OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oosterzee, Jan Jacob van

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​OOSTERZEE, JAN JACOB VAN (1817–1882), Dutch divine, was born at Rotterdam on the 1st of April 1817. After acting as pastor at Alkmaar and Rotterdam, in 1863 he was made professor of biblical and practical theology at the university of Utrecht. Oosterzee earned a reputation as a preacher, was editor of the Theolog. Jahrbücher from 1845, wrote a number of noteworthy books on religious history, and published poems in Dutch (1882). He died on the 29th of July 1882.
A collected edition of Gosterzee’s works was published in French, Œuvres complètes, in three volumes (1877–1880). His autobiography appeared in 1882.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ooze

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​OOZE (O. Eng. wáse, cognate with an obsolete waise, mud; cf. O. Nor. veisa, muddy pool), the slime or mud at the bottom of a river, stream, especially of a tidal river or estuary, and so particularly used in deep-sea soundings of the deposit of fine calcareous mud, in which remains of foraminifera are largely present. The word “ooze” is also used as a technical term in tanning, of the liquor in a tan vat in which the hides are steeped, made of a solution of oak bark or other substances which yield tannin. This word is in origin different from “ooze” in its first sense. It appears in O. Eng. as wós, and meant the juice of plants, fruits, &c.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ootacamund

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​OOTACAMUND, or Utakamand, a town of British India, headquarters of the Nilgiris district in Madras, approached by a rack railway from the Mettapolliem station on the Madras railway. Pop. (1901) 18,596. It is the principal sanatorium of southern India, and summer headquarters of the Madras government. It is placed on a plateau about 7230 ft. above the sea, with a fine artificial lake, and mountains rising above 8000 ft. The mean annual temperature is 58° F., with a minimum of 38° in January and a maximum of 76° in May; average annual rainfall, 49 in. The houses are scattered on the hillsides amid luxuriant gardens, and there are extensive carriage drives. In the neighbourhood are plantations of coffee, tea and cinchona. There are a brewery and two dairy farms. The Lawrence asylum for the children of European soldiers was founded in 1858, and there are also the Breeks memorial and Basel Mission high schools.
See Sir F. Price, Ootacamund: A History (Madras, 1908).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Opah

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​OPAH (Lampris luna), a pelagic fish, the affinities of which are still a puzzle to ichthyologists. The body is compressed and deep (more so than in the bream) and the scales are minute. A long dorsal fin, high and pointed anteriorly, runs along nearly the whole length of the back; the caudal is strong and deeply cleft. The ventral fin is also elongated, and all the fins are destitute of spines. The pelvic fins are abdominal in position, long and pointed in shape, and the pelvic bones are connected with the caracoids. These fins contain numerous (15-17) rays, a feature in which the fish differs from the Acanthopterygians.
In its gorgeous colours the opah surpasses even the dolphins, all the fins being of a bright scarlet. The sides are bluish green above, violet in the middle, red beneath, variegated with oval spots of brilliant silver. It is only occasionally found near the shore; its real home is the Atlantic, especially near Madeira and the Azores, but many captures are recorded from Great Britain, Ireland and Scandinavia; it strays as far north as Iceland and Newfoundland, and probably southwards to the latitudes of the coast of Guinea. It is rare in the Mediterranean. The name opah, which is now generally used, is derived from the statement of a native of the coast of Guinea who happened to be in England when the first specimen was exhibited (1750), and who thought he recognized in it a fish well known by that name in his native country. From its habit of coming to the surface in calm weather, showing its high dorsal fin above the water, it has also received the name of “sun-fish,” which it shares with Orthagoriscus and the basking shark. It grows to a length of 4 to 5 ft. and a weight exceeding 100 ℔, and is highly esteemed on account of the excellent flavour of its flesh.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Opata

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​OPATA (“enemies,” so called by their neighbours the Pimas), a tribe of Mexican Indians of Piman stock. Their country is the mountainous district of north-eastern Sonora and north-western Chihuahua, Mexico. Though usually loyal to the Mexican government, they rebelled in 1820, but after a gallant effort were defeated. They number now about 5000, and still largely retain their ancient autonomy.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Piarists

