# Makers of British botany

MAKERS OF
BRITISH BOTANY
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
London: FETTER LANE, E.C. C. F. CLAY, Manager
Edinburgh: 100, PRINCES STREET London: WILLIAM WESLEY & SON, 28, ESSEX STREET, STRAND Berlin: A. ASHER AND CO. Leipzig: F. A. BROCKHAUS New York: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Bombay and Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD.
All rights reserved
John Hutton Balfour (1878)
MAKERS OF
BRITISH BOTANY
A COLLECTION OF BIOGRAPHIES BY LIVING BOTANISTS
Edited by
F. W. OLIVER
Cambridge: at the University Press 1913
Cambridge: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
PREFACE
The origin and scope of the present book will be found fully indicated in the Introduction, so that it is not needful to refer to them here. One change in the original scheme of the work has been made during its passage through the press, viz. the inclusion of an additional chapter from the pen of Prof. F. O. Bower dealing with the life of the late Sir Joseph Hooker. Our veteran botanist passed away on Dec. 10, 1911, in his 95th year, and in him botany loses its outstanding personality as well as its principal link with the past. The history of botany in this country during the Victorian period, when it comes to be written, must of necessity be woven around the life of this great man.
For the excellent index to the book the reader is indebted to Dr E. de Fraine, whose care and good judgment in this matter will be fully appreciated.
F. W. O.
October, 1912
CONTENTS
| | PAGE |
| Introduction | 1 |
| Robert Morison 1620—1683 and John Ray 1627—1705. By Sydney Howard Vines | 8 |
| Nehemiah Grew 1641—1712. By Agnes Arber | 44 |
| Stephen Hales 1677—1761. By Francis Darwin | 65 |
| John Hill 1716—1775. By T. G. Hill | 84 |
| Robert Brown 1773—1858. By J. B. Farmer | 108 |
| Sir William Hooker 1785—1865. By F. O. Bower | 126 |
| John Stevens Henslow 1796—1861. By George Henslow | 151 |
| John Lindley 1799—1865. By Frederick Keeble | 164 |
| William Griffith 1810—1845. By W. H. Lang | 178 |
| Arthur Henfrey 1819—1859. By F. W. Oliver | 192 |
| William Henry Harvey 1811—1866. By R. Lloyd Praeger | 204 |
| Miles Joseph Berkeley 1803—1889. By George Massee | 225 |
| Sir Joseph Henry Gilbert 1817—1901. By W. B. Bottomley | 233 |
| William Crawford Williamson 1816—1895. By Dukinfield H. Scott | 243 |
| Harry Marshall Ward 1854—1906. By Sir William Thiselton-Dyer | 261 |
| A sketch of the Professors of Botany in Edinburgh from 1670 until 1887. By Isaac Bayley Balfour | 280 |
| Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker 1817—1911. By F. O. Bower | 302 |
| Index | 324 |
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
| PLATE | To face p. | To face p. |
| Frontispiece. John Hutton Balfour (1878). ||
| I. | Robert Morison | 8 |
| II. | Great Gate of the Physic Garden, Oxford | 18 |
| III. | John Ray | 28 |
| IV. | Nehemiah Grew (1701) | 44 |
| V. | Plate from Anatomy of Vegetables Begun, 1672 | 48 |
| VI. | Facsimile of a page from The Comparative Anatomy of Trunks, Nehemiah Grew, 1675 | 52 |
| VII. | From Grew's Anatomy. Sheweth the Parts of a Goosberry. Part of a Vine Branch cut transversly, and splitt half way downe y$^e$ midle | 56 |
| VIII. | Stephen Hales (1759) | 65 |
| IX. | Plate 18 from Hales's Vegetable Staticks | 82 |
| X. | John Hill | 84 |
| XI. | Robert Brown (circa 1856) | 108 |
| XII. | Sir William Jackson Hooker (1834) | 126 |
| XIII. | John Stevens Henslow (1851) | 151 |
| XIV. | John Lindley | 164 |
| XV. | William Griffith (1843) | 178 |
| XVI. | From Griffith's Notulae. Median section of the ovule of Cycas. Nucellar apex of Cycas with pollen chamber and pollen grains | 188 |
| XVII. | William Henry Harvey | 204 |
| XVIII. | Miles Joseph Berkeley | 225 |
| XIX. | Joseph Henry Gilbert | 233 |
| XX. | Henry Witham of Lartington | 243 |
| XXI. | William Crawford Williamson (1876) | 246 |
| XXII. | Vascular system of stem of Lepidodendron selaginoides in transverse section | 250 |
| XXIII. | Root of Calamites (Astromyelon Williamsonis) in transverse section | 254 |
| XXIV. | Cone of Calamostachys Binneyana; sporangia and sporangiophores | 256 |
| XXV. | Harry Marshall Ward (1895) | 261 |
| XXVI. | Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (1868) | 302 |
| Text-fig. p. 77. Figure from Vegetable Staticks showing a vine with mercury gauges in place to demonstrate root pressure. ||
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1951, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 72 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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