OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Columbia Insurance Company of Alexandria v. Lawrence

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United States Supreme Court
35 U.S. 507
Columbia Insurance Company of Alexandria v. Lawrence
IN error to the circuit court of the United States for the District of Columbia, in the county of Alexandria.
At January term 1829, a suit between the same parties was before this court, on a writ of error. 2 Peters 25. It was an action instituted by Lawrence, the survivor of Lawrence and Poindexter, on a policy of insurance against fire, to recover from the Columbia Insurance Company of Alexandria, the amount of a loss sustained by them by the destruction of a mill by fire; alleged to have been duly insured by the defendants. A verdict and judgment had been rendered in favour of the plaintiff; and on the case coming into this court, the judgment of the circuit court of the county of Alexandria was reversed, and the case was remanded to that court with directions to award a venire facias de novo. The mandate of this court stated, that the circuit court erred in instructing the jury, that the interest of the assured in the property insured is such as is described in the original offer for insurance and in the policy: and also in this, that the said circuit court erred in this, in the opinion to the jury, that the evidence was sufficient to be left to them, from which they might infer that the defendants waived the objections to the certificate and other preliminary proof required by the ninth rule annexed to the policy.
On the coming in of the mandate, November 5th, 1830, the plaintiff in the circuit court discontinued the suit.
In September 1831, Joseph W. Lawrence, survivor of Lawrence and Poindexter, instituted another suit against the same defendants, on the same policy of insurance; and after various pleadings and demurrers, &c. the case was tried by a jury in October 1834, and a verdict and judgment entered for the plaintiff.
The defendants excepted to the charge of the court, in two bills of exceptions; and they prosecuted this writ of error.
The case brought up by this writ of error was in all respects the same with that which was before the court in 1829: with the exceptions fully stated in the opinion of the court.
The case was argued by Mr Jones, for the plaintiffs in error; and by Mr Swann and Mr Berry, for the defendant.
Mr Justice STORY delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Columbia Journalism Review

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# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS, an American legislator and soldier, born in Waltham, Mass., Jan. 30, 1816. At first a factory worker, he studied law, and became successively a member of the State and National Legislatures. He was Speaker of Congress in 1856, and in 1857, 1859, and 1861 was elected Governor of his native State. On the outbreak of the Civil War, he took a command in the army, at first on the Potomac, then at New Orleans, and finally on the Red River. Relieved of his command in 1864, he re-entered Congress, voting mainly with the Republican party. He died in Waltham, Sept. 1, 1894.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 410.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bangor (Wales)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BANGOR, a city and seaport of Wales in Carnarvonshire. It is on the S. E. bank of the Menai Strait. The beauty of the surrounding scenery has made Bangor a much-sought-for place of resort. It is the seat of the oldest bishopric in Wales and has a cathedral begun in 1496. The city has several important educational institutions, including the University College of North Wales and other colleges. The chief industry is slate quarrying. Pop. about 15,000.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 404.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bangs, John Kendrick

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BANGS, JOHN KENDRICK, an American humorist and editor, born in Yonkers, N. Y., May 27, 1862. He graduated from Columbia College and was one of the founders of "Life," and has long been known for his light verse and humorous stories, among which may be mentioned "Coffee and Repartee" (New York, 1886); "Mr. Bonaparte of Corsica" (1895); "Water Ghost and Other Stories" (1896); "The Bicyclers and Other Farces" (1896); "A Houseboat on the Styx" (1896); "The Pursuit of the Houseboat" (1897); "Foothills of Parnassus" (1914). He was at various times editor of "Harper's Weekly" (1900); "Metropolitan" (1903); "Puck" (1904).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bankhead, John Hollis

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BANKHEAD, JOHN HOLLIS, United States Senator from Alabama, born in Marion co., Ala., in 1842. He was educated in the common schools and served in the Civil War, rising to the rank of captain. He was a member of the Alabama House of Representatives from 1865 to 1867, and again in 1880 and 1881. In 1876 and 1877 he was a member of the State Senate. He was elected to the National Congress in 1877, serving until 1907. In 1906 he was elected alternate United States Senator, and in 1897 was elected Senator to succeed Senator Morgan. He was re-elected in 1911 and 1918. During his service he was a member of many important committees in the Senate, including the Commission on Public Buildings, Commission on Rivers and Harbors, and the Inland Waterways Commission. He was the author of several important books relating to post roads.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 407.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Banks, Louis Albert

