OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Era of Good Feeling

See also Era of Good Feelings on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Era of Good Feeling, a name given to the period in American political life from 1817 to 1824, during which there practically was only one party—The Democratic-Republican. The Federalist party had almost disappeared by the end of the War of 1812, so that in 1821 President Monroe was re-elected by an electoral vote of 231 out of 232. Differences of opinion regarding public works and the tariff question soon afterwards brought the era of good feeling to a close. By some historians the period is restricted to the second term of Monroe's administration.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Isogamy

See also Gamete on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Isog′amy, a condition in plants in which the sexual cells (gametes) are alike, that is, they cannot be distinguished as male and female. Only the lowest plants are isogamous. The contrasting term is heterogamy, which see.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Isospory

See also the disclaimer.
Isos′pory (in plants). See Homospory.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ispahan

See also Isfahan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ispahan (ĭs′ pȧ-han′), properly Isfahan, a famous city of Persia, capital of the province of Irak-Ajemi and formerly capital of the entire country. It is situated on the Zenderud, in an extensive and fertile plain. It still is an important city, the seat of manufactures of all sorts of woven and ornamental goods, firearms, swordblades, glass and earthenware. Under the caliphs of Bagdad Ispahân was a large trading town; in 1387 it was taken by the Tartar conqueror, Timur, and 70,000 of its citizens massacred; in the 17th century it became the capital of Persia, and was a city 24 miles in circumference, with 600,000 inhabitants. It was the great city of the east. After the ravaging of the city by the Afghans in 1722, Teheran became the capital. Ispahân is the religious center of Persia, the seat of the high priest. Population 80,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Irving, Sir Henry

See also Henry Irving on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* SIR HENRY IRVING
Irving (ẽr′vĭng), Sir Henry, a noted Engglish actor, was born at Keinton, England, in 1838. His family name was Brodribb, but by royal license he was permitted to assume the name of Irving. He was educated at London. From an early age he displayed a strong love for the stage, and made his first appearance at Sunderland theater in 1856. In spite of tricks of voice, gait and gesture, he was at the head of English actors of the time, and did much to elevate the drama. He visited the United States several times, and was always received with great enthusiasm. His chief rôles were well known to theatre-goers, especially his Charles I, Hamlet, Macbeth, Richard III and Matthias in The Bells. He was knighted in 1895. He died on Oct. 13, 1905.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Isoetes

See also Quillwort on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Isoetes (ī́-sō′ ḗ-tēz), a small genus of aquatic plants known as quillworts, which belong to the pteridophytes. By some the genus is put with ferns and by others with club-mosses. It resembles a bunch of fine grass growing in shoal water or mud, but the leaves enlarge at the base and overlap one another on the very short tuberous stem. In each enlarged leaf base there is a single sporangium of interesting structure. Isoetes has attracted a great deal of attention because it is heterosporous, and has the general appearance of monocotyledons. There are some who believe that the monocotyledons have been derived from isoetes or from forms closely allied to it.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Isothermal Line

See also Contour line on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Isothermal (ī′ sṓ-tẽr′ mal) Line or Isotherm, a term used in meteorology to denote the line obtained by joining all contiguous points having the same temperature. The United States Weather Bureau publishes each month a map of the United States on which are drawn lines connecting adjoining localities which have had the same mean temperature for the past month. These lines are called isotherms. In physics the word is used in a slightly enlarged sense to indicate any curve which represents the manner in which one quantity varies with another while the temperature remains constant. Thus the curve which shows how the volume of any given mass of gas changes, when the pressure is altered, is called an isothermal line. For full discussion see Maxwell’s Theory of Heat, chap. vi.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Iroquois Indians

