OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Caryl, Joseph

​CARYL, JOSEPH (1602–1673), nonconformist leader and commentator, born in London in 1602, was educated at Exeter College, Oxford, where he soon became eminent as a speaker and debater. Entering into holy orders, he held for some time the office of preacher to Lincoln's Inn, and was frequently called to preach to the Long parliament at their solemn feasts and thanksgivings and on other occasions. His eminence and zeal in his profession procured his appointment in 1643 as a member of the assembly of divines at Westminster. In ecclesiastical connection he was a moderate independent, ​and at the same time zealous for the covenant. In 1645 he was appointed minister of the church of St. Magnus, near London Bridge. For a considerable number of years he discharged the duties of this sphere with great zeal and success, being especially esteemed as an expositor of Scripture. Among other work committed to him at this time, he was appointed by the parliament, along with Stephen Marshall, chaplain to the commissioners who were sent to the king at Holmby House in order to arrange terms of peace. The chaplains never had a chance of influencing the king, not being even invited to say grace at meals, which the king always did himself. Caryl and John Owen were afterwards nominated to attend Oliver Cromwell in his journey to Scotland. Caryl was also one of the triers for judging of the qualifications of ministers of the gospel. After the restoration of Charles II, Caryl was ejected from the church of St. Magnus by the Act of Uniformity in 1662. He continued, however, to live in London, and he does not seem to have been interfered with in gathering a congregation in the neighbourhood of his former charge. In this he was so successful that when he died the number of communicants was 136. He died 10 March 1672–3 at his house in Bury Street. On his death his congregation chose Dr. John Owen as his successor, uniting with a previous flock of Dr. Owen's. Another of his successors was Dr. Isaac Watts, for whom the congregation built a new meeting-house in Bury Street, near St. Mary Axe.
About a dozen of Caryl's sermons were published separately, preached on public occasions before the commons, the lords, or both houses, or before the lord mayor. But the great work of Caryl was his ‘Commentary on the Book of Job.’ The first edition was in 12 vols. 4to (1651–66); the second in 2 vols. folio (1676–7); and the work has always commanded a high character for sound judgment, extensive learning, and fervent piety. It ranks with other great puritan commentaries—Greenhill on Ezekiel, Burroughs on Hosea, or Owen on the Hebrews. After his death a volume of posthumous sermons was published with preface by Dr. Owen. He was one of the authors of an English Greek lexicon for the New Testament (1661), and of ‘Saints' Memorials, or words fitly spoken, like Apples of Gold in Pictures of Silver.’
[Reid's Memoirs of the Westminster Divines; Neal's History of the Puritans, iv. 53; Calamy's Nonconformist's Memorial, i. 146–8; Wood's Athenæ (Bliss), iii. 979; Granger, iii. 312.]
W. G. B.
# Connie Morgan with the Mounted/Contents

CONTENTS
# Connie Morgan with the Mounted/Illustrations

ILLUSTRATIONS
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bayfield, Richard

​BAYFIELD, RICHARD, alias Somersam (d. 1531), martyr, was professed a monk of the Benedictine abbey of Bury St. Edmunds in 1514, took priest's orders in 1518, and was chamberlain of the abbey about 1525. He imbibed the opinions of William Tyndale from a copy of the English Testament and other works given him by Dr. Barnes and some of his friends, when on a visit to the monastery, and was in consequence imprisoned and punished, but through Barnes's influence was allowed to go to Cambridge. Thence he went to London, and in 1528 was tried before Tunstall, bishop of London, for denying worship to saints, and the necessity of preaching licenses. He abjured these opinions, but instead of returning to his abbey he fled to the Low Countries, and assisted Tyndale in disposing of his books in England, some of which he landed at Colchester and some at St. Katharine's. In the autumn of 1531 he was arrested in Mark Lane, and imprisoned in the Lollard's Tower at St. Paul's. On 10, 11, and 16 Nov. he was examined by Stokesley, bishop of London, and Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, and on the 20th sentenced as a relapsed heretic, and for importing forbidden books. On 4 Dec. he was publicly degraded in the choir of St. Paul's Cathedral, and burned in Smithfield (Wriothesley, Chron. i. 17); Foxe says ‘the Monday following’ the sentence, which was 27 Nov., but Wriothesley's authority is the better.
[Foxe's Acts and Monuments, ed. Townsend, iv. 680; Strype's Eccl. Mem. i., ii. 63; Wriothesley's Chronicle, i. 17.]
C. T. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baxter, William (1650-1723)

