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# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Gräfrath

See also Gräfrath on Wikipedia; Gräfrath on Wikipedia, Gräfrath in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​GRÄFRATH, a town of Rhenish Prussia, government district of Düsseldorf, circle of Solingen, situated on the small river Itter, 14 miles E. of Düsseldorf. It has iron foundries, and manufactures of steel wares, chemicals, cotton, and ribbons. The population in 1875 was 5604.
# Elements

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Elements."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Elements (Euclid) (c. 300 BC)
* The Elements of Style, by William Strunk, Jr. (1919)
* The Elements of Law, by Thomas Hobbes (1640)
* Elements of the Differential and Integral Calculus by William Anthony Granville (1911)
* Student's Elements of Geology by Charles Lyell (1870)
* "The Elements", a song by Tom Lehrer (1959)
* The Elements, a poem by Lydia Huntley Sigourney
# Elementary lectures on electric discharges, waves and impulses, and other transients

ELEMENTARY LECTURES
ON
BY
CHARLES PROTEUS STEINMETZ, A.M., PH.D.
Past President, American Institute of Electrical Engineers
McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY
239 WEST 39TH STREET, NEW YORK
6 BOUVERIE STREET, LONDON, E.C.
1911
Copyright, 1911, by the McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY
Stanbope Press F. H. GILSON COMPANY BOSTON, U.S.A.
PREFACE.
The book contains a series of lectures on electric discharges, waves, and impulses, which was given during the last winter to the graduate classes of Union University as an elementary introduction to and “translation from mathematics into English” of the “Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations.” Hereto has been added a chapter on the calculation of capacities and inductances of conductors, since capacity and inductance are the fundamental quantities on which the transients depend.
In the preparation of the work, I have been materially assisted by Mr. C. M. Davis, M.E.E., who kindly corrected and edited the manuscript and illustrations, and to whom I wish to express my thanks.
CHARLES PROTEUS STEINMETZ.
October, 1911.
CONTENTS.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Elementary lectures on electric discharges, waves and impulses, and other transients/Frontmatter

ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES
| McGraw Publishing Company | Hill Publishing-Company |
| Electrical World | The Engineering and Mining Journal |
| Engineering Record | American Machinist |
| Electric Railway Journal | Coal Age |
| Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering | Power |
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Wêng Shu-yüan

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​WÊNG Shu-yüan 翁叔元 (original ming 栴 T. 寶林 H. 鐵庵), Apr. 9, 1633–1701, Dec. 18, official, was a native of Ch'ang-shu, Kiangsu, but registered in the official examinations as of Yung-p'ing, Chihli. In the Palace examination of 1676 he ranked third (t'an-hua 探花) among the chin-shih of the first class, and was made a Hanlin compiler. In 1678 he had charge of the Shantung provincial examinations, and in the following year became one of the compilers of the official Ming history (Ming-shih). After various promotions, he was made in 1688 president of the Board of Works. Most incumbents of this office regarded it unfavorably and usually hoped for a speedy transfer to another post, one reason being that the cost of construction-work undertaken by this Board very often exceeded the original estimates, with the result that officials in charge delayed submission of their final reports for fear of incurring blame. When Wêng Shu-yüan took over the office, there had accumulated in the years 1678–87 at least forty-three unbalanced accounts of major enterprises. He set to work with vigor and cleared these up in half a year. Granted official leave in 1689, he returned to his home in the south, freed from public responsibilities until the autumn of 1692 when he was recalled to Peking to head the Board of Punishments. He retired in 1697 on the plea of ill health, and died four years later.
Wêng Shu-yüan was criticized for joining, in 1687, the faction of Mingju [q. v.] when it launched its unjustifiable accusations against T'ang Pin [q. v.]. The scholar and bibliophile, Ho Ch'o [q. v.], denounced him in a letter and declared that he no longer regarded himself as his pupil. Ho Ch'o's own repeated failures in the official examinations were in turn attributed by many to Wêng Shu-yüan's possible connivance and revenge.
Wêng was known as a skilled essayist, especially 制藝文, His collected essays, 鐵庵文集 T'ieh-an wên-chi, 12 chüan, were first printed in 1688. His collection of verse is entitled 梵園詩集 Fan-yüan shih-chi. A chronological autobiography, T'ieh-an nien-p'u, brought down to 1697 when he was sixty-five sui, appears in the Chieh-Yüeh shan-fang hui-ch'ao (see under Chang Hai-p'êng). One of his two sons, Wêng Shih-k'uei 翁是揆 (T. 敍百), was a department magistrate of I-chou, Shantung; the other, Wêng Shih-p'ing 翁是平 (T. 壽天), was department magistrate of Kuang-an, Szechwan, and later a secretary in the Board of Punishments. Both ​are reported to have achieved a measure of distinction in poetry and painting.
[1/277/3a; 3/59/1a; 常昭合志稿 Ch'ang-Chao ho-chih kao (1884) 26/19a.]
Tu Lien-chê
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Wên Huang-ti

