OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Doctor’s Dilemma/Doubtful Character Borne by the Medical Profession

Again I hear the voices indignantly muttering old phrases about the high character of a noble profession and the honor and conscience of its members. I must reply that the medical profession has not a high character: it has an infamous character. I do not know a single thoughtful and well-informed person who does not feel that the tragedy of illness at present is that it delivers you helplessly into the hands of a profession which you deeply mistrust, because it not only advocates and practises the most revolting cruelties in the pursuit of knowledge, and justifies them on grounds which would equally justify practising the same cruelties on yourself or your children, or burning down London to test a patent fire extinguisher, but, when it has shocked the public, tries to reassure it with lies of breath- bereaving brazenness. That is the character the medical profession has got just now. It may be deserved or it may not: there it is at all events, and the doctors who have not realized this are living in a fool's paradise. As to the humor and conscience of doctors, they have as much as any other class of men, no more and no less. And what other men dare pretend to be impartial where they have a strong pecuniary interest on one side? Nobody supposes that doctors are less virtuous than judges; but a judge whose salary and reputation depended on whether the verdict was for plaintiff or defendant, prosecutor or prisoner, would be as little trusted as a general in the pay of the enemy. To offer me a doctor as my judge, and then weight his decision with a bribe of a large sum of money and a virtual guarantee that if he makes a mistake it can never be proved against him, is to go wildly beyond the ascertained strain which human nature will bear. It is simply unscientific to allege or believe that doctors do not under existing circumstances perform unnecessary operations and manufacture and prolong lucrative illnesses. The only ones who can claim to be above suspicion are those who are so much sought after that their cured patients are immediately replaced by fresh ones. And there is this curious psychological fact to be remembered: a serious illness or a death advertizes the doctor exactly as a hanging advertizes the barrister who defended the person hanged. Suppose, for example, a royal personage gets something wrong with his throat, or has a pain in his inside. If a doctor effects some trumpery cure with a wet compress or a peppermint lozenge nobody takes the least notice of him. But if he operates on the throat and kills the patient, or extirpates an internal organ and keeps the whole nation palpitating for days whilst the patient hovers in pain and fever between life and death, his fortune is made: every rich man who omits to call him in when the same symptoms appear in his household is held not to have done his utmost duty to the patient. The wonder is that there is a king or queen left alive in Europe.
# The Doctor’s Dilemma/Fashions and Epidemics

A demand, however, can be inculcated. This is thoroughly understood by fashionable tradesmen, who find no difficulty in persuading their customers to renew articles that are not worn out and to buy things they do not want. By making doctors tradesmen, we compel them to learn the tricks of trade; consequently we find that the fashions of the year include treatments, operations, and particular drugs, as well as hats, sleeves, ballads, and games. Tonsils, vermiform appendices, uvulas, even ovaries are sacrificed because it is the fashion to get them cut out, and because the operations are highly profitable. The psychology of fashion becomes a pathology; for the cases have every air of being genuine: fashions, after all, are only induced epidemics, proving that epidemics can be induced by tradesmen, and therefore by doctors.
# The Doctor’s Dilemma/Patient-made Therapeutics

To all these blunders and ignorances doctors are no less subject than the rest of us. They are not trained in the use of evidence, nor in biometrics, nor in the psychology of human credulity, nor in the incidence of economic pressure. Further, they must believe, on the whole, what their patients believe, just as they must wear the sort of hat their patients wear. The doctor may lay down the law despotically enough to the patient at points where the patient's mind is simply blank; but when the patient has a prejudice the doctor must either keep it in countenance or lose his patient. If people are persuaded that night air is dangerous to health and that fresh air makes them catch cold it will not be possible for a doctor to make his living in private practice if he prescribes ventilation. We have to go back no further than the days of The Pickwick Papers to find ourselves in a world where people slept in four-post beds with curtains drawn closely round to exclude as much air as possible. Had Mr. Pickwick's doctor told him that he would be much healthier if he slept on a camp bed by an open window, Mr. Pickwick would have regarded him as a crank and called in another doctor. Had he gone on to forbid Mr. Pickwick to drink brandy and water whenever he felt chilly, and assured him that if he were deprived of meat or salt for a whole year, he would not only not die, but would be none the worse, Mr. Pickwick would have fled from his presence as from that of a dangerous madman. And in these matters the doctor cannot cheat his patient. If he has no faith in drugs or vaccination, and the patient has, he can cheat him with colored water and pass his lancet through the flame of a spirit lamp before scratching his arm. But he cannot make him change his daily habits without knowing it.
# The Essays of Montaigne/Book I/Chapter XXI
### Chapter XXI. That the profit of one man is the damage of another.

Demades the Athenian--[Seneca, De Beneficiis, vi. 38, whence nearly the whole of this chapter is taken.]--condemned one of his city, whose trade it was to sell the necessaries for funeral ceremonies, upon pretence that he demanded unreasonable profit, and that that profit could not accrue to him, but by the death of a great number of people. A judgment that appears to be ill grounded, forasmuch as no profit whatever can possibly be made but at the expense of another, and that by the same rule he should condemn all gain of what kind soever. The merchant only thrives by the debauchery of youth, the husband man by the dearness of grain, the architect by the ruin of buildings, lawyers and officers of justice by the suits and contentions of men: nay, even the honour and office of divines are derived from our death and vices. A physician takes no pleasure in the health even of his friends, says the ancient Greek comic writer, nor a soldier in the peace of his country, and so of the rest. And, which is yet worse, let every one but dive into his own bosom, and he will find his private wishes spring and his secret hopes grow up at another's expense. Upon which consideration it comes into my head, that nature does not in this swerve from her general polity; for physicians hold, that the birth, nourishment, and increase of every thing is the dissolution and corruption of another:
 "Nam quodcumque suis mutatum finibus exit,  Continuo hoc mors est illius, quod fuit ante."
 ["For, whatever from its own confines passes changed, this is at  once the death of that which before it was."--Lucretius, ii. 752.]
# The Eagle and His Captor

Perry index 275
* "An Eagle and a Man", in Fables of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists (1692)
* "The Eagle and His Captor", translated by George Fyler Townsend, in Three Hundred Æsop's Fables (1867)
* "The Eagle and his Captor", translated by Vernon Stanley Jones, in Æsop's fables: A New Translation (1912)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Eagle and the Beetle

Perry index 3
* "Of the Egle and of the Weſel", translated by William Caxton, edited by Joseph Jacobs, in The fables of Aesop, as first printed by William Caxton in 1484 (1484)
* "The Eagle and the Beetle", translated by George Fyler Townsend, in Three Hundred Æsop's Fables (1867)
* "The Eagle and the Beetle", translated by Vernon Stanley Jones, in Æsop's fables: A New Translation (1912)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Eagle and the Jackdaw

Perry index 2
* "Of the Egle and of the Rauen", translated by William Caxton, edited by Joseph Jacobs, in The fables of Aesop, as first printed by William Caxton in 1484 (1484)
* "An Eagle and a Daw", in Fables of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists (1692)
* "The Eagle and the Jackdaw", translated by George Fyler Townsend, illustrated by Harrison Weir, in Three Hundred Æsop's Fables (1867)
* "The Eagle, the Jackdaw, and the Shepherd", translated by Vernon Stanley Jones, in Æsop's fables: A New Translation (1912)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Eagle and the Arrow

Perry index 276
* "The Eagle and Arrow", part of "Fable XLVI to XLIX", in Fables of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists (1692)
* "A Thrush taken with Birdlime", part of "Fable XLVI to XLIX", in Fables of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists (1692)
* "The Eagle and the Arrow", translated by George Fyler Townsend, illustrated by Harrison Weir, in Three Hundred Æsop's Fables (1867)
* "The Eagle and the Arrow", translated by Joseph Jacobs, edited by Joseph Jacobs, illustrated by Richard Heighway, in The Fables of Æsop (1894)
* "The Eagle and the Arrow", translated by Vernon Stanley Jones, in Æsop's fables: A New Translation (1912)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Eagle and the Fox

Perry index 1
* "Of the Egle and of the Foxe", translated by William Caxton, edited by Joseph Jacobs, in The fables of Aesop, as first printed by William Caxton in 1484 (1484)
* "An Eagle and a Fox", in Fables of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists (1692)
* "The Eagle and the Fox", translated by George Fyler Townsend, in Three Hundred Æsop's Fables (1867)
* "The Eagle and the Fox", translated by Vernon Stanley Jones, in Æsop's fables: A New Translation (1912)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sequoia

Edition of 1920. See also Sequoia (genus) and Sequoiadendron giganteum on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SEQUOIA, a genus of Coniferæ, included in the sub-family Taxodioidæ, of which the other genus is the Taxodium or deciduous cypress. The Sequoia genus (named in honor of the Cherokee chief Sequo-yah, who invented the alphabet of that tribe), was for a time known as Taxodium or Wellingtonia; it comprised two species, S. sempervirens, the redwood, and S. gigantea, the “big-tree,” both natives of California. The genus was once widely distributed, as fossil remains testify, and the petrified forest in Arizona is stated to be composed of species of sequoia. The flowers of the sequoias are monœcious and are borne in scaly inflorescences as terminal or axillary shoots in such great profusion, that the pollen covers the ground beneath the trees during their winter blooming. The pistillate flowers mature into a fruit, or oval cone, having persistent woody scales, broadened at their outside ends into a rhomboidal flat top, very much wrinkled, and with a slightly prickle-tipped apex. Their scales are slightly separated to allow the many brown, compressed seeds to escape and then spin away on their lateral wings. The leaves are acute, compressed and keeled, decurrent on the stem, alternate and inserted in spirals, very scale-like on the branchlets, but on older branches linear and spreading.
The redwood, which was the first Sequoia discovered, is the more common species, and grows along the Pacific Coast just so far inland as the sea-fogs can go. It is a very straight, handsome tree, with columnar trunk, and spreading branches and branchlets, and reaches in some instances as great a height as the other and more famous species. See Redwood.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/She Stoops to Conquer

Edition of 1920. See also She Stoops to Conquer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SHE STOOPS TO CONQUER. Though he was thoroughly a child of his time, it was Goldsmith's peculiar genius that he went to life for his influences rather than to books. The central feature of ‘She Stoops to Conquer’ has some resemblances with Farquhar's ‘The Beaux' Stratagem,’ but its veritable source was undoubtedly an episode in the youthful career of Oliver himself.
If in the theatre Goldsmith seems to have been more of a reformer than elsewhere the reason is not far to seek. The refinements of that sentimental comedy which in his day controlled the stage were repugnant to him as an instinctive artist. Before his playwriting days Goldsmith had ridiculed “genteel comedy” and in the “low” passages of ‘The Good-Natured Man’ had resolutely entered the lists against it. ‘She Stoops to Conquer’ is the author's second and more successful play. Less artificial
than the comedy of manners, to which general class it belongs, it has more of Fielding in it than of Congreve. No one but Goldsmith could have given such a view of a country house. And even the London characters are freshly viewed. Their city manners are crossed with the forthrightness of nature. Raillery and repartee dwindle in importance before character and atmosphere. The difference between Goldsmith and Sheridan was that the former knew life whereas the latter knew only the stage. Squire Hardcastle is drawn without a stroke of over-elaboration. Less sportive than Tony he digs as deeply into the memory; but Tony and his mother linger as something more than caricatures. Kate Hardcastle is as much a product of observation as Millamant of ‘The Way of the World’ is a product of thought and Maria of ‘The School for Scandal’ is a product of the stage. It is the veritableness of the atmosphere of the play that saves it from, what the plot would make it, sheer farce. Goldsmith was not fortunate in his relationships with Colman and Garrick, the two monopolists of the theatre of his day. Yet upon its performance by Colman at Covent Garden Theatre, 15 March 1773, ‘She Stoops to Conquer,’ “succeeded prodigiously” (Walpole). It holds the stage in frequent revivals to this day. Editions: Masson, D., Globe edition (1869); Dobson, A., ed., Belles Lettres Series (1905); Temple Dramatists (1900); Everyman's Library (Vol. 415). Consult Forster, ‘Life and Adventures of Oliver Goldsmith’ (1848); Dobson, A., ‘Memoir’ (1899); ‘Cambridge History of English Literature.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sequin

