OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Güstrow

Edition of 1905. See also Güstrow on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ GÜSTROW, gụ′strṓ. Capital of the circle of the same name in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, situated on the Nebel, 22 miles south of Rostock (Map: Germany, E 2). Its chief public buildings are the thirteenth-century Cathedral of Saint Cecilia, recently restored; the parish church, dating from the sixteenth century and containing Flemish oil paintings and fine specimens of wood-carving; the old castle, now used as a workhouse; the town hall and the theatre. Chief among the educational institutions of the town is the gymnasium, dating from the sixteenth century. Güstrow produces machines and other iron articles, tobacco, soap, sugar, beer. etc. The trade is mostly in wood, grain, and animals. There is also an annual wool fair. Güstrow was founded in the thirteenth century, and was for a long time the residence of different reigning houses. Population, in 1890, 14,568; in 1900, 16,882.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Montgomery

Edition of 1905. See also Montgomery, Alabama on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MONTGOMERY. The capital of Alabama, and the county-seat of Montgomery County, 180 miles northeast of Mobile; on the Alabama River, at the head of navigation, and on the Mobile and Ohio, the Central of Georgia, the Seaboard Air Line, the Louisville and Nashville, the Atlantic Coast Line, and the Western of Alabama railroads (Map: Alabama, C 3). The city is built on the high river bank, and has many spacious old-fashioned residences and large gardens. Its principal buildings are the State Capitol, a United States Government building, the city hall, court-house, Masonic Temple, and the Carnegie Library. A fine Confederate monument is located on the grounds of the Capitol. Among the charitable and educational institutions are the city infirmary, an orphanage, and a home for widows, a State normal school for colored pupils, and public, State, and Supreme Court (31,000 volumes), and State Board of Health libraries. There are about fifty acres of public parks.
Montgomery has a large cotton market, its annual trade being about 150,000 bales. Owing to its accessibility to timber and deposits of coal and iron, it has developed also into a manufacturing centre of considerable importance. By the census of 1900 it held second rank among the cities of the State, with an invested capital of $2,930,782 and a production valued at $5,035,190. Besides the various establishments representing the cotton industry, there are railroad car and repair shops, foundries and machine shops, carriage and wagon works, confectionery factories, fertilizer factories, marble works, cracker factories, barrel factories, etc.
Under a revised charter of 1897 the government is vested in a mayor, biennially elected, and a city council, which elects or confirms the executive's nominations of all administrative officials. The various municipal departments, with the exception of that of schools, are governed by single heads. The city spends annually in maintenance and operation more than $400,000, the principal items being about $105,000 for interest on debt, $55,000 for the water-works, $40,000 for the police department (including police courts, jails, reformatories, etc.), $30,000 for schools, $30,000 for the fire department, and $20,000 each for municipal lighting and street expenditures. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality, having been acquired in 1898. The system, which includes 53 miles of mains, cost about $580,000. Population, in 1890, 21,883; in 1900, 30,346.
Montgomery was founded in 1817 as ‘New Philadelphia,’ and in 1819, with a population of 600, it was consolidated with ‘East Alabama Town’ as Montgomery. Incorporated in 1837, it supplanted Tuscaloosa as the State capital in 1847. The famous ‘Alabama Platform’ was adopted here, February 14, 1848, and Montgomery was the seat of the Confederate ​Government from February to May, 1861. It was occupied by the Union Army April 12, 1865. Consult Powell (editor), Historic Towns of the Southern States (New York, 1900).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Montgomery, Florence

Edition of 1905. See also Florence Montgomery on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MONTGOMERY, Florence (1843—). An English novelist of Irish parentage. Her most popular books are for children or child-lovers; they include: A Very Simple Story (1866); Peggy and Other Tales (1808); Misunderstood (1869); Thrown Together (1872); Thwarted (1873); Wild Mike and His Victim (1874); Seaforth (1878); The Blue Veil (1883); Transformed (1886); The Fisherman's Daughter (1888); Colonel Norton (1895); Tony (1897); and Prejudged (1900).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Montgomerie, Alexander

