OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Sun, Eclipses of the

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
SUN, ECLIPSES OF THE, caused by the moon coming between the earth and the sun, may be either partial, total, or annular. In a partial eclipse the observer is situated in the penumbra of the moon's shadow, and only a part of the sun's light is cut off on one side. In a total eclipse the observer is in the umbra of the moon's shadow, and all the light of the sun is cut off except that from the prominences and corona surrounding the sun. In an annular eclipse the disk of the moon is wholly projected on that of the sun, but is not large enough to cover it completely, so that a ring of sunlight is left all round the moon. The apparent diameters of the sun and moon are so nearly equal that their variations with their varying distances make a central eclipse sometimes total and sometimes annular. In fact, the same eclipse may be total for some parts of the earth where the sun and moon are near the meridian at the time, and annular for other parts where they are low down in the E. or the W. at the time of central phase. In the annular eclipse the observer, instead of being in the cone of the moon's shadow, is in the prolongation of that cone, beyond its apex, in the other nap of the cone. At present the only scientific importance of partial and annular eclipses is the use that may be made of them for determining the relative positions of the sun and moon, and thus correcting the elements of the terrestrial and lunar orbits. But the fleeting minutes of every total eclipse are now utilized so far as possible to study the sun's surroundings, especially the mysterious corona, which is so faint that it is only visible when the bright light of the photosphere is cut off (see Sun). Geometrically considered, a solar eclipse is only an occultation of the sun by the moon, like that of any other heavenly body by the moon in its motion across the heavens.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Sun Yat-sen

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
SUN YAT-SEN, a Chinese revolutionary leader, born in 1866, near Canton. When still young, he was taken by his parents to Hawaii, where he attended Iolani College. He later graduated from the Hongkong School of Medicine, and for a year practiced at Macao. Soon, however, he gave himself up to the project of driving the Manchu dynasty from China. He attempted a revolt in 1895, which failed, and he fled to Japan and later to Honolulu and San Francisco. He organized the Chinese living abroad in all countries into a reform association to aid the coming revolution. Although large rewards were offered by the government for his death, he escaped without harm. The revolution of 1911 was chiefly successful through the preparations made by him, and he was elected provisional president of the Chinese Republic. He resigned in 1912 in favor of Yuan Shih-kai, in order to induce the latter to join the Republican cause. He later incurred the hostility of Yuan and was obliged to retire to Japan, He continued to agitate for reforms in China and was largely responsible for the rebellions of 1913, 1915, and 1916.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Sumner, Charles

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
SUMNER, CHARLES, an American statesman; born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 6, 1811; was educated at Harvard University. In 1834 he was called to the bar, and shortly afterward became reporter of the United States Circuit Court. In 1836 he published three volumes of Judge Story's decisions, subsequently known as “Sumner's Reports,” and edited a periodical called the “American Jurist.” He visited Europe in 1837, and returned to Boston in 1840, where he resumed his legal practice. Between 1844 and 1846 he edited and published “Vesey's Reports” in 20 volumes. In 1851 he was elected to the Senate of the United States and distinguished himself by his strong antipathy to slavery. In May, 1856, after delivering a speech vigorously attacking the slaveholders, he was violently assaulted by Preston S. Brooks, member from South Carolina. His injuries compelled him to absent himself from public duties for nearly four years. He was a supporter of Lincoln and Hamlin, and in 1861 he became chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. He was an enemy to the policy of President Johnson and opposed the home and foreign policy of President Grant. After the latter's re-election in 1872 Sumner seldom appeared in debate. He died in Washington, D. C, March 11, 1874.
CHARLES SUMNER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Society of the Faithful Companions of Jesus

