OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Spondee

​SPONDEE (Lat. Spondæus). A metrical foot, consisting of two long syllables (— —), the first of which is enforced by an accent.
The effect of the Spondee is well illustrated in Handel's 'Waft her, Angels.'
It is also frequently employed in Instrumental Movements, as in the Third Subject of the Rondo of Beethoven's 'Sonata pathétique.'
[ W. S. R. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Spontone, Bartolommeo

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Staccato

​STACCATO (Ital.; Ger. abgestossen), 'detached,' in contradistinction to legato, 'connected.' The notes of a staccato passage are made short, and separated from each other by intervals of silence. Staccato effects are obtained on the pianoforte by raising the hand from the keys immediately after striking, usually by a rapid action of the wrist (this is called 'wrist-touch'), though sometimes, especially in fortissimo, from the elbow; and there is also a third kind of staccato-touch called 'finger-staccato,' which is less frequently used, and which, as described by Hummel, consists in 'hurrying the fingers away from the keys, very lightly and in an inward direction.' This kind of touch is of course only applicable to passages of single notes.
On stringed instruments staccato passages are generally bowed with a separate stroke to each note, but an admirable staccato can also be produced, especially in solo music, by means of a series of rapid jerks from the wrist, the bow travelling meanwhile in one direction, from the point to the nut. [See also Paganini, vol. ii. p. 632.] Staccato on wind instruments is effected by a rapid thrusting forward of the tongue, so as to stop the current of air; and in singing, a staccato sound is produced by an impulse from the throat upon an open vowel, and instantly checked. A striking example of vocal staccato occurs in Mozart's air, 'Gli angui d'inferno,' from 'Die Zauberflöte.' Upon the harp, or any similar instrument, and likewise upon the drum, a staccato note requires the immediate application of the palm of the hand to the vibrating string or parchment, to stop the sound.
The signs of staccato are pointed dashes , or round dots, • • • •, placed over or under the notes, the former indicating a much shorter and sharper sound than the latter. [See Dash, vol. i. p. 431.] But besides the difference thus shown, the actual duration of staccato notes depends to some extent upon their written length. Thus in the following example the minims must be played longer than the crotchets (though no exact proportion need be observed), in spite of the fact that both are marked staccato alike:—
Beethoven, Sonata Pathétique.
When dots placed over or under notes are covered by a curved line, an effect is intended which is of great value in the rendering of expressive and cantabile phrases. This is called mezzo staccato (half-detached), and the notes are sustained for nearly their full value, and separated by a scarcely appreciable interval. On stringed and wind instruments indeed they are frequently not separated at all, but are attacked with a certain slight emphasis which is instantly weakened again, so as to produce almost the effect of disconnection; on the pianoforte however they must of necessity be separated, though but for an instant, and they are played with a close firm pressure, and with but little percussion. The following is an example of the use of mezzo staccato, with its rendering, as nearly as it is possible to represent it in notes:—
Beethoven, Sonata in C, Op. 53.
[ F. T. ]
# A Description of Greenland

A
DESCRIPTION
OF
GREENLAND.
SHEWING
WITH
A new Map of GREENLAND.
AND
LONDON: Printed for C. Hitch in Pater-noster Row; S. Austen in Newgate-Street; and J. Jackson near St. James's Gate. MDCCXLV.
THE
CONTENTS.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Descent into the Maelström

* "A Descent into the Maelström", in Tales (1845)
* "A Descent into the Maelstrom", illustrated by Arthur Rackham, in Poe's Tales of Mystery and Imagination (1935)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Descant

"When Spring comes tripping o'er the lea"
* "A Descant" from Lippincott's Monthly Magazine (June 1890).
* "A Descant" from Poems (1898)
* "A Descant" from Poems Vol. II (1916)

