# Cassell's Illustrated History of England/Volume 1

BOADICEA.
Cassell's Illustrated
HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
New and Revised Edition.
CONTINUED TO THE END OF 1873.
VOL. I.
FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE REIGN OF EDWARD THE FOURTH.
Cassell Petter & Galpin:
London, Paris & New York.
PREFACE.
It is almost as vain to write the praises of history as it is unnecessary to write its apology. Whatever doubts may be entertained as to the merits of the classics as a means of education, history stands above all suspicion, and is pre-eminent not only as a means, but even as an end of knowledge.
We may regard history as in some sort the story of ourselves under circumstances different from those in which it finds us; which circumstances, however, time often repeats with remarkable similitude of detail. It is, indeed, more than this; it is the narrative of national as well as of individual life, and—in a higher aspect still—it is the narrative of the great human race. But even if we look on it only as a vast collection of biographies, we can hardly exaggerate the importance of its voice to us. It teaches its votary something of himself and of his kind which the profoundest philosopher without it could never know. If we except Nature and Revelation, what else is there beyond the domain of history? Indeed, it is the complement of these, and with these fills up all experience and all thought. But if this be true of universal history, it is true in a sense more confined and yet more intense of the history of our own country. The exceeding interest of this latter will let none of us escape. It is our text-book in childhood, but we have not grasped its wisdom or exhausted its pleasure in age. We delight in it, not merely because it tells of our own fathers and our own homes, but because it, more than any other, presents the broad surface of the people; because it is concerned, not only with kings, and statesmen, and warriors, but with the toilers at the plough, and at the counter, and at the desk—with the great middle class, whose growth in extent and power forms so large a portion of its page; because it exhibits a unity of design and a continuity of action which is not so patent, even if it exists, elsewhere; because it leads by marked gradations through the practical logic of great principles to that national product which we now enjoy with so much pride and satisfaction; because it is the voice of a people whose language is more wide-spread and more potent in the ears of friends and foes than that of any tongue on earth, and is enriched with science and with song to which few others can aspire.
On the other hand, the history of this country, as of all others, presents a corrective to that national pride and self-sufficiency which it may at first seem to engender. We, too, have come forth from the dark ages dyed with their superstitions and their crimes. We have lingered long indeed upon the threshold of this more exalted time. We can boast no great, unbroken unity of race, religion, and polity, as the Jew of other days might boast with justice. The Reformation found us as it found others, and did not find us first. We have made great national mistakes and committed great national crimes in our policy at home and abroad, and the sciences of political and domestic ​economy are only beginning to take hold upon us. Our history clearly points out that our geographical position may well dispute with the genius of the people the merit of making us what we are; and our geographical position and our mineral wealth are blessings for which we cannot thank ourselves.
The slow building of a constitution which finds no parallel in the world is the most distinctive, as it is the largest, feature in English history. But this does not render it a mere monotonous political dissertation. The movements of the people are broken in upon by wars from without, and tumults and revolutions from within. Great actors and great thinkers come upon the sight, and for a moment nothing else is seen. How all these pressed on, or modified, or retarded the destiny of the nation is matter of difficult but most instructive research. How the various units of the great mass, which history can seek out, acted under the changing circumstances of the time, and moved under the diverse influences of events, of passion, and of principle, is matter pregnant with instruction to each of us. Nor is there instruction for the head alone. The whole of the complex nature of man is wrought upon. History thrusts upon the stage at once, or in quick and continued succession, tragedy, and comedy, and farce; and, as we weep, and laugh, and wonder, we must not forget that we are in the theatre, not of fancy, but of truth, and that every event, however slight, every entrance and every exit, possesses a real meaning and a real importance. It is often difficult, sometimes perhaps impossible, to discover this meaning and this importance; but even when we cannot perceive the connection between individual actors and the conduct of the plot, the individual cannot be utterly devoid of interest and instruction. An unimportant personage or a slight event may bring before us the spirit of the times, and the progress of lesser transactions, which are so apt to be forgotten in the great action of the moment. To the statesman, no doubt, the study of English history is of special importance, and he learns from it the genius of our constitution, and finds in it precedent, example, and warning peculiar to himself. But we all have an interest in the state, though it be not such as his, and we all find in that history precedent, and example, and warning. As every day adds to our knowledge of the past, it should add to our wisdom for the future; and if we do not profit in heart and head by the experience which the ages have gathered for us—if we do not grow, as they would have us, not only in wisdom, but in humility, in moderation, in humanity—we have to blame, not these unerring teachers, but ourselves.
ILLUSTRATIONS TO THE FIRST VOLUME.
* PAGE
* Frontspeice-Boadicea
* The Druids inciting the Britons to Oppose the Landing of the Romans................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1
* Druidical Remains at Carnac, in the Department of Morbehan, France................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3
* Stonehenge (restored)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4
* Druidical Monuments (restored) at Abury, Wiltshire................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5
* Caledonians, or Picts................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6
* Landing of Julius Cæsar................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7
* Julius Cæsar. From a Cameo in the Imperial Library, Paris................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................10
* Roman Soldiers passing over a Bridge of Boats................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................12
* The Romans leaving London................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................13
* Roman Architecture in Britain: Capital—Masonry at Colchester—Cornice, Basement, Doorway at Bird-Oswald................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................19
* Sections of the Wall of Richborough Castle................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................20
* Coins Struck during the Roman Period in England................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21
* The Piratical Invasion of the Saxons under Hengist and Horsa................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................22
* Newport Gate, Lincoln................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................22
* Roman Urns................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................23
* The Treaty of Peace between the Saxon Leaders and the British King................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................24
* Defeat of the Saxons by Arthur................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................25
* Saxon Arms................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................26
* Egbert................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................27
* Alfred the Great................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................30
* The Murder of Cenulph, King of Wessex................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................31
* Alfred in the Neatherd's Hut................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................34
* Edgar the Pacific rowed down the River Dee by Eight Tributary Princes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................37
* Athelstan's Ring................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................38
* Edwy dragged by Dunstan from the Presence of Elgina................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42
* The Ecclesiastical Council convened by St. Dunstan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43
* Drawing of the Crucifixion. Harl M.S.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................47
* Assassination of Edward the Martyr................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................48
* The Sister of King Sweyn murdered in the General Massacre of the Danes by the Saxons, a. d. 1002................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................49
* Danish Arms and Armour................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................51
* Meeting of Edmund Ironside and Canute in the Isle of Alney................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................54
* Canute reproving his Courtiers................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................55
* Danish Tumuli, Essex................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................57
* Canute the Great................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................58
* Harold Swearing to Maintain the Right of the Duke of Normandy to the Throne of England................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................60
* The Death of Hardicanute................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................61
* William, Duke of Normandy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................66
* The Shrine of Edward the Confessor, in Westminster Abbey................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................67
* Building of the Tower of Babel. Saxon MS.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................69
* Saxon Architecture: Tower of Sompting Church—Window of Deerhurst Church—Window of Jarrow Church—Doorway of Barnack Church................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................71
* ——Tower of Earl's Barton Church................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................72
* Anglo-Saxon Calendar................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................73, 76
* A Saxon Blacksmith................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Saxon Bell................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Execution of a Criminal. Saxon MS.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................78
* Saxon Calendar................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................78
* At a Banquet given by Harold he receives the News of the Invasion of the Normans................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................79
* Saxon Game at Bowls................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................80
* Anglo-Saxon Vessel................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................81
* Ruins of Hastings Castle................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................84
* Death of Harold at the Battle of Hastings................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................85
* The Norman Thanksgiving after the Battle of Hastings................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................87
* William the Conqueror................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................89
* Finding of the Body of Harold................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................90
* Coronation of William the Conqueror................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................91
* Arms of William the Conqueror................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................92
* Silver Penny and Great Seal of William the Conqueror................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................93
* Rougemont Castle, Exeter................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................94
* Battle Abbey................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................96
* Hereward cutting his way through the Norman Host................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................97
* Plan of a Norman Castle................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................98
* Clifford's Tower, York................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................99
* Depopulation of Hampshire to form the New Forest................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................102
* William the Conqueror and his Son Robert................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................103
* View of Lincoln, showing the Ruins of the Castle................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................106
* William II. surnamed Rufus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................108
* The Death of Conan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................109
* William Rufus and the Soldier................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111
* Statue of William Rufus in the Choir of York Cathedral................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................113
* Bamborough Castle................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................114
* Pope Urban II. preaching the First Crusade................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................115
* Roman Model, representing the Palm Tree of Judea................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................117
* St Helena discovering the True Cross. Greek MS................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................118
* The Army of Peter the Hermit................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................120
* Bird's-eye View of Christian Constantinople................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................121
* Statue of Godfrey of Bouillon at Brussels................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................123
* Marble Column raised by Arcadius at Constantinople................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................125
* Throne of the Emperor of Constantinople. Greek MS................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................126
* Santa Sophia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................127
* Circus and Hippodrome of ancient Constantinople................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................128
* Costume of an Empress of Constantinople. Greek MS.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................129
* Crown of an Empress of Constantinople. From an Arab Medal................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................129
* Movable Tower................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................131
* Sword of Godfrey of Bouillon................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................131
* Tomb of Godfrey of Bouillon................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................131
* Templars................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................132
* The Death of William Rufus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................133
* Fragment of a Copy of the Evangelists, in Latin. Tenth Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................135
* —— of an Ode to Mecænas. Tenth Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................135
* Anglo-Saxon Writing of Sixth Century.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................135
* Latin Papyrus of Third Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................136
* Saxon Dinner Party. Cotton MS.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................136
* Gleemen Juggling. Cotton MS. Ditto„................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................137
* Balancing................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................137
* Musical Instruments. Caedmon MS.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................137
* Dance. Ninth Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................138
* Grand Organ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................138
* Norman Costumes of Eleventh Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................139
* Harp. Ninth Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................140
* Ladies Hunting. Royal MS................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................140
* Hawking. Cotton MS................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................140
* Umbrella used in Hawking................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................140
* Harold. From the Bayeux Tapestry................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................140
* Training the Falcon................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................141
* Sword Play................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................141
* Bob Apple................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................141
* Saxon Crowns................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................141
* Anglo-Saxon Costume................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................142
* —— Shoes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................142
* Ladies' Costume................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................142
* Cloak-pin, Buckle, and Pouch. Twelfth Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................142
* Anglo-Saxon Dinner Party................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................142
* Chairs, Candlestick, Saxon Bed................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................143
* Norman Vessel. Twelfth Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................143
* Comb in Ivory................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................143
* Military Costumes. Twelfth Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................144
* Gisarme—Norman Soldiers and Bowmen................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................144
* Woman Spinning................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................145
* Noble Ladies of Normandy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................145
* Sacramental Wafer-box................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................145
* Bayeux Tapestry................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................147
* Great Seal of Henry I.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................148
* Robert of Normandy at the Castle of the Count of Conversano................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................150
* Marriage of Henry I. and Matilda................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................151
* Statue of Henry I. in the Choir of York Cathedral................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................152
* Henry I................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................154
* Robert of Normandy a Prisoner in Cardiff Castle................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................156
* Matilda, Queen of Henry I.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................157
* Shipwreck of Prince William, Son of Henry I.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................159
* King Henry bewailing the Loss of his Children................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................160
* Stephen................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................162
* The Battle of the Standard................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................163
* Silver Penny of Stephen................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................164
* Signature and Seal of Pope Innocent II.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................164
* Great Seal of Stephen................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................165
* Effigy of Roger, Bishop of Sarum, in Salisbury Cathedral................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................166
* Stephen taken Prisoner................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................168
* The Empress Matilda and the Queen of Stephen................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................169
* Revolt of the Citizens of London against Matilda................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................171
* Statue of Stephen in the Choir of York Cathedral................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................172
* Flight of Matilda from Oxford................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................174
* Meeting of Stephen and Prince Henry at Wallingford................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................175
* Statue of Henry II. in the Choir of York Cathedral................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................176
* Great Seal of Henry II................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................177
* Silver Penny, Henry II................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................177
* Henry II................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................178
* Entry of Henry and Eleanor into Winchester................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................180
* Becket at the Head of Seven Hundred Knights................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................181
* Progress of Thomas à Becket through France................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................186
* Defeat of the English by the Welsh at Berwin................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................187
* Murder of Thomas a Becket................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................190
* Henry II. doing Penance at the Tomb of Thomas à Becket................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................192
* Siege of Waterford. The City taken by Assault................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................193
* Spoon of Twelfth Century, used at the Coronation of the Kings of England................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................196
* Meeting of Henry and Louis on the Plain near Gisors................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................198
* Penance of Henry before the Shrine of Thomas à Becket. From an ancient painting on glass................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................199
* Effigy of Eleanor, Queen of Henry II.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................203
* Richard Cœur-de-Lion drawing his Sword on the Cardinal-Legate of the Pope................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................204
* Richard Cœur -de-Lion beside the Dead Body of his Father................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................205
* Norman Architecture:—
* Norwich Castle................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................207
* Hedingham Castle, Essex................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................207
* Early Norman Capital................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................208
* St. James's Tower, Bury St. Edmunds................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................209
* St. Botolph's Priory................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................209
* Portion of a Doorway, Durham Cathedral................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................209
* Richard I., Cœur-de-Lion................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................210
* Richard causing the Gold and Jewels to be Weighed in his Presence................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................211
* Crown of the Twelfth Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................212
* Statue of Richard I. in York Cathedral................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................212
* Shield of a Templar................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................213
* View of part of the Town of Genoa. From an ancient Engraving................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................214
* Medals of William I. or William II. of Sicily................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................214
* Falcons................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................215
* Richard Cœur-de-Lion before the Shrine of St. Januarius................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................216
* Isaac of Cyprus praying Cœur-de-Lion for the Restoration of his Daughter................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................217
* Plan of Acre in the Fourteenth Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................219
* Machine for Throwing Stones, used at the Siege of Acre................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................220
* "Save the Holy Sepulchre"................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................222
* Richard Cœur-de-Lion at Jaffa................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................223
* Coins of Sovereigns of the Seljuk Dynasty................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................225
* Richard Cœur-de-Lion................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................226
* The Bishop of Salisbury before Saladin................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................238
* PAGE
* Richard Cœur-de-Lion surprised by the Austrian Soldiers................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................229
* Longchamp, the Chancellor, arresting Hugh Pudsey, Bishop of Durham................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................231
* Richard Cœur-de-Lion before the Diet of the German Empire................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................231
* John kneeling for Forgiveness before his Brother Richard................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................235
* The Death of Longbeard................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................240
* Priests interceding with King Richard for the Bishop of Beauvais................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................241
* Effigies of Richard I. and Berengaria................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................243
* Great Seal of King John................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................245
* Richard Cœur-de-Lion receiving his Death-wound................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................246
* The Death of Prince Arthur................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................247
* King John................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................252
* John kneeling in Homage before the Pope's Legate................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................253
* John refusing to Sign Magna Charta................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................258
* Rage of John after the Signing of Magna Charta................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................259
* Specimen of the Writing of Magna Charta................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................260
* Dover Castle................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................264
* John's Passage of the Wash................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................265
* Great Seal of Henry III.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................267
* The Head of Eustace le Moine carried on a Pole................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................270
* The Barons enforcing their Rights from Henry III.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................271
* Henry III.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................276
* Banquet at the Marriage of Henry III. and Eleanor of Provence................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................277
* The Battle of Taillebourg................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................282
* Interior of Westminster Hall—the Bishops pronouncing Sentence of excommunication against all who should oppose the Charter................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................283
* The Bishop of Worcester meeting the King of the Romans................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................288
* London Bridge in the Thirteenth Century—Escape of Queen Eleanor................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................289
* Henry III. at the Battle of Lewes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................291
* Combat between Prince Edward and Baron Adam Gourdon................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................294
* Circular part of the Temple Church, London................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................295
* Architecture of the Thirteenth Century: Capital, Salisbury Cathedral—Capital, Lincoln Cathedral—Tooth Ornament, Lincoln Cathedral................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................299
* ——South Transept of Beverly Minster................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................300
* Departure of Henry and Eleanor to the Holy Land................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................301
* Great Seal of Edward I.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................303
* Tomb of Henry III. in Westminster Abbey................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................306
* Edward I. presenting his Infant Son to the Welsh ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................307
* Edward I.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................312
* Baliol doing Homage for the Crown of Scotland ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................313
* Earl Warenne displaying his Title to his Estates ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................318
* Edward I. at Berwick ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................319
* Origin of the War between France and England ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................324
* Quarrel between Edward I. and the Earls of Norfolk and Hereford................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................325
* Death of Comyn................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................330
* Wallace Crowned with Laurel in Westminster Hall................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................331
* Carlisle Castle................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................334
* Tomb of Eleanor, Queen of Edward I., in Westminster Abbey.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................336
* Marriage of Edward II. and Isabella of France................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................337
* Great Seal of Edward II.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................339
* Edward II.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................342
* Surprise of Edinburgh Castle.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................343
* The Battle of Bannockburn................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................349
* Berkeley Castle................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................354
* Deposition of Edward II.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................355
* Great Seal of Edward III.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................358
* Edward III.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................360
* Reception of Philippa of Hainault at London.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................361
* Mortimer's Hole, Nottingham Castle.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................366
* The Troops of Lord Montacute in the Subterranean Passage.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................367
* The Battle of Sluys.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................373
* Genoese Bowmen.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................375
* Edward the Black Prince.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................378
* Combat between French and English Cavalry at the Passage of the Somme.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................379
* Queen Philippa interceding for the Burgesses of Calais.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................385
* Edward the Black Prince presenting King John of France to his Father Edward III.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................390
* The Battle of Poietiers................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................391
* Combat between English and French Knights in a Square at Limoges.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................397
* The Death of Edward III.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................403
* Great Seal of Richard II.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................406
* Richard II.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................408
* The Widow of the Black Prince appealing to Wat Tyler for Protection from the Mob................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................409
* John of Gaunt.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................414
* Wycliffe appearing before the Prelates at St. Paul's to answer the Charge of Heresy.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................415
* Death of Wat Tyler.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................421
* John Wycliffe................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................426
* Richard II. asserting his Authority.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................427
* Betrothal of the French Princess to Richard II.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................432
* Arrest of the Duke of Gloucester................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................433
* Combat between the Earls of Norfolk and Hereford stopped by the King.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................438
* Meeting of Richard and Lancaster at Flint Castle.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................439
* Pontefract Castle.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................442
* A Scandinavian God................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................445
* Shipping of the Year 1269................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................447
* Prior of Southwick's Chair. Thirteenth Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................448
* Parliament assembled for the Deposition of Richard II. Harl. MS................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................450
* Siege of a Town in the Fourteenth Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................451
* King and Armour-bearer. Thirteenth Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................452
* Ciborium. Thirteenth Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................453
* Crozier. Thirteenth Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................453
* Costume of a Bishop of the Fourteenth Century.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................454
* Effigy of Jocelyn, Bishop of Salisbury.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................454
* Fac-simile of Part of a Page of Wycliffe's Bible.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................455
* Author and Copyist Writing.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................456
* Roger Bacon.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................457
* Matthew Paris.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................459
* Geoffrey Chaucer.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................462
* The Queen's Cross, Northampton.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................463
* Decorated Architecture:—
* Building of St. Alban's Abbey. Cotton MS................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................464
* Window, from Meopham.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................465
* Window— — — St. Mary's, Beverley.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................465
* Decorated Capital, from Selby.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................467
* Ball-flower.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................467
* Four-leaved Flower.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................467
* Ruins of Croyland Abbey.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................468
* Edward II. and the Minstrel.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................469
* Dance of Fools.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................470
* Dancing Bears and Monkeys. Harl. MS.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................471
* Woman Churning and Blind Beggar.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................472
* Blacksmith of Fourteenth Century.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................472
* Penny of Edward I.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................473
* Penny„ (supposed) of Edward II.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................473
* Groat of Edward III.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................473
* English Merrymaking in the Fourteenth Century.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................475
* Bed of the Thirteenth Century.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................476
* Effigy of Matilda Fitzwalter at Dunmow.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................476
* Abbot's Chair. Thirteenth Century.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................476
* Pilgrim. Thirteenth Century.Ditto................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................477
* Stocks. Thirteenth Century.Ditto................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................477
* Saddle of the Time of Edward II.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................477
* King at Table. Fourteenth Century.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................477
* Shoes of the Time of Edward II.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................478
* Tilting Helmet found at Lynn. Thirteenth Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................478
* Mourning Costumes of the Thirteenth Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................479
* Head-dresses of the Time of Henry III.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................479
* Stool-ball. Fourteenth Century.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................480
* Card-playing. Fourteenth Century.Ditto................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................480
* Horsemen Tilting. Twelfth Century. Royal MS................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................480
* Henry IV.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................481
* Great Seal of Henry IV.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................482
* Owen Glendower's Oak.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................486
* The Return of the Douglas across the Border.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................487
* Restoration of Isabella to her Father.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................493
* The Field of the Battle of Shrewsbury.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................495
* The French Fleet reaching Milford Haven.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................498
* Execution of the Archbishop of York.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................499
* Judge Gascoigne................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................503
* Reconciliation of the Dukes of Burgundy and Orleans................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................505
* Owen Glendower.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................510
* Judge Gascoigne and Prince Henry................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................511
* Tomb of Henry IV. and his Queen in Westminster Abbey................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................513
* Great Seal of Henry V.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................516
* Henry V.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................517
* Cradle of Henry V.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................518
* Room in the Lollards' Tower................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................519
* French Carpenter and Maid Servant................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................522
* The Battle of the Carpenters and Butchers.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................523
* Parliament of Henry V. Harl. MS.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................526
* Azincourt—King Henry V. and the Sire de Helly. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................529
* Ruins of Monmouth Castle.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................534
* Reception of Sigismund on the Coast of England................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................535
* The Mass in the Abbey Church of Marmontier................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................541
* Rouen................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................546
* Cardinal Ursini's Visit to Henry V.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................547
* Armour of Fifteenth Century—Great Hall at Brougham Hall.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................552
* Assassination of the Duke of Burgundy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................553
* Tomb of Henry V. in Westminster Abbey................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................555
* Paris in the Fifteenth Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................558
* Funeral Procession of Henry V.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................559
* Great Seal of Henry VI.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................564
* Henry VI.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................565
* The Duke of Brabant driving away the Ladies of his Wife Jacqueline................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................567
* Cardinal Beaufort's Chantry, Winchester Cathedral.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................570
* Joan of Arc.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................571
* Joan of Arc— — — at the Assault of the Tournelles.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................577
* Burning of Joan of Arc.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................582
* Death of Cardinal Beaufort.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................583
* Queen Margaret, from a Tapestry in St. Mary's Hall, Coventry.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................589
* The Tower of London.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................594
* Death of the Earl of Shrewsbury.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................595
* Siege Operations (Fifteenth Century); a French Town taken by the English.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................600
* Richard Duke of York claiming the Crown.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................601
* Edward IV.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................605
* Queen Margaret and the Robber of Hexham.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................607
* Great Seal of Edward IV.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................608
* First Meeting of Edward IV. and Lady Elizabeth Gray.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................613
* Coinage of the Fifteenth Century.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................615
* Preaching at St. Paul's Cross. Fifteenth Century.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................618
* Warwick visiting King Henry VI. in the Tower.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................619
CASSELL'S
ILLUSTRATED
HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
THE DRUIDS INCITING THE BRITONS TO OPPOSE THE LANDING OF THE ROMANS. (See p. 5.)
* Chapter 1
* Chapter 2
* Chapter 3
* Chapter 4
* Chapter 5
* Chapter 6
* Chapter 7
* Chapter 8
* Chapter 9
* Chapter 10
* Chapter 11
* Chapter 12
* Chapter 13
* Chapter 14
* Chapter 15
* Chapter 16
* Chapter 17
* Chapter 18
* Chapter 19
* Chapter 20
* Chapter 21
* Chapter 22
* Chapter 23
* Chapter 24
* Chapter 25
* Chapter 26
* Chapter 27
* Chapter 28
* Chapter 29
* Chapter 30
* Chapter 31
* Chapter 32
* Chapter 33
* Chapter 34
* Chapter 35
* Chapter 36
* Chapter 37
* Chapter 38
* Chapter 39
* Chapter 40
* Chapter 41
* Chapter 42
* Chapter 43
* Chapter 44
* Chapter 45
* Chapter 46
* Chapter 47
* Chapter 48
* Chapter 49
* Chapter 50
* Chapter 51
* Chapter 52
* Chapter 53
* Chapter 54
* Chapter 55
* Chapter 56
* Chapter 57
* Chapter 58
* Chapter 59
* Chapter 60
* Chapter 61
* Chapter 62
* Chapter 63
* Chapter 64
* Chapter 65
* Chapter 66
* Chapter 67
* Chapter 68
* Chapter 69
* Chapter 70
* Chapter 71
* Chapter 72
* Chapter 73
* Chapter 74
* Index