OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Reel

From volume 3 of the work.
​REEL (Anglo-Saxon hreol, connected with the Suio-Gothic rulla, to whirl). An ancient dance, the origin of which is enveloped in much obscurity. The fact of its resemblance to the Norwegian Hallung, as well as its popularity in Scotland, and its occurrence in Denmark, the north of England, and Ireland, has led most writers to attribute to it a Scandinavian origin, although its rapid movements and lively character are opposed to the oldest Scandinavian dance rhythms. The probability is that the reel is of Keltic origin, perhaps indigenous to Britain, and from there introduced into Scandinavia. In Scotland the reel is usually danced by two couples; in England—where it is now almost only found in connection with the Sword Dance, as performed in the North Riding of Yorkshire—it is danced ​by three couples. The figures of the reel differ slightly according to the locality; their chief feature is their circular character, the dancers standing face to face and describing a series of figures of eight. The music consists of 8-bar phrases, generally in common time, but occasionally in 6–4. The Irish reel is played much faster than the Scotch; in Yorkshire an ordinary hornpipe-tune is used. The following example, 'Lady Nelson's Reel,' is from a MS. collection of dances in the possession of the present writer.
An example of the Danish reel will be found in Engel's 'National Music' (London, 1866).
One of the most characteristic Scotch reels is the Reel of Tulloch (Thulichan):—
Others, equally good, are 'Colonel McBean's Reel,' 'Ye're welcome, Charlie Stuart,' 'The Cameronian Rant,' 'Johnnie's friends are ne'er pleased,' and 'Flora Macdonald.'
[ W. B. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Redhead, Richard

[ A. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Redowa

From volume 3 of the work.
​REDOWA, a Bohemian dance which was introduced into Paris in 1846 or 47, and quickly attained for a short time great popularity, both there and in London, although now seldom danced. In Bohemia there are two variations of the dance, the Rejdovák, in 3–4 or 3–8 time, which is more like a waltz, and the Rejdovacka, in 2–4 time, which is something like a polka. The following words are usually sung to the dance in Bohemian villages:
Kann nicht frei'n, weil Eltern Nicht ihr Jawort gaben: Weil ich kommen könnte, Wo kein Brot sie haben— Wo kein Brot sie haben, Keine Kuchen backen, Wo kein Heu sie mähen Und kein Brennholz hacken.
The ordinary Redowa is written in 3–4 time (Maelzel's Metronome = 160). The dance is something like a Mazurka, with the rhythm less strongly marked. The following example is part of a Rejdovak which is given in Köhler's 'Volkstänze aller Nationen'—
[ W. B. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Reed

From volume 3 of the work.
​REED (Fr. Anche; Ital. Ancia; Germ. Blätt, Rohr). The speaking part of many instruments, both ancient and modern; the name being derived from the material of which it has been immemorially constructed. This is the outer silicious layer of a tall grass, the Arundo Donax or Sativa, growing in the South of Europe. The substance in its rough state is commonly called 'cane,' though differing from real cane in many respects. The chief supply is now obtained from Frejus on the Mediterranean coast. Many other materials, such as lance-wood, ivory, silver, and 'ebonite,' or hardened india-rubber, have been experimentally substituted for the material first named; but hitherto without success. Organ reeds were formerly made of hard wood, more recently of brass, German silver, and steel. The name Reed is, however, applied by organ-builders to the metal tube or channel against which the ​vibrating tongue beats, rather than to the vibrator itself.
[ W. H. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Reedstop

From volume 3 of the work.
[ J. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Redeker, Louise

From volume 3 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Redemption, The

[ M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Redford, John

From volume 3 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Weiss, Franz

[ C. F. P. ]
* ↑ See vol. iii. 77.
* ↑ Ibid. 424.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Weldon, John

