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# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Axayacatl

Edition of 1920. See also Axayacatl on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AXAYACATL, ä'chạ-yạ-kä't'l, a Mexican emperor: d. about 1477. He was the father of Montezuma, whom Cortez conquered and reigned 14 years. He was already famous as a warrior when he became Emperor of the Aztecs, and inaugurated his reign by a successful expedition against Tehuantepec and in 1467 conquered anew the cities of Cotasta and Tochtepec. A little later he repelled the tribes who strove to get possession of the Mexican capital and maintained a vigorous warfare against his neighbors. The palace of Axayacatl, a gigantic pile of stone buildings, became a barracks of the Spaniards. His treasures were discovered by Cortez within a concealed door and the chronicler of the conquest exclaims that “it seemed as if all the riches in the world were in that room.” They consisted of gold and silver in bars and in the ore, many jewels of value and numerous rich and beautiful articles of curious workmanship, as imitations of birds, insects or flowers.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Chitnivas, Shanker Balwant

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​Chitnivas, Shanker Balwant; M.A. B.L., Rao Saheb; Subordinate Judge, 1st Grade; b. 1876, entered Service, 1899; Extra Assistant Commissioner, 1901. Address: Amraoti, Berar.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Choksy, Dr. N. H.

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​Choksy, Dr. N. H., Khan Bahadur, M.D., J.P., Chevalier of the Crown of Italy; (1898); b. 1861; educ. Elphinstone and Grant Medical College, Bombay. M.D., 1879: Secretary of the Factory Commission, 1884; in charge of Grant Road Small-pox Hospital, 1838; in charge of plague duty, 1897; Khan Bahadur, 1897; Member of the Medical Society of Munich, 1901; in charge of Mahratta Hospital, 1902; Member of the Medico Physical Academy of Florence, 1903. Publications: Has edited Indian Medico-Chirurgical Review. Address: Bombay, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Cholaphru, Chaudhuri; Bohmong of Bandarban

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​Cholaphru, Chaudhuri; Bohmong of Bandarban; the population of this estate is composed for the most part of the descendants of Arakanese who fled to the hills when their country was overrun in 1874 by the Burmese. These are divided into three sections, the Jhumia Maghs, the Roang Maghs,and the Rajbansi Maghs; the last named have freely intermarried with Bengalis. The Maghs are mostly Buddhists. The area of the estate is 2064 square miles and its population about 45,000. A capitation tax of Rs. 4 per family is imposed here. Of this sum Rs. 2 goes to the chief. Re 1 to the village headman and the remaining Re 1 to Government. Address: Bandarban, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Assam, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Chisholm, R. F.

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​Chisholm, R. F.; F.R.I.B.A., Consulting Architect to the Government of Madras (retired); entered service in the Bengal P.W.D. 1859; won ​a money prize of Rs. 3000 for designing new buildings for Madras, 1864; appointed to Madras Service as Officiating Consulting Architect, 1866; Confirmed, 1872; designed and Constructed several of the more prominent public buildings of Madras, among them being the Madras General Post Office (Hindu Saracenic), the Senate House (Byzantine) and the Government, P.W.D. Secretariat Offices, Chepauk. Outside the city of Madras, Mr. Chisholm carried out the work of restoration of the famous Tirumal Naik’s Palace at Madura; carried out the works of preservation at the Seven Pagodas (Mahabalipuram, Chingleput District); a similar work at the old Vellore Temple and at the celebrated ruins of Hampi in the Bellary district; restored the ancient palace of Chandragiri in the present Chittoor district; designed the present Museum buildings at Travancore as also St. George’s Church at Madras. He also designed and carried out many important improvements to Kalas Mahal, the building now occupied by the Offices of the Board of Revenue, Madras. Fellow of the Madras University, 1867; also a Member of the Faculty of Engineering. Address: C/o India Office, London.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Chitnavis, Hon’ble Sir Gangadhar Madho Rao

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​Chitnavis, Hon’ble Sir Gangadhar Madho Rao, K.C.I.E. (1911) C.I.E. (1895), Nagpur; belongs to a family which has long been prominent in the Central Provinces and whose members had occupied honorable positions in the service of the Bhonsle Rajas of Nagpur: educ; Elphinstone College, Bombay; one of the recognised leaders of Indian public opinion in his province; President of the Nagpur District Council; made Hony. Magistrate, 1889; Member, Supreme Legislative Council, 1893; still represents the land-holders of his province in that body; was President, Provincial Conference, Jubbalpur, 1905; was Chairman, Nagpur Municipal Council; represented Central Provinces in the Coronation of Emperor Edward VII; rendered valuable help to Government in their work in connection with plague and famine relief for which he was thanked by Government, 1899. Address; Nagpur, Central Provinces, India
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Chitty, Hon’ble Mr, Justice, C. W.

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​Chitty, Hon’ble Mr, Justice, C. W., Bar at law, Judge, High Court, Calcutta; called to the Bar by the Inner Temple, 1884; Clerk of the Crown, Bombay High Court, 1890; Ag. Chief Judge, Bombay S.C. Court, 1891; Offg. Judge, Chief Court, Lower Burma, 1903; Temp addl. Judge, Chief Court, Punjab, 1905; Judge, High Court, Calcutta, 1907. Address: Calcutta, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Cholmeley, Norman Goodford

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​Cholmeley, Norman Goodford, C.S.I. (1910); I.C.S.; Commissioner of Magwe Division, Burma, since 1902; b. 1863; s. of late Montague Cholmeley, Indian Army; Educ.: Charterhouse; Balliol College, Oxford; Joined I.C.S.. 1883; Deputy Commissioner, 1890; Commissioner, 1903; Recreations: polo, and tennis. Address: Magwe, Burma; Club: East India United Servce.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Chinthamani Patro, Rao Sahib

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​Chinthamani Patro, Rao Sahib; Inspector of Police; b. 1859; received his vernacular education in Berhampore; entered Police Department, 1897; promoted to the rank of Inspector, 1893. In recognition of his services in quelling certain minor disturbances in and around Chinthapally, the Government Conferred on him the title of Rao Sahib, 1910. Address: Chinthapally, Vizagapatam District, Madras Presy.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Chitral, Shuja-ul-Mulk, Mehtar of

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​Chitral, Shuja-ul-Mulk, Mehtar of; About the year 1880, one Aman-ul-Mulk was the Chief of Chitral, having received a Subsidy from the British Government. He died in 1892 and his son Afzul-ul-Mulk succeeded him; but believing that the claims of one Nizam-ul-Mulk were being supported by the British, he ran away leaving the latter in undisputed possession of Chitral. Nizam-ul-Mulk’s claim was recognised by the Government and a Resident was placed in Chitral. In 1895 however, Nizam-ul-Mulk was murdered and the fort of Chitral taken possession of by one Amir-ul-Mulk. This man was soon after ousted by his brother Shuja-ul-Mulk, who was recognised as a provisional Mehtar. Disturbances arose soon after in Chitral, the result of which was that Shuja-ul-Mulk was confirmed as Mehtar. Since then the principality has been under the protection of the British and has been enjoying peace. Address: Chitral, N.W.F. Province, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Chirol, Sir Valentine

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​Chirol, Sir Valentine; late Director of the Foreign Deptt. of the “Times” of London; s. of late Rev. Alexander Chirol; b. 1852; educ, in France and Germany; Bachelier-es-letters of the University of Paris; Clerk, Foreign Office, 1872-76; travelled in European and Asiatic Turkey, Egypt, Persia, and the Far East, as well as in the United States and British Colonies; resided in Berlin for nearly ten years and was the Berlin Correspondent of the Times of London; succeeded Sir D. M. Wallace, as Director, Foreign Deptt. of the Times; Came out to India as Correspondent of the Times, 1905-06; Member of the Royal Public Services Commission, 1912 and in that capacity visited India a second time. Publications: Twist Greek and Turk, 1881; The Far Eastern Question, 1896; the Middle Eastern Question, 1903; and many articles in the London Times and other journals. Address: Queen Anne’s Mansion, St James Park, S.W.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Polk, Frank Lyon