From volume 5 of the work.
Faithful Companions of Jesus, Society of the, a religious institute of women founded by the Viscountess de Bonnault d'Houet in 1820 at Amiens, France. It was solemnly approved by Gregory XVI, 5 Aug., 1837.
The Faithful Companions of Jesus are devoted to the education of all classes, adapting themselves to the special educational needs of each country. In 1903 the society possessed forty-one convents in France, Italy, Switzerland, England, Ireland, Scotland, Australia, Canada, and the United States. The religious persecution in France, with the consequent closing of the French houses, has been the cause of new foundations in Belgium (at Brussels, Graty, and Namur), also in the Isle of Guernsey, and at Fribourg, Switzerland. The society is governed by a superior general who, up to the time of the religious persecution in France, resided at the mother-house in Paris; the home of the superior general is at present in Namur, Belgium. The society numbers about 1200 religious, who in England, Ireland, Scotland, and Australia conduct about 60 grammar and high schools, technical schools, science and art schools. The new training college for teachers at Sedgley, near Manchester, England, has met with great success. In the United States the sisters have charge of about one thousand children attending St. Joseph's parochial school at Fitchburg, Mass. They also have an academy where high school branches are taught. A small foundation has recently been made at Gilbertville, Mass. In the United States there are 46 sisters, 4 novices, 2 schools, and 1 high school. The society now possesses thirty-two convents. The novitiates are at Xamur, Belgium, Upton Hall, near Liverpool, England, Limerick, Ireland, and Fitchburg, Mass.
Sister Mary Philomena.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Society of St. Charles Borromeo

From volume 2 of the work.
(Borromäusverein).
A German Catholic association for the encouragement and diffusion of edifying, instructive, and entertaining literature. It was founded in Bonn, in 1845, by Franz Xavier Dieringer, one of the professors of the Catholic theological faculty at Bonn, August Reichensperger, and Freiherr Max von Loe. From the first the society placed itself under the protection of the episcopate. Cardinal Jobannes von Geissel, Cardinal Krementz, and Archbishop Simar did much to further its aims, and it gradually spread over the whole of Germany, so that by the middle of 1907 it had 145,250 members, who were grouped in 258 main societies and 3,247 branches. The administrative departmentand chief office are at Bonn. The society has 73 branches outside of Germany: in Belgium, 6; France, 2; Holland, 4; Italy, Luxembourg, 36; Austria, 6; Switzerland, 18. In 1906 its total income was $124,743, and its expenses, $123,174. In accordance with its by-laws the society seeks:
* to send every year one book or several books as a gift to each of its members, the quantity of reading matter thus bestowed being dependent on the ability of the society and the amount of the annual subscription, as the dues vary from $1.50 to 75 or 38 cents a year;
* to use the annual surplus in founding libraries (those thus founded numbered over 3,000 in 1904) and in the support of libraries;
* to aid workingmen's and people's libraries and those of asylums, hospitals, and other charitable or social institutions.
Formerly the society was able to supply its members with a large number of books at a reduced price which was often not more than two-thirds of the ordinary cost of the volumes. The society's catalogue for1906 contained over 10,000 titles of works which could be thus purchased. But since 1907 it has been obliged to abandon this branch of its activity on account of the position taken by the business union of the Germanbook-sellers. In the larger cities the society has opened free reading rooms for the use of the public in connection with its libraries. Since 1902 the society has issued a periodical; originally this publication was called "Borro-mäusblätter"; it now bears the name of "Die Bücherwelt".
Die Gründung und Thätigkeit des Vereins vom hl. Karl Borromäus—Festschrift zum fünfzigjährigen Jubelfest des Vereins (Cologne, 1895); Jahresberichte der Zentralstelle.
JOSEPH LINS
# Christians Attacked in India

Christians Attacked in India. Congressional Record: March 2, 1999 (Extensions of Remarks) Page E313. DOCID:cr02mr99-47.
CHRISTIANS ATTACKED IN INDIA
______
HON. JOHN T. DOOLITTLE
OF CALIFORNIA
Mr. DOOLITTLE. Mr. Speaker, James Madison, the primary author of the U.S. Constitution, warned about "the tyranny of the majority." The modern state of India is an example of what Madison warned us about. Between Christmas and New Year, several Christian churches, prayer halls, and missionary schools were attacked by extremist Hindu mobs affiliated with the parent organization of India's ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
The Washington Post reported on January 1 that ten such attacks occurred the week between Christmas and New Year's Day. Six people were injured in one of these attacks. The Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), or World Hindu Council, appears to be responsible for the attacks. The BJP is the political wing of the VHP.
The Hindu militants are apparently upset that Christians are converting low-caste Hindus. Their frustration does not justify acts of violence.
Christian activists report that there were more than 60 recorded cases of church and Bible-burning, rape, and other attacks in 1998 alone, including the recent rape of four nuns. The VHP called the rapists "patriotic youth."
In 1997 and 1998, four priests were murdered. In the fall of 1997, a Christian festival was stopped when the police opened fire. Clearly, there is a pattern here. However, Christians are not the only victims of India's tyrannical "democracy."
Muslims have seen their most revered mosques destroyed; Sikhs have seen their most sacred shrine, the Golden Temple in Amritsar, attacked and remain under occupation by plainclothes police. Their spiritual leader, the Jathedar of the Akal Takht, Gurdev Singh Kaunke, was tortured and killed in police custody. Although there is a witness to this murder, no action has been taken against those responsible. Is this the secular democracy that India is so proud of?
The United States is the beacon of freedom to the world. As such, we cannot sit idly by and watch India trample on the religious freedom of its minorities. We should put this Congress on record in support of peaceful, democratic freedom movements in South Asia and throughout the world.
The United States recently allowed Puerto Rico to vote on its status; our Canadian neighbors held a similar referendum in Quebec. When do the Sikhs of Khalistan, the Muslims of Kashmir, and the other peoples living under Indian rule get their chance to exercise this basic democratic right? Will we support democratic freedom for the people of South Asia, or will we look away while the tyranny of the majority continues to suppress fundamental rights like freedom of religion?
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Christmas, 1903

