OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tucker, William

​TUCKER, WILLIAM (1589?–1640?), colonist, born in England about 1589, seems to have gone out to Virginia in 1610 in the Mary and James (see Neill, op. cit.) He was one of the first subscribers to the Virginia Company, and in 1617 sent over two men in his service to the colony, himself following in 1618. He apparently devoted himself to trading voyages as well as to planting, and probably from this obtained the title 'Captain' by which reference is generally made to him. To judge from instructions which he left on one of his visits to England, he was a shrewd and hard man of business (Cal. State Papers. Colonial, 1574-1660, p. 151). He resided at Kiccowtan (afterwards Elizabeth City), where he had an estate of eight hundred acres and a large establishment, and on 30 July 1619 he was elected member for that city to the first assembly of Virginia. He took a leading part in the fighting arising out of the massacre in the colony by the Indians in 1622. Before 1623 he had become a member of the council of Virginia, and apparently was reappointed in subsequent years till his death. In 1630, and again in 1632 and 1633, he made voyages to England. On the last of these occasions he made an application to the privy council for a renewal of the ancient charter of Virginia, and for restraint of the Dutch from the trade. He seems to have died in England, probably before 1640. He married, before 1618, Mary, daughter of Robert Thompson of Watton, Hertfordshire, who was aunt to the first Baron Haversham.
[Brown's Genesis of the United States, ii. 1 034; Neill's Virginia Carolorum, p. 40; Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, 1574-1660.]
C. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tudor, Edmund

​TUDOR, EDMUND, Earl of Richmond, known as Edmund of Hadham (1430?–1456), father of Henry VII, eldest son of Owen Tudor [q. v.] by Henry V's widow, Catherine of Valois [q. v.] was born about 1430 at Hadham, Hertfordshire. Doubt attaches to the marriage of his parents. Jasper Tudor [q. v.] was a younger brother. When his mother retired to the abbey of Bermondsey in 1436, Edmund and his brothers were given into the charge of Catherine de la Pole, abbess of Barking. There they remained till 1440, when the abbess brought them to Henry VI's notice, and he gave them in charge of certain priests to be educated. When Edmund grew up Henry kept him at his court. He was knighted by Henry on 15 Dec. 1449, summoned to parliament as Earl of Richmond on 30 Jan. 1452–1453, and created Earl of Richmond and premier earl on 6 March 1452–3 (Doyle; Ramsay, Lanc. and York, ii. 152). In the parliament of 1453 he was formally declared legitimate. Henry made him large grants, particularly in 1454, and his name occurs as being exempt from the operation of acts of resumption. On 30 March 1453 he was appointed great forester of Braydon forest; he was also a member of the privy council. In 1454 his retinue at court consisted of a chaplain, two esquires, two yeomen, and two chamberlains.
In 1455, by the king's agency, he was married to the Lady Margaret Beaufort [q. v.] daughter of John Beaufort, duke of Somerset. She had been after Somerset's fall the ward of himself and his brother Jasper conjointly. Edmund died, on 3 Nov. 1456, at Carmarthen, and was buried in the Grey Friars there. His elegy was written by Lewis Glyn Cothi [see Lewis]. His remains were, at the dissolution of the monasteries in 1536, removed to the choir of St. David's Cathedral. By Margaret, his wife, he had one son Henry, afterwards Henry VII of England, born posthumously on 28 Jan. 1456–7.
W. A. J. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/William (d.1075)

​WILLIAM (d. 1075), bishop of London, a Norman priest, and one of the clerks or chaplains of Edward the Confessor [q. v.], was chosen bishop of London in 1051, during the absence of Earl Godwin [q. v.], in place of Spearhafoc to whom Archbishop Robert of Jumièges [q. v.], had refused consecration, and was consecrated by Robert. On the return of Godwin in September 1052, he fled from London in company with Robert (A.-S. Chron. ‘Abingdon,’ sub an.), but, as he was popular on account of his goodness of heart, he was soon recalled and reinstated in his see (Flor. Wig.) The Conqueror's charter to London is addressed to him as well as to the portreeve, his name coming first. He was perhaps, in or about 1068, one of three commissioners appointed to arrange the general redemption by the English of their lands (Freeman, Norman Conquest, iv. 26, 725). He consecrated Lanfranc to the see of Canterbury in 1070, was present at the council that Lanfranc held in London in 1075, and died in that year. The citizens of London are said to have long kept his day, honouring him doubtless for his connection with the Conqueror's charter, and they placed a laudatory epitaph on his tomb in the middle of the nave of St. Paul's Church (copied by Godwin, De Præsulibus, pp. 174–5). That in spite of his nationality he was restored to his see is a sufficient witness to his high character. The Conqueror enabled him to retain some lands that belonged to his see (Norman Conq. v. 741).
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/William Henry

​WILLIAM HENRY, first Duke of Gloucester of the latest creation (1743–1805), third son of Frederick Louis, prince of Wales [q. v.], by Augusta, daughter of Frederick II, duke of Saxe-Gotha, was born at Leicester House on 14 Nov. 1743. Prince William, as he was styled during his minority, was educated with the same strictness and in the same seclusion as his elder brother, George William Frederick (afterwards George III), whom he resembled in the sobriety of his character. He was understood to be the king's favourite brother, and shared with the Duke of York (Edward Augustus) the function of leading the bride to the altar at the royal nuptials (8 Sept. 1761). In 1762 he was elected (27 May) and installed (22 Sept.) K.G. In 1763 he was appointed ranger of Hampton Court. In 1764 he was created (19 Nov.). Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh and Earl of Connaught, and sworn of the privy council (19 Dec.). He took his seat in the House of Lords on 10 Jan. 1765. He succeeded the Duke of York (September 1767) as ranger of Cranbourne Chace, and in January 1771 was appointed warden of the New Forest. He was also appointed in 1771 chancellor of the university of Dublin, was elected F.R.S. in 1780, and received the degree of LL.D. from the university of Cambridge in 1787. In the army he was commissioned colonel of the 13th regiment of foot on 28 June 1766, of the 3rd regiment of foot guards on 6 Jan. 1768, of the 1st regiment of foot guards and major-general on 30 March 1770, general on 25 May 1772, and field-marshal in 1793.
Gloucester married, on 6 Sept. 1766, a lady of equal beauty and wit, Maria, dowager countess of Waldegrave, an illegitimate daughter of Sir Edward Walpole [see Waldegrave, James, second Earl Waldegrave]. The rite was solemnised in secret by her chaplain at her house in Pall Mall, no other persons being present. The secret was kept, though the court had its suspicions, until after the passing of the Royal Marriage Act, when sympathy with Cumberland induced Gloucester to notify his prior offence to the king (16 Sept. 1772) [see Henry Frederick, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn]. The king at once banished him from court, and directed an inquiry into the validity of the marriage. The duke and duchess were accordingly examined before three commissioners on 23 May 1773. They swore to the fact of the marriage, and its validity was allowed, though, as the chaplain who had officiated was dead, it remained unattested by any third party. It was not until 1778 that provision was made for the issue of the marriage. Part of the intervening period was spent by the duke and duchess abroad, chiefly in Italy. In June 1780 Gloucester ​was restored to the royal favour. His later life was stained by an amour with the duchess's lady of the bedchamber, Lady Almeria Carpenter. He died on 25 Aug. 1805, and was buried in St. George's Chapel, Windsor. By the duchess, who died in 1807, Gloucester left issue: (1) Sophia Matilda, born on 29 May 1773, died unmarried on 29 Nov. 1844, having for many years held the rangership of Greenwich Park; (2) William Frederick [q. v.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/William (d.1135?)

Died 1133? according to the ODNB.
​WILLIAM (d. 1135?), archbishop of Tyre, an Englishman by birth, was prior of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem when King Baldwin II and the princes of the Holy Land appointed him archbishop of Tyre, ‘in the spring, in the fourth year after that city was restored to the Christian faith,’ i.e. 1128. He was the first Latin occupant of the see; Odo, who had been consecrated to it while it was still in the hands of the infidels, having died before it was won (7 July 1124). William was consecrated by Gormund, the patriarch of Jerusalem, and immediately went to Rome for his pall. Honorius II gave it to him, together with two commendatory letters, ​one, dated 8 July (probably 1128), to the clergy and people of Tyre, the other to the patriarch. On his return William was accompanied by Bishop Giles of Tusculum, whom the pope charged with a letter to the patriarch of Antioch, bidding the latter resign the jurisdiction which he was illegally exercising over certain sees which were properly suffragans of Tyre. In 1129, at Acre, William granted the church of St. Mary at Tyre to the canons of the Holy Sepulchre. He witnesses two charters in 1130. His fourth successor, the great historian, Archbishop William II of Tyre, with whom he has sometimes been confused, says he was ‘commendable for his life and morals.’ As his immediate successor, Fulcher, had held the see of Tyre for twelve years when elected patriarch of Jerusalem on 25 Jan. 1147, William must have died between 25 Jan. 1134 and 25 Jan. 1136, a date which is further corroborated by the circumstance that he and Bernard of Antioch died about the same time, and Bernard is known to have been patriarch of Antioch from about June 1100 to 1135 or 1136.
[William of Tyre, l. xiii. c. 23, xiv. cc. 10, 11, xvi. c. 17, vi. c. 23 (Recueil des Hist. des Croisades, Hist. Occidentaux, vol. i. pts. i. ii.); Rozière's Cartulaire du Saint-Sépulcre (Paris, 1849, reprinted in Migne's Patrologia, vol. clv.), No. 67; Delaborde's Chartes de Terre-Sainte provenant de l'Abbaye de Josaphat (Bibl. des Ecoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome, fasc. 19, Paris, 1880), Nos. xvii, xviii; information kindly given by Mr. T. A. Archer.]
K. N.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Barton, John

​BARTON, JOHN (1836–1908), missionary, born at Eastleigh, Hampshire, on 31 Dec. 1836, was sixth child of John Barton (1798–1852) by his wife Fanny, daughter of James Rickman. His ancestors were Cumberland quakers. Bernard Barton [q. v.] was his uncle. His mother died in 1841, and her only sister, Josephina, brought up her family.
After education at schools at Bishop Waltham and Highgate, John matriculated from Christ's College, Cambridge, at Michaelmas 1855. He soon decided to enter the mission field, and founded the Cambridge University Church Missionary Union. Graduating B.A. in Jan. 1859 (M.A. in 1863), he was ordained in September 1860 and sailed in October for Calcutta. After receiving priest's orders, he proceeded to Agra. There he helped in superintending the missionary college with an attendance of 260 students, and the orphanage at Secundra (five miles away) with 300 children. He was transferred to Amritsar in May 1863, and was appointed in 1865 principal of a new cathedral missionary college at Calcutta. From 1871 to 1875 he was secretary of the Madras mission, twice visiting the missions in South India. During 1870-1 and again during 1876-7 he did secretarial work at the Church Missionary House in London. From 1877 to 1893 he was vicar of Holy Trinity Church, Cambridge, but was absent in Ceylon for four months in 1884, and during 1889, after refusing offers of the bishoprics of both Travancore and Tinnevelly, was in charge of the latter district. In 1893 he refused t he call to a bishopric in Japan, and left Cambridge for London to become chief secretary of the Church Pastoral-Aid Society, whose 'forward movement' he organised with immense vigour. Of massive build, Barton was a born organiser, and 'a giant for work'; he was a keen botanist, geologist, and mountaineer. He died at Weybridge on 26 Nov. 1908, and was there buried, a tablet and memorial window being placed in Holy Trinity Church, Cambridge.
He married twice: (1) in May 1859, Catherine Wigram (d. 1860); and (2) in October 1863, Emily Eugenia, daughter of Charles Boileau Elliott. His second wife, six sons, and two daughters survived him. ​A son, Cecil Edward Barton (d. 1909), missionary in the Punjab, was rector of Rousdon, Devonshire, and joint author of 'A Handy Atlas of Church and Empire . . . showing British Possessions' (1908). Barton published 'Remarks on the Orthography of Indian Geographical Names,' reprinted from 'Friend of India' (1871); 'Missionary Conference Report' (1873), and 'Memorial Sketch of Major-General Edward Lake, Commissioner of Jalundhur' (2nd edit. 1878). A map of India, made largely by him while in Calcutta, was published in 1873, and is still in use.
C. F. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Armes, Philip

​ARMES, PHILIP (1836–1908), organist and musical composer, born at Norwich on 15 Aug. 1836, was eldest son of Philip Armes (a bass singer) by Mary his wife. A chorister in Norwich Cathedral 1846-8, he joined the choir of Rochester Cathedral in 1848 on the appointment of his father as bass lay clerk there. Possessed of a beautiful voice, he achieved great success as solo boy, and on retiring from the choir in 1850 received a public testimonial. Determined to follow the profession of music, he was articled in 1850 to John Larkin Hopkins [q. v.], organist of Rochester Cathedral, and up to 1856 acted as his assistant, at the same time serving as organist of Milton Church, Gravesend. In 1857 he passed to St. Andrews, Wells Street, London, then to ​Chichester Cathedral in 1861, and finally to Durham Cathedral in 1862, where he remained till his death. He had graduated Mus. Bac. Oxon. in 1858, and was admitted to the same degree ad eundem at Durham 1863. He proceeded Mus. Doc. at Oxford in 1864 and at Durham ad eundem in 1874. The honorary degree of M.A. was conferred on him by Durham University in 1891.
When the chair of music was founded at Durham University in 1897, Armes was appointed first professor. In 1890 he drew up the scheme of examinations for musical degrees which is still in use.
Armes's compositions comprise: oratorio, 'Hezekiah,' produced at Newcastle-on-Tyne (1877); cantatas, 'St. John the Evangelist,' produced at York Minster (1881); and 'St. Barnabas' produced at Durham (1891); services, anthems, hymn tunes, &c. He obtained the Molineux prize and gold medal offered by the Madrigal Society in 1897 for his madrigal 'Victoria.'
He died at Durham on 10 Feb. 1908, and was buried in the cemetery of St. Mary-le-bow there. He married in 1 864 Emily Jane, daughter of Sir Henry Davison, chief justice of the supreme court, Madras, by whom he had two sons and two daughters.
[Private information; Grove's Dict. of Music.]
J. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Andrews, Thomas

​ANDREWS, THOMAS (1847–1907), metallurgical chemist and ironmaster, born at Sheffield on 16 Feb. 1847, was only son of Thomas Andrews, proprietor of the old-established Wortley Iron Works, near that town, by his wife Mary Bolsover. Educated at Broombank school, Sheffield, and afterwards a student of chemistry under Dr. James Allan of Sheffield, Andrews early developed a faculty for original scientific research, which was fostered by the practical advice and guidance of his father. On the latter's death in 1871 he became head at Wortley.
Andrews's researches in metallurgy proved ​of great scientific and industrial value After prolonged investigation on a large scale he determined the resistance of metals to sudden concussion at varying temperatures down to zero (0 deg. F.); and was one of the first to study metals by the aid of the microscope, following up the pioneer inquiries of Henry Clifton Sorby [q. v. Suppl. II]. In 1888 he was elected F.R.S. and was besides a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and of the Chemical Society, and member, respectively, of the Institution of Civil Engineers and Society of Engineers. To the publications of these societies and to technical periodicals he contributed some forty papers The Society of Engineers awarded him two premiums for papers in their 'Transactions,' viz. 'On the Strength of Wrought-iron Railway Axles' (1879), and 'On the Effect of Strain on Railway Axles' (1895). In 1902 he received the society's gold medal for the memoir, 'Effect of Segregation on the Strength of Steel Rails.' In 1884 the Institution of Civil Engineers awarded him a Telford medal. An important paper on 'Wear of Steel Rails on Bridges' was published in the 'Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute' (1895).
From time to time Andrews acted as consultant to the admiralty and the board of trade on metallurgical questions. He paid special attention to the microscopic examination of metallic materials with a view to determining the cause of naval accidents, and he contributed a detailed series of observations on the subject to 'Engineering' (1904). In a paper on the microscopic effects of stress on platinum (Roy. Soc. Proc. 1902) he broke new ground. At Cambridge University he delivered lectures to engineering students. At Sheffield Andrews was a consistent advocate of technical education directed to industrial ends; and he actively assisted in founding and developing Sheffield University. He died at his home, 'Ravencrag,' near Sheffield, on 19 June 1907. He married in 1870 Mary Hannah, daughter of Charles Stanley of Rotherham, and had issue three sons (two died in childhood) and one daughter.
[Roy. Soc. Proc. vol. lxxxi. A.; The Times, 20 June 1907; Engineering, 28 June 1907; Industries and Iron (with portrait), 24 April 1896; private information.]
T. E. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Arbuthnot, Forster FitzGerald

​ARBUTHNOT, FORSTER FITZGERALD (1833–1901), orientalist, born at Belgaum, Bombay presidency, on 21 May 1833, was second son of Sir Robert Keith Arbuthnot, second baronet, by his wife Anne, daughter of Field-marshal Sir John Forster Fitzgerald [q. v.]. He was educated privately on the Continent, at Anhalt and Geneva. Receiving a nomination to Haileybury in 1851, he went out to India in the Bombay civil service in 1853, where his father had served before him, and retired in 1878. His last appointment was that of collector of Bombay city and island, in which capacity he fixed the existing assessment on what are known as toka lands. He is remembered for driving a four-in-hand, and for his seaside ​residence at Bandra, outside the island, where he entertained Sir Richard and Lady Burton in 1876. He had already been initiated into Oriental literature by Edward Rehatsek, an eccentric but learned Hungarian, who led the life of a faqir at Bombay. Shortly after his return to England Arbuthnot associated himself with Burton in founding the Kama Shastra Society, for the issue to private subscribers of unexpurgated translations of Oriental classics. He was himself active in procuring the translation of Jāmi's 'Behāristan' and of S'adi's 'Gulistān'; and to him Burton dedicated the fourth volume of his 'Arabian Nights,' commending his critical appreciation of Oriental literature, which enabled him 'to detect the pearl which lurks in the kitchen-midden.' Arbuthnot's own books were in the nature of popular compilations, the two most important being 'Persian Portraits' (1887), and 'Arabic Authors' (1890). A work of more permanent value was his inauguration, in 1891, of a new series of the 'Oriental Translation Fund,' which he started with some translations by Rehatsek, and which was continued after his death through his munificence. He was a member of council and also a trustee of the Royal Asiatic Society, and he took a prominent part in organising the reception of the International Congress of Orientalists that met in London in 1892. He was given to hospitality both at his town house in Park Lane and at his country residence near Guildford. He took a lively interest in his village neighbours, and his memory is preserved by the Arbuthnot Institute, Shemley Green, under the charge of the Wonersh parish council. He died in London on 25 May 1901. In 1879 he married Ellinor, daughter of Admiral Sir James Stirling [q. v.] and widow of James Alexander Guthrie of Craigie, Forfarshire, who survived him until 9 May 1911. There were no children of the marriage.
[The Times, 28 May 1901; personal knowledge.]
J. S. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Arditi, Luigi

​ARDITI, LUIGI (1822–1903), musical conductor and composer, born at Crescentino, in Piedmont, on 16 July 1822, was son of Maurizio Arditi by his wife Caterina Colombo. He was educated as a violinist at the Milan conservatoire, showing also some talent for composition. In 1840 an overture of his was produced in Milan, and during the carnival of the following year a light opera, 'I Briganti.' He made his first appearance as an operatic conductor at Vercelli in 1843, and became an honorary member of the Accademia Filarmonica there. From 1846 he frequently visited America, where he produced and conducted operas; he brought out his 'La Spia' at New York in 1856. The same year he toured through eastern Europe to Constantinople, and in 1858 settled in London as conductor to the opera at Her Majesty's theatre, retaining this appointment through the management of Lumley, E. T. Smith, and Mapleson until the destruction of the theatre by fire in 1867. Upon the resignation of Costa from Covent Garden, Arditi was engaged there for the single season of 1869. In the winters of 1871 and 1873 he conducted the Italian opera at St. Petersburg, and from 1870 onwards for several years did similar work every spring at Vienna. From 1874-7 he conducted the promenade concerts at Covent Garden, and in 1878 visited Madrid for a two months' season. Arditi was the favourite conductor of Madame Adelina Patti, and between 1882 and 1887 he went on operatic tours to America and through the United Kingdom with Mapleson's company, of which she was a leading member. He conducted the first performances of the following notable works amongst others : Gounod's 'Faust' (Her Majesty's, 11 June 1863); Wagner's 'Flying Dutchman' (Drary Lane, July 1870); Mascagni's 'Cavalleria Rusticana' (Shaftesbury, 19 Oct. 1891); and Humperdinck's 'Hansel and Gretel ' (Daly's, Dec. 1894). He retired shortly after 1894, and died at Hove on 1 May 1903. He married on 20 June 1856 Virginia, daughter of William S. Warwick, of Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A., and had issue one son and one daughter.
Arditi's vocal waltz, 'II Bacio' (1860), has long been a favourite with vocalists; other songs of similar character and merit, such as 'L'Ardita' (1862), enjoyed a temporary vogue. In later life he wrote nothing of value. He published in 1896 'My Reminiscences' (ed. Baroness von Zedlitz). A caricature portrait by 'Ape' appeared in 'Vanity Fair' in 1885.
[Arditi's My Reminiscences, 1896; Musical World, May 1903; Grove's Dict. of Musicians; Benjamin Lumley's Reminiscences, 1864; The Mapleson Memoirs, 1888, passim; personal knowledge.]
F. C.
# Discovery

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* The Discovery, a poem by Paul Laurence Dunbar
* The Discovery, a comedy by Frances Sheridan
# Discoveries in Australia/Volume 2/Charts

These charts by John Arrowsmith accompanied Volume 2, but were not bound into it.