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# National Geographic Magazine/Volume 31/Number 6/Our State Flowers/The Sahuaro

See also ... Main article • Index to our State flowers • List of illustrations

## Our State Flowers
### The Sahuaro (Carnegiea gigantea [formerly known as Cereus giganteus] (Engelm.) Britton and Rose)

When the legislature of Arizona selected the column cactus, known to laymen as the sahuaro, as the State flower, it chose a representative which for tenacity and ability to live under stressful conditions is unsurpassed. The sahuaro grows so as sometimes to resemble an upstanding Brobdingnagian cucumber and at others to look like a huge green candelabra. It thrives on the mountain slopes where other plants cannot survive the shortage of moisture, rearing its thick, cylindrical branches straight up into the air as high as 40 feet. These are armed with rows of spines arranged in star shapes, and in May and June bear exquisite whitish, waxlike flowers, perfect in form and opening in the daytime.
We always think it wise to save for a “rainy” day; but paradoxical as it may sound, the “rainy” day of the cactus is the day when it fails to rain for a long time. So it has arranged its household economy for “making hay” while the rain falls. In wet weather it converts itself into a sort of green-hued sponge, drinking up great stores of water. It long ago suppressed the last vestige of a leaf, and in lieu thereof has covered itself with a thick, hard, impervious coating which sometimes has a grayish bloom on the surface. In other species the coating is covered by a mass of thick hairs. In this way it is able to prevent evaporation of its moisture under the fiercest sun and calmly to await new supplies. It is indeed the vegetable counterpart of the camel.
We think of the cacti as unfriendly, yet the birds often find them a refuge. Woodpeckers make holes in the sahuaro for their nesting places. Other small birds of the arid regions move in when the woodpeckers move out. One of these is a small owl, said to be the tiniest of all members of the owl tribe. Another feathered friend of the cacti is the cactus wren, a little songster with a grayish brown back, a darker head, a spotted breast, and a white line over the eye. It builds a large, flask-shaped nest of grasses and twigs which it lines with feathers. The nest is entered by a covered way or neck several inches long.
The column cactus, like most of its relatives, is a prolific producer of seeds. Millions reach the ground, thousands may germinate, but only now and then does one escape the perils of childhood and become a full-grown cactus. In their youthful days the sahuaros are odd, round plants only a few inches high and with the spines, which protect them from animal depredations, undeveloped. The fruits of this species have a crimson flesh and black seeds, reminding one in those respects of the Georgia watermelon. The Papago Indians eat both the meat and the seeds.
Source: —, ed. (June 1917), “Our State Flowers: The Floral Emblems Chosen by the Commonwealths”, The National Geographic Magazine 31(6): 498. (Illustration from page 513.)
# National Geographic Magazine/Volume 31/Number 6/Our State Flowers/The Sego Lily

See also ... Main article • Index to our State flowers • List of illustrations

## Our State Flowers
### The Sego Lily (Calochortus nuttallii Torr. and Gr.)

Utah's floral queen belongs to the tulip branch of the lily family. It has a remarkable list of relatives, good, bad, and indifferent, close and distant. These kinsfolk range from the evil-smelling carrion flower to the delightfully fragrant lily-of-the-valley; from the gorgeous and assertive butterfly tulip to the timid, unassuming fairy bell; from the poisonous sego and the hog potato to the edible comass and the soap-like amole.
The sego lily is a variety of the mariposa tulip. Its flower is about two inches across, and its white petals are tinged sometimes with yellowish green and sometimes with lilac. The flowers usually follow individual taste in colorings and wear a wide range of the prettiest gowns imaginable.
Mariposa in Spanish means butterfly, and the members of the mariposa group of flowers, to which the sego lily belongs, are marvelous in their hues and delightful in their imitation of the decorative patterns and color combinations of their insect friends.
A visitor to the big trees of the Mariposa Grove relates how she found a bed of sego lilies in which, upon close examination, she discovered fourteen distinct markings, the flowers resembling so many butterflies with wings outspread for flight, their rich color glistening in the sun.
The sego lily was even more to the early Mormon church in Utah than was the mayflower to the Pilgrims at Plymouth. The mayflower was the springtime's first harbinger and a blossom of hope; the sego lily was not only early on the scene to gladden a somewhat dreary landscape, but its roots proved edible. The followers of Brigham Young looked upon it in somewhat the same light as the Jews looked upon the manna that saved them during their wanderings in the wilderness. Therefore the sego lily has figured largely in the history of the Mormon Church in Utah and has been accorded the distinction of State flower as a proof of the early settlers' gratitude.
Source: —, ed. (June 1917), “Our State Flowers: The Floral Emblems Chosen by the Commonwealths”, The National Geographic Magazine 31(6): 498. (Illustration from page 512.)
# National Geographic Magazine/Volume 31/Number 6/Our State Flowers/The Peach Blossom

See also ... Main article • Index to our State flowers • List of illustrations

## Our State Flowers
### The Peach Blossom (Amygdalus persica L.)

Who that has wandered through a full-blown peach orchard, inhaling the fragrance of a million buds and feasting the eye upon acres of heavenly pink, can fail to applaud Delaware's choice of the peach blossom as her State flower.
A deep claim has the peach upon national admiration as well as upon local affection, for it ranks second among all the inhabitants of the American orchard in the money value of its annual crop of fruit. It yields about two bushels for every family in the land, and the product ranges from the delicious Elberta to the small, neglected cling-stone of the wayside volunteer tree.
Of ancient lineage is the peach. Indeed, so far back can it be traced that its origin is lost in the mazes of Chinese tradition. Travelers from Persia saw it in China, loved it, and carried it home with them. Here they gave it firm root and endowed it with the name it bears. Thence it traveled westward, a sort of pacemaker for the Star of Empire. The Romans in the days of Claudius brought it to Italy's shores and thence carried it to Britain. By the time of the discovery of America it had made all Europe its friend and was ready to join the pioneers in shipping for America.
Before the War of 1812 it had crossed the Mississippi and was found as far west as Arkansas. In those days there were many hardy varieties, and where they once gained a foothold they maintained it without human aid. To this day one may journey through the Blue Ridge and Allegheny Mountains and see gnarled and knotty old trees, which must have outlived several generations of men, still bearing their small but delicious cling-stone fruit.
Source: —, ed. (June 1917), “Our State Flowers: The Floral Emblems Chosen by the Commonwealths”, The National Geographic Magazine 31(6): 494. (Illustration from page 507.)
# National Geographic Magazine/Volume 31/Number 6/Our State Flowers/The Sagebrush

See also ... Main article • Index to our State flowers • List of illustrations

## Our State Flowers
### The Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.)

Nevada's floral queen is not famed for its retiring disposition; neither is it known for its beauty; nor yet is it distinguished for its aggressiveness or the usefulness of its product. Rather, it is content to soften the sternness of the unoccupied, semi-arid lands of the Southwest until the farmer comes along. Into his ear it whispers the information that where it grows alfalfa will flourish. After imparting this information, it is content to endure the woes of surrendering its home. The farmer, using a railroad rail or a plank-drag, clears his ground of it and puts in its stead a field of alfalfa.
The sagebrush belongs to the composite family, and its immediate cousins are widely distributed. They are known as the artemisias, and there are a host of them, many with important uses in the economy of civilization. Artemisia absinthium is popularly known as wormwood; from it comes the bitter, aromatic liquor known as eau or crême d'absinthe. Many of its cousins grow in Asia and Europe, including the mugwort, used by the Germans as a seasoning in cookery; southernwood, used by the British to drive away moths from linen and woolens and to force newly swarmed bees, which have a peculiar antipathy for it, into the hive; and tarragon, used by the Russians as an ingredient for pickling and in the preparation of fish sauce.
Sagebrush itself is found as far east as Colorado and is one of the dominating shrubs of the great basin which lies between the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
The artemisias derived their name from Artemisia, the beautiful wife of King Mausolus. The magnificent tomb she erected to his memory at Halicarnassus has given the name mausoleum to every elaborate tomb from that day to this. Americans thought so highly of this wonderful structure that they duplicated it in the national capital. The Southern Jurisdiction of the Scottish Rite Masons of America copied it for their great American temple, and today Artemisia's architectural conception is one of the show places of one of the most beautiful cities of the earth.
Source: —, ed. (June 1917), “Our State Flowers: The Floral Emblems Chosen by the Commonwealths”, The National Geographic Magazine 31(6): 488. (Illustration from page 503.)
# National Geographic Magazine/Volume 31/Number 6/Our State Flowers/The Pasque Flower

See also ... Main article • Index to our State flowers • List of illustrations

## Our State Flowers
### The Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla patens, L., Mill.)

Inhabiting dry soil and prairie lands, blossoming through March and April, ranging from Illinois to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to Texas, the pasque flower, elected queen of flowerland by the legislature of South Dakota, need never fear to stand in any flower company, however distinguished, however beautiful, however charming.
As a member of the crowfoot family, the pasque flower has some lovely cousins. For instance, there is the Virgin's bower or clematis, the wood anemone, the buttercup, the larkspur, the monkshood, the columbine, the goldthread, and the baneberries. Its immediate relatives are the anemones, among which it is one of the prettiest.
With the first warm sunshine of spring the pasque flower begins to lend its soft purplish hues to the landscape. Its leaves are so furry, the result of its unconscious efforts to protect itself from pilfering ants and other creeping insects, that the children of South Dakota have come to call it the “gosling plant.” If its lovely flowers gladden the hills while ungenial winter wanes, its fruiting period also has beauty to offer. A head of silky seedlets with their dainty plumes leads many people to call it the ground clematis.
The stalk of the anemone lengthens considerably after the plant flowers. Those familiar with the garden varieties have noticed how it grows longer even after it has been cut. If the stems be put in water, they readily double their length. This power of cell-making, with only air, light, and water out of which to manufacture tissue, seems a wonderful gift. Devoid of roots and possessed only of local energy, it is hard to understand how the stalk continues to grow. It has been suggested that the duty of raising the seed capsule to the required height may be one that the roots have delegated to another part, just as the brain of man has delegated to the nerve ganglions the duty of shutting the eyes when they are threatened, or of causing the body to jump at a sudden noise.
The pasque flower of South Dakota is a speaking likeness of an English variety, if indeed it is not the direct descendant of that flower. There is a tradition that the plant first arose out of the blood of the Danes who were killed on the field of battle in the stormy days of Britain's early history, and many people call it the “Danesblood.” Opinions differ as to how it came by its name of pasque flower. Some say that before the Gregorian revision of the calendar it was the most abundant flower at Eastertide; hence its name. Others declare that a dye for coloring Easter eggs was obtained from it. Be that as it may, the pasque flower itself brings delight to the prairies even before the last winter winds have roared their farewell.
Source: —, ed. (June 1917), “Our State Flowers: The Floral Emblems Chosen by the Commonwealths”, The National Geographic Magazine 31(6): 499–500. (Illustration from page 514.)
# New Jersey Statutes Annotated/Title 58/Chapter 27

* Section 27-1. Short title
* Section 27-2. Findings, declarations
* Section 27-3. Definitions
* Section 27-4. Contracts authorized
* Section 27-5 Notice of intent.
* Section 27-6. Request for qualifications
* Section 27-7. Qualified vendors
* Section 27-8. Request for proposals
* Section 27-9. Review of proposals; revision
* Section 27-10. Vendor designation
* Section 27-11 Negotiation of proposed contract.
* Section 27-12 Public hearing.
* Section 27-13. Approval, conditional approval
* Section 27-14. Contract award
* Section 27-15. Mandatory provisions
* Section 27-16. Lease of site
* Section 27-17. Prior negotiations
* Section 27-18. Rules, regulations
* Section 27-19. Short title
* Section 27-20. Findings, declarations
* Section 27-21. Definitions
* Section 27-22. Supersedure
* Section 27-23. Public notice, review of proposals, contract terms
* Section 27-24. Public hearing, proceedings
* Section 27-25. Approval, conditional approval of application; review of contract
* Section 27-26. Bonds, financing
* Section 27-27. Procurement of wastewater treatment services prior to enactment
# New Jersey Statutes Annotated/Title 58/Chapter 28

* Section 28-1. Definitions
* Section 28-2. Contracts with private firms for water supply
* Section 28-3. Contracts exempt from certain regulation
* Section 28-4 Definitions relative to water supply, wastewater treatment services
* Section 28-5 Published notice of intent to enter into contract
* Section 28-6 Public hearing on contract
* Section 28-7 Approval, conditional approval of application
# New Jersey Statutes Annotated/Title 58/Chapter 25

