OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Handel, George Frederick

See also George Frideric Handel on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Handel (hăn' dĕl), George Frederick, a famous musician and composer, was born at Halle in Saxony, Feb. 23,1685. His passion and genius for music were shown at an early age. When about eight, he was placed under Zachau, organist at Halle, and at nine he was master of the organ, violin and other instruments, and wrote a musical composition every week. His first opera, Almira, was brought out in January, 1705, and others followed rapidly. Two years later he went to Italy, where he spent three years and enjoyed a great triumph, visiting Florence, Rome, Naples and Venice. He then visited London, and in 1712 took up his residence there. In 1720 the Royal Academy was founded in the Haymarket, "to secure a constant supply of operas by Handel, to be performed under his direction." Here he remained for 17 years, and produced a great number of operas. His health broke down in 1737, and his career as manager and composer of operas was ended. After resting for a time, he recovered his health, and from this time gave his life to the production of English oratorios. This departure led to his greatest triumph. Saul, Israel in Egypt and the Ode for St. Cecilia's Day were all produced in 1739. The Messiah appeared in 1742, followed by many others during the next ten years. Handel's music had now taken wider possession than ever of the public, bringing him both fame and money. In 1750 he went abroad, and after his return wrote Jephthah, his last oratorio. In 1752 he had lost his sight almost entirely. He died at London, April 14, 1759. See Life by Rockstro.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Haroun-al-Raschid

See also Harun al-Rashid on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Haroun-al-Raschid (hä-rön′ äl-ră-shid′) or Aaron the Just, caliph of Bagdad, was born in 763 and became caliph in 786. He was a scholar and poet, and by his taste and hospitality made his court the center of all the wit, learning and art of the Moslem world. The government of his kingdom he left to his grand vizier, Barmecide Gahya, and his four sons, and they served him well. But at length Haroun conceived a deep hatred of the vizier and his sons, and in 803 caused them to be put to death. The affairs of the kingdom now quickly fell into confusion, and rebellion broke out in every corner of the empire. Haroun marched in person against the rebels, but was attacked with apoplexy and died at Tûs in March, 809. Haroun the Magnificent is made the hero of many of the stories of the Arabian Nights, which have thrown a false halo around his memory; for with all his accomplishments he was in heart cruel. See Life by E. H. Palmer, in the New Plutarch Series.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rümelin, Gustav

Edition of 1905. See also Gustav Rümelin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RÜMELIN, rụ'me-lḗn, Gustav (1815-89). A German statistician and author, born at Ravensburg, Württemberg. After studying theology at Tübingen, he devoted himself to teaching, became rector of a Latin school in 1845, and professor at the gymnasium of Heilbronn in 1849, having in the meanwhile been a delegate to the Frankfort Parliament in 1848. Called to Stuttgart in 1850 to serve in the Board of National Education, he was head of a department in the Ministry of Public Instruction from 1856 to 1861, when he became director of the Statistic-Topographical Bureau. In 1867 he established himself as docent at the University of Tübingen and was appointed its chancellor in 1870. Aside from various statistical and miscellaneous publications, he produced Shakespeare-Studien (2d ed. 1874), a much valued contribution to the Shakespeare literature.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sacred Heart, Ladies of the

Edition of 1905. See also Society of the Sacred Heart on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SACRED HEART, Ladies of the. A religious society of the Roman Catholic Church, founded at Amiens, France, in 1800, by Madeleine Sophie Barat and Octavie Bailly, under the direction of Father Joseph Désiré Varm, S. J. The object of the society was the education of young ladies of the higher classes. The constitution was approved by Leo XII. in 1826; a house was opened in Rome and branches established in many cities. The first house in the United States was established by Bishop Dubourg in 1817, near Saint Louis. The society has now over 100 houses in various parts of the world, and 5000 members. The mother house is in Paris. For the story of its beginning, consult Baunard, Histoire de Mme. Barat (Paris, 1876).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rügen

