OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Melchior Carneiro

From volume 3 of the work.
(Carnero).
Missionary bishop; b. of a noble family at Coimbra, in Portugal; d. at Macao, 19 August, 1583. He entered the Society of Jesus, 25 April, 1543, was appointed in 1551 the first rector of the College of Evora, and shortly after transferred to the rectorship of the College of Lisbon. When, in 1553, Simon Rodriguez, the first provincial of Portugal, was summoned to Rome to answer charges made against his administration, the visitor, Nadal, assigned him Carneiro as a companion. In the meantime King John of Portugal, the great friend and patron of the Society, had written both to Pope Julius III and to St. Ignatius, requesting the appointment of a Jesuit as Patriarch of Ethiopia. The pope chose John Nugnez, giving him at the same time two coadjutors with the right of succession, Andrew Oviedo, titular bishop of Hieropolis, and Melchior Carneiro, of Nicæa. They were consecrated in 1555, and were the first Jesuits to be raised to the episcopal dignity. The pope had given them an order of obedience to accept consecration, and St. Ignatius acquiesced, considering that the dignity carried with it hardship and suffering rather than honour. Unable to enter his missionary field of Ethiopia, Carneiro set out for the Indies and landed at Goa. He laboured there on the Malabar coast until 1567, when he was appointed first bishop of Japan and China, which office he seems to have renounced soon after, for in 1569 Leonard de Saa succeeded him. He retired to the home of the Society of Jesus at Macao, where he died. Carneiro has written some letters of considerable historical interest, one from Mozambique, one from Goa, and two from Macao. They are printed in various collections.
Mon. Hist. Soc. Jesu (Madrid, 1894-96); Vita Ignatii Loyolæ, I-IV, passim; Literæ Quadrimestres, I-IV, passim; SOMMERVOGEL, Bibl. de la c. de J., II, s.v.
B. Guldner
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Melchior de Polignac

From volume 12 of the work.
Cardinal, diplomatist, and writer, b. of an ancient family of Auvergne, at Le Puy, France, 11 October, 1661; d. in Paris, 3 April, 1742. He studied with great distinction at the Collège de Clermont and the Sorbonne. While still a young man, he was present at the conclave which elected Pope Alexander VIII in 1689; and he took part in the negotiations at Rome concerning the Declaration of 1682. In 1691 he assisted at the election of Innocent XII, and in 1693 was appointed ambassador extraordinary to Poland. Here he won the favour of John Sobieski, and succeeded in having the Prince de Conti chosen as Sobieski's successor. Through Conti's dilatoriness, the election proved ineffectual, and Louis XIV, blaming Polignac, ordered him to return to his Abbey of Bon-Port. In 1702, however, he was granted two new abbeys and in 1706 sent to Rome, with Cardinal de la Trémoille, charged to settle the affairs of France with Clement XI. Between 1710 and 1713 he energetically supported French interests at the Conferences of Gertruydenberg and the Congress of Utrecht, and in 1713 was made cardinal. Compromised in Cellamare's conspiracy, he was banished, in 1718, to his abbey of Auchin, in Flanders. In 1724 he was again placed in charge of French interests at Rome and assisted at the conclave which elected Benedict XIII. For eight years he represented his country at the Court of Rome, occupied with the difficulties arising out of the Bull "Unigenitus", and returned to France in 1730, having been Archbishop of Auch since 1724.
Devoted to art and literature, and the collection of medals and antiques, Polignac became a member of the Academy in 1704, succeeding Bossuet. His addresses, sometimes delivered in Latin as correct and fluent as his French, were much admired. His great work, "Anti-Lucretius", a poem in nine books (Paris, 1745), offers a refutation of Lucretius and of Bayle, as well as an attempt to determine the nature of the Supreme Good, of the soul, of motion, and of space. His philosophical views — generally similar to those of Descartes — are questionable, but the poem is, in form, the best imitation of Lucretius and Virgil extant.
CHARLEVOIX in Mémoires de Trévoux (June, 1742); FAUCHER, Vie de card. de Polignac (Paris, 1777); DE BOZE, Histoire de l'Académie des inscriptions.
J. Lataste.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Melchior Hittorp

