OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Posterior Analytics (Bouchier)/Book II/Chapter X
### Chapter X: The nature and forms of Definition

    A definition which gives the real nature of a thing also gives its cause, and thus differs only in form from demonstration. There are three classes of definition: (1) An indemonstrable explanation of the essence of a thing; (2) Definitions which resemble a syllogism concerning a thing’s essence; (3) A conclusion of an essential demonstration.
Since definition is, as we have said, the expression of a thing’s essence, it is clear that one kind of definition may give the meaning of the name, or of some other expression having the force of a name:—e.g. the definition of the meaning of ‘nature of triangularity as such.’ On learning that the thing corresponding to the name exists we enquire why it exists, for it is difficult to grasp the cause of a thing when we do not know previously that the thing exists. The reason of this difficulty has been mentioned before (II, c. 8), namely that we do not know whether a thing exists or not except accidentally.
An expression may have unity in two ways; either from a union of the separate parts (in the manner in which the whole Iliad is a unity), or from predicating an attribute of the subject essentially, not accidentally. Thus one form of definition is that which gives the meaning of a word, as mentioned above. Another explains the reason why a thing is. Hence the former explains signification but proves nothing, while the latter clearly gives a kind of demonstration of the subject’s essence, and differs from demonstration only in form. Thus there is a difference between saying, ‘Why does it thunder?’ and ‘What is thunder?’ To the former one would answer, ‘because fire is quenched in the clouds’; to the question, ‘What is thunder?’ ‘Thunder is the noise of fire being quenched in the clouds.’ Thus the same thought is expressed in two different ways; the former answer containing all the parts of a demonstration, the latter being stated as a definition.
Further there may be a definition of thunder, as ‘a noise in the clouds,’ which forms only the conclusion of the demonstration of the essence of thunder. Lastly the definition of ultimate terms is an indemonstrable proposition stating the essence of the subject. Consequently definition is either (1) An indemonstrable expression of the thing’s essence, or (2) A syllogism expressing its essence, differing only in form from demonstration, or (3) The conclusion of a demonstration which states the subject’s essence. What has been said is enough to shew how far a thing’s essence is demonstrable, how far the reverse; also what things admit of demonstration and what do not, in what senses ‘definition’ is used, and in what ways it does or does not prove a thing’s essence, and in what cases this can be done; lastly the relations of definition to demonstration have been given, and it has been shewn how far the two may have the same object.
# Presidential Weekly Address - 24 May 2014

Weekly address delivered on [24 May 2014].
THE PRESIDENT: Hi, everybody. It’s Memorial Day weekend – a chance for Americans to get together with family and friends, break out the grill, and kick off the unofficial start of summer. More importantly, it’s a time to remember the heroes whose sacrifices made these moments possible – our men and women in uniform who gave their lives to keep our nation safe and free.
From those shots fired at Lexington and Concord more than two centuries ago to our newest generation of veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, our history shines with patriots who answered the call to serve. They put their lives on the line to defend the country they loved. And in the end, many gave that “last full measure of devotion” so that our nation would endure.
Every single one of us owes our fallen heroes a profound debt of gratitude. Because every time we cast our votes or speak our minds without fear, it’s because they fought for our right to do that. Every chance we get to make a better life for ourselves and our families is possible because generations of patriots fought to keep America a land of opportunity, where anyone – of any race, any religion, from any background – can make it if they try. Our country was born out of a desire to be free, and every day since, it’s been protected by our men and women in uniform – people who believed so deeply in America, they were willing to give their lives for it.
We owe them so much. So this Memorial Day, we’ll gather together, as Americans, to honor the fallen, with both public ceremonies and private remembrances. And I hope all Americans will take a moment this weekend to think of those who have died in service to our nation. Say a prayer in their memories and for their families. Lay a flower where they’ve come to rest. Reach out to service members, military families or veterans in your community, or families who have lost loved ones, and let them know that their service and sacrifice will never be forgotten.
Most of all, let’s keep working to make sure that our country upholds our sacred trust to all who’ve served. In recent weeks, we’ve seen again how much more our nation has to do to make sure all our veterans get the care they deserve. As Commander in Chief, I believe that taking care of our veterans and their families is a sacred obligation. It’s been one of the causes of my presidency. And now that we’ve ended the war in Iraq, and as our war in Afghanistan ends as well, we have to work even harder as a nation to make sure all our veterans get the benefits and opportunities they’ve earned. They’ve done their duty, and they ask nothing more than that this country does ours – now and for decades to come.
Happy Memorial Day, everybody. May God watch over our fallen heroes. And may He continue to bless the United States of America.
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# Presidential Weekly Address - 24 November 2011

Weekly address delivered on 24 November 2011.
THE PRESIDENT: From my family to yours, I’d like to wish you a happy Thanksgiving. Like millions of Americans, Michelle, Malia, Sasha and I will spend the day eating great food, watching a little football, and reflecting on how truly lucky we truly are.
As Americans, each of us has our own list of things and people to be thankful for. But there are some blessings we all share.
We’re especially grateful for the men and women who defend our country overseas. To all the service members eating Thanksgiving dinner far from your families: the American people are thinking of you today. And when you come home, we intend to make sure that we serve you as well as you’re serving America.
We’re also grateful for the Americans who are taking time out of their holiday to serve in soup kitchens and shelters, making sure their neighbors have a hot meal and a place to stay. This sense of mutual responsibility – the idea that I am my brother’s keeper; that I am my sister’s keeper – has always been a part of what makes our country special. And it’s one of the reasons the Thanksgiving tradition has endured.
The very first Thanksgiving was a celebration of community during a time of great hardship, and we have followed that example ever since. Even when the fate of our union was far from certain – during a Civil War, two World Wars, a Great Depression – Americans drew strength from each other. They had faith that tomorrow would be better than today.
We’re grateful that they did. As we gather around the table, we pause to remember the pilgrims, pioneers, and patriots who helped make this country what it is. They faced impossible odds, and yet somehow, they persevered. Today, it’s our turn.
I know that for many of you, this Thanksgiving is more difficult than most. But no matter how tough things are right now, we still give thanks for that most American of blessings, the chance to determine our own destiny. The problems we face didn’t develop overnight, and we won’t solve them overnight. But we will solve them. All it takes is for each of us to do our part.
With all the partisanship and gridlock here in Washington, it’s easy to wonder if such unity is really possible. But think about what’s happening at this very moment: Americans from all walks of life are coming together as one people, grateful for the blessings of family, community, and country.
If we keep that spirit alive, if we support each other, and look out for each other, and remember that we’re all in this together, then I know that we too will overcome the challenges of our time.
So today, I’m thankful to serve as your President and Commander-and-Chief. I’m thankful that my daughters get to grow up in this great country of ours. And I’m thankful for the chance to do my part, as together, we make tomorrow better than today.
Thanks, and have a wonderful Thanksgiving.
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# Presidential Weekly Address - 24 January 2015

Weekly address delivered on 24 January 2015.
THE PRESIDENT: Hi, everybody. This week, in my State of the Union Address, I talked about what we can do to make sure middle-class economics helps more Americans get ahead in the new economy.
See, after some tough years, and thanks to some tough decisions we made, our economy is creating jobs at the fastest pace since 1999. Our deficits are shrinking. Our energy production is booming. Our troops are coming home. Thanks to the hard work and resilience of Americans like you, we’ve risen from recession freer to write our own future than any other nation on Earth.
Now we have to choose what we want that future to look like. Will we accept an economy where only a few of us do spectacularly well? Or will we commit ourselves to an economy that generates rising incomes and rising chances for everyone who makes the effort?
I believe the choice is clear. Today, thanks to a growing economy, the recovery is touching more and more lives. Wages are finally starting to rise again. Let’s keep that going – let’s do more to restore the link between hard work and growing opportunity for every American.
That’s what middle-class economics is – the idea that this country does best when everyone gets their fair shot, everyone does their fair share, and everyone plays by the same set of rules.
Middle-class economics means helping workers feel more secure in a world of constant change – making it easier to afford childcare, college, paid leave, health care, a home, and retirement.
Middle-class economics means doing more to help Americans upgrade their skills through opportunities like apprenticeships and two years of free community college, so we can keep earning higher wages down the road.
Middle-class economics means building the most competitive economy in the world, by building the best infrastructure, opening new markets so we can sell our products around the world, and investing in research – so that businesses keep creating good jobs right here.
And we can afford to do these things by closing loopholes in our tax code that stack the decks for special interests and the superrich, and against responsible companies and the middle class.
This is where we have to go if we’re going to succeed in the new economy. I know that there are Republicans in Congress who disagree with my approach, and I look forward to hearing their ideas for how we can pay for what the middle class needs to grow. But what we can’t do is simply pretend that things like child care or college aren’t important, or pretend there’s nothing we can do to help middle class families get ahead.
Because we’ve got work to do. As a country, we have made it through some hard times. But we’ve laid a new foundation. We’ve got a new future to write. And I’m eager to get to work.
Thanks, and have a great weekend.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Presidential Weekly Address - 24 December 2011

* related authors: Michelle Obama.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Weekly address delivered on 24 December 2011 with Michelle Obama.
THE PRESIDENT: Hi, everyone. As you gather with family and friends this weekend, Michelle, Malia, Sasha and I – and of course Bo – want to wish you all Merry Christmas and Happy Holidays.
THE FIRST LADY: This is such a wonderful time of year.
It’s a time to honor the story of love and redemption that began 2,000 years ago, a time to see the world through a child’s eyes and rediscover the magic all around us, and a time to give thanks for the gifts that bless us every single day.
This holiday season at the White House, we wanted to show our thanks with a special holiday tribute to some of the strongest, bravest, and most resilient members of our American family – the men and women who wear our country’s uniform and the families who support them.
THE PRESIDENT: For many military families, the best gift this year is a simple one – welcoming a loved one back for the holidays. You see, after nearly nine years, our war in Iraq is over. Our troops are coming home. And across America, military families are being reunited.
So let’s take a moment to give thanks for their service; for their families’ service; for our veterans’ service. And let’s say a prayer for all our troops standing post all over the world, especially our brave men and women in Afghanistan who are serving, even as we speak, in harm’s way to protect the freedoms and security we hold dear.
THE FIRST LADY: Our veterans, troops, and military families sacrifice so much for us. So this holiday season, let’s make sure that all of them know just how much we appreciate everything they do. Let’s ask ourselves, "How can I give back? How can my family serve them as well as they’ve served us." One way you can get started is to visit JoiningForces.gov to find out how you can get involved in your community.
THE PRESIDENT: Giving of ourselves; service to others – that’s what this season is all about. For my family and millions of Americans, that’s what Christmas is all about. It reminds us that part of what it means to love God is to love one another, to be our brother’s keeper and our sister’s keeper. But that belief is not just at the center of our Christian faith, it’s shared by Americans of all faiths and backgrounds. It’s why so many of us, every year, volunteer our time to help those most in need, especially our hungry and our homeless.
So whatever you believe, wherever you’re from, let’s remember the spirit of service that connects us all this season – as Americans. Each of us can do our part to serve our communities and our country, not just today, but every day.
THE FIRST LADY: So from our family to yours, Merry Christmas.
THE PRESIDENT: Merry Christmas and Happy Holidays, everybody.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Proclamation 4322

Copy of proclamation obtained here
October 5, 1974
By the President of the United States of America
A Proclamation
For more than four decades, America has set aside a special day each year to emphasize the importance of child health.
In these decades, we have written a story of significant progress in child health, as the national infant mortality rate has been sharply cut and many childhood diseases have been conquered or diminished in their severity. For many handicapped children, in particular, advances in surgical techniques and treatment have created new hope for happy, productive lives.
We can be proud of this progress. Yet, as every parent knows, the threat of serious disease still hangs over the lives of our children, striking fear in the hearts of those who love and cherish them. Our challenge—and the one to which this Administration will be committed—is to continue steadfastly in reducing the health hazards to children through adequate programs which will assure their continued good health throughout childhood.
The Congress has, by the joint Resolution of May 18, 1928 (36 U.S.C.- 143), requested that the President of the United States annually issue a proclamation declaring the first Monday in October as Child Health Day.
Now, Therefore, I, Gerald R. Ford, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim Monday, October 7, 1974, as Child Health Day. I invite all agencies and organizations concerned with child health to unite upon that day in the observance of such activities as will accelerate our progress towards the promotion and protection of child health.
In addition, Child Health Day is an appropriate time to salute the work which the United Nations, through its specialized agencies and the United Nations Children's Fund, is doing to improve the health of the children around the world.
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this fifth day of October, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred seventy-four, and of the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred ninety-ninth.
GERALD R. FORD
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Proclamation 4326

Copy of proclamation obtained here
October 12, 1974
By the President of the United States of America
A Proclamation
From the farms and mines and ranches of America has come a uniquely American art form-the sound which has become known as country music. Once heard only in certain regions of this Nation, the country sound now can be heard from Manhattan's skyscrapers to the beaches of Malibu. The growth of affection for country music in recent years is a heartening sign of the new interest that Americans take in things uniquely American.
A measure of that growth is that there are now more than one thousand radio stations in the United States that play country music exclusively and half of all the radio stations in America play country part of the time. Each day of the year, about twenty-five thousand hours of country music is beamed out into America. Truly, country music has come into its own.
It is a music which can be happy or sad, fast or slow, but it is always about life. The words of country music songs talk about life the way it is really lived. Country music is life with a melody.
Now, Therefore, I, Gerald R. Ford, President of the United States of America, ask the people of this Nation to mark the month of October 1974, with suitable observances as Country Music Month.
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this twelfth day of October, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred seventy-four, and of the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred ninety-ninth.
GERALD R. FORD
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Proclamation 4318

Copy of proclamation obtained here
September 27, 1974
By the President of the United States of America
A Proclamation
No one has a fuller appreciation and respect for nature than the American sportsman. Hunters and anglers were among the first to warn us of the need to conserve America's fish and wildlife resources, and many of them have played an active, voluntary role in restoring and enriching America's splendid natural heritage.
In recognition of the significant contributions of American hunters and fishermen in enhancing and preserving our environment, and to dramatize the continued need for gun and boat safety, the Congress, by House Joint Resolution 910, 93rd Congress, has requested the President to declare the fourth Saturday of September, 1974, as National Hunting and Fishing Day.
Now, Therefore, I, Gerald R. Ford, President of the United States of America, do hereby designate Saturday, September 28, 1974, as National Hunting and Fishing Day.
I urge all of our citizens to join with outdoor sports-men in the wise use of our natural resources and in insuring their proper management for the benefit of future generations.
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-seventh day of September, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred seventy-four and of the Independence of the United States of America, the one hundred ninety-ninth.
GERALD R. FORD
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Proclamation 4324

Copy of proclamation obtained here
October 7, 1974
By the President of the United States of America
A Proclamation
The two hundred years which have passed since America's birth has witnessed a dramatic change in our society. From a primarily rural nation, we have grown to a country of great cities and towns, and farmers now make up less than five percent of our national population.
As we have learned from our recent food shortages, however, the cities have not lost their fundamental dependence upon the farms for the basics in life. Nor are our farms any less dependent upon our urban centers for their products and services.
There is, indeed, a continuing partnership, often recognized but little honored. It is that partnership we must build upon to achieve a new abundance and prosperity in the future.
Now, Therefore, I, Gerald R. Ford, President of the United States of America, do hereby designate the period November 22 through November 28, 1974 as National Farm-City Week.
I invite our civic and business groups, our agricultural organizations, our service clubs, our labor unions, our schools and other interested groups to participate in this observance. I request the United States Department of Agriculture, our land-grant educational institutions, and all appropriate organizations and Government officials to mark the significance of National Farm-City Week with special events and activities.
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this seventh day of October, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred seventy-four, and of the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred ninety-ninth.
GERALD R. FORD
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Proclamation 4325

Copy of proclamation obtained here
October 10, 1974
By the President of the United States of America
A Proclamation
On October 11, 1974, we will honor the 195th anniversary of the death of Casimir Pulaski, the selfless patriot who fought courageously for the cause of freedom both in Poland and in America. It was on October 11, 1779, that Pulaski gave his life for our young Republic, fatally wounded while leading a cavalry charge in the battle of Savannah.
Today, we pay grateful tribute to the heroic sacrifice of Casimir Pulaski. And as we do so, we also pay tribute to all Americans of Polish ancestry whose talents, energies, and devotion to freedom have contributed greatly to the growth of this Nation since the earliest days.
Now, Therefore, I, Gerald R. Ford, President of the United States of America, do hereby designate Friday, October 11, 1974, as General Pulaski's Memorial Day and I direct the appropriate Government officials to display the flag of the United States on all Government buildings on that day.
I also invite the people of the United States to observe the day with appropriate ceremonies in honor of the memory of General Pulaski and his dedication to the defense of liberty.
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this tenth day of October, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred seventy-four, and of the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred ninety-ninth.
GERALD R. FORD
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse