# Copyright Act 1987 (Singapore)/Part III

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PART III COPYRIGHT IN ORIGINAL LITERARY, DRAMATIC, MUSICAL AND ARTISTIC WORKS
Division 1—Nature, Duration and Ownership of Copyright in Works
Nature of copyright in original works
26. For the purposes of this Act, unless the contrary intention appears, copyright, in relation to a work, is the exclusive right—
    (a) in the case of a literary, dramatic or musical work, to do all or any of the following acts:
       (i) to reproduce the work in a material form;
       (ii) to publish the work in Singapore or any country in relation to which this Act applies, if the work is unpublished;
       (iii) to perform the work in public;
       (iv) to broadcast the work;
       (v) to include the work in a cable programme;
       (vi) to make an adaptation of the work;
       (vii) to do, in relation to a work that is an adaptation of the first-mentioned work, any of the acts specified in ​relation to the first-mentioned work in sub‑paragraphs (i) to (vi); and
    (b) in the case of an artistic work, to do all or any of the following acts:
       (i) to reproduce the work in a material form;
       (ii) to publish the work in Singapore or any country in relation to which this Act applies, if the work is unpublished;
       (iii) to include the work in a television broadcast;
       (iv) to include the work in a cable programme.
Original works in which copyright subsists
27.—(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, copyright shall subsist in an original literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work that is unpublished and of which the author—
    (a) was a qualified person at the time when the work was made; or
    (b) if the making of the work extended over a period — was a qualified person for a substantial part of that period.
(2) Subject to the provisions of this Act, where an original literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work has been published—
    (a) copyright shall subsist in the work; or
    (b) if copyright in the work subsisted immediately before its first publication, copyright shall continue to subsist in the work,
if, but only if —
    (c) the first publication of the work took place in Singapore;
    (d) the author of the work was a qualified person at the time when the work was first published; or
    (e) the author died before that time but was a qualified person immediately before his death.
(3) Notwithstanding subsection (2) but subject to the remaining provisions of this Act, copyright shall subsist in—
    (a) an original artistic work that is a building situated in Singapore; or
    (b) an original artistic work that is attached to, or forms part of, such a building.
(4) In this section, “qualified person” means a citizen of Singapore or a person resident in Singapore.
Duration of copyright in original works
28.—(1) This section shall have effect subject to section 27(2) and to section 29.
(2) Subject to this section, where, by virtue of this Part, copyright subsists in a literary, dramatic or musical work, or in an artistic work other than a photograph, that copyright shall continue to subsist until the expiration of 50 years after the expiration of the calendar year in which the author of the work died.
(3) If, before the death of the author of a literary, dramatic or musical work—
    (a) the work had not been published;
    (b) the work had not been performed in public;
    (c) the work had not been broadcast;
    (d) the work had not been included in a cable programme; and
    (e) records of the work had not been offered or exposed for sale to the public,
the copyright in the work shall continue to subsist until the expiration of 50 years after the expiration of the calendar year in which the work is first published, performed in public, or broadcast, or included in a cable programme, or records of the work are first offered or exposed for sale to the public, whichever is the earliest of those events to happen.
(4) A reference in subsection (3) to the doing of an act in relation to a work shall be read as including a reference to the doing of that act in relation to an adaptation of the work.
​(5) If, before the death of the author of an engraving, the engraving had not been published, the copyright in the engraving shall continue to subsist until the expiration of 50 years after the expiration of the calendar year in which the engraving is first published.
(6) Copyright subsisting in a photograph by virtue of this Part shall continue to subsist until the expiration of 50 years after the expiration of the calendar year in which the photograph is first published.
Duration of copyright in anonymous and pseudonymous work
29.—(1) Subject to subsection (2), where the first publication of a literary, dramatic or musical work, or of an artistic work other than a photograph, is anonymous or pseudonymous, section 28 shall not apply in relation to the work but any copyright subsisting in the work by virtue of this Part shall continue to subsist until the expiration of the period of 50 years after the expiration of the calendar year in which the work was first published.
(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to a work if at any time before the expiration of the period referred to in that subsection, the identity of the author of the work is generally known or can be ascertained by reasonable inquiry.
Ownership of copyright in original works
30.—(1) This section shall have effect subject to Part X.
(2) Subject to this section, the author of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work shall be entitled to any copyright subsisting in the work by virtue of this Part.
(3) The operation of subsection (4), (5) or (6) in relation to copyright in a particular work may be excluded or modified by agreement.
(4) Where a literary, dramatic or artistic work is made by the author in pursuance of the terms of his employment by the proprietor of a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical under a contract of service or apprenticeship and is so made for the purpose of publication in a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical, the proprietor shall be entitled to any copyright subsisting in the work by virtue of this Part insofar as the copyright relates to—
    (a) publication of the work in any newspaper, magazine or similar periodical; or
    (b) reproduction of the work for the purpose of its being so published,
but not otherwise.
(5) Subject to subsection (4), where—
    (a) a person makes, for valuable consideration, an agreement with another person for the taking of a photograph, the painting or drawing of a portrait or the making of an engraving by the other person; and
    (b) the work is made in pursuance of the agreement,
the first-mentioned person shall be entitled to any copyright subsisting in the work by virtue of this Part, except that if the work is required for any particular purpose, that purpose shall be communicated to that other person and that other person shall be entitled to restrain the doing, otherwise than for that particular purpose, of any act comprised in the copyright in the work.
(6) Where a literary, dramatic or artistic work to which subsections (4) and (5) do not apply, or a musical work, is made by the author in pursuance of the terms of his employment by another person under a contract of service or apprenticeship, that other person shall be entitled to any copyright subsisting in the work by virtue of this Part.
Division 2—Infringement of Copyright in Works
Infringement by doing acts comprised in the copyright
31.—(1) Subject to this Act, the copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is infringed by a person who, not being the owner of the copyright, and without the licence of the owner of the copyright, does in Singapore, or authorises the doing in Singapore of, any act comprised in the copyright.
(2) Sections 32 to 34 shall not affect the generality of subsection (1).
​Infringement by importation for sale or hire
32. The copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is infringed by a person who, without the licence of the owner of the copyright, imports an article into Singapore for the purpose of—
    (a) selling, letting for hire, or by way of trade offering or exposing for sale or hire, the article;
    (b) distributing the article—
       (i) for the purpose of trade; or
       (ii) for any other purpose to an extent that will affect prejudicially the owner of the copyright; or
    (c) by way of trade exhibiting the article in public,
where he knows, or ought reasonably to know, that the making of the article was carried out without the consent of the owner of the copyright.
Infringement by sale and other dealings
33.—(1) The copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is infringed by a person who, in Singapore, and without the licence of the owner of the copyright—
    (a) sells, lets for hire, or by way of trade offers or exposes for sale or hire, an article; or
    (b) by way of trade exhibits an article in public,
where he knows, or ought reasonably to know, that the making of the article constituted an infringement of the copyright or, in the case of an imported article, the making of the article was carried out without the consent of the owner of the copyright.
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), the distribution of any articles—
    (a) for the purpose of trade; or
    (b) for any other purpose to an extent that affects prejudicially the owner of the copyright concerned,
shall be taken to be the sale of those articles.
