# The World Factbook (1982)/Switzerland
## SWITZERLANDSWITZERLAND

* (See reference map V)

### LANDLAND

41,440 km$^2$; 10% arable, 43% meadows and pastures, 20% waste or urban, 24% forested, 3% inland water
Land boundaries: 1,884 km

### PEOPLEPEOPLE

Population: 6,407,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate −0.3%
Nationality: noun—Swiss (sing. & pl.); adjective—Swiss
Ethnic divisions: total population—69% German, 19% French, 10% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other; Swiss nationals—74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other
Religion: 53% Protestant, 46% Roman Catholic
Language: Swiss nationals—74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other; total population—69% German, 19% French, 10% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 2.6 million, about one-tenth foreign workers, mostly Italian; 16% agriculture and forestry, 47% industry and crafts, 20% trade and transportation, 5% professions, 2% in public service, 10% domestic and other; approximately 0.2% unemployed in September 1980
Organized labor: 20% of labor force

### GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

Official name: Swiss Confederation
Type: federal republic
Capital: Bern
Political subdivisions: 23 cantons (3 divided into half cantons)
Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; constitution adopted 1874, amended since; judicial review of legislative acts, except with respect to federal decrees of general obligatory character; legal education at Universities of Bern, Geneva, and Lausanne, and four other university schools of law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: 1 August
Branches: bicameral parliament has legislative authority; federal council (Bundesrat) has executive authority; justice left chiefly to cantons
Government leader: Fritz HONEGGER, President (1982, rotates annually)
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: held every four years; next elections 1983
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (SPS), Helmut Hubacher, president; Radical Democratic Party (FDP), Yann Richter, president; Christian Democratic Peopled Party (CVP), Hans Wyer, president; Swiss People's Party (SVP), Fritz Hofmann, chairman; Communist Party (PdA), Armand Magnin, chairman; National Action Party (N.A.), Hans Zwicky, chairman
Voting strength (1979 election): 25.5% FDP, 25.5% SPS, 22.0% CVP, 11.5% SVP, 4.0% LdU, 4.0% LPS, 1.5% PdA, 1.5% EVP, 4.5% others
Communists: about 5,000 members
Other parties: Landesring (LdU); Republican Movement (Rep); Liberal Party (LPS); Evangelical Peopled Party (EVP); Maoist Party (POSH/PSA)
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EFTA, ELDO (observer), ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IEA, IFAD, ILO, IMCO, IPU, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, OECD, UN (permanent observer), UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO

### ECONOMYECONOMY

GNP: $90.31 billion (1980), $14,270 per capita; 61% consumption, 26% investment, 13% government, −0.9% net foreign balance; real growth rate 0.4% (1980)
Agriculture: dairy farming predominates; less than 50% self-sufficient; food shortages — fish, refined sugar, fats and oils (other than butter), grains, eggs, fruits, vegetables, meat; caloric intake, 3,190 calories per day per capita (1969-70)
Major industries: machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments
Shortages: practically all important raw materials except hydroelectric energy
Electric power: 15,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 48.162 billion kWh produced (1980), 7,610 kWh per capita
​Exports: $29.27 billion (f.o.b., 1980); principal items—machinery and equipment, chemicals, precision instruments, metal products, textiles, foodstuffs
Imports: $35,174 billion (c.i.f., 1980); principal items—machinery and transportation equipment, metals and metal products, foodstuffs, chemicals, textile fibers and yarns
Major trade partners: 60% EC, 23% other developed, 4% Communist, 12% LDCs
Aid: donor: bilateral economic aid committed (ODA and OOF), $860 million (1970-79)
Budget: receipts $8.33 billion, expenditures $8.87 billion, deficit $0.54 billion (1980)
Monetary conversion rate: US$1.00=1.96 Swiss francs (1981 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year

### COMMUNICATIONSCOMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 5,098 km total; 2,895 km government owned (SBB), 2,822 km standard gauge (1.435 m); 73 km narrow gauge (LOO m); 1,339 km double track, 99% electrified; 2,203 km nongovernment owned, 710 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,418 km meter-gauge (1.00 m), 75 km 0.790-meter gauge, 100% electrified
Highways: £2,145 km total (all paved), of which 18,620 km are canton and 1,057 km are national highways (740 km autobahn)
Pipelines: 314 km crude oil; 1,046 km natural gas
Inland waterways: 65 km; Rhine River-Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to Constanz; in addition, there are 12 navigable lakes ranging in size from Lake Geneva to Hallwilersee
Ports: 1 major (Basel), 2 minor (all inland)
Civil air: 83 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased out
Airfields: 80 total, 71 usable; 41 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,660 m, 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 14 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic, international, and broadcast services; 4.45 million telephones (70.0 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 200 FM, and 1,125 TV stations; 1 satellite station with 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas

### DEFENSE FORCESDEFENSE FORCES

Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,656,000; 1,435,000 fit for military service; 50,000 reach military age (20) annually
Major ground units: no active combat units
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $2,018 million; 20.1% of proposed central government budget