​BAXTER, WILLIAM (1650–1723), scholar, was born in 1650 at Lanhigan in Shropshire—son of a brother of the great Richard Baxter [q. v.] When he proceeded to Harrow at the very late age of eighteen, he could neither read nor understand one word of any language but Welsh. He soon, however, acquired much classical learning. His first publication was a Latin grammar, called ‘De Analogia, sive arte Linguæ Latinæ Commentariolus … in usum provectioris adolescentiæ,’ 1679.
He made his mark at a bound by his ‘Anacreon,’ published in 1695. It bore his name not only over England but Germany and Holland. Later opinion pronounced it bold to temerity in its readings and conjectures. It was reprinted in 1710. Joshua Barnes [q. v.] charged Baxter with borrowing largely in the second edition from his edition of ‘Anacreon’ of 1705, but Barnes afterwards appears to have retracted the charge (Stukeley's Memoirs (Surtees Soc.), i. 95–6). In 1701 appeared Baxter's celebrated ‘Horace,’ which J. M. Gesner made the basis of his edition, published in 1752 and also in 1772. Baxter's edition was republished in 1725 and in 1798. Bishop Lowth pronounced it ‘the best edition of Horace ever yet delivered to the world.’ In 1788 Zeunius incorporated in an edition of Horace all Baxter's and Gesner's notes. A serious fault of Baxter's Horace is his abuse of Richard Bentley.
In 1719 he published his dictionary of British antiquities under the title of ‘Glossarium Antiquitatum Britannicarum, sive Syllabus Etymologicus Antiquitatum Veteris Britanniæ atque Iberniæ temporibus Romanorum.’ Prefixed is a fine portrait of the author, engraved by Vertue after Highmore, when Baxter was in his sixty-ninth year. This erudite work was republished by the Rev. Moses Williams. To the same editor we are indebted for Baxter's posthumous work, his glossary or dictionary of Roman antiquities, under the title of ‘Reliquiæ Baxterianæ, sive W. Baxteri Opera Posthuma.’ Unhappily it went only through the letter A; but there is a fragment of the life of the author written by himself accompanying it. Among the minor writings of Bowyer is ‘A View of a Book entitled “Reliquiæ Baxterianæ” in a Letter to a Friend.’ This is an acute and pleasant analysis of the work. He had prepared an edition of Juvenal with commentary and notes; but, in spite of Moses Williams' proposals, it never appeared. Besides his critical labours Baxter from the outset pursued physiological studies. These and other subsidiary investigations bore fruit in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ and ‘Archæologia.’ He was ‘one of the hands’ in the translation of Plutarch's ‘Morals’ (1718). He carried on an extensive correspondence with all the prominent men of his generation. His profession was that of a schoolmaster, first in a boarding school at Tottenham High Cross (Middlesex), and later as master of the Mercers' School, London, where he remained for upwards of twenty years. He died 31 May 1723.
A. B. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baxter, William (d.1871)

