OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Text

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​TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave), a term which is applied with several varieties of meaning to the actual words of an author as written; it is thus used of the original composition as opposed to the commentary, paraphrase, notes, &c., written by others upon it, and to the written printed matter as opposed to the illustrations, diagrams, &c., accompanying it (see Textual Criticism below). A specific meaning is that of a passage of Scripture used as the subject of a sermon or discourse, as an argument or illustration in theological discussion or as a means of edification, exhortation or admonition. Technically the term is also applied to a particular form of writing in MSS. before the age of printing, and so, in composition, in such uses as “text-hand,” “text-writer,” &c. A “text-book” is a manual or handbook of instruction, such as is used by students as the standard book on the subject which they may be studying.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Teviot, Andrew Rutherford, Earl of

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​TEVIOT, ANDREW RUTHERFORD, Earl of (d. 1664), was the son of William Rutherford of Quarrelholes, Roxburghshire. His education was received in Edinburgh, and he took up the career of soldier of fortune. His services were given to the French government, which maintained regiments of Scottish mercenaries. On the restoration of Charles II., Rutherford was taken into employment by his own king on the recommendation of Louis XIV. of France. He had held a commission as lieutenant-general in France and had a high reputation for personal courage. Charles II. gave him the Scottish title of Lord Rutherford and the governorship of Dunkirk, which had been acquired by the Protector Oliver Cromwell. When Charles II. sold the town to France in 1662 Rutherford was consoled by the command of the 2nd or Tangier regiment, was made earl of Teviot in the peerage of Scotland, and was sent in 1663 as governor to Tangier. His tenure of office was very short, for on the 4th of May 1664 he allowed himself to be entrapped into an ambush by the Moors, who carried on incessant irregular warfare against the English garrison, and was killed, together with nineteen officers and nearly five hundred men of his garrison.
See W. F. Lord, The Lost Possessions of England (London, 1896).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tezpur

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​TEZPUR, or Tejpur, a town of British India, the administrative headquarters of Darrang district, Eastern Bengal and Assam, on the right bank of the Brahmaputra. Pop. (1901) 5047. It is the centre of a flourishing tea industry, and contains many houses of English residents. Communications are maintained by river steamer, while a light railway runs northward through the tea-growing tract.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Texarkana

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​TEXARKANA, two adjoining cities forming one community, situated on either side of the boundary line between Arkansas and Texas, U.S.A., about 165 m. E. by N. of Dallas, Texas; Texarkana, county-seat of Miller county, Arkansas. pop. (1900) 4914, of whom 120 were foreign-born and 2078 were negroes; (1910) 5655; Texarkana, Bowie county, Texas, pop. (1900) 5256, of whom 192 were foreign-born and 1964 were negroes; (1910) 9790. Texarkana is served by the Kansas City Southern (Port Arthur Route), the Texas & Pacific (of which it is the eastern terminus), the St Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern (Iron Mountain Route, the southern terminus), and the St Louis South-Western (Cotton Belt Route) railways. The public buildings are two city halls, a well-designed Post Office, which stands on the ​state line and serves both cities, a county court house (on the Arkansas side), and a Federal court building (on the Texas side). The chief trade is in lumber (especially hard woods, such as white oak and ash), cotton, cotton-seed oil and hides. Natural gas is piped here from the Caddo gas-fields, about 48 m. S., in Louisiana. The first permanent settlement here was made in 1874; Texarkana, Texas, was incorporated in 1875, and Texarkana, Arkansas, in 1881.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Romanshorn

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​ROMANSHORN, an important commercial town in the Swiss canton of Thurgau. It is situated on the west shore of the lake of Constance, and by rail is 51/2 m. N.E. of Zürich, 121/2 m. S.E. of Constance, and 10 m. N.W. of Rorschach. In 1900 its population was 4577, mostly German-speaking, while there were 3093 Protestants to 1478 Romanists. Originally a small fishing village, it belonged to the abbot of St Gall from 1432 to 1798, when it became part of the canton of Thurgau. In 1856 the railway from Romanshorn to Zürich was opened, and this vastly increased the commercial importance of Romanshorn. Nowadays it is the centre of a great transit trade, as it communicates, by means of the lake, with the principal towns on its shores. The corn trade and that in timber are among the most important, while there are many industrial establishments. It is essentially a modern commercial centre.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Romford

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​ROMFORD, a market town in the Romford parliamentary division of Essex, England; on the small river Rom, which flows into the Thames; 121/2 m. E.N.E. from London by the Great Eastern railway. Pop. of urban district (1901) 13,656. The ancient church of St Edward the Confessor was replaced in 18 50 by a structure in Decorated style. There is a large brewery in the town, and extensive market gardens in the neighbourhood. A grant of a market was obtained in 1247, and this is still of importance as regards both cattle and corn. Romford was included in the liberty of Havering-atte-Bower, which until 1892 had a jurisdiction of its own distinct from that of the county, with a high steward, magistrates, clerk of the peace, coroner and quarter sessions. The name of Bower was derived from a queen’s residence attached to the ancient royal hunting-lodge in the vicinity.
The fact that Romford (Rumford, Rompford) lies on the high road between Colchester and London has determined its history. Bronze implements have been found here, but no notice of Romford occurs till the 12th century. It was included in the liberty of Havering, and the chief business of the liberty was conducted there. But the corporation which is mentioned in medieval records is not that of the town of Romford, but of the liberty of Havering. Romford has only had a separate constitution since a local board of health was formed in 1894, under the act of 1875, after the abolition of the liberty in 1892. In the middle ages Romford was rather a meeting place for merchants than an industrial centre. Brewing, however, is mentioned in 1331, and one tanner at least carried on business in Hare Street in 1467.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rome (province)

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​ROME, a province of modern Italy, co-extensive with the compartimento of Lazio, but really covering a considerably larger area than the ancient Latium, even including Latium adjectum. On the S.E. and E. alone it does not extend so far, the boundary being that between the former papal states and the kingdom of Naples, running from a point S.E. of Terracina along the eastern edge of the Volscian mountains to Ceprano, and thence along the Liris valley. It then runs N.E. through the mountains to Carsoli, being conterminous with the Abruzzi; it then includes part of the ancient Sabine country, reaching the Tiber near the railway station of Fara Sabina, 25 m. N. of Rome. It follows the river for some distance, where it is conterminous with Umbria, and then runs S.W. to the coast, where it is conterminous with the province of Grosseto (Tuscany), thus including a considerable portion of the ancient Etruria. The resident population in 1901 was estimated at 1,196,909 (including Rome itself, 520,196), and the floating population, Italian and foreign, 54,383. In 1907 the total number was calculated at 1,278,000. In 1871 the aggregate population was only 836,704. Emigration rose from 2222 in 1896 to 18,507 in 1906, there being a great rise in 1905, as over all Italy. The economic crisis in the United States in 1907, led, however, to a set-back, many emigrants being obliged to return to Italy for lack of work. Alum is extracted from the mines principally near Tolfa. At Filettino above Subiaco asphaltic rock is obtained, and salt from a rocksalt mine near Corneto Tarquinia. Chemical fertilizers are manufactured by several firms. The main industries of the district are, however, agricultural (see Latium).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Romesh Chandra Mitra, Sir

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​ROMESH CHANDRA MITRA, Sir (1840–1899), Indian judge, was born in 1840. When the East India Company’s charter was renewed in 1853, the old supreme courts and sadr courts in the presidency towns were changed into high courts, and Roma Prasad Roy, son of the great reformer Raja Ram Mohan Roy, was the first Indian who was appointed a judge of the new high court of Calcutta. He did not live, however, to take his seat on the bench, and was succeeded by Sambhu Nath Pandit, and then by Dwarka Nath Mitra, perhaps the most talented judge that India produced in the 19th century. Dwarka Nath’s great ability and thorough insight into cases were universally recognized in India; his decisions were valued and often quoted; and his name was often mentioned as an illustration of the judicial capacity of the natives of India. Anukul Chandra Mukerji also sat on the bench for a time; and on his death in 1871, Romesh Chandra Mitra was appointed judge in his place. He maintained the high reputation of his predecessors, and for a period of nearly twenty years, down to 1890, he performed his judicial duties with credit and distinction. When the post of chief justice was temporarily vacant in 1882, the marquis of Ripon, then viceroy of India, appointed Romesh Chandra to officiate in that post—the highest judicial position in the Indian empire. Lord Dufferin, who succeeded Lord Ripon as viceroy of India, appointed Romesh Chandra a member of the Public Service Commission, and in this capacity he did valuable work. Failing health compelled him to retire from the high court in 1890, and he was then knighted and appointed a member of the viceroy’s legislative council. Till he died in 1899, he continued to take interest in all social, educational and political reforms in India.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rome (Georgia)

* related portals: Georgia (U.S. state).
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
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​ROME, a city and the county-seat of Floyd county, in the N.W. part of Georgia, U.S.A., at the junction of the Etowah and Oostanaula rivers, which here form the Coosa. Pop. (1900) 7291, of whom 2830 were negroes; (1910) 12,099. It is served by the Central of Georgia, the Western & Atlantic (leased by the Nashville, Chattanooga & St Louis), the Southern and the Rome & Northern railways, and the Coosa river is navigable from this point to the falls of the river in Alabama. The city is the seat of Shorter College (for women), which was established in 1873 as the Cherokee Female College, and received its present name in 1877, when it was rebuilt and endowed by Colonel Alfred Shorter; and of the Berry Industrial School (1902), for mountain boys. Rome is situated in a rich agricultural region producing cotton, cereals, vegetables and fruits, for which it is a trading centre, and is a shipping point for bauxite, mined in the vicinity. Other mineral products of this region are iron, limestone, cement rock, fire-brick clay, coal, slate and marble. Rome’s principal manufactures are cotton, cotton-seed oil, lumber, foundry and machine-shop products, bricks and agricultural implements. Its site was originally within the territory of the Cherokee, and on the other side of the Oostanaula river there is said to have been at one time an Indian village, which, like several other Creek villages, was called Chiaha (or Chehaw). Here, in October 1793, in his Etowah campaign, John Sevier, with militia from Tennessee, crushed a party of marauding Indians; the battle is commemorated by a monument in Myrtle Hill cemetery. Floyd county was erected in 1833. The first settlement of Rome was made in 1834, and immediately afterwards it became the county-seat. Rome was first chartered as a city in 1847. In 1863 there were brilliant cavalry manœuvres in its vicinity, which resulted in the capture (May 3) of Colonel Abel D. Streight (Federal) with 1800 men by General Nathan B. Forrest (Confederate), with a force one-third the size of that of his opponent. On the 19th of May 1864 the city was captured by a detachment of the Federal Army of General William T. Sherman, then conducting his Atlanta campaign. In 1848–75 Rome was the home of Charles Henry Smith (1826–1903), a popular humorist, who wrote under the name “Bill Arp.” In 1906 East Rome (pop. 671 in 1900) and North Rome (pop. 960 in 1900), which was formerly called Forestville, were annexed to the city.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Agnezi, (Maria Gaetana)

AGNEZI, (MARIA GAETANA).
A Celebrated female mathematician, on whom a Pope, equally distinguished for his understanding and knowledge, Benedict XIV. bestowed the place of Apostolical ​Professor, in the university of Bologna, in 1758. She was the daughter of a creditable tradesman in Milan, and famed for her knowledge of the scholastic languages; and a profound treatise on analysis, which, besides eulogies, transmitted to her from all scientific societies, obtained her the professorship. She had an inclination, from her childhood, to enter into the austere order of the blue nuns; and, after the death of her father, who was averse to it, pursued this intention, and sacrificed, to what she considered her duty, all those enjoyments, to which her fine qualities and literary acquirements had already made her way. A translation of her work, by the name of Analytical Institutions, we have understood is speedily to be published.
Observations sur l'Italie.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Aisha (of Damas)

AISHA, a Native of Damas, who is honoured by Mussulmen with the title of Doctor,
Wrote a book on the fear with which the mercies of God ought to inspire us.
Ibid.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Agrippina

AGRIPPINA, a Roman Lady. Died A. D. 33.
Daughter of M. Vipsanius Agrippa, and of Julia, daughter of Augustus, is famous for her pride, ambition, courage, and above all, for her fidelity and love to her husband Germanicus. Formed to be the wife of an hero, Agrippina accompanied him wherever he went, sharing his dangers and his toils. She was seen often at the head of armies, appeasing the seditious, encouraging the soldiers, and filling all the functions of the most able general. Germanicus dying in Spain, Agrippina, having shown her tenderness by her tears, attacked Piso, who was suspected of having poisoned him, forced him to destroy himself, and returned to Rome, bearing the ashes of her husband in a sepulchral urn. Tiberius, who had been jealous of the glory of Germanicus, was pained by the high reputation of his widow, and banished her to the island of Pandatiere. Always proud, even in the bosom of misfortune, she reproached him to his face, with his injustice and cruelties. This tyrant commanded a centurion to strike the grand-daughter of Augustus, which was done with such violence, that she lost one of her eyes. Reduced to despair by this outrage, she abstained from food, and died in the fifth year of her exile. The rage of Tiberius was not appeased by the death of Agrippina: he persecuted ​her even in her children, and ordered the day of her birth to be numbered amidst the unhappy ones.
F. C. Roman History.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Aisha

AISHA, or AYESHA, third Wife of Mahomet. Died 671, aged 67.
The daughter of Abdallah, afterwards caliph, from her named Abubeker, Father of the Girl; since Mahomet, whose two first wives were widows, married her when she was very young; and, as she had a fine understanding, caused her to be instructed in all the learning of the Arabs, so that she became both eloquent and accomplished, and had such influence over the mind of her husband, that, though she was accused of infidelity by many, particularly by Ali, a kinsman of Mahomet's, and one whom he had distinguished by the name of the Faithful Witness, he would not resolve to part with her; but composed a chapter in the Koran, to declare her ​innocence, and assure his followers that all reports to the contrary were calumnies.
Her authority was very great among the Mahometans. After the death of their chief, they called her the Prophetess, and Mother of the Faithful. She was the living oracle of the sect, which consulted her in all difficult points, in order to learn what had been the sense of their legislator. Her answers were received as oracles, and have always passed since as authentic traditions amongst them. All those which compose their Sunna, were, according to them, from Aisha, or from some one of the ten companions of Mahomet: but Aisha's authority is esteemed the most authentic.
With respect to the government of the state, she took upon herself to condemn the caliphOthman, of impiety; though she afterwards made war with Ali, whom she had twice before disappointed of the caliphate, to revenge his death, and marched against him at the head of thirty thousand men. She was, hovever, defeated, taken prisoner by Ali, and afterwards sent back by him to Medina, where she died, under the caliphate of Moawihah, and was buried with her husband.
D'Herbelot's Dictionaire Orientale, &c.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Agreda, (Mary de)

AGREDA, (MARY DE) of Agreda, in Spain. Born 1602, died 1665.
Superior of a convent of nuns, founded by her mother. She supposed herself commanded and inspired by God, to write the History of the Virgin Mary. She accordingly began; but an enlightened confessor, who supplied the place of her own, during a short absence, desired her to desist, and burn what she had written. She obeyed; but, on the return of the other, was persuaded to re-commence the work; and, on her death, she gave a written attestation, that all had been revealed to her by the Almighty. The Inquisition at Madrid, after mature consideration, permitted her books to be printed, which they were, first in that city, and afterwards at Lisbon, at Perpignan, and at Antwerp. With all their strange and wild conceits, they had influence enough to disturb, for a long time, the peace of three kingdoms, Spain, France, and Italy. The ​Inquisition at Rome was not so favourable as that at Madrid; and this cause, in which the king of Spain interfered, without effect, was transferred to the Sorbonne, where the works of Mary de Agreda were finally condemned, notwithstanding the opposition of the head of the Jesuits, and the whole body of Cordeliers, who were strong partisans of this visionary.
F.C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Alankava

ALANKAVA, Grand-daughter of the King of the Mongols, of the Dynasty of Kiat, in Northern Asia,
Married her cousin-german, Doujoun, who was then upon the throne, by whom she had two sons. After the death of her husband, she governed her territories, and brought up her children with great prudence. A miraculous history concerning this princess, which was probably first invented to do honour to the great families descended from her, is believed in all these countries. As the leading features are taken from the birth of our Saviour, it might induce one to believe, that the northern nations formerly professed Christianity.
New Biographical Dictionary. F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Agnes (of Hungary)

AGNES, Wife of Andrew III. King of Hungary. Died 1364.
The daughter of Albert, emperor of Germany. She distinguished herself by her address and political abilities; but appears to have had more of Machiavelian policy, than true greatness of mind. After the death of her father, she resided in Switzerland, where her finesse was of great service to her brother Albert II. with whom these people were at war.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Airola, (Donna Angela)

AIROLA, (DONNA ANGELA).
A Nun of Genoa, who learnt design and colouring of Sarezana. In her own monastery, and in several churches, she painted many admirable works.
Abecedario Pittorico.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Aisha (of Spain)

AISHA, a Poetess of Spain, during the Time the Moors had Possession of that Kingdom, who flourished at the End of the Twelfth Century.
At this time, the Moors cultivated every species of polite literature with success, while the rest of Europe ​was sunk in ignorance and sloth. Amongst the women, who particularly distinguished themselves, was this lady, daughter of the duke Ahmedi, so that "she was honoured and esteemed by kings." Her poems and orations were frequently read with applause in the Royal Academy of Corduba. She was a virtuous character, lived unmarried, and left behind her many monuments of her genius, and a large and select library.
Bibliothecæ Arabico Hispaniæ Escurialensis.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zymotic Diseases

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​ZYMOTIC DISEASES (Gr. ζύμη, ferment), a term in medicine, formerly applied to the class of acute infectious maladies. As originally employed by Dr W. Farr of the British Registrar-General's department, the term included the diseases which were "epidemic, endemic and contagious," and were regarded as owing their origin to the presence of a morbid principle in the system acting in a manner analogous to, although not identical with, the process of fermentation. A large number of diseases were accordingly included under this designation. The term, however, came to be restricted in medical nomenclature to the chief fevers and contagious diseases (e.g. typhus and typhoid fevers, smallpox, scarlet fever, measles, erysipelas, cholera, whooping-cough, diphtheria, &c). The science of bacteriology has displaced the old fermentation theory, and the term has practically dropped out of use.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zöllner, Johann Karl Friedrich

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​ZÖLLNER, JOHANN KARL FRIEDRICH (1834–1882), German astronomer and physicist, was born at Berlin on the 8th of November 1834. From 1872 he held the chair of astrophysics at Leipzig University. He wrote numerous papers on photometry and spectrum analysis in Poggendorff’s Annalen and Berichte der k. sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, two works on celestial photometry (Grundzüge einer allgemeinen Photometrie des Himmels, Berlin, 1861, 4to, and Photometrische Untersuchungen, Leipzig, 1865, 8vo), and a curious book, Ueber die Natur der Cometen (Leipzig, 1872, 3rd ed. 1883). He died at Leipzig on the 25th of April 1882.