OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Andrea Adami da Bolsena

From volume 1 of the work.
​Adami da Bolsena, Andrea, an Italian musician b. at Bolsena, 1663; d. in Rome, 1742. Through the influence of Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni he was appointed master of the papal choir. He left a history of this institution, with portraits and memoirs of the singers, under the title of "Osservazioni per ben regolare il coro dei cantori della Cappella Pontificia" (Rome, 1711). He was highly esteemed by the Romans for his personal as well as his musical gifts.
Grove, Dict. of Music and Musicians; Riemann, Dict. of Music.
J. A. Völker.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Andrea Castagno

From volume 3 of the work.
(Or ANDREINO DEL CASTAGNO)
Florentine painter, b. near Florence, 1390; d. at Florence, 9 August, 1457. Little is known of his life. Vasari tells us that his father was only a poor labourer and that the painter himself commenced life as a keeper of cattle. It is not known what led him to study art, or who was his first master. In 1434, after the return of the Medici, he was given a commission to commemorate in painting on the façade of the palace the execution of the Albizzi, the Peruzzi, etc. From that time he went by the name of "Andrea degli Impiccati". In 1454 Pope Nicholas V commissioned him to decorate the apartments of the Vatican. Vasari recounts that Andrea, having learned the secret of oil-painting from Domenico Veneziano, and wishing to remain the sole master of the art, assassinated his comrade. It is known, however, that Domenico survived him four years. Castagno is one of the artists who, with Paolo Uccello (b. 1497) and Filippo Lippi (b. 1406), contributed most actively to the Masaccio revolution in art. His works, however, show the influence of the frescoes of the Brancacci's chapel. He was greatly influenced also by the work of the sculptor Donatello. He has neither the passion of the latter, nor the moral grandeur of Masaccio, nor the elegance of Lippi. But in his own domain, which is the perfecting of plastic and of the resources of drawing, no one has made more progress than he. His paintings have been scattered and cannot be studied anywhere but in Florence. The most celebrated of his works is the life-like and strongly-executed equestrian portrait of Niccolò da Tolentino, in the Cathedral of Florence, which forms the pendant to that of John Hawkwood by Uccello (1436). Most remarkable is the "Last Supper", which hangs in the refectory of the old convent of S. Appolonia. The figures, almost colossal, have a power of anatomy, an individuality, a savage life which forces one to forget the absence of all religious emotion. Such characteristics are also found in the frescoes of the Villa Carducci, which are now at the National Museum. They represent Thomyris, Esther, and the Cumaean Sibyl, the poets Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio, statesmen such as Acciaiuoli, Farinata degli Uberti, and Pippo Spano. These last, by the energy of their attitude, the hang of their draperies, and their heroic aspect, produce an impression of grandeur and solemnity which is found nowhere in the Florentine school of the fourteenth century outside of the works of Masaccio and Signorelli.
LOUIS GILLET
# Carver v. Upton/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
91 U.S. 64
Carver v. Upton
ERROR to the Circuit Court of the United States for the Northern District of Illinois.
The decision of this case is controlled by the opinion in Sanger v. Upton, Assignee, supra, p. 56.
The judgment of the Circuit Court is affirmed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Carver v. Upton

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
91 U.S. 64
Carver v. Upton

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cary Manufacturing Company v. Acme Flexible Clasp Company/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
187 U.S. 427
Cary Manufacturing Company v. Acme Flexible Clasp Company
Argued: December 17, 1902. --- Decided: January 5, 1903
The Acme Flexible Clasp Company brought suit in the circuit court of the United States for the southern district of New York against the Cary Manufacturing Company for alleged infringement of letters patent No. 314,204, granted to W. O. Swett, March 17, 1885, for a staple fastener for wooden vessels, which went to a decree sustaining the validity of the patent and adjudging the Cary Manufacturing Company to have infringed it. 96 Fed. 344. Defendant appealed to the circuit court of appeals for the second circuit, and the decree was affirmed. 41 C. C. A. 338, 101 Fed. 269. Proceedings in contempt were subsequently commenced by the Acme company to punish the alleged violation of the injunction issued under the decree, and the circuit court imposed a fine of $2,000 for contempt, to be paid to the clerk of the court, one half of the sum to be paid to the Acme company and one half to be paid to the United States. The Cary company sued out a writ of error from the circuit court of appeals to review this judgment, and the judgment was affirmed. 48 C. C. A. 118, 108 Fed. 873. Thereupon this writ of error was allowed.
It is apparent that the writ of error cannot be maintained, as the judgment of the circuit court of appeals was final. Judgments and decrees of those courts in all cases arising under the patent laws and under the criminal laws are made final by § 6 of the judiciary act of March 3, 1891. [26 Stat. at L. 828, chap. 517, U.S.C.omp. Stat. 1901, pp. 549, 550.] Although it is insisted that the judgment imposing the fine was a final judgment in a criminal matter, it is argued that it involved the denial of constitutional rights, and hence that this court has jurisdiction under § 5 of that act; but it is settled that even if a party might be entitled to come directly to this court under that section, yet if he does not do so, and carries his case to the circuit court of appeals, he must abide by the judgment of that court. Robinson v. Caldwell, 165 U.S. 359, 41 L. ed. 745, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 343; American Sugar Ref. Co. v. New Orleans, 181 U.S. 277, 45 L. ed. 859, 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 646; Huguley Mfg. Co. v. Galeton Cotton Mills, 184 U.S. 290, 46 L. ed. 546, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 452; Ayres v. Polsdorfer, 187 U.S. 585, ante, 196, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 196.
Writ of error dismissed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Carver v. United States (111 U.S. 609)

