OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Rambouillet, Catherine de Vivonne

Edition of 1879. See also Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​RAMBOUILLET, Catherine de Vivonne, marchioness de, a French leader of society, born in Rome in 1588, died in Paris, Dec. 2, 1665. Her father was Jean de Vivonne, marquis of Pisani, French ambassador in Rome, and her mother was a Roman lady. At an early age she married Charles d'Angennes, afterward marquis de Rambouillet. After arriving in Paris she was shocked by the immorality and puerility of the court circles, gathered round her a select society, and fitted up the hôtel Rambouillet with a special view to its convenience for literary reunions. Here she dispensed generous hospitality for half a century alike to authors, wits, and persons of rank, who now for the first time met on a footing of equality. Her daughter Julie, afterward duchess de Montausier, was the idol of her guests, of whom the women were called les précieuses, and assumed classical and romantic names. The conversational brilliancy which ever afterward distinguished the great saloons of Paris originated here, and the French academy took its rise from one of the literary reunions which grew out of those at the hotel Rambouillet. Voiture, one of the original members of the academy, was the most assiduous and popular habitué of the house; Corneille and Bossuet first came into notice here; Descartes found here warm admirers; Balzac, La Rochefoucault, Malherbe, Mme. de Sévigné, and hosts of other distinguished persons were among the visitors. During the first half of the 17th century these gatherings exerted a noble influence on the French language and literature, but subsequently declined, chiefly owing to the mannerism of Mlle. de Scudéry and other ladies, and never recovered from the effect of Molière's comedy Les précieuses ridicules (1659), though this was aimed particularly against numerous extravagant offshoots of the hôtel Rambouillet.—See Mémoires pour sertir à l'histoire de la société polie en France pendant le dix-septième siècle, by Roederer (Paris, 1835), and Précieux et précieuses, by Charles Livet (1859).
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Ramillies, or Ramilies

Edition of 1879. See also Battle of Ramillies on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​RAMILLIES, or Ramilies, a village of Belgium, in the province of South Brabant, 16 m. S. by E. of Louvain, noted for a brilliant victory achieved here, May 23, 1706, by Marlborough at the head of English, Dutch, and Danish troops, over the French and Bavarians under Marshal Villeroi. France speedily surrendered almost all her possessions in the Spanish Netherlands, Marlborough expressing astonishment "that the enemy should give up a whole country with so many strong places without the least resistance."
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Rameau, Jean Philippe

Edition of 1879. See also Jean-Philippe Rameau on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​RAMEAU, Jean Philippe, a French composer, born in Dijon, Oct. 25, 1683, died in Paris, Sept. 12, 1764. He was the son of an organist, and was educated for the bar, but at the age of 18 went to Italy as a violinist. He returned to Paris in 1717, and was organist in several churches. He composed anthems, cantatas, and pieces for the organ and the harpsichord, published a Traité de l'harmonie (1722) and Nouveau système de musique théorique (1726), and composed the music for several of Piron's and Voltaire's comedies and other pieces, the best being that to Pellegrin's Hippolyte et Aricie (1733). His numerous operas and theoretical writings are now obsolete.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Ram, Water

Edition of 1879. See also Hydraulic ram on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​RAM, Water. See Hydraulic Ram.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Ram Mohun Roy

Edition of 1879. See also Ram Mohan Roy on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​RAM MOHUN ROY, rajah, a Hindoo scholar, born in the district of Burdwan, Bengal, about 1774, died near Bristol, England, Sept. 27, 1833. His family were strict Brahmans, but having studied the Koran he early renounced polytheism. In 1803, after the death of his father, Ram Mohun Roy published several pamphlets in the native and foreign languages, to show that the Brahmans had fallen away from their original faith, for which an attempt was made to deprive him of caste. He translated into Bengalee and Hindostanee the Vedanta, or body of Hindoo theology as contained in the Vedas, afterward prepared an abridgment of it, and in 1816 translated the abridgment into English. In conjunction with two other natives he published the "Bengal Herald," an English newspaper, and in 1820 published in English, Sanskrit, and Bengalee a series of selections from the New Testament, entitled "The Precepts of Jesus the Guide to Peace and Happiness." In this he advanced Unitarian opinions, which involved him for several years in controversy with Dr. Marshman and other missionaries. He believed in the divine mission of Christ, and considered Christianity consistent with Brahmanism. He distinguished himself by his exertions to abolish the practice of suttee, or female immolation. In 1830 he was accredited to the British court by the titular sovereign of Delhi, to make a representation of grievances, and was successful in his mission. He visited England twice, and was buried there.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Ramayana

Edition of 1879. See also Ramayana on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​RAMAYANA. See India, Religions and Religious Literature of, vol. ix., p. 223.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Maine (province)

Edition of 1879. See also Maine (province) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MAINE, an ancient province of France, and with Perche one of the great military governments of the kingdom, bounded N. by Normandy, E. by Perche and Orléannais, S. by Touraine and Anjou, and W. by Brittany. It is now almost entirely included in the departments of Mayenne and Sarthe. Its capital was Le Mans. Under the Carlovingian and early Capetian kings the province was governed by counts; it was subsequently in turn united with Normandy and Anjou, became subject to the kings of England, was wrested from John by Philip Augustus, and after various transfers was united with the crown of France in 1481.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Mammee Apple

Edition of 1879. See also Mammea americana on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MAMMEE APPLE (mammea Americana), a handsome tree of 60 ft. in height, native of the Caribbean islands and the neighboring continent. It has large, oval or obovate, shining, leathery, opposite leaves, white, sweet-scented flowers, and large, round, obsoletely three- or four-cornered fruit, which sometimes grows to the size of a child's head. The fruit is covered with a double rind; the outer is leathery, tough, and brownish yellow; the inner, thin, yellow, closely adhering to the flesh, which is firm, bright yellow, and of a singular pleasant taste and a sweet aromatic smell; but the skin and seeds are very bitter and resinous. The pulp is eaten alone, or cut up into slices with wine and sugar, prepared as a jam or marmalade, or with sirup. From the yellowness of
the pulp, like that of an apricot, it is called by the French abricot sauvage. This fruit is occasionally brought to our seaport cities, but rarely in an eatable condition. The seeds, which are sometimes as large as hen's eggs, are used as anthelmintics, and an aromatic liquor called eau de créole is distilled from the flowers.
Mammee Apple.
The tree belongs to the natural order of guttiferæ. Browne (“Natural History of Jamaica,” London, 1756) speaks of the species as among the largest trees of Jamaica, and esteemed among the best timber trees. It has been observed that no one can behold this tree towering above a cluster of fruit trees without a sentiment of respect for it. The mammee tree has become naturalized in some parts of Africa, where it produces excellent fruit. Two or three other species, natives of tropical Asia, are known to botanists.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Magoffin

Edition of 1879. See also Magoffin County, Kentucky on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MAGOFFIN, an E. county of Kentucky, watered by Licking river; area, about 600 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 4,684, of whom 179 were colored. The surface is hilly and the soil moderately fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 5,971 bushels of wheat, 174,591 of Indian corn, 17,488 of oats, 10,660 of potatoes, 13,774 lbs. of wool, and 45,537 of butter. There were 1,063 horses, 1,532 milch cows, 2,908 other cattle, 6,130 sheep, and 5,848 swine. Capital, Salyersville.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Magnus, Heinrich Gustav

Edition of 1879. See also Heinrich Gustav Magnus on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MAGNUS, Heinrich Gustav, a German chemist, born in Berlin, May 2, 1802, died there, April 4, 1870. He graduated at the university of Berlin in 1827, where he became in 1834 extraordinary, and in 1845 ordinary professor of physics and technology. In 1828 he discovered the compound formed of the elements of chloride of platinum and of ammonia, the first of a series of combinations of the same substances, and known as the green salt of Magnus. He afterward published “Researches on Capillarity” and observations upon evaporation in capillary tubes. Almost simultaneously Magnus and Regnault made public the results of their experiments upon the coefficient of the dilatation of gases, the former on Nov. 25, 1841, and the latter on Dec. 13, 1841. In 1860-'61 Magnus published his experiments on the transmission of heat through gases in the double aspect of conductibility and radiation, which led to a protracted controversy with Tyndall. His last publication was a memoir on the emission, absorption, and reflection of heat by bodies at low temperatures. His lectures continued till near the close of his life, and for their illustration he formed the physical cabinet of the university.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Manatee (county)

Edition of 1879. See also Manatee County, Florida on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MANATEE, a S. W. county of Florida, bordering on the gulf of Mexico, touching Lake Okeechobee at the S. E. corner, bounded S. by the Caloosahatchee river, and watered by the Manatee river, Pease creek, and other streams; area, 4,070 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 1,931, of whom 88 were colored. Along the coast are numerous low sandy islands, within which lie Sarasota bay and Charlotte harbor. The surface of the mainland is low and level, and not very fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 12,727 bushels of Indian corn, 21,652 of sweet potatoes, 29 bales of cotton, 41 hogsheads of sugar, and 71,452 lbs. of rice. There were 330 horses, 44,970 cattle, and 5,197 swine. Capital, Manatee, or Pine Level.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Magnusson, Finn

Edition of 1879. See also Finnur Magnússon on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MAGNUSSON, or Magnusen, Finn, an Icelandic scholar, born in Skalholt, Aug. 27, 1781, died in Copenhagen, Dec. 24, 1847. He studied at the university of Copenhagen, returned to Iceland in 1803, and practised as an advocate. In 1812 he went again to Copenhagen, where in 1815 he was appointed professor, and in 1819 began to lecture in the university and the academy of fine arts on the old Norse literature and mythology. In 1842 he was made keeper of the archives. He was the author of many archæological works, of which the most important are: Bidrag til nordisk Archæologie
(Copenhagen, 1820), in which he maintained the plastic symbolical ideality of the Norse myths, which makes them as appropriate as those of the Greeks for artistic representation; Prisæ Veterum Borealium Mythologiæ Lexicon et Gentile Calendarium (1828); a translation and explanation of the elder Edda, Ældre Edda, oversat og forklaret (4 vols., 1821-'3); and Eddalaren og dens Oprindelse (4 vols., 1824-'6), exposition of the whole doctrine of the Edda from the standpoint of comparative mythology. In connection with Rafn he produced Grønlands historiske Mindesmærker (3 vols., 1838-'42), and Antiquités russes (2 vols., 1850-'52). He also wrote a work on runes, Runamo og Runerne (1841).
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Waitzen

Edition of 1879. See also Vác on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WAITZEN, or Waizen (Hun. Vácz), a town of Hungary, in the county and 20 m. N. of the city of Pesth, on the left bank of the Danube; pop. in 1870, 12,894. It has a Roman Catholic bishop, a fine cathedral after the model of St. Peter's at Rome, and other churches, an episcopal palace with Roman and mediæval monuments, a theological seminary, a Piarist college with a gymnasium, and other schools and charitable institutions. There is a
considerable trade in wine. Waitzen is one of the earliest Magyar settlements. The Turks were defeated here in 1597, and decisively in 1684 by Charles of Lorraine, who took the town. Görgey defeated the Austrians at Waitzen on April 10, 1849, and had a bloody conflict here with the Russians under Paskevitch on July 15.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Wake (county)

Edition of 1879. See also Wake County, North Carolina on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WAKE, a central county of North Carolina, drained by the Neuse and Little rivers; area, 1,010 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 35,617, of whom 16,184 were colored. The surface is hilly and the soil fertile. Granite and plumbago are found. It is intersected by the North Carolina, the Raleigh and Gaston, and the Raleigh and Augusta railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 60,596 bushels of wheat, 379,363 of Indian corn, 80,804 of oats, 12,204 of peas and beans, 10,365 of Irish and 99,976 of sweet potatoes, 136,857 lbs. of butter, 11,371 of wool, 96,874 of tobacco, 6,933 of rice, and 7,015 bales of cotton. There were 2,108 horses, 1,596 mules and asses, 9,544 cattle, 6,758 sheep, and 23,468 swine; 5 manufactories of carriages and wagons, 1 of cars, 5 of iron castings, 2 of machinery, 1 of paper, 11 flour mills, and 8 saw mills. Capital, Raleigh, also the capital of the state.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Volume XVI: Trombone - Zymosis

Edition of 1879. See also the scan index; and the disclaimer.
| | Volume XVI | Volume XVI | |
| T, U | V - Wa | We - Wh | Wi - Wy, X, Y, Z |
| Tucson Tufts College Tunnel Turanian Race and Languages Turpentine Turpentine, Oil of Tweed, William Marcy Tweeddale Twesten, August Detlev Christian Tyler, John Tyler, Royall Tyler, Samuel Uhland, Johann Ludwig United Provinces United States of America United States, Literature of the Universalists Utah (territory) Utah (county) Utahs Utica (Africa) Utica (New York) Utopia | Van Buren, Martin Vanderbilt University Vassar College Vater, Johann Severin Vermont Vermont, University of Vichy Vicksburg Vico, Francesco de Viper Virchow, Rudolf Vireo Virginia Virginia (Claudius Crassus) Virginia, University of Virginia City (Nevada) Virginia City (Montana) Virginia Creeper Virgin Islands Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de Wainwright, Jonathan Mayhew Waite, Morrison Remich Waitz, Georg Waitz, Theodor Waitzen Wake (festival) Wake (county) Walker, Amasa Waltham Walther von der Vogelweide Washington (city) Washington (borough) Washington (territory) Washington, Bushrod Washington, George Washington, William Augustine Washington and Lee University Watertown (New York) Watertown (Wisconsin) | Webster, Daniel Webster, Ebenezer Wentworth, William Wergeland, Henrik Arnold Wermland Werner, Abraham Gottlob Werner, Anton von Werner, Friedrich Ludwig Zacharias Werner, Karl West Virginia Wheat Fly Wheatley, Phillis Wheat Moth Wheaton, Henry Wheeler, William Adolphus Wheeling Wheelock Wheelwright, John Wheelwright, William White Mountains White Pine White Plains Whitman Whitman, Sarah Helen Whitman, Walt Whitney, Eli Whitney, Josiah Dwight Whitney, William Dwight | Wichern, Johann Heinrich Wichita William and Mary, College of Wilmington (Delaware) Wilmington (North Carolina) Wiscasset Wisconsin Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin River Wisdom, Book of Wise Wismar Wistar, Caspar Wistaria Wister, Annis Lee Witch and Witchcraft Witch Hazel Wodrow, Robert Woffington, Margaret Wöhler, Friedrich Woodpecker Wood Rat Woodruff Woonsocket Worcester (counties) Worcester (Massachusetts) Worcester (England) Wright Wright, Elizur Wright, Frances Wright, Silas Wyandotte Cave Wyoming Wyoming (county) Wyoming Valley Wyss, Johann Rudolf Wythe X Yankee Yankee Doodle Yankton (county) Yankton (city) Yosemite Zeno, Nicolò and Antonio Zollverein A Library of Universal Information Special Notice Important Announcement |
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Waitz, Theodor

Edition of 1879. See also Theodor Waitz on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WAITZ, Theodor, a German author, born in Gotha, March 17, 1821, died in Marburg, May 21, 1864. He graduated at Marburg, where he was professor of philosophy from 1848 till his death. His works include a new and critical edition of Aristotle's Organon (2 vols., Leipsic, 1844-'6); Grundlegung der Psychologie (Hamburg and Gotha, 1846); Die Anthropologie der Naturvölker (6 vols., Leipsic, 1860-'70; the last two edited by Gerland); and Die Indianer Nordamerikas (1864).
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Wainwright, Jonathan Mayhew

Edition of 1879. See also Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright (bishop) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WAINWRIGHT, Jonathan Mayhew, an American clergyman, born in Liverpool, England, Feb. 24, 1792, died in New York, Sept. 21, 1854. His mother was a daughter of the Rev. Dr. Jonathan Mayhew of Boston. In 1803 his parents returned to the United States, and he graduated at Harvard college in 1812. He was ordained in the Protestant Episcopal church in 1816, and became rector of Christ's church in Hartford, Conn., in 1819 assistant minister of Trinity church, New York, and in 1821 rector of Grace church. He was rector of Trinity church, Boston, from 1834 to 1837, when he returned to Trinity parish, New York, having St. John's chapel more especially in his charge. In 1848-'9 he visited Europe and the East, and again in 1852, when the university of Oxford conferred upon him the degree of
D. C. L. He was elected provisional bishop of the diocese of New York in October, 1852, and was consecrated Nov. 10. He published a volume of charts (1819); “Music of the Church” (1828); “There cannot be a Church without a Bishop” (1844), a controversy with the Rev. Dr. Potts; “The Choir and Family Psalter,” with the Rev. Dr. Muhlenberg (1851); “The Pathways and Abiding Places of Our Lord” (1851); “The Land of Bondage” (1852); and some volumes of sermons. He also edited Bishop Ravenscroft's memoirs and sermons, and the life of Bishop Heber by his widow.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Waite, Morrison Remich

Edition of 1879. See also Morrison Waite on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WAITE, Morrison Remich, seventh chief justice of the United States, born in Lyme, Conn., Nov. 29, 1816. He graduated at Yale college in 1837, studied law, and began to practise in Maumee City, Ohio. In 1849 he was a member of the legislature, and in 1850 he removed to Toledo. He declined repeated nominations to congress, and also a seat on the supreme bench of the state. In 1871-'2 he was one of the counsel of the United States before the tribunal of arbitration at Geneva. In 1873 he presided over the constitutional convention of Ohio. On Jan. 21, 1874, he became chief justice of the United States, and has since resided in Washington.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Waitz, Georg

Edition of 1879. See also Georg Waitz on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WAITZ, Georg, a German historian, born in Flensburg, Oct. 9, 1818. He was professor at Kiel from 1842 to 1848, a member of the Frankfort parliament in 1848-'9, and subsequently professor of history at Göttingen till 1875, when he was transferred to Berlin as editor of the Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, in conjunction with Mommsen and other scholars, to which he had previously made important contributions. His works include Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte (4 vols., Kiel, 1843-'61; 2d ed., 1865 et seq.); Die Schleswig-holsteinische Geschichte (2 vols., Göttingen, 1851-'4); Grundzüge der Politik (Kiel, 1862); and Die Formeln der deutschen Königs- und der römischen Kaiserkrönung vom 10. bis zum 12. Jahrhundert (Göttingen, 1873).
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Wake (festival)

Edition of 1879. See also Wakes week and Wake (ceremony) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WAKE (Anglo-Sax, wæc), a holiday festival once universally celebrated in the country parishes of England. Wakes originated at the period of the conversion of the Saxons to Christianity, and were established to commemorate the birthday of the saint to whom a particular church was dedicated, and the anniversary of the dedication. As the ecclesiastical day was then reckoned from sunset to sunset, the festival began on the evening previous to the day itself, and during the night the people customarily performed their devotions in the churches, whence the name wake. Wakes gradually became the occasions of boisterous and even licentious merrymakings; and where the saint was of high repute, the inhabitants of neighboring parishes flocked in large numbers to his annual festival. In 1536 Henry VIII. by an act of convocation ordered the festival of the saint's day to be discontinued, and that of the dedication of the church to be celebrated in all the parishes on the first Sunday of October. This gradually fell into desuetude, the saint's day being the more popular festival, and the latter still subsists in the form of a village wake. — In Ireland, upon the death of one in humble circumstances, the body, laid out and covered with a sheet, except the face, and surrounded by lighted tapers, is “waked” by the friends and neighbors. After vociferous lamentations, food and whiskey are indulged in, commonly leading to noisy and even riotous demonstrations. All the efforts of the Roman Catholic clergy toward the suppression of this pernicious custom have proved unavailing.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Walker, Amasa

Edition of 1879. See also Amasa Walker and Francis Amasa Walker on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WALKER, Amasa, an American political economist, born in Woodstock, Conn., May 4, 1799, died at North Brookfield, Mass., Oct. 29, 1875. He was a merchant in Boston from 1825 to 1840, and was prominent as an abolitionist. In 1843 and 1849 he went to Europe as a delegate to the international peace conventions. In 1848 he was a representative in the legislature, in 1849 a state senator, in 1851-'2
secretary of state, in 1853 a member of the state constitutional convention, and in 1862-'3 a member of congress. From 1842 to 1849 he was professor of political economy at Oberlin college, and from 1861 to 1875 lecturer at Amherst college. He published “Nature and Uses of Money and Mixed Currency” (Boston, 1857); “Science of Wealth, a Manual of Political Economy” (1866; 7th ed., 1874); and with William B. Calhoun and Charles L. Flint “Transactions of the Agricultural Societies of Massachusetts” (7 vols., 1848-'54). — His son Francis Amasa, born July 2, 1840, studied law, served in the civil war, was made brevet brigadier general in 1865, became chief of the bureau of statistics at Washington in 1869, superintendent of the census of 1870, Indian commissioner in 1871, and in 1872 professor of political economy and history in the Sheffield scientific school of Yale college. Besides the reports of the census (3 vols. 4to), he has published “The Indian Question” (Boston, 1873), and “The Wages Question” (New York, 1876), and compiled the “Statistical Atlas of the United States” (folio, 1874).