodorus, Cedrenus, Evagrius, Zonatus, Baronius, &c. of Zeno, the Twelfth Emperor from Constantine.
These Plays are Printed in on Volume, fol. Oxon, 1666.
# The Lives and Characters of the English Dramatick Poets/Sir John Denham, Knight of the Bath

Sir John Denham, Knight of the Bath.
He was born in Ireland, tho' his Father was Sir John Denham of Horsley in Essex, but was at the Birth of this his only Son a Judge in that Kingdom, and Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer; on his being promoted to the Exchequer in England, he brought over our Author very young. In the year 1631. he was sent to Trinity-Colledge in Oxon.: After some few years he left Oxon. for London, where he applied himself to the Study of the Civil Law. By the Assistance of Hugh Peters, he got admission to Charles I. then in the Armies Hands at Causham, being then employed on a Message to him by the Queen, to whom he had offered his Service, which Negotiation he perform'd, so that he was further employ'd by the King; but being discover'd by Mr. Cowley's Hand being known, he escaped beyond Sea, where he afterwards gave his Attendance on King Charles II. who oftentimes gave him Subjects to write on. He made him Surveyor General of his Royal Buildings, and at his Coronation Knight of the Bath. He dy'd at his House near Whitehall, March 10th, 1668. and was Buried among the Poets in Westminster-Abbey. He hath writ divers Poems and Translations in 8vo. among them Cooper's Hill, a Piece much commended; at the end of these Poems is one Play of this Author's, wherein he shews his Ability in Dramatick Poesy. It is Entituled,
The Sophy, a Tragedy, 8vo. 1671. Acted at the Black Friers with good Applause; it was first Printed in 4to. 1642. Plot from Herbert's Travels, Life of Abbas. The same Story is differently handled by Mr. Baron in his Tragedy of Mirza.
# The Lives and Characters of the English Dramatick Poets/Sir John Suckling

Sir John Suckling.
Was born at Witham, in Middlesex, 1631. in the beginning of the Eleventh Month; he spoke Latin at Five Years old, and writ it at Nine. He was Comptroller to King Charles the First. An excellent Musician and Poet: made a Campaign with Gustavus, and was in Five Sieges, Three Battles, &c. he was at the Expence of 12000 l. to raise a Troop for the King. He writ Four Plays, viz.
Aglaura, a Tragi-Comedy, fol. and 8 vo. presented at the private House in Black-Fryars. The Author has so alter’d the last Act, that ’tis at the Pleasure of the Actors to make it a Tragedy or Tragi-Comedy.
Brenoralt; or, The Discontented Colonel; a Tragedy, 8 vo. presented by his Majesty’s Servants, / at the private House in Black-Fryars.
The Goblins, a Tragi-Comedy, 8 vo. presented by his Majesty’s Servants at the private House in Black-Fyars.
The Sad One, a Tragedy, 8 vo. This Play Sir John never finish’d.
These Plays, with his other Works, are printed together, 8 vo. the last Edition printed 1676. If you would see a further Character of this Author, see Lloyd’s Memoirs, fol. pag. 159.
# The Lives and Characters of the English Dramatick Poets/Sir William Lower

Sir William Lower.
A Cavalier that left these Nations during the Civil Wars, and, in Holland, gave himself the Diversion of Poetry; among the rest, six Plays.
The Amorous Phantasm, a Tragi-Comedy, 12 mo. printed at the Hague, 1658. translated from Quinault’s Le Fantome Amoreux.
The Inchanted Lovers, a Pastoral, 12 mo. printed also at the Hague, 1658.
Horatius, a Roman Tragedy, 4 to. 1656. translated from Corneille; consult Dion. Hallicarnasceus, Cassiodorus, T. Livius, and L. Florus.
The Martyr; or, Polyeucte, a Tragedy, 4 to. 1655. For the Story, see Cœffeteau Hist. Rom. Surius. de Vitis Sanctorum, &c.
Noble Ingratitude, a Pastoral Tragi-Comedy, 12 mo. London, 1658. translated from the French of Monsieur Quinault.
Phænix in her Flames, a Tragedy, 4 to. 1639. This was the first the Author writ, and published before he was a Knight.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ashland, Ky.