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​PIARISTS, the popular name of a Catholic educational order, the “clerici regulares scholarum piarum,” the Pauline Congregation of the Mother of God, founded by Joseph Calasanza (Josephus a Matre Dei) at Rome in the beginning of the 17th century. Calasanza, a native of Calasanz in the province of Huesca in Aragon, was born on September 11, 1556, studied at Lerida and Alcala, and after his ordination to the priesthood removed to Rome (1592). Here he organized, in 1607, a brotherhood which ultimately, in 1617, became an independent Congregation, numbering at that time fifteen priests, under Calasanza as their head. To the three usual vows they added a fourth, that of devotion to the gratuitous instruction of youth. In 1622 the Congregation received a new constitution from Gregory XV., and had all the privileges of the mendicant orders conferred upon it, Calasanza being recognized as general. In 1643 the jealousy of the lesuits led to his removal from office, owing to the same cause the Congregation was deprived of its privileges by Innocent X. in 1646. Calasanza, who died on August 22, 1648, was beatified in 1748, and canonized in 1767. The privileges of the Congregation were successively restored in 1660, 1669 and 1698 The Piarists, who are not numerous, are found chiefly in Italy, Spain, the West Indies, Germany, and especially in Austria-Hungary. Before the course of Study was regulated by the state, a Piarist establishment contained nine classes reading, writing, elementary mathematics, schola parva or Rudimentorum, schola Principiorum, Grammatica, Syntaxis, Humanitas or Poesis, Rhetorica. The general provost of the order is chosen by the general chapter, and with a general procurator and four assistants resides at Rome. The members are divided into professors, novices, and lay brethren. Their dress is very similar to that of the Jesuits, their motto “Ad majus pietatis incrementum!”
For Calasanza, see Timon-David, Vie de St Joseph Calasance (Marseilles, 1884); on the Piarists, P. Helyot, Hist. des ordres religieuses (1715), iv 281; J. A. Seyffert, Ordensregeln der Piartsten (Halle, 1783); J. Schaller, Gedanken über die Ordensfassung der Piaristen (Prague, 1805); A. Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregattonen (1897) ii 271; articles by O. Zockler in Herzog-Hauck’s Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie (1904), vol xv and by C. Kniel in Wetzer and Welte’s Kirchen-lexikon (1895), vol ix.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Piazza

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​PIAZZA, properly an open square or place in an Italian town (Ital. piazza, from Lat. platea, broad space, Gr. πλάτυς, broad). These squares were usually surrounded with a colonnade or arcade, and thus the word has been loosely applied to a covered walk or arcade along the front of a building, and in America, to the veranda of a house.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pibrac, Guy du Faur, Seigneur de

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​PIBRAC, GUY DU FAUR, Seigneur de (1529–1584), French jurist and poet, was born at Toulouse, of an old family of the magistracy. He studied law there with Jacques Cujas, and afterwards at Padua. In 1548 he was admitted to the bar at Toulouse, at once took high rank, and rose to be juge-mage an office in Languedocian cities about equal to that of prévôt. He was selected in 1562 as one of the three representatives of the king of France at the council of Trent. In 1565 he became general advocate to the parlement of Paris, and extended the renaissance in jurisprudence which was transforming French justice. In 1573 he was sent by Charles IX. to accompany as chancellor his brother Henry (afterwards Henry III.) to Poland, of which country Henry had been elected king. Pilbrac's fluent Latin won much applause from the Poles, but his second visit to Poland in 1575, when sent back by Henry III. to try to save the Crown he had deserted, was not so successful. Then he was employed in negotiations with the so-called politiques, and he managed to keep them quiet for a while. In 1578 he became the chancellor of Marguerite of France, queen of Navarre. Although he was fifty, her beauty and intellectual gifts led him to aspire to win her affection; but he was rejected with disdain. He died in 1584. His oratorical style was too pedantic, but quotations from the classics had a fresher meaning in his day. He was the friend of Ronsard, de Thou and L'Hôpital, and left, among other literary remains, elegant and sententious quatraines.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pibroch