​Infringing copies made on machines installed in libraries and archives
34. Where—
    (a) a person makes an infringing copy of, or part of, a work or a published edition of a work or of two or more works on a machine for the making, by reprographic reproduction, of copies of documents, being a machine installed by or with the approval of the body administering a library or archives on the premises of the library or archives, or outside those premises for the convenience of persons using the library or archives; and
    (b) there is affixed to, or in close proximity to, the machine, in a place readily visible to persons using the machine, a notice of the prescribed dimensions and in accordance with the prescribed form,
neither the body administering the library or archives nor the officer-in-charge of the library or archives shall be taken to have authorised the making of the infringing copy by reason only that the copy was made on that machine.
Division 3—Acts not Constituting Infringements of Copyright Works
Fair dealing for purpose of research or study
35.—(1) A fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, or with an adaptation of a literary, dramatic or musical work, for the purpose of research or private study shall not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work.
(2) For the purposes of this Act, the matters to which regard shall be had, in determining whether a dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work or with an adaptation of a literary, dramatic or musical work, being a dealing by way of copying the whole or a part of the work or adaptation, constitutes a fair dealing with the work or adaptation for the purpose of research or private study shall include—
    (a) the purpose and character of the dealing, including whether such dealing is of a commercial nature or is for non-profit educational purposes;
    (b) the nature of the work or adaptation;
    (c) the amount and substantiality of the part copied taken in relation to the whole work or adaptation; and
    (d) the effect of the dealing upon the potential market for, or value of, the work or adaptation.
(3) Notwithstanding subsection (2), a dealing with a literary, dramatic or musical work, or with an adaptation of such a work, being a dealing by way of the copying, for the purposes of research or private study—
    (a) if the work or adaptation comprises an article in a periodical publication, of the whole or a part of that work or adaptation; or
    (b) in any other case, of not more than a reasonable portion of the work or adaptation,
shall be taken to be a fair dealing with that work or adaptation for the purpose of research or private study.
(4) Subsection (3) shall not apply to a dealing by way of the copying of the whole or a part of an article in a periodical publication if another article in that publication, being an article dealing with a different subject-matter, is also copied.
(5) In this section, “research” shall not include industrial research, research carried out by bodies corporate (not being bodies corporate owned or controlled by the Government), companies, associations or bodies of persons carrying on any business.
Fair dealing for purpose of criticism or review
36. A fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, or with an adaptation of a literary, dramatic or musical work, shall not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work if it is for the purpose of criticism or review, whether of that work or of another work, and a sufficient acknowledgement of the work is made.
​Fair dealing for purpose of reporting current events
37. A fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, or with an adaptation of a literary, dramatic or musical work, shall not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work if it is for the purpose of, or is associated with, the reporting of current events—
    (a) in a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical and a sufficient acknowledgement of the work is made; or
    (b) by means of broadcasting or a cable programme service or in a cinematograph film.
Reproduction for purpose of judicial proceedings or professional advice
38. The copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is not infringed by anything done—
    (a) for the purpose of a judicial proceeding or of a report of a judicial proceeding;
    (b) for the purpose of seeking professional advice from an advocate and solicitor; or
    (c) for the purpose of, or in the course of, the giving of professional advice by an advocate and solicitor.
Back-up copy of computer program
39.—(1) Subject to subsection (2), the copyright in a literary work being a computer program is not infringed by the making of a reproduction of the work, or of a computer program being an adaptation of the work, if—
    (a) the reproduction is made by, or on behalf of, the owner of the copy (in this section referred to as the “original copy”) from which the reproduction is made; and
    (b) the reproduction is made for the purpose only of being used, by or on behalf of the owner of the original copy, in lieu of the original copy in the event that the original copy is lost, destroyed or rendered unusable.
​(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply to the making of a reproduction of a computer program, or of an adaptation of a computer program—
    (a) from an infringing copy of the computer program; or
    (b) contrary to an express direction by or on behalf of the owner of the copyright in the computer program given to the owner of the original copy not later than the time when the owner of the original copy acquired the original copy.
(3) Notwithstanding section 31, it is not an infringement for the owner of a copy of a computer program to make or authorise the making of another copy or adaptation of that computer program provided that such a new copy or adaptation is created as an essential step in the utilisation of the computer program in conjunction with a machine and that it is used in no other manner.
(4) For the purposes of this section—
    (a) a reference to a copy of a computer program or of an adaptation of a computer program is a reference to any article in which the computer program or adaptation is reproduced in a material form; and
    (b) a reference to express direction, in relation to a copy of a computer program or of an adaptation of a computer program, includes a reference to a clearly legible direction printed on the copy or on a package in which the copy is supplied.
Inclusion of works in collections for use by educational institutions
40.—(1) The copyright in a published literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is not infringed by the inclusion of a short extract from the work, or, in the case of a published literary, dramatic or musical work, from an adaptation of the work, in a collection of literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works contained in a book, sound recording or cinematograph film and intended for use by educational institutions if—
    (a) the collection is described in an appropriate place in the book, on the label of each record embodying the recording or ​of its container, or in the film, as being intended for use by educational institutions;
    (b) the work or adaptation was not published for the purpose of being used by educational institutions; and
    (c) a sufficient acknowledgement of the work or adaptation is made.
(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to the copyright in a work if, in addition to the extract concerned, two or more other extracts from, or from adaptations of, works (being works in which copyright subsists at the time when the collection is published) by the author of the first-mentioned work are contained in that collection, or are contained in that collection taken together with every similar collection, if any, of works intended for use by educational institutions and published by the same publisher within the period of 5 years immediately preceding the publication of the first-mentioned collection.
Division 4—Acts not Constituting Infringements of Copyright in Literary, Dramatic and Musical Works
Reading or recitation in public or for a broadcast
41. The reading or recitation in public, or the inclusion in a sound broadcast or television broadcast or a cable programme of a reading or recitation, of an extract of reasonable length from a published literary or dramatic work, or from an adaptation of such a work, shall not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work if a sufficient acknowledgement of the work is made.
Religious performances
42. A performance of a literary, dramatic or musical work of a religious nature, or an adaptation of such a work, in the course of services at a place of worship or other religious assembly shall not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work.
​Reproduction for purpose of broadcasting
43.—(1) Where the broadcasting by a person of a literary, dramatic or musical work, or of an adaptation of such a work, would not (whether by reason of an assignment or licence or of the operation of a provision of this Act) constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work, but the making by the person of a sound recording or a cinematograph film of the work or adaptation would, apart from this subsection, constitute such an infringement, the copyright in the work is not infringed by his making such a recording or film solely for the purpose of the broadcasting of the work or adaptation.
(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to a recording or film if a record embodying the recording or a copy of the film is used for a purpose other than—
    (a) the broadcasting of the work or adaptation in circumstances that do not (whether by reason of an assignment or licence or of the operation of a provision of this Act) constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work; or
    (b) the making of further records embodying the recording or further copies of the film for the purpose of the broadcasting of the work or adaptation in such circumstances.
Division 5—Copying of Works in Libraries
Interpretation
44. In this Division—
    (a) a reference to an article contained in a periodical publication shall be read as a reference to anything (other than an artistic work) appearing in such a publication; and
    (b) any reference to research shall not include industrial research or research carried out by bodies corporate (not being bodies corporate owned or controlled by the Government), companies, associations or bodies of persons carrying on any business.