See also Ashland, Kentucky on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ash'land, Ky., a city in Boyd County, on the Ohio River, opposite to and a little to the southeast of Ironton, O., and about 145 miles southeast of Cincinnati. It is reached by the Chesapeake & Ohio, the Norfolk & Western and other railroads as well as by steamers on the Ohio. Settled early in the fifties, Ashland became a city in 1870 and is today governed by the revised charter of 1894. Besides Central Park, a pretty, recreative area of 50 acres in the heart of the city, it has other pleasure resorts without the city limits, especially Cliffside Park. The town is important as a manufacturing and shipping center, and has an extensive trade in coal, iron ore, sheet steel, wire rods and nails, brick, lumber, furniture, leather and other products of its industrial establishments. Population (1910), 8,688.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Asparagus

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As-par'a-gus is a tuberous rooted, perennial herb, which in some varieties is the size of a shrub. It is widely distributed in warm countries of the temperate climes and in the tropics, but is cultivated in all civilized countries. The plant grows wild on the southern coast of England, and on the plains of Russia it so abounds that the cattle devour it like grass. Its varieties number nearly 150, the best and most widely known being the esculent asparagus. For more than 2,000 years it has been cultivated for the succulent young shoots produced from the thick root stocks in spring. It is first grown a year or, if necessary, two years in a nursery bed, then transplanted to a permanent one. Shoots should not be gathered before the second spring after planting in permanent quarters. As a rule the thicker the head the better. The plant yields annually for ten or twelve years. Its important enemies are rust and beetles.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ashtabula, O.

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Ash'tabu'la, O., an important railway and shipping center on Lake Erie, 55 miles east of Cleveland and about midway between the latter and Erie, Pa. It possesses a good harbor, and has a large trade in the shipping of coal and iron ore from the mines of both Ohio and Pennsylvania. It is a station on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad, and has railroad connections besides with the New York, Chicago and St. Louis and with the Pittsburg, Youngstown and Ashtabula division of the Pennsylvania Lines. It is becoming an important manufacturing center. The town has some fine public buildings, and has electric railroads and other modern equipments. Population, 18,266.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Asia Minor

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Asia Minor is the name given to the western peninsula of Asia, forming part of Turkey in Asia. Its area is about 200,000 square miles. It is the western prolongation of the high tableland of Armenia, with bare steppes, salt plains, marshes and lakes. Along the coast are mountains, from 4,000 to 6,000 feet high to the north, and on the south the Taurus range, from 10,000 to 12,000 feet in height. In general the climate is like that of southern Europe. The inhabitants, some 10,500,000 in number, are of various races. The ruling race is the Turks, who number about 1,200,000. Allied to them are the Turkomans and Yarruks, who are nomads. Another nomadic people are the Kurds, and in the mountains are the robber tribes of the Lazes. The Greeks and Armenians are most progressive and have most of the trade, and with the Jews own most of the land.
Here were the ancient and famous countries of Ionia, Phrygia, Lydia, Galatia, Cilicia and Cappadocia, with Troy, Ephesus, Smyrna and many other noted cities. Asia Minor was the scene of great conquests. Here took place the wars of the Medes and Persians with the Scythians, of the Greeks with the Persians, of the Romans with Mithradates and the Parthians, of the Arabs, Mongols and Turks with the Byzantine empire. Notwithstanding all these wars, the country still enjoyed some measure of prosperity, until it fell into the hands of the Turks, whose harsh military rule has almost ruined it. The chief modern vilayets (Turkish provinces) are Smyrna, Angora, Trebizond, Ismid, Konia and Brussa. A number of railways now traverse Asia Minor.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Asp

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Asp, a name loosely applied to several kinds of venomous serpents. A kind of viper in southern Europe and a snake in India, closely allied to the cobra, have received this name. Several kinds of vipers are found in Palestine, and it is not certainly known to which one the word asp in the Bible refers. Cleopatra's famous asp, by means of which she committed suicide, is believed to have been a snake called the homed viper.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Aspinwall

See also Colon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Aspinwall. See Colon.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ashland, Wis.

See also Ashland, Wisconsin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ashland, Wis., capital of Ashland County, Wis., in the northern section of the state, situated on Chequamegon or Ashland Bay, Lake Superior, 60 miles east of Duluth, 180 miles from St. Paul, 250 miles from Milwaukee and 410 miles from Chicago. It is the center of a large lumber, brown stone, and iron mining trade, and its position on the lake contributes to the commerce and expansion of the city. It is, moreover, the terminus of four railroads. It has a number of churches and schools and several charcoal blast-furnaces and other industries. Population, 11,594.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Aspen

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As'pen, also known as quaking asp and as white poplar, is a tree of much interest and beauty. It came originally from the cooler parts of Europe and Asia, and belongs to the genus Populus. In this country it is distributed generally north of Pennsylvania and Kentucky, and grows on the mountains of the west, south to Mexico. It is a tall, slender tree, is said to reach in the forests to the height of 40 to 80 feet. The bark, save at the base, is light colored; the leaves, which are a glossy green above and yellowish green below, twinkle and tremble owing to the arrangement of the long flexible stem and the light leaf-blade. There is much delicate color in the aspen, in the bark, the catkins and the unfolding leaves. It is a prized ornamental tree, grows rapidly, but is short lived. The seeds are wafted a considerable distance by means of the long hairs with which they are surrounded. It is valuable on lands devastated by forest fires, being one of the first trees to spring up in clearings and protecting later growths. It is used in turning and in the manufacture of wood pulp, but is not valued for fuel. The large-toothed aspen is a stiffer, less attractive tree, though the weeping varieties of this are employed for ornamental purposes. Its distribution in this country is from Nova Scotia to Minnesota and south of Tennessee.
# The New Student's Reference Work/University of Minnesota

