# The World Factbook (1982)/Thailand
## THAILANDTHAILAND

* (See reference map IX)

### LANDLAND

514,820 km$^2$; 24% in farms, 56% forested, 20% other
Land boundaries: 4,868 km

### WATERWATER

Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,219 km

### PEOPLEPEOPLE

Population: 49,823,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun—Thai (sing. and pl.); adjective—Thai
Ethnic divisions: 75% Thai, 14% Chinese, 11% minorities
Religion: 95.5% Buddhist, 4% Muslim, 0.5% Christian
Language: Thai; English secondary language of elite
Literacy: 82%
Labor force: 78% agriculture, 15% services, 7% industry

### GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

Official name: Kingdom of Thailand
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Bangkok
Political subdivisions: 71 centrally controlled provinces
Legal system: based on civil law system, with influences of common law; legal education at Thammasat University; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Day, 5 December
Branches: King is head of state with nominal powers; semiparliamentary system reestablished 22 April 1979; judiciary relatively independent except in important political subversive cases
Government leaders: King BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ, Prime Minister Gen. PREM TINSULANONDA
Elections: last held April 1979; next scheduled for April 1983
​Political parties: Social Action Party, Thai Nation Party, Thai People's Party, Thai Citizen Party, Democrat Party, Freedom and Justice Party, Nation and People Party, New Force Party, National Democracy Party; other small parties represented in parliament along with numerous independents
Communists: strength of illegal Communist Party is about 1,200; Thai Communist insurgents throughout Thailand total an estimated 9,000
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, SEAMES, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO; negotiations underway for membership in GATT

### ECONOMYECONOMY

GNP: $32 billion (1980), $680 per capita; 6% real growth in 1980 (8.2% real growth, 1975-79)
Agriculture: main crops—rice, sugar, corn, rubber, tapioca
Fishing: catch 2.1 million metric tons (1979); major fishery export, shrimp, 18,628 metric tons, about $116 million (1979); total marine export, estimated $249 million (1978) ,
Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles, wood and wood products, cement, tin and tungsten ore mining; world's second largest tungsten producer and third largest tin producer
Shortages: fuel sources, including coal, petroleum; scrap iron, and fertilizer
Electric power: 3,830,820 kW capacity (1980); 14.543 million kWh produced (1980), 330 kWh per capita
Exports: $6.5 billion (f.o.b., 1980); rice, sugar, corn, rubber, tin, tapioca, kenaf
Imports: $9.6 billion (c.i.f., 1980); machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, base metals, chemicals, and fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports—Japan, US, Singapore, Netherlands, Hong Kong, Malaysia; imports—Japan, US, West Germany, UK, Singapore, Saudi Arabia; about 1% or less trade with Communist countries
Budget: (FY82) estimate of expenditures, $7.3 billion; Defense Ministry budget, $1.4 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 20.48 baht=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September

### COMMUNICATIONSCOMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 3,830 km meter gauge (1.000 m), 97 km double track
Highways: 27,498 km total; 21,742 km paved, 5,756 km crushed stone and soil aggregate
Inland waterways: 3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by shallow-draft native craft
Ports: 2 major, 16 minor
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 162 total, 120 usable; 56 with permanent-surface runways; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service to general public adequate; bulk of service to government activities provided by multi-channel cable and radio-relay network; satellite ground station; domestic satellite system being developed; 451,409 telephones (1.0 per 100 popl.); approx. 150 AM, 15 FM, and 10 TV transmitters in government-controlled networks

### DEFENSE FORCESDEFENSE FORCES

Military manpower: males 15-49, 12,323,000; 7,570,000 fit for military service; about 589,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 September 1982, $1,427 million; 19.5.% of central government budget