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# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ore Deposits

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ORE DEPOSITS. Any considerable accumulation of metal bearing matter in the crust of the earth. A metalliferous rock is spoken of as an ore when it contains metallic minerals (or in some cases non-metallic minerals, such as sulphur) in such quantities and mixtures as to make possible their profitable extraction. The metal contained in an ore is sometime found in its elemental form, as in the case of gold or platinum, but more frequently as a sulphur compound, or as an oxide carbonate or silicate. Often several different forms of one metallic element are found in the same deposit and several metals are often found together. Quartz, feldspar, hornblende, fluorite are the common gangue materials, and are sometimes so evenly mixed with the minerals that the ore must be crushed and metal picked out by magnets or separated by specific gravity devices. In other cases the gangue is in such a form that it can be avoided in mining. Some deposits were formed at the same time as the rocks by which they are contained, but in the greater number of cases, the mineral was deposited after the rocks were formed. The greater number of ore deposits are in igneous rocks and not infrequently near hot springs. It is believed that ground water, frequently hot, and sometimes under high pressure because of its depth and in vapor form carried many of the metallic elements in solution until a decrease in temperature or pressure caused the precipitation of the metallic salts they had been carrying in solution.
When metal bearing salts are deposited along a crevice or fissure in tubular form, the deposit is called a vein; and when the veins are parallel and closely spaced, they are known as a lode. A large pocket rich in ore is known as a bonanza. When the metal is found in the open mixed with gravel, as is frequently the case with gold and platinum, they are called placer deposits. The form of the deposit, the mineral contents or the origin of the ore body are the three most widely used methods of classifying ore bodies. The former is used by miners and the latter by geologists and mining engineers. The five main divisions under this method of classification are:
* Igneous, those which were formed with the rocks;
* Pneumatolytic Deposits, made by gases above the critical point;
* Fumarole Deposits, made by lava;
* Gas Aqueous Deposits, made by ground water at high temperature;
* Deposits by ordinary ground or surface water.
Ore deposits are found over a wide range of territory. They are found where there has been igneous activity, or where they have resulted from the work of meteoric waters.
Copper is found in the United States in Michigan, Arizona, Utah and Montana; zinc in New Jersey, and both lead and zinc are found in Missouri, Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin; iron ore is found around Lake Superior and in parts of the Appalachian region, and gold and silver are found in Alaska, the Black Hills, and in the Cordilleran region.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Oreads

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​OREADS, in Greek mythology, nymphs of the mountains.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Oklahoma, University of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​OKLAHOMA, UNIVERSITY OF, a co-educational, non-sectarian institution in Norman, Okla.; founded in 1892; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 150; students, 3,683; president, S. D. Brooks, LL.D.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Oklahoma City

* related portals: Oklahoma.
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Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​OKLAHOMA CITY, a city, the capital of the State and county-seat of Oklahoma co., Okla.; on the North Canadian river, and on the Santa Fé, the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, and the St. Louis and San Francisco railroads; 31 miles S. of Guthrie. It is the entrepot of a rich agricultural country, and is the center of an important oil producing region. It has developed greatly as a manufacturing community in recent years. It has National banks, and several daily and weekly newspapers, and contains cotton gins, flour mills, packing houses, publishing houses, oil refineries and soap factories. Pop. (1890) 4,151; (1900) 10,037; (1910) 64,205; (1920) 91,295.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Olympia (Washington)

* related portals: Washington.
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Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
OLYMPIA, a city, capital of the State of Washington, and county-seat of Thurston co.; on the Deschutes river where it enters Budds Inlet, Puget Sound, and on the Northern Pacinc Railroad. The city has steamboat connection with Victoria and other places on Puget Sound as well as the principal Pacific ports. Here are St. Martin's College (R. C), Providence Academy, state capitol, the county court house, St. Peter's Hospital, street railroad and electric light plants, water-works. National banks, and several daily and weekly newspapers. Olympia has a boot and shoe factory, an ice factory, iron works, wooden pipe works, and saw shingle, and flour mills. Pop. (1910) 6,996; (1920) 7,795.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Omaha, University of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer. Other sources report a founding date of 1908.
OMAHA, UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational institution in Omaha, Neb.; founded in 1880 under the auspices of the Presbyterian Church; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 73; students, 509. President, D. E. Jenkins, Ph. D.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Wenrich of Trier

From volume 15 of the work.
German ecclesiastico-polical writer of the eleventh century. He was a canon at Verdun, and afterwards scholasticus at Trier. Sigebert of Gembloux (P. L., CXL, 584 sq.) calls him also Bishop of Vercelli, but the early documents of the diocese leave no place for him in the list of bishops. Wenrich is the author of an able controversial treatise on behalf of Henry IV during his struggle with Gregory VII (see CONFLICT OF INVESTITURES). It was probably written in the summer of 1081, at the urgency of Bishop Dietrich of Verdun, to whom it has also been ascribed. The form is that of an open letter to the pope; the tone is friendly, as though what he had to say was painful to the author. Wenrich disputes the efficiency of the emperor's excommunication (1080), opposes the laws of celibacy promulgated by the pope, condemns the inciting of the people against the emperor, defends investitures by texts of Scripture and the history of the Church, upbraids Gregory for being an accomplice in the setting up of a rival king, and reminds the pope that he himself has been accused of unlawful striving after the papal dignity, and even of the use of force to attain this end. A reply was written by Mannegold of Lautenbach.
WENRICUS, Epistola sub Theodorici episcopi Virdunensis nomine conscripta in Mon. Germ. Hist.: Libelli de lite imperatorum et pontificum, I (Hanover, 1891), 280-99; MEYER VON KNONAU, Jahrbucher der deutschen Gesch. Unter Heinrich IV. u. V., III (Leipzig, 1900), 406-15; MIRBT, Die Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregors VII (Leipzig, 1894), passim.
Klemens Löffler.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Wearmouth Abbey

From volume 15 of the work.
Located on the river Wear, in Durham, England; a Benedictine monastery founded in 674 by St. Benedict Biscop on land given by Egfrid, King of Northumbria. Benedict dedicated it to St. Peter, and ten years later founded the sister house at Jarrow, on the Tyne, in honour of St. Paul. These two monasteries were so closely connected in their early history that they are often spoken of as one; but they were really six or seven miles apart. The founder brought workmen from France to build his church at Wearmouth in the Roman fashion and furnished it with glass windows (hitherto unknown in England), pictures, and service-books. The abbey was thus the cradle (as Bishop Hedley has said) not only of English art but of English literature, for the Venerable Bede received his early education there. Benedict himself was the first abbot, and the monastery flourished under him and his successors Easterwin, St. Ceolfrid, and others, for two hundred years. It suffered greatly from the Danes about 860, and again, after the Conquest, at the hands of Malcolm of Scotland. Jarrow was destroyed about the same time, but both monasteries were restored, though not to their former independence. They became cells subordinate to the great cathedral priory of Durham, and were thenceforward occupied by a very small number of monks. The names of only two of the superiors (known as magistri) have been preserved-those of Alexander Larnesley and John Norton.
In 1545 "all the house and seite of the late cell of Wearmouth", valued at about £26 yearly, were granted by Henry VIII to Thomas Whitehead, a relative of Prior Whitehead of Durham, who resigned that monastery in 1540 and became the first Protestant dean. Wearmouth passed afterwards to the Widdrington family, then to that of Fenwick. The remains of the monastic buildings were incorporated in a private mansion built in James I's reign; but this was burned down in 1790, and no trace is now visible of the monastery associated with the venerable names of Benedict Biscop, Ceolfrid, and Bede. The present parish church occupies the site of the ancient priory church. The tower dates from Norman times, and doubtless formed part of the building as restored after the Conquest.
DUGDALE, Monast. anglic., I (London, 1813), 501-4; VEN. BEDE, Vitae ss. abbatum monasterii in Wiramutha in P.L., XCIV, 714-30; TANNER, Notitia monastica: Durham (London, 1787), xvi: HEDLEY, Monkwearmouth in Ampleforth Journal (Dec., 1901), 107-21: ZETTINGER, Weremuth-Jarrow und Rom; im 7. Jahrhundert in Der Katholik (Sept., 1901).
D.O. HUNTER-BLAIR
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Weld

