OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Paphnutius, surnamed Bubalus

Paphnutius (5) (Pafnutius, Pynuphius, surnamed Bubalus, and Cephala), an anchoret and priest in the Scetic desert in Egypt. Cassian's words (Coll. iv. c. 1) regarding his promotion of abbat Daniel to the diaconate and priesthood have been held to prove that a presbyter had the power of ordaining, but Bingham (Ant. bk. ii. 3, 7) will not admit that Cassian is to be so understood. When Cassian visited him in 395, he was 90 years old, but hale and active (Coll. iii. c. 1). He seems to have fled twice from the Scetic into Syria for greater solitude and perfection (Cass. de Coen. Inst. iv. cc. 30, 31), and with some others had in 373 already found refuge at Diocaesarea in Palestine (Tillem. vi. 250, 251, ed. 1732). In the anthropomorphic controversy between Theophilus bp. of Alexandria and the monks of the Egyptian desert, Paphnutius took the side of the bishop and orthodoxy (Cass. Coll. x. c. 2) ; his attempt to convert the aged Serapion and his failure, till Photinus came, is very curious (ib. 3).
[J.G.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Paschasinus

Paschasinus (2), bp. of Lilybaeum in Sicily, c. 440, when that country was devastated by Vandal raids (Leonis Magni, Ep. iii. c. i. Migne's ed., note e). LEO Great, sending him pecuniary assistance, consulted him about the Paschal cycle (a.d. 443). He replies in favour of the Alexandrian computation against the Roman, but in an abject strain of deference to his patron. He relates in confirmation of his view a miracle which used to occur in the baptistery of an outlying church on the property of his see on the true Paschal Eve every year, the water rising miraculously in the font (ib. c. 3). In 451 he received another letter from Leo desiring him to make inquiries as to the Paschal cycle (Ep. lxxxviii. c. 4) and sending him the Tome to stir up his energies in the cause of orthodoxy. Immediately after he was sent as one of Leo's legates to the council of Chalcedon (Ep. lxxxix.) and presided on his behalf (Labbe, Conc. vol. iv. p. 580 E, etc. The phrase "synodo praesidens," however, does not occur in the Acta of the council, but only in the signatures of the prelates representing Rome.)
[C.G.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Parmenianus, a bp. of Carthage

Parmenianus, successor to Donatus the Great, who followed Majorinus as Donatist bp. of Carthage. Optatus calls him "peregrines," i.e. probably not a native of Africa. Having adopted Donatist opinions, he succeeded Donatus c. 350, was banished a.d. 358, and returned under the decree of Julian a.d. 362 (Aug. Retract. ii. 17; Eus. Chron. ap. Hieron. Opp. vol. iii. p. 687). About this time, if not earlier, he published a work, not now extant, in five parts, in defence of Donatism, to which the treatise of Optatus is a reply. About 372 Tichonius, a Donatist, well versed in Scripture, becoming sensible of the narrow and exclusive views of the sect, wrote a book to condemn them, but without abandoning his party. Parmenian replied, condemning the doctrine of Tichonius as tending to connect the true church, that of the Donatists, with the corrupt one, the Catholic, especially its African branch. A council of 270 Donatist bishops was convened at Carthage, which sat for 75 days and at last resolved that "traditors," even if they refused rebaptism, should be admitted to communion (Aug. Ep. 93, 43).
The time of this council is not known. Parmenian died and was succeeded by Primian c. 392; but his book against Tichonius fell into the hands of St. Augustine, who, at the request of his friends, discussed it in a treatise in three books, c. 402–405 (Tillem. xiii. 128 and note 32). For a full account of the treatise, with a list of Scripture quotations, see Ribbek, Donatus und Augustinus, pp. 348–366. (See also Aug. Retract. ii. 17.)
[H.W.P.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Paphnutius, bishop in Upper Thebias

Paphnutius (2), bp. in Upper Thebias, who suffered mutilation and banishment for the faith (Socr. H. E. i. 11; Theod. H. E. i. 7). At the council of Nicaea a.d. 325, he was much honoured as a confessor, specially by Constantine (Socr. u.s.), and earnestly opposed the enforcement of the law of clerical celibacy, on the ground of both principle and expediency, and prevailed (ib.). He closely adhered to the cause of St. Athanasius, and attended him at the council of Tyre, a.d. 335. Rufinus (H. E. i. 17), followed by Sozomen (H. E. ii. 25), tells a dramatic story of his there reproaching Maximus of Jerusalem for being in Arian company and explaining to him the exact position of affairs. Fleury, H. E. xv. c. 26; Ceill. Aut. sacr. iii. 420, 450; Boll. Acta SS. Sept. 11, iii. 778.
[J.G.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Papylus, a martyr

Papylus (Papirius or Papyrius, as Rufinus, and Ado after him, write), April 13. In 1881 Aubé brought some new facts to light respecting this martyr from the Greek MSS. in the Bibliothèque Nationale. Papylus is mentioned by Eusebius (H. E. iv. 15) at the end of his account of Polycarp's martyrdom. Ruinart (p. 27), in his preface to the Acts of Polycarp, says that according to Eusebius Papylus and his companions Carpus and Agathonice suffered about the same time as Polycarp. This is a mistake of the Bollandist Henschenius, arising out of the Latin version of Eusebius, which inserts the words "sub id tempus," which have no equivalent in the Greek original. The Acts of Papylus contained in Metaphrastes assign his martyrdom to the Decian persecution. These Acts, however, Aubé thinks utterly worthless. In the Revue archéologique, Dec. 1881, p. 350, he published a Greek MS. containing Acts which he thinks may be those seen by Eusebius. Aubé seems to agree in placing the martyrdom of Papylus in the Decian persecution. But Lightfoot points out (Ignatius, i. 625) that in the Acts mention is made of emperors in the plural, thence he infers that this rather points to the reign of M. Aurelius or of Severus.
[G.T.S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Pascentius, steward of of imperial property

Pascentius (1), steward or controller of imperial property in Africa, comes domus regiae, severe in the execution of his office, an Arian and a bitter opponent of the Catholic faith, very troublesome to the simple-minded and perhaps not very highly educated clergy of Carthage. (Possidius, Vit. Aug. c. 17; Böcking, Not. Dign. c. 11, vol. ii. p. 374–393.) He requested St. Augustine to confer with him at Carthage on the subject of religion, a.d. 406, but refused to allow written notes of the discussion to be made, and asserted that Augustine was afraid to declare his opinions. Augustine therefore wrote two letters in succession to give Pascentius an opportunity of reply. Augustine, compelled by his opponent's repeated evasions to declare his own belief, exhibits this in terms closely resembling the Athanasian Creed, its method of illustration, and sometimes its very words (Aug. Ep. 238, 239). Aug. Opp. vol. ii. App. pp. 1153–1162, ed. Migne; Tillem. Mém. vol.
xiii. 164, 165 and note 41; Ceill., vol. ix. pp. 185, 186, 194.
[H.W.P.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dallas, Alexander Robert Charles

​DALLAS, ALEXANDER ROBERT CHARLES (1791–1869), divine, was descended from William Dallas, of Budgate, Nairnshire, in 1617. His father was Robert Charles Dallas [q. v.], his mother Sarah, daughter of Thomas Harding of Nelmes, Essex. He was born at Colchester 29 March 1791, and, having received his early education at a school of some standing in Kennington, was appointed in 1805 to a clerkship in the commissariat office of the treasury. He was soon promoted, and was actively employed both at home and abroad. He was present at the battle of Waterloo, but on the peace of 1815 retired upon half-pay. In May 1818 he married his first wife and settled in London, intending to study for the bar; but decided to take orders, and in 1820 matriculated as a gentleman-commoner of Worcester College, Oxford. He was ordained a deacon 17 June 1821, and priest in August of the same year. ​After serving in several successive curacies he was instituted to the vicarage of Yardley, Hertfordshire, in 1827; a few days before he was nominated to a stall in Llandaff Cathedral by Bishop Sumner. In 1828 Sumner, as bishop of Winchester, gave him the rectory of Wonston, Hampshire. He showed zeal and tact as a parish priest. In 1828 he was appointed rural dean of a large district, and for many years he acted as chaplain to Bishop Sumner in the dioceses of Llandaff and Winchester. The Archbishop of Canterbury conferred on him his M.A. degree.
In 1840 Dallas visited Ireland for the first time, in 1843 he founded the Society for Irish Church Missions, and was its honorary secretary for twenty-one years in Dublin, Connemara, and elsewhere. As recorded on his monuments ‘he was instrumental in having erected 21 churches, 49 schoolhouses, 12 parsonages, and 4 orphanages, in connection with the society's operations.’ In 1849 he married for the second time. His wife, who survived him, published ‘Incidents in the Life and Ministry of the Rev. Alex. R. C. Dallas, A.M.’ (1871), containing an autobiography. He died at Wonston 12 Dec. 1869, and was buried, as he desired, in his own churchyard. Inscriptions to his memory have been placed in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin; in the mission church, Townsend Street, Dublin; and in the parish church of Clifden, Connemara, co. Galway.
Of his numerous writings the following may be specified: 1. ‘Sermons on the Lord's Prayer,’ 1823. 2. ‘Sermons to a Country Congregation,’ 1825. 3. ‘Cottager's Guide to the New Testament,’ 6 vols. 4. ‘Guide to the Acts and Epistles,’ 4 vols. 5. ‘Revelation Readings,’ 3 vols. 6. ‘Pastoral Superintendence,’ 1841. 7. ‘Castelkerke,’ 2nd ed. 1849. 8. ‘The Point of Hope in Ireland's Present Crisis,’ 2nd ed. 1850. 9. ‘The Story of the Irish Church Missions,’ 1867. 10. ‘A Mission Tour Book in Ireland.’
B. H. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dallas, Elmslie William

