OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Guitry, Lucien Germain

See also Lucien Guitry and Sacha Guitry on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​GUITRY, LUCIEN GERMAIN (1860–), French actor (see 12.705). In 1920 he came to London, with his son Sacha, and made an immense success in Pasteur, playing himself the eminent scientist, and in his son’s play Mon Père avait Raison.
Sacha Guitry (1885–), also a distinguished .actor, was born at Petrograd. He was the author of a number of brilliant modern comedies, of which Tel Père Tel Fils. (1909); Nono (1910); Le Veilleur de Nuit (1911); La Prise de Berg-op-Zoom (1912) are other examples. He married Yvonne Printemps, herself an actress of distinction. Jean Guitry, another son of Lucien Guitry, and a promising actor in modern comedies, was killed in a motor accident near Deauville Sept. 11 1920.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gustavus V.

See also Gustavus V. on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​GUSTAVUS V. (1858–), King of Sweden (see 12.738), succeeded his father on the throne in Dec. 1907. As Crown Prince he had interested himself greatly in sport and music, and he continued as King to patronize them. When the World War broke out in 1914 and neutral countries were impelled to take counsel together, King Gustavus took the statesmanlike action of inviting the kings of Norway and Denmark to a meeting at Malmö, and on a later occasion he himself journeyed to Christiania where he had once sat as regent. During the war he exerted himself personally to ensure the maintenance of a policy of honourable neutrality. His eldest son, the Crown Prince Gustavus Adolphus (b. 1882), also devoted much time and energy to sport, and interested himself in archaeology. The Crown Princess Margaret (b. 1882), a daughter of the Duke of Connaught, died on May 1 1920; she had won the love of the Swedish people, and when she died a fund of nearly 1,500,000 kronor was quickly subscribed to consecrate her memory. King Gustavus’s brother, Prince Karl (b. 1861), was president of the Swedish Red Cross; and another brother, Prince Eugene, became known as a painter of much distinction.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gurko, Vasili

See also Vasily Gurko on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​GURKO, VASILI (1864–), Russian general, was born in 1864. He was educated in the Corps of Pages, and in 1885 was given a commission in the Grodno Hussar Regiment. On finishing his course at the Academy of the General Staff, he was appointed a general staff officer. During the S. African War of 1899–1902 he was one of the foreign military attachés on the Boer side. In the war with Japan 1904–5 he commanded a cavalry brigade and also served on the general staff. He distinguished himself and was promoted to the rank of general. Later he presided over the military-historic commission which in 1911 published “An account of the Russo-Japanese War” in seven volumes. In 1911 he was the chief of the 1st Cavalry div., with which in Aug. 1914 he advanced into Eastern Prussia. Inigishe was the commander of the VI. Corps. His pronounced gifts and energy ensured his promotion. In 1916 he was commander of an army, and at the end of 1916, during Gen. Alexeiev’s illness, he fulfilled the duties of chief of staff to the supreme commander-in-chief. Later, after the revolution, he was deprived of his appointment as commander-in-chief by Kerensky, owing both to his objections to risking an offensive with the army in its then condition of ferment and to his outspoken opinions as to the causes of this condition. Gurko was imprisoned, released, imprisoned again and finally sent out of Russia by way of Archangel, with his wife, who at once volunteered for service with the French Red Cross. She was killed in action at a dressing-station on the front on March 23 1918. General Gurko published his war memories (English edition) in 1918.
# A Critical Dictionary of English Literature

ALLIBONE'S
Dictionary of English Literature
AND
BRITISH AND AMERICAN AUTHORS.
A
CRITICAL DICTIONARY
OF
ENGLISH LITERATURE
AND
BRITISH AND AMERICAN AUTHORS
Living and Deceased
FROM THE EARLIEST ACCOUNTS
TO THE LATTER HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
CONTAINING
OYER FORTY-SIX THOUSAND ARTICLES (AUTHORS),
With Forty Indexes of Subjects.
BY
S. AUSTIN ALLIBONE.
“The Chief Glory of every People Arises from its Authors.”—Dr. Johnson
PHILADELPHIA
J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.
1871.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, by
J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
TO
GEORGE WILLIAM CHILDS,
The Original Publisher of this Volume,
WHO HAS GREATLY FURTHERED MY LABOURS BY HIS ENTERPRISE
AND
ZEALOUS AND INTELLIGENT INTEREST,
I Dedicate
THE FRUITS OF MANY YEARS OF ANXIOUS RESEARCH
AND
CONSCIENTIOUS TOIL.
S. AUSTIN ALLIBONE.
Philadelphia, September 1, 1858.
* Hartley, David, M.D.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen

See also Wilfrid Scawen Blunt on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​BLUNT, WILFRID SCAWEN (1840–), English writer (see 4.93), published a complete edition of his poetical works in 1914 and two volumes of My Diaries (1919 and 1920). His wife, Lady Anne Blunt, became Baroness Wentworth on the death of her niece, the daughter of the 13th Baron and 2nd Earl of Lovelace, in 1917. She completed a History of the Arabian Horse just before her death in Egypt Dec. 25 1917. She was succeeded in the title by her daughter Judith Anne Dorothea, wife of Neville Stephen Lytton (b. 1879), 4th son of the 1st Earl of Lytton.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Borglum, Gutzon

See also Gutzon Borglum on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​BORGLUM, GUTZON (1867- ), American sculptor, was born in Idaho, March 25 1867. His father was a physician who emigrated from Denmark in 1864. He was educated at St. Mary's College, Kan., studied art at the school of the San Francisco (Cal.) Art Association, and during 1890-3 attended the Academic Julien and the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris. He then returned to America for a year, but in 1896 went to London, and during the next five years exhibited much sculpture and painting there and in Paris. In 1902 he moved his studio to New York. In 1904 he received a gold medal for sculpture at the St. Louis Exposition. He was a member of numerous organizations, including the Royal Society of British Artists and the Societe Nationale des Beaux Arts, France. He was a disciple of Rodin and a leader of the insurgency in America. His theory of representing history by sculpture is thoroughly in accord with that of ancient Greece. The huge scale of many of his conceptions can be compared only with that of antique Oriental monuments. For example, he proposed a Confederate memorial on Stone Mt. near Atlanta, Ga., to be cut in relief along the face of that granite mountain as a frieze representing an army on the march, conspicuous from a great distance. In 1919 he exhibited a head of Lincoln cut from a block weighing six tons. The same year he was chosen to design a monument for Warsaw, commemorating the rebirth of Poland. Among his colossal figures are the Twelve Apostles for the cathedral of St. John the Divine, in New York, and another head of Lincoln in the rotunda of the Capitol at Washington. Other works include the Sheridan monument in Washington; "Mares of Diomedes" and "Ruskin " in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; statue of Lincoln, Newark, N.J.; statue of Henry Ward Beecher, Brooklyn; the Wyatt Memorial, Raleigh, N.C.; "The Flyer" at the university of Virginia; gargoyles for a Princeton dormitory; "Wonderment of Motherhood" and "Conception."
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bolo, Paul