See also University of Minnesota on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​University of Minnesota, at Minneapolis, is a state institution and was first organized in 1851, but dates its actual beginning from its reorganization in 1868. The university comprises the graduate department, college of science, literature and the arts, college of engineering and the mechanic arts, school of mines, college of agriculture, college of law and department of medicine. It also has charge of the experiment-station and the geological and natural history survey. Students of both sexes are admitted, and the total enrollment, exclusive of summer schools, is 5,369. The faculty and instructors number 390. The library has 115,000 volumes. See Minnesota.
# The New Student's Reference Work/University of Kansas

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​University of Kansas, at Lawrence, was established by an act of legislature in 1864, and is an integral part of the public-school system. The university embraces a graduate school, school of arts, schools of engineering, law, fine arts, medicine and pharmacy. The faculty numbers 146, the students 2,364 and the library 55,000 volumes. See Kansas.
# The New Student's Reference Work/University of Michigan, The

See also University of Michigan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​University of Michigan, The, was chartered in 1837 and began work in 1841 at Ann Arbor. It is a part of Michigan's system of public education and is controlled by regents elected by the people for eight-year terms. The university includes the departments of art, literature and science; engineering; law; medicine and surgery; pharmacy; the homeopathic medical college; and dental surgery. The courses in each department cover each branch of collegiate, professional or university study. The departments of art, literature and science, medicine and law also hold sessions in summer. The standard of scholarship is exceptionally high, and Michigan has long stood in the front of universities. It was a pioneer in coëducation, admitting women in 1870. It has many valuable collections and libraries, two observatories, two hospitals and two gymnasiums. The faculties number 297 instructors, the students 5,500, and the libraries 223,000 volumes. In 1907 the income, including the appropriation from the state, was $1,078,417. Students are charged only small fees, those from Michigan paying less than students from other states.
# The New Student's Reference Work/University of Wisconsin

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​University of Wisconsin. See Wisconsin, University of.
# The New Student's Reference Work/University of Oregon

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​University of Oregon, is at Eugene, 125 miles south of Portland. It is a part of the public-school system. The organization comprises colleges of literature, arts, science and engineering and schools of mines and mining, medicine, law and music. It has 103 instructors, 1,420 students and a library of 20,000 volumes. See Oregon.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Urim and Thummim

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U'rim and Thum'mim, a mysterious contrivance on the breastplate of the Jewish high-priest, either consisting of the four rows of precious stones upon which the names of the 12 tribes were engraved or of two images personifying — most probably — Truth and Revelation. Others assert that the words personified by these images were Light and Perfection, and still others that they were Doctrine and Judgment. The consulting of the Urim and Thummim as an oracle was a very solemn ceremony with the Jews, but it is never mentioned after Solomon's time.
# The New Student's Reference Work/University of Notre Dame

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​University of Notre Dame, two miles from South Bend, Ind., was founded by the Very Rev. Edward Sorin in 1842. It provides courses in the departments of arts and letters, science, architecture, civil, mechanical and electric engineering, law and pharmacy. The faculty number 82, the students 850 and the library 55,000 volumes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/University of Vermont

See also University of Vermont on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​University of Vermont and State Agricultural college is located at Burlington. It has a faculty of 74,513 students and a library of 74,798 volumes. See Vermont.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Upas

See also Antiaris on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​U′pas, a tree belonging to the mulberry family, found in Java. It grows over 100 feet high, with a straight trunk and oval leaves covered with down, and a purple fruit, something like a small, rather long plum. It was long called the deadly upas and believed to be very poisonous, so that all animals going near it were killed, and even other trees and plants—travelers finding it growing solitary in a barren waste with the bones of its victims around it. But, instead, it is found growing in the forests, and animals do not seem to avoid it. Many specimens have been collected without injury, and the tree now is in the principal botanical gardens of Europe. Its poison is similar in its effects to the poison-ivy, and is found in the juice of the tree, and used by the natives on the points of their arrows. They also make a cloth from the inner bark of the tree, which, if it gets wet, produces a disagreeable itching. Bags are made from the tough bark of one species of upas. See Poisonous Plants.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ursa Major