​DALLAS, ELMSLIE WILLIAM (1809–1879), artist, second son of William Dallas of ‘Lloyd's’ and Sarah Day, was born in London 27 June 1809, and was descended from Alexander Dallas of Cantray, Inverness-shire. He was admitted a student of the Royal Academy in 1831, retiring in 1834 with a gold medal and a travelling studentship, his first picture, the interior of a Roman convent, being hung in the Academy in 1838. In 1840 he assisted Herr L. Grüner in the decoration of the garden pavilion at Buckingham Palace, painting a series of views of Melrose, Abbotsford, Loch Awe, Aros Castle, and Windermere Lake, in illustration of the writings of Scott. In 1841–2 he first exhibited in the Royal Scottish Academy, and in consequence of the appreciation with which his works were received he settled in Edinburgh, where his last picture was exhibited in 1858. His chief pictures were highly studied interiors and mediæval subjects, though several landscapes, notably of the Campagna, were successful. For some years he was also a teacher in the School of Design, until placed in retirement in 1858 on the affiliation of the school with the Science and Art Department. In this connection he prepared a work on ‘Applied Geometry,’ which was very highly commended by the late Professor Kelland in his report to the Board of Manufacturers, though regarded as too elaborate for the instruction of youth. In 1851 Dallas was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, before which body he read several valuable papers on the structure of diatomacea, on crystallogenesis, and on the optical mathematics of lenses. In 1859 he married Jane Fordyce, daughter of James Rose, W.S., of Dean Bank, Edinburgh, and he died 26 Jan. 1879.
J. D-s.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dallam, Ralph

​DALLAM, RALPH (d. 1672), organ-builder, was probably a son of Thomas, and brother of Robert Dallam [q. v.] He built organs at Rugby, Hackney (in 1665), and Lynn Regis, and, according to Hawkins, built a small organ in the Music School, Oxford, for which he received 48l., ‘abating 10l. for the materials of the old organ,’ though it seems likely that this was the work of his more celebrated brother (?) Robert. At the Restoration he was employed to build an organ for St. George's Chapel, Windsor, but this proved so unsatisfactory that, ‘though a beautiful structure,’ it was replaced by one by Bernhardt Schmidt (‘Father Smith’). Dallam's organ is traditionally said to have been moved to St. Peter's, St. Albans, where there is still a very old instrument which may be partly his. In February 1672 Dallam and his partner, James White, began to build an organ in Greenwich parish church. He died while this work was still in progress, and White put up a stone to his memory at the west end of the south aisle in the following year.
[Authorities as under Dallam, Thomas and Robert; Strype's Appendix to Stow, ed. 1720, p. 93; information from the Rev. H. N. Dudding.]
W. B. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dallam, Robert

​DALLAM, ROBERT (1602–1665), organ-builder, a son of Thomas Dallam [q. v.], and, like his father, a member of the Blacksmiths' Company, was born in 1602, probably in London. Between 1624 and 1627 Dallam put up an organ in Durham Cathedral. This instrument remained there until 1687, when Father Smith, after putting in four new stops, sold the chaire organ for 100l. to St. Michael le ​Belfry's, York, where it remained until 1885, when it was sold to Mr. Bell, organ-builder, of York, for 4l. What became of the great organ is unknown. An unreliable report says that Dallam received 1,000l. for building this instrument, but this is obviously absurd. In July 1632 one Edward Paylor, or Paler, having been fined 1,000l. for incest, the dean and chapter of York petitioned James I that the sum might be paid to them. In November their petition was granted, the king directing that the money should be spent in repairing the minster, setting up a new organ, furnishing the altar, and maintaining a librarian. In March following articles of agreement were entered into between the dean and chapter and Robert Dallam, who is described as ‘of London, Citizen and Blacksmith,’ the latter undertaking to build a great organ for 297l., with 5l. for the expenses of his journey to York, the work to be finished by midsummer 1634. In 1634 Dallam built an organ for Jesus College, Cambridge, at a cost of 200l. In the agreement for this instrument he is called ‘Robert Dallam of Westminster.’ In 1635 he added pedals to this organ for 12l., and in 1638 was paid 5s. for tuning it. It was taken down in 1642–3, but again set up at the Restoration, and was either replaced by a new one or eventually restored beyond recognition by Renatus Harris in 1688. The remains of this organ were given to All Saints Church, Cambridge, in 1790. Dallam is said to have built an organ for St. Paul's Cathedral. He also built one in St. Mary Woolnoth's, but it was so much injured by the fire of London that in 1681 it was replaced by a new instrument by Father Smith, who, however, used some of Dallam's stops. In 1661 he built an organ for New College, Oxford. This was his last work, for he died at Oxford 31 May 1665. He was buried before the west door, leading into the chapel of New College, the stone over his grave bearing the following inscription: ‘Hic jacet Dnus Robertus Dallum Instrumenti Pneumatici (quod vulgo Organum nuncupant) peritissimus Artifex; filius Thomæ Dallum de Dallum in comitat. Lancastriæ, mortuus est ultimo die Maii Anno Domini 1665, ætatis suæ 63. Qui postquam diversas Europæ plagas hac arte (qua præcipue claruit) exornasset, solum hoc tandem, in quo requiescit, cinere suo insignivit.’ In addition to the organs enumerated above, it was probably Robert Dallam who built a small organ for the Music School at Oxford, though Hawkins attributes this instrument to Ralph Dallam. The records of the Blacksmiths' Company for 1623 and 1624 are said to contain several particulars as to this, the most distinguished member of a remarkable family. Unfortunately the minute-book for 1617 to 1625 is at present mislaid or lost.
W. B. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dallas, Eneas Sweetland

​DALLAS, ENEAS SWEETLAND (1828–1879), journalist and author, elder son of John Dallas of Jamaica, a planter of Scottish parentage, by his wife Elizabeth Baillie, daughter of the Rev. Angus McIntosh of Tain, and sister of Rev. Caldor McIntosh, was born in the island of Jamaica in 1828, and being brought to England when four years of age, was educated at the Edinburgh University, where he studied philosophy under Sir William Hamilton, and acquired the habit of applying notions derived from eclectic psychology to the analysis of æsthetic effects in poetry, rhetoric, and the fine arts. His first publication in which he proved his mastery of this line of investigation was entitled ‘Poetics, an Essay on Poetry,’ a work which he produced in 1852, when he had taken up his residence in London. His abilities were destined, however, to be absorbed chiefly in anonymous journalism. He first made his mark in London by sending an article to the ‘Times,’ a critique which by its vigour and profundity secured immediate attention. For many years afterwards he was on John T. Delane's brilliant staff. Neither biography, politics, literary criticism, nor any other subject came amiss to his comprehensive intellect. Few men wrote more careful, graceful English, a merit well worth ​recording. He also contributed to the ‘Daily News,’ ‘Saturday Review,’ ‘Pall Mall Gazette,’ and the ‘World,’ and for some time in 1868 edited ‘Once a Week.’ In 1866 he produced in two volumes a work named ‘The Gay Science,’ a title borrowed from the Provençal Troubadours. It was an attempt to discover the source in the constitution of the human mind of the pleasure afforded by poetry. The subject was, however, too abstruse for the general reader, and the book did not meet with the attention which it deserved. He acted as a special correspondent for the ‘Times’ at the Paris exhibition in 1867, and again sent interesting letters to the ‘Times’ from Paris during the siege of 1870. In 1868 he edited an abridgment of Richardson's ‘Clarissa Harlowe.’ Afterwards he wrote a treatise on gastronomy, based on the famous work of Brillat-Savarin; to it he attached the pseudonym of A. Kettner, and the title was ‘Kettner's Book of the Table, a Manual of Cookery,’ 1877. More recently he was engaged on a new edition of Rochefoucauld's ‘Maxims,’ and he wrote an elaborate article on that work, which was unpublished at the time of his death. He died at 88 Newman Street, Oxford Street, London, 17 Jan. 1879, and was buried at Kensal Green on 24 Jan. He had a singularly handsome presence and charming manners, and his conversation was bright and courteous.
In December 1853 he married, according to Scottish law, the well-known actress Miss Isabella Glyn (then the widow of Edward Wills), and on 12 July 1855 he was again married to her at St. George's, Hanover Square. A separation followed not long after, and the marriage was dissolved in the divorce court on the wife's petition, 10 May 1874.
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dallas, George (1630-1702?)

​DALLAS, GEORGE (1630–1702?), lawyer, of St. Martin's, Ross-shire, a younger son of William Dallas of Budgate, Nairnshire, by his first wife, was born in 1635. He entered upon his apprenticeship to the law in 1652, studying with Mr. John Bayn of Pitcairlie, Fifeshire, ‘a great penman in his age, and so known,’ and in due course became a writer to the signet. Upon the return of Charles II in 1660, the privy seal of Scotland was conferred upon John, marquis of Atholl, who appointed Dallas deputy-keeper. He is said to have retained the seal during the reign of James VII, and though he refused to take the oaths to William and Mary, it remained in his hands, and is now an heirloom in the family. He died about 1702. He is known as the author of ‘A System of Stiles, as now practicable in the Kingdom of Scotland,’ which was written between 1666 and 1688, though not published until 1697. This work, which forms a compact folio volume of iv. 904 xii pages, continued for many years to be indispensable in the office of every Scottish lawyer, and is twice referred to in the novels of Sir Walter Scott. He was buried in Greyfriars church 13 April 1701. A portrait is in the Signet Library, Edinburgh. Dallas married Margaret Abercromby, and was great-grandfather of Lieutenant-general Sir Thomas Dallas, G.C.B., who distinguished himself as a cavalry officer in the Carnatic, as well as in Colonel Wellesley's brilliant campaign, and at the siege of Seringapatam. He died at Bath 12 Aug. 1839. George Dallas was also ancestor of R. C. Dallas [q. v.], of A. R. C. Dallas [q. v.], and of George Mifflin Dallas, vice-president of the United States, and for many years American minister at the court of St. James. He died 31 Dec. 1864.
J. D-s.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dallam, George

​DALLAM, GEORGE (17th cent.), organ-builder, was doubtless a member of the same family as Thomas, Robert, and Ralph Dallam [q. v.] Very little is known about him save that in 1686 he added a chaire (i.e. choir) organ to Harris' instrument at Hereford Cathedral, and that the sixth edition of Playford's ‘Introduction’ (1672) contains the following advertisement: ‘Mr. George Dalham, that excellent organ-maker, dwelleth now in Purple Lane, next door to the Crooked Billet, where such as desire to have new organs, or old mended, may be well accomodated.’
[Authorities as under Dallam, Thomas and Robert.]
W. B. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dallan

​DALLAN, Saint (fl. 600), commonly called in Irish writings Forgaill, in Latin Forcellius, was of the race of Colla Uais, and was born about the middle of the sixth century in the district of Teallach Eathach, which was then included in Connaught, but now forms the north-western part of the county of Cavan. He was famous for learning in the reign of Aedh mac Ainmere, who became king of Ireland in 571, and he survived St. Columba. Three poems are attributed to him, a panegyric on St. Columba, one on Senan, bishop of Inis Cathaig, and one on Conall Coel, abbot of Iniskeel in Donegal. The two first are extant in manuscript, and the ‘Amhra Choluimcille,’ as the first is called, has, been printed with a translation by O'Beirne Crowe from an eleventh-century text in ‘Lebor na huidri,’ an edition which has been severely criticised by Whitley Stokes (Remarks on the Celtic Additions to Curtius' Greek Etymology, Calcutta, 1875).
The legend of the composition is that Dallan had composed the panegyric and proceeded to recite it at the end of the folkmote at Druim Ceta. Columba was pleased, but Baithene, his companion, warned him that fiends floating in the air were rejoicing over his commission of the sin of pride. Columba accepted the reproof and stopped the poet, saying that it was after death only that men should be praised. After the saint's death in 597 Dallan made public the panegyric. The text in ‘Lebor na huidri’ has a copious and very ancient commentary, the obscurity of which shows that scholars in the eleventh century found parts of the ‘Amhra’ as unintelligible as they are in the present day. It was in verse, and several metres were probably used, though an exact recension of Dallan's part of the text as it stands is required before there can be any certainty about the rhythm. The poem begins with a lament for Columba's death, his ascent into heaven is told next and some of his virtues set forth; then his learning, his charity, his chastity, and more of his virtues are recounted, and the poem ends as it began with the words, ‘Ni di sceuil duæ neill,’ a history worth telling about the descendant of Niall. The feast day of St. Dallan is 29 Jan., but the year of his death is unknown.
N. M.