OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Resolution to Organize the Northwest Territory

Reported and adopted by the Congress of the Confederation on 15 October 1783. Source: Journals of the Continental Congress --WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 15, 1783, Library of Congress, pp. 681 – 695. Retrieved 22-07-2009.
The committee in their report observe further, "that they do not offer the measures which they have suggested as a sufficient security against the increase of feeble, disorderly and dispersed settlements in those remote and wide extended territories; against the depravity of manners which they have a tendency to produce; the endless perplexities in which they must involve the administration of the affairs of the United States; or against the calamities of frequent and destructive wars with the Indians, which reciprocal animosities unrestrained by the interposition of legal authority must naturally excite; and that in their opinion nothing can avert those complicated and impending mischiefs, or secure to the United States the just and important advantages which they ought to derive from those territories, but the speedy establishment of government and the regular administration of justice in such district thereof as shall be judged most convenient for immediate settlement and cultivation: whereupon,
Resolved, That it will be wise and necessary, as soon as circumstances shall permit, to erect a district of the western territory into a distinct government, as well for doing justice to the army of the United States, who are entitled to such lands as a bounty, or in reward of their services, as for the accommodation of such as may incline to become purchasers and inhabitants; and in the Interim, that a committee be appointed to report a plan, consistent with the principles of the confederation, for connecting with the union by a temporary government, the purchasers and inhabitants of the said district, until their number and circumstances shall entitle them to form a permanent constitution for themselves, and as citizens of a free, sovereign and independent state, to be admitted to a representation in the union; provided always, that such constitution shall not be incompatible with the republican principles, which are the basis of the constitutions of the respective staies in the union.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Resolution on the Capital, Calendar, National Anthem and National Flag of the People's Republic of China

* information about this edition.
* related portals: Legislative documents, China.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Adopted at the First Plenary Session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference on September 27, 1949.
1. It is unanimously adopted that Beiping shall be the capital of the People's Republic of China and shall be renamed Beijing beginning from today.
2. It is unanimously adopted that the Gregorian calendar shall be used as the chronological system in the People's Republic of China. This year is nineteen forty-nine.
3. It is unanimously adopted that before the official national anthem of the People's Republic of China is composed, the March of the Volunteers shall be used as the national anthem.
4. It is unanimously adopted that the national flag of the People's Republic of China shall be a flag with five stars on a field of red, symbolizing the great unity of the revolutionary Chinese people.
This work is in the public domain because it is exempted by Article 5 of Chinese copyright law. This exempts all Chinese government and judicial documents, and their official translations, from copyright. It also exempts simple factual information, and calendars, numerical tables, and other forms of general use and formulas.
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# Rinaldi v. Yeager

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.

## Dissenting Opinion

    Harlan
United States Supreme Court
384 U.S. 305
Rinaldi v. Yeager
Argued: April 21, 1966. --- Decided: May 31, 1966
Frederick B. Lacey, Newark, N.J., for appellant.
Alan B. Handler, Newark, N.J., for appellees.
Mr. Justice STEWART delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Robert's Rules of Order Revised for Deliberative Assemblies

ROBERT'S Rules of Order Revised FOR DELIBERATIVE ASSEMBLIES
PART I RULES OF ORDER A COMPENDIUM OF PARLIAMENTARY LAW, BASED UPON THE RULES AND PRACTICE OF CONGRESS
PART II ORGANIZATION AND CONDUCT OF BUSINESS A SIMPLE EXPLANATION OF THE METHODS OF ORGANIZING AND CONDUCTING THE BUSINESS OF SOCIETIES, CONVENTIONS, AND OTHER DELIBERATIVE ASSEMBLIES
BY
GENERAL HENRY M. ROBERT U. S. Army
INCLUSIVE OF ROBERT'S RULES OF ORDER SEVEN HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SECOND THOUSAND
SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPANY
Copyright, 1915 By HENRY M. ROBERT All Rights Reserved
[Copyrights of the Pocket Manual of Rules of Order (Robert's Rules of Order) Copyright, 1876, 1893, 1904, 1918, 1921 By H. M. ROBERT]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Part I.—Rules of Order.
Art. I.—How Business is Conducted in Deliberative Assemblies.
Art. II.—General Classification of Motions.
Art. III.—Privileged Motions.
Art. V.—Subsidiary Motions.
Art. VI.—Some Main and Unclassified Motions.
Art. VIII.—Vote.
Art. IX.—Committees and Boards.
Art. X.—The Officers and the Minutes.
Art. XI.—Miscellaneous.
Part II.—Organization, Meetings, and Legal Rights of Assemblies.
§ 69. An Occasional or Mass Meeting.
70. A Permanent Society.
71. Meeting of a Convention.
Art. XIII.—Legal Rights of Assemblies and Trial of Their Members.
Plan for Study of Parliamentary Law.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Robert's Rules of Order

* Pocket Manual of Rules of Order for Deliberative Assemblies (1876)
* Robert's Rules of Order Revised for Deliberative Assemblies (1915)
# Robert's Parliamentary Practice/Preface

PREFACE
Robert's Rules of Order was published forty-five years ago with a view to furnishing a set of rules of order that any assembly might adopt, and thus avoid waste of time in constant discussion of what is parliamentary law in particular cases. When its circulation had reached a half million copies, six years ago, a revised and greatly enlarged edition was published under the title of Rules of Order Revised. The object of this book being to furnish a set of rules of order to be adopted by societies, it is necessary that the rules should be exhaustive and very brief. This prevents explanations and illustrations that are necessary for one unfamiliar with the subject. If the book were adapted to the needs of the novice it would not be suitable for adoption as the rules of order of a society.
Therefore, while revising the Rules of Order, the author decided to write a work on parliamentary law solely for the reader, using all the space necessary to make each subject simple and clear. This made the book, entitled "Parliamentary Law," a large work, and no way was seen to reduce its size without sacrificing ​either clearness or important subjects. It is almost complete and will be published in the near future. Since the resulting cost will prevent this work from reaching the masses, the author decided to write a book for beginners, whether they are simply readers or students in classes.
The result is this volume, "Parliamentary Practice: An Introduction to Parliamentary Law," which is designed as an introduction to the two other books. Its characteristic feature is the illustration of nearly every point in common parliamentary practice by giving the exact words of both the chairman and the member through the procedure. Neither this book nor Parliamentary Law should be adopted by organizations as their parliamentary authority or their rules of order. Rules of Order is designed for that particular purpose, and it is the author's opinion that every owner of Rules of Order Revised will find its value greatly enhanced if this introductory book is first mastered
Henry M. Robert.
May 2, 1921.
# Robinson v. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
222 U.S. 506
Robinson v. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company
Argued: April 28, 1911. --- Decided: January 9, 1912
Mr. Charles H. Leeds for plaintiff in error.
Messrs. Hugh L. Bond, Jr., W. Irvine Cross, and A. Hunter Boyd, Jr., for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice Van Devanter delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Robinson v. Caldwell

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
165 U.S. 359
Robinson v. Caldwell
Asst. Atty. Gen. Dickinson, for appellant.
Chas. A. Maxwell and George S.C.hase, for appellee.
Mr. Justice HARLAN, after stating the facts in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Robinson v. California

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article.
Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660 (1962), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the use of civil imprisonment as punishment solely for the misdemeanor crime of "using" or being under the influence of a controlled substance was a violation of the Eighth Amendment's protection against cruel and unusual punishment.

## Concurring Opinions

    Douglas
    Harlan

## Dissenting Opinions

    Clark
    White
Supreme Court of the United States
370 U.S. 660
Robinson v. California
Appeal from the Appellate Department, Superior Court of California, Los Angeles County
No. 554 Argued: April 17, 1962 --- Decided: June 25, 1962
A California statute makes it a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment for any person to "be addicted to the use of narcotics," and, in sustaining petitioner's conviction thereunder, the California courts construed the statute as making the "status" of narcotic addiction a criminal offense for which the offender may be prosecuted "at any time before he reforms," even though he has never used or possessed any narcotics within the State and has not been guilty of any antisocial behavior there.
Held: As so construed and applied, the statute inflicts a cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. Pp. 660-668.
Reversed.
# Robinson v. California/Concurrence Harlan

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinions Douglas Harlan
* Dissenting Opinions Clark White
MR. JUSTICE HARLAN, concurring.
I am not prepared to hold that, on the present state of medical knowledge, it is completely irrational, and hence unconstitutional, for a State to conclude that narcotics addiction is something other than an illness, nor that it amounts to cruel and unusual punishment for the State to subject narcotics addicts to its criminal law. Insofar as addiction may be identified with the use or possession of narcotics within the State (or, I would suppose, without the State), in violation of local statutes prohibiting such acts, it may surely be reached by the State's criminal law. But in this case, the trial court's instructions permitted the jury to find the appellant guilty on no more proof than that he was present in California while he was addicted to narcotics. Since addiction alone cannot [p679] reasonably be thought to amount to more than a compelling propensity to use narcotics, the effect of this instruction was to authorize criminal punishment for a bare desire to commit a criminal act.
If the California statute reaches this type of conduct, and, for present purposes, we must accept the trial court's construction as binding, Terminiello v. Chicago, 337 U.S. 1, 4, it is an arbitrary imposition which exceeds the power that a State may exercise in enacting its criminal law. Accordingly, I agree that the application of the California statute was unconstitutional in this case. and join the judgment of reversal.

## Note

* The jury was instructed that
    it is not incumbent upon the People to prove the unlawfulness of defendant's use of narcotics. All that the People must show is either that the defendant did use a narcotic in Los Angeles County or that, while in the City of Los Angeles, he was addicted to the use of narcotics.
(Emphasis added.) Although the jury was told that it should acquit if the appellant proved that his
    being addicted to the use of narcotics was administered [sic] by or under the direction of a person licensed by the State of California to prescribe and administer narcotics,
this part of the instruction did not cover other possible lawful uses which could have produced the appellant's addiction.
# Roderick Hudson (unsourced edition)

Is a novel by Henry James. Originally published in 1875 as a serial in The Atlantic Monthly, it is a bildungsroman that traces the development of the title character, an extremely talented sculptor.Warning: template has been deprecated.

## Table of Contents

* Chapter I - Rowland
* Chapter II - Roderick
* Chapter III - Rome
* Chapter IV - Experience
* Chapter V - Christina
* Chapter VI - Frascati
* Chapter VII - Saint Cecilia's
* Chapter VIII - Provocation
* Chapter IX - Mary Garland
* Chapter X - The Cavaliere
* Chapter XI - Mrs. Hudson
* Chapter XII - The Princess Casamassima
* Chapter XIII - Switzerland
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Royal Naval Biography/Clarke, Hyde John

Layout 2
HYDE JOHN CLARKE, Esq. [Commander.]
Was made a lieutenant in 1797, and commander Oct. 21st, 1810.
# Royal Naval Biography/Clarke, William Nehemiah

Layout 2
WILLIAM NEHEMIAH CLARKE, Esq. [Commander.]
Was made a lieutenant on the 10th Sept. 1806; and commander, Dec. 28th, 1826. During several years of the late war, he served under various commanders, in the Redwing sloop, on the Mediterranean station.
# Royal Naval Biography/Clarke, Fletcher Norton

Layout 2
FLETCHER NORTON CLARKE, Esq. [Commander.]
Was made a lieutenant in April, 1802; and promoted to his present rank, while serving under Captain Norborne Thompson, in the Aboukir 74, on the 27th of Aug. 1814.
# Royal Naval Biography/Clay, Edward Sneyd

Layout 2
EDWARD SNEYD CLAY, Esq [Post-Captain of 1802.]
In Sept. 1793 we find this officer serving on board the Alcide, a third rate, forming part of the squadron under ​Commodore Linzee, employed in co-operation with the Corsican General Paoli. He was a Lieutenant of the Venerable, and received a severe wound, in the battle off Camperdown, Oct. 11, 1797; after which he removed with Lord Duncan into the Kent, a new 74-gun ship, in which he continued till Aug. 1799, when he was selected by that nobleman to carry home his despatches announcing the fall of the Helder, and the consequent opening of the Texel to the British fleet. Lord Duncan, on that occasion, adverting to his want of time to give a more detailed account of the proceedings of the expedition sent against Holland, referred the Board of Admiralty to Lieutenant Clay for further particulars, and described him as “an intelligent and deserving officer.”
Lieutenant Clay was promoted to the command of the Zebra bomb, Dec. 3, 1799; and in the following year he accompanied Vice-Admiral Dickson to Elsineur, on a service already noticed at p. 348 et seq. of our first volume. He also served during the expedition against Copenhagen in the spring of 1801. His post commission bears date April 29, 1802.
From this period we find no particular mention of Captain Clay till Dec. 18, 1810, when he had the misfortune to be wrecked in the Nymphe frigate, under his command, at the entrance of the Frith of Forth; a disaster occasioned by his pilot mistaking a lime kiln, burning at Broxmouth, for the May light, and the latter for the Bell rock, in which opinion the Master of the Nymphe unfortunately coincided.
Agent.– Messrs. Cooke, Halford, and Son.
* ↑ See note † at p. 189.
* ↑ See Vol. I, note at p. 150 et seq.
* ↑ See Vol. I. note at p. 414, et seq.
* ↑ See id. p. 365 et seq.
# Royal Naval Biography/Claridge, Charles

Layout 2
CHARLES CLARIDGE, Esq. [Commander.]
Is said to have served as fifth lieutenant of the Defence 74, Captain John Peyton, at the battle of the Nile; but his first commission did not bear an earlier date than Sept. 11th, 1799. He obtained the rank of commander on the 22d Sept. 1806; and an appointment to the Driver ship-sloop, on the Halifax ​station, about April, 1807; but was superseded in the command of that vessel, for misconduct when in presence of an enemy, on the 10th Feb. 1809.
# Royal Naval Biography/Clephan, James

Layout 2
JAMES CLEPHAN, Esq. [Commander.]
Is a native of Fifeshire, and appears to have served his time as an apprentice in the merchant service. In July 1794, having fallen into the hands of a press-gang, he entered as an able seaman on board the Sybil 28, Captain the Hon. Charles Jones, by whom he was rated master’s-mate of the Doris frigate in Oct. 1795. Subsequent to the demise of that officer, we find him serving in the latter ship, under Captains John Halliday and Charles Brisbane, until advanced to the rank of lieutenant for his gallant conduct at the attack and capture of la Chevrette, French national corvette, in Camaret bay, near Brest, July 22d, 1801. To the account already given of this brilliant enterprise, we have now to add, that, although knocked overboard when mounting her side, he was the first person who gained the enemy’s deck; and that he there received several slight wounds, of which no mention was made in the surgeon’s report. On receiving his first commission from Admiral Cornwallis, that veteran ​chief thus addressed him: – “Your country is much indebted to you for your gallant services s you are now a lieutenant of the Namur; – you well deserve your promotion; – few officers have earned it so hardly.”
The Namur 90, Captain the Hon. Michael De Courcy, was paid off in April, 1802; from which period Mr. Clephan continued on half-pay until Mar. 1803, when he was appointed to the Spartiate 74, Captain George Murray. In this ship he visited the West Indies, under the command of Sir Francis Laforey, at whose particular request he became her first lieutenant immediately after the battle of Trafalgar, and remained as such until she was put out of commission in Dec. 1809. His next appointment was, in Aug. 1810, to be first of the Dragon 74, fitting out for the flag of Sir Francis, by whom he was promoted to the command of the Charybdis sloop, on the Leeward Islands’ station, April 20th, 1811.
On the 31st Dec. 1812, Commander Clephan captured the American schooner privateer Blockade, of 10 guns and 66 men, near the island of Saba. The Charybdis was paid off at Deptford, in Aug. 1815; since which he has not been employed.
* ↑ Afterwards Viscount Ranelagh.
* ↑ Dec 24th, 1800.
* ↑ See Vol. II. Part II. p. 884 et seq.
* ↑ See Suppl. Part III. p. 181.
# Royal Naval Biography/Clements, John

Layout 2
JOHN CLEMENTS, Esq Rear-Admiral of the Red.
At the commencement of the war with the French republic, this officer commanded the Spitfire sloop. He was promoted to the rank of Post-Captain, Oct. 24, 1794. In the summer of 1802, he obtained the command of the Fortunée, of 40 guns; and on the 8th Sept. following, sailed from the Downs in company with two other frigates and a sloop, with Dutch troops on board, bound to the Texel. On the 10th, owing to the pilot mistaking a buoy, the Fortunée struck on a sand bank, lost her masts and rudder, and was bilged. The next morning she was got into the Texel, where, by the great exertions of her commander, officers, and crew, and the assistance rendered by the other ships, she was put in a state of repair sufficient to enable her to proceed to England, under the escort of another frigate.
In the following year, Captain Clements was appointed to the Sea Fencible service at Leith. He subsequently commanded the Texel, of 64 guns, and Berwick, 74. His advancement to the rank of Rear-Admiral took place, Dec. 4, 1813.
# Royal Naval Biography/Clark, Samuel

Layout 2
SAMUEL CLARK, Esq. [Commander.]
Was also a first lieutenant at the battle near St. Domingo, and promoted on the same day as the above officer. In Sept. ​1808, he was appointed to the command of the Rolla sloop: and on the 6th Oct. 1811, he captured l’Espoir French privateer, of 16 guns and 50 men, off Fecamp.
# Read—Sweet—how others—strove—

* "The Book of Martyrs" in Poems (1890)
* "Read, sweet, how others strove" in The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson (1924)
# Reagan v. Mercantile Trust Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
154 U.S. 413
Reagan v. Mercantile Trust Company
C. A. Culberson, Atty. Gen. Texas, Henry C. Coke, and W. S. Simkins, for appellants.
John F. Dillon, E. B. Kruttschnitt, Henry B. Turner, John J. McCook, Winslow S. Pierce, Geo. R. Peck, and J. W. Terry, for appellees.
Mr. Justice BREWER delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Readout of the White House’s Meeting with Young Community Violence Prevention Advocates

Published 2021-02-18
Today, Domestic Policy Advisor Susan Rice and White House Public Engagement Director and Senior Advisor Cedric Richmond hosted a virtual discussion with a wide cross-section of youth advocates for community violence prevention. Participants shared their perspectives around the intersectionality of gun violence, how to craft successful community-based violence interventions, and the importance of survivor-led and victim-centered policymaking in the community violence prevention space.
Ambassador Rice and Senior Advisor Richmond expressed gratitude for the participants’ central role in elevating the issue of gun violence as a public health crisis and ensuring that youth, in particular Black and Brown young people, are at the tables where the violence prevention policies impacting their communities are created. They underscored President Biden’s commitment to taking action to make our communities safer and to ensure that equity drives our policymaking across the federal government.
Participants in today’s meeting included:
* Alycia Moaton, GoodKids MadCity
* Brent Cohen, Generation Progress
* Daud Mumin, March for Our Lives
* Jamira Burley
* Jordan Gomes, Jr., Newtown Action Alliance
* Kina Collins, Gun Violence Prevention Education Center and IL Council Against Handgun Violence
* Lamar Johnson, BRAVE, St. Sabina Church
* Luis Hernandez, Youth Over Guns
* Max Markham, March for Our Lives
* Maxwell Frost, March for Our Lives
* Riley Burns, Jr. Newtown Action Alliance
* Ronnie Mosely
* Tabitha Escalante, March for Our Lives
* Tatiana Washington, March for Our Lives
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Reagan v. Aiken

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
138 U.S. 109
Reagan v. Aiken
[Statement of Case from pages 109-111 intentionally omitted]
John Paul Jones, for plaintiff in error.
J. S. Hogg and C. A. Culbertson, for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice BREWER, after stating the facts as above, delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse