OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Manilian Law

Edition of 1905. See also Lex Manilia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MANILIAN LAW. A law proposed at Rome in B.C. 66 by the tribune Gaius Manilius, providing for the recall of the commanders then in Asia, where the Romans were fighting Mithridates, and for the extension of Pompey's power over all the East. Cicero made his first address to the people in support of the proposition of Manilius. The speech, Pro Lege Manilia, or De Imperio Cn. Pompeii, is in form superior to the orations against Catiline.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Marbeck, John

Edition of 1905. See also John Merbecke on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MAR′BECK, or MERBECK, John (?-c.1585). An English musician and theologian, organist of Saint George's Chapel, Windsor, in the reign of Henry VIII. and his successor. He early read Calvin's writings, adopted his views, and joined an association in support of the Reformed doctrines. Among the members were a priest, a chorister of Saint George's Chapel, and a tradesman, and these men, together with Marbeck, were arrested on a charge of heresy. Their papers were seized, and in Marbeck's handwriting were found notes on the Bible, a concordance in English, and a copy of an epistle of Calvin against the mass. They were all condemned to the stake, but Marbeck, on account of his musical talents and through the interposition of Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, was pardoned and restored to his place as organist. He lived to see the triumph of his principles, and to publish his work, The Boke of Common Praier Noted (1550); reprinted in facsimile 1844, and in Jebb's Choral Responses and Litanies, 1857). He published also his Concordance to the Bible (1550), which was the first work of the kind in English on the entire Bible. A Te Deum of his and a mass of five voices are found in Smith's Musica Antiqua, now in the British Museum. In 1574 was published The Lyves of Holy Sainctes, Prophetes, Patriarches, and others; and subsequently The Holie Historie of King David, drawn into English meetre (1579), and A Ripping Up of the Pope's Fardel (1581).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Marbeau, Jean Baptiste

Edition of 1905. See also Firmin Marbeau on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MARBEAU, mȧr′bō̇′, Jean Baptiste (1798-1875). A French philanthropist, born at Brives. In 1841, while a city official at Paris, in making some investigations of the charitable institutions, he was struck with the lack of provision for the care of babies under two years of age whose mothers were compelled to go out to work. He wrote a book, Des crèches, advocating the establishment of day nurseries. The first was established at Chaillot November 11, 1844. An association of crèches was formed in 1846. Throughout the rest of his life, while specially interested in crèches, he took an active part in furthering various charities. Among his writings are: Etudes sur l'économie sociale (1844; 2d ed. 1875); Des crèches, ou le moyen de diminuer la misère en augmentant la population (1845; many later editions); Du paupérisme en France et des moyens d'y remédier (1847); De l'indigence et des secours (1850). He died at Saint Cloud, October 10, 1875.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hamilcar

See also Hamilcar Barca on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hamilcar (hȧ-mĭl′kär), a Carthaginian general, the father of Hannibal and one of the greatest generals of ancient times. He was surnamed Barca or Lightning. While still a young man, he was placed in command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily (247 B. C.), when almost all the island had been taken by the Romans. He seized Ercte, a hill 2,000 feet high, and from this stronghold as a base he ravaged the coast of Italy and for three years, with a small force, defied every effort of the Romans to dislodge him. In 244 B. C. he occupied Mt. Eryx, two miles from the coast, and for two years, with his handful of men, held his own against the Roman army, "fighting," says Polybius, "like a royal eagle, which stops only to gather strength for the next attack." The Carthaginian navy being defeated, 241 B. C., Sicily yielded to Rome, but Hamilcar marched out with all the honors of war. Immediately after peace had been made with Rome, a revolt of the mercenaries and African tribes threatened the overthrow of the state. Hanno, a personal enemy of Hamilcar, undertook to suppress it and failed. Hamilcar was then placed in command and crushed the revolt in 238 B. C. In the same year Rome again made war on Carthage, and Hamilcar was placed in command of the Carthaginian army. He now crossed into Spain, determined there to gather and drill an army capable of meeting the Roman legions, and then wage war on Roman soil. He entered Spain in 237 B. C., and in nine years built up a new empire; but in 228 B. C. he fell fighting the Vetones, leaving the plans of the great Hamilcar to be carried out by his greater son, Hannibal. See Carthage and the Carthaginians by Bosworth Smith.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hamilton

See also Hamilton, Ontario on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hamilton, a city of Ontario, Canada, at the western end of Lake Ontario. It is handsomely situated, the residences extending up the slope of “The Mountain,” at the foot of which the business portion lies. The streets are wide and shaded with trees, many of the houses and public buildings being among the finest in Canada. It is an important railroad-center, stands at the head of lake-navigation, and in manufacturing industries almost excels any other city in Canada. Population about 73,542.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hamilton, Alexander

See also Alexander Hamilton on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hamilton, Alexander, one of the greatest of American statesmen, was born on Jan. 11, 1757, in the West Indian island of Nevis. His father, a Scotch merchant, failed in business, and Alexander, when 12 years of age, entered the employ of a merchant at St. Croix. His marked abilities at the same time secured him the interest of friends, who sent him to a school at Elizabeth, N. J., and in 1774 he entered King's (now Columbia) College, New York. While at college and but 18 years old, he wrote a series of papers in defense of the colonies which were at first credited to the eminent statesman, John Jay, and at once brought him to the notice of the public.
ALEXANDER HAMILTON
When the War of the Revolution began, Hamilton was made a captain of artillery, and in 1777 was appointed aid-de-camp by Washington and became his valued friend and adviser. In 1780 he married a daughter of General Schuyler. At the close of the war he studied law, and soon became one of the most eminent lawyers of New York. He was elected to Congress in 1782, and in 1787 was a leader in the convention at Philadelphia which framed the constitution of the United States. In October of the same year he began a series of articles explaining the scope and power of the constitution, which were published under the name of The Federalist. Of the 85 essays in the collection, 51 were written by Hamilton, and these deservedly gave him his widest fame. When Washington became president of the new government in 1789, he appointed Hamilton secretary of the treasury. Here his able management, which raised the public ​credit from utter prostration to the highest point, gained for him the reputation of a great financier. In 1795 he resigned his office, but later was active in politics as a leader of the Federal party. In 1804, through a political difference, he was involved in a duel with Aaron Burr, in which he was mortally wounded, July 11, and died the next day. See Lives by Morse and by Lodge.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hamerton, Philip Gilbert

See also Philip Gilbert Hamerton on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ham′erton, Philip Gilbert, an English writer on art, was born at Laneside in PHILIP G. HAMERTON Lancashire, Sept. 10, 1834. He began his career as an art-critic by writing for the Fine Arts Quarterly and the Fortnightly and Saturday Reviews. In 1855 he published a poem on The Isles of Loch Awe and in 1862 A Painter's Camp in the Highlands and Thoughts about Art. From 1869 to 1889 he edited The Portfolio, an art-journal. Others of his works are The Intellectual Life, The Graphic Arts, Human Intercourse, Landscape, Portfolio Papers (1889) and a number of novels. He was a writer of keen discrimination, and had a picturesque and impressive style. He died at Boulogne, Nov. 6, 1894.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hamlet

See also Hamlet on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ham′let, the greatest of the tragedies of Shakespeare, generally ranked first among dramas, deals with the ancient Danish story of a mythical or semimythical Prince of Jutland, named Amleth or Hamlet. But Shakespeare has dealt with this story in such a way that the tale is true for all time. “It is we who are Hamlet,” said Hazlitt. The story, as told by Shakespeare, opens with Hamlit's vision of the ghost of his father. The ghost reveals to Hamlet what his prophetic soul had already suspected, that his uncle and mother were guilty of the murder of the late king, his father, who now demands vengeance. The tragedy hangs upon the strife within Hamlet's breast between the duty of vengeance thus laid upon him and his natural shrinking from violent action. After an interval of real or feigned madness, probably the latter, Hamlet takes the vengeance which has been forced upon him by the plots against his own life, and himself perishes in the act. The drama is marked by great situations, noble speeches and an unequaled mastery of the workings of the inmost souls of men. The text of the play is chiefly based upon the first folio edition of Shakespeare's collected works (1623) and the quarto edition of 1604. There are evidences that Shakespeare worked upon this drama at intervals during the greater part of his active literary career. Among the most famous passages in Hamlet may be mentioned the advice of Polonius to his son and the soliloquy beginning: “To be or not to be, that is the question.”
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hague Peace Conference

See also Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hague (hāg) Peace Conference, a body of delegates or representatives of the various civilized nations who met at The Hague, Holland, to consider the subject of the promotion of international peace. The conference was called at the suggestion of the emperor of Russia, and met in May, 1899. Twenty-six of the states of the world were represented. Baron de Staël of Russia was made president. The idea and purpose of the conference were new. The sessions were secret, and no authentic account of the proceedings has ever been given. Much was expected of it by the philanthropists of the world, but the results were disappointing, since the conference seemed, by the light of later events, but the signal for the beginning of a series of wars. Russia's proposals for compulsory arbitration and the reduction of existing armaments were not adopted. England and the United States were mainly together in the scheme of arbitration finally adopted, which was voluntary in its plan. On the whole the Hague Peace Conference was not immediately productive of results beyond its significance as an evidence of the willingness of the nations to discuss together the subject of an universal peace. The delegates from the United States were Andrew D. White, ambassador to Germany; Stanford Newel, minister to the Netherlands; Capt. William Crozier, U. S. army; Capt. A. T. Mahan (retired), U. S. navy; President Seth Low, Columbia University; F. W. Holls, of New York, secretary of the delegation. A permanent court of arbitration was agreed upon, the members of the same to be appointed by the various governments interested.
A second peace conference was held at The Hague, June 15 to Oct. 19, 1907, at which forty-six powers, including Latin America and Norway, were represented by delegates. As in the case of the first conference, not all that was hoped for was accomplished. The establishment of obligatory arbitration and a standing court of arbitral justice, which were urged by thirty-nine nations, including England, France and the United States, failed through the opposition of Germany, backed by Austria, Italy and a few others. The most important results accomplished were the establishment of a prize-court; the extension of the provisions of the Geneva convention to war at sea; the prohibition of the collection of public debts by force until after arbitration shall have been refused or an arbitral reward set at naught; regulations concerning bombardments and submarine mines; and a declaration in favor of arbitration.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hamilton, O.

See also Hamilton, Ohio on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hamilton, O., the county-seat of Butler County, is built on both sides of the Miami River. The city owns and operates its own gas and water works. It has thriving factories, which are operated by a system of hydraulics fed by the river, which is turned from its channel into an immense reservoir, while waterpower is also obtained from the canal. Many of these factories have been established in the past few years, and they produce paper, flour, woolen goods, agricultural implements, machinery, tools and iron. Four railroads connect the city with all parts of the country. The public schools occupy fine buildings and take high rank. Population 35,279.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hamilton, Sir William

See also Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hamilton, Sir William, a metaphysician, the most acute logician and most learned philosopher of the Scottish school, was born in 1788 at Glasgow, where his father and grandfather in succession held the chairs of anatomy and botany. Having studied with distinction at Glasgow, in 1809 he entered Balliol College, Oxford, where he gained first-class honors. In 1813 he was admitted to the Scottish bar, but never acquired a practice in his profession, his taste lying much more toward the study of philosophy, in which he had already made extensive researches. In 1829 the publication in the Edinburgh Review of his celebrated critique of Cousin's system of philosophy gave him a first place among the philosophical writers of the time. This was followed in 1830 by his criticism of the philosophic writings of Dr. Thomas Brown, the colleague of Dugald Stewart. In 1836 he was appointed to the chair of logic and metaphysics in Edinburgh University. Here he gathered about him a number of ardent students, and re-established the fame of the Scottish school of metaphysicians, which had begun to wane. In 1846 he published an annotated edition of the works of Thomas Reid and, in 1854, the first volume of a similar edition of the works of Dugald Stewart. He died suddenly at Edinburgh on May 6, 1856.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hamlin, Hannibal

See also Hannibal Hamlin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ham′lin, Hannibal, an American statesman, was born at Paris, Me., Aug. 27, 1809. He was a lawyer of prominence, was speaker of the state legislature in 1837-40, member of congress in 1842-44 and United States senator during 1848-57. Though previously a Democrat, he left his party because he was opposed to the extension of slavery, and was elected governor of Maine by the Republicans in 1857. The same year he resigned, and returned to the senate. In 1860 he was elected vice-president of the United States, serving under Lincoln from 1861 to 1865. He was again a member of the senate during 1869-81, and was minister to Spain in 1881-82. He died at Bangor, Maine, July 4, 1891.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hamilton, Gail

See also the disclaimer.
​Hamilton, Gail. See Dodge, Mary Abigail.
# The Mystery of 31, New Inn

* related portals: Mystery.
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[First published 1912.
Layout 2
THE MYSTERY OF
31, NEW INN
The Woman Resting Against Him with Her Head on His Shoulder
THE MYSTERY OF 31, NEW INN
BY
R. AUSTIN FREEMAN
AUTHOR OF "THE RED THUMB MARK," "THE EYE OF OSIRIS," etc
Illustrated by EDWIN J. PRITTIE
THOMAS LANGTON
TORONTO :: CANADA
Copyright, 1913, By
THE JOHN C, WINSTON CO.
Copyright, 1911, By
THE RIDGWAY COMPANY
TO
MY FRIEND
BERNARD E. BISHOP
PREFACE
Commenting upon one of my earlier novels, in respect of which I had claimed to have been careful to adhere to common probabilities and to have made use only of really practicable methods of investigation, a critic remarked that this was of no consequence whatever so long as the story was amusing.
Few people, I imagine, will agree with him. To most readers and certainly to the kind of reader for whom an author is willing to take trouble, complete realism in respect of incidents and methods is an essential factor m maintaining the interest of a detective story. Hence it may be worth while to mention that Thomdyke's method of producing the track chart, described in Chapters II and III, has been actually used in practice. It is a modification of one devised by me many years ago when I was crossing Ashanti to the city of Bontuku, the whereabouts of which in the far interior was then only vaguely known. My instructions were to fix the positions of all towns, villages, rivers and mountains as accurately as possible; but finding ordinary methods of surveying impracticable in the dense forest which covers the whole region, I adopted this simple and apparently rude method, checking the ​distances whenever possible by astronomical observation.
The resulting route-map was surprisingly accurate, as shown by the agreement of the outward and homeward tracks. It was published by the Royal Geographical Society, and incorporated in the map of this region compiled by the Intelligence Branch of the War Office, and it formed the basis of the map which accompanied my volume of Travels in Aahanti and Jaman. So that Thorndyke's plan must be taken as quite a practicable one.
New Inn, the background of this story, and one of the last surviving inns of Chancery, has recently passed away after upwards of four centuries of newness. Even now, however, a few of the old, dismantled houses (including, perhaps, the mysterious 31) may be seen from the Strand peeping over the iron roof of the skating rink which has displaced the picturesque hall, the pension room and the garden. The postern gate, too, in Houghton Street still remains, though the arch is bricked up inside.
R. A. F.
Gravesend
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1943, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 80 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New International Encyclopædia/Missouri, University of

Edition of 1905. See also University of Missouri on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MISSOURI, University of. A State institution of learning founded in 1839 at Columbia, Mo. Academic work began in 1841. In 1867 a department of education was established, to which women were admitted in 1869, and soon after all departments were opened to them. The university comprises a graduate department, established in 1896, an academic department, and departments of education, law (1872), medicine (1873), military science and tactics (1890), a College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (1870), embracing a school of agriculture, an experiment station (1888), a school of engineering (1877), and a school of mines and metallurgy, situated at Rolla (1870). The university confers the bachelor's and master's degrees in arts, law, and science, the doctor's degree in medicine and philosophy, and the degrees of civil, electrical, mechanical, and sanitary engineer and engineer of mines. The only honorary degree conferred is that of Doctor of Laws. The university accepts the certificate of approved schools for admission. The faculty in 1902 numbered 102. The enrollment, including duplicates, was 1286, of whom 393 were women. The campus includes 32 acres in the southern part of the town, and near it are the experiment farm, of 618 acres, and the horticultural grounds, of 30 acres. The grounds. buildings. and equipment were valued at over $1,000,000. The endowment was about $2,500,000. The university library, including the departmental libraries, contained about 50,000 volumes.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Missolonghi

Edition of 1905. See also Missolonghi on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MISSOLONGHI, mĭs′sō̇-lŏṉ′gē̇ or Mesolonghi. One of the principal towns of Western Greece, the capital of the Nomarchy of Acarnania and Ætolia (Map: Greece, C 3). It is situated on the north shore of the Gulf of Patras, in a low, marshy, and unhealthful locality. The harbor is shallow and inaccessible for large vessels. The town is the seat of an archbishop and of a high school. It has a statue of Lord Byron, who died here in 1824, and a mausoleum which contains the heart of the poet-hero. Population, in 1896, 8394. The town is famous as the chief western stronghold of the Greek patriots during the war of liberation (1822-26). It withstood two prolonged sieges by the Turks until April, 1826, when the survivors of the garrison destroyed the town and cut their way through the Turkish lines. In May, 1829, the town was evacuated by the Turks and restored to Greece.