OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Missouri River

Edition of 1905. See also Missouri River on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MISSOURI RIVER. The principal affluent of the Mississippi and the longest river of the United States (Map: United States, G 3). It is formed in southwestern Montana by the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin rivers. The longest branch, the Jefferson, has its farthest source in Red Rock Creek, which rises on the slopes of the Red Rock range of the Rocky Mountains, in Madison County, Montana, a few miles from the headwaters of the North Fork of the Snake. The middle and largest branch, the Madison, rises in the Yellowstone Park near the source of the Yellowstone River. From the junction of the three forks, the Missouri flows north and east across Montana into North Dakota, where it describes a long curve toward the southeast and then crosses the whole width of South Dakota. After reaching the Nebraska boundary it divides this State from Iowa and Missouri, forms the northeastern boundary of Kansas, and finally takes an easterly course across Missouri, joining the Mississippi 20 miles above Saint Louis. Its length to the source of the Jefferson is about 2950 miles, and to the source of the Madison about 2910 miles. With the lower Mississippi, the river has a total length of about 4200 miles, which is equaled by no other river in the world. The Missouri is a swift and turbid stream, navigable only by flat-bottomed steamboats. During the flood period in early summer it can be ascended to Great Falls, Mont., about 2300 miles from the mouth, but in low water navigation is suspended above the junction of the Yellowstone. At Great Falls the Missouri passes over a series of cataracts, descending a vertical distance of 350 feet in 16 miles. The highest falls are 87 feet. About 145 miles above this point is the Gate of the Rocky Mountains, a narrow rock gorge 12 miles in length, whose perpendicular walls rise 1200 feet above the river. The lower course of the Missouri, lying within the great plains, has been graded so as to offer no interruptions. In this part it is often a mile or more wide. The chief tributaries are the Milk and Yellowstone, in Montana; Little Missouri, in North Dakota; Cheyenne, James, White, and Big Sioux, in South Dakota; Niobrara and Platte, in Nebraska; Kansas and Osage, in Kansas and Missouri. It drains the greater part of the territory between the Mississippi and the summits of the Rocky Mountains. The Arkansas and Red rivers are the only other large streams in this region that contribute their waters directly to the Mississippi. The area of the basin exceeds 500,000 square miles. A number of thriving cities are located on the Missouri, including Kansas City, Leavenworth, Atchison, Omaha, Sioux City, Pierre, Bismarck, and Great Falls, the last being the centre of a great copper-smelting industry which utilizes the power of the Falls.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mist

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​MIST. See Fog.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Missoula

Edition of 1905. See also Missoula on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MISSOULA, mĭ-zo͞o′lȧ. A city and the county-seat of Missoula County, Mont., 125 miles west by north of Helena; on the Hell Gate River, and on the Northern Pacific Railroad (Map: Montana, C 2). It is the seat of the State University, and has a public library and hospitals, one maintained by the Northern Pacific Railroad. The city is in a farming and fruit-growing, lumbering, and mining region, for which it is an important distributing centre, and controls a considerable trade in grain, fruit, and produce. There are a brewery and bottling works, and railroad shops of the Northern Pacific, founded in 1864, Missoula was first incorporated in 1887, the charter of that year now operating to provide for a mayor, chosen biennially, and a unicameral council. Population, in 1890, 3426; in 1900, 4366.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Missouri (tribe)

Edition of 1905. See also Missouria on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MISSOURI, mĭz-zo͞o′rē̇. A small tribe of Siouan stock. When first known to the whites they occupied the territory about Grand River, a northern affluent of the Missouri, in what is now the State of Missouri, and contiguous to the Iowa and Oto (q.v.) on the north and west, all three tribes speaking the same language. Their popular name is of Algonquian origin, and is said to mean ‘great muddy,’ referring to the Missouri River. They call themselves Niutachi or Nudacha, ‘those who come to the mouth’ (of the river). According to their tradition the three tribes migrated together from the vicinity of Green Bay, Lake Michigan. The Missouri are named upon Marquette's map of 1673, and some years afterwards a French fort was established in their territory. Throughout the colonial period they were generally on the French side, as opposed to the English, although on one occasion they attacked and massacred the French garrison. In 1725 a number of their chiefs visited France and attracted much attention. At one time in the eighteenth century they were ​estimated at from 1000 to 1200; but, after being greatly reduced by smallpox, they were attacked by the Sauk, who compelled them to abandon their territory about 1798 and take refuge west of the Missouri. In 1805 they were living near the mouth of the Platte River and numbered about 300. In 1823 they were again so decimated by smallpox that the remnant, about 80 persons, incorporated with the kindred Oto. The confederated tribes removed in 1882 from Nebraska to a reservation in Oklahoma, where they now reside, numbering altogether only 360. They are still steadily decreasing, and their agent reports that they have practically ceased all effort at self-support, owing to the money they receive in the shape of treaty and lease payments.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Missouri Sucker

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​MISSOURI SUCKER, or Gourdseed. See Black Horse, and Plate of Suckers.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Missouri Valley

Edition of 1905. See also Missouri Valley, Iowa on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MISSOURI VALLEY. A city in Harrison County, Iowa, 21 miles north of Council Bluffs, on the Chicago and Northwestern, the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley, and the Sioux City and Pacific railroads (Map: Iowa, B 3). It has a public library of about 1900 volumes, and the fair grounds of the County Agricultural Society. The industrial interests are represented by extensive railroad machine shops, stock yards, and manufactories of flour, machine-shop products, bricks, coffins, creamery products, etc. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 2797; in 1900, 4010.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Meng-tsze

Edition of 1905. See also Mengzi City on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MENG-TSZE, mĕng′tsĕ′. A town in the Province of Yun-nan, China, situated amid mountains at an elevation of about 4600 feet, about 40 miles from the frontier of Tongking (Map: China, B 7). It is a well built city with traces of its splendor and importance before the Taiping Rebellion. It was opened to foreign commerce in 1889 in accordance with the French Treaty of Tien-tsin of 1886. The trade is mostly transit and with Hong Kong. The merchandise is transported by the Red River as far as Man-has, a village on the left side of the river about 40 miles from Meng-tsze, and from there is carried by coolies and pack animals inland. The chief exports are tin from the adjacent mines and opium; textiles and tobacco are imported. The total trade amounted in 1900 to over $4,000,000. Meng-tsze is connected by telegraph lines with Yun-nan-fu and the frontier of Tongking. The French Government has obtained a concession for the construction of a railway line from Lao-kai on the frontier to Yun-nan-fu via Meng-tsze. Population, about 12,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Menger, Karl

Edition of 1905. See also Carl Menger on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MENG′ER, Karl (1840—). An Austrian economist, born at Neu-Sandez, in Galicia. He studied law and political science in Vienna and Prague, and in 1873 became professor of political economy at the University of Vienna. Since 1900 he has been a member of the Austrian House of Peers. He was the leader of a reaction against the historical method in economics, and is one of the most prominent leaders of the so-called Austrian school of political economy. His most important work, from a theoretical standpoint, is Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre (1871). Other important works of his are: Untersuchungen über die Methode der Sozialwissenschaften und der politischen Oekonomie inshesondere (1883); Die Irrtümer des Historismus in der deutschen Nationalökonomie (1884); and Beiträge zur Währungsfrage in Oesterreich-Ungarn (1892).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Menin

Edition of 1905. See also Menen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MENIN, me-năN′. A frontier town of West Flanders, Belgium, situated 30 miles southwest of Ghent, on the left bank of the Lys, which here forms the French boundary (Map: Belgium, B 4) . It has a handsome church, a seminary, manufactures of lace and cotton textiles, and a famous old brewery. It was formerly fortified, but its works have been demolished. Population, in 1890, 13,700; in 1900, 19,312.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Menæchmi

Edition of 1905. See also Menaechmi on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MENÆCHMI, mē̇-nĕk′mē̇. One of the best comedies of Plautus, so called from the twin brothers whose resemblance to each other and the amusing situations arising from their confusion form the plot of the play. The comedy is one of the earliest preserved plays of Plautus. It suggested in part the plot of Shakespeare's Comedy of Errors. William Warner translated the comedy into English in 1595.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Menes

Edition of 1905. See also Menes on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MENES, mē′nēz (Egyptian Meni; Gk. Μήν, Mēn, Μήνης, Mēnēs). A king of Egypt whom the Egyptians regarded as their first historical monarch. His name invariably stands at the head of all monumental lists of Egyptian kings, but little is known in regard to him. According to Manetho he was a native of This, and reigned for sixty-two years. Herodotus and other Greek writers attribute to him the foundation of Memphis, and relate many other fables concerning him. In modern times certain scholars have believed that he was the Pharaoh who united Upper and Lower Egypt under a single monarchy, but recent discoveries indicate that the union took place at an earlier date. At present there is a tendency to identify Menes with an early king of whom many small memorials have been found near This. Two large tombs—one at Naggadah, near Coptos, the other near Abydos—are filled with objects bearing the name of this King. The reading of the name is, however, not altogether certain, and the proposed identification is therefore doubtful. Consult: Budge, A History of Egypt (New York, 1902); Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin, 1897); Revue Critique (Paris, 1897); Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache, vol. xxxvi. (Leipzig, 1898). See also Egypt.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Menfi

Edition of 1905. See also Menfi on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MENFI, mĕn′fē̇. A town in the Province of Girgenti, Sicily, 30 miles south by east of Marsala (Map: Italy, H 10). It exports corn, barley, cotton, and wine. The quarries of the vicinity are supposed to have furnished the building material for the temples of ancient Selinus. Population, in 1901 (commune), 10,281.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mengs, Raphael

Edition of 1905. See also Anton Raphael Mengs on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MENGS, mĕngs, Raphael (1728-79). A German historical and portrait painter. He was born at Aussig, Bohemia, March 12, 1728, the son of Ismael Mengs, a miniature painter of some repute, who in 1741 took him to Rome. On his return to Dresden in 1744 he was appointed Court painter by the Elector Augustus III., who permitted him to continue his studies at Rome. There he painted the first of his larger compositions, a “Holy Family,” now in the Gallery of Vienna, and of additional interest because the model for the Madonna was Marguerita Guazzi, a beautiful peasant girl whom he married, and for whose sake he embraced Catholicism. The financial distress occasioned by the Seven Years' War caused his pension to be stopped, and he was in distress at Rome, but his fortune turned when the Duke of Northumberland employed him to paint a copy of Raphael's “School of Athens.” In 1754 he was made director of the new Art Academy on the Capitol; in 1757 he painted the ceiling in San Eusebio, and soon after the “Mount Parnassus” in the Villa Albani.
On a visit to Naples he attracted the attention of the King, who, on his accession to the throne of Spain as Charles III., invited Mengs to Madrid. During this first sojourn at Madrid (1761-69) he executed several frescoes in the royal palace, of which “Aurora and the Four Seasons” is the best. Intrigues against him and feeble health caused his return to Italy, but he was summoned back to Madrid in 1772 to complete his work in the royal palace. He painted there the “Apotheosis of Trajan,” his most important fresco, and the “Temple of Fame.” In 1775 he returned to Rome, where he died, June 29, 1779.
His fresco paintings are superior to his canvases. Good examples of the latter are a “Nativity” in Madrid, and an “Annunciation” in the Vienna Gallery. Mengs was an eclectic who endeavored to blend the beauty of antique art with that of the great Italian masters. Living at a time of extreme degradation in art, he commanded great admiration by his skill in composition and his thorough knowledge of technical processes. He exercised a profound inlluence upon his contemporaries, and trained numerous pupils. Consult Woermann, Ismael und Raphael Mengs (Leipzig, 1893).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Menno Simons

Edition of 1905. See also Menno Simons on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MEN′NO SI′MONS (1492-1559). The founder of the later school of Anabaptists (q.v.) in Holland, from whom the Mennonites (q.v.) take their name. He was born at Witmarsum, in Friesland, in 1492; took orders in 1516; and was a priest in his native place from 1531 to 1536. The study of the New Testament, however, excited grave doubt in his mind regarding the truth both of the doctrine and constitution of the Church, and in 1536 he withdrew from it altogether. He attached himself to the party of the Anabaptists, was rebaptized at Leeuwarden, and in 1537 was appointed a teacher and bishop in the university of what was then known as the Old Evangelical or Waldensian Church at Groningen. Henceforth his great endeavor was to organize and unite the scattered members of the Anabaptist sect in Holland and Germany. With this design he spent much time in traveling; but Friesland was his chief residence until persecution compelled him to flee. Finally he settled in Oldesloe, in Holstein, where he was allowed to establish a printing press for the diffusion of his religious opinions. Here he died, January 13, 1559. He was a man of earnest and spiritual nature, with no trace about him of the wild fanaticism of the earlier Anabaptists. His book of doctrine, Elements of the True Christian Faith, was published in Dutch in 1539. His works in English translation are
published by the Mennonite Publishing Society at Elkhart, Ind.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sligo (capital)

Edition of 1905. See also Sligo on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SLIGO. The capital of County Sligo, Ireland, on the Garrogue, 131 miles northwest of Dublin (Map: Ireland, C 2). It is well built, and contains several handsome public edifices. There are a town hall, including an assembly room, exchange, free library, etc., and the ruins of an old abbey. Steamers ply regularly between Sligo and Glasgow, Liverpool, and Londonderry. Sligo had its origin in the erection of a Dominican abbey and a castle in the thirteenth century by Maurice Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare. In the reign of James I. it received a charter. Population, in 1901, 10,862.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sitka (tribe)

Edition of 1905. See also Sitka Tribe of Alaska on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SIT′KA. The largest tribe of Kolushan (Tlinkit) stock, occupying Chichagof, Baranov, Kupreanof, Kuiu, and a part of the Prince of Wales islands, Southern Alaska, and numbering with subtribes more than 2,000. The town of Sitka derives its name from them. From the enormous wooden labrets worn by their women the Russians called the tribe Kalush, from the Russian kalushka, ‘a wooden trough, or bowl,’ hence the name Kolushan now applied to the stock. They were formerly a fierce and independent people, but are now greatly demoralized and wasted by liquor, which they have even learned to distill for themselves from molasses. Their general culture is that common to the Tlinkit (q.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Slide rule

Edition of 1905. See also Slide rule on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SLIDE RULE. An instrument composed of sliding scales, and used to perform certain arithmetical calculations. The annexed figure
shows the Nestler rule. In using this scale for multiplication the figure 1 on the slide is made to coincide with one of the two factors on the scale, the product then being found opposite the other factor as read on the slide. In division it is necessary merely to place the divisor read on the slide above the dividend read on the rule, and the quotient will be found on the rule below 1 on the slide. For involution the numbers on the upper scale of the rule are the squares of the numbers on the lower scale, and the cubes can be found by inverting the slide. The inverse of this gives the square and cube roots. On the reverse of the slide is a scale of sines and tangents, and a scale by the use of which logarithms may be found.
* SLIDE RULE.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sligo (county)

Edition of 1905. See also County Sligo on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SLI'GO. A maritime county of the Province of Connaught, Ireland, bounded on the north by the Atlantic and the Bay of Donegal (Map: Ireland, C 2). Area, 707 square miles. Population, in 1841, 189,900; in 1851, 128,600; in 1901, 84,083. The coast line is indented with numerous bays dangerous for navigation, except in the Bay of Sligo. The navigable streams are the Moy, the Owenmore, and the Garrogue. The picturesque loughs Arrow and Gill are in this county. The mineral products consist of copper, lead, iron, and manganese. The chief occupation is cattle-rearing. The sea and salmon fisheries are important, and there are manufactures of woolens, linens, and leather. Capital, Sligo. Consult Wood-Martin, History of Sligo, County and Town (Dublin, 1890-93).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sitka (Alaska)

Edition of 1905. See also Sitka, Alaska on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SITKA. The capital of the Territory of Alaska, 160 miles south by west of Juneau, and 1200 miles north of Tacoma, Washington; latitude 57° 3′ N., longitude 135° 20′ W. (Map: Alaska, H 4). It is picturesquely situated on the western coast of Baranov Island, facing Sitka Sound, in close proximity to several snow-clad mountain peaks. The climate of Sitka, in spite of its northern latitude, is comparatively mild, owing to the influence of the warm Japan Current. Among the noteworthy features of the city are the Russo-Greek church, dating from 1816, the Church of Saint Peter's by the Sea, erected in 1899, and the Sheldon Jackson Museum, connected with the Presbyterian Mission. The educational institutions include public schools founded by the United States Government, a Russo-Greek parochial school, and the Presbyterian Industrial Training School for natives. There are also to be mentioned the Marine Hospital, marine barracks, an agricultural experiment station, the Governor's residence, a United States land office, and the chief customs office for Alaska. Salmon fishing and canning, mining, and lumbering are the most important industries. In 1799 the Russian-American Company established a trading post at Sitka, which, under the name of New Archangel, was permanently occupied by the Russians in 1804. It became later the seat of the Russian Territorial Government. After the cession of Alaska to the United States in 1867, Sitka was made the capital of the unorganized Territory. A military post was maintained here until 1877. Population, in 1890, 1190; in 1900, 1396.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sladen, Douglas Brooke Wheelton

Edition of 1905. See also Douglas Brooke Wheelton Sladen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SLADEN, Douglas Brooke Wheelton (1856—). An English verse-writer and man of letters, born in London. Having studied at Cheltenham College and at Trinity College, Oxford, he went out to Australia (1879), where he became the first professor of history in the University of Sydney. His principal volumes of verse (ballads, epics, and dramas) are Frithjof and Ingeborg (1882); Poetry of Exiles (1883); A Summer Christmas (1884); In Cornwall and Across the Sea (1885); Edward the Black Prince, an epic drama, (1886); The Spanish Armada (1888). In fiction he wrote A Japanese Marriage (1895) and Trincolox and Other Stories (1898); in general literature, The Japs at Home (1892); On the Cars and Off (1895); Brittany for Britons (1896); and The Admiral, a defense of Nelson and Lady Hamilton (1898).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Slidell, John

Edition of 1905. See also John Slidell on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SLIDELL, John (1793-1871). An American politician, born in New York City. He graduated at Columbia College in 1810. In 1819 he removed to New Orleans and from 1829 to 1833 was United States District Attorney for Louisiana. In December, 1853, he became United States Senator, but resigned upon the secession of Louisiana from the Union. In September, 1861, he was appointed commissioner of the Confederate States to France, and ran the blockade from Charleston, S. C. At Havana, with James M. Mason, commissioner to England, he embarked upon the British mail steamer Trent, which was overhauled on November 8th by Captain Charles Wilkes in the United States sloop San Jacinto, and the envoys and their secretaries were arrested and confined for a time in Fort Warren, Boston. Upon the demand of England the act of Captain Wilkes was disavowed and the commissioners sailed for England January 1, 1862. (See Trent Affair.) Mr. Slidell failed in securing the assent of France to the convention giving to that nation control of Southern cotton if the blockade should be broken, but was permitted to begin negotiations for the £15,000,000 Confederate loan. At the close of the war Slidell settled in England.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Slimehead

Edition of 1905. See also Slimehead on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SLIMEHEAD. One of the beautiful, red, richly ornamented berycoid fishes of the genus Beryx, called by the French ‘alfonsines.’ They are found in the deep seas of all warm latitudes, and one species (Beryx splendens) is taken in the Gulf Stream. See Plate of Mullets and Allies.