OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Canon

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Canon : This word is derived from a Hebrew and Greek word denoting a reed or cane. Hence it means something straight, or something to keep straight; and hence also a rule, or something ruled or measured. It came to be applied to the Scriptures, to denote that they contained the authoritative rule of faith and practice, the standard of doctrine and duty. A book is said to be of canonical authority when it has a right to take a place with the other books which contain a revelation of the Divine will. Such a right does not arise from any ecclesiastical authority, but from the evidence of the inspired authorship of the book. The canonical (i.e., the inspired) books of the Old and New Testaments, are a complete rule, and the only rule, of faith and practice. They contain the whole supernatural revelation of God to men. The New Testament Canon was formed gradually under divine guidance. The different books as they were written came into the possession of the Christian associations which began to be formed soon after the day of Pentecost; and thus slowly the canon increased till all the books were gathered together into one collection containing the whole of the twenty-seven New Testament inspired books. Historical evidence shows that from about the middle of the second century this New Testament collection was substantially such as we now possess. Each book contained in it is proved to have, on its own ground, a right to its place; and thus the whole is of divine authority.
The Old Testament Canon is witnessed to by the New Testament writers. Their evidence is conclusive. The quotations in the New from the Old are very numerous, and the references are much more numerous. These quotations and references by our Lord and the apostles most clearly imply the existence at that time of a well-known and publicly acknowledged collection of Hebrew writings under the designation of "The Scriptures;" "The Law and the Prophets and the Psalms;" "Moses and the Prophets," etc. The appeals to these books, moreover, show that they were regarded as of divine authority, finally deciding all questions of which they treat; and that the whole collection so recognized consisted only of the thirty-nine books which we now posses. Thus they endorse as genuine and authentic the canon of the Jewish Scriptures. The Septuagint Version (q.v.) also contained every book we now have in the Old Testament Scriptures. As to the time at which the Old Testament canon was closed, there are many considerations which point to that of |Ezra and Nehemiah , immediately after the return from Babylonian exile. (See BIBLE, EZRA, QUOTATIONS.)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Caphtor

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Caphtor : A chaplet, the original seat of the Philistines (Deut. 2:23; Jer. 47:4; Amos 9:7). The name is found written in hieroglyphics in the temple of Kom Ombos in Upper Egypt. But the exact situation of Caphtor is unknown, though it is supposed to be Crete, since the Philistines seem to be meant by the "Cherethites" in 1 Sam. 30:14 (see also 2 Sam. 8:18). It may, however, have been a part of Egypt, the Caphtur in the north Delta, since the Caphtorim were of the same race as the Mizraite people (Gen. 10:14; 1 Chr. 1:12).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Capernaum

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Capernaum : Nahum's town, a Galilean city frequently mentioned in the history of our Lord. It is not mentioned in the Old Testament. After our Lord's expulsion from Nazareth (Matt. 4:13-16; Luke 4:16-31), Capernaum became his "own city." It was the scene of many acts and incidents of his life (Matt. 8:5, 14, 15; 9:2-6, 10-17; 15:1-20; Mark 1:32-34, etc.). The impenitence and unbelief of its inhabitants after the many evidences our Lord gave among them of the truth of his mission, brought down upon them a heavy denunciation of judgement (Matt. 11:23).
It stood on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. The "land of Gennesaret," near, if not in, which it was situated, was one of the most prosperous and crowded districts of Palestine. This city lay on the great highway from Damascus to Acco and Tyre. It has been identified with Tell Hum, about two miles south-west of where the Jordan flows into the lake. Here are extensive ruins of walls and foundations, and also the remains of what must have been a beautiful synagogue, which it is conjectured may have been the one built by the centurion (Luke 7:5), in which our Lord frequently taught (John 6:59; Mark 1:21; Luke 4:33). Others have conjectured that the ruins of the city are to be found at Khan Minyeh, some three miles further to the south on the shore of the lake. "If Tell Hum be Capernaum, the remains spoken of are without doubt the ruins of the synagogue built by the Roman centurion, and one of the most sacred places on earth. It was in this building that our Lord gave the well-known discourse in John 6; and it was not without a certain strange feeling that on turning over a large block we found the pot of manna engraved on its face, and remembered the words, `I am that bread of life: your fathers did eat manna in the wilderness, and are dead.'", (The Recovery of Jerusalem.)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Captain

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Captain :
(1.) Heb.@sar (1 Sam. 22:2; 2 Sam. 23:19). Rendered "chief," Gen. 40:2; 41:9; rendered also "prince," Dan. 1:7; "ruler," Judg. 9:30; "governor,' 1 Kings 22:26. This same Hebrew word denotes a military captain (Ex. 18:21; 2 Kings 1:9; Deut. 1:15; 1 Sam. 18:13, etc.), the "captain of the body-guard" (Gen. 37:36; 39:1; 41:10; Jer. 40:1), or, as the word may be rendered, "chief of the executioners" (marg.). The officers of the king's body-guard frequently acted as executioners. Nebuzar-adan (Jer. 39:13) and Arioch (Dan. 2:14) held this office in Babylon.
The "captain of the guard" mentioned in Acts 28:16 was the Praetorian prefect, the commander of the Praetorian troops.
(2.) Another word (Heb.@katsin) so translated denotes sometimes a military (Josh. 10:24; Judg. 11:6, 11; Isa. 22:3 "rulers;" Dan. 11:18) and sometimes a civil command, a judge, magistrate, Arab. kady, (Isa. 1:10; 3:6; Micah 3:1, 9).
(3.) It is also the rendering of a Hebrew word (shalish) meaning "a third man," or "one of three." The LXX. render in plural by tristatai; i.e., "soldiers fighting from chariots," so called because each war-chariot contained three men, one of whom acted as charioteer while the other two fought (Ex. 14:7; 15:4; 1 Kings 9:22; comp. 2 Kings 9:25). This word is used also to denote the king's body-guard (2 Kings 10:25; 1 Chr. 12:18; 2 Chr. 11:11) or aides-de-camp.
(4.) The "captain of the temple" mentioned in Acts 4:1 and 5:24 was not a military officer, but superintendent of the guard of priests and Levites who kept watch in the temple by night. (Comp. "the ruler of the house of God," 1 Chr. 9:11; 2 Chr. 31:13; Neh. 11:11.)
(5.) The Captain of our salvation is a name given to our Lord (Heb. 2:10), because he is the author and source of our salvation, the head of his people, whom he is conducting to glory. The "captain of the Lord's host" (Josh. 5:14, 15) is the name given to that mysterious person who manifested himself to Abraham (Gen. 12:7), and to Moses in the bush (Ex. 3:2, 6, etc.) the Angel of the covenant. (See ANGEL.)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Canker

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Canker : A gangrene or mortification which gradually spreads over the whole body (2 Tim. 2:17). In James 5:3 "cankered" means "rusted" (R.V.) or tarnished.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Cankerworm

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Cankerworm : (Heb.@yelek), "the licking locust," which licks up the grass of the field; probably the locust at a certain stage of its growth, just as it emerges from the caterpillar state (Joel 1:4; 2:25). The word is rendered "caterpillar" in Ps. 105:34; Jer. 51:14, 17 (but R.V. "canker-worm"). "It spoileth and fleeth away" (Nah. 3:16), or as some read the passage, "The cankerworm putteth off [i.e., the envelope of its wings], and fleeth away."
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Canneh

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Canneh : Mentioned only in Ezek. 27:23. (See CALNEH.)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Cane

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Cane: A tall sedgy plant with a hollow stem, growing in moist places. In Isa. 43:24; Jer. 6:20, the Hebrew word kaneh is thus rendered, giving its name to the plant. It is rendered "reed" in 1 Kings 14:15; Job 40:21; Isa. 19:6; 35:7. In Ps. 68:30 the expression "company of spearmen" is in the margin and the Revised Version "beasts of the reeds," referring probably to the crocodile or the hippopotamus as a symbol of Egypt. In 2 Kings 18:21; Isa. 36:6; Ezek. 29:6, 7, the reference is to the weak, fragile nature of the reed. (See [96]CALAMUS.)
# Economic Development in Denmark Before and During the World War/Early Condition of the Danish Peasants

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Early Condition of the Danish Peasants
Some three hundred years ago a French writer, Pierre d'Avity, in reviewing the living conditions and the character of the natives of various countries, said of the Jutlanders: 'They are a strong people who eat and drink a great deal; they are provident and clever and cling to their own; they are quarrelsome, suspicious, and irascible, and fight stubbornly in defence of their opinions.' If this judgement is true to fact, it is difficult to think of the Danish peasants of that day as members of a cowed and oppressed class, in spite of all the burdens that were imposed upon them.
From the Middle Ages until late in the eighteenth century there was a continuous change to the disadvantage of the peasants. Freeholds gradually disappeared and were replaced by leaseholds. On taking over a patch of land the leaseholder had to pay a premium to the landowner or lord, besides which he had to make a yearly payment called Landgildet (ground-rent), which in most cases was an incommutable ​burden resting on his land. As a rule the estates of the Middle Ages were not large, and the landowners often had many holdings at a considerable distance from one another; but gradually a movement arose to extend and combine them, and in this way the day of large estates began. This again involved disagreeable consequences for the peasants; for the more the cultivation of large estates developed, the more service was required of them. Moreover, distinct efforts were made to bind them to the land. They did not submit without opposition, to be sure, as shown by the various peasant revolts; but the times were nevertheless unfavourable to them. Still in the year 1500 compulsory service was not widespread in Denmark, and the character of the leaseholds was not, generally speaking, very oppressive. A leaseholder might even, if he wished, give up his lease and remove to another estate.
But efforts to tighten the relation between owner and tenant had long been growing. In the middle of the fourteenth century, after the Black Death, the landowners tried to retain the leaseholders by compelling them to pay a quittance-fee (Forlov) if they gave up a lease. This was especially the case in Zealand and Laaland-Falster, where at the end of the Middle Ages the practice took the form of villeinage (Vornedskab), whereby the son of a leaseholder was bound to take over a farm on the estate. Moreover, increasing demands on the part of the Crown contributed to the growth of villeinage. The maintenance of the army and navy necessitated much carting and hauling on the part of the peasants, while the laying-out of the roads and the building of fortresses and castles was largely their work.
# Economic Development in Denmark Before and During the World War/Early German Influence in Denmark

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Early German Influence in Denmark
If we look at a map of Europe, we see that the development of Denmark must have been strongly influenced from the south. Had Jutland been separated from Germany by the sea, it is apparent that many political events which contributed to bring about the recent world conflict might have taken another course. But only under primitive conditions do forests and wastes keep neighbouring peoples apart. As populations increase and push forward from all sides, there is a natural interchange of influence. That southern Sleswick, originally Danish, thus became Germanized, is no wonder. German artisans found their way into Denmark and brought with them the customs of their guilds; and the language of Danish artisans to-day is clearly marked by this influence. During the flourishing period of the Hanseatic towns German trade found fertile soil in Denmark, and Danish economic life was in many ways dependent on Hamburg. Moreover, many Germans came to Denmark in official capacities and acquired property here. It is, nevertheless, remarkable that the results, in spite of these influences, were characteristically Danish. At the outbreak of the World War Denmark was in many respects actually ahead of its great southern neighbour, especially as regards social organization. The country had a decidedly democratic constitution, the latest change in which​—​the granting of suffrage to women by the Constitution of June 5, 1915​—​was in reality independent of the great events then agitating the world. That women were admitted into public life in Denmark, first into municipal government, then into parliament, was a quite natural consequence of the general trend of Danish opinion. Long before women were admitted into the universities in Germany they had enjoyed free access ​to all schools in Denmark. General education had long been at a relatively higher level, and the lower classes in particular had better educational opportunities. The resulting difference between the two countries is perhaps most strikingly illustrated in the respective conditions of their agricultural populations. For a long period Danish agriculturalists learned much from the south, but during the last generation they themselves, in turn, have exerted an influence extending far beyond the boundaries of their country. Well equipped both technically and intellectually, they have created a co-operative movement which has improved agricultural production to a remarkable degree. It is also characteristic that the labour movement, notwithstanding the fact that Denmark acquired her principles of socialism from Marx, Lassalle, and other practical and theoretical German leaders, has developed on saner lines and with greater strength here than in Germany.
# Economic Development in Denmark Before and During the World War/General Results of Social Legislation

