OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Water-Works

See also Water supply on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Water-Works, a system of pipes and conduits connected with reservoirs or pumping-stations for the supply of water to communities. The ordinary supply of water to communities where the population is scattered is from shallow wells, but in crowded cities such wells become very dangerous on account of the contamination of the water by impurities from the soil. The water-supply of large cities often forms a very difficult problem, and large reservoirs and long conduits often have to be built to get an ample supply of pure water. The common sources of supply are streams, lakes, springs and wells, if the water is derived from streams or lakes, the great difficulty is to get a drainage-area which has not been rendered impure by the refuse of the ​surrounding population. The water of New York City is derived from the watershed of the Croton River and is led into reservoirs in New York City (q. v.) through an aqueduct 29.6 miles long. This aqueduct has an average diameter of over 13 feet. (See The Century Magazine for December, 1889.) Chicago and Cleveland pump their water from the neighboring lakes, a tunnel of several miles being bored out under the lakes in each case so as to secure water free from shore refuse. Where the water for public supply is taken from wells, the wells are always sunk or driven several hundred feet into the lower strata, where the supply is more constant and is freed from surface impurities. Two systems of distribution are in use: the reservoir and the pumping system. In the reservoir system the water is collected by natural flow or by pumping into reservoirs and then distributed by gravity to the houses. In the direct-pumping system the water is pumped into the mains by pumps which are kept working day and night. The latter system is cheaper to install, but more expensive to operate. Where there is no natural elevation for a reservoir, it is common to erect a large, steel stand-pipe, which will have sufficient capacity to furnish part of a day's supply. The daily consumption of water in American cities is about 106 gallons per person. This is from two to three times the amount used in European cities. To check the waste of water, it is common now to supply water by meter, so that each user pays according to the amount consumed by himself.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Water-Ouzel

See also Dipper on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Water-Ouzel. See Ouzel.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Waterloo, Ia.

See also Waterloo, Iowa on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Waterloo, Ia., capital of Black-Hawk County, on both banks of the Cedar River, which furnishes water-power for its industries, northeastern Iowa, 94 miles west of Dubuque and 105 miles northeast of Des Moines. It is on the Waterloo, Cedar Falls and Northern, the Illinois Central, the Chicago and Great-Western and the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroads. It is the center of a productive agricultural country and the shipping-point for large supplies of grain and produce. Besides the repair shops of the Illinois Central Railroad, the city's industries include flour-mills, foundries, carriage and machine shops, sash, door and blind factories, agricultural implements, gas engine and automobile works and refrigerators. It has admirable parochial and public schools, two high schools, a business college, Our Lady of Victory Academy (R. C.) and school libraries. Population 26,693.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Waterspout

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Wa′terspout′, a phenomenon frequently observed in calm, warm weather at sea or on inland lakes, appearing under overhanging clouds, which, under certain influences, send downwards a funnel-shaped cloud, charged with vapor condensed from the atmosphere; and by its rotary indraught, on reaching the surface of lake or sea, it attracts upwards a body of water or scudding, saltwater spray. The waterspout usually lasts but a few minutes, though under certain weather-conditions and meteorological influences many of them occur together. The condition that predisposes their appearance is the unstable equilibrium of the air, coupled with a gyratory motion imparted to it, which writhes and twists the cloud-spout in its rapid, tapering whirl. When observed at sea, at their bases the ocean is always violently agitated and massed in heaps with a leaping or coiling motion. Contrary to current belief, waterspouts are little affected by being fired at with cannon.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Watertown, Mass.

See also Watertown, Massachusetts on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Wa′tertown, Mass., a town in Middlesex County, embracing a group of villages, an attractive suburb of Boston and six miles west of it, on the Charles River and the Boston and Maine Railroad. The place has an early history, being settled in 1630, and two years later made a protest against arbitrary taxation, on the occasion of being called upon to aid the construction of a fort at Cambridge. In the Revolutionary War the second and third provincial congresses of the state convened here; while to Watertown many people of Boston, driven from their homes by the British, came to reside. A national arsenal is situated here, and besides its municipal offices it has a library. Its industries include many manufacturing plants, embracing paper and paper-bags, hosiery and knitted ware and automobiles. Population about 12,875.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Waterloo

