OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Rüpel

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Rüpel | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Rüpel, m., ‘coarse fellow, lubber,’ prop. a Bav. abbreviation of Ruprecht (hence Rüpel and Rüppel as surnames); for a similar use of proper names comp. Metze. Probably the meaning of Rüpel was occasioned by Knecht Ruprecht, ‘Knight Robert’ (bugbear in nursery tales), in whose character maskers disported themselves in a rude and coarse manner.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Rüssel

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Rüssel | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Rüssel, m., ‘trunk (of an elephant), snout,’ from the equiv. MidHG. rüeȥel, m.; ModHG. has shortened the real stem vowel as in lassen, from MidHG. lâȥen. OHG. *ruoȥil, earlier *wruoȥil, are unrecorded. Comp. the equiv. AS. wrôt, East Fris. wrôte, formed without the l suffix; also OHG. ruozzen, ‘to root or tear up the earth,’ Du. wroeten and North Fris. wretten, ‘to root,’ AS. wrôtan, wrôtian, E. to root. The Teut. root wrôt, ‘to root up’ (Rüssel is lit. ‘the uprooting snout of a pig’), from pre-Teut. wrôd (yet see Wurzel), has not yet been discovered in the non-Teut. languages; perhaps Lat. rôdere, ‘to gnaw,’ is primit. allied.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Rücken

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Rücken | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Rücken, im., ‘back, rear, ridge,’ from the equiv. MidHG. rücke, OHG. rucki, earlier hrukki, m. (Goth. *hrugja- is to be assumed); comp. the equiv. OSax. hruggi, Du. rug, AS. hrycg, E. ridge, OIc. hryggr. Gr. ῥάχις, ‘back,’ is not allied, because krakjó- is the OAryan form for Rücken. It is more probably related to OIr. crocen, ‘skin, back,’ and the Sans. root kruñc, ‘to bend,’ so Rücken may have been named from its flexibility. See zurück.—
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Rüde

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Rüde | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Rüde, m., ‘hound,’ from MidHG. rüde, m., ‘big hound,’ OHG. rudo, hrudeo; OHG. *rutto (comp. ModHG. dial. Rütte) is by chance not recorded, but it may be assumed from the equiv. AS. ryÞÞa, hryþþa, m. Their origin is not certain, espec. as it cannot be determined whether the initial h of the AS. word is permanent; we have probably to assume Goth. *ruÞja, m. Akin to AS. roðhund?.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Rübe

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Rübe | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Rübe (UpG. Rube), f., ‘rape, turnip,’ from the equiv. MidHG. rüebe, ruobe, OHG. ruoba, ruoppa, f. The OHG. word cannot have been borrowed from Lat. râpa, ‘rape,’ although names of vegetables (comp. Kohl, Kappes, and Rettich) have passed directly from Lat. into OHG.; for if the word were borrowed thus, the sounds of Lat. râpa must have been preserved, or rather the p must have been changed into ff. The assumption that the prim. Teut. form rôbî appearing in Rübe was borrowed is opposed by the OHG. graded form râba, MidHG. râbe, ‘rape’ (Swiss rǟbi). The pre-Teut. word is therefore related to Lat. râpum, râpa, with which Gr. ῥάπυς, ῥάφυς, ‘turnip,’ ῥάφανος, ῥαφάνη, OSlov. rěpa, Lith. rópė, ‘turnip,’ are also connected. These cognates are wanting in East Aryan, hence the supposition that they were borrowed, as in the case of Hanf, is not to be discarded.—
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Rübezahl

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Rübezahl | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Rübezahl, ‘Numbernips, a fabulous spirit of the Riesengebirge,’ is a contraction of MidHG. Ruobezagel, ‘turnip-tail’ (MidHG. zagel is equiv. to E. tail, AS. tœgel).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Mütze

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Mütze. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Mütze, feminine, from the equivalent late Middle High German mütze, mutze, feminine, ‘cap, bonnet,’ which is a shortened form of the equivalent armuȥ, almuȥ. It is derived from Middle Latin almutia, armutia, almutium, properly ‘amictus quo Canonici caput humerosque tegebant,’ worn also at a later period by laymen; the development of meaning is similar to that of Modern High German Kappe. Middle Latin almutia, the origin of which is entirely obscure (al is thought to be the Arabic article), appears in Romance. Compare French aumusse or aumuce, ‘amess’ (fur cap worn by officials in Roman Catholic churches).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Mühle

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Mühle. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Mühle, feminine, from the equivalent Middle High German mül (müle), Old High German mulî, mulîn, feminine, ‘mill’; compare Anglo-Saxon myln, English mill, Old Icelandic mylna (derived from English), feminine, ‘mill.’ Hardly a Teutonic derivative of the root mal, discussed under mahlen; it is rather borrowed from common Romance môlina, ‘mill’ (for classical Latin mola); compare Italian mulino, French moulin, ‘mill’ (Dutch molen, Old Irish mulen, and Slavonic mŭlinŭ. The formation of an Old Teutonic *mulînô with a suffix -înô has no parallels in Teutonic. The genuine Teutonic word for ‘mill’ is preserved in Gothic qaírnus, Anglo-Saxon cweorn, Old High German quirn.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Mühsal

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Mühsal. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Mühsal, neuter, from the equivalent Middle High German (rare) müesal, neuter, ‘trouble, affliction’; formed by means of the oft-recurring suffix -sal, from the Middle High German verb, *müejen, Modern High German mühen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Mündel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Mündel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Mündel, masculine and feminine, ‘ward, minor,’ Modern High German only; in Middle High German mundelinc, ‘ward’ and ‘guardian.’ A derivative of Mund (2).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Münze

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Münze. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Münze (1.), feminine, from the equivalent Middle High German münȥe, Old High German muniȥȥa, feminine, ‘coin.’ The word was adopted in West Teutonic previous to the High German permutation, probably even before the time of Tacitus, from Latin monêta, ‘coin, money’; compare Anglo-Saxon mynet, English mint, Dutch munt. Latin monêta, on its adoption, was probably pronounced, with a Teutonic accent, mónêta; ê passed into î and ŏ into ŭ, later ü; múnita is the initial stage of Old High German múnĭȥȥa. That Latin words were introduced with Latin money (Tacit. Germ. 5) is antecedently probable. Compare Pfund.
Münze (2.), feminine, equivalent to Minze.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Müller

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Müller. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Müller, masculine, ‘miller,’ from Middle High German mülner, mülnœre, neuter (ln is preserved in the surname Müllner, in other cases it is represented by ll), Old High German mûlinâri, masculine, ‘miller.’ A derivative of Mühle (Old High German mulîna), or borrowed directly from Middle Latin molinarius (Italian mulinaro, French meunier), ‘miller.’ See Mühle.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Mühe

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Mühe. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Mühe, feminine, from the equivalent Middle High German müeje, Old High German muoî, feminine, ‘toil,’ is a verbal abstract of the verb mühen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Münster

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Münster. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Münster, neuter and masculine, ‘minster, cathedral,’ from. Middle High German münster, Old High German munustiri, munistri, neuter, properly ‘monastery, convent’ (Old High German), then (Middle High German) ‘monastery or convent church, collegiate church, cathedral’; compare Anglo-Saxon mynster, English minster. Formed from Latin and Greek monastêrium, ‘monastery,’ whence also Modern French moutier, ‘monastery, convent’ (compare also Old Irish munter, manister, as well as Old Slovenian monastyrĭ, ‘monastery’). Middle Latin monasteria were originally cellae in quibus unicus degit monachus, then generally ‘monastery,’ finally ‘cathedral,’ quod plerisque in ecclesiis cathedralibus monachi, non ut hodie canonici, olim sacra munera obirent (this signification is found even towards the end of the 11th century). Mönch was borrowed at the same period as Münster; compare Abt and Probst.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Nabe

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Nabe. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Nabe, feminine, from the equivalent Middle High German nabe, Old High German naba, feminine, ‘nave (of a wheel)’; corresponding to Dutch naaf, aaf, nave (see Näber, Natter), Anglo-Saxon nafu, feminine, English nave, Old Icelandic nǫf, feminine, all of which have the same meaning; Gothic *naba, feminine, is by chance not recorded. Both the word and the idea are Old Aryan (primitive form nobhâ); compare Old Indian nãbhi, feminine, and nãbhya, neuter, ‘nave (of a wheel).’ Undoubtedly the cognates discussed under Nabel with the meaning ‘navel’ are primitively allied, the Indian word nâbhi just quoted also signifying ‘navel,’ as well as Lettic naba, feminine, which is exactly equivalent in sound to Old High German naba. Hence Latin umbo (for *onbo, *nobo), ‘boss (of a shield),’ may also be connected with umbilîcus, ‘navel’; compare Greek ὀμφαλός, ‘navel, boss (of a shield).’ With regard to the antiquity of the terms denoting parts of a waggon see Rad, Achse, Lünse, and Deichsel.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Wat

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Wat. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Wat, feminine, ‘dress, garment,’ an archaic word, from the equivalent Middle High German and Old High German wât, feminine, which, with its Old Teutonic cognates, is referred to the Zend root wað, ‘to dress.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Wate

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Wate. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Wate, feminine, ‘scoop-net, seine,’ from the equivalent Middle High German wate, feminine; allied to Old Icelandic vaðr, ‘fishing-line.’ Perhaps it is based on the root of Old High German giwëtan, Middle High German wëtan, ‘to combine, tie together.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Wase

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Wase. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Wase, feminine, see Base.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Wasser

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Wasser. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Wasser, neuter, ‘water,’ from the equivalent Middle High German waȥȥer, Old High German waȥȥar; compare Old Saxon watar, Dutch water, Anglo-Saxon wœter, English water; beside these West Teutonic forms in r (watar-o-) are found the forms in n, Gothic watô, Old Icelandic vatn, neuter, ‘water.’ The root wat is related by gradation to ut in Otter, and to wêt in Anglo-Saxon wœ̂t, English wet, North Frisian wiat, ‘damp, wet.’ The other Aryan languages have also corresponding graded forms with the same signification; Aryan ud in Greek ὕδωρ (Latin unda?), Old Slovenian voda, Sanscrit udán, ‘water, billow,’ udrín, ‘abounding in water, ​and also the root ud, ‘to moisten’ (with which the cognates of Modern High German waschen are connected?). Hence the Aryan root is ū̆d, wē̆d, wō̆d. The Aryan word corresponding to Latin aqua assumed in Teutonic (Gothic ahwa) the meaning ‘river.’ See Au.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Watte

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Watte. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Watte, feminine, ‘wadding, fleece,’ Modern High German only, from Dutch watte; allied to the equivalent English wad, French ouate, Italian ovate. The origin of the cognates is not to be sought for in Teutonic, since the Teutonic words have appeared only in modern times, and no other undoubted cognates are to be found in the group. The word was also borrowed in Romance.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Warte

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Warte. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Warte, feminine, ‘watch-tower, belfry,’ from Middle High German warte, Old High German warta, feminine, ‘reconnoitring, ambush.’ —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Wasen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Wasen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Wasen, masculine, ‘sod, turf, grass,’ from Middle High German wase, Old High German waso, masculine, ‘sward, damp soil or mound’; also Old High German wasal, neuter, ‘damp mound.’ The word is identical with Rasen, just as sprechen with English to speak; compare Anglo-Saxon węččęan, wręččęan, ‘to awake,’ and Anglo-Saxon wrîxl with Wechsel. Hence there existed Aryan roots with and without r; we must therefore regard wraso, waso, as the Teutonic base; for the area of diffusion see Rasen. From Old High German is derived French gazon, ‘sward.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Warze

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Warze. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Warze, feminine, ‘wart, teat,’ from the equivalent Middle High German warze, Old High German warza, feminine; corresponding to Gothic *wartô, Old Icelandic varta, Anglo-Saxon wearte, English wart, and the equivalent Dutch wrat. The early history of Teutonic wartô- (from Aryan wardô-) is uncertain; some connect it with the Aryan root wrd, ‘to grow,’ from which Wurzel is derived, and regard Warze as ‘excrescence’ (compare Old Slovenian vrědŭ, ‘eruption’). Others prefer to compare it with Anglo-Saxon wearre, ‘weal,’ Latin verrûca, ‘wart,’ the rr of which may have arisen by the loss of an intermediate dental.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Wechsel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Wechsel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Wechsel, masculine, ‘change, vicissitude,’ from Middle High German wëhsel, Old High German wëhsal, masculine, ‘change, barter, exchange, trade’; corresponding to Old Saxon wëhsal, ‘trade, money,’ Dutch wissel. A specifically German derivative with the suffix -sla, from the same root as Latin vī̆ces, ‘variation, alternation.’ The Aryan root wī̆k (Latin vī̆c-) appears to have had a variant wī̆g, which occurs in Woche and weihen. For Anglo-Saxon wrîxl see Wasen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Wau

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Wau. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Wau, masculine, ‘dyer's weed, weld,’ Modern High German only, from Dutch wouw (also in earlier Modern High German Waude); compare English weld. From Teutonic (Gothic *walda-) are derived French gaude and Spanish gualda. In non-Teutonic there are no cognates that might explain the early history of the word.
# American Pocket Library of Useful Knowledge/Rail-Roads

RAIL-ROADS
Rail-Roads, in the facilities they furnish of transporting passengers, produce, and country merchandise, as well as In the immense amount of employment furnished to many thousand of labourers, mechanics, and others, are justly considered among the greatest improvements of the age.
Profits.–On eight rail-roads in Massachusetts in 1840, total receipts were 1,191,710 dollars; expenses, 634,786 dollars, leaving a surplus of 636,924 dollars.
TABLE,
SHOWING THE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF ANIMAL AND MECHANICAL LABOUR.
| Speed per hour. | Daily animal labour. | Daily mechanical labour. | Tons conveyed by 5 horses or 1 locomotive. | Daily dist. by horses. | Daily distance of locomotion. | For labour of 1 engine. |
| ms. | h. m. | hours. | tons. | ms. | miles. | horses. |
| 2 | 10 | 24 | 50 | 20 | 48 | 12 |
| 3 | 6 40 | 24 | 49 33 | 20 | 72 | 18 |
| 3 1/2 | 5 42 | 24 | 49 | 20 | 84 | 21 |
| 4 | 5 | 24 | 48.75 | 20 | 96 | 24 |
| 5 | 4 | 24 | 48.25 | 20 | 120 | 30 |
| 6 | 3 20 | 24 | 47.66 | 20 | 144 | 36 |
| 7 | 2 51 | 24 | 47.1 | 20 | 168 | 42 |
| 8 | 2 30 | 24 | 46.55 | 20 | 192 | 48 |
| 9 | 2 13 | 24 | 46 | 20 | 216 | 54 |
| 10 | 2 | 24 | 45.5 | 20 | 240 | 60 |
| 11 | 1 48 | 24 | 45 | 20 | 264 | 66 |
PRINCIPAL RAIL-ROADS,
Finished or in progress in the U. States, connecting,
Boston and Newburyport, 33 miles; Boston and Lowell, 23; Boston and Worcester, 160; Providence and Stonington, 47; Norwich and Worcester, 58; Hartford and New Haven, 40; Utica and Schenectady, 84; Troy and Ballston, 25; Mohawk and Hudson, 16; Saratoga and Schenectady, 23; Utica and Syracuse, 50; Auburn and Syracuse, 25; Lockport and Niagara Falls, 20; Buffalo and Niagara Falls, 23; Rochester and Attica, 47; Ithaca and Owego, 29; New York and Erie, 340; Jersey City and Paterson, 15; Jersey City and Trenton, 58; Camden and Amboy, 61; Philadelphia and Trenton, 26; Philadelphia and Columbia, 82; Philadelphia and Baltimore, 93; Philadelphia and Norristown, 17; Philadelphia and Heading, 56; Danville and Pottsville, 45; Lancaster and Harrisburg, 37; Westchester, 9; Baltimore and Susquehannah, 70; Williamsport and Elmira, 74; Reading and Port Clinton, 20; Little Schuylkill, 20; Harrisburg and Chamber-burg, 49; Wrightsvllle and Gettysburg, 42; Newcastle and Frenchtown, 17; Baltimore and Ohio, 60; Baltimore and Washington, 40; Winchester and Harper’s Ferry, 30; Richmond and Potomac, 75; Richmond and Petersburg, 21; Petersburg and Blakely, 60; Portsmouth and Wildon, 80; Hickford and Gaston, 18; Raleigh and Gaston, 86; Wilmington and Halifax, 161; Charleston and Hamburg, 135; Savannah and Macon, 200; Macon and Forsville, 25; Augusta and Decatur, 160; Tuscumbia and Decatur, 45; Montgomery and West Point, 85; Vicksburg and Jackson, 54; Jackson and Brandon, 8; Grand Gulf, 8; New Orleans and Nashville, 500; Clinton and Port Hudson, 28; St. Francisville and Woodville, 28; Memphis and Lagrange, 50; Dayton and Sandusky, 153; Louisville and Lexington, 90; Detroit and St. Josephs, 180; Detroit and Pontiac, 30; Toledo and Marshall, 90; Madison and Lafayette, 150; Lawrenceburg and Indianapolis, 90.
# American Pocket Library of Useful Knowledge/Statistics

AMOUNT OF APPROPRIATIONS, Made at the 2d Session of the 26th Congress.
COMPARATIVE AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.
According to the returns of the Marshals, by whom the late census was taken, the State of New York is behind Pennsylvania in the production of wheat to the amount of about 2,000,000 bushels annually; while it excels Pennsylvania in the production of rye over 3,000,000 bushels, of Indian corn 2,500,000 bushels, of oats over 2,000,000 bushels, of buckwheat 300,000 bushels, of barley 2,300,000 bushels, of potatoes 21,000.000 bushels, wool nearly 1,000,000 pounds, hay nearly 2,000,000 tons, sugar over 8,000,000 pounds, and of products of the dairy over 8,000,000 dollars. In the production of wheat, Ohio exceeds Pennsylvania about 3,000,000 bushels, while Virginia is but about 1,500,000 bushels behind New York in that article. In Indian corn, Tennessee takes the lead of all the States, producing 42,500,000 millions of bushels yearly. North Carolina 34,500,000 bushels, Virginia about 34,000,000 bushels, Illinois 28,000,000, Michigan 22,000,000, Alabama 18,000,000, Missouri 15,000,000, Pennsylvania 13,500,000, and New York 10,000,000. Of neat cattle, New York possesses 2,642,438, Pennsylvania 146,418, Ohio 1,008,313. Of sheep New York has 5,381,225, Pennsylvania 3,396,431, Ohio 1,964,957, Vermont 1,393,420, Virginia 1,280,736. In the products of the orchard, New York and Vermont lead the other states nearly two to one; the former being to the amount of 1,732,357 dollars, the latter 1,109,387 dollars. In cotton, Mississippi bears the palm, producing yearly 289,638,818 pounds, Alabama 240,379,669 pounds, South Carolina 148,907,880 pounds, Georgia 134,322,755 pounds, Louisiana 87,640,185 pounds, Virginia 10,767,451 pounds.
For details, see pages 54 and 55.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Schnitzer

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schnitzer | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schnitzer, m., ‘blunder,’ allied to sich schneiden, ‘to deceive oneself’? or to Schnitzel, ‘trifle’?.