Edition of 1920. See also Frank Polk on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
POLK, pōk, Frank Lyon, American lawyer, b. New York, 13 Sept. 1871. In 1894 he was graduated at Yale University and three years later at the Columbia Law School. In 1897 he began his practice in New York City, was member of the civil service commission of New York in 1907-09, and in 1907 and 1910 was member of the New York board of education. On 24 Jan. 1914 Mayor Mitchel appointed him corporation counsel, in which office he remained until his appointment on 16 Sept. 1915 as counsellor for the Department of State at Washington. During Secretary Lansing's absence in Europe as delegate to the Peace Conference, Mr. Polk was acting Secretary of State.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Polk, Leonidas

Edition of 1920. See also Leonidas Polk on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
POLK, Leonidas, American general and Protestant Episcopal bishop; b. Raleigh, N. C., 10 April 1806; d. Pine Mountain, Ga., 14 June 1864. He was a cousin of President Polk (q.v.). Educated at the United States Military Academy, he subsequently studied for the ministry, and in 1831 took priest's orders in the Episcopal Church. In 1838 he was consecrated missionary bishop of the Southwest Indian Territory, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. In 1841 he was appointed bishop of Louisiana, and his plan for a system of higher education in the South had its outcome in Sewanee University and the University of the South, established in 1858. He was an ardent lover of the South and soon after the outbreak of the Civil War
was offered a major-generalship in the Confederate army and, accepting it, proceeded to fortify strongly strategic points on the Mississippi. At Shiloh and at Corinth he commanded the First corps; in October 1862 be was promoted to lieutenant-general, and in November conducted the retreat from Kentucky. In December 1863 he was promoted to the Department of Alabama, Mississippi and eastern Louisiana, and afterward joined Johnston in opposing Sherman's march to Atlanta. He was killed by a cannon ball while reconnoitring on Pine Mountain. Consult ‘Life’ by his son, W. M. Polk (1893).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Polka

Edition of 1920. See also Polka on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
POLKA, a dance of Bohemian or Polish origin, the name being derived from the Bohemian pulka, half, from the half-step that characterizes the dance, or from Polka, a Polish woman. Stainer and Barrett in their ‘Dictionary of Music’ credit the invention of the dance to Anna Slazak, a farm servant at Elbsteinitz, near Prague, about 1830. It was popularly introduced at Prague about 1835, and in 1839 was brought by a part of the musical band of the Prague sharpshooters, under the management of Pergler, to Vienna, where both the music and dance met with extraordinary acceptance. In 1840 it was received with the greatest applause at the Odéon Theatre in Paris, and was soon the favorite dance at all the public and private balls of that capital. It spread rapidly into every country of Europe, and is now common in every part of the civilized world. The music is written in two-four time, the first three quavers being generally strongly accentuated.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Printz, Johan

Edition of 1920. See also Johan Björnsson Printz on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PRINTZ, Johan, yō'hän prïnts, Swedish colonial governor in America: b. Bottneryd, Sweden, about 1600; d. 1663. He fought in Germany in the Thirty Years War with the rank of a lieutenant-colonel of artillery in the Swedish army, but having surrendered Chemnitz in Saxony to the enemy, was deprived of his rank. In 1641, however, he regained the
good will of the Crown, was raised to the nobility and made the third Governor of the colony established by the Swedes on the Delaware River in 1638. He landed at Fort Christina in 1643 and until his departure from the colony in 1658 maintained the prosperity of the settlement, upheld the Swedish claims, almost unaided, against the English under Sir Edmund Plowden and Lamberton, and against his near neighbors, the Dutch. He built forts on the island of Tinicum near the mouth of the Schuylkill below Philadelphia, at Wilmington, and at New Castle, exerting much influence over the Indians along the Delaware and protecting his trade with them. At Tinicum he built himself a rude mansion, known as “Printz Hall.” The influx of settlers during his rule was made up of a good class of farmers who dealt fairly with the Indians and established a precedent of kindliness and justice acted upon so successfully afterward by William Penn. The only record of Printz after he returned to Sweden is that he was made a general, and in 1658 was appointed governor of Jönköping. Consult Acrelius, ‘History of New Sweden’ (extracts in ‘Old South Leaflet,’ No. 96); Smith, ‘The Thirteen Colonies’ (1901); Winsor, ‘Narrative and Critical History of America’ (1889).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Polk, William Mecklenburg

Edition of 1920. See also William Mecklenburg Polk on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
POLK, William Mecklenburg, American physician, son of Leonidas Polk, the Rebel bishop: b. Ashwood, Maury County, Tenn., 15 Aug. 1844. He was graduated at the Virginia Military Institute in 1861; served in the Confederate Army under his father and rose to the rank of captain. In 1869 he was graduated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, since when he has practised in New York. In 1876-79 he was professor of therapeutics at Bellerue Hospital Medical College; in 1879-98 professor of obstetrics and gynecology at New York University and since 1898 dean and professor of gynecology at Cornell University Medical College. Dr. Polk is consulting gynecologist to many hospitals in New York City.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Polko, Elise Vogel

Edition of 1920. See also Elise Polko on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
POLKO, pōl'kō, Elise Vogel, German novelist: b. Leipzig, Germany, 31 Jan. 1822; d. Munich, 15 May 1899. She was a sister of Eduard Vogel, the African explorer, and attained considerable fame as a public singer, but retired from the stage after her marriage to Polko, a scientist, and thenceforth devoted herself to literature, in which field she won much notice. Her ‘Musikalische Märchen’ (1852) was translated into English, as were others of her books. She published ‘Ein Frauenleben’ (1854); ‘Erinnerungen an Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy’ (1868); ‘Aus dem Jahre 1870’; ‘Conversations’ (1872); ‘Neues Märchenbuch’ (1884), etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Priest of Kirchfeld, The

Edition of 1920. See also Der Pfarrer von Kirchfeld on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PRIEST OF KIRCHFELD, The. The folkplay in Viennese dialect, ‘Der Pfarrer von Kirchfeld,’ produced 5 Nov. 1870, in Vienna, is Anzengruber's most popular drama even if in the opinion of the critics it is not his best. It raised a struggling unknown author to fame, partly because of its freshness and inherent excellence, but more because it voiced popular feelings in regard to the celibacy of the clergy, mixed unions, enforced civil marriage and the relation of church and state as affected by the declaration of papal infallibility in 1870.
The scene is laid just outside of Austria in the most conservative portion of Old Bavaria among a simple peasantry “whose passions, expressed without reservation or but clumsily concealed” were a novel revelation of human nature to theatregoers. Priest Hell and his feudal adversary, Count Finsterberg, reveal by their very names the nature of the conflict which is precipitated by Hell's innocent gift of a little gold cross to his ward, the orphaned, penniless Annerl. This gives the vagabond Wurselsepp an opportunity to ruin the Priest with his parish as an expression of hatred caused by ecclesiastical prevention of his union to a Lutheran girl 20 years before. In the best scene of the play Hell converts and wins the friendship of this enemy when he permits the burial of Wurzelsepp's suicide mother in consecrated ground. But this employment of his own judgment against the law of the Church loses for him his parish.
Though a member of the “church militant and regnant” he had sought like the ‘Monk of Wittenberg’ for a way short of the requirement to inquire “May I do it, just as I mean it?”, a way which makes men “indifferent or apostate.” Herein lies a part of the tragedy of his position. However, he becomes no champion of the “Away from Rome” movement, which later gained such strength. He conquers self, and submits. More tragic, almost to the point of suicide, is his love for Annerl, who also learns resignation like all Austrians, by giving hand and allegiance to the peasant, Michel. It is this soul conflict, more than its politico-religious purpose, which makes the play great. First produced in the Folktheatre “an der Wien,” it gradually found its way over all German-speaking lands, being played 632 times between 1899 and 1905. Text Vol. VI of Gesammelte Werke (1898). Criticism Sigismund Friedmann, ‘Ludwig Anzengruben’ (Leipzig 1902).
# The Hundred Best Poems (lyrical) in the English language - second series/O! breathe not his name

THOMAS MOORE.
OH! breathe not his name, let it sleep in the shade,
Where cold and unhonour'd his relics are laid:
Sad, silent, and dark, be the tears that we shed,
As the night-dew that falls on the grass o'er his head.
But the night-dew that falls, though in silence it weeps,
Shall brighten with verdure the grave where he sleeps;
And the tear that we shed, though in secret it rolls,
Shall long keep his memory green in our souls.
# The Hundred Best Poems (lyrical) in the English language - second series/Ode to Psyche

JOHN KEATS.
O GODDESS! hear these tuneless numbers, wrung
By sweet enforcement and remembrance dear,
And pardon that thy secrets should be sung
Even into thine own soft-conched ear:
Surely I dreamt to-day, or did I see
The winged Psyche with awaken'd eyes?
I wander'd in a forest thoughtlessly,
And, on the sudden, fainting with surprise,
Saw two fair creatures, couched side by side
In deepest grass, beneath the whisp'ring roof
Of leaves and trembled blossoms, where there ran
A brooklet, scarce espied:
Mid hush'd, cool-rooted flowers, fragrant-eyed,
Blue, silver-white, and budded Tyrian,
They lay calm-breathing, on the bedded grass;
Their arms embraced, and their pinions too;
Their lips touch'd not, but had not bade adieu,
As if disjoined by soft-handed slumber,
And ready still past kisses to outnumber
At tender eye-dawn of aurorean love:
The winged boy I knew;
But who wast thou, O happy, happy dove?
His Psyche true!
O latest born and loveliest vision far
Of all Olympus' faded hierarchy!
Fairer than Phoebe's sapphire-region'd star,
Or Vesper, amorous glow-worm of the sky;
Fairer than these, though temple thou hast none,
Nor altar heap'd with flowers;
Nor virgin-choir to make delicious moan
Upon the midnight hours;
No voice, no lute, no pipe, no incense sweet
From chain-swung censer teeming;
No shrine, no grove, no oracle, no heat
Of pale-mouth'd prophet dreaming.
O brightest! though too late for antique vows,
Too, too late for the fond believing lyre,
When holy were the haunted forest boughs,
Holy the air, the water, and the fire;
Yet even in these days so far retir'd
From happy pieties, thy lucent fans,
Fluttering among the faint Olympians,
I see, and sing, by my own eyes inspir'd.
So let me be thy choir, and make a moan
Upon the midnight hours;
Thy voice, thy lute, thy pipe, thy incense sweet
From swinged censer teeming;
Thy shrine, thy grove, thy oracle, thy heat
Of pale-mouth'd prophet dreaming.
Yes, I will be thy priest, and build a fane
In some untrodden region of my mind,
Where branched thoughts, new grown with pleasant pain,
Instead of pines shall murmur in the wind:
Far, far around shall those dark-cluster'd trees
Fledge the wild-ridged mountains steep by steep;
And there by zephyrs, streams, and birds, and bees,
The moss-lain Dryads shall be lull'd to sleep;
And in the midst of this wide quietness
A rosy sanctuary will I dress
With the wreath d trellis of a working brain,
With buds, and bells, and stars without a name,
With all the gardener Fancy e'er could feign,
Who breeding flowers, will never breed the same:
And there shall be for thee all soft delight
That shadowy thought can win,
A bright torch, and a casement ope at night,
To let the warm Love in!
# The Hundred Best Poems (lyrical) in the English language - second series/My heart leaps up when I behold

WILLIAM WORDSWORTH.
MY heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the sky: So was it when my life began; So is it now I am a man; So be it when I shall grow old, Or let me die! The Child is father of the Man; And I could wish my days to be Bound each to each by natural piety.
# The Hundred Best Poems (lyrical) in the English language - second series/Nuns fret not

PART i.—i.
# The Hundred Best Poems (lyrical) in the English language - second series/O, Wert Thou in the Cauld Blast

ROBERT BURNS.
I.
On yonder lea, on yonder lea,
My plaidie to the angry airt,
I'd shelter thee, I'd shelter thee.
Or did Misfortune's bitter storms
Around thee blaw, around thee blaw,
Thy bield should be my bosom,
To share it a', to share it a'.
II.
Sae black and bare, sae black and bare,.
The desert were a Paradise,
If thou wert there, if thou wert there.
Or were I monarch of the globe,
Wi' thee to reign, wi' thee to reign,
The brightest jewel in my crown
Wad be my queen, wad be my queen.
# The Hundred Best Poems (lyrical) in the English language - second series/O, mistress mine, where are you roaming

O MISTRESS mine, where are you roaming?
O, stay and hear; your true love's coming,
That can sing both high and low:
Trip no further, pretty sweeting;
Journeys end in lovers meeting,
Every wise man's son doth know.
What is love? 'tis not hereafter;
Present mirth hath present laughter;
What's to come is still unsure:
In delay there lies no plenty;
Then come kiss me, sweet and twenty,
Youth's a stuff will not endure.