From volume 7 of the work.
A theologian and liturgical writer, born about 1525, at Cologne; died there in 1584. On the completion of his studies he obtained the degree of Licentiate of Theology, and was appointed Canon at S. Maria ad Gradus. In 1593 he was elected dean of the collegiate church of St. Cunibert. At the request of Jacob Pameius, then canon of Bruges and later Bishop of St-Omer, Hittorp published in 1568 "Vetustorum ecclesiæ patrum libri varii de divinis catholicæ ecclesiæ officiis", a work containing various writings of Isidore of Seville, Alcuin, Rhabanus Maurus, Strabo, Berno, and others. An enlarged edition by Ferrari (1591) was reproduced in the "Magn. Bibl, vet. PP.", X (Paris, 1644).
HURTER, Nomenclator; Allgem. deutsche Biog., XII, 507; HARZHEIM, Bibl. Colonien.; IDEM, Catal. biblioth. Metrop. Colon.
FRANCIS MERSHMAN.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Melchior Lussy

From volume 9 of the work.
Statesman, b. at Stans, Canton of Unterwalden, Switzerland, 1529; d. there 14 Nov., 1606. Even in his youth he filled various offices, took part in the campaigns of 1557 and 1573, and was afterwards ten times high bailiff of his native canton. He was often an emissary of the Confederacy at Stans, as well as in France, Spain, etc. In particular he represented, along with Abbot Joachim Eichhorn of Einsiedeln, the Catholic cantons of Switzerland at the Council of Trent. He arrived there 16 March, 1562, and stayed till June, 1563. He promised on oath, in the name of the Catholic confederates, to adopt and maintain the decisions and regulations of the council. Always mindful of this and filled with zeal for the improvement of the Church's condition, he was from that time tirelessly engaged in bringing about the full accomplishment of the council's decrees in Switzerland. Already in 1564 he resolutely made himself responsible for them; and afterwards he never lost sight of these matters, and never failed to raise a warning voice. Lussy was a friend of St. Charles Borromeo, with whom he had much correspondence, and who also invited him in 1570 to Stans. Lussy zealously arranged the establishment of a papal nunciature to Switzerland, and when bishop Giovanni Francesco Borromeo of Vercelli arrived in 1579 as nuncio and visitator, Lussy vigorously supported him. He also always gave hearty support to subsequent nuncios. In 1583 he made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, of which he published an account. Lussy founded the Capuchin monastery at Stans. After 1596 he retired from active office and piously prepared himself for death.
F. G. Mayer.
# Chicago Rock Island Pacific Railway Company v. Brown

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United States Supreme Court
229 U.S. 317
Chicago Rock Island Pacific Railway Company v. Brown
Argued: and submitted April 18, 1913. --- Decided: June 10, 1913
Messrs. M. L. Bell and F. C. Dillard for plaintiff in error.
Mr. James C. McShane for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice McKenna delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

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# Chicago Rock Island Pacific Railway Company v. Bond

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United States Supreme Court
240 U.S. 449
Chicago Rock Island Pacific Railway Company v. Bond
Argued: and submitted February 23, 1916. --- Decided: March 20, 1916
Messrs. R. J. Roberts, J. G. Gamble, M. L. Bell, C. O. Blake, W. H. Moore, and K. W. Shartel for plaintiff in error.
Mr. John C. Moore for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice McKenna delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

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# Chicago Rock Island Pacific Railway Company v. Devine

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United States Supreme Court
239 U.S. 52
Chicago Rock Island Pacific Railway Company v. Devine
Argued: October 25, 1915. --- Decided: November 8, 1915
Messrs. M. L. Bell and Thomas P. Littlepage for plaintiff in error.
Mr. James C. McShane for defendant in error.
Memorandum opinion by Mr. Chief Justice White, by direction of the court:

## Notes

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# Chicago Rock Island Pacific Railway Company v. Devine/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
239 U.S. 52
Chicago Rock Island Pacific Railway Company v. Devine
Argued: October 25, 1915. --- Decided: November 8, 1915
The recovery under the employers' liability act in the trial court, affirmed by the intermediate and supreme court, was for the damage caused by the death of Mason through the negligence of the defendant company. 266 Ill. 248, 107 N. E. 595. Two propositions are relied upon for reversal: first, a refusal to instruct a verdict on the ground that there was no evidence tending to show either negligence or that the company or the deceased at the time of the particular transaction from which the injury arose was engaged in interstate commerce; and second, a further refusal to instruct that a state statute limiting the amount of recovery was controlling although the suit was under the act of Congress. These contentions are Federal (Seaboard Air Line R. Co. v. Padgett, 236 U.S. 668, 673, 59 L. ed. 777, 781, 35 Sup. Ct. Rep. 481; Central Vermont R. Co. v. White, 238 U.S. 507, 509, 59 L. ed. 1433, 1435, 35 Sup. Ct. Rep. 865), and there is jurisdiction, as we do not find them wholly frivolous.
Overruling the motion to dismiss, we come to consider whether we should grant the motion to affirm, and for that purpose we must decide whether the propositions are so wanting in substance as not to require further argument. Rule 6, paragraph 5. We are of the opinion that, as to both propositions, an affirmative answer is required. We say this because as to the first it is apparent that there is no ground upon which to rest the assertion that there was no tendency of proof whatever on the subjects stated, but, to the contrary, the record makes it clear, and the arguments in support of the proposition demonstrate, that it alone involves a mere dispute concerning the weight of conflicting tendencies of proof. And the same conclusion is necessary as to the second, because in substance and effect the want of merit in that proposition has by necessary intendment been so conclusively established by the previous decisions of this court concerning the exclusive operation and effect of the employers' liability act over the subject with which it deals as to exclude all ground for the contention which the proposition makes. Second Employers' Liability Cases (Mondou v. New York, N. H. & H. R. Co.) 223 U.S. 1, 53-55, 56 L. ed. 327, 347, 348, 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 44, 32 Sup. Ct. Rep. 169, 1 N. C. C. A. 875; Michigan C. R. Co. v. Vreeland, 227 U.S. 59, 66, 67, 57 L. ed. 417, 419, 420, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 192, Ann. Cas. 1914C, 176; St. Louis, I. M. & S. R. Co. v. Craft, 237 U.S. 648, 655, 59 L. ed. 1160, 1162, 35 Sup. Ct. Rep. 704.
Affirmed.

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# Chicago Rock Island Pacific Railway Company v. Eaton

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United States Supreme Court
183 U.S. 589
Chicago Rock Island Pacific Railway Company v. Eaton
Argued: October 25, 1901. --- Decided: January 6, 1902
Messrs. W. F. Evans and M. A. Low for plaintiff in error.
Messrs. Thomas C. Munger, John M. Stewart, and A. E. Harvey for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice McKenna delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Waltham Abbey

From volume 15 of the work.
The Abbey of Waltham Holy Cross stood in Essex, some ten miles to the northeast of London, on the Middlesex border. In the reign of Kent, one Tofig, a wealthy landowner, built a church at Waltham for the reception of a miraculous cross, discovered through a vision in Somerset, and gave endowment for two priests. On Tofig's death his Waltham property lapsed to the Crown, and King Edward the Confessor granted the estate to Harold. the latter enlarged the foundation of the church and established a college of secular canons. In 1060 the church was solemnly dedicated to the Holy Cross by Cynesige, Archbishop of York, and Wlwin became its first dean. It is said that Harold's body was brought to Waltham for burial after the battle of Hastings, but the story has been disputed. The secular canons were displaced in 1177 by Henry II in favour of Augustinian Canons, and a prior was appointed. Seven years later Walter de Gant was made the first abbot, and Waltham became the most important Augustinian house in the country. Its abbot was mitred, sat in Parliament, enjoyed peculiar exemption from episcopal visitation, and received at various times special favours from Rome. The abbey also obtained a number of valuable privileges and charters from the Crown. At the dissolution of the monasteries in 1537, Waltham was assessed at a gross annual value of £1079 2s. 1d., and was the richest religious house in Essex. It outlasted every other abbey in the country, and was only formally surrendered on 23 March, 1540, by its last abbot, Robert Fuller, who retired with a pension of £200 and with several manors and church advowsons. The abbey lands were leased to Sir Anthony Denny, and were subsequently purchased outright by his widow in 1549. The choir and transept were destroyed, but the west end of the abbey church was set apart as a parish church for the new service of the Church of England, and remains to this day as a place of worship for Anglicans.
STUBBS, The Foundation of Waltham Abbey; BENEDICT of PETERBORG in R.S.; MATTHEW PARIS in R.S.; Patent Rolls, Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, in R.S.; Calendar Papal Letters; FOWLER, Victoria County History: Essex.
Joseph Clayton.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Wandelbert