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​WÊN Huang-ti. Posthumous name of Abahai [q. v.].
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Wu Wên

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​WU Wên 吳雯 (T. 天章, H. 蓮洋 and 玉澗子), 1644–1704, June 28, poet and calligrapher, was a native of P'u-chou, Shansi. His father, Wu Yün-shêng 吳允升 (changed later to Wu Lai-hêng 吳萊亨, T. 于公 and 康侯, d. 1656), was a native of Liao-yang, Feng-t'ien, and a chin-shih of 1655. The father had held since 1649 the post of director of studies in P'u-chou and after his death the family, being poor, continued to live there. Wu Wên was a pupil of the celebrated Shantung poet, Wang Shih-chên [q. v.], who not only praised his verses highly but, after the poet's death, edited a collection of them with comments. He travelled extensively and read widely in many fields, especially in Buddhist literature, the influence of which is traceable in his poetry. He was recommended and summoned to take the special examination known as po-hsüeh hung-tz'ŭ in 1679 (see under P'êng Sun-yü), but failed to pass. Three editions of his collected poems appeared during his lifetime. The most complete one, entitled 蓮洋集 Lien-yang chi, in 20 chüan, was printed in 1774.
[2/71/10a; 3/430/30a; 4/138/16b; 32/6/10b; P'u-chou-fu chih (1755) 13/31b; chronological biography by Wêng Fang-kang [q. v.], entitled Lien-yang Wu chêng-chün nien-p'u, with portrait, in Lien-yang chi of 1774; Ssŭ-k'u 173/7a; 183/8a.]
Tu Lien-chê
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Wên-tsung

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​WÊN-tsung. Temple name of I-chu [q. v.].
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Wu Yen

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​WU Yen 吳炎 (T. 赤溟[民], H. 媿庵), d. July 1, 1663, age forty (sui), historian, was a native of Wu-chiang, Kiangsu. He and P'an Ch'êng-chang [q. v.] were co-authors of a history of the Ming dynasty and of a poetical account of that dynasty, the latter completed in 1656 under the title 今樂府 Chin yüeh-fu. Both works were ordered by imperial decree to be destroyed, but the second of the two endured and was reprinted in the Yin-li tsai-ssŭ t'ang ts'ung-shu (see under Chu Yün). Wu was involved as one of the assistant compilers of Chuang T'ing-lung's [q. v.] banned work, Ming-shih chi-lüeh, and was put to death at Hangchow in July 1663.
[6/35/23b–28b; T'oung Pao 1928–29, p. 416, for note on above ts'ung-shu.]
Fang Chao-ying
# Executive Order 11407

more info.
See the Notes section for a list of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order.
Signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson Tuesday, April 23, 1968
Federal Register page & date: 33 FR 6283, Thursday, April 25, 1968
By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States and as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States, it is ordered as follows:
    Paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 of Executive Order No. 11174 of September 1, 1964, entitled "Establishing the Presidential Service Certificate and the Presidential Service Badge´´, are hereby amended to read as follows:
    ``1. Certificate Established. The White House Service Certificate is hereby reestablished as the Presidential Service Certificate, to be awarded in the name of the President of the United States to members of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard who have been assigned to the White House for a period of at least one year subsequent to January 20, 1961.
    ``2. Award of the Certificate. The Presidential Service Certificate, the design of which accompanies and is hereby made a part of this Order, shall be awarded by the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, the Secretary of the Air Force, or, when the Coast Guard is not operating as a service in the Navy, the Secretary of Transportation, to military personnel of their respective services.
    ``3. Badge Established. The White House Service Badge is replaced by the Presidential Service Badge, the design of which accompanies and is hereby made a part of this Order. The Presidential Service Badge may be awarded to any member of the Armed Forces assigned to duty in the White House by the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, the Secretary of the Air Force, or, when the Coast Guard is not operating as a service in the Navy, the Secretary of Transportation, upon recommendation of the Armed Forces Aide to the President, to military personnel of their respective services. The Badge may be worn as a part of the uniform of those individuals upon award of the Presidential Service Certificate under such regulations as the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force, with the approval of the Secretary of Defense, and, when the Coast Guard is not operating as a service in the Navy, the Commandant of the Coast Guard, with the approval of the Secretary of Transportation, may severally prescribe.´´

## Notes
### Amends

* Executive Order 11174, September 1, 1964;