See also Battle of Waterloo on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Wa′terloo′, a village in Belgium, nine and a half miles southeast of Brussels, which owes its fame to the great battle fought in its neighborhood between Napoleon and Wellington, June 18, 1815. The French army numbered about 72,000 men, and Wellington's army numbered about 67,000, made up of British, German and Dutch troops. Napoleon supposed he had only Wellington's army to fight, as the Prussians had retreated before Ney on the 16th. But their retreat was toward Waterloo, and their arrival on the battlefield on the afternoon of the 18th turned the battle against the French, who, finding themselves hemmed in between the British and Prussians, fled in disorder. The roads southward were crowded with fugitives fleeing from the pursuing cavalry. One regiment of the guard which had covered Napoleon's retreat was surrounded and ordered to surrender; but their general, making the well-known answer: "The guard dies; it does not surrender," charged upon the enemy, and they perished almost to a man. The combined losses of this battle were about 50,000 men. Victor Hugo says the defeat of Napoleon was brought about by a rain the night before, which delayed the attack in the morning, thus giving the Prussian troops time to reach Waterloo; while others ascribe it to Grouchy's failure to obey orders. For a description of the battle see Hugo's Les Miserables. See Napoleon and Wellington.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Waterfall

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Wa′terfall or Cat′aract, a break in the slope of the bed of a river so abrupt that the water falls from the higher to the lower level. They usually occur in mountainous regions, where the streams flow from the mountain sides into valleys. The channel of the river must be rocky to form a fall, as the quantity of water would otherwise soon wear out a side channel. Some of the finest waterfalls are Orco Falls at Monte Rosa, 2,400 feet; Staubbach Falls in Switzerland, 1,000 feet; Zambezi Falls in Africa, 360 feet; Niagara Falls, 163 feet; and among the most wonderful in the world for their great width and the enormous volume of water which pours over them are the Falls of the Yosemite in California, 2,526 feet, the highest in the world.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Waterbury, Ct.

See also Waterbury, Connecticut on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Wa′terbury, Ct., in New Haven County, 33 miles southwest of Hartford. It is on the Naugatuck River and surrounded by hills. It has a fine public park, a free library and other public buildings. It is known as the center of the brass manufacturing business of the United States, which began in 1802 with the making of gilt buttons. Electric wire, student-lamps, hinges, match-safes, clocks, watches, pins, hooks and eyes and percussion-caps are made by the million. Waterbury was settled in 1667. Population 73,141.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Diplomatic Service

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​Diplomatic Service, that branch of a government's service which has to do with political relations with other nations. It aims to secure between the home-nation and any other nation such understanding as will make for their independence, peace and mutual benefit, but particularly for advantages to the home-nation. The diplomatic serivice seeks to secure its ends without resort to force. It works for such agreements as treaties, alliances and trade-reciprocity. Its work is constructive and educational. The agents of the diplomatic service are (1) ambassadors, (2) ministers plenipotentiary and envoys extraordinary, (3) ministers resident, (4) charges d'affaires and (5) secretaries of legation and attachés. These agents and their order of ranking were agreed upon by the Congress of Vienna in 1814, and have been quite generally adhered to. These various agencies have developed from the early messenger-service between sovereigns and governments, and were inevitable because something must always be left to the good sense of the messenger. The early heralds or ambassadors carried special messages, but it finally became obvious that advantages would come from having a representative on the ground. The Congress of Westphalia, held in 1648, is usually regarded as the starting-point of diplomacy in the modern sense.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dixie

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Dix′ie, a name given to the southern states. The name is derived from the popular song which sings of the happiness of Dixie’s Land; and it is said that this happy region was given its name of Dixie’s Land by slaves, because of the kindness to his slaves of a man named Dixie.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Diogenes

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​Diogenes (dī̇-ŏj′ē̇-nē̇z), a famous Greek philosopher, lived from about 412 to 323 B. C. He and his father were caught adulterating coins, and compelled to leave their native city of Sinope. He went to Athens, where he got rid of all of his dress and furniture, except his cloak and purse and a wooden bowl, because he believed the more things a man has the greater are his wants. He even threw away the bowl, when he saw a boy drinking from the hollow of his hand. He went to Cynosarges, where he lived in a cask, and in order to harden himself he used to roll in hot sand in summer, and in winter he embraced snow-covered statues. He afterward made a voyage and was captured by pirates, who sold him as a slave in Crete. His master took him to Corinth to conduct the education of his children, and he became famous there. Once Alexander the Great came to see him at Corinth and asked him if there was any favor he could do him. Diogenes replied that the only thing Alexander could do for him was not to stand between him and the sun. Alexander was so struck with his answer, that he is said to have cried: “If I were not Alexander, I would be Diogenes.” Diogenes died at Corinth, and a pillar was erected to his memory.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dipper

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​Dipper. See Bear, Greater and Lesser.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Directory

