OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Superiority and Subordination as Subject-Matter of Sociology

Published in two parts.

## Contents

* "Superiority and Subordination as Subject-Matter of Sociology I" in The American Journal of Sociology, 02 (2) (September, 1896), pp. 167-189.
* "Superiority and Subordination as Subject-Matter of Sociology II" in The American Journal of Sociology, 02 (3) (November, 1896), pp. 392-415.
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# Shiana/Chapter 13

CHAPTER XIII.
SIVE'S NEW TACTICS.
Peg.—She said a queer thing, indeed. She said it was she herself who had broken it, and that whatever match might be made for Shiana she would break off in the same way, since he would not marry her.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Ebionites

Edition of 1879. See also Ebionites on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
EBIONITES (Heb. ebyonim, poor people), a party in the early Christian church. The name was first assumed by such Christians as held to Jewish opinions and practices. After the Christianity which savored of Judaism had come to be regarded by the church as a heresy, the name, in its Greek form, was applied to the members of the party by their opponents, and they themselves adopted that of Nazarenes. The doctrine of the Ebionites was a mixture of Judaism and Christianity. While they accepted the Old Testament in its integrity, they rejected the New Testament, substituting a gospel based upon the facts in the Gospel of Matthew. This was known to the primitive Christians as the “Gospel of the Hebrews.”
The Ebionites denied the divinity of Christ, retained the practice of circumcision while observing the rites of baptism and the Lord's supper, kept the seventh day of the week, and conformed in many things to the ascetic discipline of the Essenes. Their opinions were afterward somewhat modified, and they were divided particularly in their dogma concerning the birth of Jesus and the method of his union with God. As Epiphanius represents them, they believed that Jesus was the incarnation of an exalted superangelic spirit, who came to republish the law which Moses had published before, and which was the law of right and truth given to the original Adam. They were opposed to the doctrine of priestly and monastic celibacy. They interpreted literally the Hebrew prophecies in regard to the Messiah's kingdom, and expected that material reign of Christ which Isaiah describes. Ebionites were found in Palestine and Syria down to the end of the 4th century. They began about that time to come into frequent collision with the Catholics, and soon disappeared from history.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Eddystone Rocks

Edition of 1879. See also Eddystone Rocks on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ EDDYSTONE ROCKS, a reef in the English channel, 600 or 700 ft. long, off the coast of Cornwall, about 10 m. S. of the Rame head, entrance of Plymouth sound. They consist of three principal ridges, which are entirely covered at high water. The celebrated lighthouse on one of these rocks was begun in 1756 and finished in 1759. Its tower is 68 ft. high, and is surmounted by a lantern which is furnished with 16 powerful argand burners, with parabolic reflectors of silvered copper. The first lighthouse on these rocks was built in 1696-'9, of stone and timber. It was swept away in 1703, and another tower of wood was completed six years afterward. This was burned in 1755, and the present edifice was then commenced by the celebrated engineer John Smeaton. The material employed was Portland stone, encased in granite, partly quarried from the rock itself, into which the foundations were dovetailed. The violence of the swell at the lighthouse renders communication with the shore extremely difficult even in serene weather, and the sea frequently rises above the light, the strong plate glass of the lantern having been more than once broken by the waves.—See "A Narrative of the Building of Eddystone Lighthouse," by Smeaton (4to, London, 1791).
Eddystone Lighthouse (with section showing the interior arrangement).
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Ellis, George Edward

Edition of 1879. See also George Edward Ellis on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ELLIS, George Edward, D. D., an American clergyman, born in Boston, Aug. 8, 1814. He graduated at Harvard college in 1833, studied theology at the Cambridge divinity school till 1836, and after a year's travel in Europe was ordained in 1840 as pastor of the Harvard church, Charlestown, Mass., and resigned Feb. 22, 1869. From 1857 to 1864 he was professor of doctrinal theology in the Cambridge divinity school. In 1864 he delivered a course of Lowell lectures on the evidences of Christianity. He wrote the lives of John Mason, Anne Hutchinson, and William Penn, in Sparks's “American Biography,” and in 1857
published a very elaborate work, “The Half Century of the Unitarian Controversy.” He edited for a time the “Christian Register,” the religious newspaper of the Massachusetts Unitarians; and for some years, in connection with the Rev. Dr. George Putnam, he conducted the “Christian Examiner.” He has published many sermons and addresses, and has contributed largely to various periodicals, most frequently upon topics of American history. He is also the author of “The Aims and Purposes of the Founders of Massachusetts” (1869), “Memoir of Jared Sparks” (1869), and “Memoirs of Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford” (1871).
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Ellsworth, Oliver