​BAXTER, WILLIAM (d. 1871), botanist, was appointed curator of the Oxford botanic garden in 1813, and retained the post until about 1854, when he was succeeded by his son, W. H. Baxter. He greatly raised the character of the Oxford garden, and established a library for the use of Oxford gardeners, of which Dr. Daubeney, then professor of botany, was president. In 1817 he was admitted an associate of the Linnean Society. Although not a voluminous writer, he contributed to Loudon's ‘Gardeners' Magazine’ and other periodicals; his chief work, however, was ‘British Phænogamous Botany, or Figures and Descriptions of the Genera of British Flowering Plants,’ in 6 vols. 8vo (1834–43), the drawings of which, by various artists, are mostly well executed, though of unequal merit, while the letterpress, for which Baxter was responsible, is carefully compiled and contains some original information. He devoted much attention to the smaller cryptogams, and prepared and distributed a series of leaf-fungi with a printed ticket attached to each, giving information as to name, place, &c. This was noteworthy at a time when the study of these lower forms was in its infancy. His help is acknowledged by many contemporary authors. He is described by Loudon as ‘one of the most modest and unassuming of men;’ but ‘no one ever came in contact with him,’ says another writer, ‘without being impressed by his amiable disposition, his great knowledge, his extraordinary memory, and his willingness to oblige.’ From the time of his retirement from Oxford ​Baxter did nothing which brought him into public notice, and when he died at Oxford, 1 Nov. 1871, in his eighty-fourth year, his name had become ‘a tradition of the past rather than a fact of the present.’
J. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bayes, Joshua

​BAYES, JOSHUA (1671–1746), divine, was son of the Rev. Samuel Bayes, who was ejected by the Act of Uniformity of 1662 from a living in Derbyshire, and after 1662 lived at Manchester until his death. It is believed that Joshua was born in Manchester in 1671. He received his entire secular education in the grammar school of his native town. Being dedicated from his birth to the nonconformist ministry, he was placed under the tuition of the Rev. Richard Frankland, of Attercliffe in Yorkshire, on 15 Nov. 1686. On the conclusion of his course he proceeded to London, and was admitted for ‘examination’ by a number of the elder ministers ‘according to the practice of the times.’ He was ordained preacher of the gospel and minister on 22 June 1694. This—the first public ordination amongst dissenters in the city after the Act of Uniformity—took place in the meeting-house of Dr. Annesley in Little St. Helens. There were six ‘candidates,’ one of whom was Dr. Edmund Calamy. It appears that young Bayes ‘served’ the churches around London as a kind of itinerant or evangelist for some years. But about 1706 he settled at St. Thomas's meeting-house, Southwark, as assistant to John Sheffield, one of the most original of the later puritan writers. This engagement requiring his attendance only in the morning of each Sunday, he also acted as assistant to Christopher Taylor at Leather Lane. When Matthew Henry died, leaving his ‘Commentary’ unfinished, its completion was entrusted to a select number of presbyterian divines, including Bayes, to whom was assigned the Epistle to the Galatians. The continuation has never secured ​the unique acceptance of Matthew Henry's own writing, but the ‘Galatians’ is among the best of the supplements. Taylor of Leather Lane dying in 1723, Bayes, his assistant, was invited to succeed him. Accordingly he resigned the morning service at St. Thomas's. Subsequently he himself appointed ‘assistants,’ first John Cornish, and next his own son, Thomas Bayes. Dr. Calamy's death in 1732 caused a vacancy in the Merchants' lectureship at Salters' Hall, and Bayes was chosen to succeed him. In 1735 he associated himself with a number of divines in a course of lectures—also delivered at Salters' Hall—against popery. His own subject was ‘The Church of Rome's Doctrine and Practice with relation to the Worship of God in an unknown tongue.’ He died on 24 April 1746, and was buried in Bunhill Fields. Besides the publications already named, he published several occasional sermons. There is a very fine portrait of him (in oil) in Dr. Williams's library, engraved in Wilson's ‘History and Antiquities of Dissenting Churches.’
[Calamy's Account, p. 496, Contin. p. 643; Henry's Commentary, in loco; Protestant Dissenters' Magazine, v. 163; Bunhill Inscriptions (fifty-second year is erroneously given in his monumental inscription); Wilson's Dissenting Churches, iv. 396.]
A. B. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bayeux, John de

