OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Essays of Francis Bacon/XXVIII Of Expense

XXVIII. Of Expense.
Riches are for spending, and spending for honour and good actions. Therefore extraordinary expense must be limited by the worth of the occasion; for voluntary undoing may be as well for a man's country as for the kingdom of heaven. But ordinary expense ought to be limited by a man's estate; and governed with such regard, as it be within his compass; and not subject to deceit and abuse of servants; and ordered to the best shew, that the bills may be less than the estimation abroad. Certainly, if a man will keep but of even hand, his ordinary expenses ought to be but to the half of his receipts; and if he think to wax rich, but to the third part. It is no baseness for the greatest to descend and look into their own estate. Some forbear it, not upon negligence alone, but doubting ​to bring themselves into melancholy, in respect they shall find it broken. But wounds cannot be cured without searching. He that cannot look into his own estate at all, had need both choose well those whom he employeth, and change them often; for new are more timorous and less subtle. He that can look into his estate but seldom, it behoveth him to turn all to certainties. A man had need, if he be plentiful in some kind of expense, to be as saving again in some other. As if he be plentiful in diet, to be saving in apparel; if he be plentiful in the hall, to be saving in the stable; and the like. For he that is plentiful in expenses of all kinds will hardly be preserved from decay. In clearing of a man's estate, he may as well hurt himself in being too sudden, as letting it run on too long. For hasty selling is commonly as disadvantageable as interest. Besides, he that clears at once will relapse; for finding himself out of straits, he will revert to his customs: but he that cleareth by degrees induceth a habit of frugality, and gaineth as well upon his mind as upon his estate. Certainly, who hath a state to repair, may not despise small things; and commonly it is less dishonourable to abridge petty charges, than to stoop to petty gettings. A man ought warily to begin charges which once begun will continue: but in matters that return not he may be more magnificent.
* ↑ As. That.
* ↑ Keep but of even hand. Balance his expenses carefully.
* ↑ Doubt. To fear, be afraid (that something uncertain will take or has taken place); to suspect. "Doubt thou the stars are fire; Doubt that the Sun doth move; Doubt truth to be a liar; But never doubt I love." Shakspere. Hamlet. ii. 2.
* ↑ Respect. Relation, regard, case.
* ↑ Disadvantageable. Disadvantageous.
* ↑ Who. He who. "I dare do all that may become a man; Who dares do more, is none." Shakspere. Macbeth. i. 7.
# The Education of Henry Adams (1918)

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Adams' autobiography won the Pulitzer Prize in 1919. one or more chapters are available in a spoken word format.
THE EDUCATION OF HENRY ADAMS
An Autobiography
BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
MCMXVIII
COPYRIGHT, 1918, BY THE MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Published September 1918
CONTENTS
The Riverside Press
CAMBRIDGE . MASSACHUSETTS
U . S . A
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Ether and the Earth's Atmosphere

* related portals: Relativity.
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Science, 1889, 13: 390, Online
​I have read with much interest Messrs. Michelson and Morley's wonderfully delicate experiment attempting to decide the important question as to how far the ether is carried along by the earth. Their result seems opposed to other experiments showing that the ether in the air can be carried along only to an inappreciable extent. I would suggest that almost the only hypothesis that can reconcile this opposition is that the length of material bodies changes, according as they are moving through the ether or across it, by an amount depending on the square of the ratio of their velocity to that of light. We know that electric forces are affected by the motion of the electrified bodies relative to the ether, and it seems a not improbable supposition that the molecular forces are affected by the motion, and that the size of a body alters consequently. It would be very important if secular experiments on electrical attractions between permanently electrified bodies, such as in a very delicate quadrant electrometer, were instituted in some of the equatorial parts of the earth to observe whether there is any diurnal and annual variation of attraction, — diurnal due to the rotation of the earth being added and subtracted from its orbital velocity; and annual similarly for its orbital velocity and the motion of the solar system. Geo. Fras. Fitz Gerald
Dublin, May 2.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Blackhead

Edition of 1920. See also blackhead on Wiktionary, and the disclaimer.
BLACKHEAD, the name for several animals, characterized by the blackness of the head; especially in the United States: (1) the scaup duck; (2) a common minnow, the fathead. The name is also applied to the accumulations of dirt found in the sebaceous follicles.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Blackfin

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
BLACKFIN. See Bluefin.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Blackguard

Edition of 1920. See also Blackguard on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BLACKGUARD, a term used in the 16th century for the lowest menials of a noble house, the scullions who cleaned pots and pans. It was also used of the hangers-on of an army, camp followers, then of a rabble, and of vagabonds in general.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Blackie, John Stuart

Edition of 1920. See also John Stuart Blackie on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BLACKIE, John Stuart, Scottish poet, litterateur and professor; b. Glasgow, 28 July 1809; d. 2 March 1895. He was educated at the universities of Aberdeen and Edinburgh; subsequently went to Göttingen, Berlin and
Rome, where he continued his studies, which were chiefly connected with philology. In 1834 he published a translation of Goethe's ‘Faust,’ and the same year became an advocate at the Scottish bar; in 1841 he was inducted to the chair of humanity in Marischal College, Aberdeen. This position he held until, in 1852, he was appointed to the professorship of Greek in the University of Edinburgh, a chair which he resigned in 1882. By his unwearied efforts to preserve the Gaelic language, he succeeded in raising $60,000, with which sum a Celtic chair was endowed in Edinburgh University. He was one of the most popular Scotsmen of his time, his breezy, unconventional personality making him a favorite with all classes. Perhaps his most enduring work is the hymn he wrote on his honeymoon, ‘Angels holy, high and lowly.’ Among his more important writings are ‘Lyric Poems’; ‘Homer and the Iliad’; ‘Horæ Hellenicæ’; ‘Self-culture’; ‘Songs of Religion and Life’; ‘Lays of the Highlands and Islands’; ‘Lay Sermons’; ‘Altavona’; ‘Wisdom of Goethe’; and ‘Life of Burns.’ His biography has been published (2 vols.) by Anna M. Stoddart.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Blackfeet Indians

Edition of 1920. See also Blackfoot Confederacy on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BLACKFEET INDIANS, an important Algonquin confederacy of the northern plains, inhabiting, until within recent historical times, the territory from the headstreams of the Missouri in Montana to North Saskatchewan, now in the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, and from long. 105° to the base of the Rocky Mountains. They are now settled on reserves, three in Alberta and one in northwest Montana. The origin of the name is disputed, but it is believed to have reference to the discoloration of their moccasins by the prairie fires. They consist of three subtribes, the Siksika proper or Blackfeet, the Kainah or Bloods and the Piegan — the whole being known as Bloods, and in close alliance with the Atsina and Sarsi. They were roving buffalo hunters, warlike, without permanent habitations, having no arts and no agriculture, except the growing of some tobacco. They have a great number of secret societies and many tribal dances; their dead were deposited in trees or laid on tepis erected on prominent hills. Mackenzie estimated their numbers in 1790 at 9,000; they have been repeatedly decimated by smallpox; the sudden extinction of the buffalo in 1879 threatened
disastrous results for them, but was met by prompt State action. Numbers (1911) 2,337 in Alberta, 2,195 in Montana.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Blackhorse

Edition of 1920. See also Blue sucker on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BLACKHORSE, a fish, one of the suckers of the Mississippi Valley (Cycleptus elongatus); also known as the Missouri or gourdseed sucker. It is about two feet long, with a small head, suggesting, in profile, that of a horse, and becomes almost jet-black in spring. See Sucker.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Blacking

Edition of 1920. See also Shoe polish on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BLACKING, the article employed in blacking boots and shoes, usually contains for its principal ingredients oil, vinegar, ivory, or bone black, sugar or molasses, and strong sulphuric acid, though every manufacturer has his own recipe, and endeavors to turn it to best account by concealing its composition and puffing its merits. Blacking is used either liquid or in the form of a paste, but both are obtained from the same ingredients, the only difference being that in making the paste a portion of the liquid is withheld. Blacking was introduced into England from France in the latter part of the 18th century. A celebrated old English blacking consists of 18 ounces of caoutchouc dissolved in 9 pounds of hot rape-oil, 60 pounds ivory-black, 45 pounds molasses, and 20 gallons vinegar, of strength No. 24, in which one pound finely ground gum-arabic has been dissolved. The whole mixture, after being carefully triturated in a grinding mill, receives 12 pounds sulphuric acid, in small successive quantities, stirring strongly for half an hour. The stirring is continued for half an hour daily during a fortnight, and then three pounds of gum-arabic are added, after which the stirring is resumed, and continued as before for another fortnight. This gives fine liquid blacking; the paste is obtained within a week by withholding 8 of the 20 gallons in which the gum-arabic is dissolved. Shoe blacking in liquid form may be made from powdered graphite (1 pound), lampblack (1 ounce), rosin (4 ounces) and turpentine (1 gallon). Graphite is the principal ingredient in many stove polishes. The solid cakes of stove polish are made by subjecting the powdered graphite, mixed with turpentine, to great pressure.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Blackfish

Edition of 1920. See also Blackfish on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BLACKFISH, any one of a variety of dark-colored fishes, both of America and Europe. For the American “blackfish,” see Tautog, Seabass and Minnow. The English “blackfish” is a kind of mackerel (Centrolophus niger), about two feet long. It occurs rather abundantly off the south coast of Europe, and is much esteemed as a food fish.
The name is also given to a small “killer” whale of the genus Globicephalus, which goes about in shoals that often enter harbors. They are sought by fishermen for the sake of a small amount of oil, resembling sperm-oil, to be obtained from their fat, and also for the sake of their beef-like flesh. The common blackfish of the Atlantic is G. brachypterus, and that of the north Pacific G. scammoni, Sailors give the name “blackfish” to the “caaing,” or “pilot” whale, and to the various other small cetaceans. Consult Bullen, ‘Cruise of the Cachalot’; Scammon, ‘Marine Mammals of North America.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Blackheath

Edition of 1920. See also Blackheath, London on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BLACKHEATH, England, an elevated heath in the county of Kent chiefly in the metropolitan borough of Lewisham. It borders on Greenwich Park, contains 267 acres, and is a place of popular resort. In 1381 Wat Tyler and John Ball mustered their followers here. Jack Cade occupied the same position twice in 1450. In 1497 the Cornish insurgents, under Lord Audley, were routed there by the King's forces. Blackheath has been the scene of many historical pageants and processions. Henry IV met there (1400) the Byzantine emperor, Michael Palæologus; the corporation of London there met Henry V, on his return from Agincourt; and the year afterward, the Emperor Sigismund. One of the last was the reception of Anne of Cleves, by Henry VIII, in 1541. The Roman road to Dover crossed Blackheath. Consult Drake, ‘History of Blackheath’ (London 1886).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Blackcock

Edition of 1920. See also Black grouse on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BLACKCOCK, or HEATHCOCK, a large European grouse (Tetrao tetrix), so called because of the glossy black color of the cock; also known as blackgrouse. The female is grayish, mottled in darker colors, and is called “grayhen,” or “heathhen”; the young are called “poults.” See Capercaillie.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sancho

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
SANCHO, an instrument of the guitar species, made of hollowed wood and furnished with a long neck. It is strung with the tough fibres of a creeping plant, and is tuned by means of sliding rings.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sappho

Edition of 1920. See also Sappho on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SAPPHO, săf'ō, Greek poetess: b. Mitylene, or Eresus, Island of Lesbos. She was the greatest of ancient poets of her sex and flourished between 630 and 570 B.C., being a younger contemporary of Alcæus. Little is known certainly of the events of her life. On account of political commotions she left Lesbos for Sicily. But in later years she returned to Mitylene where she became the centre of a female coterie, a school of poetry of which the famous Erinna was a member. She was the author of various poems; hymns, odes, elegies, epigrams — of which only two complete pieces, an ode ‘To Aphrodite’ and ‘To a Maiden,’ together with some fragments, have come down to us; these display intense feeling, glowing imagination and a high finish. One of them is quoted in full by Longinus in his treatise ‘On the Sublime.’ She is said to have invented several metres; at least one still bears her name and has been used by such ancient poets as Horace and such modern ones as Canning in his ‘Needy Knife-grinder.’ There is an edition of the extant fragments with translations and memoir by H. T. Wharton (3d ed., Chicago 1895). Ancient papyri have recently brought other fragments of Sappho's verse to light. Consult Bergk, ‘Poetæ Lyric’ (Vol. III, Leipzig 1914); Edmonds, J. M., (in Classical Review, Vol. XXII, Vol. XXVIII, London 1909 and 1914); Classical Quarterly (Vol. III, ib. 1909); Hunk, A. S. (in Classical Studies, Vol. IX, p. 39, ib. 1915) Brandt, P., ‘Sappho’ (Leipzig 1905); Christ-Schmid, ‘Geschichte der Griechischen Literatur’ (6th ed., Munich 1912); Farnell, G. S., ‘Greek Lyric Poetry’ (London 1891); Wright, W. C. ‘Short History of Greek Literature’ (New York 1907).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sancho Panza

Edition of 1920. See also Sancho Panza on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SANCHO PANZA, săn'kō păn'zạ (Sp. sän'chō pän'tha), the faithful squire of Don Quixote (q.v.), who accompanies his master upon his travels, but who takes a prosaic view of the incidents colored and distorted by his master's illusions. He is famous for his shrewd proverbs.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Santos-Dumont, Alberto

Edition of 1920. See also Alberto Santos-Dumont on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SANTOS-DUMONT, dö-môṅ, Alberto, Brazilian aeronaut: b. São Paulo, Brazil, 20 July 1873. He was educated chiefly in France, and has resided in Paris since the death of his father, a coffee planter. Having experimented in aeronautics he made an ascent on 4 July 1898 from the Jardin d'Acclimation, Paris, in a spherical balloon 18 feet in diameter. At this time he was engaged upon the construction of a dirigible balloon which he completed so as to make the trial ascent on 20 September. It proved itself dirigible, but the experiment ended in disaster owing to the insufficiency of the air-pump. A second and a third machine were constructed, the latter being cigar-shaped, 66 feet long and 11½ feet in greatest diameter. It carried a four and one-half horse-power petroleum motor to work a five-foot propeller making 2,500 revolutions a minute. It was steered by a rudder of silk and bamboo having an area of about 25 feet. This machine ascended from Vaugirard, 13 Oct. 1899, sailed to the Champs de Mars, encircled the Eiffel Tower several times, proceeded to Auteuil and finally landed at the manœuvre grounds at Bagatelle. He continued experiments with new balloons, and on 18 Aug. 1901 his balloon collapsed and fell to the roof of the Trocadero Hotel. On 19 Oct. 1901 he won the Henri Deutsche prize of $50,000 offered for a trip from the Aero Club at Saint Cloud around the Eiffel Tower and back to the point of departure in less than an hour. The actual time employed was 29 minutes and 30 seconds, the return being made against a strong wind. In 1902 he went to Monte Carlo with the design of crossing the Mediterranean and after making several ascents suffered an accident which precipitated himself and his balloon into the Bay of Monaco. In 1904 he was made chevalier of the Legion of Honor and five years later became officer. See Aeronautics, History of — The Dirigible; and consult Mr. Santos-Dumont's ‘My Airships’ (New York 1904).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Santos Chocano, José

Edition of 1920. See also José Santos Chocano on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SANTOS CHOCANO, zho'kän-ô, José, Peruvian poet: b. 1875. Since the death of Rubén Dario (q.v.) in 1916, Santos Chocano has been the undisputed leader of Latin American literature; and even before the disappearance of the latter from the scene, Santos Chocano had become a figure at least equal in importance with him on the literary horizon. He influenced Dario strongly and for the better, by enlarging his view and making him, in his latter years, more cosmopolitan. It was through Santos Chocano that Dario was led to see the United States and the American people with other and more favorable eyes. Endowed with a broad vision, he threw behind him, early in his career, all sectionalism and local views, which had hampered most of the preceding Latin American poets and prose writers, and announced himself the apostle of cosmopolitanism and Pan-Americanism. At a time when other younger poets like Rubino Blanco Fombona of Venezuela made it their special business to vilify the United States and all things American and to hold her people up to ridicule as uncouth, uncultured, rude dollar-grabbers, overbearing and unbearable, Santos Chocano proclaimed himself the singer of America in all its varying moods and phases, past and present. He sang, ‘My lyre has a soul, my song an ideal.’ The sound of his lyre was America; the ideal of his song the unity and harmony of all things American. In his ‘El Canto del Porvenir’ (Song of the Future) he sees the spiritual union of the North and the South, of the Latin and the Saxon. He believes the one is necessary to the other, and that they have been placed together in the Western world for a purpose. Santos Chocano has the truest vision of all the Latin American writers; and his influence, which has
become very widely extended, has been generally exercised for good. His ‘Alma America,’ in which he emphasizes the idea of race unity on the Western continent, is a stirring poem which became immensely popular and exercised a strong influence on the younger poets of Latin America. Santos Chocano has become, in a sense, the leader of a new school of poetical thought, whose self-imposed task is to sing the beauties and glories of America. Though united through this ideal, the members of this school use widely different literary methods to attain their ends; and some of them are not broad minded enough to see beyond the boundaries of Latin America. Yet all of them can sing with him: ‘When I feel myself an Inca, I render homage to the Sun which gave me the sceptre of royal power; when I feel my Spanish blood, I evoke Colonial days.’ Santos Chocano has traveled much and has found a warm welcome in nearly all the Latin American countries. Some years ago he was lionized in Mexico City, and the Central American nations have paid high tribute to his genius. Consult Coester, A., ‘The Literary History of Spanish America’ (New York 1916); González Blanco, Andrés, ‘Select Poems of José Santos Chocano’ (Introduction to ‘Fiat Lux,’ Paris 1908).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sands, William Franklin

Edition of 1920. See also William Franklin Sands on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SANDS, William Franklin, American diplomatist: b. Washington, D. C., 29 July 1874. He was educated at Saint Michel, Fribourg, Switzerland, Stella Matutina College, Feldkirch, Austria, and Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. He was appointed second secretary of the American legation at Tokio, Japan, in 1896; became first secretary at Seoul, Korea, two years later and was chargé-d'affaires ad interim in 1899. From 1900 to 1904 he was adviser to the emperor of Korea, in 1905-07 was secretary and charge at Panama, in
1907-08 in Guatemala and in 1908-09 in Mexico. In 1909-11, Mr. Sands was American Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Guatemala. While in Korea he suppressed a revolution on the island of Quelpaert and for his services to French citizens during the Boxer Rebellion he was made Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. Mr. Sands is a member of the American Society of International Law and of the American Geographical and other societies.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sappho (play)

Edition of 1920. See also Sappho (play) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SAPPHO. Following the success of his first great tragedy of Fate, ‘Die Ahnfrau,’ which was written in 16 days, Franz Grillparzer wrote a second poetic drama ‘Sappho’ (1819), also composed at white heat and resembling ‘Die Ahnfrau’ in the general character of its poetry although differing from it in form and spirit. In its conception it is half way between the tragedy of fate and the modern tragedy of character; in its form, too, it is half way between the classical and the modern. Out of the slight tradition which tells how Sappho, one of the greatest poets of her age, threw herself from the high Lesbian cliffs into the sea when she found her love for the youth Phaon unrequited and her own hand-maiden preferred, Grillparzer has made a stirring drama, with an acting quality strong enough to carry it to success on the stage when well performed. At the same time he has developed a poetic symbolism in the story, and the conflict between the spiritually gifted Sappho and the beautiful Melitta becomes, in Grillparzer's hands, the conflict between art and the pleasures of life. Although the verse has neither the dignity nor the sheer beauty of some of Grillparzer's later work, notably ‘Des Meeres und der Liebe Wellen,’ it has the cumulative quality which often accompanies verse written in long stretches at a single sitting, a quality which does not detract from its distinctly dramatic value. Through the dignity and the success of his early dramas Grillparzer forged the link that bound the drama of Austria definitely to the literature of Germany.