* related portals: Holidays.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
O, the sea breeze will be steady, and the tall ship's going trim, And the dark blue skies are paling, and the white stars burning dim; The long night watch is over, and the long sea-roving done, And yonder light is the Start Point light, and yonder comes the sun.
O, we have been with the Spaniards, and far and long on the sea; But there are the twisted chimneys, and the gnarled old inns on the quay. The wind blows keen as the day breaks, the roofs are white with the rime, And the church-bells ring as the sun comes up to call men in to Prime.
The church-bells rock and jangle, and there is peace on the earth. Peace and good will and plenty and Christmas games and mirth. O, the gold glints bright on the wind-vane as it shifts above the squire's house, And the water of the bar of Salcombe is muttering about the bows.
O, the salt sea tide of Salcombe, it wrinkles into wisps of foam, And the church-bells ring in Salcombe to ring poor sailors home. The belfry rocks as the bells ring, the chimes are merry as a song, They ring home wandering sailors who have been homeless long.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1967, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 56 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Christianity in China, Tartary and Thibet/Volume 1

CHRISTIANITY
IN
CHINA, TARTARY, AND THIBET.
VOL. I.
London: Printed by Spottiswoode & Co. New-street Square.
CHRISTIANITY
IN
CHINA, TARTARY, AND THIBET.
BY
M. L'ABBÉ HUC,
FORMERLY MISSIONARY APOSTOLIC IN CHINA;
AUTHOR OF "THE CHINESE EMPIRE," ETC.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. I.
FROM THE APOSTLESHIP OF ST. THOMAS TO THE DISCOVERY OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.
LONDON:
LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, LONGMANS, & ROBERTS.
1857.
CONTENTS
OF
THE FIRST VOLUME.
CHAPTER I.
CHAP. II.
CHAP. III.
CHAP. IV.
CHAP. V.
CHAP. VI.
CHAP. VII.
CHAP. VIII.
CHAP. IX.
CHAP. X.
# Christie v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
237 U.S. 234
Christie v. United States
Argued: March 16 and 17, 1915. --- Decided: April 12, 1915
Messrs. George A. King, Frank Boughton Fox, and Duane E. Fox for appellants.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 235-236 intentionally omitted]
Assistant Attorney General Thompson for appellee.
[Argument of Counsel from page 237 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice McKenna delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Clarke v. Kownslar

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
35 U.S. 657
Clarke v. Kownslar
IN error to the circuit court of the United States for the county of Washington, in the District of Columbia.
This case was argued by Coxe, for the plaintiff in error; and by Mr Dunlap, and Mr Key, for the defendant.
The court, in their opinion, having decided that none of the questions which were argued, were presented by the evidence in the circuit court, the arguments of counsel on those questions are omitted.
Mr Justice STORY delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Clarke v. McDade

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
165 U.S. 168
Clarke v. McDade
Clara Shortridge Foltz and A. C. Searle, for plaintiff in error.
Mr. Justice PECKHAM delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Clarke v. Rogers

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
228 U.S. 534
Clarke v. Rogers
Argued: April 16 and 17, 1913. --- Decided: May 5, 1913
Messrs. Felix Rackemann and Harrison M. Davis for appellant.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 535-539 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. Melvin M. Johnson, Henry M. Rogers, and A. Farley Brewer for appellee.
Mr. Justice McKenna delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Clarkson v. Stevens

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
106 U.S. 505
Clarkson v. Stevens
Walter N. Clarkson and F. W. Stevens, for plaintiffs in error.
John P. Stockton and Leon Abbett, for defendants in error.
MATTHEWS, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Covington

