OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oban

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​OBAN, a municipal and police burgh and seaport of Argyllshire, Scotland. Pop. (1901) 5374. It is situated 113 m. N.W. of Glasgow by the Caledonian railway via Stirling and Callander, and about the same distance by water via the Crinan Canal. The fine bay on which it lies is screened from the Atlantic gales by the island of Kerrera (41/2 m. long by 2 m. broad), which practically converts it into a land-locked harbour. Being also sheltered from the north and east by the hills at the foot of which it nestles, the town enjoys an exceptionally mild climate for its latitude. The public buildings include the Roman Catholic pro-cathedral, erected by the 3rd marquis of Bute, the county buildings and two hospitals. It is the centre of tourist traffic for western Argyllshire and the islands. Oban was a small village at the date of Johnson’s visit during his Hebridean tour; in 1786 it became a government fishing station; it was made a burgh of barony in 1811 and a parliamentary burgh in 1832. With Ayr, Campbeltown, Inveraray and Irvine (the Ayr burghs) it unites to send one member to parliament.
At the north end of the bay stands the ruin of Dunolly Castle, the old stronghold of the Macdougalls of Lorne, whose modern mansion adjoins it. In the grounds is a huge conglomerate rock called the Dog Stone (Clach-a-choin), from the legend that Fingal used to fasten his favourite dog Bran to it. About 3 m. N.E. are the ruins of Dunstaffnage Castle. It was here that the “Stone of Destiny,” now contained in the base of the coronation chair at Westminster Abbey, was kept before its removal to Scone. At the south end of the island of Kerrera stand the ruins of Gylen Castle, an old fortalice of the Macdougalls.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Obbligato

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​OBBLIGATO, or Obligato, in the modern sense, a musical term (adopted from the Italian, and strictly meaning obligatory or binding) for an instrumental accompaniment to a musical composition which, while in one way independent, is included by the composer on purpose and in a prescribed form, instead of being left to the discretion (ad libitum) of a performer.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Janet, Paul

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​JANET, PAUL (1823–1899), French philosophical writer, was born in Paris on the 30th of April 1823. He was professor of moral philosophy at Bourges (1845–1848) and Strassburg (1848–1857), and of logic at the lycée Louis-le-Grand, Paris (1857–1864). In 1864 he was appointed to the chair of philosophy at the Sorbonne, and elected a member of the academy of the moral and political sciences. He wrote a large number of books and articles upon philosophy, politics and ethics, on idealistic lines: La Famille, Histoire de la philosophie dans l’antiquité et dans le temps moderne, Histoire de la science politique, Philosophie de la Révolution Française, &c. They are not characterized by much originality of thought. In philosophy he was a follower of Victor Cousin, and through him of Hegel. His principal work in this line, Théorie de la morale, is little more than a somewhat patronizing reproduction of Kant. He died in October 1899.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Janiuay

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​JANIUAY, a town of the province of Iloilo, Panay, Philippine Islands, on the Suague river, about 20 m. W.N.W. of Iloilo, the capital. Pop. (1903), 27,399, including Lambúnao (6661) annexed to Janiuay in 1903. The town commands delightful views of mountain and valley scenery. An excellent road connects it with Pototan, about 10 m. E. The surrounding country is hilly but fertile and well cultivated, producing rice, sugar, tobacco, vegetables (for the Iloilo market), hemp and Indian corn. The women weave and sell beautiful fabrics of pina, silk, cotton and abaca. The language is Panay-Visayan. Janiuay was founded in 1578; it was first established in the mountains and was subsequently removed to its present site.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jamnia

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​JAMNIA (Ἰαμνία or Ἰαμνεία), the Greek form of the Hebrew name Jabneel—i.e. “God causeth to build” (Josh. xv. 11)—or Jabneh (2 Chron. xxvi. 6), the modern Arabic Yebna, a town of Palestine, on the border between Dan and Judah, situated 13 m. S. of Jaffa, and 4 m. E. of the seashore. The modern village stands on an isolated sandy hillock, surrounded by gardens with olives to the north and sand-dunes to the west. It contains a small crusaders’ church, now a mosque. Jamnia belonged to the Philistines, and Uzziah of Judah is said to have taken it (2 Chron. xxvi. 6). In Maccabean times Joseph and Azarias attacked it unsuccessfully (1 Macc. v. 55-62; 2 Macc. xii. 8 seq. is untrustworthy). Alexander Jannaeus subdued it, and under Pompey it became Roman. It changed hands several times, is mentioned by Strabo (xvi. 2) as being once very populous, and in the Jewish war was taken by Vespasian. The population was mainly Jewish (Philo, Leg. ad Gaium, § 30), and the town is principally famous as having been the seat of the Sanhedrin and the religious centre of Judaism from A.D. 70 to 135. It sent a bishop to Nicaea in 325. In 1144 a crusaders’ fortress was built on the hill, which is often mentioned under the name Ibelin. There was also a Jabneel in Lower Galilee (Josh. xix. 33), called later Caphar Yama, the present village Yemma, 8 m. S. of Tiberias; and another fortress in Upper Galilee was named Jamnia (Josephus, Vita, 37). Attempts have been made to unify these two Galilean sites, but without success.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Janesville

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​JANESVILLE, a city and the county-seat of Rock County, Wisconsin, U.S.A., situated on both sides of the Rock river, 70 m. S.W. of Milwaukee and 90 m. N.W. of Chicago. Pop. (1900), 13,185, of whom 2409 were foreign-born; (1910 census), 13,894. It is served by the Chicago & North-Western and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul railways, and by electric lines connecting with Madison and Beloit, Wis., and Rockford, Illinois. The Rock river is not commercially navigable at this point, but furnishes valuable water-power for manufacturing purposes. The city is picturesquely situated on bluffs above the river. Janesville is the centre of the tobacco trade of the state, and has various manufactures. The total value of the city’s factory product in 1905 was $3,846,038, an increase of 20.8% since 1900. Its public buildings include a city hall, court house, post office, city hospital and a public library. It is the seat of a school for the blind, opened as a private institution in 1849 and taken over by the state in 1850, the first charitable institution controlled by the state, ranking as one of the most successful of its kind in the United States. The first settlement was made here about 1834. Janesville was named in honour of Henry F. Janes, an early settler, and was chartered as a city in 1853.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jamrud

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​JAMRUD, a fort and cantonment in India, just beyond the border of Peshawar district, North-West Frontier Province, situated at the mouth of the Khyber Pass, 101/2 m. W. of Peshawar city, with which it is connected by a branch railway. It was occupied by Hari Singh, Ranjit Singh’s commander in 1836; but in April 1837 Dost Mahommed sent a body of Afghans to attack it. The Sikhs gained a doubtful victory, with the loss of ​their general. During the military operations of 1878–79 Jamrud became a place of considerable importance as the frontier outpost on British territory towards Afghanistan, and it was also the base of operations for a portion of the Tirah campaign in 1897–1898. It is the headquarters of the Khyber Rifles, and the collecting station for the Khyber tolls. Pop. (1901), 1848.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jan Mayen

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​JAN MAYEN, an arctic island between Greenland and the north of Norway, about 71° N. 8° W. It is 34 m. long and 9 in greatest breadth, and is divided into two parts by a narrow isthmus. The island is of volcanic formation and mountainous, the highest summit being Beerenberg in the north (8350 ft.). Volcanic eruptions have been observed. Glaciers are fully developed. Henry Hudson discovered the island in 1607 and called it Hudson’s Tutches or Touches. Thereafter it was several times observed by navigators who successively claimed its discovery and renamed it. Thus, in 1611 or the following year whalers from Hull named it Trinity Island; in 1612 Jean Vrolicq, a French whaler, called it Île de Richelieu; and in 1614 Joris Carolus named one of its promontories Jan Meys Hoek after the captain of one of his ships. The present name of the island is derived from this, the claim of its discovery by a Dutch navigator, Jan Mayen, in 1611, being unsupportable. The island is not permanently inhabited, but has been frequently visited by explorers, sealers and whalers; and an Austrian station for scientific observations was maintained here for a year in 1882–1883. During this period a mean temperature of 27.8° F. was recorded.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jangipur

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​JANGIPUR, or Jahangirpur, a town of British India, in Murshidabad district, Bengal, situated on the Bhagirathi. Pop. (1901), 10,921. The town is said to have been founded by the Mogul emperor Jahangir. During the early years of British rule it was an important centre of the silk trade, and the site of one of the East India Company’s commercial residencies. Jangipur is now best known as the toll station for registering all the traffic on the Bhagirathi. The number of boats registered annually is about 10,000.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Janin, Jules Gabriel

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​JANIN, JULES GABRIEL (1804–1874), French critic, was born at St Étienne (Loire) on the 16th of February 1804, and died near Paris on the 19th of June 1874. His father was a lawyer, and he was well educated, first at St Étienne, and then at the lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris. He betook himself to journalism very early, and worked on the Figaro, the Quotidienne, &c., until in 1830 he became dramatic critic of the Journal des Débats. Long before this, however, he had made a considerable literary reputation, for which indeed his strange novel L’Âne mort et la femme guillotinée (1829) would have sufficed. La Confession (1830), which followed, was less remarkable in substance but even more so in style; and in Barnave (1831) he attacked the Orleans family. From the day, however, when Janin became the theatrical critic of the Débats, though he continued to write books indefatigably, he was to most Frenchmen a dramatic critic and nothing more. He was outrageously inconsistent, and judged things from no general point of view whatsoever, though his judgment was usually good-natured. Few journalists have ever been masters of a more attractive fashion of saying the first thing that came into their heads. After many years of feuilleton writing he collected some of his articles in the work called Histoire de la littérature dramatique en France (1853–1858), which by no means deserves its title. In 1865 he made his first attempt upon the Academy, but was not successful till five years later. Meanwhile he had not been content with his feuilletons, written persistently about all manner of things. No one was more in request with the Paris publishers for prefaces, letterpress to illustrated books and such trifles. He travelled (picking up in ​one of his journeys a curious windfall, a country house at Lucca, in a lottery), and wrote accounts of his travels; he wrote numerous tales and novels, and composed many other works, of which by far the best is the Fin d’un monde et du neveu de Rameau (1861), in which, under the guise of a sequel to Diderot’s masterpiece, he showed his great familiarity with the late 18th century. He married in 1841; his wife had money, and he was always in easy circumstances. In the early part of his career he had many quarrels, notably one with Félix Pyat (1810–1889), whom he prosecuted successfully for defamation of character. For the most part his work is mere improvisation, and has few elements of vitality except a light and vivid style. His Œuvres choisies (12 vols., 1875–1878) were edited by A. de la Fitzelière.
A study on Janin with a bibliography was published by A. Piédagnel in 1874. See also Sainte-Beuve, Causeries du lundi, ii. and v., and Gustave Planche, Portraits littéraires.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Neale, John Mason

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​NEALE, JOHN MASON (1818–1866), English divine and scholar, was born in London on the 24th of January 1818, and was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. Here he was affected by the Oxford movement, and helped to found the Camden (afterwards the Ecclesiological) Society. Though he took orders in 1841, ill-health prevented his settling in England till 1846, when he became warden of Sackville College, an almshouse at East Grinstead, an appointment which he held till his death on the 6th of August 1866.
Neale was strongly high-church in his sympathies, and had to endure a good deal of opposition, including a, fourteen years’ inhibition by his bishop. In 1855 he founded a nursing sisterhood named St Margaret’s. He occupies a high place as a hymnologist, but principally as a translator of ancient and medieval hymns, the best known being probably “Brief life is here our portion,” “To thee, O dear, dear country,” and “Jerusalem, the golden,” which are included in the poem of Bernard of Cluny, De Contemptu Mundi, translated by him in full. He also published An Introduction to the History of the Holy Eastern Church (1850, 2 vols.); History of the so-called Jansenist Church of Holland (1858); Essays on Liturgiology and Church History (1863); and many other works.
See Life by his daughter, Mrs Charles Towle (1907); the Memoir by his friend, R. F. Littledale; and the Letters of John Mason Neale (1910), selected and edited by his daughter. For a complete list of Neale’s works see article in Dict. of Nat. Biog. xl. 145.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Neal, David Dalhoff

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​NEAL, DAVID DALHOFF (1838–), American artist, was born at Lowell, Massachusetts, on the 20th of October 1838. He was a pupil of the Royal Academy, Munich, under Max. E. Ainmiller, whose daughter he subsequently married. Later he entered the studio of Piloty, with whom he remained from 1869 to 1876. His picture, “The First Meeting of Mary Stuart and Rizzio,” won for him the great medal of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Art. Besides portraits his canvases include “James Watt,” a large historical composition shown at the Royal Academy, 1874, “Chapel of the Kings at Westminster” (collection of F. Cutting, Boston) and “Cromwell visiting Milton” (Hurlbut collection, Cleveland, Ohio).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nazarius

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​NAZARIUS (4th century A.D.), Latin rhetorician and panegyrist, was, according to Ausonius, a professor of rhetoric at Burdigala (Bordeaux). The extant speech of which he is undoubtedly the author (in E. Bährens, Panegyrici Latini, No. 10) was delivered in 321 to celebrate the fifteenth anniversary of the accession of Constantine the Great, and the fifth of his son Constantine’s admission to the rank of Caesar. The preceding speech (No. 9), celebrating the victory of Constantine over Maxentius, delivered in 313 at Augusta Trevirorum (Trier), has often been attributed to Nazarius, but the difference in style and vocabulary, and the more distinctly Christian colouring of Nazarius’s speech, are against this.
See M. Schanz, Geschichte der römischen Litteratur, iii. (1896); Teuffel-Schwabe, Hist. of Roman Literature (Eng. trans., 1900), 401. 6.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Neagh, Lough

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​NEAGH, LOUGH, the largest lake (Irish, “lough”) in the British Isles, situated in the north-east of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, its waters being divided between counties Antrim (N. and E.), Down (S.E.), Armagh (S.), Tyrone and Londonderry (W.). Its shape is an irregular oblong, its extreme measurements being 18 m. from N.E. to S.W., 16 from N. to S., and 11 from E. to W. Its circumference, without including minor indentations, is about 64 m., and its area 98,255 acres or about 153 sq. m. The shores are generally flat and marshy, or very gently sloping, but flat-topped hills rise near the northern shore, where the lake reaches its extreme depth of 102 ft. The mean height above sea-level is 48 ft. Though the lough receives a large number of ​streams, the river Bann alone carries off its waters, flowing northward. The principal feeders are the Main on the north, the Crumlin (whose waters have petrifying powers) on the east, the Bann and Blackwater on the south, and the Ballinderry and Moyola on the west. Antrim and Toome, at the N.E. and N.W. respectively, are the only towns immediately on the shores. The islands are few and near the shores; namely, Skady Tower on the north, Ram’s Island (with a ruined round tower) on the east, Ready and Coney Islands on the southwest. The lough abounds in fish, including gillaroo trout, char and pullen or fresh-water herring. A tradition that the lough rose suddenly from a fountain, inundating a populous district, and that remains of buildings may be seen below the waters, finds place in Thomas Moore’s ballad Let Erin remember.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Neale, Edward Vansittart

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​NEALE, EDWARD VANSITTART (1810–1892), English co-operator and Christian Socialist, was born at Bath on the 2nd of April 1810, the son of a Buckinghamshire clergyman. After receiving his earlier education at home he went to Oriel College, Oxford. In 1837 he was called to the bar at Lincoln’s Inn. He became a member of the Christian Socialists in 1850 and also joined the council of the Society for Promoting Working Men’s Associations. His wealth enabled him to carry out experiments in co-operation on a larger scale than had been previously attempted. He founded the first co-operative store in London, and advanced the capital for two builders’ associations, both of which failed. In 1851, though strongly opposed by other members of the promoting “Council,” he started on his own initiative the Central Co-operative Agency, similar in many respects to the Co-operative Wholesale Society of a later day. The failure of this scheme, together with that of the operatives cause in the engineering lock-out of 1852 is said to have cost him £40,000. It is certain that until in later life he inherited the estate of Bisham Abbey in Berkshire he was, comparatively speaking, a poor man. He was closely associated with the movement which resulted in the Industrial and Provident Societies Act of 1876, and the passing of the Consolidation Act of 1862 was almost entirely due to his efforts. Besides publishing pamphlets on co-operation he served on the executive committee which afterwards developed into the Central Co-operative Board, and took an active part in the formation of the North of England Co-operative Wholesale Society in 1863. One of the founders of the Cobden mills in 1866, and the Agricultural and Horticultural Association in 1867, he also promoted the annual co-operative congress, afterwards becoming general secretary of the Central Board. He was also a director of the Co-operative Insurance Company and a member of the Co-operative Newspaper Society for many years. He visited America in 1875 with a deputation whose object was to open up a direct trade between the farmers of the western states and the English co-operative stores. After resigning the post of secretary to the congress board in 1891, he became a member of the Oxford University branch of the Christian Social Union. He died on the 16th of September 1892.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Neamtzu

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​NEAMTZU (Neamtu), a town in Rumania, situated among the lower slopes of the Carpathian Mountains, and on the left bank of the river Neamtzu, an affluent of the Moldova. Pop. (1900) 8578, about half being Jews. Neamtzu gives its name to the Department of which Piatra is the capital. Lying 15 m. S. by E. of Falticheni, the nearest railway station, it has little trade. Near it is the ruined fortress of Neamtzu, constructed early in the 13th century by the Teutonic knights of Andrew II., king of Hungary, in order to repel the incursions of the Cumanians. An hour’s drive to the west of the town is the monastery of Neamtzu, founded in the 14th century, and containing two churches and many ancient and interesting relics. Before the secularization of the monastic lands in 1864, it was one of the richest and most important of the Rumanian monasteries. Baltzatesti, 10 m. W. by S. of Neamtzu, is locally famous for its mineral springs and baths.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nazareth

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​NAZARETH (mod. en-Nāṣira), a town in Galilee, in a hollow of the hills on the southern border of the plain of Esdraelon. It first appears as a village (John i. 46) in which Joseph and Mary lived (Luke i. 26) and to which they returned from Egypt (Matt. ii. 23). Here the unrecorded years of Christ’s boyhood were spent. From the name of the town comes naṣāra (i.e. “Nazarenes”), the ordinary oriental word for “Christians.” There was here a synagogue (Matt. xiii. 54) in which Christ preached the sermon that led to his rejection by his fellow townsmen. The growth of legends and traditional identifications can be traced in the writings of the pilgrims who have visited the town from Jerome’s time till our own. For none of these can anything be said, save that it is possible that the village spring (called “St Mary’s Well”) is the same as that used in the time of Christ. A large basilica stood here about A.D. 600: the crusaders transferred here the bishopric of Scythopolis. It was taken by Saladin in 1187. In 1517 it was captured by the Turks. The population is now estimated at about 3500 Moslems and 6500 Christians; there are numerous schools, hospitals, &c., conducted by Greeks, Latins and Protestants. Visitors are shown the “Church of the Annunciation” with caves (including a fragment of a pillar hanging from the ceiling, and said to be miraculously supported) which are described as the scene of the annunciation, the “workshop of Joseph,” the “synagogue,” and a stone table, said to have been used by Christ.