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​PIBROCH, a form of music as played by the bagpipe. The word is derived from the Gaelic piobaireachd, the art of the bagpiper. This special form of bagpipe music, consisting of a series of variations founded on a theme, was called the urlar. These variations are generally of a martial or warlike character and include dirges and marches (see Bagpipe).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Piauhy

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​PIAUHY, or Piauhi, a north-eastern state of Brazil, bounded N. and W. by Maranhão, E. by Ceará, Pernambuco and Bahia, and S. by Bahia. It has a few miles of Atlantic coast-line on the N., and the Rio Parnahyba forms the boundary line with Maranhão throughout its entire length. Area, 116,523 sq. m., pop (1900), 334,328. Part of the state on the Atlantic coast and along the lower Parnahyba is low, swampy and malarial. South of this the country rises gradually to a high plateau with open campos. This plateau region is watered by numerous tributaries of the Parnahyba, chief of which are the Urussuhy, the Canindé and its tributary the Piauhy, the Gurgueia and its tributary the Parahim, which drains the large inland lake of Parnaguá, the Longa, and the Poty, which has its source in the state of Ceará. The Parnahyba is navigable for boats of 3 ft. draught up to Nova York, a few miles above the mouth of the Gurgueia, and could be made navigable up to the mouth of the Balsas. The climate is hot and humid in the lowlands and along the lower Parnahyba, but in the uplands it is dry with high sun temperatures and cool nights. The principal industry is stock-raising, which dates from the first settlement in 1674 by Domingos Affonso Mafrense, who established here a large number of cattle ranges. A secondary industry is the raising of goats, which are able to stand neglect and a scanty food supply. Sheep have likewise been raised in Piauhy, but there is no market for mutton and their wool is not utilized. The agricultural products are cotton, sugar and tobacco. Of food-stuffs the people do not produce enough for their own consumption. Forest products include rubber, carnauba wax and dyewoods. The exports include hides, skins, rubber, wax, tobacco and cotton. The capital is Therezina, on the right bank of the Parnahyba, 250 m. above Parnahyba (town), with which it is connected by a line of light-draught river boats. The town dates from 1852, is attractively situated, and is regularly laid out with broad, straight streets crossing each other at right angles. The population of the municipio in 1890 was 31,523, which includes a large rural district Other towns, with their populations in 1890, are Oeiras (19,858), founded in 1718 under the name of Moxa, Amarante (15,525); Valença (17,693); and Campo Maior (12,425), the figures given of population being those of the large districts (municipios) in which the towns are situated.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Piazzi, Giuseppe

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​PIAZZI, GIUSEPPE (1746–1826), Italian astronomer, was born at Ponte, in the Valtellina, on the 16th of July 1746. He entered the Theatine Order in 1764, accepted the chair of mathematics in the academy of Palermo in 1780, and persuaded the Viceroy, Prince Caramanico, to build an observatory there. During a visit to England in 1788 he procured from Jesse Ramsden a five-foot altazimuth, with which he collected at Palermo, 1792–1813, the materials for two admirable star-catalogues, published in 1803 and 1814 respectively. While engaged on this work he discovered, on the 1st of January 1801, the first asteroid or minor planet, to which he gave the name of Ceres, the tutelary deity of Sicily. He d1ed at Naples on the 22nd of July 1826.
See B. E Marneri, L’Astronomo Giuseppe Piazzi (Milan, 1871); R. Wolf, Biographien, Bd. iv. p. 275; Monatliche Correspondenz (1810; portrait), xxi. 46; Astr. Jahrbuch, liv. 218; Bulletin des sciences (1826), vi. 339, Edin. Journal of Science (1827), vi. 193; Memoirs Roy. Astr. Soc. 111. 119; R. Grant, Hist. Phys. Astronomy, pp. 238, 510, 549.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pica (bird)