​Copying by libraries and archives for users
45.—(1) A person may furnish to the officer-in-charge of a library (not being a library that is conducted for the profit, direct or indirect, of an individual or individuals) or the officer-in-charge of archives—
    (a) a request in writing to be supplied with a copy of an article, or a part of an article, contained in a periodical publication or of the whole or a part of a published literary, dramatic or musical work other than an article contained in a periodical publication; and
    (b) a declaration signed by him stating—
       (i) that he requires the copy for the purpose of research or private study and will not use it for any other purpose; and
       (ii) that he has not previously been supplied with a copy of the same article or other work, or the same part of the article or other work, as the case may be, by an authorised officer of the library or archives, or that he has lost, destroyed or damaged any such copy previously supplied to him.
(2) Subject to this section, where a request and declaration referred to in subsection (1) are furnished to the officer-in-charge of a library or archives, an authorised officer of the library or archives may, unless the declaration contains a statement that to his knowledge is untrue in a material particular, make, or cause to be made, the copy to which the request relates and supply the copy to the person who made the request.
(3) Where a charge is made for making and supplying a copy to which a request under subsection (1) relates, subsection (2) shall not apply in relation to the request if the amount of the charge exceeds the cost of making and supplying the copy and a reasonable contribution to the general expenses of the library.
(4) Subsection (2) shall not apply in relation to a request for a copy of, or parts of, two or more articles contained in the same periodical publication unless the articles relate to the same subject-matter.
​(5) Subsection (2) shall not apply to a request for a copy of the whole of a literary, dramatic or musical work (other than an article contained in a periodical publication), or to a copy of a part of such a work that contains more than a reasonable portion of the work unless the work forms part of the library or archives collection.
(6) The copyright in an article contained in a periodical publication is not infringed by the making, in relation to a request under subsection (1), of a copy of the article, or of a part of the article, in accordance with subsection (2) unless the copy is supplied to a person other than the person who made the request.
(7) The copyright in a published literary, dramatic or musical work other than an article contained in a periodical publication is not infringed by the making, in relation to a request under subsection (1), of a copy of the work, or of a part of the work, in accordance with subsection (2) unless the copy is supplied to a person other than the person who made the request.
(8) The regulations may exclude the application of subsection (6) or (7) in such cases as are specified in the regulations.
Copying by libraries or archives for other libraries or archives
46.—(1) The officer-in-charge of a library may request, or cause another person to request, the officer-in-charge of another library to supply the officer-in-charge of the first-mentioned library with a copy of an article, or a part of an article, contained in a periodical publication, or of the whole or a part of a published literary, dramatic or musical work other than an article contained in a periodical publication—
    (a) for the purpose of including the copy in the collection of the first-mentioned library, not being in substitution for a subscription to such periodical publication or work or a purchase of such work; or
    (b) for the purpose of supplying the copy to a person who has made a request for the copy under section 45.
(2) Subject to this section, where a request is made by or on behalf of the officer-in-charge of a library to the officer-in-charge of another ​library under subsection (1), an authorised officer of the lastmentioned library may make, or cause to be made, the copy to which the request relates and supply the copy to the officer-in-charge of the first-mentioned library.
(3) Where, under subsection (2), an authorised officer of a library makes a copy of the whole or a part of a work and supplies it to the officer-in-charge of another library in accordance with a request made under subsection (1)—
    (a) the copy shall, for all purposes of this Act, be deemed to have been made on behalf of an authorised officer of the other library for the purpose for which the copy was requested; and
    (b) an action shall not be brought against the body administering that first-mentioned library, or against any officer or employee of that library, for infringement of copyright by reason of the making or supplying of that copy.
(4) Subject to this section, where a copy of the whole or a part of an article contained in a periodical publication, or of any other published literary, dramatic or musical work is, by virtue of subsection (3), to be deemed to have been made on behalf of an authorised officer of a library, the copyright in the article or other work is not infringed by the making of the copy.
(5) The regulations may exclude the application of subsection (4) in such cases as are specified in the regulations.
(6) Where a charge is made for making and supplying a copy to which a request under subsection (1) relates, subsection (4) shall not apply in relation to the request if the amount of the charge exceeds the cost of making and supplying the copy and a reasonable contribution to the general expenses of the library.
(7) Subsection (4) shall not apply to or in relation to a copy of the whole or a part of an article or other work that is, by virtue of subsection (3), to be deemed to have been made on behalf of an authorised officer of a library for a purpose referred to in subsection (1) unless, as soon as practicable after the request was made, an authorised officer of the library made a declaration that set ​out particulars of the request (including the purpose for which the copy was requested) and stated—
    (a) in a case where a copy of the whole or a part of the article or other work had previously been supplied, in accordance with a request under subsection (1), for the purpose of inclusion in the collection of the library—that the copy so supplied had been lost, destroyed or damaged, whichever was appropriate; and
    (b) in a case where the copy was a copy of the whole of a literary, dramatic or musical work (other than an article contained in a periodical publication) or of a part of such a work that contains more than a reasonable portion of the work—that the copy was made and supplied as part of an inter-library arrangement which does not have the effect or the purpose of enabling participating libraries from receiving copies of whole works or parts thereof, by way of systematic reproduction and supply of copies, in such aggregate quantities as substitutes for a subscription to or purchase of such works.
(8) In this section, a reference to a library shall be read as a reference to a library other than a library that is conducted for the profit, direct or indirect, of an individual or individuals, and as including a reference to archives.
Copying of unpublished works in libraries or archives
47.—(1) Where, at a time more than 50 years after the expiration of the calendar year in which the author of a literary, dramatic or musical work, or of an artistic work being a photograph or engraving, died, and more than 75 years after the time at which, or the expiration of the period during which, the work was made, copyright subsists in the work but—
    (a) the work has not been published; and
    (b) a copy of the work, or, in the case of a literary, dramatic or musical work, the manuscript of the work, is kept in the collection of a library or archives where it is, subject to any ​regulations governing that collection, open to public inspection,
the copyright in the work is not infringed—
    (c) by the making of a copy of the work by a person for the purpose of research or private study or with a view to publication; or
    (d) by the making of a copy of the work by, or on behalf of, the officer-in-charge of that library or archives if the copy is supplied to a person who satisfies the officer-in-charge of that library or archives that he requires the copy for the purpose of research or private study or with a view to publication and that he will not use it for any other purpose.
(2) Where a manuscript, or a copy, of a thesis or other similar literary work that has not been published is kept in a library of a university or other similar institution or in an archives, the copyright in the thesis or other work is not infringed by the making of a copy of the thesis or other work by or on behalf of the officer-in-charge of the library or archives if the copy is supplied to a person who satisfies an authorised officer of the library or archives that he requires the copy for the purpose of research or private study.
Copying of works for preservation and other purposes
48.—(1) Subject to subsection (4), the copyright in a work that forms, or formed, part of the collection of a library or archives is not infringed by the making, by or on behalf of the officer-in-charge of the library or archives, of a copy (including a microform copy) of the work—
    (a) if the work is held in manuscript form or is in original artistic work—for the purpose of preserving the manuscript or original artistic work, as the case may be, against loss or deterioration or for the purpose of research that is being, or is to be, carried out at the library or archives in which the work is held or at another library or other archives;
    (b) if the work is held in the collection in a published form but has been damaged or has deteriorated—for the purpose of replacing the work; or
    (c) if the work has been held in the collection in a published form but has been lost or stolen—for the purpose of replacing the work.
(2) The copyright in a work that is held in the collection of a library or archives is not infringed by the making, by or on behalf of the officer-in-charge of the library or archives, for a purpose other than a purpose for which a copy may be made under subsection (1), of a single microform copy of the work so held.
(3) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to a work held in published form in the collection of a library or archives unless an authorised officer of the library or archives has, after reasonable investigation, made a declaration stating that he is satisfied that a copy (not being a second-hand copy) of the work cannot be obtained within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.
(4) Where a copy (including a microform copy) of an unpublished work is made under subsection (1) by or on behalf of the officer-incharge of a library or archives for the purpose of research that is being, or is to be, carried out at another library or archives, the supply of the copy by or on behalf of the officer to the other library or archives does not, for any purpose of this Act, constitute publication of the work.
Publication of unpublished works kept in libraries
49.—(1) Where—
    (a) a published literary, dramatic or musical work (referred to in this section as the new work) incorporates the whole or a part of a work (referred to in this section as the old work) to which section 47(1) applied immediately before the new work was published;
    (b) before the new work was published, the prescribed notice of the intended publication of the work had been given; and
    (c) immediately before the new work was published, the identity of the owner of the copyright in the old work was not known to the publishers of the new work,
then, for the purposes of this Act, the first publication of the new work, and any subsequent publication of the new work whether in the same or in an altered form, shall, insofar as it constitutes a publication of the old work, be deemed not to be an infringement of the copyright in the old work or an unauthorised publication of the old work.
(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply to a subsequent publication of the new work incorporating a part of the old work that was not included in the first publication of the new work unless—
    (a) section 47(1) would, but for this section, have applied to that part of the old work immediately before that subsequent publication;
    (b) before that subsequent publication, the prescribed notice of the intended publication had been given; and
    (c) immediately before that subsequent publication, the identity of the owner of the copyright in the old work was not known to the publisher of that subsequent publication.
(3) Where a work, or part of a work, has been published and, by virtue of this section, the publication is to be deemed not to be an infringement of the copyright in the work, the copyright in the work is not infringed by a person who, after that publication took place, broadcasts the work or that part of the work, as the case may be, or includes it in a cable programme or performs it in public, or makes a record of it.
Application of Division to illustrations accompanying articles and other works
50. Where an article, thesis or literary, dramatic or musical work is accompanied by artistic works provided for the purpose of explaining or illustrating the article, thesis or other work (referred to in this section as the illustrations), the provisions of this Division shall apply as if—
    (a) where any of those sections provides that the copyright in the article, thesis or work is not infringed — the reference to that copyright included a reference to any copyright in the illustrations;
    (b) a reference in section 45, 46, 47 or 48 to a copy of the article, thesis or work included a reference to a copy of the article, thesis or work together with a copy of the illustrations;
    (c) a reference in section 45 or 46 to a copy of a part of the article or work included a reference to a copy of that part of the article or work together with a copy of the illustrations that were provided for the purpose of explaining or illustrating that part; and
    (d) a reference in section 48 or 49 to the doing of any act in relation to the work included a reference to the doing of that act in relation to the work together with the illustrations.
Division 6—Copying of Works in Educational Institutions
Multiple copying of insubstantial portions of works
51.—(1) Subject to this section, copyright in a literary or dramatic work is not infringed by the making, on the premises of an educational institution, by any person, for the purposes of a course of education provided by the institution, of a copy or copies of a page or pages of the work in an edition of the work, or of works that include the work.
(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply to—
    (a) the making of a copy or copies of the whole of a work; or
    (b) the making of a copy or copies of more than 5 of the pages of a work in an edition of the work, or of works that include the work, unless—
       (i) one per cent of the total number of pages in the edition exceeds 5 pages; and
       (ii) the total number of pages so copied does not exceed 5 per cent of the total number of pages in the edition.
​(3) Where a person has made or caused to be made on an occasion a copy of a part of a work contained on a page or pages in an edition of the work, or of works that include the work, in reliance on this section, subsection (1) shall not apply to the making, by or on behalf of that person, on a subsequent occasion less than 14 days after the day on which the previous copying took place, of a copy of any other part of that work.
Multiple copying under statutory licence by educational institutions
52.—(1) Subject to this section, the copyright in an article contained in a periodical publication is not infringed by the making of copies of the whole or a part of that article, by or on behalf of the body administering an educational institution for the teaching purposes of that or another educational institution.
(2) Subject to this section, the copyright in a work, other than an article in a periodical publication, is not infringed by the making of copies of the whole or a part of that work, by or on behalf of the body administering an educational institution for the teaching purposes of that or another educational institution.
(3) Without limiting the generality of subsection (1) or (2), a copy of a work shall be taken to have been made for the teaching purposes of an institution if—
    (a) it is made in connection with a particular course of instruction provided by that institution; or
    (b) it is made for the purpose of inclusion in the collection of a library of that institution.
(4) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to copies of, or of parts of, two or more articles contained in the same periodical publication unless the articles relate to the same subject-matter.
(5) Subsection (2) shall not apply in relation to copies of, or of more than a reasonable portion of, a work that has been separately published unless the person who makes the copies, or causes the copies to be made, for or on behalf of the body administering the educational institution, is satisfied, after reasonable investigation, that copies (not ​being second-hand copies) of the work cannot be obtained within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.
(6) Subsection (1) shall not apply to copies of the whole or a part of an article contained in a periodical publication, being copies made, by or on behalf of the body administering an educational institution, for the teaching purposes of an educational institution, unless there is made, by or on behalf of that body, as soon as practicable after the making of those copies, a record of the copying setting out such particulars as may be prescribed by the regulations.
(7) Subsection (2) shall not apply to copies of the whole or a part of a work (not being an article contained in a periodical publication), being copies made, by or on behalf of the body administering an educational institution, for the teaching purposes of an educational institution, unless there is made, by or on behalf of that body, as soon as practicable after the making of those copies, a record of the copying setting out such particulars as may be prescribed by the regulations.
(8) For the purposes of subsections (6) and (7) a record of the copying of a work or a part of a work—
    (a) shall be kept in writing or in any other manner prescribed by the regulations; and
    (b) if it is kept in writing, shall be in accordance with the prescribed form.
(9) Where copies of, or of part of, a work, other than an article in a periodical publication, made as provided in subsection (2) by or on behalf of an educational institution for the teaching purposes of an educational institution—
    (a) are made for distribution to persons undertaking a correspondence course, or an external study course, provided by the educational institution for the teaching purposes of which those copies are made, otherwise than as a part of the lecture notes prepared in connection with that course; and
    (b) do not contain more than a reasonable portion of the work,
​the record made in relation to them in accordance with subsection (7) may state that they are copies to which this subsection applies.
(10) Where copies of, or of part of, a work consisting of an article in a periodical publication made, as provided in subsection (1), by or on behalf of the body administering an educational institution for the teaching purposes of an educational institution are made for distribution to persons undertaking a correspondence course, or an external study course, provided by the educational institution for the teaching purposes of which those copies are made, otherwise than as a part of the lecture notes prepared in connection with that course, the record made in relation to them in accordance with subsection (6) may state that they are copies to which this subsection applies.
(11) Where copies of the whole or a part of a work, not being copies stated in the record to be copies to which subsection (9) or (10) applies, are made by or on behalf of the body administering an educational institution and, by virtue of this section, the making of those copies does not infringe copyright in the work, that body shall, if the owner of the copyright in the work makes a request, in writing, at any time during the prescribed period after the making of the copies, for payment for the making of the copies, pay to the owner such an amount by way of equitable remuneration for the making of those copies as is agreed upon between the owner and the body or, in default of agreement, as is determined by the Copyright Tribunal on the application of either the owner or the body.
(12) Where the Copyright Tribunal has determined the amount of equitable remuneration payable to the owner of copyright in a work by the body administering an educational institution in relation to copies of the whole or a part of that work that have been made by or on behalf of that body in reliance on this section, the owner may recover that amount from the body in a court of competent jurisdiction as a debt due to him.
(13) Nothing in this section shall affect the right of the owner of copyright in a work to grant a licence authorising the body administering an educational institution to make, or cause to be made, copies of the whole or a part of the work without infringement of that copyright.
​Application of Division to illustrations accompanying articles and other works
53. Where an article or other literary, dramatic or musical work is accompanied by an artistic work or artistic works provided for the purpose of explaining or illustrating the article or other work, the provisions of this Division shall apply as if—
    (a) where any of those sections provides that the copyright in the article or other work is not infringed—the reference to that copyright included a reference to any copyright in that artistic work or those artistic works;
    (b) a reference in section 51 or 52 to a copy of an article or other work included a reference to a copy of the article or other work together with a copy of that artistic work or those artistic works;
    (c) a reference in section 51 or 52 to a copy of a part of an article or other work included a reference to a copy of that part of the article or other work together with a copy of the artistic work or artistic works provided for the purpose of explaining or illustrating that part;
    (d) a reference in section 51 to a copy of a page of a literary, dramatic or musical work in an edition of the work or of works that include the work included a reference to a copy of a page in such an edition that contained that work and an artistic work or artistic works provided for the purpose of explaining or illustrating that part of that work; and
    (e) a reference in section 51 to a copy of pages of a literary, dramatic or musical work in an edition of that work or of works that include that work included a reference to a copy of pages in such an edition that contained a part of that work and an artistic work or artistic works provided for the purpose of explaining or illustrating that part of that work.
Division 7—Copying of Works in Institution Assisting Handicapped Readers
Multiple copying under statutory licence by institutions assisting handicapped readers
54.—(1) The copyright in a literary or dramatic work that has been published is not infringed by the making, by or on behalf of the body administering an institution assisting handicapped readers, of a record embodying a sound recording of the work or of a part of the work, for use by a handicapped reader for the purpose of research or private study that he is undertaking or proposes to undertake, or for the purpose of otherwise instructing himself on any matter.
(2) The copyright in a literary or dramatic work that has been published is not infringed by the making, by or on behalf of the body administering an institution assisting handicapped readers, of a Braille version, a large-print version or a photographic version, of the work or of a part of the work, for use by a handicapped reader for the purpose of research or private study that he is undertaking or proposes to undertake, or for the purpose of otherwise instructing himself on any matter.
(3) Where a sound recording of a work has been published, subsection (1) shall not apply to the making of any record embodying a sound recording of the work (including a record that is a copy of that first-mentioned sound recording) for or on behalf of the body administering an institution assisting handicapped readers unless the person who makes that record, or causes that record to be made, is satisfied, after reasonable investigation, that no new record that embodies only a sound recording of the work can be obtained within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.
(4) Where a Braille version of a work has been separately published, subsection (2) shall not apply to the making of a Braille version of the work, or of a part of the work, unless the person who makes that version, or causes that version to be made, for or on behalf of the body administering an institution assisting handicapped readers is satisfied, after reasonable investigation, that no new copy of a Braille version of the work, being a version that has been separately published, can be obtained within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.
​(5) Where a large-print version of a work has been separately published, subsection (2) shall not apply to the making of a large-print version of the work, or of a part of the work, unless the person who makes the version, or causes the version to be made, for or on behalf of the body administering an institution assisting handicapped readers is satisfied, after reasonable investigation, that no new copy of a large-print version of the work, being a version that has been separately published, can be obtained within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.
(6) Where a photographic version of a work has been separately published, subsection (2) shall not apply to the making of a photographic version of the work, or of a part of the work, unless the person who makes the version, or causes the version to be made, for or on behalf of the body administering an institution assisting handicapped readers is satisfied, after reasonable investigation, that no new copy of a photographic version of the work, being a version that has been separately published, can be obtained within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.
(7) Subsections (1) and (2) shall not apply to the reproduction of the whole or a part of an article contained in a periodical publication by way of the making, by or on behalf of the body administering an institution assisting handicapped readers, of a handicapped reader’s copy of the article or of that part of the article unless there is made, by or on behalf of that body, as soon as practicable after the making of that copy, a record of the copying setting out such particulars as may be prescribed by the regulations.
(8) Subsections (1) and (2) shall not apply to the reproduction of the whole or a part of a work (not being an article contained in a periodical publication) by way of the making, by or on behalf of the body administering an institution assisting handicapped readers, of a handicapped reader’s copy of the work or of that part of the work unless there is made, by or on behalf of that body, as soon as practicable after the making of that copy, a record of the copying setting out such particulars as may be prescribed by the regulations.
(9) For the purposes of subsections (7) and (8), a record of the copying of a work or a part of a work—
    (a) shall be kept in writing or in any other manner prescribed by the regulations; and
    (b) if it is kept in writing, shall be in accordance with the prescribed form.
(10) Where a handicapped reader’s copy of the whole or a part of a work is made by or on behalf of the body administering an institution assisting handicapped readers and, by virtue of this section, the making of that copy does not infringe copyright in the work, that body shall, if the owner of the copyright in the work makes a request, in writing, at any time during the prescribed period after the making of the copy, for payment for the making of the copy, pay to the owner such an amount by way of equitable remuneration for the making of that copy as is agreed upon between the owner and the body, or, in default of agreement, such amount as is determined by the Copyright Tribunal on the application of either the owner or the body.
(11) Where the Copyright Tribunal has determined the amount of equitable remuneration payable to the owner of copyright in a work by the body administering an institution assisting handicapped readers in relation to a handicapped reader’s copy of the whole or a part of that work that has been made by or on behalf of that body in reliance on this section, the owner may recover that amount from the body in a court of competent jurisdiction as a debt due to him.
(12) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, copyright shall not vest in the maker of the handicapped reader’s copy by reason of his making that copy.
(13) Nothing in this section shall affect the right of the owner of copyright in a work to grant a licence authorising the body administering an institution assisting handicapped readers to make, or cause to be made, sound recordings of, or Braille, large-print or photographic versions of, the whole or a part of the work without infringement of that copyright.
(14) For the purposes of this section, a record, or a Braille version, a large-print version or a photographic version, of a work shall be taken to be a new record, or a new Braille version, a new large-print version or a new photographic version, of the work, as the case may be, if it is not a second-hand record, or a second-hand Braille version, a ​second-hand large-print version or a second-hand photographic version, of the work, as the case may be.
(15) In this section, a reference to a photographic version of a work or a part of a work shall be read as a reference to a copy or copies of the work or a part of a work produced as a film-strip or series of separate transparencies designed to meet the needs of handicapped readers.
Division 8—Recording of Musical Works
Interpretation
55.—(1) For the purposes of this Division—
    (a) a reference to a musical work shall be read as a reference to the work in its original form or to an adaptation of the work;
    (b) a reference to the owner of the copyright in a literary, dramatic or musical work shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be read as a reference to the person who is entitled to authorise the making in, and the importation into, Singapore of records of the works; and
    (c) a reference to sale of a record by retail or to retail sale of a record shall be read as not including a reference to—
       (i) sale for a consideration not consisting wholly of money; or
       (ii) sale by a person not ordinarily carrying on the business of making or selling records.
(2) For the purposes of this Division, where a musical work is comprised partly in one record and partly in another record or other records, all the records shall be treated as if they constituted a single record.
(3) A reference in this Division to a record of a musical work does not include a reference to a sound-track associated with visual images forming part of a cinematograph film.
​Conditions upon which manufacturer may make records of musical work
56.—(1) Subject to this Division, the copyright in a musical work is not infringed by a person (referred to in this section as the manufacturer) who makes a record of the work or an adaptation thereof in Singapore, if—
    (a) records of the work, or, as the case may be, of a similar adaptation of the work, have previously been made in, or imported into, Singapore for the purposes of retail sale, and were so made or imported by, or with the licence of, the owner of the copyright in the work;
    (b) before the making of the record, the manufacturer gave to the owner of the copyright the prescribed notice of his intention to make it;
    (c) the manufacturer intends to sell the record by retail, or to supply it for the purpose of its being sold by retail by another person, or intends to use it for making other records which are to be so sold or supplied; and
    (d) in the case of a record which is sold by retail, the manufacturer pays to the owner of the copyright, in the prescribed manner and at the prescribed time, a royalty of an amount ascertained in accordance with this section.
(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to a record of an adaptation of a musical work if the adaptation debases the work.
(3) Without limiting the generality of paragraph (d) of subsection (1), the regulations made for the purposes of that subsection may provide—
    (a) that payment of the royalties in respect of records, or of an amount, ascertained in accordance with the regulations, in respect of the royalties in respect of records, is, or is in such classes of cases as are specified in those regulations, to be made before the records are sold or supplied by the manufacturer; and
    (b) that the doing of such acts as are specified in those regulations, being such acts as the Minister considers convenient for ensuring the receipt by the owner of the copyright of the royalties in respect of records or, if the owner of the copyright cannot be found by reasonable inquiry, as the Minister considers reasonable in the circumstances, is to be deemed to constitute payment of the royalties.
Amount of royalty
57.—(1) Subject to this Division, the royalty payable in respect of a record is 5 per cent of the retail selling price of the record, which shall be determined in the manner prescribed by the regulations.
(2) If the royalty payable in respect of a record under this section includes a fraction of a cent that is less than or more than one-half of a cent—
    (a) where that fraction is less than one-half of a cent—that fraction shall be treated as one-half of a cent; and
    (b) where that fraction is more than one-half of a cent—that fraction shall be treated as a whole cent.
(3) If, apart from this subsection, the royalty payable in respect of a record under this section would be less than one cent, that royalty shall be one cent.
Provisions relating to royalty where two or more works are on the one record
58. Where a record comprises two or more musical works, whether or not there is any other matter comprised in the record—
    (a) if the record includes a work in which copyright does not subsist or works in which copyrights do not subsist—the royalty payable in respect of the record is, subject to paragraph (b), the amount that bears to the amount that, but for this section, would be the amount of the royalty the same proportion as the number of works in the record in which copyrights subsist bears to the total number of works in the record; and
    (b) if the record includes two or more works in which copyrights subsist—
       (i) subject to this Division, the royalty payable in respect of the record shall not be less than one cent in respect of each work in the record in which copyright subsists; and
       (ii) if the owners of the copyrights in the works in the record in which copyrights subsist are different persons—there shall be paid to the owner of the copyright in each work, in respect of that work, an amount ascertained by dividing the amount of the royalty payable in respect of the record by the number of works in the record in which copyrights subsist.
Revision of royalty and minimum royalty
59.—(1) If at any time after the expiration of one year after the commencement of this Act it appears to the Minister charged with the responsibility for trade and industry that the royalty, or the minimum royalty, payable in respect of records generally or in respect of records included in a particular class of records is not equitable, he may request the Copyright Tribunal to hold an inquiry into the matter and report the result of its inquiry to him.
(2) At any time after the Copyright Tribunal has made a report in relation to the royalty, or the minimum royalty, payable in respect of records generally or in respect of records included in a particular class of records, the regulations may provide that the relevant provision of this Act, in its application in respect of records generally or in respect of records included in that class of records, as the case may be, shall have effect as if it were subject to such variations as are provided by the regulations, being such variations as the Minister thinks equitable.
(3) Where the Copyright Tribunal has made a report in relation to the royalty, or the minimum royalty, payable in respect of records included in a particular class of records (whether the report related only to records included in that class or also related to other records), the Minister charged with the responsibility for trade and industry shall not, before the expiration of 5 years after the report was made, ​request the Tribunal to hold an inquiry under this section in relation to the royalty, or the minimum royalty, as the case may be, payable in respect of records included in that class.
(4) In this section,
    “the relevant provision of this Act” means—
       (a) in relation to the royalty payable in respect of any records—section 57(1) or, if that section is affected by regulations made for the purposes of this section, that section as so affected; and
       (b) in relation to the minimum royalty payable in respect of any records—section 57(3) and paragraph (b)(i) of section 58 or, if those provisions are affected by regulations made for the purposes of this section, those provisions as so affected.
Conditions upon which manufacturer may include part of a literary or dramatic work in a record of a musical work
60.—(1) Where—
    (a) a person makes in Singapore a record comprising the performance of a musical work in which words are sung, or are spoken incidentally to or in association with the music, whether or not there is any other matter comprised in the record;
    (b) copyright does not subsist in that work or, if copyright so subsists, the requirements specified in section 56(1) are complied with in relation to that copyright;
    (c) the words consist or form part of a literary or dramatic work in which copyright subsists;
    (d) a record of the musical work in which those words, or words substantially the same as those words, were sung, or were spoken incidentally to or in association with the music has previously been made in, or imported into, Singapore for the purpose of retail sale and was so made or imported by, or with the licence of, the owner of the copyright in the literary or dramatic work; and
    (e) the like notice was given to the owner of the copyright in the literary or dramatic work as is required by paragraph (b) of section 56(1) to be given to the owner of the copyright (if any) in the musical work and there is paid to the owner of the copyright in the literary or dramatic work such amount (if any) as is ascertained in accordance with this section,
the making of the record shall not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the literary or dramatic work.
(2) Where copyright does not subsist in the musical work, the amount to be paid in respect of the literary or dramatic work is an amount equal to the royalty that, but for this section, would have been payable in respect of the musical work if copyright had subsisted in the musical work.
(3) Where copyright subsists in the musical work as well as in the literary or dramatic work—
    (a) if the copyrights in those works are owned by the same person—an amount is not payable in respect of the literary or dramatic work; or
    (b) if the copyrights in those works are owned by different persons—the royalty that, but for this section, would have been payable in respect of the musical work shall be apportioned between them in such manner as they agree, or, in default of the agreement, as is determined by the Copyright Tribunal on the application of either of them.
(4) Where the owner of the copyright in a musical work and the owner of the copyright in a literary or dramatic work do not agree on the manner in which an amount is to be apportioned between them but the person who made the record gives an undertaking in writing to each owner to pay to him the portion of that amount that the Tribunal determines to be payable to him, then—
    (a) paragraph (d) of section 56(1) and paragraph (e) of subsection (1) shall have effect as if the payments referred to in those paragraphs had been made; and
    (b) the person who made the record shall be liable, when the amount to which an undertaking relates is determined, to pay ​that amount to the owner of the copyright to whom the undertaking was given and the owner may recover that amount in a court of competent jurisdiction from that person as a debt due to the owner.
(5) The regulations made for the purposes of paragraph (d) of section 56(1) in relation to payments to the owner of the copyright in a musical work shall have the like effect, with any necessary modifications, for the purposes of paragraph (e) of subsection (1) in relation to payments to the owner of the copyright in a literary or dramatic work.
Making inquiries in relation to previous records
61. Where—
    (a) a person makes inquiries, as prescribed, for the purpose of ascertaining whether a record of a musical work, or a record of a musical work in which words consisting or forming part of a literary or dramatic work were sung or spoken, has previously been made in, or imported into, Singapore by, or with the licence of, the owner of the copyright in the musical work or in the literary or dramatic work, as the case may be, for the purpose of retail sale or for use in making other records for the purpose of retail sale; and
    (b) an answer to those inquiries is not received within the prescribed period,
a record of that musical work, or a record of that work in which those words were sung or spoken, as the case may be, shall, for the purposes of the application of this Division—
    (c) in relation to the person who made the inquiries; or
    (d) in relation to a person who makes records of the musical work, or records of that work in which those words or substantially the same words are sung or spoken, for the purpose of supplying those records to the person who made the inquiries in pursuance of an agreement entered into between those persons for the making of the records,
​be taken to have been previously made in, or imported into, Singapore with the licence of the owner of that copyright for the purpose of retail sale or for use in making other records for the purpose of retail sale, as the case may be.
Application of Division in relation to record of part of a work
62.—(1) Subject to subsection (2), the provisions of this Division shall apply in relation to a record of a part of musical work in like manner as they apply in relation to a record of the whole of the work.
(2) Subsection (1) of section 56 shall not apply in relation to—
    (a) a record of the whole of a work unless the previous record referred to in paragraph (a) of that subsection was a record of the whole of the work; and
    (b) a record of a part of a work unless that previous record was a record of, or comprising, that part of the work.
Division 9—Acts not Constituting Infringements of Copyright in Artistic Works
Sculptures and certain other works in public places
63.—(1) This section shall apply to sculptures and to works of artistic craftsmanship of the kind referred to in paragraph (c) of the definition of “artistic work” in section 7.
(2) The copyright in a work to which this section applies that is situated, otherwise than temporarily, in a public place, or in premises open to the public, is not infringed by the making of a painting, drawing, engraving or photograph of the work or by the inclusion of the work in a cinematograph film or in a television broadcast.
Buildings and models of buildings
64. The copyright in a building or a model of a building is not infringed by the making of a painting, drawing, engraving or photograph of the building or model or by the inclusion of the building or model in a cinematograph film or in a television broadcast.
​Incidental filming or televising of artistic works
65. Without prejudice to sections 63 and 64, the copyright in an artistic work is not infringed by the inclusion of the work in a cinematograph film or in a television broadcast if its inclusion in the film or broadcast is only incidental to the principal matters represented in the film or broadcast.
Publication of artistic works
66. The copyright in an artistic work is not infringed by the publication of a painting, drawing, engraving, photograph or cinematograph film if, by virtue of section 63, 64 or 65, the making of that painting, drawing, engraving, photograph or film did not constitute an infringement of the copyright.
Artistic works included in a cable programme
67. Sections 63, 64 and 65 shall apply in relation to a cable programme in like manner as they apply in relation to a television broadcast.
Reproduction for purpose of including work in television broadcast or cable programme
68.—(1) Where the inclusion of an artistic work in a television broadcast or cable programme made by a person would not (whether by reason of an assignment or licence or of the operation of a provision of this Act) constitute an infringement of copyright in the work but the making by the person of a cinematograph film of the work would, apart from this subsection, constitute such an infringement, the copyright in the work is not infringed by his making such a film solely for the purpose of the inclusion of the work in a television broadcast or cable programme.
(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to a film if a copy of the film is used for a purpose other than—
    (a) the inclusion of the work in a television broadcast or cable programme in circumstances that do not (whether by reason of an assignment or licence or of the operation of a provision ​of this Act) constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work; or
    (b) the making of further copies of the film for the purpose of the inclusion of the work in such a broadcast or programme.
(3) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to a film where a copy of the film is used for the purpose of the inclusion of the work in a television broadcast or cable programme made by a person who is not the maker of the film unless the maker has paid to the owner of the copyright in the work such amount as they agree or, in default of agreement, has given an undertaking in writing to the owner to pay to him such amount as is determined by the Copyright Tribunal, on the application of either of them, to be equitable remuneration to the owner for the making of the film.
(4) A person who has given an undertaking referred to in subsection (3) shall be liable, when the Copyright Tribunal has determined the amount to which the undertaking relates, to pay that amount to the owner of the copyright in the work and the owner may recover that amount in a court of competent jurisdiction from the person as a debt due to the owner.
Reproduction of work in different dimensions
69. For the purposes of this Act—
    (a) the making of an object of any kind that is in three dimensions does not infringe the copyright in an artistic work that is in two dimensions; and
    (b) the making of an object of any kind that is in two dimensions does not infringe the copyright in an artistic work that is in three dimensions,
if the object would not appear to persons who are not experts in relation to objects of that kind to be a reproduction of the artistic work.
Special exception for artistic works which have been industrially applied
70.—(1) Notwithstanding section 69, the making of any useful article in three dimensions (including a reproduction in two ​dimensions reasonably required for the making of the article) does not infringe the copyright in an artistic work if, when the useful article or reproduction is made, the artistic work has been industrially applied in Singapore or in any other country more than 15 years before the useful article or reproduction is made.
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), an artistic work is applied industrially if—
    (a) more than 50 reproductions in three dimensions are made of it, for the purposes of sale or hire; or
    (b) it is reproduced in three dimensions in one or more articles manufactured in lengths, for the purposes of sale or hire; or
    (c) it is reproduced as a plate which has been used to produce—
       (i) more than 50 reproductions of an object in three dimensions for the purposes of sale or hire; or
       (ii) one or more articles in three dimensions manufactured in lengths for the purposes of sale or hire.
(3) For the purposes of subsection (2), two or more reproductions in three dimensions which are of the same general character and intended for use together are a single reproduction.
(4) In this section, “useful article” means an article having an intrinsic utilitarian function that is not merely to portray the appearance of the article or to convey information.
(5) For the purposes of this section, an article that is normally part of a useful article is considered a useful article.
Reproduction of part of work in later work
71.—(1) The copyright in an artistic work is not infringed by the making of a later artistic work by the same author if, in making the later work, the author does not repeat or imitate the main design of the earlier work.
(2) Subsection (1) shall have effect notwithstanding that part of the earlier work is reproduced in the later work and that, in reproducing the later work, the author used a mould, cast, sketch, plan, model or study made for the purposes of the earlier work.
​Reconstruction of buildings
72.—(1) Where copyright subsists in a building, the copyright is not infringed by a reconstruction of that building.
(2) Where a building has been constructed in accordance with architectural drawings or plans in which copyright subsists and has been so constructed by, or with the licence of, the owner of that copyright, that copyright is not infringed by a later reconstruction of the building by reference to those drawings or plans.
Division 10—Designs
Interpretation
73.—(1) In this Division, “corresponding design”, in relation to an artistic work, means a design which, when applied to an article, results in a reproduction of that work.
(2) In this Division, references to the scope of the copyright in a registered design are references to the aggregate of the things, which, by virtue of the provisions of the United Kingdom Designs (Protection) Act (Cap. 208), the registered proprietor of the design has the exclusive right to do, and references to the scope of the copyright in a registered design as extended to all associated designs and articles are references to the aggregate of the things which, by virtue of that written law, the registered proprietor would have had the exclusive right to do if—
    (a) when that design was registered, there had at the same time been registered every possible design consisting of that design with modifications or variations not sufficient to alter the character or substantially to affect the identity thereof, and the said proprietor had been registered as the proprietor of every such design; and
    (b) the design in question, and every other design such as is mentioned in paragraph (a), had been registered in respect of all the articles to which it was capable of being applied.
​Special exception in respect of industrial design
74.—(1) Where copyright subsists in an artistic work and a corresponding design is registered under the Registered Designs Act 1949 of the United Kingdom, or any Act amending or substituting for that Act, it shall not be an infringement of the copyright in the work—
    (a) to do anything, during the subsistence of the copyright in the registered design, which is within the scope of the copyright in the design; or
    (b) to do anything, after the copyright in the registered design has come to an end, which, if it had been done while the copyright in the design subsisted, would have been within the scope of that copyright as extended to all associated designs and articles:
    Provided that this subsection shall have effect subject to the provisions of the Schedule in cases falling within the Schedule.
(2) Where copyright subsists in an artistic work, and—
    (a) a corresponding design is applied industrially by or with the licence of the owner of the copyright in the work;
    (b) articles to which the design has been so applied are sold, let for hire, or offered for sale or hire whether in Singapore or elsewhere; and
    (c) at the time when those articles are sold, let for hire or offered or exposed for sale or hire, they are not articles in respect of which the corresponding design has been registered under the Registered Designs Act 1949 of the United Kingdom, or any Act amending or substituting for that Act,
subsections (3), (4) and (5) shall apply.
(3) Subject to subsection (5)—
    (a) during the relevant period of 15 years, it shall not be an infringement of the copyright in the work to do anything which, at the time when it is done, would have been within the scope of the copyright in the design if the design had, ​immediately before that time, been registered in respect of all relevant articles; and
    (b) after the end of the relevant period of 15 years, it shall not be an infringement of the copyright in the work to do anything which, at the time when it is done, would, if the design had been registered immediately before that time, have been within the scope of the copyright in the design as extended to all associated designs and articles.
(4) In subsection (3), “the relevant period of 15 years” means the period of 15 years beginning with the date on which articles, such as are mentioned in paragraph (b) of subsection (2), were first sold, let for hire or offered for sale or hire, whether in Singapore or elsewhere.
(5) For the purposes of subsections (2) and (3), no account shall be taken of any articles in respect of which, at the time when they were sold, let for hire, or offered for sale or hire, the design in question was excluded from registration under the provisions of the Registered Designs Act 1949 of the United Kingdom, or any Act amending or substituting for that Act, by rules made under that Act or such other Act (which relates to the exclusion of designs for articles which are primarily literary or artistic in character); and for the purposes of any proceedings under this Act a design shall be conclusively presumed to have been so excluded if—
    (a) before the commencement of those proceedings, an application for the registration of the design under the Registered Designs Act 1949 of the United Kingdom, or any Act amending or substituting for that Act, in respect of those articles had been refused;
    (b) the reason or one of the reasons stated for the refusal was that the design was excluded from such registration by rules made under that Act or such other Act; and
    (c) no appeal against that refusal had been allowed before the date of the commencement of the proceedings or was pending on that date.
​(6) The regulations made for the purposes of this section may make provision for determining the circumstances in which a design is, for the purposes of this section, to be deemed to be applied industrially.
Division 11—Works of Joint Authorship
References to all of joint authors
75. Subject to this Division, a reference in this Act to the author of a work shall, unless otherwise expressly provided by this Act, be read, in relation to a work of joint authorship, as a reference to all the authors of the work.
References to any one or more of joint authors
76. The references in sections 27 and 29(2) to the author of a work shall, in relation to a work of joint authorship, be read as references to any one or more of the authors of the work.
References to whichever of joint authors died last
77. The references in sections 28 and 47 to the author of a work shall, in relation to a work of joint authorship other than a work to which section 78 applies, be read as references to the author who died last.
Works of joint authorship published under pseudonyms
78.—(1) This section shall apply to a work of joint authorship that was first published under two or more names of which one was a pseudonym or two or more (but not all) were pseudonyms.
(2) This section shall also apply to a work of joint authorship that was first published under two or more names all of which were pseudonyms if, at any time within 50 years after the expiration of the calendar year in which the work was first published, the identity of one or more (but not all) of the authors was generally known or could be ascertained by reasonable inquiry.
(3) The references in sections 28 and 47 to the author of a work shall, in relation to a work to which this section applies, be read as references to the author whose identity was disclosed or, if the identity ​of two or more of the authors was disclosed, as references to whichever of those authors died last.
(4) For the purposes of this section, the identity of an author shall be deemed to have been disclosed if—
    (a) one of the names under which the work was published was the name of the author; or
    (b) the identity of that author is generally known or can be ascertained by reasonable inquiry.
Copyright to subsist in joint works without regard to any author who is an unqualified person
79.—(1) Section 30(2) shall have effect, in relation to a work of joint authorship of which one of the authors is an unqualified person, or two or more (but not all) of the authors are unqualified persons, as if the author or authors, other than unqualified persons, had alone been the author or authors, as the case may be, of the work.
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), a person is an unqualified person in relation to a work where, if he had alone been the author of the work, copyright would not have subsisted in the work by virtue of this Part.
Inclusion of joint works in collections for use in educational institutions
80. The reference in section 40(2) to other extracts from, or from adaptations of, works by the author of the extract concerned—
    (a) shall be read as including a reference to extracts from, or from adaptations of, works by the author of the extract concerned in collaboration with any other person; or
    (b) if the extract concerned is from, or from an adaptation of, a work of joint authorship—shall be read as including a reference to extracts from, or from adaptations of, works by any one or more of the authors of the extract concerned, or by any one or more of those authors in collaboration with any other person.