* Section 25-1. Short title
* Section 25-2. Public policy
* Section 25-3. Definitions
* Section 25-4. Grants for feasibility studies and reports
* Section 25-5. Loans to local government units
* Section 25-6. State sewerage facilities loan fund
* Section 25-7. Procedures for applications for loans and grants; rules and regulations
* Section 25-8. Grants for water pollution control projects as qualify for federal aid and assistance
* Section 25-9. Municipal collector system inoperable due to unavailable interceptor system; state aid for interest and debt service costs
* Section 25-10. Procedures for applications for grants; rules and regulations
* Section 25-11. Clean water council; continuance, transfer and constitution; members; appointment; term; reimbursement of expenses; chairman and vice-chairman
* Section 25-12. Duties
* Section 25-13. Clean water scholarship intern program
* Section 25-14. Program of graduate study
* Section 25-15. Establishment
* Section 25-16. Administration
* Section 25-17. Projects; assignment
* Section 25-18. Eligibility
* Section 25-19. Interview of applicants
* Section 25-20. Evaluation of prospective supervisor
* Section 25-21. Choice of interns from and assignment to work in every county
* Section 25-22. Compensation
* Section 25-23. Short title
* Section 25-24. Findings, declarations
* Section 25-25. Standards, maps
* Section 25-26. Monitoring of water quality
* Section 25-27. Unpermitted interconnections
* Section 25-28. Abatement measures
* Section 25-29. Abatement assistance fund
* Section 25-30. 90% State funding
* Section 25-31. Priority systems
* Section 25-32. Rules, regulations
* Section 25-33. Stormwater collection systems
# New Jersey Statutes Annotated/Title 58/Chapter 29

* Section 29-1 Short title.
* Section 29-2 Findings, declarations relative to watershed protection and management.
* Section 29-3 Definitions relative to watershed protection and management.
* Section 29-4 "Watershed Management Fund," established.
* Section 29-5 Purposes of fund.
* Section 29-6 Loan and grant program.
* Section 29-7 Use of appropriated funds.
* Section 29-8 Annual appropriation to municipalities for lands subject to moratorium on conveyance of watershed lands.
# New Jersey Statutes Annotated/Title 58/Chapter 5A

* Section 5A-1. Establishment of constabulary authorized
* Section 5A-2. Separate police system; civil service
* Section 5A-3. Rules and regulations; penalties
* Section 5A-4. Service of process; arrest of persons violating rules and regulations
* Section 5A-5. Temporary assignment to enforce anti-pollution laws
# New Jersey Statutes Annotated/Title 58/Chapter 26

* Section 26-1. Short title
* Section 26-2. Findings, determinations
* Section 26-3. Definitions
* Section 26-4. 40-year contract maximum
* Section 26-5 Notice of intention.
* Section 26-6. Request for qualifications
* Section 26-7. Qualified vendors
* Section 26-8. Request for proposals
* Section 26-9. Review of proposals; revisions
* Section 26-10. Designation of vendor
* Section 26-11 Proposed contract with vendors.
* Section 26-12 Public hearing.
* Section 26-13. Approval; conditional approval
* Section 26-14. 3 approvals required
* Section 26-15. Mandatory contract provisions
* Section 26-16. Lease to vendor
* Section 26-17. Prior negotiations
* Section 26-18. Rules, regulations
* Section 26-19. Short title
* Section 26-20. Findings, determinations
* Section 26-21. Definitions
* Section 26-22. Contract for provision of water supply services
* Section 26-23. Notice of intent, review of proposals, negotiation of contract, terms
* Section 26-23.1. Prior procurements deemed valid
* Section 26-24. Public hearing; ordinance; application
* Section 26-25. Approval of application
* Section 26-26. Issuance of bonds
* Section 26-27. Jurisdiction, regulation, control
# New Jersey Statutes Annotated/Title 58/Chapter 4

* Section 4-1 Reservoir, dam restrictions.
* Section 4-2. Approval of plans of reservoirs and dams
* Section 4-3. Descriptions, surveys and plans of existing reservoirs and dams
* Section 4-4. Inspection of reservoirs and dams
* Section 4-5 Alterations, additions and repairs of unsafe reservoirs or dams; duties of owner.
* Section 4-6 Enforcement powers of department, civil, criminal; violations, penalties.
* Section 4-8. Personnel to conduct inspections
* Section 4-8.1. Short title
* Section 4-8.2. Periodic dam safety inspection and reporting procedure
* Section 4-9. Maintenance of existing reservoirs and dams; petition against abandonment
* Section 4-10. Hearing on petition; fixing low-water mark; maintenance expenses
* Section 4-11 Findings, declarations relative to dam repair, lake dredging and stream cleaning.
* Section 4-12 "Dam, Lake and Stream Project Fund."
* Section 4-13 Annual report.
* Section 4-14 Archaeological findings on reservoir lands protected.
# New Jersey Statutes Annotated/Title 58/Chapter 4A

* Section 4A-4.1. Responsibilities of well owner, drilling contractors, violations
* Section 4A-4.2. Sealing of abandoned borehole, well
* Section 4A-4.2a. Departmental discretion to seal borehole well; treble damages
* Section 4A-4.2b. "Well sealing fund" established
* Section 4A-5. Rules, regulations
* Section 4A-6. Requirements for well drilling, pump installation
* Section 4A-7. Board of well driller and pump installer examiners created
* Section 4A-8. "State Well Drillers and Pump Installers Examining and Advisory Board"
* Section 4A-9. Meetings of examining board
* Section 4A-10 Powers, duties of board.
* Section 4A-11 Licenses, issuance; classifications, requirements, rules, regulations, standards; continuing education requirements.
* Section 4A-12. Suspension, revocation of license; charges; hearing; final agency action
* Section 4A-13. On-site supervision required
* Section 4A-14. Permit required, application; fees
* Section 4A-14.1. Expedited permit processing service, account established
* Section 4A-16. Licensing without examination
* Section 4A-17. Expiration of license
* Section 4A-18 Renewal of license.
* Section 4A-19 Fee schedule.
* Section 4A-20. Powers, rights of department
* Section 4A-20.1. Authority of master well driller
* Section 4A-23. Definitions relative to well drilling
* Section 4A-24. Violations, penalties
* Section 4A-27. Partial invalidity
* Section 4A-28. Effective date
* Section 4A-29. Rules, regulations
# New Jersey Statutes Annotated/Title 58/Chapter 4B

* Section 4B-1 Short title.
* Section 4B-2 Findings, determinations relative to Lake Hopatcong.
* Section 4B-3 Lake Hopatcong Commission.
* Section 4B-4 Organization, meetings of commission.
* Section 4B-5 Powers of commission.
* Section 4B-6 Duties, responsibilities of commission.
* Section 4B-7 Development of stormwater, nonpoint source pollution management plan.
* Section 4B-8 Reports to commission, notices, consultations, by State agencies.
* Section 4B-9 Notice of amendments, revisions to municipal master plans.
* Section 4B-10 Progress report by commission.
* Section 4B-11 Lake Hopatcong Regional Planning Board abolished.
* Section 4B-12 Allocation, expenditure of funds.
* Section 4B-13 Appropriations; annual budget requests.
# Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume II/City of God/Book I/Chapter 33

Chapter 33.—That the Overthrow of Rome Has Not Corrected the Vices of the Romans.
Oh infatuated men, what is this blindness, or rather madness, which possesses you? How is it that while, as we hear, even the eastern nations are bewailing your ruin, and while powerful states in the most remote parts of the earth are mourning your fall as a public calamity, ye yourselves should be crowding to the theatres, should be pouring into them and filling them; and, in short, be playing a madder part now than ever before? This was the foul plague-spot, this the wreck of virtue and honor that Scipio sought to preserve you from when he prohibited the construction of theatres; this was his reason for desiring that you might still have an enemy to fear, seeing as he did how easily prosperity would corrupt and destroy you. He did not consider that republic flourishing whose walls stand, but whose morals are in ruins. But the seductions of evil-minded devils had more influence with you than the precautions of prudent men.  Hence the injuries you do, you will not permit to be imputed to you: but the injuries you suffer, you impute to Christianity.  Depraved by good fortune, and not chastened by adversity, what you desire in the restoration of a peaceful and secure state, is not the tranquillity of the commonwealth, but the impunity of your own vicious luxury. Scipio wished you to be hard pressed by an enemy, that you might not abandon yourselves to luxurious manners; but so abandoned are you, that not even when crushed by the enemy is your luxury repressed. You have missed the profit of your calamity; you have been made most wretched, and have remained most profligate.