See also Iroquois on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Iroquois (īr′ō̇-kwoi′) Indians, formerly a great union of Indian tribes, recognized as a distinct branch of the Algonquin family and occupying central New York. In the 17th century they were known as the Five Nations. In 1715 they were joined by the Tuscaroras, when their name was changed to the Six Nations. They never exceeded 15,000 in number, and they still number about 12,000, most of them being in the United States, though some of the tribe are found in Canada. Schools and missions have been established among them, and some of their number have reached distinction as soldiers, engineers etc. Corn-planter, Brant and Red Jacket were Iroquois. See Brant and Red Jacket by Eggleston and The Iroquois by Johnson, also by Morgan.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Irritability

See also Irritability on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ir′ritabil′ity (in plants). A state or condition of protoplasm in which it undergoes a change in consequence of a change in the neighboring protoplasm or in its surroundings. The change in the surroundings is called a stimulus; the change produced in the protoplasm is called a response or reaction. In plants the reaction follows the stimulus after a perceptible time, seconds (rarely less), minutes or even hours; whereas in most animals the interval (reaction time) is much less. So slow are some plant reactions that the stimulus may cease to act long before any reaction appears. Such late reactions are known as after-effects. The energy of the reaction is often many times that of the stimulus; so, although the sequence is that of cause and effect, the stimulus merely starts the action of protoplasm, which itself is the source of the energy expended in whatever work is done. Since the protoplasm ceases to react after more or less prolonged stimulation, it is supposed that it forms some material which, decomposing under stimulation, becomes exhausted when the stimulus is frequently applied and is only formed again during a period of rest. There are many kinds of stimuli: contact, friction, stress, gravity, light, heat, electricity and chemical substances, including water and air. Only certain parts are sensitive to particular stimuli. The action of the more important stimuli is described under Chemotaxis, Chemotropism, Geotropism, Heliotropism, Hydrotropism, Phototaxis, Rheotropism and Thermotropism. Through the chemical stimuli, probably, one part of the protoplasm influences another. Thus the change in one region, caused by some external stimulus, may act as a stimulus on neighboring protoplasm. These reactions, however, may be unseen, and a visible change may occur only at a distance from the point where the external stimulus acted. Thus, if a leaflet of the sensitive plant be scorched, all the leaflets of that leaf or even all the leaves on the plant may change their position. In such an event the stimulus is said to be transmitted from the region where it is first applied to the region where a visible response occurs. Nothing is satisfactorily known as to the processes in such transmission. Each kind of sensitiveness exists only under conditions favorable to it; prolonged unfavorable conditions produce disease, more or less severe; if conditions unfavorable to general irritability continue too long, death ensues. Indeed Sachs says: “Life is inconceivable without irritability; the dead organism is dead simply because it has lost its irritability.”
# The New Student's Reference Work/Irtish

See also Irtysh River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Irtish (ĭr′tĭsh), a river of Siberia, the chief branch of the Obi. It rises at the east end of the Altai Mountains, flows toward the northwest for a total distance of 1,620 miles and joins the Obi at Samarow. From April to November it is navigable to Lake Saison.
# The Mysterious Affair at Styles

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THE MYSTERIOUS AFFAIR AT STYLESA DETECTIVE STORY BY AGATHA CHRISTIE
NEW YORK: JOHN LANE COMPANY LONDON: JOHN LANE, THE BODLEY HEAD MCMXX
Copyright, 1920, By John Lane Company
Press of J. J. Little & Ives Company New York, U. S. A.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1976, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 47 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wool, Mineral

Edition of 1905. See also Mineral wool on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WOOL, Mineral, Mineral Cotton, Silicate Cotton, or Slag Wool. A vitreous material resembling wool, made by subjecting slag, when in a molten condition, to a strong blast. It was originally made in Wales in 1840, but the process was found injurious to the workmen, and so the manufacture was abandoned until about thirty years later, when it was taken up in Germany. As now made, a jet of steam is made to strike upon a flowing mass of molten slag as it falls from the spout into the slag-carriers. The steam scatters the slag into globules, and as each globule leaves the molten stream it turns into a fine thread. The threads are sucked into a large tub by a current of air caused by steam jets and are discharged into a large chamber. The product is generally white, but the presence of manganese or potassium produces a green color, while mineral wool from some slags has a pink tinge. As it is fireproof and insect-proof, it has been used generally by architects and builders as a packing for walls. It also possesses value as a non-conductor of sound and is therefore valuable in school buildings and music halls.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wooster

See also Wooster, Ohio on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WOOS′TER. The county-seat of Wayne County, O., 52 miles south by west of Cleveland, on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore and Ohio railroads (Map: Ohio, G 4). It is the seat of the University of Wooster (Presbyterian), opened in 1870, and has a public library, and the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, which possesses fine buildings and grounds. The principal manufactures include boilers, engines, farm implements, flour, lumber products, pianos, glass, etc. The water-works are the property of the municipality. Wooster (named in honor of General David Wooster, q.v.) was laid out in 1808, and was incorporated in 1817. It received a city charter in 1868. Population, in 1890, 5901; in 1900, 6063.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Woody Nightshade

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ WOODY NIGHTSHADE. See Bittersweet.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wool, John Ellis

Edition of 1905. See also John E. Wool on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WOOL, John Ellis (1788-1869). An American soldier, born at Newburgh, N. Y. He began the study of law, but on the outbreak of the War of 1812 entered the United States Army, and in April, 1812, became captain in the Thirteenth United States Infantry. He was badly wounded in the battle of Queenstown Heights, and as a reward for his gallantry was in April, 1813, promoted major of the Twenty-ninth Infantry. At Plattsburg in September, 1814, he again distinguished himself, and in December was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 1821 he became inspector-general of the army with the rank of colonel. In 1841 he became a brigadier-general. When the Mexican War began he prepared troops for the field and sent thither about 12,000. He led the Army of the Centre into Chihuahua; then joined General Taylor, and at Buena Vista, as second in command, selected the American position. For his services he was brevetted major-general. By his timely measures he secured Fortress Monroe, and as commander of the Department of Virginia, he occupied Norfolk and Portsmouth in May, 1862. In the same month he was made a major-general in the Regular Army, and retired in August of the following year.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Woorali

See also the disclaimer.
​WOORALI. A South American vegetable poison. See Curare.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Woodworth, Samuel

Edition of 1905. See also Samuel Woodworth on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WOOD′WORTH, Samuel (1785-1842). An American journalist and poet, born at Scituate, Mass. After an apprenticeship in a printing office, he edited and printed a paper at New Haven, Conn., in 1807, and in 1809 removed to New York, where he conducted The War (1813-14), a weekly paper, during the War of 1812. He aided George P. Morris in 1823 in founding the New York Mirror. During his life he published a good deal of verse, as well as operettas and a curious romance of the War of 1812, Champions of Freedom (1816). His complete poetical works were edited (2 vols., 1861) by his son, with a Memoir by George P. Morris. He is remembered almost wholly for his song “The Old Oaken Bucket” (1817).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Woolwa

See also the disclaimer.
​WOOL′WA. A Central American linguistic stock. See Ulua.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Woolwich

See also Woolwich on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WOOLWICH, wo͞ol′ĭch or -ĭj. A metropolitan borough of London, England, formerly a town, in Kent, on the Thames, 9 miles east of Saint Paul's Cathedral (Map: London, E 9). The royal arsenal, the largest in Britain, contains war stores and establishments for manufacturing them, comprising three departments called the gun factories, carriage department, and laboratory. The arsenal covers 593 acres and employs over 14,000 men. On the common, south of the town, is the Royal Military Academy for the education of cadets for the artillery and engineers. Population, in 1891, 40,860; in 1901, 41,607.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Woonsocket