* related portals: Kentucky.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
COVINGTON, a city and county-seat of Kenton co., Ky.; on the Ohio river, opposite Cincinnati, whichwith which it is connected by a handsome suspension bridge, 2,250 feet long, and costing $2,000,000. It is on the Louisville and Nashville and the Chesapeake and Ohio railroads. Electric lines connect it with near-by towns. It is a residence town for Cincinnati business men and is the see of a Catholic bishop. Covington is the farming and live-stock producing and trade center of central Kentucky, and has steamer connections with all river ports. The principal manufactories are cotton and woolen mills, rolling mills, tobacco factories, etc. Previous to the enactment of prohibition there were many distilleries. In 1919 there were 3 National banks, with $1,150,000 capital, and several daily and weekly newspapers. Covington is built on a beautiful plain, and has an area of over 5 square miles. The most notable buildings are the combined City Hall and Court House; the United States Government building, including the Postoffice and Federal Court rooms; the Public Library, the Roman Catholic Cathedral, and the Hospital of St. Elizabeth. Covington was settled in 1812; laid out in
1815, and incorporated as a city in 1834. Pop. (1910) 53,270; (1920) 57,121.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Cow plant

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
COW PLANT, a perennial asclepiad of Ceylon, which acquired a factitious celebrity from the oft-repeated statement that its milky juice is used as milk, and that its leaves are boiled to supply the want of cream.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Cowslip

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
COWSLIP, a well-known plant, Primula veris, of the same genus as the primrose, P. vulgaris, the oxslip, P. elatior, etc. The two last are very much akin. The first and second widely differ in appearance, but statements from time to time appear that they have been found growing from the same root, in which case they would not be two species, but varieties of one. The cowslip has ovate-crenate, toothed, and wrinkled leaves, with the flowers in an umbellate scape.
The flowers are sedative and diaphoretic. They make a pleasant soporific wine,
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Crab spider

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
CRAB SPIDER or MATOUTOU, a spider that belongs to the typical genus of the family Mygalidæ, which may be at once known by the shape of its mandibles and the terrific claws which proceed from them. In the greater number of spiders the claws are set horizontally, but in the Mygalidæ they are bent downward, and strike the prey much as a lion clutches at his victim with his curved talons. The great crab spider preys on young birds and other small vertebrates.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Cotton-Grass

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​COTTON-GRASS, a name given to the species of the genus Eriophorum, because of their fruit being clothed at the base with a silky or cotton-like substance. It really belongs, not to the grasses, but to the sedges (Cyperaceæ). There are several species; the most common is Eriophorum angustifolium, the narrow-leaved cotton grass. Paper and the wicks of candles have been made of its cotton, and pillows stuffed with the same material. The leaves were formerly used in diarrhœa, and the spongy pith of the stem for the removal of tapeworm.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Cowry

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
COWRY, the English name of the molluscous genus Cypræa. The money-cowry is C. moneta, a native of the Pacific and Eastern seas. Many tons are annually shipped to Great Britain, whence they are again taken as money to be used in commercial transactions with the tribes of western Africa. There is another species, C. annulus, used locally among the Eastern islands for the same purpose.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Cox, Jacob Dolson

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
COX, JACOB DOLSON, an American soldier; born in Montreal, Oct. 27, 1828; was graduated at Oberlin in 1851, becoming a lawyer; but upon the outbreak of the Civil War was made Brigadier-General of Ohio Volunteers. In 1862 he became Major-General of United States Volunteers, and in 1864 commanded a division at Nashville. He was elected governor of Ohio in 1865, and in 1869 became Secretary of the Interior in President Grant's cabinet. He died in Magnolia, Mass., Aug. 4, 1900.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Cox, Isaac Joslin

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
COX, ISAAC JOSLIN, an American educator, born in West Creek, Ocean co., N, J., in 1873. He graduated from Dartmouth College, engaged in research work in Mexico for several years and took post-graduate studies at the University of Texas and the University of Chicago. After serving on the faculties of several colleges and universities he became professor of history of Northwestern University in 1919. He was a member of many historical societies and the author of “The Journeys of La Salle and His Companions” (1905); “The Early Exploration of Louisiana” (1906); “The West Florida Controversy, 1798-1813” (1918). He contributed historical articles to several encyclopaedias, and in 1919 was a member of the Doheny Research Foundation in Mexico.