## References

* ↑ View this version on Google Books
# A Cry in the World

“Kine, kine, in the meadows, why do you low so piteously?”
* Shorter, Dora Sigerson (1893), "A Cry in the World" in Verses
* Shorter, Dora Sigerson (1907), "A Cry in the World" in The Collected Poems of Dora Sigerson Shorter
# A Critique of the Theory of Evolution

* information about this edition.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
LOUIS CLARK VANUXEM FOUNDATION
A CRITIQUE
OF THE
THEORY OF EVOLUTION
BY
THOMAS HUNT MORGAN
PROFESSOR OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
LECTURES DELIVERED AT PRINCETON UNIVERSITY FEBRUARY 24, MARCH 1, 8, 15, 1916
PREFACE
Occasionally one hears today the statement that we have come to realize that we know nothing about evolution. This point of view is a healthy reaction to the over-confident belief that we knew everything about evolution. There are even those rash enough to think that in the last few years we have learned more about evolution than we might have hoped to know a few years ago. A critique therefore not only becomes a criticism of the older evidence but an appreciation of the new evidence.
In the first lecture an attempt is made to put a new valuation on the traditional evidence for evolution. In the second lecture the most recent work on heredity is dealt with, for only characters that are inherited can become a part of the evolutionary process. In the third lecture the physical basis of heredity and the composition of the germ plasm stream are examined in the light of new observations; while in the fourth lecture the thesis is developed that chance variation combined with a property of living things to manifold themselves is the key note of modern evolutionary thought.
T. H. Morgan, July, 1916
CONTENTS
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1945, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 78 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Cry (Teasdale)

* Teasdale, Sara (1915), "A Cry" in Rivers to the Sea.
* Teasdale, Sara (1917), "A Cry" in Love Songs.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Congregationalists

CONGREGATIONALISTS, a denomination of protestants, who maintain that each particular church has authority from Christ for exercising government, and enjoying all the ordinances of worship within itself.
The platform of church discipline which was drawn up in 1648, and agreed upon by the elders and messengers of the churches, assembled in the synod at Cambridge, in New England, defines a congregational church to be, by the institution of Christ, a part of the militant visible church, consisting of a company of saints by calling, united in one body by a holy covenant, for the public worship of God, and the mutual edification of one another in the fellowship of the Lord Jesus.
According to this platform, such as are admitted members of churches ought to be first examined: for the eunuch of Ethiopia, before his admission, was examined by Philip, whether he did believe in Jesus Christ with all his heart.
The qualifications necessary to be found in all church members, are repentance from sin, and faith in Jesus Christ. This denomination differed originally from the Independents in this respect, that they invited councils, which are to advice only; but the Independent formerly decided all difficulties within themselves. They are now, however, considered as one denomination. See Independents

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Platform of Church Discipline, 1848. Neal's New England, vol. ii. p. 314.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Cophts

COPTHS, a numerous denomination of Christians in Egypt, Syria, Nubia, and the adjacent countries. They are subject to the patriarch of Alexandria, who is said to have no less than 140 bishoprics in those parts subject to him, besides the bishop of the Abyssinians, who is nominated and consecrated by him. The patriarch makes a short discourse to the priests once a year; and the latter read legends from the pulpit on great festivals, but never preach. their church service is performed in Arabic, and modern Coptic. They followed the doctrine of the Jacobites with regard to the nature of Christ and baptism by fire; and the cermonies which they observe are much the same with those of the Greek Church. See Jacobites and Greek Church.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Father Simons' Religion of the Eastern Nations, p. 110.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Crispites

CRISPITES, the followers of Dr. Crisp, whose name has been already mentioned under the article Antinomians, where it appears, that the doctor did not refuse obedience to the divine law, either in theory or practice. The Calvinists in general, however, suppose that he was not accurate in his ideas of the substitution of Christ in the place of the redeemed, but carried the doctrine of commutation to an extreme that represented the Saviour as himself a sinner through his union with the elect.
Dr. Gill in 1746 reprinted Crisp's Works with notes, in which he justified some of his peculiar expressions ans apologized for others. His sermons produced a seven years' theological warfare, Dr. Daniel Williams being his principal antagonist. See Neonomians.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Buck's Theol. Dict. Hist. of dissenters, vol. i. p. 399.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Collylyridians

COLLYLYRIDIANS, an Arabian sect in the fourth century; who idolized the Virgin Mary as a goddess, offering to her little cakes.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ History of Religion, vol. iv.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Corrupticolae

CORRUPTICOLAE, a sect of the sixth century, who maintained that the body of Christ was corruptible, like that of other men.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ DDictionary of Arts and Sciences, vol. i. p. 492.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Cononites

CONONITES, the followers of Conon, Bishop of Tarsus, in the sixth century; who taught that the body never lost its essential form; that its matter alone was subject to corruption and decay, and was to be restored when this mortal shall put on immortality.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, vol. i. p. 473.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Consubstantialists

*CONSUBSTANTIALISTS, who believed the doctrine of the consubstantiation, namely, that the real body of Christ is present with the bread and wine, instead of their being converted into it by transubstantiation. The term consubstantial ($\Omega \mu \mathrm {o} \gamma \tau \iota \mathrm {o} \xi$) was also used in the Arian controversy to distinguish the Athanasians. See Lutherans, and Arians.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Cornarists

CORNARISTS, the disciples of Theodore Cornhert, who maintained that every religious communion needed reformation; but that no person had a right to engage in accomplishing it, without a mission supported by miracles.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Ency. vol. v. p. 433.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Crusaders

*CRUSADERS, a multitude gathered from all the countries in Christendom, who undertook a Crusade (Croisade) or holy war under the banner of the cross, to recover Palestine from the Turks. To this wild sceme they were first excited by Peter the hermit, who, under the auspices of Pope Martin II, gathered nearly a million of persons, mercenaries and enthusiasts, who in 1096 first invaded the holy land with a partial success. This encouraged them to seven other successive crusades, of which the last was in 1270, and left the object unaccomplished. It has been calculated that two millions of persons perished in these several expeditions, and left a warning to posterity against engaging in such wild projects under the influence of religious frenzy.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Ency. Brit.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Cynics

*CYNICS, a sect of snarling philosophers who were proud of showing their contempt, not only for riches and state, but for the arts and sciences, and all the comforts of civilised life. This sect was founded by Antisthenes of Athens, but carried to its highest glory by Diogenes, who wandered like a beggar in a ragged cloak and carried with him a tub which served him for his lodging.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Stanley's Hist of Philosophy.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Lescaile, Catharine

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LESCAILE, CATHARINE,
One of those learned and accomplished women who have been honoured with the appellation of the "Tenth Muse," was a native of Holland. Her poems were published in 1728. They consist principally of tragedies, which, although they violate the ordinary rules, show frequent marks of superior genius. She died in 1711.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Lenngren, Anna Maria

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LENNGREN, ANNA MARIA,
A Swedish poetess, was born in 1754, and died in 1817. She was the daughter of Professor Malmstadt, of Upsala. Her "Visit to the Parsonage," "Portraits," and other writings, are charming pictures of domestic life. The Swedish Academy honoured her memory by a medal, on one side of which is her bust, and on the other a muse holding a lyre, with this inscription: "Quo minus gloriam potebat eo magis assecuta."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Lennox, Charlotte

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LENNOX, CHARLOTTE,
The friend of Johnson and Richardson, was born in 1720, at New York, of which city her father. Colonel Ramsay, was lieutenant-governor. She was sent to this country to be educated; married, was left a widow with one child, and resorted to her pen for subsistence Her latter days were clouded by poverty and sickness. Some of her works are, "The Female Quixote," "Henrietta, Sophia, and Euphemia," "Shakspere Illustrated," two plays, and various translations.
Dr. Johnson assisted her in drawing up proposals for an edition of her works, in three volumes, 4to., but it does not appear to have been published. Dr. Johnson had such an opinion of Mrs. Lennox, that on one occasion, not long before his death, he went so far as to pronounce her talents as a writer superior to those of Mrs. Carter, Miss Hannah More, and Miss Burney. She died January 4th., 1804.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Lenormand, Mademoiselle

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LENORMAND, MADEMOISELLE,
Was born in Alençon. Being left an orphan at an early age, she was educated, together with her sister, in the convents of Alençon, and when of a suitable age, she was apprenticed to a milliner. She commenced her vocation by announcing that the superior of the convent of the Benedictines, where she was then living, would be deprived of her office, and she informed her companions of the name, age, and other particulars of the successor of the deprived abbess. For this prophecy, Mademoiselle Lenormand was obliged to undergo a penance; but the event verifying the truth of her predictions, her pretensions as a prophetess were confirmed. Alençon was, however, too confined a place for a spirit ​like hers, and when she was fourteen she set out for Paris, with nothing but the clothes she wore, and six francs in her pocket. Her step-father, who was in Paris, obtained for her a situation in a shop, where she soon became a great favourite, and studied arithmetic, bookkeeping, and mathematics. After remaining there some time. Mademoiselle Lenormand removed to No. 5, Rue de Toumon, where she continued to exercise her profession, without incurring the censure of government. She attracted people of all ranks in life. The Princess de Lamballe, the Count de Provence, afterwards Louis the Eighteenth, Mirabeau, Murat, Robespierre, St. Just, Barrifere, Madame Tallien, and even Madame de Stael, were among her frequent visitors. Josephine, wife of Napoleon, reposed the greatest contidence in her, and constantly sent to ask the result of any enterprise the emperor was about to undertake. She was several times on the point of imprisonment; at one time for foretelling the divorce of Josephine; at others, for prophesying the downfall of persons in power; but she always escaped. She bought lands and houses at Alençon, where she retired after the revolution of July, 1830. At this, her native place, she was unwilling to exercise her profession. She was a short, fat, and very plain woman, with remarkably bright piercing eyes. She left her property to her nephew, whom she adopted after her sister's death.
In 1827, she published "Memoirs Historiques et Sécrets de l'Imperatrice Josephine." She foretold that her own death would not take place till she was one hundred and twenty-four, that is, till near the close of the present century. In this she proved a false prophet, as she died before it was half expired.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Levi, Justin de

Layout 2
LEVI, JUSTIN DE,
Daughter of Andre Perotti, of Sasso Ferrato, a descendant of the illustrious house of Levi, was born at Cremona, in the fourteenth century, and was a successful writer of Italian poetry. She was a contemporary and correspondent of Petrarch. She addressed to him a sonnet, to which he replied by another. But, to avoid the appearance of rivalry with this celebrated poet, she determined to write only in French. She married Louis de Puytendre, a French gentleman, living on the borders of the Khine, and was the ancestress of Clotilde de Surville.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Leontium

Layout 2
LEONTIUM,
An Athenian courtezan, who lived about B. C. 350, became a convert to the philosophy of Epicurus. She married Metrodorus, one of the principal disciples of Epicurus, and had a son by him, whom Epicurus commended to the notice and regard of his executors. She wrote in defence of the Epicurean philosophy, against Theophrastus, one of the principal of the peripatetic sect. The book is said by Cicero to have been written in a polite and elegant style. From her love of letters, she was drawn by Theodoras the painter, in a posture of meditation.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Lewis, Estelle Anna

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LEWIS, ESTELLE ANNA,
Was born in Baltimore, Maryland. Her maiden name was Robinson; her father being a native of Cuba, descended from an English and Spanish parentage. She was married, when quite young, to Mr. S. D. Lewis, a lawyer of Brooklyn, Long Island, where she now resides. She began to write at an early age; but her first poetical effort that attracted much attention, was "The Ruins of Palenque," which appeared in "The New World." In 1844, she published a volume of poems, entitled "Records of the Heart," which was very favourably received. In 1846, there appeared in "The Democratic Review," a poem in three cantos, by Mrs. Lewis, entitled "The Broken Heart;" this, like her former poems, was much admired. In 1848, she published "The Child of the Sea, and other Poems," which, by some critics, has been ​considered her best work. It is her longest poem, and has passages of exceeding beauty and deep pathos; her power in delineating passion and describing character is very great, and her versification always harmonious and suited to the subject. All her poems show uncommon versality of imagination, a warm enthusiasm, and remarkable facility of expression
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Lewald, Fanny

Layout 2
LEWALD, FANNY,
Is a Prussian lady who has achieved a European reputation by her talents as a writer of tales and sketches of life and manners. Her delineations, if at times somewhat coarse, are drawn with a firm free hand. Her first novel, entitled "Clementina and Jenny," did not attract much attention; but her second, called "Diogena," to which was attached the nom de plume of Iduna Countess H.-H., as a sort of parody upon the name of the Countess Hahn-Hahn, then in the height of her popularity, achieved an immediate success. Although intended as a satirical sally, in the highly sentimental and romantic style of the novelist of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, yet the story had so much of deep and sustained interest, that it took a firm hold of the public mind, and was read and talked about as one of the most powerful and original works of the day. Being published anonymously, its authorship was a matter of dispute, and this, too, tended to increase its popularity.
In Mademoiselle Lewald's next work, "Italienisches Bilderbuch," she avowed herself the author of "Diogena," and thus set conjecture to rest, and turned the eyes of the admirers of that work upon herself. Under the title of "The Italians at Home," there appeared in 1848, a translation of the above series of graphic and entertaining sketches. In 1849, came out a novel entitled "Prinz Louis Ferdinand," which had a slight foundation on facts in the life of a Prussian Prince. In 1850, after a season spent in England, she published her impressions of its scenery and people. This book was translated in 1854, and won regard for the author by its frank cordial spirit and sound discriminating sense.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Lezardiere, Mademoiselle

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LEZARDIERE, MADEMOISELLE,
Was a native of France. Without any encouragement she manifested an invincible taste for historical researches. In this she met with great opposition from her family. At a period when France, as a nation, was given up to most frivolous pursuits, when the court was occupied entirely by futile pleasures, to say no worse, it seemed monstrous, and inadmissible to common-place people, that a young girl should give up the world, and the usual routine of girlish life, to devote herself to musty manuscripts and severe study. Her perseverance, however, removed all obstacles, and she was at last indulged by her parents with the means of carrying out her views. She devoted the best years of her youth to the most laborious literary pursuits; living in solitude, unknown by the public, but encouraged by the approbation and sympathy of a few scientific men, among whom her principal friend was Malesherbes, the heroic advocate of Louis the Sixteenth. After twenty-five years of careful research, her work was printed anonymously, under the title of "Theory of the Political Laws of the French Monarchy." Alas! the book was printed in 1790, when the very word monarchy was an abomination. It was published after the Revolution, but the time was past; political science had also undergone a revolution, and the labours of a lifetime were lost. Augustin Thierry, unquestionably the best judge in the world of the subject of Mademoiselle Lézardière, since his own writings have formed an epoch in the manner of studying and treating such researches, gives her almost the preference over all the learned men who were her predecessors in this study. He speaks highly of her erudition and philosophic mode of reasoning; her theory he completely destroys, as he does those of all the foregoing savants, not excepting the great Montesquieu.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Teancum, City of

​TEANCUM, CITY OF. A city mentioned only in connection with the final struggle between the Nephites and Lamanites (Mormon, 4:3-14.) It lay near the sea (probably the Pacific Ocean), a little north of the city of Desolation. When the Lamanites captured Desolation (A. C. 363) the remnants of the Nephites fled to Teancum. The next year the Lamanites attacked the city but were repulsed. They came against it again in A. C. 366-7 and drove the Nephites out, taking many women and children prisoners, whom they sacrificed to their idol gods.