Edition of 1905. See also Alexander Montgomerie on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MONTGOMERIE, mŏnt-gŭm′e-rĭ, Alexander (c.1556-c.1610). A Scottish poet. He evidently received a scholarly training and for a time held an official position at the Court of James VI. Some years were spent in foreign travel. The Cherrie and the Slae (1597), still popular among the Scotch, gives him a conspicuous place in a period of the literature of his country which was without poetic genius. The poem lacks design, but contains many passages of homely beauty. He is also author of some sonnets and a scurrilous poem, entitled The Flyting Between Montgomery and Polwart (1621). A collection of his works was published by Laing in 1821, and another, edited by Cranstoun for the Scottish Text Society, appeared in 1887.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Montgomery, James

Edition of 1905. See also James Montgomery (poet) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MONTGOMERY, James (1771-1854). An English poet, the son of a Moravian preacher, James Montgomery was born at Irvine, Ayrshire, Scotland, November 4, 1771. At the age of seven he was sent to the Moravian settlement at Fulneck, near Leeds, to prepare for the Moravian ministry. To the annoyance of the Moravians, his leisure at school was employed in the composition of epics on King Alfred and the fall of man. In 1787 he ran away, and after four years of various employment became engaged as clerk to the editor of The Sheffield Register. In 1794 he started The Sheffield Iris, which he edited till 1825. He was twice fined and imprisoned in York Castle for libel. He afterwards became a moderate Conservative, and in 1835 was granted a Government pension of £150. He died at Sheffield, April 30, 1854. His principal volumes of verse are: The Wanderer of Switzerland (1806); The West Indies (1809); The World Before the Flood (1812); Greenland (1819); and The Pelican Island, and Other Poems (1826). Montgomery is now chiefly remembered for his hymns (collected in 1853), of which nearly a hundred are still in use. Among them are Go to Dark Gethsemane, and Forever with the Lord. Montgomery had little depth and drew his observations from books rather than from nature. His fame is kept up not by lovers of literature, but by lovers of religious feeling. Consult: Lives by Holland and Everett (London, 1854-56), and by King (ib., 1858); Poetical Works, ed. by their author (ib., 1841; reprint 1881), and by Carruthers (Boston, 1860).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Montgomery, Fort

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ MONTGOMERY, Fort. See Fort Montgomery.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Montgomery, Gabriel, Count de

Edition of 1905. See also Gabriel, comte de Montgomery on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MONTGOMERY, Gabriel, Count de (1530-74). French knight of Scottish extraction. He was an officer in the Scottish Life Guard of the King of France, and in a tournament held June 29, 1559, accidentally inflicted a mortal wound on Henry II. Montgomery, although blameless, left France, and soon after embraced Protestantism in England. On the commencement of the religious wars in 1562, he returned to his native country to support the Protestant cause, and defended Rouen with great bravery. In the third civil war he was one of the leaders of the Protestants, and gained many advantages over the Royalists in Languedoc and Béarn. During the massacre of Saint Bartholomew's he happened to be at Paris, but fled to England, owing his escape to the fleetness of his horse. In April, 1573, be appeared off Rochelle with a small fleet, but failed in accomplishing anything. Next year, at the head of a band of Huguenots, he landed in Normandy and commenced war there; but being compelled at last to surrender the Castle of Domfront, he was carried to Paris, and was beheaded.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Montmorency, Falls of

Edition of 1905. See also Montmorency Falls on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MONT′MOREN′CY, Falls of. A picturesque cascade, 150 feet wide and 265 feet high, at the mouth of the Montmorency River, an affluent of the Saint Lawrence, six miles northeast of Quebec, Canada (Map: Quebec, E 4). They supply the power for Quebec's electric plants and are much visited by tourists.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Montoro

Edition of 1905. See also Montoro on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MONTORO, mṓn-tō′rṓ. A town of Southern Spain, in the Province of Cordova. It is situated on a rocky peninsula formed by the south bank of the Guadalquivir, 18 miles east-northeast of Cordova (Map: Spain, C 3). The river is here spanned by one of its best bridges, built in the sixteenth century by popular subscription. In spite of the uneven ground, the streets are well paved, and they are lighted by electricity. Until a few years ago the town was quite without a water supply, but water is now brought through iron pipes from springs five miles distant, and distributed to 12 fountains. One of the largest and best hospitals of Southern Spain is located here. There are many interesting Roman, Gothic, and Moorish remains. The chief industry is the manufacture and exportation of olive oil. Population, in 1900, 11,376.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Montgomery, John Berrien

Edition of 1905. See also John B. Montgomery on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MONTGOMERY, John Berrien (1794-1873). An American naval officer, born in Allentown, N. J. He entered the Navy as a midshipman in 1812; served in the attack on Kingston, Canada, in November of the same year, and in the capture of York in April of the following year; and for gallantly on board the Niagara in Perry's victory on Lake Erie, September 10, 1813, received a vote of thanks and a sword from Congress. In 1815 he served in Decatur's squadron in the war with Algiers, was made a lieutenant in 1818, and commander in 1839. During the Mexican War, in command of the sloop Portsmouth, he took possession of various places on the coast of California, blockaded Mazatlan for some months, and, with the assistance of Captain Lavalette in the Congress, captured Guaymas. He was made a captain in 1853, commanded the Pacific Squadron in 1860-61, was advanced to the rank of commodore (retired list) in 1862, and became a rear-admiral in 1866.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Montgomery, Richard

Edition of 1905. See also Richard Montgomery on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MONTGOMERY, Richard (1736-75). An American soldier, prominent in the French and Indian War and the American Revolution. He was born near Feltrim, Ireland, and was educated at Saint Andrew's College and Trinity College, Dublin. In 1754 he obtained a commission as ensign in the British Army, came to America with his regiment in 1757, during the French and Indian War, and displayed personal courage and military sagacity at the siege of Louisburg and in various actions. In 1760 he was made adjutant of his regiment, and in 1762 was promoted to be captain. After the conquest of Canada he took part in the expedition against Havana and Martinique, and in 1765, after being stationed in New York for two years, returned to England, where he remained until 1772, when, selling his commission, he emigrated to New York. In 1775 he represented Dutchess County in the first Provincial Convention, and in June was appointed by Congress brigadier-general in the Continental Army. He was second in command of the expedition sent under General Philip Schuyler against Canada, but owing to the illness of Schuyler, became the actual leader in October. He at once pressed forward, and before the end of November captured successively Chambly, Saint Johns, and Montreal. In the next month he joined Benedict Arnold before Quebec. On December 9th Montgomery was promoted to be major-general. On December 31st, shortly after midnight, the assault upon the town was attempted. Montgomery scaled the Cape Diamond bastion and, pressing forward at the head of his troops, was instantly killed by the first and only volley. The undisciplined colonial troops were then overwhelmed and a precipitate retreat ensued. Montgomery's conduct and character were eulogized in Parliament by Burke, Chatham, and even Lord North; Congress recognized his services by resolutions of respect, and by its order a monument was erected in his honor in front of Saint Paul's Church, New York City, where in 1818 his remains were interred with impressive ceremonies. Consult Armstrong, Life of Richard Montgomery (Boston, 1834), in Sparks's “American Biography.”
# The New International Encyclopædia/Barnay, Ludwig

Edition of 1905. See also Ludwig Barnay on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BARNAY, bär'nḯ, Ludwig (1842—). A German actor, born at Pesth. He made his début in 1860 at Trautenau, and appeared in his native city the following year, after which he had engagements of varying length in Gratz, Mainz,
Vienna, Prague, Riga, Mainz again, Leipzig, and Weimar. From 1870 to 1875 he was at the Stadt-Theater of Frankfort-on-the-Main, and for the next five years at that of Hamburg, where he acted as director. For several years thereafter he traveled as a ‘star,’ visiting London with the Meiningen Court Company in 1881, and in 1882 making a successful tour in the United States. From 1887 to 1894 he managed his Berliner Theater in Berlin. He has since made his home in Wiesbaden. Barnay's greatest talents have been shown in tragedy. Among his most noted rôles are Essex, Uriel Acosta, Othello, Antony, Tell, and Egmont. He was the leader in the movement which assembled the stage congress at Weimar in 1871, thus being founder of the ‘Association’ (Bühnengenossenschaft), which has proved of such value to the German theatrical profession.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Barnburners

Edition of 1905. See also Barnburners and Hunkers on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BARN'BURN'ERS. In American political history, a faction of the Democratic party in New York State after 1844, so called (in allusion to a Dutchman who was said to have burned his barn to free it of rats) from their supposed eagerness for radical reform measures — especially for such measures as would prevent the extension of slavery in the Territories. Unable to secure satisfactory recognition in the Democratic National Convention of 1848, they joined the Free Soilers, and with them nominated Van Buren for the Presidency. Their vote, dividing the Democratic strength, secured the election of Taylor, the Whig nominee. In 1852 they reunited with their opponents, the Hunkers, though the two factions did not work together in harmony until several years later. Before this time the name ‘Softs,’ or ‘Soft-shells,’ had replaced the name ‘Barnburners.’ See Van Buren; Hunkers; Albany Regency.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Barth

Edition of 1905. See also Barth, Germany on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BARTH, bärt. A seaport in Pomerania, Prussia, on the bay of the same name, 17 miles northwest of Stralsund (Map: Prussia, E 1). It has a church dating from the Thirteenth Century. Among its industries are shipbuilding, beer brewing, and fish curing and packing. It also has iron foundries and machine works. Population, in 1890, 5550; in 1900, 7100. It was once the residence of the dukes of Pomerania, and from 1630 to 1815 belonged to Sweden.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Barth, Jean

Edition of 1905. See also Jean Bart on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BARTH, bärt, Fr. pron. bär, or BART, Jean (1651-1702). A French naval hero. He was born at Dunkirk, and at an early age entered the Dutch Navy, but on the outbreak of war between Prance and Holland, he passed over to the French service. As persons not of noble birth could not then obtain the rank of officer in the navy, he became captain of a privateer. In this capacity he displayed astonishing bravery, so that Louis XIV. dispatched him on a special mission to the Mediterranean. He became a terror to the Dutch Navy and a serious menace to the commerce of Holland. On one occasion, with six vessels, he broke through a blockading fleet, shattered a number of the enemy's ships, and convoyed a transport of grain safely into Dunkirk Harbor. His exploits overcame the disadvantages of his birth, and he was made lieutenant and soon after captain in the regular navy. In an action against a superior English force he was taken prisoner, and carried to Plymouth, from which he made his escape in an open fishing-boat to France. His career continued to be a succession of dare-devil exploits carried out with consummate coolness. He cost the English and the Dutch merchants many millions, and their navies many ships. He was later ennobled by the King, but always remained the same gruff, common sailor. Consult: Badin, Jean Bart (Paris, 1867); Landelle, Jean Bart et son fils (Paris, 1874).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Barth, Karl Heinrich

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Heinrich Barth on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BARTH, bärt, Karl Heinrich (1847—). A German musician. He was born at Pillau, Prussia, and was a pupil of von Bülow, Brousart, and Tausig. He was long a member of the
well-known trio, Barth, de Ahna, and Hausmann, whose chamber-music recitals were widely celebrated.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Barnard College

Edition of 1905. See also Barnard College on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BARNARD COL'LEGE. A collegiate institution for women, situated in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University (q.v.). Barnard College proper was organized in 1889, as an indirect result of efforts conducted for some years by Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard and others interested in the higher education of women to induce the trustees of Columbia to admit women to its courses upon equal terms with men. Upon the reiterated refusal of the trustees to go further in this direction than to grant the degrees of Columbia to women able to pass the requisite examinations, a movement was started in 1888 to establish a separate woman's college, which, however, should be affiliated with Columbia. In 1889 the charter for such a college was granted. The arrangements then made with Columbia, providing for a varying amount of exchange instruction between the two institutions, proved unsatisfactory, as Barnard was enlarged, and on January 19, 1900, the
connection between Columbia and Barnard was formally fixed as follows: The President of the University to be ex officio President of Barnard and a trustee of Barnard; the internal administration of Barnard to be conducted by its Dean, who is entitled also to a vote in the University Council; Barnard to retain its separate corporate existence and Board of Trustees, to provide for its own financial support, and to maintain complete separate undergraduate instruction; all Barnard degrees to be granted by, and in the name of, Columbia; the University Library to be free to Barnard students, and a number of post-graduate courses in Columbia to be open to Barnard graduates.
Although as originally organized Barnard had no further financial resources than the promise of a number of persons to pay a small sum annually for four years, it has been able, through subsequent subscriptions, to meet all the expenses of a rapidly growing college. In 1889 there were 30 students; in the academic year 1891-92 there were 62, and in 1901-02 there were 431, representing an increase during the decade of over 700 per cent. The buildings include Milbank Hall, the gift of Mrs. A. A. Anderson; Fiske Hall, given by Mrs. Josiah M. Fiske, and Brinkerhoff Hall, built mainly by the gifts of Mrs. Van Wyck Brinkerhoff. In March, 1902, the endowment of the college was increased by $500,000, $250,000 being given by Mr. John D. Rockefeller and $250,000 being obtained through numerous other gifts. The present endowment of the college is $750,000, the value of the buildings and grounds is estimated at $700,000, while the total value of the property under the control of the college is $1,500,000. Gross income, $100,000. Miss Laura Drake Gill, A.M., was made dean in 1901.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Barth, Auguste

Edition of 1905. See also Auguste Barth on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer. Author:Marie Étienne Auguste Barth
​BARTH, Auguste (1834—). A French Orientalist. He was born at Strassburg, March 22, 1834. He is best known by his work in connection with the religions of India. His volume, Les religions de l'Inde (Paris, 1879), was translated into English (London, 1882). Mention may also be made of his Inscriptions sanscrites du Cambodge (Paris, 1885) and of numerous monographs and reviews in Journal Asiatique, in Mélusine, and in the Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique. His annual reports on researches into the history of Indian religions, in Revue de l'Histoire des Religions (1880), are especially valuable. He is a member of the French Institute.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Barth, Heinrich

Edition of 1905. See also Heinrich Barth on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BARTH, Heinrich (1824-65). A German explorer and traveler. He was born at Hamburg, and received his education at the University of Berlin. After visiting Italy and Sicily, he embarked, in 1845, at Marseilles, and made excursions into Tunis, Tripoli, and Barea. He afterwards extended his researches into Egypt, Sinai, Palestine, Asia Minor, and Greece, and in 1849 he published, at Berlin, Wanderungen durch die Küstenländer des Mittelmeeres. Late in that year he and Dr. Overweg again sailed from Marseilles as the scientific companions of James Richardson, intrusted by the British Government with a political and commercial mission to Central Africa. Starting from Tripoli, the travelers crossed the Great Desert with much difficulty and danger. In January, 1851, they separated, and Dr. Barth pursued his researches, for the most part, by himself. In March of the same year, Richardson, and in September, 1852, Overweg, having succumbed to the climate, Barth thenceforward was entirely alone. He, however, continued his explorations, which, when he returned to Tripoli in September, 1855, had extended over 24° of latitude and 20° of longitude, from Tripoli in the north to Adamawa in the south, and from Baghirmi in the east to Timbuktu in the west — upward of 12,000 miles. The range of his investigations and the scientific manner in which he pursued them placed him in the front rank of African explorers. The result of his researches was given in his Reisen und Entdeckungen in Nord- und Zentralafrika (5 vols., 1857-58). Afterwards, he made several journeys in Greece, Turkey, Asia Minor, and other countries on the Mediterranean. He also published accounts of these travels, as well as works on the dialects of Central Africa.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Barth, Paul

Edition of 1905. See also Paul Barth (sociologist) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BARTH, Paul (1858—). A German sociological writer. He was born at Baruthe in Silesia, August 1, 1858. He is editor of the Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie, and a professor (ausserordentlich) in the University of Leipzig. He has written on philosophical subjects, but his Philosophie der Geschichte als Sociologie, the first volume of which appeared in 1897, is the best historical sketch of the development of sociological theory which has been published in Germany. Among Dr. Barth's other writings should be mentioned: Geschichtsphilosophie Hegels und die Hegelianer bis auf Marx und Hartmann (1890); Tiberius Gracchus (2d ed., 1893); Beweggründen des sittlichen Handelns (1889).