From volume 15 of the work.
Benedictine monk and theological writer, born in 813; died at Prüm after 850. Little is known of his personal history. He was apparently a native of France, and in 839 he was already a monk at Prum. About this date Abbot Markward commissioned him to rewrite the old life of St. Goar and to supplement it by an account of the miracles worked by the saint. The life Wandelbert wrote is not without historical value. He composed his second work, a martyrology in verse that was finished about 848, at the request of Otrich, a priest of Cologne, and with the aid of his friend Florus of Lyons. The martyrology is based on earlier ones, particularly that of the Venerable Bede. The arrangement follows the calendar, and a brief account is given for each day of the life and death of one or more saints. Together with the martyrology are poems on the months and their signs, on the various kinds of agricultural labour, the seasons for hunting, fishing, cultivation of fruit, of the fields, and of vineyards, and the church Hours. The poetry is, in general, uniform and monotonous, the most graceful passages are various descriptions of nature. Wandelbert also wrote a (lost) work on the Mass.
P.L., CXXI, 575-674; Histoire Litteraire de la France, V (Paris, 1740), 377-83; MANITIUS, Gesch. der lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters, I (Munich, 1911), 557-60.
Klemens Löffler.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Walter of Winterburn

From volume 15 of the work.
An English Dominican, cardinal, orator, poet, philosopher, theologian, b. in the thirteenth century; d. at Genoa, 26 Aug., 1305. He entered the Dominican Order when a youth, and became renowned for learning, prudence, and sanctity of life. Edward I, King of England, chose him as his confessor and spiritual director. He was provincial of his order in England from 1290 to 1298, and was created cardinal, 21 February, 1304, by Benedict XI. In 1305, after having taken part in the election of Clement V, Walter set out from Perugia with several other cardinals to join the pope in France, but at Genoa he was seized with his last illness, during which he was attended by the dean of the Sacred College, Nicholas de Prato. His remains were first buried in the church of his order at Genoa, but were later transferred to London, as he had ordered, and interred in the convent to which he had formerly been assigned. Nicholas Trivet, his intimate friend, assures us that Walter was a man endowed with many superior qualities, natural and supernatural. Thoroughly versed in knowledge, graced with rare modesty and a kindly disposition, he was a model of religious piety and of mature crudition. Despite numerous duties in the cloister and at the imperial Court, his hours of prayer were never shortened. He left several works of real worth on philosophy and theology, chief among them: "Commentarium in IV sententiarum libros"; "Quaestiones theologicae", much in use at that time; "Sermones ad clerum etcoram rege habiti".
QUETIF-ECHARD, Script. Ord. Praed., I (Paris, 1719), 496; HURTER, Nomencl. lit., II (3rd ed.), 480; TOURON, Les hommes illust., 731; MORTIER, Hist. des maitres generaux, II (Paris, 1905), 432, 455.
Chas. J. Callan.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Wardenship of Youghal

From volume 15 of the work.
The Wardenship of Youghal, in the Diocese of Cloyne, was founded by Thomas, Eighth Earl of Desmond, the charter being dated 27 Dec., 1464, and was confirmed by the Holy See. It was endowed with a large number of rectories and vicarages in the Diocese of Cloyne, and also had four vicarages in Ardfert. By the terms of the foundation, the wardenship consisted of a warden, eight fellows, and eight singing-men (vicars choral), and the endowment was about £600 per annum. Three years later the noble founder was hanged by the Viceroy of Ireland (15 Feb. 1468), and a stormy period ensued on account of the Wars of the Roses, in which the Earls of Desmond were involved. The ninth earl was murdered by his own servants on 7 Dec., 1487. Two years later the Bishop of Cloyne resigned; and his successor, Blessed Thady MacCarthy (beatified in 1895), died in exile as a confessor at Ivrea (24 Oct., 1492). The last Catholic warden was Thomas Allen (1533), after whom came the schismatic Roger Skiddy, who had various preferments under Edward VI, and was appointed Dean of Limerick and Bishop of Cork by Queen Elizabeth in 1562. He is described as "Warden of Youghal" in 1567. Sixty years later all the endowments were acquired by the notorious Earl of Cork, and in 1639 the rectory was united to the wardenship. A Catholic succession of wardens was maintained as late as 1709, when Father Richard Harnet held the position, which was then merely titular. The warden's house is now the picturesque residence of Sir Henry A. Blake, and is more generally known as "Sir Walter Raleigh's House".
SMITH, History of Cork (Dublin, 1759); HAYMANN, Handbook for Youghal (new ed., Youghal 1896).
W. H. Grattan-Flood.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Walter of St-Victor

From volume 15 of the work.
Mystic philosopher and theologian of the twelfth century. Nothing is known about Walter except that (about the year 1175) he was prior of the monastery of St-Victor that about the time of the Third Lateran Council (1179) he wrote the celebrated polemic, "Contra quatuor labyrinthos Franciae", and that he died about the year 1180. Du Boulay in his "Hist. Univ. Paris." (1665) first called attention to Walter's treatise and published excerpts from it (republished in P.L., CXCIX). More recently Denifle has described the manuscript And Geyer has published a critical text of the second book. The "four labyrinths" against whom the work is directed are Abelard, Gilbert de la Porrée, Peter Lombard, and Peter of Poitiers. It is a bitter attack on the dialectical method in theology, and condemns in no measured terms the use of logic in the elucidation of the mysteries of faith. Walter is indignant at the thought of treating the mysteries of the Trinity and the Incarnation "with scholastic levity". Discarding the best traditions of the School of St-Victor, he pours abuse on the philosophers, the theologians, and even the grammarians. "Thy grammar be with thee until perdition", he cries. This violence, however, defeated his purpose, which was to discredit the dialecticians. Not only did he fail to convince his contemporaries, but he very probably hastened the triumph of the method which he attacked. Four years after his polemic was published, Peter of Poitiers, one of the "labyrinths", was raise by the pope to the dignity of chancellor of the Diocese of Paris, and before the end of the decade Peter Lombard, another of the "Labyrinths", was recognized as an authority in theology, his method adopted in the schools, and his famous "Books of Sentences" used as a text and commented on by all the great teachers — a distinction which it retained all through the thirteenth century.
DU BOULAY, Hist. Univ. Paris., II (Paris, 1665), 402 sqq.; DENIFLE, Archiv f. Literatur-und Kirchengesch. des M.A., I, 404; GEYER, Die Sententiae Divinitatis (Munster, 1909); GRABMANN, Gesch. der schol. Methode, II (Freiburg, 1911), 124.
WILLIAM TURNER
# Chicago Alton Railway Company v. United States ex rel Faithorn/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
212 U.S. 563
Chicago Alton Railway Company v. United States ex rel Faithorn
Judgments affirmed by a divided court, and causes remanded to the District Court of the United States for the Northern District of Illinois.

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# Chicago Alton Railway Company v. United States ex rel Faithorn

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
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United States Supreme Court
212 U.S. 563
Chicago Alton Railway Company v. United States ex rel Faithorn
Messrs. F. S. Winston, Robert Mather, John Barton Payne, S. H. Strawn, Ralph M. Shaw, and Blackburn Esterline for petitioners.
The Attorney General and the Solicitor General for respondent.

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# Chicago & St. Louis Railway Company v. Coogan

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United States Supreme Court
271 U.S. 472
Chicago & St. Louis Railway Company v. Coogan
Argued: April 26, 1926. --- Decided: June 1, 1926
Messrs. A. C. Erdall and F. W. Root, both of Minneapolis, Minn., for petitioner.
Messrs. T. D. Sheehan, of St. Paul, Minn., and Lyle Pettijohn, of Blue Earth, Minn., for respondent.
Mr. Justice BUTLER delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

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