OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wyatt, Richard James

​WYATT, RICHARD JAMES (1795–1850), sculptor, son of Edward Wyatt (1757–1833), a well-known carver and gilder of Oxford Street, by his wife Anne Madox, and cousin of Matthew Cotes Wyatt [q. v.], was born in Oxford Street, London, on 3 May 1795. He studied in the school of the Royal Academy, where he gained two medals, and served his apprenticeship with John Charles Felix Rossi [q. v.] In 1818 he exhibited at the academy a ‘Judgment of Paris,’ and in 1819 a monument to Lady Anne Hudson; other early memorial works by him are in Esher church and St. John's Wood chapel. When Canova visited this country Wyatt was brought under his notice by Sir Thomas Lawrence [q. v.], and received from him an invitation to Rome. He left England early in 1821, and, after studying for a few months in Paris under Bosio, proceeded to Rome, and entered the studio of Canova, where he had John Gibson (1790–1866) [q. v.] as a fellow pupil. Settling permanently in Rome, Wyatt practised his profession there with great enthusiasm and success, and from 1831 until his death was a frequent exhibitor at the Royal Academy. Among his best works were ‘Ino and the Infant Bacchus,’ ‘Girl at the Bath,’ ‘Musidora’ (at Chatsworth), and ‘Penelope,’ ‘The Huntress,’ and ‘Flora’ (all in the royal collection). Several of these have been engraved for the ‘Art Journal.’ The ‘Penelope’ was a commission given by the queen to Wyatt at the time of his only visit to England in 1841. His whole life was otherwise passed in Rome, where he died, unmarried, on 29 May 1850, and was buried in the protestant cemetery. Some of his works were shown at the London exhibition of 1851, and were awarded a gold medal. Wyatt was a highly accomplished artist, particularly excelling in his female figures, which in purity of form and beauty of line rivalled those of his master Canova. A woodcut portrait, from a drawing by S. Pearce, accompanies a memoir of him in the ‘Art Journal,’ 1850.
[Art Journal, Aug. 1850; Gent. Mag. 1850, ii. 99; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Royal Academy catalogues.]
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wyatt, John (1825-1874)

​WYATT, JOHN (1825–1874), army surgeon, eldest son of James Wyatt of Lidsey, near Chichester, yeoman, by his wife Caroline, was baptised in the parish church of Aldingbourne, Sussex, on 28 Oct. 1825. He was admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England on 26 May 1848, becoming a fellow of that body on 13 Dec. 1866. He entered the army medical service with the rank of assistant-surgeon on 17 June 1851, was gazetted surgeon on 9 April 1857, and surgeon-major on 9 Jan. 1863, being attached throughout his life to the first battalion of the Coldstream guards. He was engaged in active service in the Crimean war, and was present at the battles of Alma, Balaclava, and Inkerman, and at the siege of Sebastopol. At Inkerman his horse was shot under him. At the close of the war he received the Crimean medal with four clasps, the Turkish medal, and a knighthood of the legion of honour. In 1870 he was selected by the war department to act as medical commissioner at the headquarters of the French army during the Franco-German war, and in this capacity he was present in Paris during the whole of the siege. At this time he rendered important services to the sick and wounded, for he was attached to an ambulance and was a member of the Société de Secours aux Blessés. For these services he was made a companion of the Bath in 1873. He died at Bournemouth on 2 April 1874, and was buried at Brompton cemetery.
D’A. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wulfwig

​WULFWIG or WULFWY (d. 1067), bishop of Dorchester, appears in a doubtful charter of 1045 as royal chancellor (Cod. Dipl. iv. 102). In 1053 he succeeded Ulf in the great bishopric of Dorchester (A.-S. Chron. ii. 155, Rolls Ser.) His predecessor was living and had been irregularly deprived, and Freeman suggests that the record of this fact in the chronicle (ib.) may indicate some feeling against Wulfwig's appointment (Norm. Conq. ii. 342), but there seems to have been no opposition. Wulfwig apparently shared the scruple about the canonical position of Archbishop Stigand [q. v.], for he went abroad to be consecrated (A.-S. Chron. l. c.). His appointment is thought to mark a momentary decline in Norman influence, and he was the last of the old line of Dorchester bishops, for his death occurred when the great English ecclesiastical preferments were passing into Norman hands. Wulfwig died at Winchester (Flor. Wig. ii. 1, Engl. Hist. Soc.) in 1067, and was buried in his ​own church at Dorchester (A.-S. Chron. ii. 171). His will is extant (Cod. Dipl. iv. 290), and is witnessed by a large number of persons, beginning with the king.
A. M. C.-e.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Von Holst, Theodor

​VON HOLST, THEODOR (1810–1844), historical painter, the son of a teacher of music of Livonian descent, was born in London on 3 Sept. 1810. At an early age he was admitted a student at the Royal Academy, where he attracted the notice of Sir Thomas Lawrence, who bought some of his drawings. But the artist who influenced him most was Fuseli, whose pupil he became and whose peculiarities he copied and exaggerated. He sent his first picture to the Royal Academy in 1827, and continued to exhibit there and at the British Institution till the year of his death. His subjects were either taken from literature, Dante, Shakespeare, Scott, and especially Goethe, or inventions of his own with melodramatic titles. His principal works were ‘The Drinking Scene in Faust,’ ‘The Apparition to the second Lord Lyttelton,’ and ‘The Raising of Jairus's daughter’ (engraved), for which the directors of the British Institution awarded him a prize of fifty guineas in 1841. He was gifted with a talent for drawing and a fine sense of colour, but it was the universal opinion of critics that he was spoilt by ill-advised adulation, and that his powers were wasted on the gloomy and romantic subjects which he chose to paint. He illustrated an edition of ‘Frankenstein,’ by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, published in 1831. He died at 2 Percy Street, Bedford Square, on 12 Feb. 1844.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Athenæum, 1844, pp. 321, 701; Art Union, 1844, p. 87.]
C. D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sclater, Edward

​SCLATER, EDWARD (1623–1699?), divine, descended from a family seated at Slaughter in Gloucestershire, was son of Edward Sclater, probably a merchant tailor ​of London. He was born on 3 Nov. 1623, and in the following year was entered on the books of Merchant Taylors' School. He matriculated from St. John's College, Oxford, on 4 Dec. 1640, graduated B.A. on 6 July 1644, and M.A. on 1 Feb. 1647–8. During the civil war he served on garrison duty at Oxford, and, refusing to take the covenant, he was ejected from St. John's by the parliamentary visitors in 1648 (Burrows, Reg. Camden Soc. pp. 47, 52, 92, 145). He then retired to ‘a little cure Dr. Baylis gave me in Berks’ (Add. MS. 24064, f. 12). There he appears to have been further persecuted for refusing to take the ‘engagement’ of 1649. After the Restoration he presented a memorial to Charles II recounting his hardships, and was in 1663 appointed perpetual curate of St. Mary's, the parish church at Putney. About the same time he received the living of Esher, Surrey.
On the accession of James II Sclater turned Roman catholic; he vindicated his change of opinions in two books, both published in 1686: ‘Nubes Testium, or a Collection of the Primitive Fathers’ (London, 4to); and ‘Consensus Veterum, or the Reasons of Edw. Sclater, Minister of Putney, for his Conversion to the Catholic Faith and Communion’ (4to). These were answered by Edward Gee (1657–1730) [q. v.] in ‘Veteres Vindicati’ (1687) and ‘An Answer to the Compiler of the Nubes Testium’ (1688). On 3 May 1686 Sclater received a special dispensation from James II, allowing him to receive the profits of his cures at Putney and Esher, to employ a curate, and to keep one or more schools and receive ‘boarders, tablers, or sojourners’ (printed in Gutch, Coll. Curiosa, 1781, i. 280–3). In 1688, however, Sclater once more changed his views, and on 5 May 1689, when Gilbert Burnet [q. v.], bishop of Salisbury, preached in the Savoy Chapel, Sclater made a public recantation, and was received back into the church of England. An ‘Account’ of his recantation, including five letters from Sclater explaining his views, was published by Anthony Horneck [q. v.] in 1689 (4to). Sclater now retired from his school and lived privately near ‘Exeter Change,’ London. He died probably in 1698 or 1699; his successor at Putney appears first in 1700, but there is a gap in the register between 1698 and 1700. Besides the works mentioned above, Wood attributes to Sclater a ‘Grammar’ and a ‘Vocabulary,’ which do not seem to have been published. His son Edward (1655–1710), fellow and bursar of Merton College, Oxford, is frequently mentioned in Wood's ‘Life and Times.’ He was rector of Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire, from 1685 till his death in 1710. Another son, George, was rector of Hayes in 1688, and Westerham, Kent, in 1696.
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sclater, William (d.1717?)

1904 Errata appended.
​SCLATER, WILLIAM (d. 1717?), nonjuring divine, the only son of William Sclater, rector of St. Peter-le-Poer, and grandson of William Sclater (1576–1626) [q. v.], the rector of Pitminster, was born at Exeter on 22 Nov. 1638. He was admitted at Merchant Taylors' School in 1650, matriculated from Pembroke College on 28 April 1659, and, taking holy orders, was appointed vicar of Bramford Speke in Devonshire in 1663. He refused to take the oath of allegiance after the revolution, and was ejected. When Peter King (afterwards first Lord King, baron of Ockham in Surrey) [q. v.], in his ‘Enquiry into the Constitution and Discipline … of the Primitive Church’ (revised edition, 1713), set forth the view that the primitive church was organised upon congregational principles, Sclater set to work upon an elaborate reply. According to a story recorded in the ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ (1792, ii. 910), Sclater's reply was read in manuscript by King; it had been seized among other papers in the house of Nathaniel Spinckes [q. v.], the nonjuring bishop, and submitted to King, who politely returned it, confessing that it was a very sufficient confutation of those parts of his own work which it attempted to answer, and desiring that it might be published (cf. Charles Daubeny, On Schism, 1818, p. 236; Hind, Hist. of the Rise of Christianity, vol. xv.) Modesty, unaffected piety, and uncommon learning characterise Sclater's book, which appeared in 1717 (London, 8vo), as ‘The Original Draught of the Primitive Church, by a presbyter of the church of England.’ New editions were called for in 1723 (Dublin), 1727, and 1840, while an abridgment was appended by way of antidote to the 1839 and 1843 editions of King's ‘Enquiry.’ He probably died soon after 1717. In 1726 appeared, as by the author of the ‘Original Draught,’ ‘The Conditions of the Covenant of Grace … and the ​proper use of Natural Conscience in the Work of our Salvation’ (London, 12mo). This is addressed to the inhabitants of Chatteris in the Isle of Ely, but it is signed ‘J. S.,’ and, though by a nonjuror, cannot be confidently attributed to Sclater.
[Lathbury's Nonjurors; Daubeny's Eight Discourses, 1802, p. 91; Darling's Cyclop. Bibl. p. 2663; McClintock and Strong's Cyclop. s.v. ‘King;’ Notes and Queries, 1st ser. v. 457; Gent. Mag. 1792, ii. 910, s.v. ‘Slaughter;’ Brit. Mus. Cat.]
T. S.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.242 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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| 448 | ii | 21 | Sclater, William (d. 1717?) for St. Peter-le-Poor read St. Peter-le-Poer |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sclater-Booth, George

​SCLATER-BOOTH, GEORGE, Lord Basing (1826–1894), politician, the son of William Lutley Sclater (1789–1886) of Hoddington House, Odiham, Hampshire, and Anne Maria, daughter of William Bowyer, was born in London on 19 May 1826. The family descended from Richard Sclater (b. 1712), alderman of London [see under Sclater, William, (1575–1626)]. He was educated at Winchester, where he won the gold medal for Latin verse, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1847. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1851 and went the western circuit, but never made much effort to secure a practice.
In April 1857 Sclater, who assumed the surname of Booth in compliance with the will of a relative, entered the House of Commons as conservative member for North Hampshire, and took to parliamentary life with much zest. He was a constant attendant in the house, and served on numerous committees, but spoke rarely. In March 1867 he became secretary to the poor-law board in Disraeli's short administration, and in March 1868 was promoted to be financial secretary to the treasury, but went out of office in December. During the six years of Mr. Gladstone's first government he served as chairman of the committee on public accounts. In 1874 Sclater-Booth returned to office under his old chief as president of the local government board, and till 1880 was one of the most prominent figures on the treasury bench. His administration of his department was solid and businesslike, and he piloted many acts through parliament, including the Public Health Act of 1879. In January 1880 he was appointed chairman of grand committees in the house. In his own county, as a magistrate and man of business, his reputation was high, and he showed much tact in dealing with public meetings. He succeeded to the Hoddington estates in 1886, and on 7 July 1887 was raised to the peerage as Lord Basing of Basing and Byflete. He was chosen chairman in 1888 of the first county council of Hampshire. He was also official verderer of the New Forest. He died at Hoddington House on 22 Oct. 1894. He was a privy councillor, LL.D., and F.R.S.
Sclater-Booth was brought up to hunt and shoot, and at Oxford was reckoned an excellent oar. He accompanied his friend, Robert Mansfield, in one of those continental rowing excursions described in the ‘Log of the Water Lily.’ But he was more interested in art and music, and painted and sketched with much skill.
Sclater-Booth married, on 8 Dec. 1857, Lydia Caroline, daughter of Major George Birch of Clare Park, Hampshire. She died before him, in 1881, leaving four sons and six daughters.
[Burke's Peerage; Times, 23 Oct. 1894; Dod's Parl. Comp. 1886; private information.]
C. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Schwanfelder, Charles Henry

​SCHWANFELDER, CHARLES HENRY (1773–1837), painter, was born in 1773 at Leeds, where his father was a house decorator and a noted painter of clock faces, tea-trays, and snuff-boxes. He was trained to the same business, but early gained a reputation as an animal painter, and was for some years much employed by noblemen and gentlemen in portraying their favourite horses, hounds, and domestic pets; his groups of grouse, and ptarmigan, and other game, were also much esteemed by sportsmen. Schwanfelder practised landscape-painting extensively, and his views of Yorkshire, Scotland, Wales, and the lake district were an important feature of the exhibitions of the Northern Society, held annually at Leeds, to which he was a large contributor. He exhibited occasionally at the Royal Academy from 1809 to 1826. He painted a few subjects from bible history, in which animals could be introduced, such as ‘Balaam and the Ass,’ ‘The dead Prophet with the Lion and the Ass,’ and ‘Daniel in the Lions' Den;’ he also had some success as a portrait-painter, and his portraits of Sir John Beckett, bart., M.P., Dr. R. W. Hamilton, and Thomas Smith of Wakefield were well engraved. Schwanfelder held the appointment of animal painter to George III and George IV, but his works are seldom met with outside his native county. He resided throughout his life at Leeds, paying frequent visits to the metropolis. He died in London on 9 July 1837, after undergoing an operation for disease of the throat, and was buried at Leeds. A portrait of Schwanfelder, painted by himself, belongs to the corporation of Leeds.
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Schwartz, Martin

​SCHWARTZ, MARTIN (d. 1487), captain of mercenaries, was chosen leader of the band of two thousand Germans which Margaret, dowager duchess of Burgundy, sent over from the Low Countries to aid Lambert Simnel in 1487. The Earl of Lincoln joined the expedition before it started, and they landed in Ireland on 5 May 1487. On 24 May Lambert was duly crowned, and set out shortly afterwards to gain his kingdom. The little army which Schwartz commanded was joined by a number of Irish under Thomas Fitzgerald (not, as is sometimes stated, the Earl of Kildare). On 8 May Henry VII settled down to await them at Kenilworth. Schwartz and his friends landed in Lancashire, where they had adherents, and then began to march south. Henry moved towards him, and the two armies met at Stoke near Newark, where Simnel's army was routed, and Schwartz among others was slain (16 June 1487). Polydore Vergil calls him ‘homo Germanus, summo genere natus, ac rei bellicæ scientia præstans.’ André compares him to King Diomedes. Schwartz's name is preserved in various popular songs of the period. A reference to ‘Martin Swart and all his merry men’ occurs in Skelton's poem ‘Against a comely Coystrowne,’ and also in an interlude entitled ‘The longer thou livest the more fool thou art.’ Scott quoted some of these in ‘Kenilworth’ (ch. viii.; cf. Ritson, Ancient Songs, p. lxi; Weber, Flodden Field, pp. 65, 182).
W. A. J. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Schweickhardt, Heinrich Wilhelm

​SCHWEICKHARDT, HEINRICH WILHELM (1746–1797), landscape-painter, who is believed to have been of Dutch descent, was born in Brandenburg in 1746. He studied at The Hague under Girolamo Lapis, an Italian painter, and resided there until the end of 1786, when troubles arose in the Low Countries, and he left Holland and came to London. He gained a considerable reputation by his landscapes, especially the winter scenes, in which he introduced cattle and figures. He painted also sea-pieces and a few portraits, and made some excellent drawings in pen and ink, in bistre, and in chalk. He likewise etched some clever plates of animals. He exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1788 to 1796, and at the Society of Artists in 1790. Schweickhardt died in Belgrave Place, Pimlico, London, on 8 July 1797. He left a son, Leonardus Schweickhardt, who engraved several plates, as well as many maps, among which were those for Eckhoff's ‘Atlas of Friesland,’ published in 1850. He died at The Hague in January 1862, in his seventy-ninth year. Schweickhardt's daughter Katharina Wilhelmina, who possessed much talent as an artist, and still more as a poetess, became in 1797 the second wife of the Dutch poet Willem Bilderdijk. She was born at The Hague on 3 July 1777, and died at Haarlem on 16 April 1830.
R. E. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Schroeder, Henry

The supposed pseudonym William Butterworth (d:Q18531075) is contradicted in the ODNB.
​SCHROEDER, HENRY (1774–1853), topographer and engraver, born at Bawtry, Yorkshire, in 1774, ran away from his home at an early age and passed three years at sea in the merchant service. On his return he settled at Leeds, where he successfully practised engraving for nearly twenty years under the name of William Butterworth. He engraved a series of plates, 111 in number, containing 587 figures, illustrative of ‘The Young Sea Officer's Sheet Anchor; or a Key to .... Practical Seamanship, by Darcy Lever,’ Leeds, 1808 and 1819, 4to, and wrote ‘Three Years' Adventures of a Minor in England, Africa, the West Indies, South Carolina, and Georgia, by William Butterworth, Engraver,’ Leeds [1822], 8vo. Schroeder issued in 1851 ‘The Annals of Yorkshire, from the earliest period to the present time’ (2 vols. Leeds, 8vo), a poor compilation. He was also one of the chief compilers of ‘Pigott's General Directory,’ and composed several poems and provincial songs, including the much-admired Yorkshire ditty, ‘When first in Lunnon I arrived, on a visit.’ He was usually poor and struggling, but at one period he was landlord of the Shakspere Head public-house, Kirkgate. He died at Leeds on 18 Feb. 1853.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Busher, Leonard

​BUSHER, LEONARD (fl. 1614), pioneer of religious toleration, appears to have been a citizen of London who spent some time in ‘exile’ at Amsterdam, where he seems to have made the acquaintance of John Robinson (1576?–1625) [q. v.], the famous pastor of the pilgrim fathers, and probably of John Smith (d. 1612) [q. v.], the se-baptist. He adopted in the main the principles of the Brownists, and after his return to England Busher apparently became a member of the congregation of Thomas Helwys [q. v.], and published in 1614 his treatise advocating ​religious toleration. In it he speaks of his poverty, due to persecution, which prevented his publishing two other works he had written: (1) ‘A Scourge of small Cords wherewith Antichrist and his Ministers might be driven out of the Temple;’ and (2) ‘A Declaration of certain False Translations in the New Testament.’ Neither of these books appears to have been published, nor is any manuscript known to be extant.
Busher's only published work was entitled ‘Religious Peace; or, a Plea for Liberty of Conscience, long since presented to King James and the High Court of Parliament then sitting, by L. B., Citizen of London, and printed in the year 1614;’ but no copy of this edition is known. It was, however, reissued in 1646 (London, 4to), with an epistle ‘to the Presbyterian reader’ by H. B., probably Henry Burton [q. v.] This edition was licensed for the press by John Bachiler, who was on that account ferociously attacked by Edwards (Gangræna, iii. 102–5). A reprint of this edition, with an historical introduction by Edward Bean Underhill (d. 1901), was issued by the Hanserd Knollys Society in 1846. Busher's book ‘is certainly the earliest known publication in which full liberty of conscience is openly advocated’ (Masson, Milton, iii. 102). He was apparently acquainted with the original Greek of the New Testament, and his book is an earnest and ably written plea for religious toleration. It has been suggested that James I was influenced by it when he declared to parliament in 1614, ‘No state can evidence that any religion or heresy was ever extirpated by the sword or by violence, nor have I ever judged it a way of planting the truth.’
[Underhill's Introd. to reprint in Hanserd Knollys Soc. 1846; Masson's Milton, iii. 102–5, 432; Hanbury's Hist. Mem. relating to the Independents, i. 224; Morley's Life of Cromwell, 1900, p. 158.]
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bute, Marquis of

​BUTE, third Marquis of. [See Stuart, John Patrick Crichton, 1847–1900.]