See also Ursa Major on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ur'sa Major. See Bear, Greater and Lesser.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Maratti, Carlo

Edition of 1905. See also Carlo Maratta on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MARATTI, mȧ-rät′tē̇ or MARATTA, Carlo, (1625-1713). An Italian painter, born at Camerano, May 13, 1625. He was a pupil of Andrea Sacchi, of the Roman school, and was influenced by the works of Raphael and the Carracci. Considered the most eminent painter in Rome, he long enjoyed the Papal patronage. In 1702-03 Clement XI. commissioned him to restore Raphael's frescoes in the Vatican, and Innocent XI. appointed him superintendent of the paintings in the Vatican. He died at Rome, December 15, 1713, while Prince of the Academy of Saint Luke. Most of his pictures are small easel paintings in oil, his best works being portraits. His design is academic, his color pleasing, his brush-handling weak; his style resembles that of Guido Reni, and lacks originality of character. He etched a number of important plates. Among his best paintings are the following: “Madonna,” Palazzo Doria, Rome; “Annunciation,” Turin Gallery; “Adoration of Shepherds,” Basel Museum; “Holy Night,” Dresden Museum; “Saint John at Patmos,” “Sleeping Child,” “Portrait of a Cardinal,” Old Pinakothek, Munich; “Presentation in the Temple,” “Portrait of Clement IX.,” Hermitage, Saint Petersburg; “Madonna in Glory,” “Hagar and Ishmael,” Madrid Museum; portrait of Cardinal Cerri, National Gallery, London.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Manila Bay

Edition of 1905. See also Manila Bay on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MANILA BAY. A large and beautiful inlet of the China Sea, running into the central part of Luzon on the western coast (Map: Luzon, E 8). It has, roughly, the shape of a triangle with its base line, 37 miles long, forming the head of the bay from southeast to northwest, while its apex is at the entrance, which is 11 miles wide. The depth of the bay from the entrance to the base is 25 miles. The land on both sides of the entrance and along the western shore is high and forested; that on the east and north is low, and the northern shore especially consists of the marshy delta of the Rio Grande de la Pampanga, which enters the bay through numerous mouths, between which tall reeds grow far out into the shallow water. The greater part of the bay, however, has deep water, with good and ample roadsteads at Manila and Cavité, and for harbor purposes it is the finest in the Far East. The entrance is well lighted by a large new lighthouse on Corregidor Island, and another on the smaller island of Caballo. The bay connects through the Pasig River at Manila with the large Bay Lagoon (q.v.) in the interior of Luzon. Manila Bay was the scene of the victory of Admiral Dewey over the Spanish fleet on May 1, 1898. See Spanish-American War.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Manila Fibre

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​MANILA FIBRE, or Manila Hemp. See Hemp, Manila.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Manilius, Marcus

Edition of 1905. See also Marcus Manilius on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MANIL′IUS, Marcus. The supposed name of the author of a Latin poem on astrology entitled Astronomica. Nothing is known of his personality, but he is assumed to have lived in the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. Five books of his poem are preserved, treating of the constellations and their influence on human life. The work is of no great poetic value, but exhibits diligence and great research. There are no recent editions, but several old ones, including those of Scaliger (Leyden, 1579 and 1600), Bentley (London, 1739), and Jacob (Berlin, 1846), and an English translation by Creech (London, 1697). Consult Ellis, Noctes Manilianæ (Oxford, 1801).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mansfield, Edward Deering

Edition of 1905. See also Edward Deering Mansfield on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MANSFIELD, Edward Deering (1801-1880). An American author, born in New Haven, Conn. He graduated at West Point in 1819, but declined to enter the army and studied at Princeton, from which he graduated in 1822. In 1825 he was admitted to the bar. He afterwards removed to Cincinnati, and in 1836 became professor of constitutional law in Cincinnati College. Shortly afterwards, however, he abandoned the legal profession to engage in journalism, and edited successively the Cincinnati Chronicle, Atlas and Railroad Record. He was Commissioner of Statistics for the State of Ohio from 1857 to 1867, was a member of the Société Française de Statistique Universelle, and published : Political Grammar of the United States (1834) ; Life of Gen. Winfield Scott (1846) ; History of the Mexican War (1848) ; and American Education (1850).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Maravedi

Edition of 1905. See also Maravedí on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MAR′AVE′DI, Sp. pron. mä′rȧ-vā̇-dē′ (Sp., from Ar. Murābitīn, name of a Moorish dynasty, pl. of murābiṭ, hermit). The name borne by certain Spanish coins. One of gold weighing about 60 grains was issued by the Moorish emirs in the eleventh and twelfth centuries; subsequently the maravedi constituted the lowest denomination in the Spanish coinage, varying in value from one-seventh to one-third of a cent.