From volume 15 of the work.
The name of an ancient English family (branches of which are found in several parts of England and America) which has been conspicuous for its zeal for the Church, and whose main stem has been for many generations settled at Lulworth in Dorsetshire, England.
The main stem of the family has now assumed the additional name of Blundell. The English "Catholic Who's Who (1912) mentions three Weld-Blundells and six Welds. WISEMAN, Funeral Oration on Thomas Cardinal Weld (London, 1837); ANON., A history of the Cistercian Order, with a life of Thomas Weld (London, 1852); GALLWEY, Funeral words on Mr. Charles Weld (Rochampton, 1885); MARSHALL, Genealogist's Guide (London, 1893); BURKE, Landed Gentry; FOLEY, Records S.J.; Letters and Notices, XX (Rochampton, 1890), 317-25; The Tablet, II (London, 1898), 822; GERARD, Stonyhurst College (Belfast, 1894).
J.H. POLLEN
# Christmas Song

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Christmas Song."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* "Christmas Song", a poem by Edmund Hamilton Sears
* "Christmas Song", a poem by Lydia A. C. Ward
* "A Christmas Song", a poem by Louisa May Alcott
* "A Christmas Song", a poem by William Cox Bennett
* "A Christmas Song", a poem by Tudor Jenks
* "A Christmas Song", a song by Sister M. J.
# Christmas Stories (Faulkner)

* related portals: Christmas, Children's literature.
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* The
* Story Lady's
* Christmas Stories
Christmas Stories
The “Stories Lady” Series
Christmas Stories
By Georgene Faulkner “The Stories Lady”
Illustrated by Frederic Richardson
Daughaday and Company Chicago
Copyright, 1916, by Daughaday and Company All Rights Reserved
To my father
A generous Santa Claus to his large family of children and grandchildren who has helped each of us through his own spirit of self-sacrifice and service to a finer appreciation of the true to a finer appreciation of the true meaning of Christmas.
Foreword
W E are all children, young and old, at Christmas time. We love to talk and think about Santa Claus and the gifts which he will bring to us, and we like to plan how we may play Santa Claus and make some one else happy. Santa Claus embodies this spirit of self-sacrifice and service and so we will enjoy going in our dreams on “ A Visit to Santa Claus Land.” And what fun we will have when we join with the fairies and dear Mrs. Santa Claus and trim “A Christmas Tree for Santa Claus.” And then this story of “Squeaky and the Scarebox”—you know such a thing might really truly happen on your own tree, so look out when you open your “Jack-in-the-box.” “The Legend of Saint Nicholas” and his long silken purses will help you to understand our custom of hanging up our stockings to receive gifts. And this good Bishop doing his deeds of love in the night certainly must have been like our Santa Claus. The ​last story tells of the true Christmas spirit and “The Gift of Love” which God gave to the world when Christ was born.
And so may this book of “Christmas Stories,” coming right into your home, bring to you a message of Christmas Cheer, with a Merry Christmas to all,
From your Story Lady,
Georgene Faulkner.
page
facing page
The illustrations are from original paintings by Frederic Richardson
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1958, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 65 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Christmas Stories

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Christmas Stories."
* related portals: Christmas.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Christmas Stories, by Georgene Faulkner (1916)
* Christmas Stories, by Robert Warren Schaffer (1999)
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Alewife

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ ALEWIFE, a North American fish (clupea pseudoharengus) belonging to the same family as the herring and the shad, and closely allied to them. It is caught in seines with the shad, in large quantities, at many places along the Atlantic coast from North Carolina to Nova Scotia, notably in Chesapeake Bay and the harbor of St. John, N. B. The name is given also to other related species and to fish of other families, as the round pompano of the Bermudas and the allice-shad of England.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Alexander (ancient)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer. See also Alexander of Aegae, Alexander Aetolus, Alexander of Aphrodisias, Alexander Polyhistor, Alexander Lychnus, Alexander Numenius, Alexander Peloplaton, Alexander Philalethes, Pope Alexander I of Alexandria, Alexander of Tralles on Wikipedia.
​ ALEXANDER, a name of various ancient writers, philosophers, etc. (1) Alexander of Ægæ; a peripatetic philosopher of the 1st century A. D.; tutor of Nero. (2) Alexander the Ætolian; a Greek poet who lived at Alexandria about 285-247 B. C. (3) Alexander of Aphrodisias, surnamed Exegetes; lived about 200 A. D.; a learned commentator on the works of Aristotle. (4) Alexander Cornelius, surnamed Polyhistor, of the 1st century B. C. The surname Polyhistor was given him on account of his prodigious learning, (5) A Greek rhetorician and poet, surnamed Lychnus; lived about B. C., wrote astronomical and geographical poems. (6) Alexander Numenius; a Greek rhetorician and teacher of elocution, of the 2d century A. D, two of whose works are historically known. (7) A Greek rhetorician of the 2d century A. D., surnamed Peloplaton, who vanquished Herodes Atticus in a rhetorical contest. (8) Alexander Philalethes; a physician of the 1st century B. C. who succeeded Zeuxis as president of the famous Herophilean school of medicine. (9) Saint Alexander (died 326 A. D.); the Patriarch of Alexandria from 312 A. D.; an opponent of Arius; member of the Council of Nice (325 A. D.); commemorated in the calendar Feb. 26. (10) Alexander of Tralles; an eminent physician of Lydia, of the 6th century A. D.; author of two extant Greek works.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Albumen

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ ALBUMEN or ALBUMIN. (1) In chemistry, the name of a class of albuminoids that are soluble in water, as serum and egg albumen. Egg albumen differs from serum by giving a precipitate when agitated with ether; it is scarcely soluble in strong nitric acid; its specific relation is 35.50 for yellow light. The white of eggs is composed of this substance; it dries up into a light yellow gum-like substance, which will not putrefy. It is an antidote in cases of poisoning by corrosive sublimate or copper salts.
Derived albumens are insoluble in water, and in solutions of NaCl (sodium chloride), but soluble in dilute acids and alkalies. There are acid albumens and alkali albumens.
Acid albumen is formed by adding a small quantity of dilute HCl (hydrochloric acid) to serum or egg albumen, and gradually raising the temperature to 70°.
Alkali albumen, or albumenate, is obtained by adding very dilute caustic alkali, heating the liquid, and precipitating with acids. It closely resembles the casein of milk. Potassium albuminate is also called protein.
(2) In botany, a substance interposed between the embryo and the testa of many plants. It varies greatly in amount, being particularly large in some endogens, such as the cocoanut, in which it constitutes the eatable part of the fruit.
(3) In photography, a process by which albumen is used instead of collodion to coat glass or paper.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Albuquerque

* related portals: New Mexico.
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Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ ALBUQUERQUE (al´be-kerk) , a town and country-seat of Bernalillo co., N. M.; on the Rio Grande and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé and the Santa Fé Pacific railroads; 75 miles S. W. of Santa Fé. It has an elevation of 5,000 feet above sea-level; is an ancient and interesting settlement, divided into the Old and New towns; and is the seat of the University of New Mexico and of a Government school for Indians. The town has extensive railroad shops, a foundry and machine works, a National bank, and large mining, trading, and jobbing interests. Pop. (1910) 11,020; (1920) 15,157.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Albuminoids

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ ALBUMINOIDS, in chemistry, a name given to certain chemical substances which occur in the animal and vegetable tissues. They are amorphous, and their chemical constitution has not yet been discovered.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Alcott, Louisa May

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ALCOTT, LOUISA MAY, an American author, daughter of the preceding, born in Germantown, Pa., Nov. 29, 1832; wrote at an early age, “Little Women” (1868), “Little Men” (1871), “Old-Fashioned Girl,” “Aunt Jo's Scrap-Bag,” “Rose in Bloom,” and many others of like character and popularity. She died in Boston, Mass., March 6, 1888.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Alessandria

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ ALESSANDRIA, city and capital of the province of Alessandria, Italy; on the river Tanaro. It was built in 1168 for protection against Emperor Frederick I. Its original name, Cæsarea, was changed to Alessandria in honor of Pope Alexander III. It was taken by Sforza, Duke of Milan, in 1522, by Prince Eugene in 1707, and ceded to Savoy in 1713 by the Peace of Utrecht. By the armistice of Alessandria, after the battle of Marengo (1800), all of north Italy as far as the Mincio was ceded to France. It was taken by the Austrians in 1821, and became the headquarters of the Piedmontese in the insurrection of 1848-1849. The richly decorated cathedral was rebuilt in 1823. Pop. about 72,500. The province has an area of 1,980 square miles. Pop. about 900,000. A considerable trade is conducted in linen, silk, and woolen stuffs, hats, and artificial flowers.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Alcott, Amos Bronson

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ALCOTT, AMOS BRONSON, an American philosophical writer and educator, one of the founders of the transcendental school of philosophy in New England; born at Wolcott, Conn., Nov. 29, 1799. From 1834-1837 his private school in Boston, conducted on the plan of adapting the instruction to the individuality of each pupil, attracted attention. He was on terms of friendship with Emerson, Hawthorne, Channing, Thoreau, Margaret Fuller. After 1840 he lived in Concord, Mass., and was the projector and dean of the Concord School of Philosophy. Lectures on speculative
and practical subjects occupied his later years. His chief works are “Orphic Sayings,” contributed to the “Dial” (1840); “Tablets” (1868); “Concord Days” (1872); “Table-Talk” (1877); “Sonnets and Canzonets” (1882); “Ralph Waldo Emerson, His Character and Genius” (1882); “New Connecticut” (1886). He died in Boston, March 4, 1888.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Aleutian Islands

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Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ ALEUTIAN (a-lū′shi-an) ISLANDS, or CATHERINE ARCHIPELAGO, a group of about 150 islands, extending W. from Alaska peninsula for a distance of 1,650 miles; belongs to Alaska Territory. The principal islands are Umnak and Unalaska. The inhabitants are nearly all Aleuts, a people allied to the Eskimos. These islands were discovered by Bering in 1728. Pop. about 3,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Algiers

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ALGIERS, city and capital of Algeria. It consists of a lower European town and an upper Moorish town. The first has a cathedral and an exchange. The latter contains several mosques and the Kasbah, the ancient fortress of the deys. The town is a favorite winter health resort. It has considerable trade; exports wine, wheat, coral, and olive oil. It was for a long time the chief rendezvous of the Algerian pirates; was bombarded by the British under Lord Exmouth, in 1816, and was taken by the French in 1830. Pop. about 200,000.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 115 (text) and after 154 (illustration).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Cooper, Peter

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
COOPER, PETER, an American inventor, manufacturer, and philanthropist; born in New York, Feb. 12, 1791. A coachmaker by trade, he became a successful inventor and glue manufacturer, and acquired a large fortune. He built, after his own designs, the first locomotive engine constructed on this continent (1830); was one of the original promoters of the electric telegraph, actively interested in the construction of the New York State canals, etc. He was the candidate of the “Greenback” party for President in 1876. He is best known by the institution that was dearest to his own heart, the “Cooper Union” of New York, founded for the instruction of the industrial classes (1854-1859). He wrote: “Political and Financial Opinions, with an Autobiography” (1877); “Ideas for a Science of Good Government” (1883). He died in New York City, April 4, 1883.