### Amended by

* Executive Order 11520, March 25, 1970
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1144

more info.
Signed by President William H. Taft Monday, December 6, 1909
Mr. James B. Davies may be appointed a clerk in the Division of Far Eastern Affairs, Department of State, without regard to the civil-service rules, as recommended by the Secretary of State with the concurrence of the Civil Service Commission, because of most efficient service for the past two years as a clerk in the American embassy at Tokyo, Japan, and the transfer being a matter of importance at this time, as Mr. Davies has come to possess much special knowledge of affairs in the Far East. He was formerly in the classified service, appointed through competitive examination, and has served both in this country and in the Canal Zone.
The White House,
    December 6, 1909.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 11448

more info.
See the Notes section for a list of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order.
Signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson Thursday, January 16, 1969
Federal Register page & date: 34 FR 915, Wednesday, January 22, 1969
By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States and as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States, it is ordered as follows:
Section 1. There is hereby established a Meritorious Service Medal, with accompanying ribbons and appurtenances, for award by the Secretary of a military department or the Secretary of Transportation with regard to the Coast Guard when not operating as a service in the Navy, or by such military commanders, or other appropriate officers as the Secretary concerned may designate, to any member of the armed forces of the United States who has distinguished himself by outstanding meritorious achievement or service to the United States.
Sec. 2. The Meritorious Service Medal and appurtenances thereto shall be of appropriate design approved by the Secretary of Defense, and shall be awarded under such regulations as the Secretary concerned may prescribe. Such regulations shall, so far as practicable, be uniform, and those of the military departments shall be subject to the approval of the Secretary of Defense.
Sec. 3. No more than one Meritorious Service Medal shall be awarded to any one person, but for each succeeding outstanding meritorious achievement or service justifying such an award a suitable device may be awarded to be worn with the medal as prescribed by appropriate regulations.
Sec. 4. The Meritorious Service Medal or device may be awarded posthumously and, when so awarded, may be presented to such representative of the deceased as may be deemed appropriate by the Secretary of the department concerned.

## Notes
### Amended by

* Executive Order 12312, July 2, 1981;
* Executive Order 13286, February 28, 2003
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1142

more info.
See the Notes section for a list of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order.
Signed by President William H. Taft Friday, November 26, 1909
It is hereby ordered that no bureau, office, or division chief, or subordinate in any department of the Government, and no officer of the Army or Navy or Marine Corps stationed in Washington, shall apply to either House of Congress, or to any committee of either House of Congress, or to any Member of Congress, for legislation, or for appropriations, or for congressional action of any kind, except with the consent and knowledge of the head of the department; nor shall any such person respond to any request for information from either House of Congress, or any committee of either House of Congress, or any Member of Congress, except through, or as authorized by, the head of his department.
The White House,
    November 26, 1909.

## Notes
### Superseded by

* Executive Order 1514, April 8, 1912

### See Related

* Executive Order of July 14, 1886
* Executive Order 163, January 31, 1902
* Executive Order 402, January 25, 1906
* Lloyd – La Follette Act, 1912
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 11430

more info.
See the Notes section for a list of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order.
Signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson Wednesday, September 11, 1968
Federal Register page and date: 33 FR 13502, September 14, 1968
By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Uniform Code of Military Justice (Title 10, United States Code, Ch. 47), and as President of the United States, I hereby prescribe the following Manual for Courts-Martial, to be designated as ‘‘Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1969.’’
This manual shall be in force and effect in the armed forces of the United States on and after January 1, 1969, with respect to all court-martial processes taken on and after that date:
    Provided, That nothing contained in this Manual shall be construed to invalidate any investigation, trial in which arraignment has been had, or other action begun prior to January 1, 1969; and any such investigation, trial, or other action begun prior to that date, may be conlpleted in accordance with the applicable laws, Executive orders, and regulations pertaining to the various armed forces in the same manner and with the same effect as if this Manua1 had not been prescribed:
    Provided further, That nothing contained in this Manual shall be construed to make punishable any act done or omitted prior to the effective date of this Manual which mas not punishable when done or committed:
    Provided further, That the maximum punishment for an offense committed prior to January 1, 1969, shall not exceed the applicable limit in effect at the time of the commission of such offense:
    And provided further, That for cases arising under section 12 of the Act of May 5, 1950, 64 Stat. 107, (50 U.S.C. 740), the provisions of paragraph 110, Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1951, shall remain in effect.