Edition of 1879. See also Oliver Ellsworth and William W. Ellsworth on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ELLSWORTH. I. Oliver, an American statesman and jurist, born in Windsor, Conn., April 29, 1745, died Nov. 26, 1807. He graduated at the college of New Jersey in 1766, and soon after commenced the practice of law. In 1777 he was chosen a delegate to the continental congress, and he was a member of the council of Connecticut from 1780 to 1784, when he was appointed a judge of the superior court. In 1787 he was elected to the convention which framed the federal constitution, and was afterward a member of the state convention
which ratified that instrument. He was a senator of the United States from 1789 to 1796, when he was nominated by Washington chief justice of the supreme court of the United States, over which he presided with great distinction, his opinions being marked by sound legal and ethical principles, in clear and felicitous language. In 1799 he was appointed by President Adams envoy extraordinary to Paris, and with his associates, Davie and Murray, he successfully negotiated a treaty with the French. This accomplished, and his health beginning to fail, he visited England for the benefit of its mineral waters; but his infirmities increasing, he resigned his office of chief justice in 1800. Returning to Connecticut, he was again elected a member of the council; and in 1807 he was appointed chief justice of the state, which office he declined on account of his health. II. William Wolcott, son of the preceding, born in Windsor, Nov. 10, 1791, died in Hartford, Jan. 15, 1868. He graduated at Yale college in 1810, and was admitted to the bar in 1813. From 1829 to 1833 he was a representative in congress; from 1838 to 1842 governor of Connecticut; and from 1847 to 1861 judge of the supreme court of that state.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Ebers, Georg Moritz

Edition of 1879. See also Georg Ebers on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
EBERS, Georg Moritz, a German Egyptologist, born in Berlin, March 1, 1837. He studied at Göttingen and Berlin, and taught for several years at the university of Jena. After a visit to Egypt, Nubia, and Arabia, he received in 1870 a professorship at Leipsic. His first publication, Eine ägyptische Königstochter (3 vols., Stuttgart, 1864), which describes the subjugation of Egypt by the Persians in the style of a historical novel, has passed through numerous editions, and was translated in Holland, England, and America (New York, 1871). His subsequent works are more scientific; the most important are Aegypten und die Bücher Mose's (1st vol., Leipsic, 1868) and Durch Gosen zum Sinai (1872).
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Elizabeth Islands

Edition of 1879. See also Elizabeth Islands on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ELIZABETH ISLANDS, a group of 16 small islands, constituting the town of Gosnold, Dukes co., Mass., lying between Vineyard sound on the S. E. and Buzzard's bay on the N. W., and extending about 16 m. S. W. from Cape Cod, from which they are separated by a narrow channel known as Wood's Hole; pop. in 1870, 99. The principal islands, commencing at the north, are Naushon, about 8 m. long by 1 to 2 m. wide; Pasque, about 2 m. long; Nashawena, 3 m.; and Cuttyhunk, 2½ m.; they are separated from each other by narrow channels.
They were discovered in May, 1602, by Bartholomew Gosnold, after whom the town is named; he called the last mentioned island Elizabeth, in honor of the queen, a name since transferred to the group. On a rocky islet situated in a pond on this island a fort and storehouse were built, and the foundations of the first colony in New England were laid. Upon the return of Gosnold, about a month later, the colonists refused to remain, and the design of effecting a settlement was abandoned. Until 1864 the group formed a part of the town of Chilmark. The islands are noted for their beauty, have a delightful summer climate, and afford rare opportunities for fishing. On the E. shore of Naushon is Tarpaulin cove, a harbor much frequented by wind-bound vessels on the passage from Boston to New York. This island, which is well wooded and contains an abundance of deer, was the favorite residence, in the early part of the century, of James Bowdoin, the diplomatist, who had here a fine mansion furnished with a large library, philosophical apparatus, and a picture gallery. It is now the property of a Boston gentleman, who has here his summer residence; and it is much resorted to by artists. Pasque and Cuttyhunk are occupied by New York clubs for boating and fishing purposes. About 2 m. N. and W. of Cuttyhunk and Nashawena is Penikese, comprising about 100 acres, formerly owned and occupied as a summer residence by John Anderson of New York, who in April, 1873, gave the island with the buildings and furniture (reserving the right of residing on a promontory of about 15 acres at the E. extremity) to Prof. Agassiz as a site for a summer school of natural history. He also gave to the institution the sum of $50,000 as a fund for its maintenance. The school, known as the “Anderson School of Natural History,” was opened in the summer of 1873, and is to be carried on in connection with the museum of comparative zoölogy at Cambridge.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Eberhard im Bart