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BANKS, LOUIS ALBERT, an American clergyman and writer, born at Corvallis, Ore., in 1855. He was educated at Philomath College and Boston University, and he entered the Methodist ministry in 1879. After several years as pastor in Kansas City he engaged in evangelistic work in 1911. In 1893 he was Prohibition candidate for governor of Massachusetts. He was the author of many books on religious subjects, including “Windows for Sermons” (1902); “The Great Portraits of the Bible” (1903); “The Religious Life of Famous Americans” (1902); “The Problems of Youth” (1909); “A Summer in Peter's Garden” (1913); “Ammunition for the Final Drive on Booze” (1917).
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 410.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bangor Theological Seminary

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BANGOR THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, an educational institution in Bangor, Me.; chartered by the Legislature of Massachusetts in 1814; opened in Hampden in 1816; and removed to Bangor in 1819; under the direction of the Congregational Church, but open to all Christian young men. It has a three years' course; grounds and buildings valued at over $400,000; a library of about 30,000 volumes; and, in 1919, 5 professors and instructors; and 18 students.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 404.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bank Note

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BANK NOTE, an engraved certificate representing its face value in specie. In the production of bank notes, the principal purpose is to render their forgery impossible, or at least easy of detection. This is sought to be effected by peculiarity of paper, design, and printing. Bank of England notes are printed in one of the blackest and most indelible of inks, on paper expressly made for the purpose by one firm only. It is a handmade paper, remarkable for its strength, lightness and difficulty of imitation. Its peculiar water mark constitutes one of the chief safeguards of the notes against forgery. No Bank of England notes are issued twice, so that this mark is rarely indistinct, and the paper does not lose its peculiar crispness.
In the United States, the bank notes at present in circulation are manufactured by the Government Bureau of Engraving and Printing, the paper being made by a private concern, under a patented process, the chief ingredients being a mixture of linen and cotton fiber, into which are introduced threads of silk, so arranged as to be perceptible after the notes are printed. This style of ​paper is furnished only to the Government. Superior skill is exercised in engraving the plates, nearly all parts of them being executed by the geometrical lathe and the ruling machine the work of which it is impossible to imitate successfully by hand. The printing of the notes is done in colored inks of the best quality, sometimes as many as four shades being used. The great expense of the machines used in the engraving, and the superior quality of the work generally, renders successful counterfeiting almost impossible. The notes, when badly worn, are returned to the United States Treasury, other notes being issued in their stead.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 407-408.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Neophyte

From volume 10 of the work.
Neophyte (neophytoi, the newly planted, i.e. incorporated with the mystic Body of Christ), a term applied in theology to all those who have lately entered upon a new and higher state or condition of life, e.g. those who have begun the ecclesiastical life, or have joined a religious order. More particularly is it used of those who, lately converted from heathenism, have by the sacrament of Baptism, been transplanted into the higher life of the Church. From very early times there have been prohibitions against neophytes in this last sense being promoted too quickly to Holy Orders and to positions of responsibility in the Church. Thus the Council of Nicaea in its second canon lays down; rules on this subject, on the ground that some time is necessary for the state of a Catechumen and for fuller probation after baptism; for the Apostolic decree is clear which says, "Not a neophyte, lest being puffed up with pride, he fall into the judgment of the devil" (I Tim., iii, 6). The period which should elapse after conversion before promotion is not fixed but (Bened. XIV, "De syn.", vii, 65- 6) is left to the discretion of the bishop and will vary with the individual case. (See DIVORCE, sub-title Pauline Privilege.)
ARTHUR S. BARNES
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Nerses of Lambron

From volume 10 of the work.
Born 1153 at Lambron, Cilicia; died 1198; son of Oschin II, prince of Lambron and nephew of the patriarch, Nerses IV. Nerses was well versed in sacred and profane sciences and had an excellent knowledge of Greek, Latin, Syriac, and probably Coptic. Ordained in 1169, he was consecrated Archbishop of Tarsus in 1176 and became a zealous advocate of the union of the Greek and Armenian Churches. In 1179 he attended the Council of Hromcla, in which the terms of the union were discussed; his address at this council is considered a masterpiece of eloquence and style. The union was decided upon but never consummated owing to the death of Emperor Manuel Comnenus in 1180. Manuel's successors abandoned the negotiations and persecuted the Armenians, who dissatisfied with the Greeks now turned to the Latins. Leo II, Prince of Cilicia, desirous to secure for himself the title of King of Armenia, sought the support of Celestine III and of Emperor Henry VI. The pope received his request favourably, but made the granting of it dependent upon the union of Cilicia to the Church of Rome. He sent Conrad, Archbishop of Mayence, to Tarsus, and the terms of union having been signed by Leo and twelve of the bishops, among whom was Nerses, Leo was crowned King of Armenia, 6 January, 1198. Nerses died six months afterwards, 17 July. Nerses is justly regarded as one of the greatest writers in Armenian literature. He deserves fame as poet, prose writer, and translator. He wrote an elegy on the death of his uncle, Nerses IV, and many hymns. His prose works include his oration at the Council of Hromcla (tr. Italian by Aucher, Venice, 1812; tr. German by Neumann, Leipzig, 1834); Commentaries on the Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Wisdom, and the Minor Prophets; an explanation of the liturgy; a letter to Leo II and another to Uskan, a monk of Antioch; and two homilies. He translated into Armenian the Rule of St. Benedict; the "Dialogues" of Gregory the Great; a life of this saint; and the letters of Lucius III and Clement III to the patriarch, Gregory. From the Syriac he translated the "Homilies" of Jacob of Serugh and, probably from the Coptic, the "Life of the Fathers of the Desert". Some writers ascribe to him an Armenian version of a commentary of Andreas of CÊsarea on the Apocalypse. Nerses in his original writings frequently refers to the primacy and infallibility of the pope.
Conybeare, The Armenian Version of Revelation (London, 1907); see also Nerses I-IV.
A. A. Vaschalde.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Neocæsarea (2)

From volume 10 of the work.
A titular see of Pontus Polemoniacus, at first called Cabira, one of the favourite residences of Mithridates the Great, who built a palace there, and later of King Polemon and his successors. Pompey made it a city and gave it the name of Diopolis, while Pythodoris widow of Polemon, made it her capital and called it Sebaste. It is not known precisely when it assumed the name of Neocæsarea mentioned for the first time in Pliny, "Hist. Nat.", VI, III, 1, but judging from its coins, one might suppose that it was during the reign of Tiberius. It became the civil and religious metropolis of Pontus. We know that about 240, when Gregory Thaumaturgus was consecrated bishop of his native city, Neocæsarea had but seventeen Christians and that at his death (270) it counted only seventeen pagans. In 315 a great council was held there, the acts of which are still extant. In 344 the city was completely destroyed by an earthquake (Hieronymus, "Chron.", anno 2362), meeting a similar fate m 499 (Theodorus Lector, II, 54). During the Middle Ages the Mussulmans and Christians disputed the possession of Neocæsarea, and in 1068 a Seljuk general, Melik-Ghazi, whose tomb is still visible, captured and pillaged it; later, in 1397, it passed, together with the whole district, under the sway of the Ottomans. Being early placed at the head of an ecclesiastical province, Neocæsarea had four suffragan sees about 640 ("Ecthesis" of pseudo-Epiphanius, ed. Gelzer, 539), retaining them until the tenth century, when Trebizond obtained its independence and, by degrees, the other three suffragans were suppressed. In 1391 the Archdiocese of Neocæsarea was confided to the metropolitan of Trebizond (Miklosich and Müller, "Acta", II, 154). About 1400 there was, however, a regular metropolitan (op. cit., II, 312) and there is still, but he resides at Ordou. Among the twenty-seven bishops of this city mentioned by Le Quien, the most noted are St. Gregory Thaumaturgus and St. Thomas, a martyr of the ninth century. Neocæsarea, now called Niksar, is a small city of 4000 inhabitants in the sanjak of Tokat and the vilayet of Sivas, with a Greek and an Armenian church, both of which are schismatic.
SMITH, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (London, 1870), I, 462, II, 418, s. v. Cabira et Neocæsareia; Le QUIEN, Oriens christianus, I (Paris, 1741), 499-508; CUINET, La Turquie d'Asie, I (Paris, 1892), 733-35; CUMONT, Studia Pontica (Brussels, 1906), 259-273.
S. VAILHÉ.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Montalembert, Charles Forbes René, Comte de

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MONTALEMBERT (mông-tä-long-bār′), CHARLES FORBES RENÉ, COMTE DE, a French publicist; born in London, England, May 29, 1810. His father was a French émigré, his mother English. Till 1819 Montalembert's education was carried on in England; but it was concluded in Paris. At the age of ​20 he enthusiastically supported Lamennais and Lacordaire in their movement to promote liberty within the Church until “L'Avenir” (The Future), the organ of the movement, was condemned by an encyclical letter from the Pope. In 1835 he took his seat in the chamber of peers, and his ability soon made him famous. After the revolution of 1848 he was elected a member of the National Assembly. He was at first inclined to support Napoleon III., but was soon alienated by the policy of that emperor. Of his numerous writings the chief are: “Monks of the West” (1860-1868); “Life of Saint Elizabeth of Hungary” (1836); and “Political Future of England” (1855); “From St. Benedict to St. Bernard” (1895). He died in Paris, France, March 13, 1870.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Montague