See also Bolo Pasha on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BOLO, PAUL (d. 1918), French financial agent and traitor, was born at Réunion, of humble parentage. He became at an early age a dentist in Marseilles, and afterwards appears for many years to have lived by his wits. In 1905 he made a bigamous marriage with the rich widow of a Bordeaux wine merchant. He entertained lavishly in Paris and Biarritz, and was received by many influential people, in spite of the fact that he underwent a term of imprisonment for fraud in connexion with one of his financial transactions. In 1914 Bolo met in Paris Abbas Hilmi, Khedive of Egypt, to whom he proposed various financial schemes, and the Khedive bestowed upon him the title of Pasha. On the outbreak of the World War Bolo appears to have entered into communication with German agents for the purpose of supporting a “defeatist” movement in certain Paris newspapers. In 1915-6 he travelled in the United States, and received considerable sums, amounting to over £300,000, from representatives of Count Bernstorff, at the time German ambassador to Washington. During 1917, however, the French Government under M. Clemenceau displayed much energy in hunting down treasonable conspiracies, and in Sept. 1917 Bolo was arrested. His trial by court-martial, begun on Feb. 4 1918, ended in his being found guilty of treason. Attempts were made to connect M. Caillaux with Bolo's proceedings, and Caillaux's acquaintance with the adventurer was brought up later to his discredit at his own trial in 1920. A sensational feature of Bolo's trial was the appearance of Monsignor Bolo, brother of the accused and a well-known preacher in Paris, as a witness for the defense, though as he had hardly seen his brother for thirty years, his evidence was of small value. Bolo was sentenced to death and shot at Vincennes, April 17 1918.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bodington, Sir Nathan

See also Nathan Bodington on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​BODINGTON, SIR NATHAN (1848–1911), vice-chancellor of Leeds University, was born at Aston May 29 1848. A graduate of Wadham College, Oxford, he became a fellow of Oriel, and in 1882 professor of Greek and principal of Yorkshire College, Leeds. It was owing to his efforts that the college was endowed and chartered in 1903 as a university. He died at Leeds May 12 1911.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Boldrewood, Rolf

See also Thomas Alexander Browne on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​BOLDREWOOD, ROLF, the pen name of Thomas Alexander Browne (1826–1915), Anglo-Australian novelist, was born in London Aug. 6 1826 and was educated at Sydney College, N.S.W. He had an adventurous early life in Australia, being successively a sheep farmer, a pioneer squatter in Victoria and police magistrate and warden of goldfields till 1895. These varied colonial experiences furnished him with material for his long series of bushranging novels, of which Robbery under Arms is the most widely known. This book was published in 1888 in London after it had run as a serial in the Sydney Mail. Amongst his other books are The Miner's Right (1890); A Modern Buccaneer (1894); The Babes in the Bush (1900) and A Tale of the Golden West (1906). He died at South Yarra, Melbourne, March 11 1915.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Boehm von Bawerk, Eugen

See also Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​BOEHM VON BAWERK, EUGEN (1851–1914), Austrian economist and statesman (see 4.112), died in 1914.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Boisbaudran, Paul Emile François Lecoq de

See also Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​BOISBAUDRAN, PAUL EMILE FRANQOIS LECOQ DE (1838–1912), French chemist, was born at Cognac in 1838. He was the discoverer of gallium in 1875 and a student of spectroscopics generally, on which he wrote several treatises. Some details as to his work appear in 5.761; 6.46; 8.208; 11.421, 777. He died in Paris May 31 1912.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Boito, Arrigo

See also Arrigo Boito on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​BOITO, ARRIGO (1842–1918), Italian poet (see 4.155), died June 10 1918.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Mary (of Tours)

Being left a widow at 32, she became a nun, and wrote a book for Novices, called L'Ecole Chrétienne; in 1639 she went to Quebec, and established a convent of her order there, which she governed with prudence and moderation. There is a 4to. volume of her's, containing a Retreat, and Letters. Dom. Claudius Martin, her son, who died 1696, published her life, which has also been written by Pere Charlevoix, a Jesuit.
L'Advocat's Biog.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Matilda (of Flanders)

The pope granted them absolution for this marriage, on condition of building two chapels, one for men, the other for women. The first was erected by the Conqueror, and the last by Matilda. She is distinguished for working the famous tapestry in wool, portraying the descent upon England. The leaders have their different armorial bearings; and the vessels also are part-coloured. It was given by William to his brother Eudes, bishop of Bayeux, where it is yet preserved in the cathedral. There is a learned explanation of it given by Mr. Lancelot, in the 8th vol. of Mémoires de l'Académie des Inscriptions. Her kindness and generosity to her eldest son Robert, in some degree recompensed ⟨him⟩ ​for the coldness of a father who did not love him, and who was not a kind husband.
On the wall of the chapel at Caen (the one erected by William) figures of himself and Matilda were painted. In 1700 the chapel was pulled down, but they had previously been engraved by Montfaucon.
Letters on Norman Tiles, by Henniker Major, Esq.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Masquiere, (Frances)

MASQUIERE (FRANCES),
A French poetess, who died 1728.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Mary II. and Mary, Queen of Scots

MARY II. and MARY, Queen of Scots.
See Stuart.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Mary (the Virgin)

MARY (THE VIRGIN).
At the time of declaring the punishment of Adam and Eve, for the transgression which occasioned their fall from innocence and happiness, it was promised, that, as woman had first broken the compact of obedience to her Maker, and been the most severely punished for it, her seed should redeem the lost privileges of mankind, and open again the gates of heaven to those who had made themselves unworthy of it. A continuation of predictions, for 4000 years, at different periods, enlarged and particularized this prophecy, till, in the year, as it is supposed, of the world 4004, an angel appeared unto Mary, the contracted wife of Joseph her cousin, of the tribe of Judah and house of David, to proclaim to her that she was destined to be the mother of this universal deliverer. Joseph, who was minded to put her away privily, was likewise visited by the same holy messenger, who said, "Fear not to take unto thee Mary thy wife; for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Ghost." On visiting her cousin Elizabeth, then pregnant of John the Baptist, she by inspiration hailed the mother of our Lord, and Mary pronounced that beautiful hymn, which will ever be a monument of her humility and gratitude. The same year she went to Bethlehem, in obedience to the edict of Augustus, who, wishing to know with certainty the population of his empire, commanded all the people to repair to stated cities, and have their names inrolled. She was there, in consequence of the great concourse of people, delivered of the Son of God in a manger. She saw his wisdom, his miracles, and finally his crucifixion, when he consigned her to the care of his beloved ​apostle St. John, to whose house she accordingly went, and spent with him the remainder of her days.
A Persian MS. says that the Virgin Mary was sixteen when she became pregnant, and one hundred and two when she died living sixty-six years after our Saviour's ascension. This would not agree with our method of counting, the Mahometans reckoning by lunar years; so that what with us is but one, is with them a year and a month. It goes on, saying that some authors make Mary live only six years after the ascension of our Saviour; and that at the time of her death she was fifty-two.
# A Brief Enquiry into the Nature and Character of our Federal Government/Preface

​The book to which the following pages relate has been for several years before the public. It has been reviewed by some of the principal periodicals of the country, and recommended in the strongest terms to public favor. I have no disposition to detract from its merits as a valuable compendium of historical facts, or as presenting just views of the Constitution in many respects. My attention has been directed to its political principles alone, and my sole purpose has been to inquire into the correctness of those principles, so far as they relate to the true nature and character of our Federal Government,
It may well excite surprise, that so elaborate a work as this of Judge Story, and one so well calculated to influence public opinion, should have remained so long unnoticed by those who do not concur in the author's views. No one can regret this circumstance more than I do; for I would willingly have devolved upon abler hands the task which I now have undertaken. I offer no apology for the manner in which that task has been performed. It is enough for me to say, that the reader, howsoever favorable his opinion of this essay may be, will not be more sensible of its imperfections than I am. I know that the actual practice of the federal government for many years past, and the strong tendencies of public opinion in favor of federal power, forbid me to hope for a favorable reception, except from the very few who still cherish the principles which I have endeavored to re-establish.
The following essay was prepared about three years ago, with a view to its publication in one of our periodical reviews. Circumstances, which it is unnecessary to mention, prevented this ​from being done, and the work was laid aside and forgotten. My attention has been again called to it within a few weeks past, and I am now induced to give it to the public, under the hope that it may not be without its influence in directing the attention of those who have not yet lost all interest in the subject, to the true principles of our constitution of government.
I do not claim the merit of originality. My conclusions are drawn from the authentic information of history, and from a train of reasoning, which will occur to every mind, on the facts which history discloses. My object will be answered, if even the few by whom these pages will probably be read shall be induced to re-examine, with a sincere desire after truth, the great principles upon which political parties in our country were once divided, but which there is much reason to fear are no longer respected, even if they be not wholly forgotten.
I do not offer this essay as a commentary on the Federal Constitution. Having proposed to myself but a single object, I have endeavored to compress my matter within as small a compass as possible, consistent with a due regard to clearness, and a proper reference to authorities, where authorities are relied on.
# A Brief Enquiry into the Nature and Character of our Federal Government/VI

Chapter breaks are not found in the original; they were added in an 1868 edition. References to "our author" or "the author" refer to Joseph Story, the author of the work being critiqued by Upshur.
​But, whatever may have been the condition of the colonies prior to 1781, there is no room for doubt on the subject, after the final ratification of the articles of confederation in that year. Those articles declare that "each State retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and every power, jurisdiction and right, which is not, by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in congress assembled." The obvious construction of this clause requires that we should apply these latter words, only to "powers, jurisdiction and rights;" some of which, as enjoyed by the States under the previous government, were clearly surrendered by the articles of confederation. But their entire sovereignty, their entire freedom, and their entire independence, are reserved, for these are not partible. Indeed, this is clear enough, from the provisions of that instrument, which, throughout, contemplate the States as free, sovereign and independent. It is singular, too, that it should escape the observation of any one, that the very fact of adopting those articles, and the course pursued in doing so, attest, with equal clearness and strength, the previous sovereignty and independence of the States. What had the States in their separate character to do with that act, if they formed altogether "one people?" And yet the States, and the States alone, performed it, each acting for itself, and binding itself. The articles were confirmed by ten States, as early as 1778, by ​another in 1779 and by another in [ *48 ]*1780; and yet they were not obligatory until Maryland acceded to them, 1781. Nothing less than the ratification of them by all the States, each acting separately for itself, was deemed sufficient to give them any binding force or authority.
There is much force and meaning in the word "retains," as it occurs in the clause above quoted. Nothing can properly be said to be retained, which was not possessed before; and of course, the States possessed before "sovereignty, freedom and independence." These they retained without any qualification, or limitation, and they also retained every "power, jurisdiction and right," which they did not then expressly surrender.
If these views of the subject be not wholly deceptive, our author has hazarded, without due caution, the opinion that the colonies formed "one people," either before or after the declaration of independence; and that they are not to be regarded as sovereign States, after that event. For myself, I profess my utter inability to perceive, in their condition, any nearer approach to political personality or individuality," than may be found in a mere league or confederation between sovereign and independent states; and a very loose confederation theirs undoubtedly was.
# A Brief Enquiry into the Nature and Character of our Federal Government/Introductory notice

​There is a prevailing tendency in the popular mind, at the present time, to undervalue the importance of the States in the American system of Government. This fact has suggested the republication of this Essay on their true relations to the Federal Government. A word as to the personal history of the author.
It has been the fate of Abel Parker Upshur, to be more generally known by the accidental circumstance of his melancholy end, than by his own merits. He was killed by the explosion of a great gun (the Peacemaker, as it was called,) on board the Steamer Princeton; being at the time the Secretary of State of the United States, under President Tyler. This was on the 28th of February, 1844. He had studied law under William Wirt: he practised his profession from 1810 to 1824. After an interval of retirement, he held high judicial position as Judge of the General Court of Virginia, from 1826 to 1841; at which last period, he entered Mr. Tyler's Cabinet as Secretary of the Navy. On Mr. Webster's retirement, in the Spring of 1843, Judge Upshur succeeded him as Secretary of State.