OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gnoli, Domenico

Edition of 1906. See also Domenico Gnoli on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GNOLI, nyō'lḗ, Domenico (1839—). An Italian author, born in Rome. He attracted public attention by his volume of poems published under the pseudonym of ‘Dario Gaddi,’ and a collection of critical essays, Odi Tiberine. He was professor of Italian literature at Turin, and in 1893 was made prefect of the Library Vittorio Emanuele at Rome. He collaborated on the Nuova Antologia, and founded and was an editor of the Archivio Storico dell' Arte. His translations include the Römische Elegien of Goethe, and various other German classics. Many of his original essays were published in the Nuova Antologia. His other writings are: E morto il re (1882); Canto dei pellegrini alla tomba del gran re (1883); Le opere di Donatello in Roma; Il banco d'Agostino Chigi.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Goch, Johannes von

Edition of 1906. See also Johannes von Goch on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GOCH, gṓG, Johannes von (properly Johann Pupper) (c.1400-75). A German Augustinian monk. He was born at Goch, Prussia, probably studied at Paris, and was the founder of an Order of Canonesses at Tabor, near Mechlin, Flanders, in 1451, of which he subsequently became prior. He may in some respects be considered a precursor of the Reformation, and in his writings, De Libertate Christiana, De Quatuor Erroribus circa Legem Evangelicam, and Epistola Apologetica (1521), he attacks the influence of Pelagianism in the Church, and advocates a return to the text of the Bible as the only true source of religious truth. He was considered a man of profound piety, and as a theologian was unexcelled in his day.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Godwin, Parke

Edition of 1906. See also Parke Godwin (journalist) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GODWIN, Parke (1816-1904). An American journalist and author. He was born in Paterson, N. J., February 25, 1816, and after graduating at Princeton in 1834, practiced law for a short time in Kentucky, but after 1837 was for many years in the main connected with the New York Evening Post, of which the poet Bryant, his father-in-law, was for so long chief editor. Godwin conducted in 1842 a weekly, the Pathfinder, contributed much to the Democratic Review, was one of the editors of Putnam's Magazine, deputy collector in the New York Custom House under President Polk, and an early member of the Republican Party, though a consistent advocate of free trade. Two volumes of essays from Putnam's Magazine are gathered in Out of the Past (1870). Among his numerous other publications may be mentioned: A Popular View of the Doctrine of Fourier (1844); Democracy, Civic and Constructive (1844); Vala: A Mythological Tale (1851); Political Essays (1856). Godwin compiled a Handbook of Universal Biography (1851), and Cyclopædia of Biography (1863). He edited the Works of W. C. Bryant, with a Life (1884), and made translations from the prose of Goethe, Fouqué, and Zschokke. He also wrote an ingenious but rather erratic New Study of Shakespeare's Sonnets (1901).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Goat Antelope

Edition of 1906. See also Goat-antelope on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GOAT ANTELOPE. A term applied by zoölogists to a group of ruminants having characteristics that join them to the goats on one side and the antelopes on the other; most of them, individually described elsewhere, have a more or less goat-like build, goat-like teeth, short tails, relatively small cylindrical horns, and no beards. The group includes the genus Cemas of the Himalayan region (see Goral.); the genus Nemorhædus of Southeastern Asia, including the cambing-utan of Sumatra, etc. (see Serow); the Tibetan genus Budorcas (see Takin); the genus Rupicapra of the European Alps (see Chamois); and the genus Orcamnus or Haploceros, which contains the white, woolly goats of Northwestern America (see Rocky Mountain White Goat). See Plate of Goat Antelopes.
GOAT-ANTELOPES
| 1. EUROPEAN CHAMOIS (Rupicapra tragus). | 4. THAR or HIMALAYAN GOAT (Hemitragus Jemlicus). |
| 2. JAPANESE SEROW (Nemorhœdus crispus). | 5. HIMALAYAN SEROW (Nemorhœdus bubalinus). |
| 3. WHITE GOAT of Rocky Mountains (Oreamnus montanus). | 6. HIMALAYAN GORAL (Cemas goral). |
# The New International Encyclopædia/Goby

Edition of 1906. See also Goby on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GOBY (from Lat. gobio, gobius, gudgeon, from Gk. κωβιός, kobios, gudgeon). A spiny-rayed fish of the family Gobeidæ, whose ventral fins are completely united into a disk more or less capable of being used as a sucker, enabling the fish to cling to rocks and so resist the power of waves and currents. They have no air-bladder. The true gobies are generally small fishes, some of them inhabiting the shallow bays of the coast, and others deeper water; the species are very numerous, and belong to both hemispheres. One species (of Russia) inhabits fresh water alone. The gobies are very interesting, on account of their habits, and are of the number of nest-building fishes, employing seaweeds and eel-grass for this purpose in spring. When the female has deposited her eggs in the nest, the male watches over them till they are hatched. In Europe, consequently, these fishes are much in request for aquaria, of which they are among the most interesting occupants. A British species (Gobius minutus), which ascends rivers, chooses a cockleshell for its home in some tidal pool. “The shell being placed on the sand with its concave surface downward, the sand beneath it is hollowed out and cemented by a special mucilaginous secretion from the skin; a cylindrical tunnel gives access to the nest, and the whole structure is covered over with loose sand.” The female having glued her eggs to the shell, the male guards them for six to nine days, until they hatch.
Another European goby (Latrunculus pellucidus), which is nearly transparent, is remarkable for being perhaps the most short-lived of all vertebrates, being born in midsummer, maturing during the following winter, and spawning and dying upon the approach of summer, so that none live more than a year. Small species of several genera inhabit the coast and estuaries of the Southern United States and of California. See Mudfish.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Godwin, William

Edition of 1906. See also William Godwin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GODWIN, William (1756-1836). An English novelist and political writer. The son of a dissenting minister, he was born at Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire, March 3, 1756. After studying at the Hoxton Presbyterian College, he became minister at Ware in Hertfordshire, and in 1780 minister at Stowmarket in Suffolk. Having been shaken in his religious belief, he gave up preaching in 1783, and by 1787 he was ‘a complete unbeliever.’ He was already devoting himself to literature. After a Life of Chatham (1783), Sketches of History, in Six Sermons (1784), and considerable hack-work, he published the famous Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (1793), in which were presented the most radical theories of French philosophy on morals and government. By this book he is best known. It was followed by The Adventures of Caleb Williams (1794), a remarkable novel, intended to illustrate the political views advanced in the Political Justice and by The Enquirer (1797), a collection of essays on morals and politics. Tn 1796 he formed an alliance with Mary Wollstonecraft (q.v.). After some months they yielded so far to custom as to be married. His wife died a short time after, in giving birth to a daughter, the future wife of the poet Shelley. In 1799 he published a successful romance entitled Saint Leon. In 1801 he married a Mrs. Clairmont. To secure a more certain support, Godwin and his wife started in 1805 a small publishing business, but he also worked indefatigably with his pen to the end of
his life. He wrote many school books; Life of Chaucer (1803); Fleetwood, a novel (1805); Mandeville, a novel (1817); Of Population (1820), a reply to Malthus; History of the Commonwealth of England (1824-28); Cloudesley, a novel (1830); Thoughts on Man (1831); Deloraine, a novel (1833) ; and Lives of the Necromancers (1834). As he grew old, he modified his opinions on politics and society, and especially on marriage, which he warmly commends in some of his later works. Many of his books were translated into foreign languages. He died in London, April 7, 1836. Consult: Paul, William Godwin: His Friends and Contemporaries (London, 1876); Hazlitt, essay in the Spirit of the Age (London, 1825); and Stephen, English Thought in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1876).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nautilus

See also Nautilus on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* SECTION OF NAUTILUS
Nautilus (na̤′tĭ-lŭs), a mollusk having a chambered shell and belonging to the class Cephalopoda. It is the sole living representative of one order of that class, possessing four gills, while the other cephalopods have only two. Its shell is not uncommon on the shores of warm seas, but the animal is not often found inhabiting the shell. It creeps about the bottom, and the floating shell is the result of storms. It is called both pearly nautilus and chambered nautilus. The former name comes from the pearly appearance of the innermost layer of the shell, the latter from the circumstance that the spiral shell is divided into a set of chambers. The animal lives in the outermost one. When very young, it lives in a small shell shaped like a horn. As it grows, it draws the body forward, secretes a pearly partition just back of it, and adds to the margin of the opening of the shell; this is repeated, and a set of chambers results. The animal has a plump body connected with the apex of the shell by a sort of cord, which passes through the center of each partition wall. There are large eyes. The head is surrounded by a number of arms or tentacles, which do not possess suckers like the squid or devilfish, to which the nautilus is related. The paper nautilus or argonaut is sometimes confused with the true nautilus. It, however, belongs to another division of the cephalopods, having only two gills. The shell of this animal is secreted by the female only, as a case or cradle for the eggs, and is not a shell to protect the animal. In geological times there were huge chambered shells inhabited by animals like the nautilus. These shells were straight instead of being coiled, and are well known under the name orthoceratites. See Woodward's Manual of the Mollusca and Holmes' poem of The Chambered Nautilus.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Navajo Indians

See also Navajo on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Navajo (nä′vä-hō) Indians, a tribe of American Indians belonging to the Athabascan or Tinney stock. They call themselves Yutahenne. They occupy a fine reservation in Arizona and New Mexico, and are civilized in a good degree. They carry on farming, though their utensils are mostly hoes and primitive implements, such as sharp sticks. Their leading crops are corn, beans, melons, pumpkins and wheat, and they have orchards of peaches and apricots. Their reserve includes 5,468,160 acres of land. They number about 17,000. While not given to fighting, they have much spirit in defending their rights. There is a school on their reservation, but the Indians do not compel their children to attend it. The houses are rude booths or huts built of sticks, sods or bushes. As they never enter a house where a person has died, when a death occurs, the corpse is buried by pulling out the prop-sticks and letting the sods and sticks fall on it. The Navajos are strong and well-built, and are expert horsemen and herders.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Naval Observatory of the United States, The

See also United States Naval Observatory on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Naval Observ′atory of the United States, The, an institution of the Federal government, is located at Georgetown, District of Columbia, under the superintendence of the bureau of navigation. It was established in 1842, and then called the Depot for Naval Charts and Instruments. The Nautical Almanac, issued yearly, is compiled at this place. The present equipment of this observatory is probably surpassed by no other in the world for the performance of the important functions intrusted to it.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Navigation Laws

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​Navigation Laws, such as interfered with American shipping during the colonial period and such as the United States herself laid down for shipping subsequent to the Declaration of Independence, denote a policy of interference in trade, manufactures etc., which received its first serious challenge from the Wealth of Nations of Adam Smith. As early as 1381 England had begun her policy of insisting that merchandise to and from the kingdom should be carried only in English ships. This prohibition was not effective. The English parliament, however, enacted a similar law in 1645, which under Charles II was replaced by the Act of 1651, legally known as the first navigation act. The second navigation act (1663) had special reference to colonial trade, which was expected to benefit English shipping only. By this act, therefore, all colonial produce for export must be landed in an English port. Yet there were many evasions of the navigation acts, especially by American shipping. The Spanish navigation laws were even more stringent than the British laws; they were summed up in the policy of treating foreign vessels found in Spanish waters as pirates.
The United States constitution in 1789 included a provision that Congress might make such navigation laws as it pleased. Strict acts, favoring American shipping by imposing tonnage on foreign vessels, were passed in 1789 and 1792. A system of mutual concessions, however, began with England after the war of 1812. England repealed her navigation acts in 1824; and America passed more liberal laws in 1884, so that vessels owned only in part in America may now fly the American flag. Tonnage rates were reduced in the United States in 1886. The act of 1884 established a bureau of navigation, subject to the oversight of the treasury department.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Navarino

See also Battle of Pylos and Battle of Navarino on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Navarino (nä′vȧ-rē′nō̇ ) (officially Pylos), is a town of 2,000 inhabitants on the southwest coast of the Morea, in Greece and the best harbor in Greece. In 425 B. C. the great battle between the Athenians and the Spartans, in which the Spartans were defeated, occurred in the bay; and on October 20, 1827, the combined British, French and Russian fleets annihilated the Turkish and Egyptian navies at the same place.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Navarro, Mary A.

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​Navarro, Mary A. See Anderson, Mary.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Naugatuck, Conn.

See also Naugatuck, Connecticut on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Nau′gatuck, Conn., a town in New Haven County, on Naugatuck River, five miles south of Waterbury and 15 northwest of New Haven. It is served by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. Its manufactories receive their water-power largely from the river, and include rubber and woolen goods factories, buttons, factories for the manufacture of chemicals, paper boxes and iron and brass foundries. Population 12,722.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Naval Academy of the United States, The

See also United States Naval Academy on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Na′val Acad′emy of the United States, The, a school for the training of naval cadets under the supervision and control of the government, was founded by Federal authority in 1845, Geo. Bancroft the historian, then secretary of the navy, having planned and established it, and opened for the reception of students in October of that year. It is at Annapolis, Md., on Severn River, and occupies the site of old Fort Severn. Previous to this date there had been a school for the training of midshipmen in connection with the Naval Asylum at Philadelphia, Pa. Commander Franklin Buchanan was the first superintendent. The institution was reorganized in 1850 and in 1851, important changes taking place at each of these dates. The grounds with the buildings occupy 50 acres, while outside the walls 100 acres additional belong to the park. Two students, known as midshipmen, are allowed for each senator, representative and delegate in Congress; two for the District of Columbia; and five each year from the United States at large; and one from Porto Rico, who must be a native of the island. The midshipmen from the District of Columbia and the country at large are appointed by the president, and the one from Porto Rico upon the recommendation of its governor. Candidates are required to pass an examination (after appointment) as to physical soundness, knowledge of spelling, grammar, geography, history of the United States, arithmetic and algebra as far as equations of the first degree. They must be between 16 and 20 and be unmarried. Midshipmen are allowed an annual honorarium of $500. If admitted, they must make a deposit of $200 to cover the cost of personal outfit; but their expenses of travel from their homes to Annapolis are refunded, and they receive $500 a year, subsistence, clothing and certain other expenses being, however, required of them. The course has been changed several times, but, as it now stands, all cadets must pass four years at the academy and two at sea. During the first three years cadets are instructed in English studies, history, French, Spanish or German, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, astronomy, physics, chemistry ​mechanical drawing and navigation. The studies of the fourth year are varied according to the special line of duty to which the cadet devotes himself, as naval construction, gunnery, infantry tactics, international law etc. The academy has 102 instructors and about 750 students. The library contains 50,000 volumes. The government has recently spent $15,000,000 for improvements at the Naval Academy. These consist of several massive practice-halls, a magnificent memorial chapel, modern living quarters and fine roadways and terraces. The body of John Paul Jones, brought to America from Paris in 1905, is interred in the chapel.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Naval Reserve

See also Military reserve force on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Naval Reserve. In all the more important countries, in addition to the regular naval forces serving continuously with the fleet, there are others who are drilled and instructed in order to be able to supplement the regular naval forces in time of war. In times of peace these men are largely employed in the merchant marine, yachts, auxiliary government service, or are pensioners. The reserves of the French, German and Italian navies are derived chiefly from honorably discharged men who have served the required term of enlistment, but others, as fishermen, merchant sailors and those pursuing such other callings as afford experience useful in the war fleet, are employed. The naval reserve force of France numbered in 1906 about 114,000, more than 25,000 of whom were serving with the fleet; and the German naval reserve force numbered 110,000. The Russian naval reserve force is somewhat similarly derived, but contains a greater proportion of untrained men unfamiliar with nautical life. The British naval reserve force is made up of the Royal naval reserve, the Royal fleet reserve and pensioners. The United States has no national naval reserve force, but has what is called a Naval Militia, which in a way answers the same purpose. There have been frequent efforts to secure the necessary legislation for the establishment of a regular naval reserve, and the Naval Militia is the chief result of these efforts. In 1887 a bill was introduced in Congress "to create a naval reserve of auxiliary cruisers, officers and men from the merchant marines of the United States," but it was not passed. In the same year the Navy Department prepared a plan of organization for a naval militia. In May of 1888 the legislature of Massachusetts provided by enactment for the establishment of a naval battalion to be attached to the state volunteer militia. In the same year Pennsylvania and Rhode Island and in June of 1889 New York followed with similar legislation. The Massachusetts naval battalion was drilled on board the receiving ship Wabash and the New York battalion on the receiving ship Minnesota. Nothing more was done until March 2, 1891, when Congress appropriated $25,000 for arms and equipment of naval militia. A few weeks later California created by legislative enactment a naval battalion, and North Carolina with executive sanction and Texas by order of the governor did likewise. Ten other states and the District of Columbia have since made similar provisions. Now naval militia are organized in 16 states and the District of Columbia with 474 commissioned officers and 5,275 enlisted men, involving an annual expenditure by the national government of about $75,000. All matters relating to the naval militia come under the cognizance of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, who transacts all business relative thereto through the governors and adjutant-generals of the states.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Columbia University

See also Columbia University on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Columbia University, located in New York city, was chartered in 1754 as King's College. During the Revolutionary War the work of the college was suspended, and the building was used as a hospital. College work was resumed in 1784, and the name of the institution changed to Columbia College. Under this name the college has had a long and prosperous career. The law department was established in 1858; the medical department in 1860; the school of mines in 1863; the school of political science in 1880; the school of philosophy in 1890; and the school of pure science in 1892. Barnard College for women, founded in 1889, became affiliated in 1890. In 1896 the name of the institution was changed to Columbia University. It is now an amply equipped and richly endowed institution. It has a library of 330,000 volumes, 646 officers of instruction and 5,057 students, exclusive of summer-school and extension students.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Columbia River

See also Columbia River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Colum′bia or Oregon River is 1,400 miles long. Next to the Yukon, it is the largest river on the American Pacific coast. It rises in the Rockies of British Columbia, flows through Washington, separates that state from Oregon, and empties into the Pacific. Its mouth forms an inlet from three to seven miles wide and 35 miles in length. Its main branches are Snake River and Clarke's Fork. There are many falls and rapids, so that, though it is navigable for some 660 miles, freight has to be carried by railroads past the various breaks of the river. The salmon-fisheries are noted.