# Primary Lessons in Swatow Grammar/Lesson VIII

As the verb sĩ denotes chiefly that something exists or is, so ũ denotes possession. It is often used interchangeably with sĩ, and is often combined with it. Thus, i sĩ ũ, he is in possession of, or, emphatically, he has.
Ũ, to have; to possess; to have existence, and, hence, sometimes to be; is; e.g. tie̍h ũ-nâng chãu--i, chiàⁿ õi-tit-ũ, there must be some one to make it, and then it will have, or possess existence..

## ũ a-bô,

    have you or not?

## úa ũ,

    I have.

## úa m̄-chêng-ũ,

    I have not.

## lṳ́ ũ,

    you have.

## i ũ,

    he has.

## ũ-lí,

    has a reason; is reasonable.

## ũ-ēng,

    has a use; is useful.

## ũ-sṳ̄,

    has business.

## ũ-lói-mãu,

    has good breeding.

## būe-ũ,

    not yet has, or has had.

## būe-chêng-ũ,

    have not yet had.

## bũ-pit-ũ,

    certainly has.

## m̄-chêng-ũ,

    I have not had.

## bô-mih-ũ,

    have not much.

## tie̍h-ũ,

    certainly have, has, or must have.

## ũ-sî-ũ, ũ-sî-bô,

    sometimes have, and sometimes have not.

## só-ũ kâi mue̍h-kiãⁿ,

    the things which he has.

## ũ-kâi-hó, ũ-kâi m̄-hó,

    some are good, some are bad.

## ũ-kâi put-piẽn,

    some things are not expedient.

## hûan-iáu-ũ,

    there are still more.

## hũam-só-ũ,

    all which he has.

## i-ũ-ngṳ̂n,

    he has money.

## lṳ́ ũ phêng-an a-bô,

    are you at rest or not?

## lãi--tang ũ,

    inside have got.

## lãi-tói ũ,

    inside„ have„ got.„

## hán-ũ,

    seldom have.

## ũ chōi-chié,

    there are more or less.

## ũ ke-kâi a-bô,

    are there any more?

## i ũ, úa bô,

    he has I have not.

## i ũ sĩ-mih-pēⁿ,

    what disease has he?

## chiè-i só-ũ,

    according to what he has.
​Although sĩ, and ũ are thus necessary in certain short sentences, yet in ordinary conversation they are commonly left out, as the following examples will show.

## mī-pau sng,

    the bread is sour.

## chúi tiâm,

    the water is sweet, i.e. fresh.

## chúi kiâm,

    the water is brackish.

## chúi nah-sap,

    the water is dirty.

## chúi lô,

    the water is roily.

## chúi sie,

    the water is hot.

## chúi chhim,

    the water is deep.

## chúi chhién,

    the water is shallow.

## chúi kún,

    the water is boiling.

## chúi lâ-lûn,

    the„ water„ is„ tepid.

## chúi chié,

    the„ water„ is„ limited.

## chúi m̄-kàu-chok,

    the„ water„ is„ not enough.

## chûn o̍ih,

    the boat is narrow.

## chûn tōa,

    the„ boat„ is„ large.

## chûn sòi,

    the„ boat„ is„ small.

## chûn phùa,

    the„ boat„ is„ broken.

## chûn khiàng,

    the„ boat„ is„ strong.

## chûn àu,

    the„ boat„ is„ rotted.

## chûn mé,

    the„ boat„ is„ swift.

## chûn mān,

    the„ boat„ is„ slow.

## lōu pêⁿ,

    the road is even.

## lōu khi-khu,

    the„ road„ is„ uneven.

## lōu lok-lok,

    the„ road„ is„ sloppy.

## thiⁿ ou-àm,

    the heavens are dark.

## suaⁿ kûiⁿ-kûiⁿ,

    the mountain is very high.

## huang tōa,

    the wind is high.

## éng chhou,

    the waves are rough.

## ne̍k jūn,

    the meat is tough.

## ne̍k chhò,

    the„ meat„ is„ tender.

## thôu sán,

    the soil is sterile.

## thôu pûi,

    the„ soil„ is„ rich.

## ì-sṳ̀ hũn-hũn,

    the ideas are confused.

## mue̍h-kiãⁿ jṳ̂-jṳ̂,

    things are disorderly.

## mue̍h-kiãⁿ iap-thiap,

    things are orderly.

## chhâ phàⁿ,

    the wood is brash.

## ke-húe lāi,

    the tools are sharp.