Edition of 1905. See also Rügen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RÜGEN, rụ'gen. The largest of the islands of Germany, situated in the Baltic Sea off the coast of Pomerania, from which it is separated by the Strelasund, one mile wide (Map: Germany, E 1). It is 33 miles long from north to south, and 26 miles wide, and has an area of 362 square miles. It is of extremely irregular shape, the northeastern portion being separated from the remainder by a deep and irregular inlet known as the Jasmunder Bodden. It is level in the west and hilly in the east, nearly the whole eastern coast consisting of steep chalk cliffs rising in one place to a height of 528 feet. The scenery is pleasing, and, together with the good sea-bathing, attracts many visitors. The soil is fertile, producing grain and rape-seed; cattle-raising and herring fisheries are also important. Population, in 1900, 46,270. The chief town is Bergen. Rügen was taken possession of by Valdemar I. of Denmark in 1168, and was united with Pomerania in 1325. In 1648 it passed to Sweden, and in 1815 was acquired by Prussia, to which it still belongs.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sacramento (capital)

Edition of 1905. See also Sacramento, California on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SACRAMENTO. The capital of California and the county seat of Sacramento County, 90 miles northeast of San Francisco, on the Sacramento River, here spanned by a bridge, and on the Southern Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads (Map: California, C 2). The city is noted for the remarkable beauty of its environment. The most prominent feature is the State Capitol, which was erected in 1869, and cost $2,500,000. It occupies a site in the central part of the city and is surrounded by a large picturesque park. Sacramento has three libraries: the State Library of more than 113,000 volumes, the Public Library with 28,000 volumes, and the Odd Fellows' Library. The Christian Brothers' College, Howe's Academy, and Saint Joseph's Academy are the leading educational institutions. There are a fine city hall, court house, United States Government building, Crocker Art Gallery, Roman Catholic Cathedral, Marguerite Home, Protestant Orphan Asylum, the City Dispensary, and the Southern Pacific Railroad Company's hospital. An annual fair is held at Sacramento under the auspices of the State Agricultural Society, which maintains here a handsome exhibition building, and a park and racecourse.
The valley of the Sacramento, in which the city is situated, is one of the most productive sections of the State, yielding large quantities of wheat, and various fruits. Manufacturing is extensively carried on, the various establishments, in the census year of 1900, having had an invested capital of $7,369,013, and an output valued at $11,141,896. There are flouring and grist mills, foundries and machine shops, harness and saddlery factories, slaughtering and meat-packing establishments, breweries, and manufactories of carriages, furniture, soap, crackers, and lumber products. Shops of the Southern Pacific Railroad also are here. The water works are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 26,386; in 1900, 29,282.
In 1839 Captain John A. Sutter, having obtained from the Mexican Government a grant of a large tract of land in this vicinity, built here a fort which he called New Helvetia. This fort, which has been rebuilt and is preserved for its historic interest, was the first point in California reached by miners coming from the East in 1848. In this year a village called Sacramento was laid out. The land was originally only 15 feet above low water, and destructive floods occurred in 1850, 1852, and 1853. Subsequently levees were built and the general level of the land raised, the city now being eight feet higher than when first settled. Terrible fires occurred in 1852 and 1854, the first causing a loss of $5,000,000 and the second one of $650,000. Sacramento was incorporated as a town in 1849, became the State capital in 1854, and was chartered as a city in 1863.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sacramento Perch

Edition of 1905. See also Sacramento perch on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SACRAMENTO PERCH. A bass-like fish (Archoplites interruptus) of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers and tributary lakes—the only fresh-water percoid west of the Rocky Mountains. It is an excellent food-fish, from one to two feet in length, dark-colored, with the sides marked with about seven irregular dark bars. This fish is liable to be exterminated by the carp and catfish, which infest its spawning grounds. See Plate of Perches.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rückert, Friedrich

Edition of 1905. See also Friedrich Rückert on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RÜCKERT, rụk'ẽrt, Friedrich (1788-1866). A German poet, first known by his pseudonym “Freimund Raimar,” born at Schweinfurt. He was educated at Würzburg and Heidelberg, and, after being a docent at Jena, taught in various places and in 1816-17 edited the Morgenblatt in Stuttgart. In 1826 he became professor of Oriental languages at Erlangen, went to Berlin in 1841 as Privy Councilor and professor, and in 1849 retired to his estate at Neusesz near Coburg. where he died. Rückert's first popularity was achieved by political poems, Geharnischte Sonette (1814),
against Napoleon, but his lyrics are in the main philosophical and contemplative. The most popular collections are Liebesfrühling (1844) and Die Weisheit des Brahmanen (1836-39). He turned much Oriental literature into admirable verse, notably Hariri's Abu Seid (1826); Firdausi's Rostem und Suhrab (1838); Amrilkais (1843); Hamasa (1846); and a portion of the Indian Mahabharata, Nal und Damajanti (1828). He also adapted Theocritus, Aristophanes, Sadi's Bustan, and the Indian drama Sakuntala to German taste. These were published posthumously. Rückert, who had mastered many languages, is unsurpassed as a translator. His poems reflect with wonderful fidelity the Oriental spirit and the verbal felicities of the Oriental style. He wrote dramas, too, but they are inferior to his lyrics. Rückert's Werke were collected in 12 vols. (Frankfort, 1868-69), and have also been edited by Laistner (Stuttgart, 1895-96), Beyer (Leipzig, 1900), Stein (ib., 1897), Ellinger (ib., 1897), and Linke (Halle, 1897). For his biography, consult Fortlage (Frankfort, 1867), Beyer (ib., 1868), Suphan (Weimar, 1888), and Muncker (Bamberg, 1890).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rāma

Edition of 1905. See also Rama on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​RĀMA, rä′mȧ. In Hindu mythology, the name of the sixth, seventh, and eighth incarnations of Vishnu (q.v.), Parasurama, Ramacandra, and Balarama. Of these the Ramacandra avatar (see Avatar) is by far the most famous, as Rama is here the hero of the Sanskrit epic of the Rāmāyaṇa (q.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sacred Harmonic Society of London

Edition of 1905. See also Sacred Harmonic Society on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SACRED HARMONIC SOCIETY OF LONDON. An important English musical organization, organized in 1832 for the performance of oratorios and sacred music generally. It became famous for its extraordinary performances of Handel's work at the Handel festivals, which were begun in 1857 at the Crystal Palace, Sydenham, and which have been held triennially with one exception since 1862. As many as three thousand singers have frequently been assembled with an orchestra of 500 pieces. In the triennial festival of 1900, 4000 performers participated. Sir Michael Costa was conductor of the society from 1848 up to the time of his death.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sacramento Pike

Edition of 1905. See also Northern pikeminnow on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SACRAMENTO PIKE. A large, greenish chub, two to four feet in length (Ptychocheilus Oregonensis), which abounds in the rivers of the Pacific Coast, and is used as food. Other names are ‘squaw-fish’ and ‘chappaul.’ See Plate of Dace and Minnows.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Streltsi

See also Streltsy on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ STREL′TSI, STRELTZI, or STREL′ITZ. The Russian Imperial guard, organized by Ivan IV. in the second half of the sixteenth century. At that time, and for long afterwards, they were the only standing force in Russia, and at times amounted to between 40,000 and 50,000 men. They were stationed at Moscow in time of peace, in a quarter of the capital which was set apart for them, and enjoyed special privileges. Incessant conspiracies rendered them in time dangerous. In 1698 a revolt of the Streltsi led to a bloody contest in which they were defeated with great loss. Peter the Great finally suppressed them (1705).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Strodtmann, Adolf

