OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Colosseum

See also Colosseum on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Colosseum (kŏl′ŏs-sē′ŭm), the largest of the Roman amphitheatres. Amphitheatres were oval-shaped buildings, used by the Romans for combats of gladiators and for wild beast fights. In the theatre, where plays were performed, the seats faced the stage in a half-circle; in the amphitheatre the seats entirely surrounded the place of performance; hence the name, from amphi, meaning all around. The Colosseum, besides being the largest of these buildings, is the best preserved, and is one of the most interesting ruins in the world. It was begun by Vespasian, and finished by Titus in 80 A. D. It covers about five acres of ground, and was able to seat 87,000 persons. It is 612 feet in length, and 515 feet wide. When Titus dedicated it, 5,000 wild beasts were slain and the games lasted for a hundred days. On the outside it is 160 feet high, built in three rows of columns and surrounded by a row of pilasters. Between the columns are arches, forming open ​galleries running throughout the entire building. On the inside the open space in the center was covered with sand or sawdust, while the games were going on, and so was called the arena, from the Latin word for sand. Around the arena was a gallery where sat the emperor, senators and vestal virgins. Above were three other tiers of seats, corresponding with the three rows of columns on the outside. The Colosseum in the middle ages gave rise to the saying: “While stands the Colosseum Rome shall stand; while Rome shall stand, the world.”
# The New Student's Reference Work/Columbia, Pa.

See also Columbia, Pennsylvania on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Columbia, Pa., a borough in Lancaster County, on the left bank of the Susquehanna River, 80 miles by rail west of Philadelphia. A railroad-bridge across the river connects the town with Wrightsville. The town was founded in 1726 by English Quakers. Its factories include rolling-mills, flouring-mills, foundries, tanneries, silk, lace and pipe mills, wagon, brush, stove, novelty, embroidery and shirt-works. It also has manufactories of railroad-iron. It has an active civic life, good schools and a public library. Population, 11,454.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Columbia (District)

See also the disclaimer.
​ Columbia. See District of Columbia.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Colorado Springs

See also Colorado Springs, Colorado on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Colorado Springs, county seat of El Paso County, is an attractive city, 65 miles south of Denver. Its altitude is 6,000 feet, and it is situated on a plain near Pike's Peak, and is known the world over as a health and pleasure resort. The city possesses a handsome opera-house, five clubs, several fine school-buildings, the State Blind and Mute School, sanitariums, hospitals and fine churches. It was settled in 1870, but the Cripple Creek gold discovery in 1891 nearly doubled its population. Colorado Springs is served by six railroads, and has all the adjuncts of a modern city. Population, 29,078.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Colossus of Rhodes

See also Colossus of Rhodes on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Colossus (kṓ-lŏs′sŭs) of Rhodes, a huge statue of Helios (the sun), the chief god of the Rhodians. It is said to have been the work of Chares of Lindus, who spent 12 years on it, finishing it in 280 B. C. It was called one of the seven wonders of the world, though not a masterpiece of sculpture. Its height was from 90 to 120 feet. It stood near the harbor; but the story that it was placed astride the entrance is erroneous. In 224 B. C. it was overthrown by an earthquake, and lay an object of wonder until 653, when it was sold to a Jew for old metal.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Columbine

See also Aquilegia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Columbine (kŏl′ŭm-bīn), a well-known and popular wild flower, which is widely diffused, and which has been suggested as the national flower of the United States. The leaflet is three-lobed and the flower, which passes from yellow to red, has five petals with long spurs, giving it a striking resemblance to the liberty-cap.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Colt, Samuel

See also the disclaimer.
​ Colt, Samuel. See Revolver.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Columbia (South Carolina)

See also Columbia, South Carolina on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Columbia, the capital of South Carolina, is situated on the left bank of the Congaree River. The town is beautifully laid out with broad and well-shaded streets, all of which cross at right angles. Having been the capital of the state since 1790, it has many imposing public buildings, including the state-house, penitentiary, hospital for the insane, etc. Several well-known colleges and quite a number of fine cotton-mills are located in the city. When the city was evacuated by the Confederates at the approach of Gen. Sherman in the spring of 1865, large quantities of cotton piled in the streets caught or were set on fire, and all the business section and many private residences were consumed. The population in 1900 was 21,108; to-day it is 26,319.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Whyte, Violet

