OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Matting

See also Mat on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MATTING, a general term embracing many coarse woven or plaited fibrous materials used for covering floors or furniture, for hanging as screens, for wrapping up heavy merchandise and for other miscellaneous purposes. In the United Kingdom, under the name of “coir” matting, a large amount of a coarse kind of carpet is made from coco-nut fibre; and the same material, as well as strips of cane, Manila hemp, various grasses and rushes, is largely employed in various forms for making door mats. Large quantities of the coco-nut fibre are woven in heavy looms, then cut up into various sizes, and finally bound round the edges by a kind of rope made from the same material. The mats may be of one colour only, or they may be made of different colours and in different designs. Sometimes the names of institutions are introduced into the mats. Another type of mat is made exclusively from the above-mentioned rope by arranging alternate layers in sinuous and straight paths, and then stitching the parts together. It is also largely used for the outer covering of ships’ fenders. Perforated and otherwise prepared rubber, as well as wire-woven material, are also largely utilized for door and floor mats. Matting of various kinds is very extensively employed throughout India for floor coverings, the bottoms of bedsteads, fans and fly-flaps, &c.; and a considerable export trade in such manufactures is carried on. The materials used are numerous; but the principal substances are straw, the bulrushes Typha elephantina and T. angustifolia, leaves of the date palm (Phoenix sylvestris), of the dwarf palm (Chamaerops Ritchiana), of the Palmyra palm (Borassus flabelliformis), of the coco-nut palm (Cocos nucifera) and of the screw pine (Pandanus odoratissimus), the munja or munj grass (Saccharum Munja) and allied grasses, and the mat grasses Cyperus textilis and C. Pangorei, from the last of which the well-known Palghat mats of the Madras Presidency are made. Many of these Indian grass-mats are admirable examples of elegant design, and the colours in which they are woven are rich, harmonious and effective in the highest degree. Several useful household articles are made from the different kinds of grasses. The grasses are dyed in all shades and plaited to form attractive designs suitable for the purposes to which they are to be applied. This class of work obtains in India, Japan and other Eastern countries. Vast quantities of coarse matting used for packing furniture, heavy and coarse goods, flax and other plants, &c., are made in Russia from the bast or inner bark of the lime tree. This industry centres in the great forest governments of Viatka, Nizhniy-Novgorod, Kostroma, Kazan, Perm and Simbirsk.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mattock

See also Mattock on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MATTOCK (O.E. mattuc, of uncertain origin), a tool having a double iron head, of which one end is shaped like an adze, and the other like a pickaxe. The head has a socket in the centre in which the handle is inserted transversely to the blades. It is used chiefly for grubbing and rooting among tree stumps in plantations and copses, where the roots are too close for the use of a spade, or for loosening hard soil.
# Yiddish Tales/Abraham Raisin

Contents
ABRAHAM RAISIN
Born, 1876, in Kaidanov, Government of Minsk (Lithuania), White Russia; traditional Jewish education; self-taught in Russian language; teacher at fifteen, first in Kaidanov, then in Minsk; first poem published in Perez's Jüdische Bibliothek, in 1891; served in the army, in Kovno, for four years; went to Warsaw in 1900, and to New York in 1911; Yiddish lyric poet and novelist; occasionally writes Hebrew; contributor to Spektor's Hausfreund, New York Abendpost, and New York Arbeiterzeitung; co-editor of Das zwanzigste Jahrhundert; in 1903, published and edited, in Cracow, Das jüdische Wort, first to urge the claim of Yiddish as the national Jewish language; publisher and editor, since 1911, of Dos neie Land, in New York; collected works (poems and tales), 4 vols., Warsaw, 1908-1912.
Shut In The Charitable Loan The Two Brothers Lost His Voice Late The Kaddish Avrohom the Orchard-Keeper
# Yiatchos v. Yiatchos

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
376 U.S. 306
Yiatchos v. Yiatchos
Argued: Jan. 7, 1964. --- Decided: March 9, 1964
Ernest R. Whitmore, Jr., Wenatchee, Wash., for petitioner.
Charles W. Cone, Wenatchee, Wash., for respondents.
Ernest R. Whitmore, Jr., Wenatchee, Wash., for petitioner.
Charles W. Cone, Wenatchee, Wash., for respondents.
Mr. Justice WHITE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Yiddish Tales

Contents
Contents
CONTENTS :
| Preface | Preface | 5 |
| Acknowledgment | Acknowledgment | 8 |
| Reuben Asher Braudes |||
| The Misfortune | The Misfortune | 13 |
| Jehalel (Judah Löb Lewin) |||
| Earth of Palestine | Earth of Palestine | 29 |
| Isaac Löb Perez |||
| A Woman's Wrath | A Woman's Wrath | 55 |
| The Treasure | The Treasure | 62 |
| It Is Well | It Is Well | 67 |
| Whence a Proverb | Whence a Proverb | 73 |
| Mordecai Spektor |||
| An Original Strike | An Original Strike | 83 |
| A Gloomy Wedding | A Gloomy Wedding | 91 |
| Poverty | Poverty | 107 |
| Sholom-Alechem (Shalom Rabinovitz) |||
| The Clock | The Clock | 115 |
| Fishel the Teacher | Fishel the Teacher | 125 |
| An Easy Fast | An Easy Fast | 143 |
| The Passover Guest | The Passover Guest | 153 |
| Gymnasiye | Gymnasiye | 162 |
| Eliezer David Rosenthal |||
| Sabbath | Sabbath | 183 |
| Yom Kippur | Yom Kippur | 189 |
| Isaiah Lerner |||
| Bertzi Wasserführer | Bertzi Wasserführer | 211 |
| Ezrielk the Scribe | Ezrielk the Scribe | 219 |
| Yitzchok-Yossel Broitgeber | Yitzchok-Yossel Broitgeber | 236 |
| Judah Steinberg |||
| A Livelihood | A Livelihood | 251 |
| At the Matzes | At the Matzes | 259 |
| David Frischmann |||
| Three Who Ate | Three Who Ate | 269 |
| Micha Joseph Berdyczewski |||
| Military Service | Military Service | 281 ​ |
| Isaiah Berschadski |||
| Forlorn and Forsaken | Forlorn and Forsaken | 295 |
| Tashrak (Israel Joseph Zevin) |||
| The Hole in a Beigel | The Hole in a Beigel | 309 |
| As the Years Roll on | As the Years Roll on | 312 |
| David Pinski |||
| Reb Shloimeh | Reb Shloimeh | 319 |
| S. Libin (Israel Hurewitz) |||
| A Picnic | A Picnic | 357 |
| Manasseh | Manasseh | 366 |
| Yohrzeit for Mother | Yohrzeit for Mother | 371 |
| Slack Times They Sleep | Slack Times They Sleep | 377 |
| Abraham Raisin |||
| Shut In | Shut In | 385 |
| The Charitable Loan | The Charitable Loan | 389 |
| The Two Brothers | The Two Brothers | 397 |
| Lost His Voice | Lost His Voice | 405 |
| Late | Late | 415 |
| The Kaddish | The Kaddish | 421 |
| Avrohom the Orchard-Keeper | Avrohom the Orchard-Keeper | 427 |
| Hirsh David Naumberg |||
| The Rav and the Rav's Son | The Rav and the Rav's Son | 435 |
| Meyer Blinkin |||
| Women | Women | 449 |
| Löb Schapiro |||
| If It Was a Dream | If It Was a Dream | 481 |
| Shalom Asch |||
| A Simple Story | A Simple Story | 493 |
| A Jewish Child | A Jewish Child | 506 |
| A Scholar's Mother | A Scholar's Mother | 514 |
| The Sinner | The Sinner | 529 |
| Isaac Dob Berkowitz |||
| Country Folk | Country Folk | 543 |
| The Last of Them | The Last of Them | 566 |
| A Folk Tale |||
| The Clever Rabbi | The Clever Rabbi | 581 |
| Glossary and Notes | Glossary and Notes | 589 |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thomas, Isaiah

See also Isaiah Thomas on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749–1831), American printer, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on the 19th of January 1749. He was apprenticed in 1755 to Zechariah Fowle, a Boston printer, with whom, after working as a printer in Halifax, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and Charleston, South Carolina, he formed a partnership in 1770. He issued in Boston the Massachusetts Spy three times each week, then (under his sole ownership) as a semi-weekly, and beginning in 1771, as a weekly which soon espoused the Whig cause and which the government tried to suppress. On the 16th of April 1775 (three days before the battle of Concord, in which he took part) he took his presses and types from Boston and set them up at Worcester, where he was postmaster for a time; here he published and sold books and built a paper-mill and bindery, and he continued. the paper until about 1802 except in 1776–1778 and in 1786–1788. The S py supported Washington and the Federalist party. In Boston Thomas published, in 1774, the Royal American Magazine, which was continued for a short time by Joseph Greenleaf, and which contained many engravings by Paul Revere; and in 1775–1803 the New England Almanac, continued until 1819 by his son. He set up printing houses and book stores in various parts of the country, and in Boston with Ebenezer T. Andrews, published the Massachusetts Magazine, a monthly, from 1789 to 1793. At Walpole, New Hampshire, he published the Farmer’s Museum. About 1802 he gave over to his son, Isaiah Thomas, junr., his business at Worcester including the control of the Spy. Thomas founded in 1812 the American Antiquarian Society. He died in Worcester on the 4th of April 1831.
His History of Printing in America, with ct Biography of Printers, and an Account of Newspapers (2 vols., 1810; 2nd ed., 1874, with a catalogue of American publications previous to 1776 and a memoir of Isaiah Thomas, by his grandson B. F. Thomas) is an important work, accurate and thorough.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thomas, Theodore

See also Theodore Thomas (conductor) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THOMAS, THEODORE} (1835–1905), American musician, was born in Esens, Germany, on the 11th of October 1835. His early musical training was received chiefly from his father. At the age of five he made his first public appearance as a violinist. In 1845 he was taken to America by his parents, and became first violin in the orchestra that accompanied Jenny Lind in 1850, Sontag in 1852 and Grisi and Mario in 1854. In 1862 he began to organize his own orchestra, and from 1864 to 1878 were performed a series of symphony concerts inaugurated by him in Irving Hall, which were regarded as one of the great musical institutions of New York City. His “summer night” concerts begun in 1866 in Terrace Garden were continued in Central Park. From 1855 to 1868 he took part in a series of chamber music concerts in New York. In the latter year his orchestra made its first tour, and continued to give concerts in various American cities until it was disbanded in 1888. To Theodore Thomas is largely due the popularization of Wagner’s ​works in America, and it was he who founded the Wagner union in 1872. During most of the seasons from 1877 to 1891 he was conductor of the New York Philharmonic Society, and from 1862 to 1891, of the Brooklyn Philharmonic Society. He was director of the Cincinnati College of Music (1878–1879), conductor of the American Opera Company (1886–1887), and for more than thirty years (1873–1904) the conductor of the biennial May festivals at Cincinnati. In 1891 he removed to Chicago, and became the conductor of the Chicago Orchestra; in 1893 he was musical director of the Columbian Exposition. He died on the 4th of January 1905.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thomas, Pierre

See also Pierre Thomas on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THOMAS, PIERRE (1634–1698), sieur du Fossé, French scholar and author, was the son of a master of accounts at Rouen. He was sent as a child to be educated at Port Royal, and there he received his final bent towards the life of a recluse, and even of a hermit, which drew him to establish himself in the neighbourhood of Port Royal des Champs. In 1661 he came to Paris, and in 1666 was arrested along with I. L. Le Maistre (de Sacy), and after a month in the Bastille was exiled to his estate of Fossé. He later made yearly visits to Paris. Apart from his collaboration with de Sacy, Thomas wrote some hagiographic works and left Mémoires (1697–1698 and again 1876–1879), which are highly praised by Ste Beuve as being a remarkable mirror of the life at Port Royal.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist

See also Sidney Gilchrist Thomas on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850–1885), British inventor, was born on the 16th of April 1850 at Canonbury, London. His father, a Welshman, was in the civil service, and his mother was the daughter of the Rev. James Gilchrist. His father’s death leaving his family with a considerably reduced income, he gave up his original idea of becoming a doctor and obtained an appointment as a police court clerk, which he held till May 1879. During these twelve years, besides the work of a busy police court, which brought him into intimate contact with social problems, he found time to study chemistry, and attended lectures at the Birkbeck Institute. He set himself to solve the problem of eliminating phosphorus from iron by means of the Bessemer converter, and by the end of 1875 was convinced that he had discovered a method. He communicated his theory to his cousin, P. C. Gilchrist, who was chemist to iron works in Wales, and experiments were made, which proved satisfactory. Edward Martin, manager of the Blaenavon Works, gave facilities for conducting the experiments on a larger scale and undertook to help in taking out a patent. In March 1878, the first public announcement of the discovery was made at the meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute, but without attracting much attention; and in September a paper was written by Thomas and Gilchrist on the “Elimination of Phosphorus in the Bessemer Converter” for the autumn meeting of this institute, but was not read till May 1879. Thomas, however, made the acquaintance of E. W. Richards, the manager of Bolckow Vaughan & Co.’s works at Cleveland, Yorkshire, whom he interested in the process, and from this time the success of the invention was assured and domestic and foreign patents were taken out. The “basic process” invented by Thomas was especially valuable on the continent of Europe, where the proportion of phosphoric iron is much larger than in England, and both in Belgium and in Germany the name of the inventor became more widely known than in his own country. In America, although non-phosphoric iron largely predominates, an immense interest was taken in the invention. But Thomas had been overworking for years, and his lungs became affected. A long sea voyage and a residence in Egypt proved unavailing to restore his health and he died in Paris on the 1st of February 1885. He had what W. E. Gladstone, in a review of the Memoirs published in 1891, described as an “enthusiasm of humanity,” and he left his fortune to be used for the promotion of philanthropic work. A police court mission was endowed in his memory.
See Memoirs and Letters of Sidney Gilchrist Thomas (1891), ed. by R. W. Burnie.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Raimbach, Abraham

See also Abraham Raimbach on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​RAIMBACH, ABRAHAM (1776–1843), English line-engraver, a Swiss by descent, was born in London in 1776. Educated at Archbishop Tenison’s Library School, he was an apprentice to J. Hall the engraver from 1789 to 1796. For nine years part of his working-time was devoted to the study of drawing in the Royal Academy and to executing occasional engravings for the booksellers, whilst his leisure hours were employed in painting portraits in miniature. Having formed an intimacy with Sir David Wilkie, Raimbach in 1812 began to engrave some of that master’s best pictures. At his death, in 1843, he held a gold medal awarded to him for his “Village Politicians” at the Paris Exhibition of 1814. He was elected corresponding member of the Institute of France in 1835.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Miramon, Miguel

See also Miguel Miramón on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MIRAMON, MIGUEL (1832–1867), Mexican soldier of French extraction, was born in the city of Mexico, on the 29th of September 1832, and shot with the Emperor Maximilian at Queretaro on the 19th of June 1867. While still a student he helped to defend the military academy at Chapultepec against the forces of the United States; and, entering the army in 1852, he rapidly came to the front during the civil wars. It was largely due to Miramon’s support of the ecclesiastical party against Alvarez and Comonfort that Zuloaga was raised to the presidency; and in 1859 he was called to succeed him in that office. Decisively beaten by the Liberals in 1860, he spent some time in Europe advocating foreign intervention in Mexican affairs; and returned as a partisan of Maximilian. His ability as a soldier was shown by his double defence of Puebla in 1856.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mirande

See also Mirande on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MIRANDE, a town of south-western France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Gers, on the left bank of the Grande Baise, 17 m. S.S.W. of Auch by the Southern railway. Pop. (1906), 2368. Mirande is laid out on the uniform plan typical of the bastide. Its church, built at the beginning of the 15th century, is chiefly remarkable for its porch which bestrides the Rue de l’Évêché and is surmounted by two flying buttresses supporting a belfry of Flemish appearance. The remains of ramparts are still to be seen and the principal street is bordered by ancient arcades. The town has a sub-prefecture and a tribunal of first instance. The trade is in live-stock and agricultural products. Tanning and wood-turning are carried on.
Mirande was founded in 1286 by the monks of Berdones and the seneschal of Toulouse acting on behalf of Philip IV. During the 14th century it was the capital of the counts of Astarac.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Miranzai Valley

See also Miranzai Valley on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MIRANZAI VALLEY, or Hangu, a mountain valley on the Kohat border of the North-West Frontier Province of India. Miranzai comprises two valleys draining S.W. into the Kunam and N.E. into the Kohat Toi. It is thus divided into upper and lower Miranzai, and extends from Thal to Raisan, and from the Zaimukht and Orakzai hills to those of the Khattaks. Its length is about 40 m., and its breadth varies from 3 to 7 m. Area, 546 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 43,901. The portion of Miranzai east of Hangu village consists of numerous small and well-cultivated valleys, in which orchard trees flourish abundantly. To the west of Hangu, including the whole of Upper Miranzai, the country is a broad, open, breezy valley. The plain is bare of trees, but the hills are generally covered with scrub. The country is full of ravines towards Thal. The wealth of the inhabitants consists principally in cattle, goats and sheep; of these the cows are of a lean and dwarf breed, and give but little milk. Miranzai forms the meeting place of many different tribes; but its chief inhabitants are the Bangash and Orakzais. Disturbances have necessitated British expeditions in 1851, 1855, and twice in 1891.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mirbeau, Octave Henri Marie

See also Octave Mirbeau on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MIRBEAU, OCTAVE HENRI MARIE (1850-), French dramatist and journalist, was born at Trevières (Calvados) on the 16th of February 1850. He was educated in a Jesuit school at Vannes, and studied law in Paris. He began his journalistic career as dramatic critic of the Bonapartist paper, L’Ordre. For a short time before 1877 he was sous-préfet and then préfet of Saint-Girons, but from that time he devoted himself to literature. He was one of the earliest defenders of the Impressionist painters. His witty articles in the anti-republican papers, and his attacks on established reputations, involved him in more than one duel. He gradually developed extreme individualist views. In 1890 he began to write for the Révolte, but his anarchist sympathies were definitely checked by the murder of President Carnot in 1894. He was one of the early and consistent defenders of Captain Alfred Dreyfus. He married in 1887 the actress Alice Regnault. His first novel, Jean Marcellin (1885), attracted little attention, but he made his mark as a conteur with a series of tales of the Norman peasantry, Lettres de ma chaumière (1886). Le Calvaire (1887), a chapter of which on the defeat of 1870 aroused much discussion, was followed by L’Abbé Jules (1888), the story of a mad priest; by Sebastien Roch (1890), a bitter picture of the Jesuit school in which his own early years were spent; Le Jardin des supplices (1899), a Chinese story; Les Mémoires d’une femme de chambre (1901); and Les Vingt-et-un jours d’un neurasthénique (1902). In 1897 his five-act piece, Les Mauvais Bergers, was played at the Renaissance by Sarah Bernhardt, and he followed this up with Les Affaires sont les affaires (Théâtre Français, 1903), which was adapted by Sydney Grundy for Sir H. Beerbohm Tree in 1905. Some of his short pieces are collected as Farces et moralités (1904).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mirfield

See also Mirfield on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MIRFIELD, an urban district in the Morley parliamentary division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 3 m. S.W. of Dewsbury, on the Lancashire & Yorkshire and London & North-Western railways. Pop. (1901), 11,341. The church of St Mary was completed in 1874, from designs of Sir Gilbert Scott. The tower of the ancient church remains. The large industrial population is employed in woollen, cotton, carpet and blanket manufactures, and in the numerous collieries in the vicinity.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mirandola

See also Mirandola on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MIRANDOLA, a town of Emilia, Italy, in the province of Modena, 191/2 m. N. by E. of it by rail, 59 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901), 15,162 The Palazzo del Commune is a 15th-century edifice of Gothic style. The castle of the Pico family, who held the town from the 14th century to 1710, when the last member was deprived of his dominions by Joseph I. of Austria, is almost entirely destroyed. The height of the fortunes of this family was from about 1450 to 1550, Giovanni (b. 1463, d. 1494) being its ablest and most learned member (see Pico). The cathedral, dating from the end of the 16th century, has been restored. S. Francesco is a fine Gothic church.