Edition of 1920. See also Sequin (coin) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SEQUIN, sē'kwĭn, or sĕk'ĭn, an Italian and Turkish gold coin. It was first struck at Venice about the end of the 13th century, and afterward in all the other Italian cities, and from the Levant was introduced into Turkey. The Tuscan sequin is worth $2.30, the Turkish from $1.10 to $1.75.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Shepard, Charles Upham

Edition of 1920. See also Charles Upham Shepard on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SHEPARD, Charles Upham, American mineralogist: b. Little Compton, R. I., 29 June 1804; d. Charleston, S. C., 1 May 1886. He was graduated from Amherst in 1824 and made a special study of botany and mineralogy in the following year. He was lecturer on natural history at Yale in 1830-47, occupied the chair of chemistry at the Medical College of South Carolina in 1854-61 and resumed it a few years after the Civil War. He was professor of chemistry and natural history at Amherst in 1845-52, and from 1852-77 was lecturer on natural history, after which he was made professor emeritus. His investigations resulted in the discovery of a new species of microlite in in 1835, of warwickite in 1838, and of danburite in 1839, and he was also the discoverer of valuable deposits of phosphate of lime near Charleston which have proved of great value to agriculture, and their use in the manufacture of superphosphate fertilizers has made an important addition to the chemical industries of South Carolina. His collection of minerals was at one time the best in the country, but was unfortunately partially destroyed by fire three years after its purchase by Amherst in 1877. In addition to his numerous scientific papers his publications include ‘Report on the Geological Survey of Connecticut’ (1837); ‘Treatise on Mineralogy’ (1855), etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sequoyah

Edition of 1920. See also Sequoyah on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SEQUOYAH, sẹ-kwō'yä, or GEORGE GIST, or GUESS, Cherokee Indian inventor: b. about 1770; d. near San Fernandino, Northern Mexico, 1842. He exercised his ingenuity in numerous ways, — as silversmith, blacksmith, artist. In 1821 he completed the Cherokee alphabet, for which he received in 1823 a silver medal from the Cherokee general council. This alphabet was perfectly adapted to the peculiarities of the Cherokee tongue, which it expressed as the English alphabet never could. He borrowed many symbols from an English speller. His alphabet was quickly adopted, was very successful, and was employed by the missionaries and, in part, in printing a newspaper, The Phœnix. The giant Sequoia tree was named in his honor. Consult Foster, ‘Sequoyah, the American Cadmus and the Modern Moses’ (Ithaca, N. Y., 1885); Mooney, J., ‘Myths of the Cherokee’ in Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, Vol. XIX (Washington 1902).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Shea, John Dawson Gilmary

Edition of 1920. See also John Gilmary Shea on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SHEA, shā, John Dawson Gilmary, American historian: b. New York, 22 July 1824; d. Elizabeth, N. J., 22 Feb. 1892. His father was principal of the Columbia College Grammar School where he gained his education, and subsequently he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1846. He soon turned to literature, was connected in an editorial capacity with Frank Leslie's publishing house and later edited the Catholic News. But for many years his attention was given to historical research in preparation of his ‘History of the Catholic Church in the United States,’ the fourth volume of which was in process of publication at the time of his death. He was connected with many historical societies in America and Europe and was the first president of the Catholic Historical Society of the United States. His published works include ‘The Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley’ (1853); ‘History of the French and Spanish Missions among the Indian Tribes of the United States’ (1854); ‘The Catholic Church in Colonial Days’ (1883); ‘The Hierarchy of the Catholic Church in the United States’ (1886); ‘Early Voyages Up and Down the Mississippi’ (1862); ‘Novum Belgium, An Account of the New Netherlands in 1643-44’ (1862); ‘The Operations of the French Fleet under Count de Grasse’ (1864); ‘Life of Pius IX’ (1875); ‘Story of a Great Nation’ (1891), besides many translations and other works.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate

Edition of 1920. See also Nathaniel Shaler on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SHALER, Nathaniel Southgate, American geologist: b. Newport, Ky., 20 Feb. 1841; d. Cambridge, Mass., 10 April 1906. He was graduated from the Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard, in 1862, served in the Union army as an artillery officer, and then returned to the Lawrence School, where he was assistant and instructor in geology and zoology He accepted the chair of palæontology at Harvard in 1868, was transferred in 1887 to that of geology, and he was dean of the Lawrence School from 1891. In 1873-80 he was in charge of the Kentucky geological survey, and from 1884 was director of the Atlantic division of the United States geological survey. He was commissioner of agriculture for the State of Massachusetts at different times, was president of the Geological Society of America in 1895; and besides numerous reports for the United States geological survey published ‘Kentucky Geological Reports and Memoirs’ (7 vols., 1876-82); ‘The Story of Our Continent’ (1892); ‘The Interpretation of Nature’ (1893); ‘The United States of America’ (2 vols., 1894); ‘The Individual: Study of Life and Death’ (1900); ‘The Citizen: A Study of the Individual and the Government’ (1904); ‘The Neighbor’ (1904); ‘Man and the Earth’ (1905). Consult ‘The Autobiography of Nathaniel Southgate Shaler,’ with a memoir by his wife (New York 1909), etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Abbot, Ezra

Edition of 1920. See also Ezra Abbot on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ABBOT, Ezra, American Biblical scholar: b. Jackson, Me., 28 April 1819; d. 21 March 1884. He studied at Phillips Exeter Academy, graduated at Bowdoin 1840, and after teaching in Maine and Cambridge, Mass., became in 1856 assistant librarian of Harvard. In 1872 he received a D. D. from Harvard, though a layman, and thence till death was professor of New Testament criticism and interpretation in the Cambridge Divinity School. His wise reading and wonderful verbal memory made him one of the foremost of textual critics and bibliographers; his master of the Greek New Testament text places him beside the leading scholars of the world; and on the American New Testament Revision Committee, 1871–81, he was a chief agent in putting its work on an even level of authority with the English, in minute accuracy of scholarship as well as broad, acute judgment. Indifferent to fame, he gave his best work to collaborations or private assistance mostly unacknowledged and unrealized except by scholars. His most important individual book was on the ‘Authorship of the Fourth Gospel’ (1880), in which he announced the important discovery of Tatian's ‘Diatessaron.’ Of his other critical work, besides the great Revision, his half of the prolegomena to Tischendorf's Greek New Testament (1884–94), his additions to Mitchell's ‘Critical Handbook of the New Testament’ (1880), and his revision of Schaff's ‘Companion to the New Testament’ (1883), should be mentioned. As a bibliographer, his greatest fame was for the curious and exhaustive catalogue of relevant books he furnished for Alger's ‘Critical History of a Future Life’ (1864), and his notes to Smith's ‘Bible Dictionary’ (Am. ed. 1867–70). He also wrote many papers for periodicals. His monographs were collected by J. H. Thayer and published under the title ‘Critical Essays’ (Boston 1888). Consult Barrow ‘Ezra Abbot’ (Boston 1884).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Abbot, Charles

* related portals: Charles Abbot.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1920. See also Charles Abbot, 1st Baron Colchester on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ABBOT, Charles, first Baron of Colchester, speaker of the British House of Commons: b. Abingdon, Berkshire, 14 Oct. 1757: d. 1829. After finishing his studies at Christ Church he entered government service and, after occupying may positions, finally became Speaker of the House in 1802, retaining this position for 15 years, when he was compelled to resign on account of ill health. He was also one of the trustees of the British Museum. His ‘Diary and Correspondence’ (1861) is of contemporary historical value.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Abbot, Francis Ellingwood

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
ABBOT, Francis Ellingwood, American religious radical: b. Boston, 1836; d. 1903. He was graduated at Harvard 1859 and Meadville (Pa.) Theological School 1863. A Unitarian minister 1863–68, he started in 1870 The Index, an ultra-radical weekly devoted to religious and philosophical topics; and wrote ‘Scientific Theism’ (1886), and ‘The Way Out of Agnosticism’ (1890), besides notable magazine articles.