# Makers of British botany/Index

INDEX
Absorption, Aristotelian views on, 68 ━━ Grew and, 58 ━━ Hales and, 73–76 ━━ Mariotte and, 68 Adanson, Plant families and, 41 Agassiz, appreciation of, 215, 319 Agriculture, investigations in, 234, 236–237 ━━ physiology and, 7 ━━ Theophrastus and, 9 Algae, Berkeley on British, 226 ━━ collection of, 214, 216 ━━ Harvey on, 208, 210-212, 216 ━━ systematic work on, 202 ━━ Williamson and, 252 Algal floras, 219 Alston, Charles, King's Botanist, 283–284 ━━ Hales and, 285-286 ━━ investigations of, 285 ━━ publications of, 286 Alternation of generations, 188–189, 198 Amman, Morison's method and, 26 Anabaena filaments, Griffith on, 190, 196 Anatomical method, W. Hooker and, 147–148 Anatomy, Balfour and comparative, 262 ━━ Founders of, 2, 6, 44, 63, 67 ━━ Grew and plant, 47–57 ━━ Henfrey and Monocotyledon, 199 ━━ Hill and plant, 93, 94, 95 Annals of Botany, Ward and, 266 Annual rings, J. Hill and, 94 Antarctic flora, J. D. Hooker and, 305, 311–312 Anthrax, Ward on, 272 Apical growth, Nägeli and Leitgeb on, 135 Apogamy, Alston and, 286 Aquatic fungi, Ward on, 265 Aquatic Myxomycete, Ward and, 265 Arber, Agnes, on Grew, 44-64 ━━ Newell, on Primofilices, 257 Arboretum, founding of Edinburgh, 300 Archaeology, Williamson and, 249 Archegonia, discovery in Ferns of, 196-198 Aristotle, botanical writings of, 8 Aristotle, value of work of, 15 ━━ physiology and, 68 Ascent of sap, Grew's explanation of, 58 Asclepiadaceae, R. Brown on the, 114-116 Assimilation, Hales on, 80
Bacteria, action of light on, 273 Bacteriology, Ward on, 265, 271–273 Baker, J. Hill's quarrels with, 89-91 ━━ Synopsis Filicum and, 146 Balanophoraceae, Griffith on the, 186 ━━ J. D. Hooker and the, 308 Balfour, Andrew, pioneer work of, 281 ━━ J. Bayley, on the Edinburgh Professors, 280–301 ━━ ━━ on the Ginger-beer plant, 269 ━━ John Hutton, life of, 293-300 ━━ ━━ Edinburgh Professorship and, 293–295 ━━ ━━ at Glasgow, 295 ━━ ━━ administrative work of, 295 ━━ ━━ teaching methods of, 299 Banks, Sir Joseph, W. Hooker and, 129 ━━ ━━ R. Brown and, 110–111 ━━ ━━ on "rust" disease, 275 Banksian collections, R. Brown and, 112–123, 134 de Bary, on potato disease, 266 ━━ on "rust" disease, 27 ━━ Ward's visit to, 264 Basidia, Berkeley's researches on, 230 Bauer, W. Hooker and, 144–145 Bauhin, Caspar, Pinax of, 14–15 ━━ ━━ and John, Morison on, 20 Bean, collections of, 248 ━━ on Yorkshire Fossil Flora, 247 Bentham, collaboration with Hooker, 313 ━━ bequest of, 144 ━━ collections of, 140 ━━ Herbarium of, 310 Berkeley, Miles Joseph, life of, 225–232 ━━ ━━ fungal morphology and, 230–231 ━━ W. Hooker on, 227 ━━ as naturalist, 225–226 ​Berkeley, as plant pathologist, 231–232 ━━ as systematic mycologist, 227–230 ━━ as zoologist, 226 Binney, on Carboniferous plants, 253 ━━ on coal balls, 245 ━━ fossil plant tissues and, 307 ━━ Geological Survey and, 245–246 ━━ publications of, 246 Blair, on Morison and Ray, 31 Bobart, Jacob, Keeper of Oxford Physic Garden, 17 ━━ ━━ the younger, 18 ━━ ━━ ━━ and Morison's work, 18, 23 ━━ ━━ ━━ influence on Ray, 43 Botanic gardens, of British colonies, 136 ━━ ━━ of Calcutta, 181–182, 305 ━━ ━━ of Cambridge, 153 ━━ ━━ Chelsea Physic, 84, 92, 179 ━━ ━━ of Glasgow, 129, 130, 292 ━━ ━━ Glasnevin, 213 ━━ ━━ Government subsidy of, 288 ━━ ━━ Kew, 136–137 ━━ ━━ Oxford, 17, 18 ━━ ━━ purpose of, 281 ━━ ━━ rivalry between Edinburgh, 282, 283 Botanical Gazette, Henfrey and, 201, 202 ━━ Magazine, editorship