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
WHYTE, Violet. See Stannard, Henrietta Eliza Vaughan.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wichern, Johann Heinrich

Edition of 1905. See also Johann Hinrich Wichern on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WICHERN, vĭK′ẽrn, Johann Heinrich (1808-81). The founder of home missions in Germany. He was born at Hamburg, studied theology at Göttingen and Berlin, and, settling in his native city, devoted himself to missionary work among the poor. He started a Sunday-school which proved very successful, and in 1833 opened his Rauhes Haus (q.v.). Wichern traveled through Germany, preaching and establishing hospitals, schools, homes, and rescue stations. Through his exertions the Protestant synod at Wittenberg in 1848 appointed a central committee for home missions. In 1851 the Prussian Government made him inspector of prisons and houses of correction, and in 1858 general superintendent. In 1872 disease forced him to retire from office. He published: Die innere Mission der deutschen evangelischen Kirche (1849); Die Behandlung der Verbrecher und entlassenen Sträflinge (1853); Der Dienst der Frauen in der Kirche (1858).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wichert, Ernest

Edition of 1905. See also Ernst Wichert on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WICHERT, vĭK′ẽrt, Ernest (1831-1902). A German dramatist and novelist, born at Insterburg. With his play Unser General York (1858), Wichert won his first success, and from that time produced both plays and novels which established his reputation as a sound playwright and interesting story-teller. Licht und Schatten (1861), Die Realisten (1874), and Im Dienst der Pflicht (1897) are among his dramas. Considerable success attended his comedy Ein Schritt vom Wege (1871), also Biegen oder brechen (1874) and Als Verlobte empfehlen sich. His volumes of fiction include: Ein hässlicher Mensch (1868); Die Arbeiter (1873); Die Taube auf dem Dache (1892); and Die Schwestern (1896).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Whymper, Edward

Edition of 1905. See also Edward Whymper on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WHYMPER, hwĭm'pẽr, Edward (1840—). An English traveler, born in London. He was trained as a draughtsman on wood. In 1860 he was sent by a London publisher to sketch the Alpine peaks. In 1861 he reached the summit of Mount Pelvoux and in 1864 ascended the Point des Ecrins. In 1865 he scaled the Matterhorn, until then found inaccessible. In 1867 and 1872 he visited Greenland. One result of his explorations was the collection of rare fossil plants now in the British Museum. His discovery of magnolia cones demonstrated the former existence of luxurious vegetation in that country. He visited the Ecuadorian Andes in 1879-80, and succeeded in reaching the summit of Chimborazo, a feat which had been unsuccessfully attempted by Humboldt and others. During this journey he discovered the Andean glaciers and made further collections of fossil, plant, and animal specimens. In addition to his Scrambles Amongst the Alps in the Years 1860-69 (1871; illustrated by himself), he described his travels in Travels Among the Great Andes of the Equator (1892); Chamonix and Mont Blanc (1896); and Zermatt and the Matterhorn (1897).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Whydah

Edition of 1905. See also Ouidah on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WHYDAH, hwīd'ȧ or hwī'dȧ. A seaport of Dahomey, Western Africa. It is on a lagoon 25 miles long and in a low region (Map: Africa, E 4). It was formerly a centre of the slave traffic, and has declined in importance, having now only some 20,000 inhabitants.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Whyte-Melville, George John

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
WHYTE'-MEL'VILLE, George John. See Melville, George John Whyte.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wienbarg, Ludolf

Edition of 1905. See also Ludolf Wienbarg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WIENBARG, vēn'bärK, Ludolf (1802-72). A German author, born at Altona. He studied
theology and philosophy at the universities of Bonn and Kiel, and afterwards devoted himself to literature and became associated with the ‘Young Germany’ party. His writings on æsthetics and literary history were a great power in their time. Most important among his publications are: Holland in den Jahren 1831 and 1832 (1833); Die neueste Litteratur (1835); Geschichtliche Vorträge über altdeutsche Sprache und Litteratur (1838); and Geschichte Schleswigs (1862). Consult the monograph by Schweizer (Leipzig, 1896).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wiggin, Kate Douglas

Edition of 1905. See also Kate Douglas Wiggin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WIG'GIN, Kate Douglas (1857—). An American writer, born in Philadelphia, Pa.; the
daughter of Robert N. Smith, a lawyer. She was early taken by her parents to Hollis, Maine; was educated at Abbot Academy, Andover, Mass.; removed to California in 1876, studied kindergarten methods at Los Angeles under Emma Marvedel, taught for a year in the Santa Barbara College, and then organized at San Francisco the first free kindergarten on the Pacific Coast, meeting with great success as a teacher. In 1888 she removed to New York City. She was married in 1880 to Samuel Bradley Wiggin, a San Francisco lawyer, who died in 1889, and in 1895 she was married to George C. Riggs. Among her published stories, several of which have been widely popular, are: The Story of Patsy (1889); Timothy's Quest (1890); A Cathedral Courtship (1893); Polly Oliver's Problem (1893); Marm Lisa (1896); Penelope's Progress (1898); Penelope's Experience in Ireland (1901); Diary of a Goose Girl (1902); and Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1903). She also published: The Birds' Christmas Carol (1888); Nine Love Songs and a Carol (1896); and, with her sister, Nora A. Smith, Froebel's Gifts (1895); Froebel's Occupations (1896); and Kindergarten Principles and Practice (1896).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wild Goats, Sheep, and Ibexes

Edition of 1905. See also Capra (genus) and Ovis on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WILD GOATS, SHEEP, and IBEXES. A group of small ruminants not easily divisible technically even into the two apparently easily distinguishable genera Ovis (sheep) and Capra (goats and ibexes); and characterized by the massive, angulated horns borne by the male (rams), which in the sheep tend to form a coil beside the head, and in the goats sweep backward from the forehead and show a strongly cross-ridged front. The wild sheep and goats are mountain-dwelling animals, and are limited, with one exception, to the central elevated regions of the Old World, stretching from the Pyrenees, Atlas, and Abyssinian mountains through the Sinaitic Carpathian, Armenian, and Persian chains, to the Himalayan and Mongolian ranges, which are continued northeastward to Bering Strait. Each separate section of the line of uplift has one or more peculiar species. There is also an American species or group of species (see Bighorn) native to the northern cordillera, as far south as the borders of Mexico. The species are not many, most of them have a comparatively limited and local range, and several are extinct as wild animals. The genus Ovis has given to civilized man the domestic sheep, but their specific source (or sources) is uncertain. The domestic goat seems to have been derived with little admixture from the wild goat still extant in Southwestern Asia. See Goat; Ibex; Sheep.
WILD GOATS AND SHEEP
| 1. WILD GOAT; PASANG (Capra ægagrus). | 5. AOUDAD (Ovis tragelaphus). |
| 2. ANGORA RAM. | 6. WESTERN CAUCASUS TUR (Capra Severtzowi). |
| 3. MARKHOR (Capra Falconeri); Kabul variety. | 7. OORIAL or SHA (Ovis Vignei). |
| 4. BHARAL (Ovis nahura). | 8. ALPINE IBEX (Capra ibex). |
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dwarf

See also Dwarf (disambiguation) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Dwarf, name used especially for people much under the average size of mankind. The ancients believed there were races of dwarfs, and Aristotle declared that eye-witnesses affirmed that many of these little people lived in caves on the banks of the Nile. The most notable dwarf-races of men are the Bushmen, who are about four feet seven inches in height; the Akkas in Central Africa, about four feet ten inches high, by whom Stanley was much troubled in 1881; the Obongos on Gabun River; and the still smaller Batwas, about four feet three inches high. Other tribes of small stature are also reported. In the myths of the old Germanic nations dwarfs play a prominent part. They had their kings and lived in caves within the earth, where they kept treasure and works of art. Dwarfs used to be often kept as court-pets, and lately it has become common to exhibit them as curiosities in shows. The most famous of American dwarfs was Charles Stratton, called General Tom Thumb. When he married Miss Lavinia Warren, in 1863 he was 31 inches in height, his wife being one inch taller. With their child and another dwarf, called Commodore Nutt, they were exhibited through America and England. Flynn of New York, called General Mite, was only 21 inches high. Dwarfs are oftentimes strong for their size and quite intelligent. See Giants and Dwarfs, by E. J. Wood.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dunmore, Pa.

See also Dunmore, Pennsylvania on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Dunmore, Pa., a town in Lackawanna County, northeastern Pennsylvania, in the rich anthracite-coal region of the Lackawanna valley. It is situated two miles north of Scranton, the Erie and Wyoming Valley Railroad traversing it. Its trade is chiefly in coal. Population, 17,615.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Duties

See also Duty (economics) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Duties. See Tariff.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dutch East India Company

See also Dutch East India Company on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Dutch East India Company. This company was formed in 1602 by the union of several smaller companies to secure a monopoly of the Dutch trade to the East Indies. During the long war with Spain and Portugal the Dutch Company managed to deprive Portugal of all its possessions in the East Indies. The company established a valuable colony at the Cape of Good Hope; and took Ceylon from Portugal in 1658. In spite of English and French competition the Dutch Company was very successful, especially during the seventeenth century, when its dividends ranged from 12 to 63 per cent. But the proclamation of the Batavian Republic under French control in 1795 put an end to the existence of the company, which had during the 18th century at times required state-support. The English had already driven the Dutch Company from India and crippled its trade. But in 1815 many of the possessions of the Dutch East India Company were restored to Holland.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Duluth

See also Duluth, Minnesota on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Duluth (du-lo͞oth′), a city of Minnesota, the chief lake-port of the state, is situated at the western end of Lake Superior. It has a fine harbor, is the terminus of ten railway-systems, and has an immense shipping trade in grain, flour, lumber, iron and iron-ore. Its grain-elevators have a capacity of 35,000,000 bushels. Its shipments include 10,000 barrels of flour per day, over 30,000,000 tons of iron ore per year and many hundreds of millions of feet of lumber annually. It is a manufacturing and great wholesale center. Duluth has 38 splendid public-school buildings, with an average attendance of 15,000 pupils. Nearly 1,000 additional pupils are enrolled each year, an indication of the city's rapid growth. Population in 1910 was 78,466.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dulcimer

See also Hammered dulcimer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Dul′cimer′ a musical instrument which looks like a flat box, with wires run across, and tuned by pegs at the sides. It is played by striking the wires with a small piece of wood in each hand or, more usually, with two cork-head hammers. It is one of the most ancient of instruments, and may be regarded as the ancestor of the piano.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dutch Republic, The

See also Dutch Republic on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Dutch Republic, The, was founded by the union of the seven northern provinces of the Netherlands, during the long and heroic war against Spain for freedom of religion and government. These provinces, Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland, Groningen, Overyssel and Friesland, formed their union in 1579 and declared their independence in 1581. The war of liberation became a fierce crusade. The Netherlands had been a province of the German Empire under Charles V; but under Philip II they were no more than a province of Spain, and the rooted idea of Philip was to stamp out heresy from his dominions. In 1567 he sent the Duke of Alva with a Spanish army to the Netherlands; and among the victims of the persecution that followed were Counts Egmont and Hoorn. But in 1586 the Prince of Orange entered the field with a small army; and so began the forty years’ struggle for freedom. At times the Dutch were helped by France, at times by England; but it was the great courage and faith of the people that in the end won their liberty. In 1581 William of Orange was made ruler of Holland and Zeeland; but in 1583 he was murdered at Delft. Maurice of Nassau, the son of William of Orange, at length won a decisive battle in 1600 at Nieuport. Meantime the Dutch fleets had seized the Portuguese and Spanish settlements in the East Indies. A 12 years’ truce in 1609 practically granted the independence of the Dutch Republic, which entered upon a period of prosperous trade and of naval and commercial rivalry with England. The Dutch East India Company was founded in 1602; and the Dutch West India Company, which controlled New Netherlands (New York) in 1621.
After the 12 years’ truce with Spain expired, war was renewed, but was ended in 1648 by the Peace of Westphalia. The greatest days of Holland were those of its naval successes against England in the wars of 1652 and 1665; but the English fleets in the end proved too strong. In 1688 the stadtholder of Holland was called to the throne of England as William III. Holland now became one of the foes of Louis XIV. Peace was only restored in 1713 by the Peace of Utrecht. Holland then began to be ousted by England from her trade. In 1780 she had a short war with England; and in 1782 was the second power to recognize the independence of the United States. Hitherto the Dutch Republic had been rather aristocratic; but in 1795 the French compelled Holland to accept a new republican constitution as the Batavian Republic. In 1806 Napoleon changed this form of government into the Kingdom of Holland under his brother Louis. In 1810 the country was annexed to France. But in 1813 the French were expelled and the House of Orange restored; and in 1815 Holland and Belgium were united. This was the end of the Dutch Republic. Belgium was made an independent kingdom in 1830.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dvina

See also Dvina on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Dvina. See Dwina.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dvorak, Antonin

See also Antonín Dvořák on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Dvorak (dvôr′ zhäk), Antonin, Bohemian composer, was born at Mühlhausen on the Moldau in 1841, and was the son of an inn-keeper. He learned music, it is said, first from the gypsies, but entered the Prague conservatory as bandsman and organist. In 1883 his famous Stabat Mater, produced in London in that year, first stamped him as a really great composer, and earned for him later the honorary degree from Cambridge of Doctor of Music. His Spectre’s Bride, composed for the Birmingham festival of 1885, met with enthusiastic reception, as did his oratorio, St. Ludmila, composed for the Leeds festival (1886). In 1892 he wrote a four-act opera, Dimitrij, which was first produced in Vienna. In the same year he visited the United States, where he took the direction, for a while, of the National Conservatory of Music at New York, and while there wrote a cantata, entitled Columbus, which was produced at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York. His other works include dances, songs and symphonies, an opera, Jacobin, and a cantata, The American Flag. A further popular work of Dvorak’s is Der König und der Köhler (The King and the Charcoal-Burner). He died in 1904.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dukhobors

See also Doukhobor on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Dukhobors. The name signifies Spirit-fighters, and was given to certain Russian peasants because they denied the divinity of the Holy Spirit. Indeed, they also denied that Christ is more than a superior man, who is reincarnated often, appearing in the persons of the founders of this sect and also in many other people at different times. The sect was established as early as 1750, in the province of Kharkov, in south-central Russia. Dukhobors have no church-building, and will not enter churches, saying that wherever two or three are gathered together a religious congregation exists. They have no ceremonies, even at marriages. The Ten Commandments they accept, and whatever else in the Bible seems to them to be useful. They are governed by an assembly of elders, and usually are quiet people, sober and hardworking. They are peasants, all of them. From 1750 to 1793 the sect grew so rapidly that the Russian government began a persecution. In 1800 this policy was changed to one of kindness. Large tracts of fertile lands in central Russia were granted the industrious peasants. In 1819 persecution was renewed, and they were removed to a less favorable district. In 1890 Pobiedonostseff began to apply to them his policy of forcing all Russians into the Greek church. The Dukhobors then begged permission to emigrate. Some were allowed to go to Cyprus; and a large body emigrated to Manitoba, where they still live. Their prosperity in that country continued until 1902, when large numbers of them started in the dead of winter in an aimless march, hoping somehow to find Christ. The Canadian government was finally obliged to drive them home to preserve their lives. In 1903 and again in 1908 the same thing occurred, women and children joining in the march.
# The Overland Monthly/Volume 8

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# The Overland Monthly/Volume 6

* Issue 1 (start transcription)
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