OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Benedict Welte

From volume 15 of the work.
Exegete, born at Ratzenried in Würtemberg, 25 November, 1825; died 27 May, 1885. After studying at Tübingen and Bonn, where he made special studies in the exegesis of the Old Testament and in Oriental languages, he was ordained priest when twenty-eight years old. Soon after this he became assistant lecturer at Tübingen, and in 1840 regular professor of Old Testament exegesis. During the next two decades Welte was remarkably active in literary work connected with his favourite subject. This, indeed, more than the classroom was the field of his life's achievements. An extensive familiarity with Oriental tongues, a talent for thorough research, and a clear, precise diction were his special qualifications. He published at Freiburg, in 1840, "Historisch-kritische Enleitung in die hl. Schriften des alten Testamentes". Much of the material for this work had ben gathered by his predecessor, Herbst, who left a request that Welte should finish and edit his notes. It cost the latter great labour, for he was not in sympathy with the method of Herbst; and at times found it necessary to append his own views and arguments. The second part of the same work began to appear in 1842. Two years later, a third volume, completing the task, published as "Specielle Einleitung in die deutero-canonischen Bucher des alten Testamentes" came from the pen of Welte alone. Before this, in 1841, the translation of Gorium's Armenian biography of St. Mesrob appeared in the university annual publication. In the same year he wrote "Nachmosaisches im Pentateuch", contending that there was no post-Mosaic matter in the Pentateuch. His explanation and translation of the Book of Job was published at Freiburg, 1849. Meanwhile, in company with the orientalist Wetzer, he had begun his real life-work. Together they edited the 12 volumes of the "Kirchen-lexikon", an encyclopedia of Catholic theology and its allied sciences. To this work Welte himself contributed 200 articles, and his literary activity closed with the completion of the encyclopedia. This was due partly to the duties of a canon's office which he assumed, 22 May, 1857, at the cathedral of Rottenburg, and partly to an incurable disease of the eyes. This affliction and the still greater suffering because of inactivity, did not diminish in the least the simple childlike piety of this scholarly priest.
John M. Fox.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Benedict van Haeften

From volume 7 of the work.
(Haeftenus).
Benedictine writer, provost of the Monastery of Afflighem, Belgium; born at Utrecht, 1588; died 31 July 1648, at Spa, Belgium, whither he had gone to recover his health. After studying philosophy and theology at Louvain, he entered the Benedictine Abbey of Afflighem in 1609, took solemn vows on 14 May, 1611, and was ordained priest in 1613. Hereupon he returned to Louvain to continue his theological studies, but has recalled to his monastery when he was about to receive the licentiate in theology. In 1616 he became prior, and in 1618 Matthias Hovius, Archbishop of Mechlin, who wasat the same time Abbot of Afflighem, appointed him provost of his monastery. Afflighem at the time belonged to the Bursfeld Union, and under the prudent direction of the pious van Haeften was in a flourishing spiritualand temporal condition. Jacob Boonen, who had succeeded Hovious as archbishop and abbot in 1620, desired to join the monastery to the new Congregation of St. Vannes, in Lorraine, which had a stricter constitution than Bursfeld. After some prudent hesitation, van Haeften agreed to the change, and on 18 October, 1627, began his novitiate under the direction under the direction of a monk of the Congregation of Lorraine. Together with eight of his monks, he made confession according to the new reform on 25 October, 1628, and founded the Belgian Congregation of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin. The new reform enjoined perpetual abstinence, daily rising at two o'clock in the morning, and manual labour joined with study.Unhappily the new congregation was of short duration. The intrusion uponthe rights of the monks by the Archbishop of Mechlin brought about its dissolution in 1654.
Van Haeften is the author of a learned and painstaking work of monastic researches n the life and rule of St. Benedict, entitled: "S. Benedictus illustratus, sive Disquisitionsum monasticarum libri XII, quibus S.P. Benedicti Regula et religiosorum rituum antiquitates varie dilucidantur" (Antwerp, 1644). The other six works of van Haeften that found their way intoprint are of an ascetical character.
MICHAEL OTT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Benedict Stattler