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
111 U.S. 609
Carver v. United States
S. S. Henkle, for appellant.
Sol. Gen. Phillips, for appellee.
HARLAN, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cary Manufacturing Company v. Acme Flexible Clasp Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
187 U.S. 427
Cary Manufacturing Company v. Acme Flexible Clasp Company
Argued: December 17, 1902. --- Decided: January 5, 1903
Mr. A. G. N. Vermilya for plaintiff in error.
No counsel for defendant in error.
Mr. Chief Justice Fuller delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Grenada

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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Amazones

From volume 1 of the work.
​Amazones, (or Manãos) Diocese of, a South American diocese, dependent on San Salvador of Bahia. Amazonas, the largest of the states of Brazil, lies south of British Guiana, Venezuela, and Columbia, and between Peru on the west and Pard on the east. It has an area of 732,250 square miles, and in 1900, had a population of only 207,000. Manãos. the capital, is its chief port. Amazonas was once a part of Pará but became a state in 1850.
Erected a see by Leo XIII, 27 April, 1892, it has 350,000 Catholics, 800 Protestants, 24 parishes, 19 secular priests, 13 regular priests, 41 churches or chapels, and 105 Catholic schools.
Battandier, Ann. pont. cath. (1900).
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Amelia

From volume 1 of the work.
The Diocese of Amelia comprises seven towns in the province of Perugia, Italy, and is under the immediate jurisdiction of the Holy See. The Christian origin of this Umbrian mountain town is wrapped in mystery. The Bishopric of Amelia appears on the pages of history relatively late. Ughelli mentions an Orthodolphus, Bishop, about the year 344. He mentions also Stephen, of whom there is no trace in history. Flavius, Bishop of Amelia, seems to have been present at a synod held at Rome, 14 November, 465, by Pope Hilary. Ughelli goes on to enumerate Tiburtius, Martinianus, and then a Sallustino present at a synod held in 502 under Pope Symmachus. Still further according to Ughelli, in the fifth century there was a Bishop of Amelia by name Sincerus. The Bollandists, however, show that the date of his episcopate is uncertain; there is question even of his very existence (June, III, 17). A Bishop of Amelia still appears in 649 at the provincial synod held by Pope Martin at the Lateran. The city of Amelia had great political importance during the eighth century, when between the opposition of the iconoclast Byzantine emperors and the conquering Lombard power in the centre of Italy the temporal power of the popes grew from day to day. There are 20 parishes, 31 secular priests, 43 regular priests, 78 churches and chapels. The population is 19,500.
UGHELLI, Italia Sacra (Venice, 1722); CAPPELLETTI, Le chiese d'Italia (Venice, 1866); GAMS, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae (Ratisbon, 1873); EROLI, Scavi d'Amelia (Rome, 1881).
ERNESTO BUONAIUTI
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Alife

From volume 1 of the work.
​Alife, a diocese made up of twelve communes in the province of Caserta, Archbishopric of Benevento, Italy. The name of a Bishop of Alife appears for the first time among the signatories of the Roman Synod of 499, in the time of Pope Symmachus (Clarus episcopus Ecclesiæ Allifanæ subscripsi—) "Monumenta Germaniæ Historica," auct. Antiquiss., XII, 400. It contains 17 parishes, 60 priests, 23,890 inhabitants.
Cappelletti, Le chiese d'Italia (Venice, 1866), XIX, 89; Ughelli, Italia Sacra (Venice, 1722), VIII, 206; Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiæ catholicæ (Ratisbon, 1873), 847; D'avino, Cenni Storici (Naples, 1820), 8.
Ernesto Buonaiuti.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Alexandria

From volume 1 of the work.
​Alexandria, The Diocese of, suffragan of Kingston, Ont. It comprises the counties of Glengarry and Stormont, and was created a diocese by Leo XIII, by the Decree "In hac sublimi", 23 Jan., 1890. It has ​24,000 Catholics, 19 priests, 16 sisters, 14 parishes, 19 churches, 4 convents, 2,500 children in Catholic schools. First bishop, Alexander MucDonnell, b. Lochiel. County Glengarry, Ont., 1 Nov., 1833; d. at Montreal, 30 May, 1905. He was ordained priest 20 Dec, 1862; appointed bishop, 18 July, 1900; consecrated in October of same year.
Le Canada ecclésiastique pour l'année, 1906 (Montreal); Battandier, Ann. pont. cath., 1900. 189.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Amida

From volume 1 of the work.
(DIARBEKIR.)
An Armenian Rite diocese located in Mesopotamia, Asiatic Turkey.- The foundation of the city of Amida has been wrongly attributed to Tigranes I, or Tigranes III (the Great), Kings of Armenia: it has been identified with either Tigranocerte or Dikranagherd. It got from the Greeks and the Romans the name of Amida, and is known in Turkish as Kara-Amid, i.e. "Amid the Black," but goes more generally by its Arabic name Diarbekir (Land of the Virgin). The town rises on the left bank of the Tigris, about 75 miles from its source and about 900 miles from the mouth of that river. An interior citadel overlooks the double enclosure of the town with its seventy-two towers, and dates back undoubtedly to the Armenian epoch; it was repaired by Valens (A.D. 364-378) and was finished by Anastasius I (491-518). In this citadel is the old Byzantine church of St. John, now used for Mussulman worship, and known as Olou Djami, the Long Mosque. In 638, Amida was taken by the Arabs who called it Diarbekir. Later on it passed under the Persian domination. Since 1514 it belongs to the Ottoman empire and is the chief city of the vilayet of the same name. It has about 35,000 inhabitants, of whom are 20,000 are Mussulmans (Arabians, Turks, Kurds, etc.), 2,300 Catholics (Chaldeans, Armenians, Syrians, Melchites, Latins), 8,500 Gregorian Armenians, 900 Protestant Armenians, 950 Jacobite Syrians, 900 Orthodox Greeks, and 300 Jews. Diarbekir possesses an Armenian Catholic bishop, a Syrian Catholic bishop, a Syrian Jacobite bishop, a Chaldean Catholic archbishop, and a Greek Orthodox metropolitan under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Antioch. The Latin Mission of Diarbekir, founded by Père Jean-Babtiste de Saint Aignan (1667), remained in the hands of the French Capuchins during nearly a century and a half. Its founder converted (1671) the Nestorian Bishop Joseph, with whom Innocent XI inaugurated (1681) the series of the Chaldean Catholic patriarchs. The mission suffered much during the French Revolution. In 1803, at the death of the last French Capuchin, it was entrusted to Italian religious. In 1841, Spanish missionaries took charge of it, but eventually it passed again into the hands of Italian missionaries. The Capuchin Fathers direct a school for boys. Near them the Franciscan nuns of Lons-le-Saunier have opened (since 1882) a school for girls. An American Protestant mission, working especially among the Armenians, keeps up three schools: two for boys and one for girls. Besides these foreign establishments Diarbekir possesses fifty-four others. The Turks have 4 medresses, 3 secondary and 33 elementary schools, one of which is for girls. The Gregorian Armenians have 5 elementary schools, one of which is for girls. The Catholic Armenians have an elementary school for boys, the Catholic Chaldeans 3 elementary schools, one of which is for girls. The Catholic Syrians have an elementary school for boys, and the Israelites an elementary school for girls.
S. Pétridès.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Almeria

From volume 1 of the work.
​Almeria, The Diocese of, a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Granada in Spain. It is said to have been founded by Indaletius, a disciple of St. James the Greater, at Urci (Vergium). After a long eclipse, its episcopal honour was restored to this little seaport by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1489, on the occasion of the conquest of Granada. In the meantime it had acquired the Arabic name of Almeria (mirror). In 1900 its population, all Catholic, was 230,000. There were 110 parish-priests, 32 vicars, 28 canons and prebendaries, 122 churches, 50 chapels, 3 Dominican convents, and 4 houses of female religious.
Battandier, Ann. pont. cath. (Paris, 1905), 211; Guia del Estado eccl. de España para el año de 1905; Florez, España Sagrada, cont. by Risco (Madrid, 1754–1850).
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Alghero

From volume 1 of the work.
​Alghero, an Italian diocese comprising twenty-two communes in the province of Sassari, and four in that of Cagliari, Archdiocese of Sassari. The city was built by the Doria of Genoa in 1102. In 1106 John, Bishop of Alghero, assisted at the consecration of the Church of the Trinity in Sacargia. After a long period of decadence, the see was renewed and confirmed by Julius II in his Bull of 1503. Pietro Parens, a Genoese, became bishop; he was present at the Lateran Council in 1512, from the ​first to the seventh session. It contains 20 parishes, 71 secular priests, 54,300 inhabitants.
Cappelletti, Le chiese d'Italia (Venice, 1866), XIII. 141; Gams, Series episcoporum ecclesiæ catholicæ (Ratisbon, 1873), 832; Matthæi, Sardinia Sacra (Rome, 1758), 171.
Ernesto Buonaiuti.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Balthasar Seña

From volume 13 of the work.
Indian missionary and philologist, b. at Barcelona, Spain, about 1590; d. at Guarambare, Paraguay, 19 July, 1614. He entered the Jesuit novitiate at Tarragona, Aragon, in 1608. Before completing his studies he volunteered for the Guarani missions of Paraguay, and sailed from Lisbon in company with the veteran missionary, Father Juan Romero, in 1610, continuing his studies on the voyage. The rest of his life was spent at the Guarani mission town of Guarambare or with the uncivilized cognate tribe of Itatines, whose language he studied and reduced to dictionary form. He was distinguished and beloved among the Indians for his virtues and for his courage in defense of the natives against the slave-dealers, declining offered preferment at Sante Fe in order to remain with his mission work. After ministering without fear to the sick throughout a contagious epidemic, he was himself seized by a fever, for which no medicine could be procured, and succumbed to it after intense suffering. His remains were afterwards taken up and reinterred at the Jesuit college at Asuncion.
LOZANO, Hist. de la Comp. de J. en Paraguay, II (Madrid, 1754-5).
JAMES MOONEY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Balthazar Alvarez

From volume 1 of the work.
​Alvarez, Balthzar, a Spanish mystic, who was the spiritual director of St. Teresa, b. at Cervera, in Spain, in 1533, of a noble family; d. at Belmonte, 25 July, 1580. He studied philosophy and theology in the University of Alcalá. When only eighteen years of age, he was remarkable for his extraordinary habit of prayer and piety. His inclination was first towards the Carthusians, because of their life of contemplation, but, finally, he entered the Society of Jesus, at Alcalá, in 1555, fifteen years after its foundation. The famous Father Bustamente was his master of novices and subjected him to the Alcalá trials. In the novitiate of Simancas he met St. Francis Borgia, and the strongest affection was established between them. He resumed his philosophical and theological studies at Alcalá and Avila, under the guidance of the Dominicans; for as yet the Society had no theologians of its own. The continual interruptions of his studies impeded his progress in scholastic theology, but he compensated for it by the eminence he achieved, through prayer, in mystical theology, which fitted him in a remarkable degree for the office he subsequently held as confessor, master of novices, rector, provincial, visitor, and as director of persons far advanced in the ways of holiness. He was made a priest in 1558, and, although only twenty-five years of age, was entrusted with the spiritual direction of St. Teresa, then belonging to the mitigated order of Carmel, but who was on the point of founding the Discalced Carmelites. Alvarez not only guided her in matters of the spirit, but defended her from her critics, encouraged her in her work of reform, and had much to do with framing the rules of the new Order. His direction continued for seven years. The Saint declared that it had been revealed to her that Father Balthazar had reached a very high degree of perfection. He followed the usual method of prayer for sixteen years. After that he received a special gift of contemplation. In 1574 he was made rector of Salamanca and visitor of the Province of Aragon, and, in 1579, was about to be sent as provincial to Peru but that project was never carried out. He was well on in life when his method of prayer was questioned. By some it was looked upon as a delusion of the devil. Alvarez was compelled to write an account of it to the General of the Society of Jesus, Everard Mercurian, who approved of it, but discountenanced it as a general practice. At the same time, he expressed his esteem for Father Alvarez and employed him in the most responsible offices. At his death, St. Teresa had a revelation of his glory in heaven.
Del Puente, Vida del P. Balthazar Alvares (tr. Bouix); Niremberg, Ideas de virtud, 348–97; Alcazar, Chrono. Hist. De la c. De J. en la prov. De Toledo, II, 623–34; De Backer, Bibliotheque de la c. De J., I, 107.
T. J. Campbell.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Balthasar Barreira

From volume 2 of the work.
A Portuguese Jesuit missionary, born at Lisbon, 1531; died 1612, on the mission of Angola, south-west coast of Africa, the scene of his life's labors. His literary works consist chiefly of "Relations" written to the supervisors of the Society of Jesus, describing the condition of the province with regard to both its political and spiritual aspects. He has recounted in detail the victory of the Spaniards, led by Paul de Morales, over an army of native negroes in the year 1583. Accounts of the conversion of pagan tribes and the baptisms of native kings as well as treatises on the manners and customs of the people are the principal subjects of his writings.
Sommervogel, Bibl. de la c. de J., I, 918.
JAMES M. COTTER