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MONTAGUE, a town in Massachusetts which includes several villages of which the most important is Turners Falls. It is in Franklin co. on the Connecticut river and on the Boston and Maine, the New York, New Haven and Hartford, and the Central Vermont railroads. The town contains three public libraries, a hospital, and has important manufactures of cotton goods, paper, cutlery, silks, etc. At Turners Falls is a power plant which distributes power to the surrounding communities. Pop. (1910) 6,866; (1920) 7,675.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Montanism

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MONTANISM (mon′-) the religious system of Montanus, an inhabitant of a Phrygian village called Pepuza, who, about A. D. 171, proclaimed himself the Paraclete or Comforter promised by Jesus (see Paraclete). He multiplied fasts, forbade second marriages, did not permit churches to give absolution to those who had fallen into great sin, forbade all female ornaments, required virgins to be veiled. Jerome wrote against the Montanists, who continued till about the 6th century.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Montessori System

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
MONTESSORI SYSTEM, a method of instruction used by Dr. Maria Montessori and, as yet, used only in the branches of elementary education and with children between the ages of 3 and 10 years. It is largely the development of the ideas of Froebel, and more especially of Séguin and Itard. The chief principle is that of “self-education” — allowing the child to learn ideas by its own activity and by following its own inclinations and not by being dictated to or disciplined by the teacher. In the Montessori system there are no classes, no lessons. There are no rewards or punishment, the only incentive used is the desire on the child's part to do things well in which he or she is interested. When the child enters the school he sees groups of children playing games and joins the group which is doing the things he likes best. The games are ones involving the senses of touch, sight, and hearing, and are so arranged and conducted that these senses are soon developed without the child being conscious of learning a task. “Touch,” for example, is practiced by playing games blindfolded, hearing by playing games in the dark. The interest and attention of the child never wavers as in the conventional school system, since he is always doing what he likes. Writing comes before reading in the Montessori system and is learned by means of playing with letters, and imitating their shape. It usually takes a child of four years about two months to learn to write. “Reading” is learned by the application of similar methods. The role of the teacher in all this work is radically different from that under the old system. The material itself does the teaching, for it contains the control of errors. The teacher does not impart information; she is a “passive force, a silent presence.”
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Montaigne, Michel, Seigneur

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MONTAIGNE (mông-täny′), MICHEL, SEIGNEUR, a French essayist; born in Château of Montaigne, Dordogne, France, Feb. 28, 1533. He was taught Latin from his cradle, and till he was six years of age was not permitted to hear any other language. He was then sent to the college of Guienne, at Bordeaux, where he remained seven years, having in that time gone through the whole college course. In 1554 he was appointed a judge in the Parliament of Bordeaux. In 1569 he married. During the civil wars he lived in retirement on his own estate. In 1580-1581 he traveled in Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, visited Rome, and was presented to the Pope. He was elected mayor of Bordeaux; and he held that office four years. The pestilence and the war of the League drove him from his château in 1586; and he did not return for two years. It was during this period that his friendship with Marie de Gournay began. She was attracted to him by his writings; Montaigne called her his adopted daughter. Montaigne's “Essays” (1588) rank among the few great books of the world. They have been translated into almost all languages. During the last few years of his life he suffered from most painful diseases, but he would have nothing to do with doctors or drugs. He died Sept. 13, 1592.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Montana State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MONTANA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND MECHANIC ARTS, an institution founded by the State of Montana in 1893 at Bozeman, Montana, for the improvement of its citizens in scientific agriculture and in the industrial arts. The State in 1893 granted to the college 140,000 acres of land; of these 26,000 have been sold and the remainder leased. The increased value of land and especially timber in the years 1918, 1919, and 1920 greatly increased the income of the college and placed it on a sure financial basis. Appropriations from the State amount to $85,000 annually. Enrollment is about 600.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Montessori, Maria

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
MONTESSORI, MARIA, an Italian doctor and educator; born in 1870, she received the degree of doctor of medicine when she was twenty-four years old, being the first woman in Italy to secure that degree. By her work as a doctor among feeble-minded children she became interested in the subject of their education. Her success in this field turned her attention to the education of normal children. In 1907 the House of Childhood was founded under her direction, and since that time others have followed.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Montana, University of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MONTANA, UNIVERSITY OF, a co-educational non-sectarian institution in Missoula, Mont.; founded in 1895; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 65; students, 796; volumes in the library, 45,000; income, $280,000; president, Edward O. Sisson, Ph. D.