From volume 14 of the work.
Jesuit theologian, born at Kötzting, Bavaria (Diocese of Ratisbon), 30 Jan., 1728; died at Munich, 21 Aug., 1797. He entered the Jesuit novitiate at Landsberg in 1745 and, after the usual studies, taught philosophy and theology in Solothurn (Switzerland), Innsbruck, and Ingolstadt. In the last-named place he continued to occupy the chair of theology even after the suppression of the Society. In 1783, when all former Jesuits were excluded from the office of teaching, he took charge of the parish of Kemnath, but soon exchanged this post for that of ecclesiastical adviser and member of the electoral committee on censures in Munich. After four years his health compelled him to resign this office, and he lived thereafter in retirement till his death. A man of keen intellectual vision and an unlimited capacity for work, Stattler was ever ready to guard and defend Catholic principles. Shortly after Adam Weishaupt had founded the secret society of the Illuminati, Stattler, in an anonymous work, laid bare the rationalistic ideas and the pernicious designs of these forerunners of freemasonry. Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason" appeared in its first edition in 1781; in 1788 Stattler launched against its subversive principles his "Anti-Kant", and skilfully parried the attack which his book provoked in the literary world of Germany. When the doctrines of the French revolutionists began to be echoed in his fatherland, he lost no time in pointing out to his compatriots the false ring which he detected in their boastful promises of liberty. The bulk of his writings, however, is devoted to Catholic philosophy and theology. It was his avowed purpose to adapt the traditional teachings of the School to the living needs of his time, "to plow anew the entire field of scholastic philosophy and theology and to fructify it with fresh seeds", as Bishop Sailer of Ratisbon, Stattler's great pupil, expressed it. With this end in view, he wrote "Philosophia methodo scientiæ propria explanata" (Augsburg, 1769-72) and "Demonstratio Evangelica" (Augsburg, 1770). Yet his attachment to the rationalistic philosophy of Wolff and the far-going concessions he made to religious toleration and Febronianism led him astray and marred the lustre of his merits. The suppression of his order and the consequent loss of wise direction by superiors proved a veritable calamity to him. His "Demonstratio Catholica" (Pappenheim, 1775) fell under the censure of the Roman authorities, and, shortly before his death, his "Loci Theologici" (Weissenburg, 1775), "Theologia Christiana Theoretica" (Ingolstadt and Munich, 1776-79) and two other works were placed on the Index.
Biography by SAILER in Sämmtl. Werke (Sulzbach, 1841), xxxviii, 115 sq. HURTER, Nomenclator, III, 236 sqq. SOMMERVOGEL, Bibliothèque, VII, 1498 sqq.; WERNER, Gesch. d. kath. Theologie (Munich, 1866).
A. C. Cotter.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Justinianopolis

From volume 8 of the work.
A titular see of Armenia Prima, suffragan of Sebaste. This see is better known in history under the names of Acilizene and Keltzene. Acilizene is a province situated between the Euphrates and Antitaurus, where Mithridates, pursued by Pompey sought refuge. Strabo (XI, iv, 8 XI, xii, 3, V, xi, 6), Procopius (Bellum Pers., I, 17), and Ptolemy (V, xii, 6) also mention it. The ancient name of Justinianopolis seems to have been Eliza, capital of Acilizene frequently mentioned by the Byzantine historians, and today known as Erzindjan. At first suffragan of Sebaste, later of Camachos, Keltzene was already archiepiscopal see in 980, and had as many as twenty one suffragans. Subsequently, until the fourteenth century, it became again a simple metropolitan, without any suffragans. Lequien (Oriens Christianus, I, 435) mentions six bishops of this town, between the fifth and the eleventh century. An earthquake destroyed Erzindjan in 1784; it has since been rebuilt on a more regular plan, and is today a sanjak the Turkish province of Erzeroum, and serves as headquarters for the staff of the fourth and principal corps of the Turkish army. The town counts 30,000 inhabitants, nearly 10,000 of whom are Armenians, and a few hundred are schismatical Greeks.
CUINET, La Turquie d'Asie, I (Paris, 1892), 210-216.
S. VAILHÉ
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/János Zádori

From volume 15 of the work.
(DREXLER).
Ecclesiastical writer, born at Katloez, County of Neutra, Hungary, 6 March, 1831; died at Gran, 30 Dec., 1887. He studied at the Pazmaneum of the University of Vienna. His favourite branches were modern languages, literature, and the natural sciences. Ordained priest in Dec., 1854, he was chaplain at Balassa-Gyarmat for ten years, and from 1864 to the end of his life taught dogmatic theology at the archiepiscopal seminary at Gran. He was a member of the metropolitan chapter and a domestic prelate of Leo XIII. He declined an appointment to the See of Neusohl. Thirty-eight of his works have appeared in print, among them some of a devotional character and memorial sermons, one on Count Stephen Széchényi. His principal works are: "A társadolom alapoloci" (The fundamental principles of human society), Budapest, 1864, in which he develops the ideas of Lacordaire and others against modern errors; "Utivázlatok Oloszorszagbol" (Sketches of Italy), Budapest, 1867; "A rimai katakombák" (The Roman catcombs), with 19 plates, Budapest, 1868; "Spanyol út" (Journey through Spain), Budapest, 1868; "IX Pius pápa élete" (Life of Pius IX), Gran, 1869; "A Jesus Szive ajtatossázanak története, mivolta, hittani alapja" (The devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, its nature, history, and theological foundation), Gran, 1878; "Szus Mária szeplötelen sivének" (The veneration of the Immaculate Heart of Mary), Gran, 1879; "Szent Peter ket levele" (The two letters of St. Peter), Budapest, 1881, for which he received great praise from the theological faculty at Gran; "Syntagma theologiae fundamentalis", Gran, 1882 (see "Theol. Quartalschrift", Tubingen, 1887, 691, and "Zeitschrift für kath. Theol.", Innsbruck, 1884, 584). From 1870-86 he edited the theological magazine "Uj magyar Sion" (New Hungarian Sion).
WURZBACH, Biogr. Lex., LIX (Vienna, 1890), 84; HURTER, Nomencl.
FRANCIS MERSHMAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Justus Baronius Calvinus

From volume 3 of the work.
A convert and apologist, b. at Kanthen, Germany, c. 1570; d. after 1606. He was born of Calvinist parents and educated at Heidelberg where he took a course in theology. His study of the Fathers inclined him towards Catholicism and finally led him to Rome where he was kindly received by Cardinals Bellarmin and Baronius and by Pope Clement VIII. The writings of Bellarmin strengthened his conviction regarding the Church, and his gratitude to Baronius caused him to add that cardinal's name to his own. On his return to Germany he became a Catholic (1601) and a staunch defender of the Faith. In his "Apologia" (Mainz, 1601) he gives the reasons for his conversion and in his "Praescriptionum adversus haereticos . . . Tractatus" (ibid. 1602, 1756) he appeals to the Fathers in support of the truth of Catholicism.
E.A. PACE
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Sarsina

From volume 13 of the work.
DIOCESE OF SARSINA (SARSINATENSIS)
Located in Aemilia, Province of Forli, Italy. Besides agriculture and cattle-raising, the principal employments of the population are the sulphur and manganese industries. There are some deposits of fossilized carbon and various sulphur springs. Ruins of temples, baths, and fortifications; and urns, pillars, bronze objects, etc., show that this town, the birthplace of Plautus, was important in ancient days. It was an Umbrian city, was captured by Cornelius Scipio in 271 and was later a municipium. In the tenth century the bishops obtained the temporal sovereignty of the city and the surrounding district. From 1327 till 1400 it was disputed for by the Ordelaffi of Forli, the popes, and the bishops. In the fifteenth century it was subject in turn to the Malatesta of Cesena, and then to those of Rimini, from whom it was taken by Caesar Borgia (1500-03), on whose death it was captured by the Venetians (1503-09). In 1518 it was enfeoffed to the Pio di Meldola, passing later to the Aldobrandini. The cathedral is a noteworthy monument of the eighth century. The patron of the city is St. Vicinus, believed to have been bishop about the year 300; another bishop was St. Rufinus (fifth century). We may also mention: Benno (770), who erected the cathedral; St. Apollinaris (1158), monk; Guido (1255), who defended the rights of his church and was killed for so doing; Francesco Calboli (1327), had to defend the city by force of arms against Francesco Ordelaffi; Benedetto Mateucci Accorselli (1385), the last prince bishop; Gianfilippo Negusanti (1398), renowned for his piety and erudition; Raffaele degli Alessi (1524), reformed the discipline and the morals of the people; Nicolo Branzi (1602) was imprisoned in the Castle of S. Angelo but liberated later. In 1807 Napoleon suppressed the see, which, having been re-established in 1817, was in 1824 united to that of Bertinoro; but in 1853 was again re-established. The diocese is suffragan of Ravenna, and contains 34 parishes, with 90 secular priests, 32,000 inhabitants, and 2 houses of monks.
CAPPELLETTI, Le chiese d'Italia; AZZALLI-FREDIANI, Delle antichita di Sarsina (Faenza, 1769); Copioe quorumdem privilegiorum Ecclesioe Sarsinoe concessorum (Forli, 1692).
U. BENIGNI
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Sebenico

From volume 13 of the work.
Sebenico, Diocese of (Sibinicensis), suffragan of Zara. Sebenico was the seat of a bishop before the establishment of a see. As the people could not get along with their bishop in Trau, they chose their own bishops until fifty years later the energetic Boniface VIII established the see and appointed as first bishop the Franciscan, Sisgorich. The building of the cathedral, which was not consecrated until a century later, was begun in 1443. The Dominican bishop, Vincenzo Arrigoni, did much for the see; he held seven synods between 1602-26. John Berzich attended the Vienna synod in 1849. Johann Zaffron was Pater concilii of the Vatican council. Despite the additions of Scardona (1813), parts of Trau and Tinin (1828), the bishopric Sebenico has but 93,000 Catholics with 54 priests, 83 friars in 7 stations, and 68 nuns in 4 stations.
FARLATI, Illyricum sacrum, IV (Venice, 1775), 449-500; THEINER, Vetera monumenta Slavorum meridionalium historiam illustrantia (Rome, 1863), nos. 80, 82 sq., 210 sq., 498, 505, 521, 523 sq., 570; IDEM, Monum. Hungariae (Rome, 1859), I, 381, II, 490 GAMS, Series episcop. eccles. (Ratisbon, 1873), 419.
C. WOLFSGRUBER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Niccolò Orlandini

From volume 11 of the work.
Born at Florence, 1554; died 1606 at Rome, 17 May. He entered the Jesuit novitiate 7 Nov., 1572; became rector of the Jesuit college at Nola; was master of novices at Naples for five years; and finally appointed secretary of the general Acquaviva, who in 1558 detailed him to write the history of the Jesuit Order. This work comprises only the generalate of St. Ignatius. It was edited by Sacchini, and appeared under the title "Historiæ Societatis Jesu prima pars" (Rome, 1614, 1615, 1621; Antwerp, 1620; Cologne, 1620). It is written in the form of annals, and is based chiefly on a life written by the saint's secretary, de Polanco. Ranke, "Hist. Of the Popes", III (London, 1903), 328, says of Orlandini: "In his style of writing, as well as in the business of life, he was exceedingly careful, accurate, and wary". The history was continued by Sacchini, Possinus, Jouvancy, and Cordara. The sixth and last part, reaching to 1633, was published at Rome in 1758. Other works are: "Annuæ litteræ Societatis Jesu, anni 1583-85" (Rome, 1585-86-88); "Vita Petri Fabri" (Lyons, 1617); the same under the title "Forma sacerdotis Apostolici, expressa in exemplo Petri Fabri" (Dillingen, 1647); and "Tractatus seu Commentarii in Summarium Constitutionum et in regulas communes" ed. Soero (Roehampton, 1876). His "Vita Petri Fabri" has been translated into French (Bordeaux, 1617) and Italian (Rome, 1629).
Sommervogel, Bibliothèque de la C. de J., V (Brussels and Paris, 1894), 1934-35; Sacchini in introduction to Historiæ Societatis Jesu prima pars, mentioned above.
MICHAEL OTT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Nicholas Abram

From volume 1 of the work.
​Abram, Nicholas, Jesuit theologian, born in 1589, at Xaronval, in Lorraine; died 7 September, 1655. He taught rhetoric at Pont-à-Mousson, then engaged in missionary work, and finally taught theology at Pont-à-Mousson for seventeen years. His principal works are: (1) "Nonni Panopolitani Paraphrasis Sancti secundum Joannem Evangelii. Accesserunt Notæ P.N.A., Soc. Jes." (Paris, 1623); (2) "Commentarii in P. Virgilii Maronis Bucolica et Georgica. Accessit diatriba de quatuor fluviis et loco paradisi" (Pont-à-Mousson, 1633–35); (3) "Pharus Veteris Testamenti, sive sacrarum quæstionum libri XV. Quibus accesserunt ejusdem auctoris de veritate et mendacio libri IV" (Paris, 1648). This is the principal exegetical work of Father N. Abram. His other works may he found in Sommervogel "Bibliothèque de la compagnie de Jésus" (Brussels, 1890).
Bibliotheca scriptorum S.J. (Rome, 1676); Dom Calmet, Bibliothèque de Lorraine (Nancy, 1751); Mangenot in Vig., Dict. de la Bible (Paris, 1895).
A. J. Maas.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Nicholas Bonet

From volume 2 of the work.
Friar Minor, theologian, and missionary, date of birth uncertain; d. 1360. Probably a Frenchman by birth, he taught theology with great success at Paris, where he received the title of "Doctor Pacificus" (The Peaceful Doctor) on account of his suave and tranquil mode of lecturing. Bonet took an important part in the dispute concerning the beatific vision which was warmly discussed during the pontificate of John XXII and finally settled by the decree of his successor, Benedict XII, "Benedictus Deus". As a member of the papal embassy sent by Benedict XII to Kublai Khan, grandson of the famous conqueror Genghis Khan, Bonet exchanged the comparative ease and comfort of the professor of theology for the arduous and perilous labours of the missionary. The Franciscan missions in Tatary were founded as early as the year 1245 by the zealous apostles of the Faith, Lorenzo da Portogallo and Giovanni da Pian Carpino; and in his desire to see the great work which was inaugurated by them and continued by the saintly Archbishop John of Monte Corvino kept up and extended, the great khan was induced to send an embassy to Benedict XII to petition for new labourers in the missions of Asia. The pope received the legates with every mark of honour and acceding to the wish of the Mongolian monarch, commissioned four religious of the order of Friars Minor as his legates, on whom he conferred all the Apostolic faculties and privileges necessary for their missionary labours. These were John of Florence, afterwards Bishop of Bisignano in Calabria, Nicholas Bonet, Nicolas da Molano, and Gregory of Hungary. The embassy bearing letters from the pope to the khan left Avignon towards the end of the year 1338, and after a long and arduous journey arrived at Peking in China, the residence of the Tatar emperor at the beginning of 1342. The missionaries were encouraged in their apostolic labours by the kindly attitude of Kublai Khan and succeeded in founding numerous Christian settlements throughout the vast Mongolian empire. About the year 1346 they set out again for Italy. Part of the homeward journey they made by sea and the remainder, from the Kingdom of Persia, by land, arriving in Avignon at the beginning of the year 1354. Shortly after the return of the missionaries, Bonet was consecrated titular Bishop of Mileve in Africa in recognition of his devoted services while on the mission of Mongolia. Among the writings of Nicholas Bonet, the "Tractatus de conceptione B. Mariæ Virginis jussu Clementis V scriptus", the "Formalitates e Doctrinâ Scoti" and his "Commentarius in IV libros sententiarum" deserve special mention.
CUSACK, St. Francis and the Franciscans (New York, 1867), XIV, 470-472; SBARALEA, Suppl. et castig. ad script. ord. min., 552; DA CIVEZZA, Storia delle missioni Francescane (Rome, 1859), III, xv, 599-617; WADDING, Annales Minorum, VII, 213-219; DE GUBERNATIS, De missionibus antiquis (Rome, 1689), I, 399; Analecta Franciscana (Quaracchi, 1887), II, 178.
STEPHEN M. DONOVAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Nicholas Adam

From volume 1 of the work.
​Adam, Nicholas, linguist and writer, b. in Paris, 1716; d. 1792. He achieved distinction by a peculiar grammar of which he was the author. It bore the title: "La vraie manière d'apprendre une langue quelconque, vivante ou morte, par le moyen de la langue française." It consisted of five grammars: French, Latin, Italian, German, and English. He published another book which he called "Les quatre chapitres",—on reason, self-love, love of our neighbour, and love of virtue—writing it in good and bad Latin, and good and bad French. He has also left many translations of classic works, among them, Pope's "Essay on Man", Johnson's "Rasselas", Addison's "Cato", Young's "Night Thoughts", etc. He was a favourite of Choiseul, who sent him as French ambassador to Venice. It is said that he knew all the languages of Europe and possessed a rare gift of communicating his knowledge to others. For many years he had been professor of eloquence at the College of Lisieux.
Michaud, Biogr. Univ., I, 228.
T. J. Campbell.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Nicholas Atkinson

From volume 2 of the work.
Priest and martyr, probably to be identified with Venerable Thomas Atkinson. Dodd, who mentions Nicholas's death as having taken place at York in 1610, does not mention Thomas at all; yet all the facts which he relates of the one are certainly true of the other, while there is no corroboration for Dodd's date of Nicholas's martyrdom. It seems probable, however, there was an old Marian priest named Nicholas, or "Ninny", Atkinson (Gillow, 85).
J.H. POLLEN