# Sanskrit Grammar (Whitney)

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A description of the Sanskrit language of the Indian subcontinent.
SANSKRIT GRAMMAR
Including both the Classical Language, and the older Dialects, of Veda and Brahmana
BY
WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY
Late Professor of Sanskrit in Yale University, Knight of the Prussian Order Pour le Mérite, Corresponding Member of the Académie des Inscrip- tions et Belles-Lettres of the Institute of France, etc., Editor- in-Chief of The Century Dictionary, an Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON: GEOFFREY CUMBERLEGE
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
1950
CONTENTS.
| Chap. | | Page. |
| | Preface | v |
| | Introduction | xi |
| I. | Alphabet | 1–9 |
| II. | System of Sounds; Pronunciation | 10–34 |
| | Vowels, 10; Consonants, 13; Quantity, 27; Accent, 28. |
| III. | Rules of Euphonic Combination | 34–87 |
| | Introductory, 34; Principles, 37; Rules of Vowel Combination, 42; Permitted Finals, 49; Deaspiration, 53; Surd and Sonant Assimilation, 54; Combinations of Final s and r, 56; Conversion of s to ṣ, 61; Conversion of n to ṇ, 64; Conversion of Dental Mutes to Linguals and Palatals, 66; Combinations of Final n, 69; Combinations of Final m, 71; the Palatal Mutes and Sibilant, and h, 72; the Lingual Sibilant, 77; Extension and Abbreviation, 78; Strengthening and Weakening Processes, 81; Guṇa and Vṛddhi, 81; Vowel-lengthening, 84; Vowel-lightening, 85; Nasal Increment, 86; Reduplication, 87. |
| IV. | Declension | 88–110 |
| | Gender, Number, Case, 88; Uses of the Cases, 89; Endings of declension, 103; Variation of Stem, 107; Accent in Declension, 108. |
| V. | Nouns and Adjectives | 111–176 |
| | Classification etc., 111; Declension I., Stems in a, 112; Declension II., Stems in i and u, 116; Declension III., Stems in Long Vowels (ā, ī, ū): A. Root-words etc., 124; Stems in Diphthongs, 130; B. Derivative Stems etc., 131; Declension IV., Stems in ṛ or ar, 137; Declension V., Stems in Consonants, 141; A. Root-stems etc., 143; B. Derivative Stems in as, is, us, 153; C. Derivative Stems in an, 156; D. in in, 161; E. in ant or at, 163; F. Perfect Participles in vāṅs, 169; G. Comparatives in yāṅs or yas, 172; Comparison, 173. ​ |
| VI. | Numerals | 177–185 |
| | Cardinals, 177; Ordinals etc., 183. |
| VII. | Pronouns | 185–199 |
| | Personal, 185; Demonstrative, 188; Interrogative, 194; Relative, 195; other Pronouns: Emphatic, Indefinite, 196; Nouns used pronominally, 197; Pronominal Derivatives, Possessives etc., 197; Adjectives declined pronominally, 199. |
| VIII. | Conjugation | 200–226 |
| | Voice, Tense, Mode, Number, Person, 200; Verbal Adjectives and Nouns, 203; Secondary Conjugations, 203; Personal Endings, 204; Subjunctive Mode, 209; Optative, 211; Imperative, 213; Uses of the Modes, 215; Participles, 220; Augment, 220; Reduplication, 222; Accent of the Verb, 223. |
| IX. | The Present-System | 227–278 |
| | General, 227; Conjugations and Conjugation Classes, 228; Root-Class (second or ad-class), 231; Reduplicating Class (third or hu-class), 242; Nasal Class (seventh or rudh-class), 250; nu and u-Classes (fifth and eight, or su- and tan-classes), 254; nā-Class (ninth or krī-class), 260; a-Class (first or bhū-class), 264; Accented á-Class (sixth or tud-class), 269; ya-Class (fourth or div-class), 271; Accented yá-Class or Passive Conjugation, 275; So-called tenth or cur-class, 277; Uses of the Present and Imperfect, 278. |
| X. | The Perfect-System | 279–296 |
| | Perfect Tense, 279; Perfect Participle, 291; Modes of the Perfect, 292; Pluperfect, 295; Uses of the Perfect, 295. |
| XI. | The Aorist-Systems | 297–330 |
| | Classification, 297; I. Simple Aorist: 1. Root-Aorist, 299; Passive Aorist 3d sing., 304; 2. the a-Aorist, 305; II. 3. Reduplicated Aorist, 308; III. Sibilant Aorist, 313; 4. the s-Aorist, 314; 5. the iṣ-Aorist, 320; 6. the siṣ-Aorist, 323; 7. the sa-Aorist, 325; Precative, 326; Uses of the Aorist, 328. |
| XII. | The Future-Systems | 330–339 |
| | I. The s-Future, 331; Preterit of the s-Future, Conditional, 334; II. The Periphrastic Future, 335; Uses of the Futures and Conditional, 337. ​ |
| XIII. | Verbal Adjectives and Nouns: Participles, Infinitives, Gerunds | 340–360 |
| | Passive Participle in tá or ná, 340; Past Active Participle in tavant, 344; Future Passive Participles, Gerundives, 345; Infinitives, 347; Uses of the Infinitives, 351; Gerunds, 355; Adverbial Gerund in am, 359. |
| XIV. | Derivative or Secondary Conjugation | 360–391 |
| | I. Passive, 361; II. Intensive, 362; Present-System, 365; Perfect, Aorist, Future, etc., 370; III. Desiderative, 372; Present-System, 374; Perfect, Aorist, Future, etc., 376; IV. Causative, 378; Present-System, 380; Perfect, Aorist, Future, etc., 383; V. Denominative, 386. |
| XV. | Periphrastic and Compound Conjugation | 391–403 |
| | The Periphrastic Perfect, 392; Participial Periphrastic Phrases, 394; Composition with Prepositional Prefixes, 395; Other Verbal Compounds, 400. |
| XVI. | Indeclinables | 403–417 |
| | Adverbs, 403; Prepositions, 414; Conjunctions, 416; Interjections, 417. |
| XVII. | Derivation of Declinable Stems | 418–480 |
| | A. Primary Derivatives, 420; B. Secondary Derivatives, 454. |
| XVIII. | Formation of Compound Stems | 480–515 |
| | Classification, 480; I. Copulative Compounds, 485; II. Determinative Compounds, 489; A. Dependent Compounds, 489; B. Descriptive Compounds, 494; III. Secondary Adjective Compounds, 501; A. Possessive Compounds, 501; B. Compound with Governed Final Member, 511; Adjective Compounds as Nouns and as Adverbs, 512; Anomalous Compounds 514; Stem-finals altered in Composition, 514; Loose Construction with Compounds, 515. |
| Appendix | Appendix | 516–520 |
| | A. Examples of Various Sanskrit Type, 516; B. Example of Accentuated Text, 518; Synopsis of the conjugation of roots bhū and kṛ, 520. |
| Sanskrit Index | Sanskrit Index | 521–539 |
| General Index | General Index | 540–551 |
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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