[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Weiss, Willoughby

​WEISS, Willoughby Hunter, born April 2, 1820, at Liverpool, son of Willoughby Gaspard Weiss, professor of the flute and music-publisher. He learnt singing from Sir George Smart and Balfe, and on May 12, 1842, made his first appearance in public at a concert of his own at Liverpool. He next sang in London at the concerts of Balfe, Thalberg, etc., and then joined the farewell tour of Miss Adelaide Kemble, and made a successful début on the stage at Dublin July 2, as Oroveso in 'Norma.' On Dec. 26 he made his first London appearance in opera at the Princess's as the Count in an English version of 'Sonnambula.' He established a reputation both as an operatic and concert singer. In the former capacity he sang in the various enterprises of Bunn, Maddox, Jullien, Pyne & Harrison, and the English Opera Company Limited, and in various operas of Auber, Balfe, Benedict, Hatton, Macfarren, etc. But he excelled in oratorio, in which his rich voice and musicianly feeling showed to advantage. He made his first appearance in oratorio in 1844 at the Gloucester Festival, and was continually engaged at the London oratorio concerts and provincial festivals until close upon his death, Oct. 24, 1867. Weiss also composed songs and ballads, of which 'The Village Blacksmith' has become very popular. He also arranged a PF. edition of Weber's Mass in G. His wife,
[ A. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Weldon, Georgina

[ A. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Weissenbach, Aloys

​WEISSENBACH, Aloys, born at Telfs, Tyrol, March 1, 1766, died at Salzburg Oct. 26, 1821, entered the Austrian army as assistant-surgeon before he was twenty, and had risen to the highest rank in that service when, in 1804, he was called by Archduke Ferdinand, then Archbishop of Salzburg, to the professorship of surgery in the University there, a position which he held with very great reputation to his death. Weissenbach held an honourable place among the periodical writers of his day; composed dramas, one of which (Die Brautkranz) was acted at Vienna in 1809; and specially distinguished himself, 1812–14, by his patriotic poems. He receives a place here as author of the text to Beethoven's 'Glorreiche Augenblick,' and for his notices of the composer in his account of his visit to Vienna at the time of the Congress of 1814.
That Weissenbach was an enthusiastic admirer of Beethoven (says Graeffar) is a matter of course. Their natures were akin, even physically; for the one was as hard of hearing as the other, and both were manly, frank, open, upright characters. Just as Weissenbach ​came to Vienna, in 1814, 'Fidelio' was given. An inexpressible longing filled him to make the personal acquaintance of its composer. Returning to his lodging, there on the table was a card of invitation from Beethoven, who had called on him. Next day it was hand and kiss with them. After this one often met them at table in the parterre dining-room of the ROmische Kaiser Hotel. But it made one sad to hear them shout so to each other, and there was little enjoyment in meeting them. Singular, that in a smaller room, like that of the Rose Inn in the Wollzeile, Weissenbach heard much better, and spoke more freely and easily. He was a man full of matter; a most kindly, lively, lovable companion; a blooming, elderly person, always neatly and elegantly clad. How learned as a physician he was will not be forgotten.
[ A. W. T. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Weitzmann, Karl

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Welch, John

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Welcker von Gontershausen, Heinrich

​WELCKER VON GONTERSHAUSEN, Heinrich, Court pianoforte maker to the Grand Duke of Hesse, and a writer on the construction and history of musical instruments, particularly the pianoforte, was born at Gontershausen, a village in the Grand Duchy of Hesse Darmstadt, in the year 1811. He died at Darmstadt, June 15, 1873. His published works include:—
* Die musikalischen Tonwerkzeuge in technischen Zeichnungen aller Saiten-, Blas-, Schlag-, und Frictions-Instrumente, mit spezieller Beschreibung ihres Baues, Tonumfangs, und fasslicher Angabe ihrer Behandlung und Erhaltung. Mit 160 Abbildungen. Frankfurt am Main.
* Der Flügel oder die Beschaffenheit des Pianos in allen Formen. Eine umfassende Darstellung der Forte-Piano-Baukunst vom Entstehen bis zu den neuesten Verbesserungen mit specieller Hinweisung auf die rationelle Praxis für Bearbeitung und Zusammensetzung der Mechanismen, nebst gründlicher Anweisung zur Intonirung, Stimmung, und Saitenbemessung. Mit 75 Zeichnungen. Frankfurt am Main (neue vermehrte Ausgabe, 1856).
* Die Clavierbau in seiner Theorie, Technik und Geschichte, unter Hinweisung seiner Beziehungen zu den Gesetzen der Akustik. Mit 91 Abbildungen. Frankfurt am Main (vierte mit einem Nachtrag vermehrte Ausgabe, 1870).
* Ueber den Bau der Saiteninstrumente und deren Akustik, nebst Uebersicht der Enstehung und Verbesserung der Orgel. Ein Anhang zum Clavierbau in seiner Theorie, Technik und Geschichte. Frankfurt am Main, 1870.
Or in English:—
* Technical drawings of musical instruments, whether string, wind, percussion, or friction; with special descriptions of their construction and compass, and an intelligible statement of their treatment and preservation. With 160 illustrations. Frankfort.
* The Grand Piano, or the manufacture of the piano in all forms. A comprehensive explanation of Pianoforte construction from its origin up to the latest improvements, with special reference to the rational practice of making and setting up the action, together with well-grounded instructions for Toning, Tuning, and Stringing. With 75 drawings. Frankfort (new enlarged edition, 1856).
* Pianoforte-making in its theory, practice, and history, with reference to its relations with the laws of Acoustics. With 91 illustrations. Frankfort (Fourth edition, with an ethnological and historical supplement dealing with the musical instruments of the Chinese and other Eastern nations, the Egyptians, Hebrews, Greeks, Romans, Gauls, etc.).
* On the construction of stringed instruments and their acoustical explanation, together with a survey of the origin and improvement of the Organ. An appendix to Pianoforte-making in its theory, practice, and history. Frankfort, 1870.
[ A. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Weinlig, Christian

[ G. ]
# ACLU v. Schundler

* related portals: United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
168 F.3d 92 (3rd Cir. 1999), is a United States federal case establishing standards for a government-sponsored holiday display to contain religious symbols. It was decided by the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit on February 16, 1999.
* Court Documents
* Opinion of the Court
* Dissenting Opinion Nygaard
* Wikipedia article
* 168 F.3d 92
* AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION OF NEW JERSEY, on behalf of its members, ROBERT LANDER, ADAM JACOBS, JOEL SOLOW and ANN SORREL
* v.
* BRET SCHUNDLER, in his official capacity as Mayor of the City of Jersey City, New Jersey; THE CITY COUNCIL OF JERSEY CITY, NEW JERSEY; CITY OF JERSEY CITY, NEW JERSEY, Appellants
* No. 98-5021
* United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
* August 6, 1998, Argued
* February 16, 1999, Filed
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY. (D.C. No. 95-cv-00206). (District Judge: Honorable Dickinson R. Debevoise).
Affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded.
KEVIN J. HASSON (ARGUED), ERIC W. TREENE, The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, Washington, D.C., Counsel for Appellants.
NATHAN LEWIN, RICHARD W. GARNETT (ARGUED), MILLER, CASSIDY, LARROCA & LEWIN, Washington, D.C., Counsel for Chabad of Pittsburgh as Amicus Curiae in Support of Defendants-Appellants.
RONALD K. CHEN (ARGUED), RUTGERS CONSTITUTIONAL LITIGATION CLINIC, Rutgers Law School, Newark, NJ, Counsel for Appellee.
Before: NYGAARD, ALITO, and RENDELL, Circuit Judges. NYGAARD, Circuit Judge. Dissenting.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# AFN BC promotes live Cosby tweets for comedy special

* related authors: Bill Cosby.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons gallery, quotes, news, course, Wikidata item.
United States Department of Defense; Defense Media Activity; American Forces Network Broadcast Center Public Affairs. AFN BC promotes live Cosby tweets for comedy special. January 6, 2014. Archived link at Internet Archive.
AFN BC promotes live Cosby tweets for comedy special
AFN BC promotes live Cosby tweets for comedy special
United States Department of Defense; Defense Media Activity; American Forces Network Broadcast Center Public Affairs
January 6, 2014
AFN BC promotes live Cosby tweets for comedy special
RIVERSIDE, Calif. (AFN BC) -- American Forces Network viewers had a unique opportunity to tweet live with Bill Cosby Dec. 20, 2013 during the network’s two airings of the comedian’s first TV comedy special in 30 years, “Far From Finished.”
Hundreds of service members, Department of Defense civilians and their families tweeted during the event , with Cosby personally answering nearly 200. “It was an incredible success,” said AFN Broadcast Center’s Marketing and Promotion Lead Promotions Producer Eric Gabriel. “This was the first time we’ve ever done a live tweeting event, so it was a test bed to see how responsive the audience would be.
“We were very impressed by not only the outpouring of tweets from service members but more so by the strong emotional responses people were getting from receiving a personal tweet from Dr. Cosby,” said Gabriel. “It was just amazing.”
The event was such a success that Broadcast Center leaders would like to host additional live tweeting events in the future and are pursuing ways to encourage celebrity participation.
Cosby is a Navy veteran, honorary Navy chief petty officer and award-winning actor and comedian, well known for “The Cosby Show.” His career spans five decades. He started in the 1960s as a stand-up comedian with multiple best-selling records and five Grammy Awards. He broke television’s racial barrier with his role on TV’s “I Spy,” making him the first African-American to co-star in a dramatic TV series. He won three Emmy Awards and many other prestigious awards.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Beale, (Mary)

This lady was assiduous in copying the works of Sir Peter Lely and Vandyke—whose manner, as well as that of the ancient masters, she was very successful in imitating. She painted in oil, water-colours, and crayons, and was much respected and patronized, particularly by the most eminent among the clergy. The author of an essay towards an English school of painters, says, that "she was little inferior to any of her cotemporaries, either in colouring, strength, force, or life; insomuch, that Sir Peter Lely was greatly taken with her performances, as he would often acknowledge." She worked with a wonderful body of colours, and was exceedingly industrious. Some of her pictures remain at the earl of Ilchester's, at Melbury, in Dorsetshire, and are most frequently distinguished by a stone-coloured frame. Her price was five guineas for a head in oils, and ten for a half-length. It in general brought in more than two ​hundred a-year; and a deduction of two shillings in the pound was made for charitable purposes. In Dr. S, Woodford's translation of the Psalms, are two or three versions of particular ones by her. She had two sons, who for some time practised painting. There is an engraving of Mrs. Beale, by Chambers, from a portrait done by herself, in Walpole's Anecdotes of painting in England.
New Biographical Dictionary. &c.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Beaumont, (Madame Elie de)

BEAUMONT, (MADAME ELIE DE)
Wife of a celebrated advocate at Paris, known by an excellent novel, called Lettres du Marquis de Roselle, 2 vols. 1765, and a supplement to it, called Lettres de Sophie et du Chevalier De.
F.C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Bectoz, (Claude de)

BECTOZ, (CLAUDE DE) Daughter of a Gentleman in Dauphiny, Abbess of Honore de Tarrascon. Died 1547.
Appeared, in her early years, of such a promising genius, that a monk, named Denis Fauchier, determined to teach her Latin and the Belles Lettres. In a little time she made so great a progress, that she equalled the most learned men of the age. Her Latin and French poems, letters, and treatises, for acuteness and solidity have been classed with those of the ancient philosophers. She maintained a correspondence with many learned men in France and Italy, Francis I. her sovereign, was not contented to write to her; he ​carried her letters about with him, and shewed them to the ladies of the court, as proper models for imitation; and, being at Avignon, went to see her, as did his sister Margaret, queen of Navarre. She died the same day as this monarch, and also Henry VIII. of England. On becoming a nun, she took the name of Scholastica.
F.C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Beaumer, (Madame de)

BEAUMER, (MADAME DE) an ingenious French Lady.
Deprived of fortune and personal advantages, Madame de Beaumer took infinite pains to supply that loss, by cultivating her understanding. She was nearly related to Marshal Belle Isle; but we do not find that she received any succours from him—for, after spending many years in extreme poverty in Holland, this poor lady ended a miserable life there, in 1766.
She assisted, some time, at the Journal des Dames; and there is a little work of hers in 12mo. which is called Œuvres Melees.
​Amongst her other compositions, there is a romance called Les Caprices de la Fortune, which she calls an historical novel, being founded on a fact. It is written with great feeling, and in an easy unaffected stile. She wrote many allegorical pieces also.
Mrs. Thicknesse's Memoirs of French Ladies.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Bellamy, (George Anne)

BELLAMY, (GEORGE ANNE) an Actress of the last Century, natural Daughter of Lord Tyrawley.
Possessed of great personal beauty and conversational powers, Mrs. Bellamy was much courted by the greatest wits of her day; but imprudent attachments and connections deprive her of a right to that admiration which her talents otherwise would claim. She wrote an apology for her life, in five duodecimo volumes.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Beaumont, (Madame le Prince de)

BEAUMONT, (MADAME LE PRINCE DE).
One cannot say more in praise of this lady's writings than that they are in the hands of every body. With the graces of stile, they join good sense and solid reasoning. Her sentiments on education, particularly, are worthy of the general admiration they meet with.
She was born at Paris about the year 1711. She lived many years in England, where she chiefly employed her time in writing upon different subjects. Those of her works which are held in the greatest estimation, are entitled, Magazin des Enfans; Magazin des Adolescens; Magazin des Jeunes Dames; and Nouveau Magazin Anglois.
"In educating youth," says Madame de Beaumont, "it is absolutely necessary, in forming their young minds to virtue, never to separate religion and reason; one must be dependent on the other: for the support of which, it is of the utmost importance to study the Holy Scriptures, which are alone capable of inspiring us with a just idea of the Eternal Being, the recompenser of virtue, and the avenger of crimes."
This celebrated writer has very judiciously blended entertainment with instruction, by putting it in the form of Dialogues between a governess and her pupils, whose different characters, dispositions, and tempers are well sustained, There are many very entertaining stories ​introduced in the course of their conversation, applicable to the subject, and a variety of authors quoted, to give weight to their arguments. The beauty of every virtue is pointed out, and set in the most advantageous light, in order to inspire the young mind with true sentiments of honour, humanity, and universal charity; or rather, that compassionate interest for the feelings of others, which is called benevolence.
Her other works are, Instructions pour les Jeunes Dames qui entrent dans le Monde; Lettres de Madame du Montin; Lettres diverses; Cyran, &c.
Mrs. Thicknesse's Memoirs of French Ladies.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Musnier, (Ann)

MUSNIER (ANN).
"I do not know," says St. Foix, "a more flattering or finer title to nobility, than that which the descendants of Ann Musnier produced, at the reformation. Three men, whilst they were waiting in an alley of the count of Champaign's garden, for that prince's rising, consulted together upon a plot they had laid for assassinating him. Ann Musnier, who was concealed behind a tree, overheard part of their conversation: seeing them withdraw, shocked at the thoughts of a design against her prince's life, and fearful perhaps that she should not have time enough to acquaint him of it, she called out from the other end of the walk, and beckoned to them as if she wanted to speak with them. One of them advancing towards her, she stabbed him with a large kitchen knife, and he fell at her feet: she then defended ​herself against the other two, and received several wounds.
By this time people came to her assistance; and in searching these villains, there were found upon them presumptive proofs of a conspiracy. They confessed the whole, when put to the torture, and were quartered. Ann Musnier, Gerard de Langres her husband, and their descendants, were ennobled.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Myro

MYRO, a Byzantine elegiac Poetess, whose Mnemosyne is mentioned by Athenæus.
Written by the same Myro most probably (for Suidas mentions two of that name) are those various poems in elegiac verse, taken notice of by Pausanias, in his Bœotics. She is said to have been the wife of Condromachus, the philosopher.
Female Worthies.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Nemours, (Mary d'Orleans Longueville, Duchess of)

N.
She was married very young to the duke de ​mours, and by this alliance two of the first families in France were united. In the troubles of the minority of Lewis XIV, her father, M. de Longueville, was of the party of the princes of the blood; but she exerted herself only to conciliate the spirits of each, making a particular study of the divers interests of the king's party and that of the Frondeurs; from which she afterwards detached her father. Her memoirs of this unhappy time are written with great impartiality, and shew her discernment, wisdom, and piety. They may be found in several editions of Joly's Memoirs, and separately, 12mo.
F. C. &c.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Neubergera, (Anna Felicita)

NEUBERGERA (ANNA FELICITA), Daughter of Daniel d' Augusta, who was her Master.
In oil, gum, and with wax, formed pictures and admirable figures, cut histories in little nuts, &c.
Abec. Pitt.