Edition of 1905. See also Adolf Strodtmann on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
STRODTMANN, strṓt'män, Adolf (1829-79). A German author, born at Flensburg. He studied at Kiel, and, while taking part in the insurrection of 1848, was wounded and captured by the Danes. On being set at liberty he published Lieder eines Gefangenen auf der Dronning Maria (1848). He resumed study at Bonn under Kinkel, but was suspended on account of his political activity. He then published Lieder der Nacht (1850) and a biography of Gottfried Kinkel (1850). He went to Paris, to London, and in 1852 to America, where for four years he was by turns bookseller and journalist in New York City and Philadelphia. Returning to Germany in 1856, he became known as a biographer of Heine and as war correspondent for several newspapers during the Franco-German campaign. He translated much from English writers. His most noteworthy volume in this field is Amerikanische Anthologie (1870), a group of successful renderings from American lyric poets.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Strümpell, Ludwig

Edition of 1905. See also Ludwig Strümpell on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
STRÜMPELL, strụm'pel, Ludwig (1812-99). A German philosopher, born at Schöppenstedt. He studied philosophy at Königsberg, where he was influenced by Herbart, and continued his studies at Leipzig. In 1845 he became professor of philosophy at Dorpat, and after 1872 he held a similar position at the University of Leipzig. He became known as a prominent representative of Herbart's philosophy and published Erläuterungen zu Herbarts Philosophie (1834), Die Hauptpunkte der Herbartschen Metaphysik kritisch beleuchtet (1840), Gedanken über Religion und religiöse Probleme (1888), Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Metaphysik, Psychologie und Religionsphilosophie (1896), and Vermischte Ahhandlungen aus der theoretischen und praktischen Philosophie (1897).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Strict Constructionists

Edition of 1905. See also Strict constructionism on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
STRICT CONSTRUCTIONISTS. A term in American politics applied to those who, for various reasons, have maintained that the Federal Constitution should be construed strictly in accordance with its letter, as opposed to those, known as ‘broad constructionists,’ who have believed that the Constitution should be construed liberally, and have claimed for the General Government more or less extensive powers, called ‘indirect powers’ or ‘implied powers,’ not granted specifically by the Fundamental Law. Conflicts between the adherents of the two views have recurred frequently in the history of the United States, e.g. in the controversies over the chartering of a United States Bank, over the question of ‘internal improvements,’ and over the power of the General Government with regard to the restriction or prohibition of slavery in the Territories; and it is upon this question that, directly or indirectly, party differences in the United States have been largely based. In general, it
may be said that the strict constructionist view has been held, more or less consistently, by the Anti-Federalist and Democratic parties (qq.v.); and the broad constructionist view, more or less consistently, by the Federalist, National Republican, Whig, Free-Soil, and Republican parties (qq.v.); though there has been a tendency for the party iu power, irrespective of its platform, to lean to the side of broad or liberal construction, and for the party in opposition, also irrespective of its platform, to lean to the side of strict construction. A broad constructionist policy has always had for its effect the strengthening of the Central Government as compared with the States; and a strict constructionist policy the strengthening of the States as compared with the Central Government. See Constitution; United States, section on History.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Stremayr, Karl von

See also Karl Ritter von Stremayr on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ STREMAYR, strā′mīr, Karl von (1823-1904). An Austrian statesman, born at Gratz, where he also studied law, entered the Government service, and subsequently was Attorney-General and docent at the University. In 1868 he was appointed councilor in the Ministry of the Interior, and in 1870-79 was Minister of Public Instruction, when he brought about the repeal of the concordat of 1855. President of the Council after the going out of the Auersperg Ministry in 1879, he entered the Cabinet of Count Taaffe as Minister of Justice, but resigned in 1880, was appointed vice-president and, after Schmerling's resignation in 1891, president of the Supreme Court, from which post he retired in 1899. He was called to a seat in the House of Lords in 1889.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Struensee, Johann Friedrich von

Edition of 1905. See also Johann Friedrich Struensee on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
STRUENSEE, strōō′en-zā, Johann Friedrich von, Count (1737-72). A Danish statesman, born August 5, 1737, at Halle, Saxony. He studied medicine, became the physician of King Christian VII. (q.v.) of Denmark (1768), and rose to the highest favor. In 1771 he was made Minister of State with unusual powers. Since the Revolution of 1660 Denmark had been under the domination of the nobility, who as a council of State governed the country. Struensee dissolved the council, and proclaimed the establishment of the ancient royal power. These measures amounted in reality to a revolution, and to a declaration of war against the aristocracy. The Queen and Struensee, in whose hands the whole power now was, chose new ministers, and excluded the feeble Christian entirely from the management of affairs. In opposition to the policy of his predecessors, Struensee endeavored to free Denmark from Russian influence, and to find a natural ally in Sweden. He put the finances in order, reduced the expenditure, freed industry and trade, encouraged education, mitigated the penal laws, and brought order into the administration. Serfdom was partially abolished. The haste with which this revolutionary course was pursued produced a reaction, while the clergy were aroused by Struensee's outspoken skepticism. The Queen and Struensee were accused of criminal relations and the King was prevailed upon, apparently against his will, to sign warrants for the arrest of Struensee. The Minister was accused of having conspired against the person and throne of the King, and of being the lover of the Queen. He was sentenced to death and executed April 28, 1772. Queen Carolina Matilda left Denmark in May, 1772, and died in 1775 in the castle of Celle in Hanover. Consult Struensee et la cour de Copenhague — mémoires de Reverdil (Paris, 1858).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sturdza, Alexander

Edition of 1905. See also Alexandru Sturdza on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
STURDZA, stōōrd'zȧ, Alexander (1791-1854). A Moldavian publicist and diplomat, educated in Germany and afterwards in the service of Russia. His Memoire sur l'état actuel de l'Allemagne, published at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818, by order of Alexander I., aroused great indignation in Germany because of the unbecoming levity with which its author arraigned the German national character and branded the universities as hotbeds of the revolutionary spirit and atheism. In 1819 he settled at Dresden, married a daughter of Hufeland, and subsequently retired to his estate of Mansyr, Bessarabia. Of his other writings may be mentioned La Grèce en 1821 (1822); a biography of Hufeland (1837); and Œvres posthumes religieuses, historiques, philosophiques et littéraires (1858-61).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Street Railway Employees, Amalgamated Association of

See also the disclaimer.
​ STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYEES, Amalgamated Association of. See Railway Brotherhoods.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Streitberg, Wilhelm

See also Wilhelm Streitberg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ STREITBERG, strīt′bĕrK, Wilhelm (1864—). A German philologist, born in Rüdesheim, and educated in Leipzig, where he became docent in 1889. In the same year he was appointed professor of Indo-Germanic philology at Freiburg, a chair which he left in 1899 for a professorship in Sanskrit and comparative philology at Münster. In comparative grammar he ranks close to Osthoff and to Brugmann. In 1892 he became editor of the Anzeiger für indogermanische Sprach- und Altertumskunde, the annual bibliography of the Indogermanische Forschungen, and of a series, entitled Germanische Elementarbücher, in 1896, in which he wrote “Urgermanische Grammatik” (1896, revised 1903), and “Gotisches Elementarbuch” (1897). His earlier works on Germanics are Die germanischen Komparative auf -oz- (1890); Zur germanischen Sprachgeschichte (1892); and Entstehung der Dehnstufe (1894).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Strelitz

See also the disclaimer. Now Střelice u Stoda in the Czech Republic.
​ STRELITZ, strā′lĭts. A town in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, about two miles south of Neustrelitz. It was formerly the capital of the country. It has some manufactures. Population, in 1900, 4165.
# The Paradisus Londinensis/Volume 1/Part 2/98

The species described here is now known as Brodiaea coronaria.
# The Paradisus Londinensis/Volume 1

An edition of The Paradisus Londinensis was published in 1805, with plates out of order. The following year it was republished in two parts, with plates in numerical order. This is the 1806 edition.
See also the page scans.
* Part 1
* Part 2