​BAYEUX, JOHN de (d. 1249), justice itinerant, otherwise called de Baiocis, was a son of Hugh de Baiocis, a Lincolnshire baron, by Alienora his wife. He had property in Bristol and Dorset, but in 16 and 17 John forfeited it on outlawry for murder. In 1218 he paid a relief of 100l. and took possession of the family estates in Lincolnshire, and in the same year was judge itinerant for the counties of Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, and Dorset, along with ‘J. Bathon. et Glascon. Episc.’ (Dugdale, Orig. Juridic. (Chronica Series), p. 7). Next year, 4 Henry III, an inquisition was held before the chief justice as to whether an appeal by Robert de Tillebroc against him, his mother, brother, and three others, was malicious. Nevertheless in the great assizes of 1224–5, 9 Henry III, he was again itinerant justice in Dorset, and in the same year was also justice of forests and constable of the castle of Plimpton. In 1234 he was charged with the homicide of Roger de Mubray, but on payment of 400 marks obtained leave to compound with the widow. He died in 1249, leaving no male child, and his brother Stephen succeeded to his estates as heir.
[Dugdale's Origins Juridic. (Chron. Ser.); Foss's Lives of the Judges; Rot. Chart. 16 John, 201; Rot. Fin. i. 32, 45, 264, ii. 51; Rot. Claus. i. 404, 622, 633, 655, ii. 76, 97, 98.]
J. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baxter, Roger

​BAXTER, ROGER (1784–1827), jesuit, was a native of Walton-le-Dale, near Preston, in Lancashire. He finished his studies at Stonyhurst, and entered the Society of Jesus in 1810. After rendering great services to the missions of Maryland and Pennsylvania, he died at Philadelphia on 24 May 1827, in the thirty-fourth year of his age. He wrote:
* ‘Remarks on a Sermon preached by the Rev. J. Le Mesurier, B.D., in which the invocation of saints and angels, as now practised in the church of Rome, is attempted to be shown as idolatrous,’ Lond. 1816.
* ‘The most important Tenets of Roman Catholics fairly explained,’ Washington, 1819, Philadelphia, 1845, often reprinted.
[Oliver's Jesuit Collections, 51; Backer's Bibl. des Ecrivains de la Compagnie de Jésus (1869), i. 468.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baxter, Thomas (fl.1732)

​BAXTER, THOMAS (fl. 1732), pseudo-mathematician, was the author of ‘The Circle squared,’ (1732). Starting from the shameless assumption that ‘if the diameter of a circle be unity or one, the circumference of that circle will be 3.0625,’ the writer deduces some fourteen problems relative to circles. With more brevity, but equal absurdity, he treats of the cone and ellipse.
[Watt's Bibl. Brit.; De Morgan's Budget of Paradoxes.]
F. Y. E.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bayfield, Robert

​BAYFIELD, ROBERT (fl. 1668), physician of Norwich, who wrote with much energy on both religious and medical subjects, was born in 1629. He was the author of
* ‘Enchiridion Medicum, containing the causes, signs, and cures of all those diseases that do chiefly affect the body of man. … Whereunto is added a treatise, “De Facultatibus Medicamentorum compositorum et Dosibus,”’ 1655.
* ‘Exercitationes Anatomicæ,’ 2nd edit. 1668.
* ‘Tῆς Ἰατρικῆς Kαρπός, or a Treatise de morborum capitis essentiis et prognosticis, adorned with above three hundred choice and rare observations,’ 1663.
* ‘Ἡ Προβολὴ τῆς Ἀληθείας: or the Bulwarke of Truth, being a treatise … against Atheists and Hereticks,’ London, 1657 bearing ​Edmund Calamy's imprimatur (republished at Newcastle in 1804).
* ‘Tractatus de Tumoribus præter naturam; or a treatise of preternatural Tumors;’ the second part of this book is dedicated to the famous Sir Thomas Browne, 1662.
A portrait of Bayfield, aged 25, by William Faithorne, dated 1654, is prefixed to the ‘Enchiridion.’ Another portrait of Bayfield, aged 27, by the same artist, appears in the ‘Bulwark of Truth,’ 1657, and again in the ‘Tractatus,’ 1662.
[Granger's Biographical Hist. iii. 90–1; Bayfield's Works in Brit. Mus. Lib.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baxter, Thomas (1782-1821)

​BAXTER, THOMAS (1782–1821), china painter, of whom an account is given in ‘A Century of Potting in the City of Worcester,’ by R. W. Binns, 1877, was born in Worcester on 18 Feb. 1782. His father had workshops in London, connected with Worcester, for painting and gilding china; and Baxter received his first instruction from him. He was a fellow student of B. R. Haydon at the Royal Academy, as appears from a letter written by Baxter to Haydon in 1819. He was patronised by Lord Nelson, and was often employed by him in making sketches at Merton. He also painted for him a rich dessert service. In his paintings upon china he introduced figures from the works of Reynolds, West, and other well-known painters. In 1814 he left Worcester and established an art school in London, and had pupils who were afterwards distinguished in their special line. In 1816 he connected himself with Dillwyn's factory at Swansea, and was there three years. His great work at that place, which from the description of it must have been remarkable rather for ingenuity than for good taste, was a ‘Shakespeare Cup.’ In 1819 he returned to Worcester, and was again employed at Messrs. Flight & Barr's, and afterwards at Messrs. Chamberlain's factory. ​He died in London, 18 April 1821. He made some drawings for Britton's ‘Salisbury Cathedral,’ and two ‘very clever’ copies of the ‘Portland vase.’
E. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brownswerd, John

​BROWNSWERD, JOHN (1540?–1589), poet, was a native of Cheshire, and received his education partly at Oxford and partly at Cambridge, where it is said he graduated. He became master of the grammar school of Macclesfield, where he died on 15 April 1589. The inscription on a tablet erected to his memory in the parish church by his friend Thomas Newton describes him as 'Alpha poetarum, Coryphæus grammaticorum, Flos pædagogῶn.' He wrote 'Progymnasmata quædam Poetica, sparsim collecta et in lucem edita studio et industria Thomæ Newton Cestreshyrii,' London, 1589, 1590, 4to.
[Tanner's Bibl. Brit 181; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. (Bliss), i. 561; Brydges's Censura Literaria (1806-9), ix. 43; Ormerod's Cheshire, iii. 287, 366, 367; Cooper's Athenæ Cantab. ii. 45; Ames's Typogr. Antiq. (Herbert), 1110, 1710.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bruce, David (fl.1660)

​BRUCE, DAVID (fl. 1660), physician, was the son of Andrew Bruce, D.D., principal (from 1630 to 1647) of St. Leonard's College in St. Andrews University. He was first educated at St. Andrews, and proceeded M.A. there. Later he went to France, and studied physic at Paris and Montpellier. He intended taking a medical degree at Padua; but the plague kept him from Italy, and he finally graduated M.D. at Valence in Dauphiny on 7 May 1657. On 27 March 1660 Bruce was incorporated doctor of physic at Oxford. He was associated with his great-uncle, Sir John Wedderburne, in the office of physician to the Duke and Duchess of York. But after fulfilling, in consequence of Wedderburne's infirmities, all the duties of the post for many years, he resigned the office and travelled abroad. Subsequently he settled at Edinburgh, and was there 'in good repute for his practice.' Wood speaks of him as still living in Edinburgh in 1690. Bruce was admitted candidate of the College of Physicians on 24 Dec. 1660, and was an original member of the Royal Society.
[Wood's Fasti Oxon. ii. 225; Munk's Coll. of Phys. i. 297.]
S. L. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brownrigg, Elizabeth

​BROWNRIGG, ELIZABETH (d. 1767), murderess, was the wife of James Brownrigg, a house painter, who lived at Fleur de Luce Court, Fleet Street. For some years she practised midwifery, and about 1765 was appointed by the overseers of St. Dunstan's in the West to act as midwife to the poor women of the parish workhouse. She had three apprentices, Mary Mitchell, Mary Jones, and Mary Clifford, all of whom she treated in a most inhuman manner. On 3 Aug. Clifford was found in a dying state, hidden in Brownrigg's premises, and died shortly after. James, the husband, was committed for trial. Elizabeth and her son John fled, but were apprehended on the Kith. Elizabeth was tried at the Old Bailey, before Mr. Justice Hewitt, on 12 Sept. 1767, found guilty, and received sentence. Her husband and son were acquitted. It appears that after practising all sorts of diabolical cruelties upon Clifford, the woman Brownrigg tied her up to a hook fixed in one of the beams in the kitchen, and flogged her no less than five times on 31 July. She was hanged at Tyburn on 14 Sept. 1767. Her skeleton was exposed in a niche at Surgeons' Hall in the Old Bailey, 'that the heinousness of her cruelty might make the more lasting impression on the minds of the spectators' (Gent. Mag.) A well-known reference to her crime is made in some verses in the 'Anti-Jacobin.'
[Knapp and Baldwin's New Newgate Calendar, iii. 216-23; Celebrated Trials (1826), iv. 425-31; Sessions Papers (1766-7), 257-76; The Ordinary of Newgate's Account of Elizabeth Brownrigg; Bayley's Life of Elizabeth Brownrigg; Wilson's Wonderful Characters (1822), iii. 321-30; Gent. Mag. (1767), xxxvii. 426-8, where a picture of the ill-treatment of the apprentices will be found, 476.]
G. F. R. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bruce, Archibald

​BRUCE, ARCHIBALD (1746–1816), theological writer, was born at Broomhall, Stirlingshire, and, after studying at the university of Glasgow, was ordained, in 1768, minister of the Associate (Anti-burgher) congregation of Whitburn. In 1786 he was appointed professor of divinity by the General Associate Synod, and continued to hold that office till 1806. Being dissatisfied with the action of his synod, he left it and formed, along with three others, the 'Constitutional Associate Presbytery;' this led to a sentence of deposition being passed on him by the former body. He died 28 Feb. 1816. He was a man of great theological learning, of earnest piety, and at the same time of a lively imagination, as his writings showed. The chief of these were—1. 'The Kirkiad, or the Golden Age of the Church of Scotland,' a satirical poem, 1774. 2. 'Free Thoughts on the Toleration of Popery,' 1780. 3. 'Annus Secularis,' the centenary of the revolution 1788, a long dissertation on religious festivals. 4. 'Queries,' on the commemoration of the revolution, 1797. 5. 'The Catechism modernized,' 1791, a cutting satire on lay patronage, and its effects, in the form of a parody on the Westminster Assembly's Shorter Catechism. 6. 'Reflexions on the Freedom of Writing,' 1794, à propos of a proclamation against seditious publications, bearing the motto 'What Britons dare to think, he dares to tell.' 7. A poem ridiculing the pretensions of the pope, 1797. 8. 'Lectures to Students,' 1797. 9. 'Life of James Hog of Carnock,' 1798. 10. 'Dissertation on the Supremacy of the Civil Power in Matters of Religion,' 1798. 11. 'Poems, serious and amusing, by a reverend divine,' 1812. 12. 'Life of Alex. Morus, a celebrated divine in Geneva and Holland,' 1813. 13. 'A Treatise on Earthquakes' (posthumous).
[McKerrow's History of the Secession Church; notice of Mr. Bruce by Rev. Thos. McCrie, D.D., in Scots Magazine, April 1816; collected edition of Bruce's works in Library of New College, Edinburgh.]
W. G. B.