Edition of 1879. See also Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
EBERHARD IM BART (Eberhard with the Beard), the first duke of Würtemberg, born Dec. 11, 1445, died Feb. 14, 1496. His father, Count Louis the Elder, dying while he was young, his education was neglected. Before he was 14 he wrested the government from his uncle Ulric, who had been appointed regent. A pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and the influence of his wife, the princess Barbara of Mantua, had a happy effect upon his character. He became celebrated in German history as the founder of the undivided sovereignty and of the representative constitution of Würtemberg. He devoted himself to study, promoted science and literature, and founded in 1477 the university of Tübingen. He improved the laws and the condition of the convents in his country, and was a friend of peace. The emperor Maximilian of Germany, who
conferred on him the title of duke (1495), declared at his grave several years afterward: “Here lies a prince who has left no equal in the German empire in princely virtues, and whose advice I have frequently followed with advantage.”
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Eden

Edition of 1879. See also Garden of Eden on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ EDEN (Heb., pleasure, delight; also gan Eden, garden of delight), the Scriptural name of the place where God placed Adam and Eve before the fall. In the Septuagint it is called Paradise, that is, a park or pleasure garden. It was watered by a river which, issuing forth, branched into four streams, named Pison, Gihon, Hiddekel (or Tigris), and Euphrates. No locality can now be fixed for the garden of Eden. The geographical indications in the book of Genesis are too vaguely expressed to enable us to determine with any approach to certainty which locality is meant. The most probable opinion seems to be that which assigns Eden a place somewhere among the mountainous regions of Armenia, where the rivers Tigris and Euphrates take their rise. Some writers, however, are of opinion that the garden of Eden is only a figurative expression, not intended to indicate any actual locality on earth. A few years ago Sir Henry Rawlinson, in a discourse before the royal society, asserted that he had deciphered the word “Eden” in cuneiform inscriptions among the ruins of Nineveh, and that it was a name given to Babylon. Eden is also the Scriptural name of a territory, probably in the Euphrates valley, mentioned among the conquests of the Assyrians.
# Spruill v. Ballard (302 U.S. 764)/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
302 U.S. 764
Spruill v. Ballard (302 U.S. 764)
Miss Georgia M. Spruill, pro se.
On petition for writ of certiorari to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.
The motion for leave to proceed further herein in forma pauperis is denied for the reason that the Court, upon examination of the papers herein submitted, finds no ground upon which writ of certiorari should be issued. The petition for writ of certiorari is therefore also denied.
Rehearing denied 303 U.S. 666, 58 S.Ct. 526, 82 L.Ed. --.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Spruill v. Crawford/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
294 U.S. 714
Spruill v. Crawford
Georgia M. Spruill, pro se.
On petition for writ of certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.
For opinion beow, see 64 App. D. C. 118, 75 F.(2d) 522.
The motion for leave to proceed further herein forma pauperis is denied for the reason that the Court, upon examination of the papers herein submitted finds no ground upon which writ of certiorari should be issued. The petition for writ of certiorari is therefore also denied.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Spruill v. Dorsey

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
304 U.S. 565
Spruill v. Dorsey

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Spruill v. Ballard (296 U.S. 575)

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
296 U.S. 575
Spruill v. Ballard

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Spruill v. Ballard (296 U.S. 575)/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
296 U.S. 575
Spruill v. Ballard
Georgia M. Spruill, pro se.
On petition for writ of certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.
See, also, 293 U.S. 625, 55 S.C.t. 349, 79 L. Ed. 712; Spruill v. Supreme Court of District of Columbia, 293 U.S. 625, 55 S.C.t. 350, 79 L. Ed. 712.
The motion for leave to proceed further herein in forma pauperis is denied for the reason that the Court, upon examination of the papers herein submitted, finds no ground upon which writ of certiorari should be granted. The petition for writ of certiorari is therefore also denied.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Spruill v. Ballard (302 U.S. 764)

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
302 U.S. 764
Spruill v. Ballard (302 U.S. 764)

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Spruill v. Crawford

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
294 U.S. 714
Spruill v. Crawford

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Spruill v. Ballard

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Spruill v. Ballard."
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Spruill v. Ballard (296 U.S. 575)
* Spruill v. Ballard (302 U.S. 764)
# Spruill v. Dorsey/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
304 U.S. 565
Spruill v. Dorsey
Georgia M. Spruill, pro se.
On petition for writ of certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.
The motion for leave to proceed further herein in forma pauperis is denied for the reason that the Court, upon examination of the papers herein submitted, finds no ground upon which writ of certiorari should be issued. The petition for writ of certiorari is therefore also denied.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Spruill v. O'Toole

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
294 U.S. 707
Spruill v. O'Toole

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Tate v. Short/Concurrence Harlan

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinions Black Harlan Blackmun
United States Supreme Court
401 U.S. 395
Tate v. Short
Argued: Jan. 14, 1971. --- Decided: March 2, 1971
Mr. Justice HARLAN concurs in the judgment of the Court on the basis of the considerations set forth in his opinion concurring in the result in Williams v. Illinois, 399 U.S. 235, 259, 90 S.Ct. 2018, 2031, 26 L.Ed.2d 586 (1970).

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Tatian's Address to the Greeks

Tatian's "Oratio ad Graecos" is an attempt to prove the worthlessness of paganism, and the reasonableness and high antiquity of Christianity. It is not characterized by logical consecutiveness, but instead is discursive in the outlines thereof. The carelessness in style is intimately connected with his contempt of everything Greek. No educated Christian has more consistently separated from paganism; but by his overshooting of the mark, his scolding and blustering philippic may have lost in effectiveness because of the lack of justice. His tendency to attack Greek philosophers by mocking their misfortunes – such as an unfortunate death, or their being sold into slavery – could also be considered an ad hominem fallacy. However as early as Eusebius's time, Tatian was praised for his discussions of the antiquity of Moses and of Jewish legislation. It is because of this chronological section that his "Oratio" was not generally condemned.
English-language translations of Oratio ad Graecos include:
* Address to the Greeks, trans. by Benjamin Plummer Pratten, from Ante-Nicene Fathers, 1885
* Tatian's Address to the Greeks, trans. by Benjamin Plummer Pratten, from Ante-Nicene Christian Library, 1885
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Tate v. Carney

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
65 U.S. 357
Tate v. Carney
THIS case was brought up from the Supreme Court of the State of Louisiana holding sessions for the eastern district of Louisiana, being issued under the twenty-fifth section of the Judiciary act.
The head note has given an outline of the case so that the reader can understand it; and the opinion of the court contains a full statement.
Tate was sued in the court below, and disclaimed title otherwise than as one of the heirs of Nancy Tate, whose other heirs then intervened.
Carney and the others claimed under Yair's title.
The Supreme Court of Louisiana rejected the claim of the heirs of Nancy Tate, who brought the case up to this court.
It was submitted on a printed argument by Mr. Benjamin for the plaintiffs in error, and argued by Mr. Taylor for the defendants.
Mr. Justice CAMPBELL delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Tate v. Short

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.

## Concurring Opinions

    Black
    Harlan
    Blackmun
United States Supreme Court
401 U.S. 395
Tate v. Short
Certiorari to the Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas
No. 324. Argued: January 14, 1971 --- Decided: March 2, 1971
Petitioner, an indigent, was convicted of traffic offenses and fined a total of $425. Though Texas law provides only for fines for such offenses, it requires that persons unable to pay must be incarcerated for sufficient time to satisfy their fines, at the rate of $5 per day, which in petitioner's case meant an 85-day term. The state courts denied his petition for habeas corpus.
Held: It is a denial of equal protection to limit punishment to payment of a fine for those who are able to pay it but to convert the fine to imprisonment for those who are unable to pay it. Williams v. Illinois, 399 U.S. 235. Pp. 397-401.
445 S.W. 2d 210, reversed and remanded.
BRENNAN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which BURGER, C.J., and DOUGLAS, STEWART, WHITE, MARSHALL, and BLACKMUN, JJ., joined. BLACKMUN, J., filed a concurring statement, post, p. 401. BLACK, J., concurred in the result. HARLAN, J., filed a statement concurring in the judgment, post, p. 401.
Norman Dorsen argued the cause for petitioner. With him on the briefs were Peter Sanchez-Navarro, Jr., and Stanley A. Bass.
Joseph G. Rollins argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief were Crawford C. Martin, Attorney General of Texas, Nola White, First Assistant Attorney General, Alfred Walker, Executive Assistant Attorney General, and Robert C. Flowers and Gilbert J. Pena, Assistant Attorneys General.
Allan Ashman filed a brief for the National Legal Aid and Defender Association as amicus curiae urging reversal.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse