OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/André Guijon

From volume 7 of the work.
Bishop and orator; born in November, 1548, at Autun; died in September, 1631. He was the son of Jean Guijon, a physician and Oriental scholar, who travelled in the East and brought back to France a Greek manuscript copy of the New Testament, dating from the eleventh century. He had three brothers with more than one title to fame: Jacques, Jean, and Hugues, all three lawyers, writers, and savants. Philibert de la Mare, counsellor at the Parliament of Dijon, collected the principal works of the four brothers in one volume, in quarto of 612 pages, under the title "Jacobi, Joannis, Andreæ et Hugonis fratrum Guiionorum opera varia" (1658). This contained both their prose works and Latin poems. André became vicar-general to Cardinal de Joyeuse, and afterwards Bishop of Autun. He went to Rome to be consecrated and came back to France in 1586. His "Remontrance à la cour du Parlement de Normandie sur l'octroy des sentences fulminatoires" is extant. Unfortunately his "Eloge funèbre de Pierre Jeannin" has not been preserved.
J. EDMOND ROY
# Calligraphy for Computers/Appendix B

APPENDIX B
DIGITALIZATION WITH VECTORS
DECK 2524
The border of each panel indicates the scale in raster units with every 10th raster unit accentuated. The number in each panel is the number of the character. The dots on each side of the character indicate the width of the character block.
STRETCH SUBROUTINE TO READ CHARACTER DIGITALIZATION <rule> SUBROUTINE RDCHDT (NU, AI, AD) <rule>
* NU = SYMBOLIC UNIT NUMBER (FORTRAN INTEGER)
* AI = INDEX ARRAY (SYMBOLIC ADDRESS)
* AD = DATUM ARRAY (SYMBOLIC ADDRESS)
STRETCH SUBROUTINE TO EXTRACT CHARACTER DIGITALIZATION <rule> SUBROUTINE XTCHDT (NC, AI, AD, AC) <rule>
* NC = CHARACTER NUMBER (FORTRAN INTEGER)
* AI = INDEX ARRAY (SYMBOLIC ADDRESS)
* AD = DATUM ARRAY (SY FOLIC ADDRESS)
* AC = CHARACTER ARRAY (SYMBOLIC ADDRESS)
PART I
SIMPLEX REPERTORY
A. FORTRAN
B. Cartographic
PART II
DUPLEX REPERTORY
A. Indexical
B. Principal
PART III
TRIPLEX REPERTORY
A. English Gothic
B. Italian Gothic
C. German Gothic
# Callimachus

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Callimachus."
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Callimachus, a play by Hrotsvitha (10th century)
* “Callimachus 1.”, by Edward Elder in Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, 1870
* “Callimachus 2.”, by Leonhard Schmitz in Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, 1870
* “Callimachus 3.”, by William Alexander Greenhill in Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, 1870
* “Callimachus 4.”, by Wilhelm Ihne in Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, 1870
* "Callimachus (poet)," in Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed., 1911)
* "Callimachus (sculptor)," in Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed., 1911)

### See also

* Callimachus, Greek poet and scholar of the Library of Alexandria
# Calling on Government of Vietnam to Support Citizen Access to Internet

Calling on Government of Vietnam to Support Citizen Access to Internet. Congressional Record: July 24, 2009 (Extensions of Remarks) Page E1921. DOCID:cr24jy09-31.
[Page E1921]    CALLING ON GOVERNMENT OF VIETNAM TO SUPPORT CITIZEN ACCESS TO INTERNET
 ______  
 HON. LORETTA SANCHEZ
 of california
 in the house of representatives
 Thursday, July 23, 2009
 Ms. LORETTA SANCHEZ of California. Madam Speaker, I rise today to
call attention to the number of bloggers and democracy activists who
have been imprisoned in Vietnam for distributing their peaceful views
over the Internet. The Government of Vietnam continues to restrict
websites and blogs that promote democracy, human rights, and speak
against the actions of the government.  It has become evident over the past several months that the human
rights situation in Vietnam continues to deteriorate. Today, I will be
introducing a house resolution calling on the Government of Vietnam to
not only release imprisoned bloggers but to also respect the people's
right to internet freedom.  This resolution urges the Vietnamese government to support the right
of citizens to access websites of their choosing, and to repeal
statutes like Circular 07 and Article 88 which restrict the internet in
Vietnam. It is time for the Government of Vietnam to become a
responsible member of the international community and to respect an
individual's freedom of speech, press and political association.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Calligraphy for Computers/Appendix C

APPENDIX C
DIGITALIZATION OF JAPANESE
DECK 2525
The border of each panel indicates the scale in raster units with every 10th raster unit accentuated. The number in the upper left corner is the number of the character. The words in the lower left corner are the on pronunciation for the kanji or the phonetic pronunciation for the kana.
PART I
KANJI LIST
PART II
HIRAGANA LIST
PART III
KATAKANA LIST
# Callimachus (Hrotsvitha)

* related portals: Drama.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Callimachus is a play written in the 10th century, but first printed in 1501.
English-language translations of Callimachus include:
* Callimachus, translated by Richard S. Lambert (1923)
* Callimachus, translated by Christabel Gertrude Marshall in The Plays of Roswitha (1923)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago. Translations or editions published later may be copyrighted.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Chancel

From volume 3 of the work.
The chancel is part of the choir near the altar of a church, where the deacons or sub-deacons stand to assist the officiating priest. It was originally railed off by cancelli or lattice work, from which the name is derived. The term is now generally confined to parish churches, and such as have no aisles or chapels round the choir. In some churches, in addition to the principal chancel, there are others at the ends of the side-aisles. The Latin word cancellus was commonly used for the low screen which marked the separation of the presbyterium and choir from the rest of the church. In a later time the name chancel came to be applied to the presbyterium itself. Very few chancels, however, of the early period have been preserved in place. A clear idea of the normal arrangement can be had in St. Clement's at Rome, where the sixth-century screens of the choir and presbyterium were simply removed from the lower church and set up in the twelfth-century church above. In St. Clement's the chancel screen of the presbyterium coincided with the chord of the apse, and the altar also stood upon this line; the approaches had therefore to be constructed on either side of the altar. The chancels of the presbyterium are surmounted by a light colonnade for the support of curtains. The term was used in England before the Reformation, and the Anglicans still retain it. Among English Catholics it is now little used, that portion of the church near the altar, separated by rails from the nave, being designated the sanctuary. In cathedrals and conventual churches, where space is required to accomodate the canons or the religious, a portion of the church between the sanctuary and the nave is taken for the purpose; it is not, however, called the chancel, but the choir.
BOND, Gothic Architecture in England (London, 1906); FLETCHER, A History of Architecture (London, 1903); ATKINSON, Glossary of English Architecture (London, 1906).
THOMAS H. POOLE.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Chapter House

From volume 3 of the work.
A building attached to a monastery or cathedral in which the meetings of the chapter are held. In monasteries the chapter house was used daily after Prime (and sometimes after Terce), for the reading of the "Martyrology" and the "Necrology", for the correction of faults, the assigning of the tasks for the day, and for the exhortation of the superior, and again for the evening Collation or reading before Complin. Secular canons used the chapter house for similar purposes, and for the formal transaction of public business of common interest to the body corporate. The chapter house is not mentioned by St. Benedict (d. 543), nor is it indicated in the ancient plan of the Abbey of St. Gall, drawn up in 820; the monks then probably assembled for chapter in a part of the cloister near the church. The need of a separate building made itself felt, and the chapter house is mentioned in the statutes approved by the Council of Aachen in 816. The shape of the chapter houses varied: some were rectangular, others rectangular with an apsidal termination, others again were circular or polygonal. The rectangular room, with a wooden roof, and little architectural distinction, is characteristic of the continent of Europe. In England the chapter house was the object of very careful designing and elaborate ornamentation; the polygonal-shaped chapter house is a triumph of English thirteenth-century architecture, and no single instance of it is found either in France or Germany. The earliest example is probably that of Lincoln, decagonal in shape, which was built from 1240-1260. Other instances are those of York, Lichfield, Southwell, Salisbury, and Wells. English examples of the elongated form will be found at Bristol, Canterbury, Chester, Durham, Gloucester, and Oxford. The ingenious theory which seeks to identify the polygonal shape with secular foundations, and the rectangular shape with monastic foundations, breaks down in presence of the circular chapter house of Worcester, and the octagonal chapter house of Westminster Abbey, both Benedictine in origin.
MARTÈNE, De Antiquis Monachorum Ritibus (Rouen, 1700); ROCK, Church of our Fathers (London, 1849), III, 79; DUCANGE, Glossarium (Paris, 1883), s. v. Capitulum; GASQUET, English Monastic Life (London, 1904); CABROL, Dictionnaire d'archéol. chrét. (Paris, 1903), s. v. Abbaye; BUMPUS, The Cathedrals of England and Wales (London, 1905-6); BOND, Gothic Architecture (London, 1905).
EDWARD MYERS
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Cham, Chamites

From volume 3 of the work.
I. CHAM
(A.V. Ham). Son of Noe and progenitor of one of the three great races of men whose ethnographical table is given by Genesis 10. Wherever the three sons of Noe are enumerated in the Bible, Cham is placed between Sem and Japhet. We may gather, however, from Genesis 9:24 that this enumeration is not based on their age, since Cham is there spoken of as the "younger son" of Noe, as compared, apparently, with both his brothers. The only incident of the life of Cham after the deluge, which is recorded in the Bible, is that related in Genesis 9:21-24. Cham sees his father under the influence of wine lying naked in his tent. He tells his brothers, who respectfully cover the patriarch. The sequel makes it plain that Cham was, on this occasion, guilty of great irreverence. For when Noe hears of the conduct of his sons he blesses Shem and Japhet, with their posterity, and he pronounces a curse, not on Cham, but on his son Chanaan and his descendants, predicting that they will be the servants of their bretheren. (For a fuller treatment of this point see Chanaan, Chanaanites.)
II. THE CHAMITES
The natives and tribes which descent from Cham are enumerated in Genesis 10:6-20. They are divided into four great families: Chus, Mesram, Phuth, and Chanaan. The Cushites are found in the valleys of the Euphrates and Tigris, in Arabia, and also in Africa. Mesram is Egypt. Phuth, less known, seems to have occupied regions west of Egypt, particularly Libya. Chanaan comprised the numerous tribes whose country was subsequently occupied by Israel. The Chamites were, consequently, spread over an immense extent of territory. They founded the greatest empires of antiquity, Assyria, Babylonia, Egypt, Phoenicia. In Asia they were early replaced or subjugated by Semites. In Africa they have been likewise overcome, in the course of time, by the races of Sem and Japhet. This subjection has meant, in general, the triumph of a higher civilization, purer morals, and a more spirtual religion. (See Lenormant, "Hist. ancienne de l'Orient", I, 96 sq.)
W.S. REILLY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Claude-François Menestrier

From volume 16 of the work.
Antiquarian, b. at Lyons, 9 March, 1631; d. at Paris, 21 Jan., 1705. He inherited a taste for antiquities, his great-uncle Claude Menestrier having been employed by Cardinal Barberini (Urban VIII) as librarian to collect art objects and medals. A pupil of the College of the Trinity, Lyons, which was in charge of the Jesuits, he entered the Society there, and at the age of fifteen was professor of rhetoric; in this capacity he composed the ballets "Destinées de Lyon" and "L'autel de Lyon" and arranged the plays which were performed before Louis XIV when he visited Lyons in 1658. He also directed the festivities which took place at the time of the marriage of Françoise d'Orléans and Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy, as also of the solemnities wherewith the Visitandines of Chambéry celebrated the canonization of St. Francis de Sales. But he was more than an organizer of spectacles; he issued important publications on heraldry which led him into violent disputes with Claude le Laboureur, provost of L'ile Barbe; he also made a study of emblems and mottoes. Stationed at Paris from 1670, he preached successfully for twenty-five years in the principal towns, during which time he also composed Latin inscriptions for LeBrun's prints, for the battle pictures of Van der Meulen, as well as supervising the decorations for Turenne's obsequies and writing, among other important books, "Histoire de Louis le Grand par les medailles, devises, inscriptions et armoiries" (1689) and "Histoire civile ou consulaire de la ville de Lyon" (1696). He had planned a vast synthesis of knowledge, the "Philosophie des images", in which were to be included his numerous and strangely varied volumes. In 1682 he had discovered in the Cistercian abbey at Villiers the tomb of Queen Anne or Agnes of Russia, second wife of Henry I. In 1770, in the second edition of the "Gallia christiana", he was accused of falsehood in this connection, but the discovery by Prince Labanoff in 1825 of a diploma bearing the seal of this queen vindicated Menestrier's memory. The bibliography of Menestrier's works is so considerable that it disconcerts bibliophiles.
ALLUT, Recherches sur la vie et sur les oeuvres du P. Claude-François Menestrier (Lyons, 1856); RENARD, Catalogue des oeuvres imprimees de Claude-François Menestrier (Lyons, 1883); SOMMERVOGEL, Bibliotheque de la C. de J., V (Paris, 1894), 905-45; Le Bulletin du bibliophile (1898).
GEORGES GOYAU
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Claude Buffier

From volume 3 of the work.
A philosopher, and author, born in Poland, of French parents, 25 May, 1661; died in Paris, 17 May, 1737. He received his early education at the Jesuit College in Rouen and entered the Society of Jesus in 1679. After teaching literature in Paris, he returned to Rouen to take a chair of theology. Mgr. Colbert, archbishop of that city issued a pastoral recommending to his clergy certain books of Gallican and Jansenistic tendencies. Buffier attacked the pastoral in a pamphlet and having refused to make a retractation journeyed, with the leave of his superiors, to Rome to lay his case before the congregations. Where he easily justified himself and returning to Paris was connected from 1701 to 1731, with the "Journal de Trévoux." He published works on history, asceticism, biography, education, literature, and especially on philosophy. He was not, as is often asserted, a disciple of Descartes, for he rejects altogether methodic doubt and follows in general the scholastics. The Encyclopedists, according to Tabaraud, inserted in their publications, without due credit, entire pages from his books, and Reid, the Scottish metaphysician, acknowledges his great indebtedness to Buffier. His chief works are: a Life of Count Louis de Sales, brother of the saint (Paris, 1708); "Pratique de la mémoire artificielle" (Paris, 1701) often reprinted; Grammaire française sur un plan nouveau (Paris, 1732), in many editions and translations; "Exposition des preuves les plus sensibles de la Vraie Religion" (Paris, 1732); and "Cours des sciences" (Paris, 1722).
BERNARD in Dict. de théol. cath., s.v.; HURTER, Nomenclator, II, 1050; SOMMERVOGEL, Bibl. de la. c. de. J., II, 340-359.
WALTER DWIGHT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Claude-Godefroi Coquart

From volume 4 of the work.
Missionary and army chaplain, b. in Pays de Caux, France, 20 February, 1706; d. at Chicoutini, Canada, 4 July, 1765. He began his novitiate in the Jesuit college at Paris, 20 May, 1726, studied at the College of Louis le Grand and at La Flèch, and was professor at Arras and Hesdin. In 1740 he set out for Canada, and in the following year, journeyed with Verendrye to Fort La Reine. He probably returned with Verendrye when that explorer was compelled to resign his position as commandant in the North-West. From 1746 to 1757 Father Coquart laboured on the Saguenay mission and later at Quebec. After the conquest of Canada, he attempted to settle a few Jesuits in Acadia, but the English authorities forced them to leave. He then resumed his labors in the Saguenay region, where he closed his missionary career. He has left an Abnaki grammar and dictionary. In the Jesuit Relations (Thwaites ed., LXIX) is a memoir written by him for the Intendant of Canada, in which he describes the so-called "King's Posts" of Eastern Canada with practical observations and suggestions that make it a valuable document for economic study.
Rochemonteix, Les Jésuites de la Nouvelle-France au XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1906), I, iii; Thwaites, ed., Jesuit Relations (Cleveland, 1896-1901), LXIX, 289,290. Pilling, Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages (Washington, 1891), 94; Bois, Notice sur Rév. Claude Godfroid Coquart (copy in library of Wis. Hist. Society); Sadlier, An Historic Spot on the Catholic World (1893), LIX, 309, seq.; Prud'homme, Revue Canadienne (1897), 81-92; Brown, The Two Missionary Priests at Mackinac; Idem, St. Anne's Parish Register at Michillimackinac (Chicago, 1889).
EDWARD P. SPILLANE
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Claude Bernard (1)

From volume 2 of the work.
A French ecclesiastic known as "the poor priest" (le pauvre prêtre), b. at Dijon 23 December, 1588; d. in Paris, 23 March, 1641. His father was a distinguished lawyer, and filled successively offices of honour and responsibility. Young Bernard was educated at the Jesuit College of Dole and was remarked for his brilliant imagination and wit. Pierre Le Camus, Bishop of Belley, urged him to enter the priesthood, but he declined, saying that he preferred the life of a poor gentleman to that of a poor priest. Shortly afterwards he went to Paris as a protégé of M. de Bellegarde, Governor of Bourgogne. For a while the social life of the capital attracted him; gradually, however, some disappointments together with the death of an intimate friend who was killed in a duel, brought about a decided change in his mode of life and led up to his entrance into the priesthood. He was ordained by the above mentioned Bishop Le Camus and invited to his first Mass the poor of the city, distributing to them all his possessions, and, later on. an inheritance of 400,000 livres, or about eighty thousand dollars.
Henceforth Bernard devoted himself to the service of the poor, and delighted in the name of "the poor priest". The poor, the sick and the prisoners were his special care; He fed, nursed, consoled, and instructed them with more than motherly tenderness. This life of self-sacrifice seemed rather to increase his personal charms. Wealthy and distinguished persons sought his company, and for honour of entertainment at his modest table contributed abundantly to his charities. His kindly wit never deserted him. When Cardinal Richelieu once pressed upon him the acceptance of some favours he replied that he would be pleased if stronger boards were placed in the tumbril, or cart, on which the condemned were taken to execution. "It is a pity", said he, "that the constant dread of falling through the vehicle should distract out attention from God".
Bernard's methods were characterized by some as odd and reprehensible. He continued, however to enjoy the friendship and admiration of saintly priests like Bourdoise, Olier, and St. Vincent de Paul-an ample justification of his character and sacerdotal ministry. In the history of charity, he bears a striking resemblance to St. Francis of Assisi and St. Vincent de Paul, and his beatification has often been urged by the royal court and by the clergy of France. He founded at Paris, for the education of the poor candidates for the priesthood, the seminary of Trent-Trois which still exists. He contributed much to popularize the beautiful prayer to the Blessed Virgin known as the Memorare, sometimes attributed to him but certainly of an earlier date.
The life of Bernard has been written by GAUFFRE (1680); LEMPEREUR (1708); RIOM (1834); FELLER, Biog. univ.(Paris 1834), II, 244; ROHERBACHER,Hist.de l'Eglise(1850) XXV, 251-261.
CHARLES B.SCHRANTZ
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Claude Chantelou

From volume 3 of the work.
Patristic scholar, born in 1617, at Vion, in the present Diocese of Le Mans, France; died 28 November, 1664, at the Monastery of Saint-Germain-des-Prés in Paris. Having spent some time in the Order of Fontevrault, he left it to become a Benedictine in the Congregation of Saint-Maur, in which he made his profession, 7 February, 1640, at Toulouse. When the General Chapter of 1651 ordained that two religious be entrusted with the preparation of a history of the congregation, Chantelou was one of the appointees, and from that time until his death resided at Saint-Germain-des-Prés. He is the author of the following works: "Bibliotheca Patrum ascetica" (Paris, 1661-64), a collection of extracts from the writings of the Fathers regarding the spiritual life; "S. Benedicti abbatis Clarevallensis Paræneticon" (Paris, 1662), an edition of sermons of St. Bernard preceded by a life of the saint written by Alain, Bishop of Auxerre (a life of St. Malachy, Archbishop of Armagh, concludes the work); "S. Basilii Cæsareæ Cappadociæ archiepiscopi regularum fusius disputatarum liber" (Paris, 1664), answers of St. Basil to questions proposed by his monks respecting the monastic life; "Carte géographique de la France bénédictine", published by Le Chevalier in 1726. Marin de Caraurais edited and completed Chantelou's manuscript, "History of the Abbey of Montmajour", near Arles (Marseilles, 1878). Nobilleau published his "Analyses du cartulaire tourangeau de Marmoutier" (Tours, 1879). Chantelou was also a collaborator in the publication of important Benedictine historical collections, e. g. the "Spicilegium" of D'Achéry.
LE CERF, Bibliothèque hist. et crit. des auteurs de la congrégation de St-Maur (The Hague, 1726). 58-60; LAMA, Biblioth. des écrivains de la congrégation de St-Maur (Munich and Paris, 1882), 43; HEURTEBIZE in Dict. de théol. cath. (Paris, 1905), II, 2215.
N. A. WEBER