See also French Directory on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Directory, the name given to the executive department of the French republican government by the constitution of 1795. There were in France two legislative bodies like our senate and house of representatives. The directory was composed of five directors, elected by the upper legislative house, corresponding to our senate, from a list of names proposed by the lower body, which corresponded to our house of representatives. One of the number retired each year and a new one was elected. Under their management France was very successful in war, but they did not succeed in quieting internal disturbances, nor did they agree among themselves. Three of the directors, of whom Barras was the leader, managed to get the other two removed and new ones appointed. Many other such changes took place, Barras being the only one who remained a director during the four years the directory lasted. On Nov. 9, 1799, Napoleon succeeded in abolishing the directory, and practically became ruler of France, at first under the title of Consul.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Distillation

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​Distilla′tion, a process by which substances which are made into vapor at different degrees of heat are separated from each other, or those which can be made into vapor are separated from those which cannot. The usual method of distillation is by means of a covered boiler connected by a tube with a condenser. Suppose that it is wanted to separate two substances from each other, it being possible to heat one into vapor but not the other. The substance being put into the boiler and heated, that part which can be vaporized rises and passes through the tube at the top into the condenser, which is a box kept cool. The coolness of the condenser lowers the temperature of the vapor and it condenses into liquid, just as steam does on the inside of the cover of a kettle. This principle is used in preparing alcoholic liquors, the more easily vaporized parts of the fermented juice of fruits and grains being separated from the rest, in the form of alcohol, which keeps the flavor of the juice from which it is made.
# The New Student's Reference Work/District of Columbia

See also Washington, D.C. on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​District of Colum′bia, the territory containing the national capital (Washington City), is bounded on the north, northwest, east and southeast by Maryland and on the west and southwest by the Potomac River and Virginia. Its area is 60 square miles, though originally the area was 100 square miles. It was originally ceded to the United States by Maryland and Virginia in 1788 and 1789. The Virginian portion and the city of Alexandria were given back in 1846. Slavery was abolished in the District in 1862. The affairs of the District are now managed by three commissioners under the direction of Congress, and the citizens have no vote. Half of the District's expenses is paid by the general government, the other half being raised by taxation on the property of the citizens. There also are a court of the District of Columbia, with six judges, and a police-court with one judge. The climate is generally healthy, though fevers are somewhat common in summer. The soil is comparatively fertile and farms are numerous. Manufactures are not common, printing and publishing being the chief industry. Besides the public schools, there are many educational institutions of different sorts, most of which are in Washington. Among them are Georgetown College, Columbian University, Howard University, the Smithsonian Institution and the National Museum. Population, 331,069.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dionysius, The Elder

See also Dionysius I of Syracuse on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Dionysius (dī′ō̇-nĭsh′ĭ-ŭs), The Elder, an ancient ruler of Syracuse in Sicily, was born about 430 B. C. When Sicily was invaded by the Carthaginians, he became a general in the service of Syracuse, which was then a republic. In the year 405, he made himself tyrant or ruler of Syracuse. He later continued the war against the Carthaginians, and was at first defeated, but afterward gained a complete victory. He also engaged in many other military expeditions, and was one of the most distinguished rulers of his time. Not content with his military renown, he wrote poems and tragedies, and at one time gained a prize at Athens for a work on tragic poetry. He died at Syracuse in 367 B. C.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dix, Morgan

See also Morgan Dix on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Dix, Morgan, American divine and author, was born at New York Nov. 1, 1827, the son of John A. Dix and Catherine Morgan. He was educated at Columbia College and the General Theological Seminary. For almost fifty-three years he was identified with Trinity Church, New York, of which he became assistant-minister in 1855 and rector in 1862. His activities were great as a churchman, and he also was an extensive author. Among his principal publications are Commentaries on Romans and on Galatians and Colossians; The Calling of a Christian Woman; The Seven Deadly Sins; The Sacramental System; and Lectures on the First Prayer-Book of Edward VI. His death occurred April 29, 1908.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Diœcious Plants

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​Diœcious Plants (dī̇-ē′shŭs). Those in which the staminate and pistillate flowers occur on different plants. See Dichogamy.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Harper's Ferry

See also Harper's Ferry, West Virginia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Harper's Ferry, a town of West Virginia 81 miles west of Baltimore. It is situated amid beautiful scenery at the junction of the Shenandoah and Potomac Rivers, where the latter is crossed by the bridge of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. It is celebrated as the scene of John Brown's raid in 1859; and here in 1862 a Union force of 11,000 men surrendered to Stonewall Jackson. Population 766.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Harpies

See also Harpy on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Harp′ies (whose name means the swift robbers), fabled creatures of Greek mythology, held to be ministers of the vengeance of the gods. Various accounts are given of their number and parentage. Homer mentions but one; later writers recognize three and call them the daughters of Poseidon or of Typhon. They are described as hideous monsters with wings, of fierce and loathsome aspect, with faces pale with hunger.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Harriman, Edward Henry

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* EDWARD HENRY HARRIMAN
Har′riman, Edward Henry, an American capitalist and railroad man, was born at Hempstead, N. Y., in 1848. He received only a common school education, and at 14 entered a broker's office in New York City. In 1878 he became a stockbroker himself, founding a firm which still exists. Within fifteen years he had acquired a fortune and had made a thorough study of American railways. In 1883 began his active interest in the management of railways. In 1898 he formed a company which acquired the Union Pacific Railroad, which had been in the hands of a receiver. Harriman was made president of the road, which under his management soon became a strong, efficient and profitable line. In 1901 he acquired the Southern Pacific, thus placing himself in possession of a system comprising two trunk-lines with a total length of 15,000 miles. With powerful financial banking Harriman became increasingly aggressive in extending his power, until in 1908 the roads under domination of this interest included the Illinois Central, Baltimore and Ohio, the Erie and other lines, with an aggregate mileage of 29,000 miles and a capitalization of $2,350,000,000. He had also acquired an interest in the Gould transcontinental lines. Died Sep. 10, 1909.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Harrington, J. B.

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​Harrington, J. B. Ph.D., LL.D., is director of the Macdonald chemistry and mining building and Macdonald professor of chemistry in McGill University. He was born at St. Andrews, Quebec, Aug. 5, 1848, and educated at McGill and Yale Universities, where he took high honors. From 1871 to 1881 he was lecturer in chemistry and mineralogist to the geological survey of Canada, being appointed David Greenshields professor of chemistry and mineralogy in 1883. He has held many offices of honor in learned societies, and has written many monographs, including a biography of Sir William Edmond Logan.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Harp

See also Harp on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Harp, a stringed musical instrument, much esteemed by the ancients. The Egyptian harp is shown in the most ancient sculpture, and stood seven feet high. The harp mentioned in the Bible was small, and could easily be carried in the hand. In Ireland the harp was a favorite instrument from the remotest times. The Italians of the middle ages believed their harp to be derived from Ireland. The most familiar forms of the harp are the Italian, the mediæval and the pedal harp. The first is now little used, being very imperfect. The second is in the form of a triangle, with a sound-board and gut-strings. It is always tuned in the key of the music, while the strings are altered to suit any variations from the key by pressure of the finger or by turning the tuning-pins of certain notes. The pedal harp has seven pedals, by which each note of the scale, in all the different octaves, can be made a semitone higher.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Harpsichord

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​Harp′sichord, a keyed musical instrument, formerly much used but now little known. The sound from the strings was produced by a small piece of crow-quill or a piece of hard leather, which projected from a slip of wood called the jack, that stood upright between the strings and was pushed upward by the key, till the quill or leather twitched the strings, producing a rather shrill sound. After the invention of the pianoforte, the harpsichord was gradually superseded by the new instrument.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Harris, Joel Chandler

See also Joel Chandler Harris on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Constitution, and at length became its editor. By this time he had made a loving and faithful study of the negro in the south. Recognizing the darkey's artistic possibilities in literature, he set himself to portray negro-life and dialect, as he so intimately and accurately knew it. How admirable was the study is manifest from even his first book, which appeared in 1880, entitled Uncle Remus. Never before had the negro and plantation-life been so aptly sketched as in “Brer Rabbit” and his darkey brothers in Georgia. This and his subsequent writings gave the author a secure place in American literature. His later books include Mr. Rabbit at Home; On the Plantation; Sister Jane; Balaam and His Master; The Story of Aaron In the Wildwood; Plantation Pageants; and Chronicles of Aunt Minervy Ann. Among his works in a more serious vein are H. W. Grady and The Making of a Statesman. He also wrote Tales of the Homefolks; Stories of Georgia and Georgia. He died on July 3, 1908.
* JOEL CHANDLER HARRIS
# The New Student's Reference Work/Harraden, Beatrice

See also Beatrice Harraden on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* BEATRICE HARRADEN
Har′raden, Beatrice, an English writer of fiction, was born at Hampstead, England, Jan. 24, 1864. She was educated in Holland and England, graduating at the University of London. In 1891 she wrote for children Things Will Take a Turn, and in 1893 Ships that Pass in the Night appeared. The latter immediately attracted unusual attention. Since that date she has written several books of less note, including In Varying Moods, a collection of stories; The Remittance Man, dealing with an American subject; Hilda Strafford; Untold Tales of the Past; and The Fowler.