See also Woonsocket, Rhode Island on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WOON′SOCKET. A city in Providence County, R. I., 16 miles north by west of the city of Providence, on the Blackstone River, here spanned by a fine bridge, and on the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad and its leased lines (Map: Rhode Island, B 1). It has the Sacred Heart College and the Harris Institute Library with 15,000 volumes. There are three public parks, and a soldiers' monument. Woonsocket is primarily an industrial city, being especially known for the manufacture of cotton and worsted goods. Other important manufactures include foundry and machine-shop products, knit goods, hosiery, rubber, etc. In the census year 1900 the various industrial establishments had an invested capital of $14,279,361, and a production valued at $15,627,539. The water-works are the property of the city. Population, in 1890, 20,830; in 1900, 28,204. Woonsocket was settled about 1666; in 1867 it was incorporated as a town and in 1888 was chartered as a city. Its area was enlarged in 1871 by the, annexation of a portion of Smithfield. Consult Richardson, History of Woonsocket (Woonsocket, 1876).
# The Narrow Way

Published in Fraser's Magazine, December 1848. Reprinted in Selections from the literary remains of Emily and Anne Brontë (1850).
Believe not those who say The upward path is smooth, Lest thou shouldst stumble in the way And faint before the truth. It is the only road Unto the realms of joy; But he who seeks that blest abode Must all his powers employ.
Bright hopes and pure delights Upon his course may beam, And there amid the sternest heights, The sweetest flowerets gleam;
On all her breezes borne Earth yields no scents like those; But he, that dares not grasp the thorn Should never crave the rose.
Arm, arm thee for the fight! Cast useless loads away: Watch through the darkest hours of night; Toil through the hottest day.
Crush pride into the dust, Or thou must needs be slack; And trample down rebellious lust, Or it will hold thee back.
Seek not thy treasure here; Waive pleasure and renown; The World's dread scoff undaunted bear, And face its deadliest frown.
To labour and to love, To pardon and endure, To lift thy heart to God above, And keep thy conscience pure,
Be this thy constant aim, Thy hope and thy delight, What matters who should whisper blame, Or who should scorn or slight?
What matters - if thy God approve, And if within thy breast, Thou feel the comfort of his love, The earnest of his rest?
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Natick Resolution; or, Resistance to Slaveholders/Letter to Capt. Avis

​A copy of the letter to Brown, with the resolution passed at Natick, November 20th, 1859, was also sent to Capt. Avis, keeper of the jail in which Brown was confined, awaiting execution, with the following note:—
Natick, Mass., Nov. 21st, 1859.
Captain Avis:
Sir,—Pardon this intrusion by an utter stranger. God bless you for your kindness to John Brown in these, his last hours!
If consistent with your feelings as a man, and your duties as a jailor, you would oblige me by presenting the enclosed to him for his perusal. It is a resolution adopted by the citizens of Natick, Mass., as expressive of their views on a subject now assuming paramount importance throughout the North. Though the sentiments of the resolution and of the accompanying letter may be repugnant to you, it can do no harm to allow your prisoner to read them, that he may stand on the scaffold knowing that he is fully understood and appreciated by those who have known and sympathized with his plans and movements the past few years, and that, through his death, he will serve the cause he so much loves more effectually, it may be, than he could have done by his life.
​God bless the single-hearted, grand and kingly man! He seems to us as one clothed with light and majesty as with a garment. Could he but be spared, there are thousands who would cheerfully take his place, and welcome the gallows in his stead. But he must die, as to corporeal existance, and in his death will consist his greatest triumph.
Thine,
HENRY C. WRIGHT.
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# The Natick Resolution; or, Resistance to Slaveholders

THE
NATICK RESOLUTION;
or,
RESISTANCE TO SLAVEHOLDERS
THE RIGHT AND DUTY OF SOUTHERN SLAVES AND
NORTHERN FREEMEN.
BY HENRY C. WRIGHT
"Resistance to tyrants is obedience to God."
BOSTON:
printed for the author.
1859
LETTER TO JOHN BROWN.
TWO LETTERS TO GOVERNOR WISE.
LETTER TO THE RICHMOND ENQUIRER.
LETTER TO CAPT. AVIS.
LETTER TO HENRY WILSON.
LETTER TO WM. LLOYD GARRISON.
* Letter to John Brown
* Letter to Governor Wise (First)
* Letter to Capt. Avis
* Letter to the Richmond Enquirer
* Letter to Governor Wise (Second)
* Letter to Henry Wilson
* Letter to WM. Lloyd Garrison
* Appendix
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This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Natick Resolution; or, Resistance to Slaveholders/Letter to Governor Wise (First)

​The above letter to John Brown, with the resolution passed at Natick, November 20th, 1859, was forwarded to Gov. Wise, of Virginia, accompanied with the following note, requesting him to deliver it to Capt. Brown, then in prison, awaiting his execution:—
Natick, Mass., Nov. 21st, 1859.
Henry A. Wise, Governor of Virginia:
Sir,—Enclosed is a resolution adopted by the people of Natick, Mass., the residence of the Hon. Henry Wilson. At their request, I forward it to John Brown, with a letter to him. The resolution and letter may give peace and satisfaction to him in his last hours. However repulsive the sentiments may be to you, and to the people over whom you preside, they may sustain him on the scaffold. The appeal is to your magnanimity and justice to put them into his hands.
You think he has done foolishly and wickedly. We think his object has been noble, and his motives disinterested, ​heroic and sublime. We ask not his life, but we do ask that you would let him know that he lives, and ever will live, in the hearts of his long-tried personal friends, and of the friends of freedom and the enemies of slaveholding throughout the North.
Grant to us and to him this favor, and our sincere thanks shall be yours, though our hearts must ever protest against the injustice and political insanity that, for an effort so truly humane, grand and heroic, shall consign his body to the gallows.
Thine,
HENRY C. WRIGHT.
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# The New Art of Spelling

* Practical Phonography (London, 1701) external link
** full title: Practical Phonography: Or, the New Art of Rightly Speling and Writing Words by the Sound Thereof. And of Rightly Sounding and Reading Words by the Sight Thereof. Applied to the English Tongue. Design'd More Especially for the Use and Ease, of the Duke of Gloucester. But That We Are Lamentably Disappointed of Our Joy and Hopes in Him.
* The New Art of Spelling (London, 1705) external link
** full title: The New Art of Spelling. Design'd Chiefly for Persons of Maturity, Teaching Them How to Spell and Write Words by the Sounds Thereof. And to Sound and Read Words by the Sight Thereof, Rightly, Neatly, and Fashionably. I. It Will Instruct Any Person, That Can Read and Write, to Spell and Write Most Languages, That He Can Speak, and Uses to Read, in a Few Hours, by a General Rule, Contain'd in Two or Three Lines, and the Use of Spelling Alphabet, Which May Be Writ on the Twelfth Part of a Sheet of Paper, to Carry About Them. II. Short and Easie Directions, Whereby Any One May Be Taught to Spell Tolerably Well in a Few Days, and in Half a Year's Time Be Perfected in the Art of True Spelling. III. A Child, or Any Person, Who Can't Read or Write, May, by the Help of this Book, Learn to Spell and Write Perfectly in a Small Time. IV. Rules of Foreigners, by Which They May Sweeten Their Language; and Directions How to Invent an Universal One. Applied to the English Tongue.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Texas, University of

See also University of Texas at Austin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Texas, University of, is at Austin, but its medical department is at Galveston. In 1839 the Texan republic took the first step to establishing this university, in 1858 the legislature of the state provided for organizing it, and in 1876 the constitution appropriated 1,000,000 acres to it. Incorporation came in 1881, and it opened in 1883, when 1,000,000 acres more were given. It is the crown of the Texan school-system, and is coëducational. It is governed by regents appointed by the governor, two every two years, for terms of eight years, the state senate confirming the nominations. It includes the departments of literature, science and arts; engineering; law; medicine (including a pharmaceutical school); and summer-schools. It has also had charge of the Texan mineral survey since 1901. The faculty numbers 140, the students 2,290, the library 60,000 volumes. The productive funds amount to $2,000,000, and the annual income is about $280,000.