OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fidelio

Edition of 1920. See also Fidelio on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FIDELIO, grand opera in two (originally three) acts by Ludwig von Beethoven (libretto adapted by Sonnleithner and Breuning from Bouillys' ‘Leonore ou l'Amore conjugale’), first produced at Vienna 20 Nov. 1805. The story of the fortunes and misfortunes of Beethoven's only work for the stage would fill a volume. After three poorly attended performances, it was withdrawn and in a revised and condensed form again brought forward the next year. A quarrel between composer and theatre manager cut short this production. It was then shelved for eight years when, again further revised, it was tried out a third time before the Viennese public and gradually made its way through the musical world. A prominent writer wrote that it was “quite devoid of music; one cannot understand why people take the trouble to weary themselves with it.” Beethoven's infinite capacity for taking pains is evidenced by the four overtures which he composed for ‘Fidelio.’ A still stronger confirmation appears in the sketch book which contains the material for the opera — a volume of 346 pages with 16 staves to the page — which shows no fewer than 18 distinct beginnings for Florestan's air “In des Lebens Frühlingstagen” and 10 for one of the choruses. The plot, unlike most operatic texts of the day, dealt with one of the noblest of human emotions, conjugal devotion, which, impels Leonore at the risk of her life to seek service in disguise with Rocco, the jailor of her husband, Florestan, to defeat the attempt to kill him made by Pizzaro, the governor of the prison. At the critical moment a trumpet call announces the arrival of the minister who is Florestan's friend and the rescue is completed. Undeniably the book is loose-jointed and as a whole lacking in dramatic value. The music is without essential theatrical qualities, but it is deeply felt and epical in its conception, and ranks with the first masterpieces of composition. Yet it stands alone in the literature of stage music. It has had but little influence on theatrical works of succeeding generations and there is nothing else with which to compare it. As one writer has well expressed it, ‘Fidelio’ is a drama conceived and executed on symphonic lines. Dramatic moments there are — notably the dungeon scene with its stirring climax of the trumpet call — but speaking generally, it is not operatic music. The text and voice are not of first importance. The orchestra is the real protagonist, with its deeply expressive, emotional qualities developed as they never had been before. Every one of the separate musical numbers is important; but, if selection must be made there are the reposeful quartet in canon form, “Mir ist so Wunderbar,” Leonore's “Abscheulicher” aria, and the spiritually moving prisoners' chorus in the first act, and the duet, so expressive of ecstatic joy, “Oh, Namenlose Freude” of Leonore and Florestan in the second and the monumental overture usually played between the two acts. This overture called “Leonore No. 3,” is a favorite of orchestras and concertgoers the world over.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Feuerbach, Paul Johann Anselm von

Edition of 1920. See also Paul Johann Anselm Ritter von Feuerbach on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FEUERBACH, Paul Johann Anselm von, powl yō'hän än'zelm fon, German jurist and criminal law reformer: b. Hainichen, near Jena, 14 Nov. 1775; d. Frankfort-on-Main, 29 May 1833. He was professor at Jena (1801), Kiel (1802), Landshut (1804); planned a new penal code for Bavaria, which was enunciated in 1813, and was subsequently adopted by other governments. He was later president of the Court of Appeals at Anspach. Among his best-known works are ‘Critique of Natural Law’ (1796); ‘Anti-Hobbes’ (1798); ‘Lehrbuch des gemeinen in Deutschland geltenden peinlichen Privatrechts’ (1801); ‘Merkwürdige Kriminalrechtsfälle’ (1808-11); ‘Kaspar Hauser: An Instance of a Crime Against a Soul’ (1832). His works rendered notable service in the humanizing of judicial punishment and in paving the way for a psychological treatment of criminal cases.
# The Family Memoirs of the Rev. William Stukeley M.D./Volume 3