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General Results of Social Legislation
Many changes have taken place in little Denmark during the past generation in the relation of the state to the individual, as well as in the relations between certain classes of ​society. So far we have been considering industry; we will now turn our attention to agriculture. But first we may ask whether and to what degree the measures described have benefited all parties; whether the increase of wages and the improved circumstances of the workmen have put a heavier burden on the employers than they can well bear. But this is a question which it is impossible to answer categorically. So extraordinarily many elements are involved in it that the value of each one cannot be justly estimated. In all countries the conditions of the working class have improved pari passu with certain measures adopted by their respective governments; but whether this or that system is the better, it is impossible to say. All that can be said is that the measures adopted in Denmark are in harmony with the whole trend of Danish thought, and this is the best guaranty we have that they have benefited both the employer and employee. It is a matter of fact that wages have steadily increased since the beginning of what we call social legislation. Statistics for Copenhagen show that the daily wage of journeymen increased 50 per cent. between 1882 and 1909; that of unskilled workmen, 67 per cent.; and that of women, 58 per cent. These are, indeed, nominal wages only. The main question is whether in Denmark, as in Western Europe, the price level has risen or declined. The answer is that it has fluctuated. In 1870 prices were high. In 1895 the price level reached its lowest point, after which it rose steadily from year to year until the World War broke out and caused an enormous advance in prices. In the first half of 1914 prices were at the same level as in 1876; in 1909 they were a little lower than in 1882. Thus it may be said with absolute certainty that the real income for the workman was greater in 1909 than twenty-seven years before, even though it may be asserted that the movement in the index numbers will not exactly correspond to the rise in the expenses of the workmen. Indeed, the rise in prices may for a time have counterbalanced the catalogued rise in wages, as was ​the case in the period between 1898 and 1904. But in the long run there has been some real gain; and to this gain may be added the sums which have come to the workmen through social insurance. To what extent this may have benefited the working class as a whole cannot be decided for particular trades or industries, but we may be sure that it has been to its general advantage.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Father

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Father:

### Applied to a person

* to any ancestor (Deuteronomy 1:11; 1 Kings 15:11; Matthew 3:9; 23:30, etc.); and
* as a title of respect to a chief, ruler, or elder, etc. (Judges 17:10; 18:19; 1 Samuel 10:12; 2 Kings 2:12; Matthew 23:9, etc.).
* The author or beginner of anything is also so called; e.g., Jabal and Jubal (Genesis 4:20,21; comp. Job 38:28).

### Applied to God

(Exodus 4:22; Deuteronomy 32:6; 2 Samuel 7:14; Psalm 89:27,28, etc.).
* As denoting his covenant relation to the Jews (Jeremiah 31:9; Isaiah 63:16; 64:8; John 8:41, etc.).
* Believers are called God's "sons" (John 1:12; Romans 8:16; Matthew 6:4,8,15,18; 10:20,29). They also call him "Father" (Romans 1:7; 1 Corinthians 1:3; 2 Corinthians 1:2; Galatians 1:4)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Gabriel

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* Hos
* Joel
* Am
* Ob
* Jnh
* Mic
* Nah
* Habk
* Zeph
* Hag
* Zech
* Mal
* Mt
* Mk
* Lk
* Jn
* Act
* Rom
* 1Cor
* 2Cor
* Gal
* Eph
* Philp
* Col
* 1-2Thes
* 1Tim
* 2Tim
* Titus
* Phim
* Hebr
* Jam
* 1Pet
* 2Pet
* 1Jn
* 2Jn
* 3Jn
* Ju
* Rev
Gabriel: champion of God, used as a proper name to designate the angel who was sent to Daniel (Daniel 8:16) to explain the vision of the ram and the he-goat, and to communicate the prediction of the seventy weeks (Daniel 9:21-27).
He announced also the birth of John the Baptist (Luke 1:11), and of the Messiah (Luke 1:26). He describes himself in the words, "I am Gabriel, who stand in the presence of God" (Luke 1:19).