of W. Hooker, 142 ━━ Society of Edinburgh, founding of, 294 Botanical illustration, Bauer and, 179 ━━ ━━ Berkeley and, 226 ━━ ━━ Dickson and, 301 ━━ ━━ W. Fitch and, 141–142, 246 ━━ ━━ Grew and, 52 ━━ ━━ Harvey and, 202, 206, 212 ━━ ━━ Hill and, 100, 102, 103 ━━ ━━ W. Hooker and, 141 ━━ ━━ Lindley and, 170, 174 ━━ ━━ McGillivray, 244 ━━ ━━ Tuffen West and, 200 ━━ ━━ Williamson and, 257 Botany, local study of, 249 Botany teaching, Henslow's methods, 158, 159 ━━ ━━ pioneers of, 281, 296 Bottomiey, on Gilbert, 233–242 Bower, F. O., 258 ━━ on W. Hooker, 126–150 ━━ on J. D. Hooker, 302–323 Boyle, influence on Hales, 66 Bridging species, Ward on, 277 British Algae, Berkeley on, 226 ━━ Flora, Bentham and Hooker on, 315 ━━ ━━ Berkeley on, 227–228 ━━ ━━ W. Hooker on, 143 ━━ ━━ J. D. Hooker on, 315 Brome grass, Ward on, 276–277 Brongniart, Williamson and, 254–256 ━━ antiquity of Dicotyledons and, 244 ━━ on fossil seeds, 257 ━━ influence of, 246 Broome, collaboration with Berkeley, 229 Brown, Robert, life of, 108–125 ━━ ━━ J. Banks and, 110, 111 ━━ ━━ collections of, 112 ━━ ━━ Cycad ovule and, 187 ━━ ━━ diary of, 111 ━━ ━━ Griffith and, 186 ━━ ━━ Linnean Society and, 112, 123–124 ━━ ━━ on the ovule, 184–185 ━━ ━━ period of, 134 ━━ ━━ on vegetation of New Holland, 113 Brownian movement, 120 Bryophyta, Griffith and, 188–189, 190 Bud protection, Grew on, 50
Calamites, Williamson on, 253, 254, 256 ━━ secondary growth in, 254 Calcutta Gardens, Falconer and, 305 ━━ ━━ Griffith and, 181–182 Cambridge, Ward at, 262 ━━ Botanic Gardens, 153 ━━ Herbarium, Lindley's presentation to, 170 ━━ Philosophical Society, founding of, 151 ━━ ━━ ━━ presentations to, 152–153 ━━ ━━ ━━ Ward and, 276 ━━ Professorship, 152, 274 Carboniferous period, Binney on, 246, 253, 307 ━━ ━━ J. D. Hooker on, 307 ━━ ━━ Williamson on, 4, 253, 256 Cell structure, discovery of, 53 ━━ ━━ Grew on, 53–54 ━━ theory, Williamson and 251 Cesalpino, Andrea, abstract of results of, 12, 13 ━━ ━━ classification and, 11 ━━ ━━ on Cryptogams, 21 ━━ ━━ Morison and, 26 ━━ ━━ Theophrastus and, 11 Ceylon Flora, Hooker and, 312, 313 Chelsea Physic Garden, Botany lectures at, 84 ━━ ━━ ━━ Griffith and, 179 ━━ ━━ ━━ Hill's use of, 92 Chemiotaxis, R. Brown on, 115 ━━ Myoshi on, 275 ━━ Pfeffer and, 275 Chlorophyll, Grew's observations on, 59 Circumpolar uniformity, Hooker and, 321 Classification, Adanson on, 41 ━━ Bauhin and, 14 ​Classification, Cesalpino and, 11 ━━ De Candolle and, 41 ━━ first attempt at, 9 ━━ flower and fruit in, 11 ━━ Gesner on, 10 ━━ Hill on, 100 ━━ historical review of, 173 ━━ Jung and, 15 ━━ de Jussieu on, 41 ━━ leaf in, 21 ━━ Lindley and, 172, 173 ━━ Malpighi on, 35 ━━ Morison and, 18, 22 ━━ natural system of, 13, 41, 172, 173 ━━ progress in, 9 ━━ Ray on, 29 Climbing plants, anatomy of, 55 Coal-balls, first investigation of, 245 ━━ Williamson and, 251 Coffee disease, investigations of, 263 Coleridge, on Grew, 46, 47 Constancy of species, W. Hooker on, 148 Contact stimulus, Hill on, 98, 99 Controversies, Gilbert and Liebig, 238 ━━ Hill's, 89–91 ━━ Morison and Ray, 21, 31 ━━ Rothamsted and German physiologists, 242 ━━ Williamson and Brongniart, 254 Copley medal, Hales and, 70 Coprolite, discovery of, 155–156 Corn laws, Lindley and repeal of, 169 Cotyledons, Malpighi on, 35, 36 ━━ systematic value of, 36 Croonian lecture, Timiriazeff's, 80 Cryptogamic botany, Berkeley and, 4, 226 ━━ ━━ W. Hooker and, 128 Cryptogamist, Ward as Government, 262 Cryptogams, R. Brown on, 121, 122 ━━ Cesalpino and, 21 ━━ Griffith and, 188–191 ━━ Harvey and, 4, 205 ━━ Williamson and fossil, 254, 255 Cycads, R. Brown on, 114, 117, 187 ━━ relationships of, 254 ━━ Zamia and, 253 Cycas, R. Brown on, 118, 119 ━━ Griffith on ovule of, 187, 188 Cytase, importance of, 267
Darwin, Charles, omission of, 5 ━━ ━━ Harvey and, 221 ━━ ━━ J. D. Hooker and, 303, 307, 308, 315, 316, 320, 322, 323 ━━ ━━ Index Kewensis and, 314 Darwin, Francis, on Hales, 65–83 Darwinism, Balfour and, 298 De Candolle, A. P., Prodomus of, 134 ━━ ━━ classification of, 41, 42 De Candolle, A. P., work of, 109 Deep sea deposits, Hooker and, 307 ━━ ━━ ━━ Williamson and, 251 Development, on study of, 118 Dewar, on Gilbert, 234, 235 Dickson, Alexander, Edinburgh Professorship of, 300–301 Dublin Herbarium, Harvey and, 211, 222 ━━ Professorships at, 210-211, 218
East India Company, Griffith and, 3, 180, 184 Ecology, J. H. Balfour and, 297, 298 ━━ Grew on, 61 ━━ Griffith and, 182 ━━ J. S. Henslow and, 152, 154 ━━ J. D. Hooker and, 321 ━━ scope of, 7 Economic botany, Berkeley and, 231 ━━ ━━ Griffith and, 180 ━━ ━━ W. Hooker and, 139 ━━ ━━ Museum of, 137-138 Edinburgh Botanical Gardens, Mackay and Don and, 291 ━━ ━━ ━━ the McNabs and, 299 ━━ ━━ ━━ Rutherford and, 291 ━━ ━━ Schools, rivalry of, 282 ━━ Medical School, 290, 295 Edinburgh Professors, J. B. Balfour on, 280–301 ━━ ━━ Charles Alston, 283-286 ━━ ━━ William Arthur, 284 ━━ ━━ J. H. Balfour, 293–300 ━━ ━━ Dickson, 300–301 ━━ ━━ Graham, 291–293 ━━ ━━ John Hope, 286–290 ━━ ━━ Charles Preston, 282–283 ━━ ━━ Rutherford, 290–291 ━━ ━━ Sutherland, 281–283 Elfing, Ward and, 264 ━━ on bacteria, 273 Embryogeny, Dickson on plant, 300 Embryo-sac, Ward on the, 262 Encyclopaedia Britannica, on Hales, 68 ━━ ━━ Ward and the, 265 Endosperm, Grew on, 63 Eriksson, on "rust" disease, 276 Evolution, Harvey and, 221 ━━ J. D. Hooker and, 316
Falconer, Herbarium of, 312 Farmer, J. B., on R. Brown, 108–125 Farming, J. S. Henslow and, 155 Ferments, Ward on, 270, 271 Ferns, Grew on spores of, 63 ━━ W. Hooker and, 144–148 ━━ Morison on, 21 ━━ sexuality in, 135 ━━ Williamson on, 254, 257 Field botany, Balfour and, 297 ​Field botany, Edinburgh School and, 296 ━━ ━━ Graham and, 292 ━━ ━━ W. Hooker and, 132 ━━ ━━ Hope and, 289 Fitch, W., as illustrator, 131, 141, 145, 146 Flora of British India, 312 ━━ of Britain, 43 ━━ of South Africa, 219 ━━ of Antarctic, 305, 311, 312 ━━ of Ceylon, 312, 313 ━━ of Scotland, 132 ━━ Fossil, 245, 252 ━━ ━━ of Williamson, 248 ━━ ━━ of Yorkshire, 247 Floras, migration of, 322 Flowers, Ray on morphology of, 35 ━━ Grew on anatomy of, 52, 62 Food solutions, Grew on, 60 Foraminifera, Williamson on, 250, 251 Fossil botany, Binney and, 243, 307 ━━ ━━ Brongniart and, 244 ━━ ━━ R. Brown and, 122 ━━ ━━ in England, 243 ━━ ━━ in France, 254, 255 ━━ ━━ J. D. Hooker on, 243, 307 ━━ ━━ Lindley on, 176 ━━ ━━ Williamson and, 7, 256, 259 ━━ ━━ Witham and, 243 ━━ plants, development in, 258 Fossils, Williamson's collections of, 258 Frankland, Percy, Ward and, 271 Fungi, J. Banks on, 275 ━━ basidia in, 230 ━━ Berkeley on, 229 ━━ ━━ and Broome on, 229–230 ━━ classification of, 227–230 ━━ on epiphyllous, 263-264 ━━ Eriksson on, 276 ━━ on exotic, 228 ━━ J. S. Henslow on, 156, 157 ━━ Kew collections of, 228 ━━ life-history of, 271 ━━ morphology of, 230-231 ━━ nutrition of, 265
Gardeners' Chronicle, editorship of Lindley, 166, 169 Gardening, Williamson and, 252 Gatty, Mrs, on seaweeds, 216, 221 Genera Filicum, 144, 145, 147 ━━ Plantarum, of Bentham and Hooker, 313 ━━ ━━ of Endlicher, 314 ━━ ━━ of de Jussieu, 314 ━━ ━━ of Linnaeus, 314 Genera, Tournefort and, 40 Geographical distribution, of Fungi, 228, 229 ━━ ━━ J. D. Hooker on, 319-322 Geological zones, Williamson and, 248 Geology, Binney and, 245, 246 ━━ Father of English, 247 ━━ of Yorkshire, 247 ━━ Williamson and, 251 Geotropism, Grew on, 59 Gesner, classification and, 10, 11 Gilbert, Sir Joseph Henry, life of, 233-242 ━━ ━━ career of, 234 ━━ ━━ chemical training of, 233-234 ━━ ━━ Hellriegel and, 240 ━━ ━━ Lawes and, 233 ━━ ━━ Rothamsted and, 234 Ginger-beer plant, Ward on, 269, 270 Glasgow, Botanic Gardens at, 129, 130, 292 ━━ W. Hooker and Professorship of, 130–133 Glasnevin, Harvey and Botanic Gardens of, 213 Goebel, on W. Hooker, 148, 149 ━━ on Bryophyta, 189 Golden age, of Botany, 193-194 Graham, Edinburgh Professorship and, 291–293 ━━ Glasgow Gardens and, 292 ━━ teaching and, 292, 293, 299 Grand'Eury, Williamson and, 253 Graphical method, Ward and, 276 Gray, Asa, 224, 321 Greeks, Botany of, 9 Greenhouses, ventilation of, 81 Greville, W. Hooker and, 144, 147 Grew, Nehemiah, life of, 44-64 ━━ ━━ anatomy and, 47-57, 135 ━━ ━━ Hales and, 81 ━━ ━━ Malpighi and, 48 ━━ ━━ Schleiden and, 48 ━━ ━━ versatility of, 45 Griffith, William, life of, 178-191 ━━ ━━ botanical work of, 180 ━━ ━━ collections of, 182 ━━ ━━ contemporaries of, 183 ━━ ━━ Herbarium of, 312 ━━ ━━ methods of, 183 ━━ ━━ morphology and, 182-183 ━━ ━━ travels of, 180-182 ━━ ━━ University College and, 179 Griffiths, Mrs, on algae, 211, 223 Growth, Hales on, 82 ━━ logarithmic curve of, 273 Gwynne-Vaughan, on Nymphaeaceae, 199 Gymnosperms, R. Brown on, 117, 118 ━━ seeds of, 257
Hales, Stephen, life of, 65-83 ━━ ━━ Alston and, 285-286 ━━ ━━ Chemistry and, 67, 78-80 ━━ ━━ Physics and, 67 ━━ ━━ Physiology and, 67, 71-78, 80-83 ​Hartog, Marcus, Williamson and, 255 Harvey, William Henry, life of, 202–224 ━━ ━━ collections of, 208–210, 216–218 ━━ ━━ Darwin and, 221 ━━ ━━ W. Hooker and, 207–208, 211, 219 ━━ ━━ influence of, 221 ━━ ━━ lectures of, 213–215 ━━ ━━ publications of, 219 Hellriegel, on Leguminosae, 240–241, 267 Henfrey, Arthur, life of, 192–203 ━━ ━━ on critical species, 201 ━━ ━━ on fertilisation, 195 ━━ ━━ on sex in plants, 193–198 ━━ ━━ Suminski and, 197–198 ━━ ━━ text-books of, 200 ━━ ━━ as translator and editor, 200 ━━ ━━ work of, 192 Henslow, George, on Henslow, 151–163 Henslow, John Stevens, life of, 151–163 ━━ ━━ Berkeley and, 226 ━━ ━━ botanical work of, 154 ━━ ━━ collections of, 152–153 ━━ ━━ Ecology and, 152–153 ━━ ━━ Education and, 153–154, 158–159 ━━ ━━ lectures of, 157 ━━ ━━ on "rust" disease, 275 ━━ ━━ scientific studies of, 151–152 ━━ ━━ views of, 156 Herbalist, Hill as, 92, 100 Herbalists, work of, 47 Herbals, of Culpeper, 47 ━━ of Dodonaeus, 10 ━━ of Fuchs, 9 ━━ of Lobelius, 10 ━━ of Parkinson, 47 ━━ of Pierre Pena, 10 ━━ of Tragus (Bock), 9 Herbarium, of Falconer and Griffith, 312 ━━ Kew, 140 Herbs, classification and, 29, 30, 34 Hermann, work of, 26, 39 Hill, John, life of, 84–107 ━━ ━━ as actor, 85 ━━ ━━ on anatomy, 93–96 ━━ ━━ character of, 104–107 ━━ ━━ as gardener, 93 ━━ ━━ as herbalist, 92 ━━ ━━ on Linnean method, 39 ━━ ━━ on literature, 86–87, 92–93 ━━ ━━ medical career of, 85 ━━ ━━ methods of, 88 ━━ ━━ on Natural History, 87 ━━ ━━ on physiology, 96-100 ━━ ━━ as systematist, 103 ━━ ━━ on taxonomy, 100–103 Hill, T. G., on J. Hill, 84 Himalayan Journals, Hooker's, 305 Hofmeister, influence of, 6 ━━ morphology and, 4 ━━ predecessors of, 135 ━━ work of, 186, 191, 194, 195 Hofmeisterian epoch, papers of, 198 Hooke, on anatomy, 135 ━━ on cellular structure, 53 ━━ microscope and, 53 Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton, life of, 302–323 ━━ ━━ as Administrator, 308-311 ━━ ━━ Bentham and, 313 ━━ ━━ Darwin and, 303, 316-319 ━━ ━━ early life of, 302-303 ━━ ━━ Edinburgh and, 293 ━━ ━━ Essays of, 319-322 ━━ ━━ as Geologist, 307-308 ━━ ━━ as Systematist, 311-315 ━━ ━━ as Traveller, 304-307 Hooker, Sir William, life of, 126-150 ━━ ━━ Berkeley and, 227 ━━ ━━ collections of, 139, 140 ━━ ━━ on cryptogams, 227 ━━ ━━ diagnosis and, 147-148 ━━ ━━ Floristic works of, 143-145 ━━ ━━ Glasgow and, 127, 129 ━━ ━━ Icones Plantarum, 143 ━━ ━━ Journals and, 142–143 ━━ ━━ Kew and, 127, 130, 133–134, 136, 140, 149 ━━ ━━ Linnean Society and, 127 ━━ ━━ as Naturalist, 126–127 ━━ ━━ as Pteridologist, 144–148 ━━ ━━ as Systematist, 148–149 ━━ ━━ teaching and, 130–132 Hookerian collections, Kew and, 310 Hope, life of, 286-290 ━━ Alston and, 287 ━━ Botanic Gardens and, 288 ━━ de Jussieu and, 287 ━━ physiology and, 286–289 Horticulture, Lindley and, 3, 171, 172 How, British Flora and, 43 Hutton, Fossil botany and, 176–177 Huxley, lectures of, 261 ━━ on mutability of species, 317
Icones Plantarum, W. Hooker and, 143 Imbibition of water, Hales on, 75–76 ━━ ━━ Sachs on, 76 Immunity, Grass and, 276 ━━ Ward on, 266 Index Kewensis, origin of, 314 India, J. D. Hooker's flora of, 312 ━━ J. D. Hooker's travels in, 306 Ingenhousz, on plant nutrition, 69 Insectivorous plants, J. D. Hooker on, 308 Ipswich Museum, J. S, Henslow and, 156, 159, 160
Jackson, Daydon, Index Kewensis and, 314 Jodrell Laboratory, Ward at, 262 ━━ ━━ Williamson and, 259 Judd, on Williamson, 251 Jung, Linnaeus and, 15 ━━ Ray and, 35 ━━ Systematic botany and, 15 de Jussieu, de Candolle and, 41, 42 ━━ classification and, 109, 134, 287 ━━ Tournefort and Ray and, 42
Keeble, F., on Lindley, 164-177 Kew Gardens, Administration of, 309-310 ━━ ━━ Bentham's gifts to, 140 ━━ ━━ Hales and, 81 ━━ ━━ Herbarium at, 305 ━━ ━━ Herbarium and Library at, 141, 310 ━━ ━━ Hill and, 93 ━━ ━━ W. Hooker Director of, 127, 130, 133–4, 136–7, 140, 149 ━━ ━━ the two Hookers at, 308-309 ━━ ━━ Lindley and, 136-138, 169-170 ━━ ━━ Mycological Herbarium at, 231 ━━ ━━ Orchid Herbarium at, 170 ━━ ━━ Thiselton-Dyer and, 81, 150, 203, 259 Kidston, Witham's collection and, 245 Kingia, R. Brown on, 117 King's Botanist, Alston as, 283 ━━ ━━ Arthur as, 284 Knaut, work of, 26, 39
Lang, on Griffith, 178-191 Lankester, E., 193 Lankester, Ray, on Schizomycetes, 265 Lawes, agriculture and, 235 ━━ Gilbert and, 235-236 ━━ on nitrogen assimilation, 267 Leaves, classification on form of, 21 ━━ movements of, 96-99 ━━ structure and functions of, 96-97 ━━ vernation of, 50 Leguminous nodules, Gilbert on, 239 ━━ ━━ Hellriegel and, 240 ━━ ━━ Ward on, 267 Lepidodendron, Williamson and, 258 Lichens, Ward on, 264, 270 Liebig, mineral theory of, 237-240 ━━ controversy with Gilbert, 238 Light on plants, Hales and, 80, 81 ━━ ━━ Hill on, 97 Lily disease, Ward on, 266, 267 Lindley, John, life of, 164-177 ━━ ━━ activities of, 166 ━━ ━━ J. Banks and, 168 ━━ ━━ Botanical Register and, 174 Lindley, John, characteristics of, 177 ━━ ━━ on cryptogams, 195 ━━ ━━ on Darwin, 174 ━━ ━━ Horticulture and, 171 ━━ ━━ Hutton and, 245, 248 ━━ ━━ Library and, 174, 177 ━━ ━━ literary work of, 169-174 ━━ ━━ Professorship of, 168, 169 ━━ ━━ Williamson and, 250 Linnaeus, British botany and, 6 ━━ Hope and, 286 ━━ Jung and, 15 ━━ on Morison and Cesalpino, 27-28, 42, 43 ━━ on Ray, 38, 42, 43 ━━ Taxonomy and, 6 ━━ method, 2, 3, 39 ━━ ━━ Adanson and, 41 ━━ ━━ Hill and, 101-103 ━━ ━━ England and, 39, 40 ━━ period, 109, 134 ━━ system, Alston on, 285 ━━ ━━ Hope on, 289 ━━ ━━ influence of, 193 Linnean school, influence of, 195 ━━ Society, R. Brown and, 111, 112, 114, 121-124 ━━ ━━ Berkeley and, 232 ━━ ━━ Darwin-Wallace Celebration, 317, 318 ━━ ━━ Griffith and, 183-185 ━━ ━━ Harvey and, 207 ━━ ━━ Ward and, 263, 264 ━━ ━━ publications of, 184-186, 253 London University, Botany teaching at, 179 ━━ ━━ Henslow and, 154 Loranthaceae, Griffith on, 185-186 Lotsy, morphology and, 186 Lycopods, Williamson and, 256 Lyell, Calamites and, 253 ━━ J. H. Hooker and, 308, 320 ━━ mutability of species and, 317 Lyginodendron, Williamson and, 256, 257
Malpighi, anatomy and, 44, 135, 286 ━━ Grew and, 6, 48, 63 ━━ Hales and, 67, 68, 81 ━━ on seeds and seedlings, 35, 36 Manchester, Geological Society of, 245 ━━ Natural History Society of, 249 ━━ Professorship at, 250 ━━ Ward and, 264 Mangroves, Griffith and, 186-187 Manures, experiments with, 234, 236, 237 ━━ effect of, 237 ━━ nitrogenous, 238 Marchantia, Henfrey on, 199 Massee, George, on Berkeley, 225-232 Materia Medica, Alston and, 285 ​Materia Medica, Hope and, 287–289 ━━ ━━ the Prestons and, 283 ━━ ━━ Sutherland and, 282 Mayow, Hales and, 66, 79 McNab, Edinburgh Botanic Gardens and, 291, 292, 299 Medullary rays, Grew on, 56 Metabiosis, Ward on, 270 Microscope, R. Brown and, 119, 120 ━━ Hill and, 94 Microtechnique, Henfrey and, 199 Microtome, Hill's use of, 94 von Mohl, protoplasmic continuity and, 199, 200 Morison, Robert, life of, 16–43 ━━ ━━ the Bauhins and, 20 ━━ ━━ Cesalpino and, 26 ━━ ━━ classification of, 19, 21 ━━ ━━ method of, 22–25 ━━ ━━ Ray and, 34, 35, 39 ━━ ━━ on Umbelliferae, 22 ━━ ━━ works of, 19–20 Morphology, Berkeley on Fungal, 230–231 ━━ Floral, 35 ━━ Foundation of Plant, 15 ━━ Griffith on, 179 ━━ Hofmeisterian epoch, 198 ━━ modern, 135 ━━ Ray's essays on, 35 ━━ of reproductive organs, 187 Museums, J. S. Henslow and, 160 ━━ Hill and, 87 ━━ W. Hooker and, 137–140 Mutability of species, 317, 320 Mycology, Systematic, 227 Mycoplasm theory, 274, 275 Myoshi, chemiotaxis and, 275
Nägeli, fertilisation in Ferns, 196 Nathorst, on Bennettiteae, 253 Natural History, Henslow and, 3 ━━ ━━ Hill on, 87 ━━ ━━ Ray on, 43 Nature Study, J. S. Henslow and, 161, 162 Newton, Hales and, 66, 72, 78, 80 Nitrogen assimilation, Gilbert and Lawes and, 238–241 ━━ ━━ Hellriegel and, 240–241 ━━ ━━ leguminous plants and, 240 ━━ ━━ Ward and, 267, 268 ━━ theory, 237–241 Nucleus, R. Brown and, 119, 135 Nutation, Grew on, 60 ━━ Hales on, 74 Nutrition, Hales on, 72, 80, 83 ━━ Ingenhousz on, 69 ━━ transference of, 278 Nymphaeaceae, Henfrey on, 199
Oceanic islands, J. D. Hooker on, 321 Oliver, F. W., on Henfrey, 192–203 Oolitic plants of Yorkshire, 253 Orchidaceae, R. Brown and, 115, 116 ━━ Lindley and, 165, 174–176 Organography, Dickson and, 301 Origin of Species, J. D. Hooker's essay, 320 Ovule, R. Brown on, 117–119, 184–185 ━━ Griffith on, 185–188 ━━ Schleiden and, 185 Oxford, Professorship at, 16, 17 ━━ Gardens of, 16, 17, 27
Parasites, education of, 277 ━━ host of, 268 Parasitic habit, adoption of, 269 Parasitism, adaptive, 277 Permanence of species, Lindley and, 173 Philosophical Biology, J. D. Hooker and, 315–323 ━━ Transactions, Ward and, 264, 266–267, 269, 270, 275 Phlogiston theory, 66, 79 Photosynthesis, 80 Plant diseases, Ward on, 268 ━━ histology, early work in, 199 ━━ nutrition, 69, 72 ━━ pathology, 4, 231–232 ━━ physiology, Agriculture and, 7 ━━ ━━ Chemistry and, 7 ━━ ━━ experimental, 68, 83 ━━ ━━ founders of, 2, 6, 68 ━━ ━━ Gilbert and, 234–235 ━━ ━━ Grew on, 58, 60, 61 ━━ ━━ Hales and, 71–78, 80–83 ━━ ━━ Hope and, 287, 289 ━━ tissues, Grew on, 54 Plants, medicinal properties of, 47 Pleomorphism, Bacteria and, 265 ━━ Uredineae and, 266 Pollen, Amici's discovery, 194, 195 ━━ R. Brown and, 115–116 ━━ chamber, in Cycas, 187–188 Polyembryony, 117 Popularisation of Science, 250 Potato disease, 231, 266 Praeger, R. L., on Harvey, 202–224 Presl, on Ferns, 145–147 Preston, C. and G., Materia Medica and, 283 Primofilices of Arber, 257 Proteaceae, R. Brown on, 114 Protective mimicry in Orchidaceae, 116 Protoplasm, von Mohl and, 135 Pteridophyta, Griffith on, 188 ━━ alternation of generations, 188–189 Pteridosperms, secondary growth in, 256 ━━ seeds of, 257
Q. J. M. S., Ward and, 263–266 ​Quaker Schools, Science in Irish, 205
Ray, John, life of, 28–43 ━━ ━━ on Classification, 28–29, 34, 36–38 ━━ ━━ on floral morphology, 35 ━━ ━━ influence of, 23, 109 ━━ ━━ Jung and, 15 ━━ ━━ Methodus Plantarum, 32–34 ━━ ━━ on seeds and seedlings, 35 ━━ ━━ on transmission of water, 68 ━━ Society, Harvey on, 210 Renaissance of Botany, 5, 193, 194, 203 Renault, Williamson and, 255 Reproduction, Hill's views on, 99–100 Rhamnus infectorius, Ward on, 267 Ringing experiments, Hales and, 76–77 Root pressure, Hales on, 77, 78 Roots, Grew on, 51, 53, 55, 56 Ross, J. D. Hooker's travels with, 303–305, 312 Rothamsted, experiments on plants, 234–241 ━━ experiments on animals, 241 ━━ publications, 235–236, 241 Royal Horticultural Society, Lindley and, 166, 168 Royal Society, Gilbert and, 234 ━━ ━━ Grew and, 63 ━━ ━━ Hales and, 70 ━━ ━━ Henfrey and, 193 ━━ ━━ Hill and, 88–91 ━━ ━━ Hooker, J. D., and, 310–311 ━━ ━━ Ward and, 279 ━━ ━━ Williamson and, 251, 253, 257, 259 ━━ ━━ medal, 172, 234, 279 Rust fungus, physiological species of, 276 Rutherford, Edinburgh Medical School and, 290 ━━ Chemical work of, 290
Sachs, on growth, 82 ━━ on Hales, 65, 67, 68 ━━ History of Botany, 65, 191, 193 ━━ on Hofmeister, 198 ━━ on physiology, 72, 74, 75 ━━ on Ray, 68 ━━ Textbook, 194 ━━ on transpiration, 72–74 ━━ on water transport, 76 ━━ on Ward, 262 Schizomycetes, Ward on, 265 Schleiden, fertilisation, 194–196 ━━ Grew and, 48 ━━ morphology and, 134, 185, 186, 197 Schwendener's Theory, Bornet and, 278 ━━ ━━ Ward and, 264, 278 Science and Art Department, Ward and, 261 Scientific exploration, Golden age of, 304 Scott, D. H., on Williamson, 243–260 Scottish Flora, Hope and, 289 Seaweeds, Flora of, 219 ━━ Harvey and, 208, 210–212, 214, 216 ━━ systematic study of, 202 Secondary growth, in Cryptogams, 254–256 ━━ ━━ systematic importance of, 256 Seeds and seedlings, Grew on, 49, 62 ━━ ━━ ━━ Malpighi on, 35 ━━ ━━ ━━ Ray on, 35 Sex in plants, Alston on, 286 ━━ ━━ ━━ in Cryptogams, 195, 196 ━━ ━━ ━━ denial of, 285 ━━ ━━ ━━ in Ferns, 135, 196–197 ━━ ━━ ━━ in flowering plants, 194 ━━ ━━ ━━ Grew on, 61, 62 Shrubs, Ray's classification of, 30, 34 Sibbald, 281 Solms–Laubach, on Williamson, 256, 257 ━━ ━━ on Scott, 258 Sorby, Williamson and, 251 South Kensington, Science Schools at, 261, 262 Species, critical, 201 ━━ "lumping" of, 201 Species Filicum, 145, 146 Spencer, Herbert, 80 Sphenophyllum, Williamson and, 255–256 Starch, extraction of, 160, 161 Stems, annual rings in, 57 ━━ comparative anatomy of, 51, 56 ━━ modified, 57, 58 ━━ secondary thickening in, 56 Sternbergiae, Williamson on, 252 Stigmaria, Williamson on, 257 Suminski, sex in Ferns, 196–197 ━━ and Schleiden's theory, 197 Susceptibility, Ward on, 268 Sutherland, Edinburgh Professor, 281–282 Symbiosis, physiological aspect of, 269 ━━ fermentation and, 270 Synopsis Filicum, publication of, 146, 147 Systematic botany, Balfour and, 299 ━━ ━━ Bauhin and, 14 ━━ ━━ Berkeley on, 227–230, 231 ━━ ━━ British School of, 6 ━━ ━━ R. Brown and, 121 ━━ ━━ Cesalpino and, 11 ━━ ━━ Ferns and, 144–148 ━━ ━━ first publication on, 32 ━━ ━━ Founders of, 2 ━━ ━━ Griffith and, 184 ━━ ━━ Harvey and, 220 ━━ ━━ W. Hooker and, 3, 127, 132 ━━ ━━ J. D. Hooker, 311–315 ​Systematic Botany, Lindley and, 3 ━━ ━━ Materia Medica and, 282 ━━ ━━ Morison and Ray and, 6, 47 ━━ ━━ Seventeenth Century and, 14
Taxonomy, Hill and, 100 ━━ Linnaeus and, 6 ━━ Ray on, 6 ━━ rise of, 202–203 Theophrastus, Botany and, 8, 9 ━━ Cesalpino and, 11 ━━ Hill and, 85, 86 ━━ influence of, 11 ━━ Jung on, 15, 35 ━━ Ray on, 35 Theory of Descent, J. D. Hooker and, 316 Thiselton-Dyer, 2, 81, 259 ━━ anatomy and, 150 ━━ New Botany, 203 ━━ on Ward, 261–279 Thomson, Gilbert under, 233–234 ━━ J. D. Hooker and, 306, 312 Timiriazeff, 80 Tournefort, Alston on, 285 ━━ on Cesalpino, 27 ━━ on Ray, 38 ━━ on Morison, 27 ━━ on de Jussieu, 42 ━━ work of, 40 Tracheae, Grew on, 51, 57 Transmission of water, Hales on, 68 Transpiration, Hales on, 72–77 ━━ and Light, 81 Trees, classification of, 31, 34 Treub, 186, 187 Trimen, Ceylon Flora and, 312 Tulasne, on "rust" disease, 275 Turgescence, Hales and, 82
University College, London, Gilbert and, 232, 233–4 ━━ ━━ ━━ Griffith and, 179 ━━ ━━ ━━ Lindley and, 166, 168, 177 ━━ ━━ ━━ Williamson and, 249 Uredineae, Banks and, 275 ━━ Eriksson and, 276 ━━ Ward and, 263, 266, 274, 275
Vascular Cryptogams, classification of, 254–255 Vascular Cryptogams, Henfrey and, 194 ━━ system, of climbing plants, 55 Vegetable physiology, Weddell and, 248 Vernation of leaves, Grew on, 50 Vessels, Hill and function of, 95 ━━ Grew and formation of, 52 ━━ Grew and nature of, 55 ━━ Grew and spiral, 57 Vienna Congress and Hill, 104 Vines on Morison and Ray, 8 ━━ on Ward, 261, 262
Wallace and Darwin, 315, 317 Ward, Harry Marshall, life of, 261–279 ━━ at Cambridge, 274 ━━ in Ceylon, 262–264 ━━ at Cooper's Hill, 266 ━━ at Manchester, 264 ━━ methods of, 278-279 ━━ on coffee disease, 262–264 ━━ on bacteriology, 265–268, 271–274 ━━ on symbiosis, 268–271 ━━ on Uredineae, 266, 275–277 Warming, on Ecology, 321 Water supply, Ward on, 274 Welwitschia, J. D. Hooker on, 308 Wheat, experiments on, 236–237 Wieland, on fossil plants, 253 Wilfarth, 267 Williamson, William Crawford, life of, 243–260 ━━ ━━ collections of, 258 ━━ ━━ early life of, 247 ━━ ━━ as Fossil Botanist, 7, 253 ━━ ━━ as Geologist, 249 ━━ ━━ as Lecturer, 250, 251 ━━ ━━ at Manchester, 250 ━━ ━━ mistakes of, 257, 258 ━━ ━━ as Naturalist, 248 ━━ ━━ results of, 256 ━━ ━━ Ward and, 264 ━━ ━━ as Zoologist, 4 Williamsonia, 253 Witham, 243-245, 307
Yorkshire, palaeontology of, 247
Zamia, Williamson on, 253 Zoologist, Williamson as, 4 ━━ Berkeley as, 226
CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS