OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Mechanics' Bank of Alexandria v. Withers

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United States Supreme Court
19 U.S. 106
The Mechanics' Bank of Alexandria v. Withers
THIS cause was argued by Mr. Lee and Mr. Swann, for the plaintiff in error, and by Mr. Taylor, for the defendant in error.
Mr. Chief Justice MARSHALL delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Mechanical Action of Light

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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* "The Mechanical Action of Light" by William Crookes in Popular Science Monthly, 7 (October 1875)
* "The Mechanical Action of Light" by William Crookes in Popular Science Monthly, 9 (July 1876)
# The Mechanics Bank of Alexandria v. Lynn

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United States Supreme Court
26 U.S. 376
The Mechanics Bank of Alexandria v. Lynn

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Gasparin, Agénor Etienne, Count de

Edition of 1905. See also Agénor de Gasparin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GASPARIN, gȧ'spȧ'răN', Agénor Etienne, Count de (1810-71). A French statesman and author, son of Count Adrien Etienne Pierre de Gasparin (1783-1862), born at Orange. In 1836 he entered the Cabinet of his father, then Minister of the Interior, as chief of a department, became master of requests in the Council of State in 1837, and in 1842 was elected to the Chamber of Deputies from Bastia in Corsica; but he failed of reëlection in 1846, and put all of his enthusiasm into his written work. He wrote on the separation of Church and State, Les intérêts généraux du protestantisme français (1843), and Christianisme et paganisme (1846); on the abolition of slavery, Esclavage
et traite (1838); Un grand peuple qui se relève (1861); and L'Amérique devant l'Europe (1862); on the reform of home life, La famille (1865); La liberté morale (1863); La conscience (1872); and L'ennemi de la famille (1874); and in connection with the Franco-German War, La déclaration de guerre, un protêt (1870); La république neutre d'Alsace (1870); and Appel au patriotisme et au bon sens (1871). From 1849 until his death he lived at Geneva. Consult: Naville, Le Comte Agénor de Gasparin (Geneva, 1871); Borel under the same title (2d ed., Paris, 1879); Bar Fey-Boisier, La Comtesse Agnes de Gasparin et sa famille; correspondance et souvenirs, 1813-1894 (2 vols., Paris, 1902).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Geiger, Wilhelm

Edition of 1906. See also Wilhelm Geiger on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GEIGER, Wilhelm (1856—). A German Orientalist. He was born at Nuremberg, the son of an evangelical clergyman, and was educated especially at the University of Erlangen, under the Iranian scholar Spiegel, whom he succeeded in 1891 as professor of Sanskrit and Indo-Germanic philology. Among his publications on Indo-Iranian subjects are: Aogemadaēcā ein Parsentractat (1879); Handbuch der
Awestasprache (1879); Ostiränische Kultur (1882), translated into English as The Eastern Iranians (London, 1885); Elementarbuch der Sanskrit-Sprache (1888); Ceylon (1898); Litteratur und Sprache der Singhalesen (1901); and, as coeditor and contributor, Grundriss der iranischen Philologie (1885—).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gelsemium

Edition of 1906. See also Gelsemium on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GELSEMIUM (Neo-Lat,, from It. gelsomino, jasmine, from Ar. yasmin, from Pers. yāsmīn, jasmine). A drug consisting of the rhizome and rootlets of Gelsemium sempervirens, a climbing shrub of the natural order Loganiaceæ, having a milky juice, opposite lanceolate, shining leaves, and axillary clusters of from one to five large, funnel-shaped, very fragrant yellow flowers. The fruit is composed of two separable jointed follicles, containing numerous flat-winged seeds. The stem often runs under ground for a considerable distance. The plant is a native of the United States, growing on rich clay soil by the side of streams near the coast, from Virginia to Florida and Texas. In the United States it is commonly known as the wild, yellow, or Carolina jessamine, although in no way related to the true jessamines, which belong to the Oleaceæ. The medicinal properties of the root were discovered by accident, the infusion having been administered
instead of that of some other root, with the result of curing the fever for which it was taken. It contains an alkaloid, gelsemine, and gelseminic acid. The physiological action of the drug has been carefully examined. It appears that it has a paralyzing action on the motor centres, affecting successively the third, fifth, and sixth nerves. Its fatal action is due, according to Bartholow, to its causing paralysis of the respiratory muscles, and thus producing death by asphyxia. Wood believes the action is upon the respiratory centre. In large doses it produces alarming symptoms, which have terminated fatally. These appear to vary in different cases, but the more prominent are pain in the forehead and in the eyeballs, giddiness, a feeling of muscular fatigue, lightness in the tongue, slurred pronunciation, labored respiration, ptosis, wide dilatation of the pupils, and impossibility of keeping an erect posture. The mind in most cases remains clear until shortly before death. The earliest and most prominent symptoms of a fatal or dangerous dose is the drooping of the eyelids, which indicates the immediate administration of stimulants; for when the paralysis of the tongue, which ensues, extends to the epiglottis, deglutition becomes impossible, and, unless the sufferer be placed in a forward position, the epiglottis is apt to flap back and close the windpipe. The antidotes which have been found most efficient are carbonate of ammonia, brandy, aromatic spirits of ammonia, and morphine. Gelsemium is used chiefly in the treatment of facial and other neuralgias, particularly the so-called trigeminal neuralgia, which involves branches of the fifth nerve. It has proved valuable in some cases of malarial fever, and is occasionally used as a cardiac depressant and in spasmodic affections, but is inferior for this purpose to other remedies.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Garve, Christian

Edition of 1906. See also Christian Garve on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GARVE, gär've, Christian (1742-98). A German philosopher. He was born at Breslau, studied at the universities of Frankfort-on-the-Oder and Halle, in 1769 succeeded Gellert as professor of philosophy at Leipzig, but in 1772 was obliged by ill health to retire. His writings did much toward the popularization of philosophy in Germany. His work was highly valued by Kant, and by Frederick II., who bestowed upon him a pension of 200 thalers and requested him to prepare a translation (1783; 6th ed. 1819) of Cicero's De Officiis. Garve eulogized the King in the Fragmente zur Schilderung des Geistes, Charakters and der Regierung Friedrichs II. (1798). Among his further publications are a collection of essays, Ueber verschiedene Gegenstände aus der Moral, der Litteratur und dem gesellschaftlichen Leben (1792-1802), and translations (1798-1801, 1799-1802) of the Ἠθικά and Πολιτικά of Aristotle.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gellert, Christian Fürchtegott

Edition of 1906. See also Christian Fürchtegott Gellert on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GELLERT, gĕl'ẽrt, Christian Fürchtegott (1715-69). The most important of the forerunners of the golden age of German literature that was ushered in by Lessing. He was born at Hainichen, Saxony, and studied theology at Leipzig, where he afterwards passed most of his life as tutor, teacher, and professor, and where he died. His didactic and religious poems, fables, and stories were in their day immensely popular, as were his lectures on morals and literature. His Works (10 vols., 1769-74 and 1867) are types of the innocuous and rationalistic. His Fabeln und Erzählungen (1746) and the religious poems are still often republished separately. His Tagebuch (1869) is the best available biography. Consult also his Life by Döring (Greiz, 1833).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gellius, Aulus

Edition of 1906. See also Aulus Gellius on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GEL'LIUS, Aulus. A Latin author of the second century A.D. Little is known of his life. He is supposed to have been born at Rome, where, at all events, he studied rhetoric. Subsequently he proceeded to Athens to undergo a discipline in philosophy. On his return to Rome he entered upon a legal career, without, however, abandoning his literary pursuits. Gellius's well-known work, The Attic Nights (Noctes Atticæ), begun during the long nights of winter in a country house near Athens, and completed during the latter years of his life, is a collection of miscellaneous matter on language, antiquities, history, and literature, in twenty books, of which the eighth is wanting. It contains many extracts from Greek and Latin authors no longer extant. The work is destitute of any plan or arrangement, is disfigured by archaisms, and derives its value mainly from being a repository of curious knowledge. The editio princeps appeared at Rome in 1469; the earliest critical edition is that
of Gronovius (Leyden, 1706); the most important edition is that of Hertz (Berlin, 1883-85); there is also a smaller edition by the same author (Berlin, 1886); and a volume of selections, with notes and vocabulary, by Nall (London, 1888). There is an English translation by Beloe (London, 1795).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gasparin, Valérie Boissier, Countess de

Edition of 1905. See also Valérie de Gasparin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GASPARIN, Valérie Boissier, Countess de (1813-94). A French woman of letters, born at Geneva. She was the wife of Agénor, Count de Gasparin (1810-71) (q.v.). She lived a great part of her life in the Canton Vaud, Switzerland, and was a prolific writer, mostly on religious and social topics. In addition to a number of translations of English and American authors, she published Le mariage au point de vue chrétien (1842), a work which won the Montyon prize from the French Academy; Allons faire fortune à Paris (1844); Un livre pour les femmes mariées (1845); Il y a des pauvres à Paris et ailleurs (1846), which won the Montyon prize of the Academy; Quelques défauts des Chrétiens d'aujourd'hui (1853); Des corporations monastiques au sein du protestantisme (1855); Les horizons prochains (1859); Les horizons célestes (1859); Vesper (1861); Les tristesses humaines (1863); and La lèpre sociale (1870).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gelnhausen

Edition of 1906. See also Gelnhausen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GELNHAUSEN, gĕln'hou-zen. An ancient town in the Prussian Province of Hesse-Nassau, situated on the River Kinzig, 27 miles northeast of Frankfort. It is surrounded by walls, and its most interesting buildings are the Church of Saint Mary, built in Transition style in the thirteenth century, and recently restored; the Rathaus; and a building dating from the time of Frederick I., and supposed to be a guild house. On a small islet in the Kinzig lie some well-preserved parts of an Imperial palace erected by Frederick I. in the twelfth century. The town has also a monument to Philip Reis, the alleged inventor of the telephone and a native of Gelnhausen. The town once had the rank of an Imperial city, and was the temporary residence of several emperors. Population, in 1900, 4589.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gelon

Edition of 1906. See also Gelo on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GE'LON (Lat., from Gk. Γέλον). Tyrant of Gela and Syracuse. He was the son of Dinomenes, and a native of Gela. His family was one of the oldest and most distinguished in the place. Gelon himself first figures in history as general of horse in the army of Hippocrates, Tyrant of Gela. On the death of the latter he contrived to obtain the supreme power, B.C. 491, and about B.C. 485 made himself master of Syracuse also, to which he transferred the seat of his government, and which he rendered the first Greek city in Sicily. All the inhabitants of Camarina, more than half of those of Gela, and many from other neighboring towns, he brought to Syracuse. His influence soon extended itself over a great part of the island. At the time of the invasion of Xerxes, Gelon refused to come to the aid of the Greeks, ostensibly because they would not make him commander-in-chief. He soon after came into collision with the Carthaginians, but defeated them in a decisive battle at Himera, in B.C. 480 — on the same day, it is said, on which the battle of Salamis was fought. He thereafter ruled in peace. He is praised as a merciful and wise ruler, who was beloved by his people and hailed as their deliverer and sovereign. After his death, about B.C. 478, he was honored as a hero. His brother Hiero succeeded him.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Zwirner, Ernst Friedrich

Edition of 1905. See also Ernst Friedrich Zwirner on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ZWIRNER, tsvēr'nẽr, Ernst Friedrich (1802-61). A German architect, born at Jakobswalde, Silesia, and educated at Breslau and Berlin. Intrusted in 1833 with the superintendence of the restoration of Cologne Cathedral, he submitted to King Frederick William IV., in 1841, a project for completing the structure, which was approved of and afterwards carried to the end by Richard Voigtel (1829-1902). Among other edifices erected by this thorough master of the Gothic style may be mentioned the Apollinariskirche at Remagen on the Rhine (1839-53), the castle of the Prince of Furstenberg in Herdringen, Castle Argenfels on the Rhine, Castle Moyland near Cleves, churches in Elberfeld and Mülheim, and the synagogue at Cologne (1859-61).
# The New International Encyclopædia/al-Battani, Mohammed ibn Jabir ibn Sinan

Edition of 1905. See also Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AL-BATTA'NI, Mohammed ibn Jabir ibn Sinan, known as Albategnius (so called from Battan in Mesopotamia) (c.850-929). An Arab chief, one of the most famous astronomers and mathematicians of his race. His first astronomical observations were made at Rakka (877-878), and extended over a period of more than forty years. He also made several important contributions to pure mathematics. He used the sine of an angle in place of the chord of double the angle (an idea that had occurred to Aryabhatta), computed a table of cotangents, and formulated certain propositions in spherical trigonometry. His astronomical works were first made generally known to European scholars through a translation by Plato of Tivoli, under the title Mahometis Albatenii de Motu (or Scientia) Astrorum. This work has been edited in Arabic and Latin by C. A. Nallino (Milan, 1899). Al-Battani corrected numerous errors of Ptolemy, whom, in general, he followed: e.g. he gave the obliquity of the ecliptic as 23° 35' instead of 23° 51' 20". He also gave the length of the tropical year as 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes, 24 seconds; too short by 2 minutes, 26 seconds, but an improvement upon that of Hipparchus, who gave 365¼ days - 1/300 day, which was too short by 4 minutes, 48 seconds.
# The New International Encyclopædia/al-Kindi, Abu Yusuf Ya‘ḳub ibn Isḥak

Edition of 1905. See also Al-Kindi on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AL-KINDI, ȧl-kēn'dḗ, or ALCHINDIUS, ăl-kĭn'dĭ-ŭs, Abu Yusuf Ya‘ḳub ibn Isḥak al-Kindi. An Arabian philosopher, who flourished in the ninth century. He wrote more than two hundred treatises on almost everything within the range of the philosophy and science of his time. By the Arabs themselves he is viewed as the Peripatetic philosopher in Islam. Of his many works, but a few on medicine and astrology remain. Consult the study by Flügel (Leipzig, 1857), and A. Nagy, Die philosophischen Abhandlungen des al-Kindi (Münster, 1897).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Zwiedineck von Südenhorst, Hans

Edition of 1905. See also Hans von Zwiedineck-Südenhorst on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ZWIEDINECK VON SÜDENHORST, tsvē'dḗ-nĕk fṓn zụ'den-hôrst, Hans (1845—). An Austrian historian, born in Frankfort. He was educated at Gratz, became privat-docent in the
university there (1875), and in 1885 was appointed professor of history. He completed Adam Wolf's Oesterreich unter Maria Theresia, Josef II, und Leopold II, (1882-84). Indepen- dently he published Dorfleben im 18. Jahrhundert (1877); Die Politik der Republik Venedig während des dreissigjährigen Krieges (1882-85); Die öffentliche Meinung in Deutschland im Zeitalter Ludwigs XIV, (1888); Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitraum der Gründung des preussischen Königtums (1890-94); Deutsche Geschichte von der Auflösung des alten bis zur Gründung des neuen Reichs (1895-1903). The last two appeared in the Bibliothek deutscher Geschichte, which the author began to issue in 1887. Venedig als Weltmacht und Weltstadt (1899) is his most recent work.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Zwickau

Edition of 1905. See also Zwickau on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ZWICKAU, tsvik'ou. A town in the Kingdom of Saxony, situated on the left bank of the Zwickau Mulde, 20 miles by rail southwest of Chemnitz (Map: Germany, E 3). It is a quaint old city. The Gothic Church of Mary, dating from 1453 and restored in late times, is a notable structure. Other features of Zwickau are the house where Schumann was born, several fine old edifices, and the ancient château used as a penitentiary. There are a mining school and a collection of paintings. The manufacturing interests are important. Machinery, paper, and glass are among the varied productions. Trade is active. The adjacent coal mines are extensively exploited. The annual output is $5,000,000. Population, in 1900, 55,825.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ålesund

Edition of 1905. See also Ålesund on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ ÅLESUND, a̤′le-sụnd, or AALESUND. A town in the Norwegian province of Romsdal, on two islands of the Skjärgaard Archipelago (Map; Norway, B 5). It has an excellent harbor, and is an important trading centre, getting a large revenue from cod-fishing. Pop., 1900, 11,700.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Æschines

Edition of 1905. See also Aeschines on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ÆSCHINES, ĕs′kī-nēz (Gk. Αἰσχίνης, Aischinēs) (389–314 B.C.). An Athenian orator, second only to his great rival, Demosthenes. He was born at Athens in humble station, served as a soldier, then became a clerk to some of the lower magistrates, and for a time was an actor in smaller parts. Finally, he became secretary to two distinguished statesmen, Aristophon and Eubulus, through whose influence he twice obtained election to a government secretary's office. Then, through his eloquence, grace, and legal knowledge, he rapidly became one of the leading men in the State. Sent as a member of the embassy to Philip of Macedon in 347 B.C., he was won over to favor the Peace of Philocrates (346), and then became the leader of the peace party at Athens as against Demosthenes, who headed the party which believed that Philip was to be opposed at every point and at any cost. In 345 he was charged with treason by Demosthenes and Timarchus, but, with the aid of powerful friends, defended himself successfully. Again, in 342, Demosthenes revived the charges in his famous speech On the False Embassy. Again Æschines answered successfully in a speech having the same title. He continued to favor Philip actively, and no doubt contributed to the spread of Macedonian supremacy. His fall was due, however, to his hatred of Demosthenes, whom Ctesiphon had proposed to reward with the public gift of a golden crown in recognition of his services to the State. Æschines thereupon charged Ctesiphon with making an illegal proposal, and in 330 attacked him in his brilliant oration, Against Ctesiphon, really directed against Demosthenes. He was completely defeated by Demosthenes' speech, On the Crown, and so failed in his suit against Ctesiphon, suffered atimia, and was condemned to pay 1000 drachmas fine. He went into exile at Rhodes, where, tradition says, he opened a school of oratory. He died at Samos. Æschines's posthumous fame is due to his three extant speeches, Against Timarchus, On the False Embassy, and Against Ctesiphon, which, according to Photius, were called in antiquity, "The Three Graces." An anecdote often repeated shows the esteem in which the third was held. On one occasion he read to his audience in Rhodes his oration against Ctesiphon, and some of his auditors expressing their astonishment that he should have been defeated in spite of such a powerful display, he replied: "You would cease to be astonished if you had heard Demosthenes." The speeches are edited by Schultz (1865); Weidner (1872); and in all collections of the Attic Orators. Consult especially, Jebb, Attic Orators (London, 1876–80), and Blass, Attische Beredsamkeit (Leipzig, 1887–98), The twelve letters which bear his name are spurious.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ça Ira

Edition of 1905. See also Ah! ça ira on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ÇA IRA, sȧ ḗ'rȧ' (Fr., it will go, equivalent to our “it's all right”). A French Revolutionary song, the words by Ladre, a street singer, and the melody originally a popular carillon by Bécourt, and a favorite air of Marie Antoinette. The song is said to have been first sung when the mob marched to Versailles, October 5, 1789. At the beginning of the Revolution, when all France was wild over Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity, the song ran,
| “ | Ah, ça ira, ça ira, ça ira. |
| | Celui qui s'élève, on l'abaissera, |
| | Celui qui s'abaisse, on l'élèvera;” |
but later, when the fierce passions began to stir, came the refrain, Les aristocrates à la lanterne.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ampère

See also Ampere on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Ampère (än̄′ pâr′). The “practical unit” in which electric currents are measured. The numerical value of the ampere, as established by the International Electrical Congress, held at Chicago in 1893, is “the practical equivalent of the unvarying current which, when passed through a solution of silver nitrate in water, in accordance with standard specifications, deposits silver at the rate of 0.001118 grams per second.”
This definition, having been ratified by Congress, now defines the “legal ampere.”
The logical definition of the ampere, and the one which the legal unit approximates as nearly as possible, is “a current equal to one-tenth of the absolute unit of current.” See Electricity.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Amsterdam (New York)

See also Amsterdam (city), New York on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Amsterdam, a city of Montgomery County, New York, 33 miles from Albany. It is an important manufacturing city, among its products being carpets, rugs, knit-goods, wagon-springs, paper, paper-boxes, silks and brooms. Besides, it has foundries and machine shops. Amsterdam is located on the Mohawk River and Erie Canal, and has the service of the West Shore and the New York Central railroad. The first settlement was made in 1778 and was known as Veedersberg until 1804. The present city was incorporated in 1885, and ​ has all the adjuncts of a progressive city. Population, 31,267.