# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/By, John

​BY, JOHN (1781–1836), lieutenant-colonel royal engineers, founder of Bytown, now Ottawa, Canada, and engineer of the Rideau canal, was born in 1781. After passing through the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, hereceived a commission as second lieutenant in the royal artillery on 1 Aug. 1799, but was transferred to the royal engineers on 20 Dec. following. His further commissions were dated: lieutenant 18 April 1801, second captain 2 March 1805, first captain 24 June 1809, brevet major 23 June 1814, lieutenant-colonel 2 Dec. 1824, After serving at Woolwich and Plymouth he went in August 1802 to Canada, where he remained for nearly nine years. He constructed a fine model, now at Chatham, of the fortress of Quebec, including the confluence of the rivers St. Charles and St. Lawrence, and the site of the battle won by Wolfe on the plains of Abraham, In January 1811 he went to Portugal and served in the peninsular war, taking part in the first and second sieges of Badajos in May and June of that year.
By was recalled from the peninsula to take charge of the works at the royal gun-powder mills at Faversham, Purfleet, and Waltham Abbey, a post he occupied with great credit from January 1812 until August 1821, when, owing to reductions made in the establishments of the army, he was placed on the unemployed list. While employed in the powder mills he designed a bridge on the truss principle for a span of one thousand feet, and constructed a model of it which is in the possession of the royal engineers at Chatham, A description of the bridge appeared in the 'Morning Chronicle' of 14 Feb. 1816.
In April 1826 By went to Canada, having w been selected to design and carry out a military water communication, free of obstruction and safe from attack by the United States, between the tidal waters of the St. Lawrence and the great lakes of Canada, 'If ever man deserved to be immortalised in this utilitarian age,' says Sir Richard Bonnycastle in 'The Canadas in 1841,' 'it was Colonel John By,' In an unexplored part of the country, where the only mode of progress was the frail Indian canoe, with a department to be organised, workmen to be instructed, and many difficulties to be overcome, he constructed a remarkable work — the Rideau canal. On his arrival in Canada he surveyed the inland route up the Ottawa river to the Rideau affluent, and thence by the Rideau lake and Catariqui river to Kingston on Lake Ontario. He chose for his headquarters a position near the mouth of the proposed canal, a little below the beautiful Chaudiere falls of the Ottawa river, whence the canal was to ascend eighty-two feet by a succession of eight locks through a chasm. Here he built himself a house in the bush, there being at that time only two or three log huts at Nepean point. A town soon sprang up, and was named after him Bytown.
In May 1827, the survey plans and estimates having been approved by the home government, by whom the cost was to be defrayed, By was directed to push forward the work as rapidly as possible, without waiting for the usual annual appropriations of money. Two companies of sappers and miners were placed at his disposal, a regular staff" for the works organised, barracks and a hospital were commenced to be built in stone, and the foundation stone of the canal works was laid by Sir John Franklin. The canal was opened in the spring of 1832, when the steamer Pumper passed through from Bytown to Kingston. The length of the navigation is 126¼ miles, with forty-seven locks and a total lockage of 446¼ feet. The work proved to be much more expensive than had been anticipated; for although stone, sand, and puddling clay were near at hand, the excavations had to be made in a soil full of springs interspersed with masses of erratic rock. In 1828 the attention of the British parliament was called to the expenditure, By having recommended that additional money should be granted to increase the sifee of the locks and build them in stone instead of wood. Colonels Edward Fanshawe and Griffith George Lewis [q. v.], of the royal engineers, were sent as commissioners from England to report on the subject, and adopted By's views. Kingsford, in his 'History of Canada,' says, 'We should never forget the debt we owe to Colonel By for the stand he made on this occasion.' ​Bytown sprang quickly into an important place, and became the centre of a vast lumber trade. After the union of Upper and Lower Canada, its name was changed to Ottawa; in August 1858 it became the capital of the united provinces, and in 1867 of the dominion of Canada. The cost of the Rideau canal — about a million — was so much above the original estimate that a select committee of the House of Commons, with John Nicholas Fazakerley, M.P. for Peterborough, as chairman, was appointed to inquire into the matter. By was recalled, and arrived in England in November 1832. He was examined by the committee, who, while admitting that the works had been carried out with care and economy, concluded their report with a strong expression of regret at the excess of the expenditure over the estimate and the parliamentary votes. By, who had expected commendation on the completion of this magnificent work in so short a time, under so many difficulties, and at a cost by no means extravagant, felt himself dreadfully ill-used, and never recovered from the disappointment. His health failing, he was placed on the unemployed list, and died at his residence, Shernfold Park, near Frant, Sussex, on 1 Feb. 1836.
By married, on 14 March 1818, Esther (d. 18 Feb. 1838), heiress of John March of Harley Street, London, and granddaughter of John Raymond Barker of Fairford Park, Gloucestershire, by whom he left two daughters: Esther (1820–1848), who married in 1838 the Hon. Percy Ashburnham (1799–1881), second son of the third earl; and Harriet Martha (1822–1842), unmarried.
[War Office Records; Royal Engineers' Records; Professional Papers of the Corps of Royal Engineers, 4th ser. vols. i. ii. and v., with plates; Connolly's History of the Royal Sappers and Miners; Porter's History of the Royal Engineers; Family Recollections of Lieutenant-general Elias Walker Durnford, privately printed, Montreal, 1863; Parliamentary Committee Reports, 1832; Bouchette's British Dominions in North America, 1831, 2 vols. 4to; W. H. Smith's Canada, Past, Present, and Future, Toronto, 1851, 8vo; Bryce's Short History of the Canadian People, 1887; Bonnycastle's The Canadas in 1841, London, 1842, 2 vols. 8vo; Histories of Canada by Kingsford (vol. ix), by Roberts (Toronto, 1897), and by Greswell (Oxford, 1890); Walch's Notes on some of the Navigable Rivers and Canals in the United States and Canada, with plates, Madras, 1877; article by J. G. Bourinot in the Canadian Monthly, Toronto, June 1872, entitled ‘From the Great Lakes to the Sea;’ Historical Sketch of the Canals of Canada, in Van Nostrand's Eclectic Engineering Magazine, New York, 1871; Burke's Peerage, under ‘Ashburnham;’ Pall Mall Magazine, June 1898, article on Ottawa; United Empire Loyalist, 17 March, 1827; private sources.]
R. H. V.