Scan index here
# The Family at Misrule

* information about this edition.
* related portals: Australia, Children's literature.
The second book in the Woolcots, series; The Family at Misrule continues the adventures (and misadventures) of the Seven Little Australians. Not all of them are little now, but with the addition of "The Scrap" they are once again seven. And with almost the same attraction for trouble. [Illustrations and end matter (advertisements) omitted. The ebook with illustrations can be availed at Project Gutenberg.]
    Here was discord at Misrule.
    Nell, in some mysterious way, had let down a muslin frock of last season till it reached her ankles. And Meg was doing her best to put her foot down upon it. In a metaphorical sense, of course. Meg Woolcot at twenty-one was far too lady-like to resort to a personal struggle with her young sister. But her eyes were distressed.
THE FAMILY AT MISRULE.
BY ETHEL TURNER,
AUTHOR OF
"SEVEN LITTLE AUSTRALIANS," "THE STORY OF A BABY," ETC
"Ah that spring should vanish with the Rose!
That youth's sweet-scented manuscript should close!"
The Rubáiyát Of Omar Khayyám.
"To youth the greatest reverence is due."
Juvenal.
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY A. J. JOHNSON
LONDON
WARD, LOCK & CO., LIMITED
WARWICK HOUSE, SALISBURY SQUARE, E.C. NEW YORK AND MELBOURNE
TO
CHARLES COPE,
MY STEPFATHER AND FRIEND
E. S. T.,
Lindfield, Sydney.

## Contents.

* I. PICKING UP THREADS
* II. SCHOOL TROUBLES
* III. A PASSAGE-AT-ARMS
* IV. A SUMMER'S DAY
* V. BETWEEN A DREAM AND A DREAM
* VI. TO-MORROW
* VII. A LITTLE MAID-ERRANT
* VIII. ONE PARTICULAR EVENING
* IX. THAT MISCHIEVOUS CUPID
* X. NEEDLES AND PINS
* XI. A DAY IN SYDNEY
* XII. THREE COURSES ONE SHILLING
* XIII. PARNASSUS AND PUDDINGS
* XIV. MUSHROOMS
* XV. THE GOVERNMENT OF MEG
* XVI. MORE MUTINY
* XVII. A DINNER PARTY
* XVIII. "HOW GOOD YOU OUGHT TO BE!"
* XIX. HEADACHE AND HEARTACHE
* XX. MY LITTLE ONE DAUGHTER
* XXI. THE SEVENTH DAY
* XXII. AMARANTH OR ASPHODEL
* XXIII. LITTLE FAITHFUL MEG
* XXIV. "IN THE MIDNIGHT, IN THE SILENCE OF THE SLEEP-TIME"
* XXV. HERE ENDETH
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1958, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 65 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Halakah

Edition of 1920. See also Halakha on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
HALAKAH, ha-lä'kạ (from Heb. הלך, halak, to go), the legal part of Hebrew tradition. The term is used to connote all the laws, both civil and religious, which derive their sanction from custom rather than from the sacred Scriptures. “Midrash halakah” is the term used to cover the disputations, interpretations, etc., concerning the legal part of the Scriptures. At first handed down orally, the laws came to be written, and were modified and improved by successive editors and commentators.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Haileybury College

Edition of 1920. See also East India Company College and Haileybury and Imperial Service College on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
HAILEYBURY COLLEGE, England, an institution at Hailey, near Hertford 20 miles north of London, founded by the East India Company in 1806, as a training school for admittance to the service of the company. It attained a high reputation, and numbered among its former pupils the most distinguished names connected with the Indian administration of the 19th century and among its teachers such names as Malthus, Sir James Stephen and Sir James Mackintosh. After the Indian Mutiny of 1857-58, and the government reorganization of the Indian Civil Service, the college was closed for four years. It was reopened under a royal charter in 1862 as a public school, and while maintaining many of the traditions of its famous predecessor is no longer an Indian Service training ground. Handsome modern buildings have been added to the old college quadrangle, built in 1809; the surrounding grounds cover over 100 acres. Consult Lowell, ‘Colonial Civil Service’ (1900); Monier-Williams, ‘Memorials of Old Haileybury College’ (1894); and for the new school, Milford, ‘Haileybury College, Past and Present’ (1909).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Hadley, John

Edition of 1920. See also John Hadley on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
HADLEY, John, English mathematician and astronomer: b. 1682; d. 14 Feb. 1743. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1717, and was the inventor of Hadley's quadrant (see Sextant) and of a reflecting telescope (1723). The credit of having invented the sextant is claimed for Hadley, Godfrey and Newton, but each seems, nevertheless, to have made his own discovery independently. Hadley described his instrument, which he called an “octant,” to the Royal Society in May 1731.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Hailmann, William Nicholas

Edition of 1920. See also William Nicholas Hailmann on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
HAILMANN, hāl'mạn, William Nicholas, American educator: b. Glarus, Switzerland, 20 Oct. 1836. He was educated in the gymnasium at Zürich; studied in Medical College, Louisville, Ky. (Hon. A.M. University of Louisville 1864; Ph.D. Ohio University 1885). He became teacher of natural science in the Louisville high schools 1856-65; director of the German and English Academy 1865-73; director of the German and English Academy, Milwaukee, 1873-78; director of the German-American Seminary, Detroit, 1878-83; superintendent of public schools Laporte, Ind., 1883-94; national superintendent of Indian schools, 1894-98. He was superintendent of instruction, Dayton, Ohio, 1898-1903 and head of the department of psychology, Chicago
Normal School, 1904-09; head of department of education at the Normal Training School, Cleveland, Ohio, 1909-15, when he retired to Pasadena, Cal. Among his writings are ‘Outlines of a System of Object-teaching’ (1866); ‘History of Pedagogy’ (1870); ‘Kindergarten Culture’ (1872); ‘The Law of Childhood’ (1878); ‘Primary Methods’ (1887); ‘Application of Psychology to Teaching’ (1887); ‘Froebel's Education of Man’ (1890); ‘The English Language’ (1902). He edited Erziehungsblaetter (1870-83); Kindergarten Messenger and New Education (1876-84). From 1883-94 he was one of the chief contributors of the National Educators' Association in the interest of the kindergarten and other features of the new education.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Hakon Jarl

Edition of 1920. See also Haakon Sigurdsson on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
HAKON JARL. Oehlenschläger, after reading Snorre's ‘Heimskringla,’ during a stay in Halle in 1805, wrote ‘Hakon Jarl,’ his famous tragedy, in six weeks. The theme is the conflict between Paganism and Christianity. The characters, especially that of Earl Hakon, are described in masterly fashion by Snorre, who gives us the tense, dramatic scenes. This rich historical material supports most appropriately the fine, poetical structure of the dramatist, and serves to give the principal character the true stamp of human greatness. In the character of Hakon, the author wished to do full justice to the strength of the heathen ideal; and yet arouse sympathy for the victorious faith and strong personality of King Olaf. It was Oehlenschläger's conviction that the best thing to do for Danish poetry was to give new life to the literature of the Eddas and the Sagas, and that he could do it. After the production of this tragedy, in 1808, all agreed with him. It is true that the rhetorical eloquence of Hakon does not fit the heroes of saga times, when swords spoke the most and the loudest, and that the saga heroes as depicted by Bjornson and Ibsen are much more true to life. But we are impressed by the beauty, the poetical power and wealth of ‘Hakon Jarl,’ as it pictures the conflict between Paganism and Christianity, between Hakon and Olaf. It was a great advance beyond any historical drama produced before in Scandinavian literature. There is an English translation by J. C. Lindberg, University Studies (Nebraska).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Hadley, Arthur Twining

Edition of 1920. See also Arthur Twining Hadley on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
HADLEY, Arthur Twining, American college president: b. New Haven, Conn., 23 April 1856. A son of James Hadley (q.v.), he was graduated from Yale in 1876, and took graduate studies in political science at Yale and the University of Berlin. In 1879-83 he was a tutor at Yale, and during that time wrote for several journals, including the Railway Gazette and the Financial Chronicle. He was commissioner of labor statistics for Connecticut {1885-87), and was in 1885 a witness before the Cullom State committee which prepared the Interstate Commerce Law. In 1886 he became professor of political science at Yale, and in 1899 was made president of the university. He was president of the American Economic Association for two years. In 1885 he published ‘Railroad Transportation: Its History and Laws,’ which is everywhere recognized as one of the chief authorities on the subject and has been translated into French and Russian; his other works include ‘Report on the Labor Question’ (1885); ‘Economics, an Account of the Relations between Private Property and Public Welfare’ (1896), presenting the theories of political economy in accordance with the most modern, research and thought; ‘The Education of the American Citizen’ (1901); ‘Freedom and Responsibility’ (1903); ‘Baccalaureate Addresses’ (1907); ‘Standards of Public Morality’ (1907); ‘Some Influences in Modern Philosophic Thought’ (1913); ‘Undercurrents in American Politics’ (1915). He also acted as chairman of the Railroad Securities Commission, which was appointed under the Act of Congress of June 1910 and published its ‘Report’ in 1911. In all his books he has endeavored to utilize the results of economic and political history as a basis for a working system of ethics
for a democracy like that of the United States. His writings show him to be not only a scholar, but also a man of affairs well acquainted with the business world, and in this regard he is one of the best representatives of the modern type of university presidents.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Hadley, Henry K.