## Notes
### EDITOR's NOTE

* The 600+ pages that accompanies EO 11430 and makes up most of the MCM of 1969 can be found HERE, (PDF)
* The Act of May 5, 1950 (64 Stat. 107), better known as the Uniform Code of Military Justice (circa. 1951), can be found HERE
| Rescinds | Enacts |
| Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1951 Executive Order 10214, February 8, 1951 Amendments: Executive Order 10256, June 23, 1951; Executive Order 10565, September 28, 1954; Executive Order 10652, January 10, 1956; Executive Order 11009, March 16, 1962; Executive Order 11081, January 29, 1963; See Related: Executive Order 10247, May 29, 1951 Executive Order 10628, August 5, 1955 | Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1969 Executive Order 11430, September 11, 1968 Amendments: None - See 1969, Revised Edition Superseded by: Executive Order 11476, June 19, 1969 See Related: Executive Order 12473, April 13, 1984 |
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1145

more info.
Amends Executive Order 469, June 27, 1906.
Signed by President William H. Taft Wednesday, December 8, 1909
Section IV of the Order of June 27, 1906, prescribing regulations for appointments and promotions in the consular service, is hereby amended by substituting "Director of the Consular Service, the Chief of the Consular Bureau" for "Chief Clerk of the Department of State."
The White House,
    December 8, 1909.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 11446

more info.
See the Notes section for a listing of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order.
Signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson Thursday, January 16, 1969
Federal Register page & date: 34 FR 803, Saturday, January 18, 1969
Executive Order 11446 of January 16, 1969
Authorizing the Acceptance of Service Medals and Ribbons from Multilateral Organizations other than the United Nations
By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States and as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States, I hereby authorize the Secretary of Defense, with respect to members of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps, and the Secretary of Transportation, with respect to members of the Coast Guard when it is not operating as a service in the Navy, to prescribe regulations for the acceptance of medals and ribbons which are offered by multilateral organizations, other than the United Nations, to members of the Armed Forces of the United States in recognition of service conducted under the auspices of those organizations. A determination that service for a multilateral organization in a particular geographical area or for a particular purpose constitutes a justifiable basis for authorizing acceptance of the medal or ribbon offered to eligible members of the Armed Forces of the United States shall be made with the concurrence of the Secretary of State.

## Notes

Shortcut: WS:USEO
Amended by:
* Executive Order 13286, February 28, 2003
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1141

more info.
Signed by President William H. Taft Tuesday, November 23, 1909
Any person who, as principal or agent, shall, with the intent or for the purpose of recruiting on the Canal Zone mechanics, laborers, artisans, or any character of workmen, to go into a foreign country, induce or attempt to induce any person who is working for or is under contract to work for, or who desires to work for, the Isthmian Canal Commission or the Panama Railroad Company, or a contractor of either or both of them, to cease to work for, or break any such contract to work for, or not to begin work for, the Isthmian Canal Commission or the Panama Railroad Company, or a contractor of either or both of them, or to leave the Canal Zone with a view or for the purpose of working in a foreign country, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000.00) or by imprisonment in the common jail not to exceed six (6) months, or by both such fine and imprisonment, at the discretion of the Court.
The White House,
    November 23, 1909.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Anet

See also Anet on Wikipedia; Anet at Wikipedia, Anet in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
​ANET, a town of France, in the department of Eure-et-Loir, situated between the rivers Eure and Vègre, 9 miles N.E. of Dreux. It contains the ruins of a magnificent castle, built by Henry II. for Diana of Poitiers, and near it is the plain of Ivry, where Henry IV. defeated the armies of the League in 1590. It has 1418 inhabitants, who carry on a small trade in corn, wood, and fodder.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Aneurism

See also Aneurysm on Wikipedia; Aneurysm at Wikipedia, Aneurysm in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
​ANEURISM (from ἀνεύρυσμα, a dilatation), a cavity, which contains blood, either fluid or coagulated, and which communicates with an artery; the walls of the cavity are formed either of the dilated artery or of the tissues around the vessel. This affection, a malady of middle life and old age, may arise in consequence of injury or disease of the blood-vessels.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Angel (2.)

See also Angel (coin) on Wikipedia; Angel at Wikipedia, Angel in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ANGEL, a gold coin, first used in France in 1340, and introduced into England by Edward IV. in 14G5. It varied in value between that period and the time of Charles I. from Gs. 8d. to 10s. The name was derived from the representation it bore of St Michael and the dragon.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Anduze

See also Anduze on Wikipedia; Anduze at Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ANDUZE, a town of France, in the department of Gard, situated on the Gardon d Anduze, about 6 miles S.W. of Alais. It possesses considerable manufactures of serges, stockings, hats, silk, and leather, and has 5303 inhabitants, many of whom are Protestants.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Angaria

See also Angaria (Roman law) on Wikipedia; Angaria at Wikipedia, Angaria in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
​ANGARIA (ἀγγαρεία), a sort of government postal system adopted by the Romans under the empire, borrowed from the ancient Persians, among whom, according to Xenophon, it was established by Cyrus. Couriers (angari, ἄγγαροι) on horseback were posted (positi), at certain stages along the chief roads of the empire, for the transmission of royal despatches by night and day in all weathers. The supply of horses and their maintenance were compulsory, constituting under the Romans a burden from which the emperor alone could grant exemption. Hence the word came to mean generally compulsory service in the despatch of royal messages.