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​PICA, the Latin name of a genus of oscine passerine birds, the magpies. The Latin word, by interchange of initial p and k, is possibly the Gr. κίσσα (see Magpie), and probably the same word as picus, the woodpecker (q.v.) Another derivation would connect both pica and picus with the root pic- of pingere, to ​paint, from the parti-coloured appearance of the bird. It is this “pied” or black and white look of the page that probably gave the name of pica, “pie” or “pye,” to the ordinal printed in black-letter (see Pie), and thence to a size of type in printing coming next to “ English ” (see Typography). The Gr. κίσσα and Lat. pica were used of a perverted craving for unnatural foods; and the word has been adopted in this sense in modern medical terminology.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Piatra

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​PIATRA (Peatr), the capital of the department of Neamtzu, Rumania, situated on the left bank of the river Bistritza, where a way through the Carpathian foothills. Pop. (1900), it cuts 17,391. A branch railway passes through the town, and at Bacau meets the main line from Czernowitz in Bukowina to Galatz. The church of St John’s (or the Prince’s) monastery was founded in 1497 by Stephen the Great. There are saw-mills and textile factories in Piatra, which has a considerable trade in wine and timber. Neamtzu is one of the most densely forested regions in Moldavia. Lumber rafts are floated down the Bistritza to the Sereth, and so on to Galatz. There are several monasteries in the neighbourhood.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Piatti, Carlo Alfredo

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​PIATTI, CARLO ALFREDO (1822-1901), Italian violoncellist, was born at Bergamo on the 8th of January 1822 He was the son of a violinist, and became a pupil at the conservatorio of Milan. From 1838 onwards he journeyed over Europe, playing with extraordinary success in all the important cities of the continent. In 1844 he appeared before the London public at a Philharmonic Concert, and in 1859, on the foundation of the Popular Concerts, he took up the work with which he was most intimately connected for thirty-nine seasons, retaining until 1897 the post of first violoncello at these famous chamber concerts, during the latter ​half of each series. His purely classical style, his wide musical sympathies, and his general culture and charm, would have ensured him a high position even without his marvellously finished technical skill. In 1894 the fiftieth anniversary of his first appearance in London was celebrated by a reception given in honour of him and his lifelong friend Joachim. He retired from public life, owing to a severe illness, in 1897, and until his death at Bergamo on the 19th of July 1901 divided his time between his native town and Cadenabbia. As a composer he attained a wide popularity with some graceful and popular songs, he did excellent work as an editor; and he was an enthusiastic collector and musical antiquary.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Piazza Armerina

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​PIAZZA ARMERINA, a city of Sicily, in the province of Caltanisetta, 39 m by road E.S E. from that town, and the same distance S of the railway station of Assoro-Valguarnera, 43 m. W of Catania, situated 2360 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901), 24,119 It has a 15th-century cathedral, with a fine campanile, and some of the houses show Norman or Gothic architecture. The foundation of the town dates from the 11th century, and the dialect is Lombard.
See Mauceri in L'Arte (1906), 14.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ratel

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​RATEL, or Honey-Badger, the name of certain Indian and African small clumsy-looking creatures of about the size and appearance of badgers, representing the genus Mellivora in the family Mustelidae (see Carnivora). Two species of ratel are commonly recognized, the Indian (M. indica), and the African (M. ratel), which ranges over Africa, but a black ratel from the Ituri forest has been separated as M. cottoni. Both the two former are iron-grey on the upper parts, and black below, a style of coloration rare among mammals, as the upper side of the body is in the great majority darker than the lower. ​The body is stout and thickly built; the legs are short and strong, and armed, especially the anterior pair, with long curved claws; the tail is short; and the ears are reduced to rudiments. The skull is conical, stout and heavy, and the teeth, although sharper and less rounded than those of badgers, are less suited to a carnivorous diet than those of stoats, weasels and martens. The two ratels may be distinguished by the fact that the African species has a distinct white line round the body at the junction of the grey of the upper side with the black of the lower, while in the Indian this line is absent; the teeth also of the former are larger, rounder and heavier than those of the latter. The two are, however, so nearly allied that they might almost be considered geographical races of a single species. Dr T. C. Jerdon states that the Indian ratel is found throughout the
The African Ratel (Mellivora ratel).
whole of India, from the extreme south to the foot of the Himalaya, chiefly in hilly districts, where it has greater facilities for constructing the holes and dens in which it lives; but also in the north of India in alluvial plains, where the banks of large rivers afford equally suitable localities wherein to make its lair. It is stated to live usually in pairs, and to eat rats, birds, frogs, white ants and various insects, and in the north of India it is accused of digging out dead bodies, and several of the native names mean “grave-digger.” Dr W. T. Blanford, in the Fauna of British India, is of opinion that the reproach is without foundation. Like its Cape congener it occasionally partakes of honey, and is often destructive to poultry. In confinement the Indian ratel becomes tame and even playful, displaying a habit of tumbling head over heels. (R. L.*)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rathenow

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​RATHENOW, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of' Brandenburg, on the Havel, 45 m. N.W. of Berlin on the main railway to Hanover, Pop. (1905) 23,095, including the garrison. The Protestant church of St Mary and St Andrew, originally a basilica, and transformed to the Gothic style in 1517–1589, and the Roman Catholic church of St George, are noteworthy. Rathenow is known for its “ Rathenow stones,” bricks made of the clay of the Havel, and for its spectacles and optical instruments, which are exported.
Rathenow received its incorporation as a town in 1295. In 1394 it was taken and partly destroyed by the archbishop of Magdeburg. It suffered much from the ravages of the Thirty Years' War, being occupied in turn by the Saxons and the Swedes, from whom in 1675 it was taken by the Brandenburgers, when most of the garrison were put to the sword.
See Wagener, Denkwürdigkeiten der Stadt Rathenow (Berlin, 1903).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rate

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​RATE, a general term for proportion, standard, allowance, tax (Med. Lat. rata, from pro rata parte, ratus being the participle of reri, to think, judge). In England the term is specially applied to the levying of public money contributions for local purposes, as distinguished from the “taxes” raised for what are treated as general state purposes. The money required for local administration in England is raised (when the ordinary revenues are insufficient) by assessments on lands and buildings based on their annual rental value. The financial authority estimates what additional amount beyond revenue is required for the expenses of administration, and levies a rate to meet it. The earliest rate levied in England was that for poor relief, and of the great variety of rates now existing, the majority are based on the poor rate and levied with it, under the term of precept rates. Next to the poor rate came that for highways, and other special rates have been authorized from time to time, as for police, education, public lighting, cemeteries, libraries, sanitary purposes, &c. To distinguish the rate the name of the precepting authority is frequently added or the purpose for which it is levied specified, as county rate, watch rate, &c. The valuation list of a parish is the basis on which the poor rate is levied. This valuation list contains the gross estimated rental and rateable value of all rateable property in the parish. The gross estimated rental is the rent at which a property might reasonably be expected to let from year to year, the tenant paying tithes, rates and taxes. From this is deducted the average annual cost of repairs, insurance and renewals, the balance constituting the rateable value. The rateable value of the parish being known, so much on each pound of the rateable value as will equal the amount required to be raised is levied, and is known as the “rate.” See further England, Local Government; Taxation.
Rating, in maritime vocabulary, is the classification of men according to rank, and was formerly employed to class ships of a navy according to strength. A sailor is said to be “rated A.B.,” or in the navy “rated petty officer,” “seaman,” “gunner,” and so on. The rating of ships began in the 17th century, and was at first done roughly by size and number of crew. Later the rating was by guns. Thus in 1741 in the British navy there were six rates: 1st. 100 guns; 2nd, 90; 3rd, 70 to 80; 4th, 50 to 60; 5th, 40; and 6th, 20. Sloops, fireships, bomb-vessels and royal yachts were said to be not rated. The classification of ships into six rates, and into rated and non-rated ships, continued during the existence of the old sailing fleets, with modifications in detail. The practice of other navies was similar to the British.