Edition of 1920. See also Henry Kimball Hadley on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
HADLEY, Henry K., American composer: b. Somerville, Mass., 1871. He was a pupil of S. A. Emery and G. W. Chadwick in Boston, studied also in Vienna, and in 1895 returned to the United States and was appointed instructor in music at Saint Paul's School, Garden City, L. I. His symphony, ‘The Four Seasons,’ received the priies given by the Paderewski Fund and the New England Conservatory of Boston. His works further include a rhapsody for orchestra, ‘The Culprit Fay,’ which won the prize offered by the National Federation of Musical Clubs; two symphonic poems, ‘Salome’ and ‘Lucifer’; three symphonies; three overtures; a cantata; two senous operas, ‘Safie,’ produced in Mayence, and ‘Izora, Daughter of Montezuma’; four comic operettas, a string quartette and 150 songs and piano compositions and church music complete the list. From 1907 to 1909 he was Kapellmeister in the opera house in Mayence. During these years he conducted his works in the principal cities of Europe. In 1909 he accepted the position of conductor of the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, and in 1911 became conductor of the San Francisco Symphony, which position he held for four seasons. During the years since his return to America he has conducted his own works in Chicago, Boston, New York, London and Philadelphia. In 1912 he wrote the music for ‘The Atonement of Pan.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Hadley, James

Edition of 1920. See also James Hadley (scholar) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
HADLEY, James, American philologist: b. Fairfield, N. Y., 30 March 1821; d. New Haven, Conn., 14 Nov. 1872. When a boy he suffered an injury to his knee, which developed seriously and crippled him for life. He was graduated from Yale in 1842, took graduate studies in mathematics and also a theological course. In 1844 he was tutor at Middlebury College, Vermont, and in 1845 became a tutor at Yale. In 1848 he became assistant professor of Greek there, and in 1851 professor of Greek. He was familiar not only with Greek, Latin and the chief modern languages, but also with Hebrew, Arabic, Armenian, Gaelic, Irish, Sanskrit, Gothic and Old English, and won a high breadth of view; he also was successful and influential as a teacher. He published a ‘Greek Grammar’ (1861), based on Curtius, and wrote the “Brief History of the English Language” in the 1864 edition of Webster's ‘Dictionary’; after his death, his ‘Introduction to Roman Law’ (1873) and ‘Philological and Critical Essays’ (1873) were published.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Hadis

Edition of 1920. See also Hadith on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer. In the scan, the “D” in “HADIS” appears to have an acute accent in the header for this article. However, such a glyph is not readily visible in Latin script in Unicode, so it is omitted here, and indeed the body of the text for this article omits the accent in a later occurrence of the word.
HADIS, or in Arabic plural, Ahadis, narratives or traditions, which relate to the Prophet Mohammed, and are not found in the Koran. There are numerous collections of these floating traditions, anecdotes and legends. A search for such data was first undertaken by Abdul Malik ibn Juraisch (d. 722 A.D.). Others consider that the collection of Imam Malik (d. 801) is the earliest extant. The following six Hadis collections are considered by the Sunnite Moslems to be canonical scriptures: 1. The Hadis of Mohammed Ismail al Buchari (d. 878). 2. Of Muslim ibn ul Hajaj (d. 883). 3. Of Abu Isa Mohammed al Tirmisi (d. 901). 4. Abu Daud al Sajistani (d. 897). 5. Of Abu Abd ur Rahmân al Nasâi (d. 925). 6. Of Abu Abdallah Mohammed Ibn Wajah (d. 895). None of these have ever been printed.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Allen, Captain William

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​Allen, Captain William, was for many years a commander in the Hon. East India Company's marine, in which he greatly distinguished himself. He arrived in Adelaide in 1839, and, in conjunction with Mr. John Ellis, bought a portion of the "Milner Estate," in the neighbourhood of Port Gawler. In 1845 he became associated in the purchase of the Burra Mine, and assisted in forming the South Australian Mining Association, of which he became chairman. Captain Allen was a member of the Church of England, but contributed liberally to the funds of various Protestant bodies. He helped to establish St. Peter's College in 1849, and was a benefactor to its funds to the extent of £7000. Captain Allen revisited England in 1853, returning in 1855. He died suddenly on Oct. 17th, 1856, and by his will bequeathed £5000 for pastoral aid purposes in connection with the Anglican Church in South Australia, the disposition of the amount being left to the discretion of the Bishop of Adelaide, as trustee.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Agnew, Hon. James Wilson

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​Agnew, Hon. James Wilson, M.D., J.P., ex-Premier of Tasmania, was admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons (England) in 1838, and M.D. of Glasgow University in 1839. Soon afterwards he emigrated to Tasmania, and for many years practised his profession in Hobart Dr. Agnew was made a J.P. for Tasmania on Feb. 10th, 1862. He was a member of the Legislative Council 1877-81, and from 1884 to July 1887, when he resigned. He was a member of Mr. Fysh's Ministry without office from Aug. 9th, 1877 (on which date he was sworn of the Executive Council) to March 5th, 1878, and of the Giblin Ministry, which succeeded, from March 5th to Dec. 20th, 1878. He again took office with Mr. Giblin, without portfolio, on Oct. 30th, 1879; but resigned on Feb. 5th, 1881. Dr. Agnew became Premier and Chief Secretary of the Colony on March 8th, 1886. On March 1st, 1887, Mr. Rooke was taken into the Ministry as Chief Secretary, Dr. Agnew remaining Premier until the 29th of the month, when he resigned with his colleagues. Dr. Agnew is Vice-President and Honorary Secretary of the Royal Society of Tasmania, and a member of the Council. He was for many years a member of the Tasmanian Council of Education, and on the establishment of the Tasmanian University was elected a member of the Council, but, in consequence of absence from the colony, resigned in 1891. He was President of the Tasmanian Commission for the Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Alexander, Samuel

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​Alexander, Samuel, M.A., Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, son of Samuel Alexander and Eliza [Sloman] his wife, was born in Sydney on Jan. 6th, 1859. He was educated at Wesley College, Melbourne, and Melbourne University, where he matriculated in 1875, winning three exhibitions. During the next two years he won five exhibitions in the arts course, in classics, mathematics, and natural science. Mr. Alexander was elected scholar of Balliol College, Oxford, in Nov. 1877; was Prox. Acc. University Junior Mathematical Scholarship in 1878; and was first class in Classical Moderations, and first class in Mathematical Moderations in 1879. He was first class in the Final School of Litteræ Humaniores in 1881. He received the degree of B.A. in 1881, and of M.A. in 1884. Since taking his degree Mr. Alexander has devoted himself to the study of philosophy. He was elected Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, in 1882, and from 1883 to the end of 1888 lectured on philosophy at Lincoln College. In 1885 he was appointed examiner in the Final School of Litteræ Humaniores, a position which he held till 1887, when he was awarded the Green Memorial Prize for Moral Philosophy. In 1889 he published a treatise on Ethics, entitled "Moral Order and Progress" (London, Trübner). This had been partly founded on a prize essay. Mr. Alexander is the author of various smaller contributions in Mind, and elsewhere; an article on Hegel's "Conception of Nature," in Mind for 1886, being especially worthy of notice.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Allen, James

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​Allen, James, was born at Birmingham in 1806, and educated at Horton College. He was for some time a reporter on the Morning Post, but emigrated to Adelaide, South Australia, where he started the Times and aided in establishing the South Australian Register. In the year 1857 he went to Melbourne, where he edited the Herald and started the Mail, the first penny evening paper issued in that city. In 1865 Mr. Allen removed to Hobart, Tasmania, and edited the Mercury, afterwards starting the Evening Mail. Mr. Allen then went to New Zealand, and conducted the Auckland Evening News till 1870, when he returned to Victoria and purchased the Camperdown Chronicle, of which he remained owner till 1880. Mr. Allen, who died in 1886, published a "History of Australia" in 1882.