OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 108

ACHATINELLA. Pl. 2. 1, bulimoïdes. 2, livida.
ACHATINELLA bulimoïdes,
Thick-spired Achatinella—middle figures.
Generic Character.
See pl. 99.
Specific Character.
Shell ovate-oblong, subventricose, whiteish, with chesnut bands; spire thickened, the tip pale brown.
Achatinella bulimoïdes. Sw. in Brands Journ. Ap. 1828. p. 85.
We continue our Illustrations of these pretty little land-shells, of which all the species, as we before remarked, are natives of the South Sea Islands, and very little known to collectors. The present is distinguished by the thickness of its spire, the apex being more suddenly pointed. We have represented two varieties in point of colour, but in both the suture is scarcely, if at all, margined by an indented grove.
ACHATINELLA livida,
Livid Achatinella.
Specific Character.
Shell reversed, ovate, obtuse, livid brown or greyish; spire thickened; suture with a deep fulvous line.
Achatinella livida. Brands Journ. Ap. 1828. p. 85.
A small reversed species, unbanded, and scarcely exceeding half an inch in length. In form it perfectly resembles the green variety of Bulimus citrinus. The three specimens in our museum vary in colour from a light olive brown, to a livid purple which lies in longitudinal shades, and gradually changes, on the spiral whorls, to white; suture marked by a line of deep orange brown; aperture white, tinged with purple.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 115

TERACOLUS Sub-fasciatus.
TERACOLUS sub-fasciatus,
Burchells Yellow.
Family Papilionidæ. Sub-family Colianæ. Genus (?). Teracolus Nob.
Generic Characters.
Antennæ with the club abrupt, and more or less compressed anterior wings trigonal, posterior rounded; Palpi as in Colias, but the scales intermixed with hairs.
Specific Character.
Anterior wings pale yellow, with a terminal orange spot, margined externally with brown, and internally by a short black bar; areola with a black dot; posterior wings yellowish white, both beneath immaculate.
Mr. Burchell was the first who discovered this unpublished species in the interior of Southern Africa, and by his kindness we are enabled to illustrate it. His specimens, unfortunately, are not in the best condition, for he was obliged to preserve many of his insects in books; and these, having been among the number, may probably have had the antennæ more compressed than they were in nature. The form of this butterfly, nevertheless, is perfectly distinct from Colias, as may be seen by comparing the nerves of the anterior wings, here given in outline.
Not having completed our analysis of the Colianæ, we cannot speak with any confidence on the rank or the station of this type; we are inclined to believe it is a genus between those of Colias and Terias, connecting this sub-family with the Licininæ. It may, however, be one of the sub-genera of Colias, in which case the genus, which it would then represent, is unknown. Fig. 1. represents the anterior wing of Teracolus, 2, of Terias, and 3, of Colias.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 109

MURICINÆ. Pl. 3. MUREX (PHYLLONOTUS) Imperialis. var. a.
MUREX (Phyllonotus) Imperialis,
Imperial Murex. var. a.
Genus Murex. Sub-genus Phyllonotus. Nob.
Sub-Generic Characters.
See pl. 100.
Specific Character.
See pl. 67.
In a popular work like this, we wish to consult the taste of the amateur, no less than of the philosophic naturalist; and with this object we have delineated a beautiful variety, having the aperture rose colour, of the Murex imperialis already figured at pl. 67 of our second volume. It was then in the possession of Messrs. Stuchbury, and was nearly the only one, among very many of the usual orange-mouthed specimens, which came to their hands.
We have already intimated that the series of types in this genus, (see pl. 100) besides possessing innumerable analogies in the class Mollusca, exhibits a most singular one with the series of vertebrated animals; four of which can be traced by comparing them with four of the classes of the vertebrated circle. Commencing with Phyllonotus, we may call them, from the hideous and repulsive aspect of many of the species, the Reptile type, as the name given to one (Murex scorpio), sufficiently intimates. In the tooth-like spines of Murex tenuispinosus we see some resemblance to the teeth of quadrupeds: the Murex haustellum has been well compared to the head of a snipe, while in the fin shaped varices of Murex pinnatus, we have a representation of the fish. If the analogy between Centronotus and the Amphibia cannot be traced, it is because the latter has so few forms; but the Hedgehogs, which represent the Amphibia in the circle of Quadrupeds, are again represented under the form of a shell, in the sub-genus Centronotus. These analogies, however remote are unquestionably natural, because they follow each other in a uniform series.
| Thus, | Murex | represents | Mammalia. |
| Thus, | Haustellaria | represents | Aves. |
| Thus, | Pterynotus | represents | Pisces. |
| Thus, | Centronotus | represents | Amphibia—Hystrix. |
| Thus, | Phyllonotus | represents | Reptilia. |
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 110

MARIUS (PETREUS) Thetys. Larva & Pupa.
MARIUS (Petreus) Thetys,
Thetys Butterfly.
Family Nymphalidæ. Sub-family Paphianæ. Genus Marius. Sub-genus Petreus. (Heliconian Type.)
Sub-Generic Character.
Superior wings long, horizontally lengthened; Larva naked, with 3, 4 fleshy filaments on the body.
Specific Character.
See pl. 59.
The perfect insect, or butterfly, of this elegant species we have already figured at pl. 59 of our second volume: and that our illustration of a form so interesting may be complete, we have now delineated the caterpillar and the chrysalis, as given by Stoll; together with a sprig of the Cashew tree upon which it feeds. Every entomologist, upon looking to the perfect insect, will immediately be struck with its resemblance to the long-winged Heliconian Butterflys, and to the genus Euplœa, which is the Erycinian type of that family. Now this resemblance, which hardly requires pointing out, is a perfectly natural analogy; and is confirmed in the most remarkable manner by the caterpillar, which puts on that peculiar form which distinguishes Euplœa. The species in short, in every stage, exemplifies the truth of that fundamental law of nature which we have elsewhere so fully illustrated, viz. "that every natural group, contains representations of all others in the same class," following each other precisely in the same series: thus establishing a truth which has long been suspected, but not before demonstrated, that the laws of variation are precisely the same in every group throughout the animal kingdom. The genus itself represents the Swallow-tailed types already figured (Podalirius, Protesilaus, and Leptocircus), but of the three remaining sub-genera of Marius, we are as yet ignorant. It is, however, by this genus that the two sub-families of Paphianæ and Heliconinæ are united; as it blends into the latter by means of the genus Fabius, which we shall shortly illustrate.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 114

JASIA Australis.
JASIA Australis,
Australian Jasia-Butterfly.
Family Nymphalidæ. Sub-family Paphianæ. Genus, ——
Sub-Generic Character.
See pl. 90.
Specific Character.
Wings above yellowish white, the outer half of the anterior black with a series of spots disposed in the shape of the letter Y; inferior wings with a black border, margined by cinereous, and an orange spot at the anal angle.
We believe the specimen from which our figures of this new and strikingly distinct butterfly were taken, is the only one which has yet been sent to Europe. It was captured by Mr. Cunningham, who accompanied Captain King, in his voyage to the North West coast of Australia, on the skirts of Careening Bay, Port Nelson, where the Ship Mermaid was hove down; and the officers had more leasure to attend to zoological pursuits. Mr. Cunningham remarked that it flew with great swiftness, in which respect it perfectly resembles the rest of the genus Jasia, of which it is a typical example. The geographic range of this group is thus proved to extend from the South of Europe to Australia, but it is entirely unknown in the new world.
The family of Nymphalidæ is the sub-typical group of the diurnal Lepidoptera, forming our tribe Papiliones. In its own circle it therefore represents the Feræ among quadrupeds, the Raptores among birds, the Aptera among annulose animals, and the Scolopendridæ in the order Myriapoda. The analogical representations resulting from this view of the subject are innumerable.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 11

White Breasted Wren. Thryothorus Mexicanus.
THRIOTHORUS Mexicanus.
Mexican, or White-throated Wren.
Family Certhiadæ. Generic Character.—Vieil. Orn. 2. 627.
Specific Character.
Brown, varied with dusky lines and white dots; throat and breast snowy; tail ferruginous, with black bars.
Mus. D. Taylor.
In the collection of Birds before alluded to, formed by the late Mr. John Morgan at Real del Monte, was a single skin of this new and elegant species. The snowy whiteness of its throat, renders it not liable to be mistaken in a group of birds, presenting in general a great similarity of plumage. The upper parts are greyish brown, varied with obscure, dusky, broken lines of blackish; each feather being tipt with a small round white spot: wing covers and tertials the same: upper and under tail covers ferruginous; each feather with a white spot before the white one which is at the tip, lower breast and all the under plumage rufous brown, crossed by black lines; the white dots nearly obsolete, tail ferruginous, with about six black bars: legs brown, hind claw as long as the tarsus. Fourth and fifth quill longest.
This genus has been judiciously separated by M. Vieillot from Troglodytes (to which belongs our Brown European Wren), on account of its lengthened and generally notched bill: the greater prolongation of the hind toe is a further distinction; indicating an affinity with the more perfect scansorial Creepers.
To this group belongs the Myothera obsoleta of Prince Charles Bonaparte. No example of that genus, or of Thamnophilus (in their most extended sense), has yet been found north of Cuba: their straight, cylindrical, and abruptly-hooked bills, offer a striking contrast to the lengthened, compressed, curved, and consequently feeble structure of this part in Thriothorus and Troglodytes.
Total length, 5½; bill, 1$^1$⁄$_{10}$; wings, and tail, 2$^6$⁄$_{10}$ tarsi, $^7$⁄$_{10}$.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 111

ZEONIA Heliconides.
ZEONIA Heliconides,
Zeonia Butterfly.
Family Erycinidæ. Sub-family Erycinæ. Genus ——; Sub-genus Zeonia. Nob.
Sub-Generic Character.
Wings trigonal, hyaline, the posterior ending in long tails; Palpi very short, not projecting beyond the head; Antennæ hairy, with the club very small, but gradually thickening from the base.
Specific Character.
Wings hyaline; the margins, and a common central band black and opaque; inferior wings two-tailed, with a red stripe at the anal angle.
No method is more calculated to demonstrate the existence of that symbolical representation which reigns throughout nature, than that of bringing before the eye of the student a series of forms belonging to different families, but which are disguised, under an outward appearance of general similitude; How few, even among professed entomologists, would suspect that the present butterfly, and Leptocircus Curius, pl. 106, were of totally different families: looking to their general aspect, as size, form, and colour, we should even be tempted to place them in the same genus; On closer examination, however, we find that one is a genuine Papilio, and the other an Erycina; That this fact may be placed beyond all doubt, we have given magnified details of both insects, which, from their great rarity, will be highly acceptable to the Entomologist.
The specimen here figured is the only one we met with in Brazil, nor have we seen the species in any other collection; Excepting the black bands and the crimson spots, all the wings are transparent; the under surface being similar to the upper. We possess the mutilated remains of a second species; but we know not to what natural genus they belong.
Fig. 1. Zeonia, wing. 2. Leptocircus, wing. 3. Zeonia; anterior foot, with the claw more enlarged; 4. head and palpi in profile; 5. Antennæ.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 112

LEPTOLOPHUS auricomis. Golden-eared Parrakeet.
LEPTOLOPHUS auricomis,
Golden-eared Parrakeet.
Sub-family Psittacinæ. Genus Platycercus. Sub-genus Leptolophus. (The Rasorial type.)
Sub-Generic Character.
Bill distinctly toothed, culmen slightly carinated; nostrils thick, tumid, naked; head crested; wings very long, outer web of the quills not sinuated; tail very broad, cuneated, the two middle tail feathers conspicuously longest and pointed.
Specific Character.
Cinereous, wings with a longitudinal white stripe; ears orange; lateral tail feathers banded with yellow and black.
Palæornis Novæ-Hollandiæ. New Holland Parrakeet. Lears Parrots, No 8.
The discovery of this remarkable and highly interesting Australian species is due to Allen Cunningham, Esq. who, on an inland expedition ordered by our government, in 1827, discovered it in small flocks on the arid sandy plains between Lat. 29 and 28, 50. Long. 150¾ E. We must again express our public thanks to this intelligent and liberal naturalist for the ornithological specimens then collected. Among these were two skins of the bird in question; but as the mere addition of a new species to our already overwhelming list would be of little importance to the philosophy of the science, we have hitherto refrained from publishing it. In truth, the natural affinities of this extraordinary Cockatoo-Parrakeet called for a much deeper investigation of the whole family than it had yet received, nor are we ashamed to confess that nearly five years elapsed before we could partially accomplish this, with any thing like satisfactory results. But we regret not the delay, since it is obvious that the illustration of such an apparently anomalous form as this, is infinitely more useful to science than the specification, in a few lines, of a hundred new species, or even of as many new genera, unaccompanied by analytical or comparative results. The time, in fact, is now gone by, when such crude additions to ornithological nomenclature, possess any claim to permanent interest, or carry with them any authority: they encumber rather than advance science, by keeping up the already overwhelming stock of undigested materials. Mr. Lear has recently given beautiful figures of this species, but under the peculiarly inappropriate name of Palæornis Novæ-hollandiæ. The genus is Platycercus, all the species of which are from New Holland, excepting those of the Fissirostral type. The exactness of our figure renders a detailed account of its plumage unessential.
# American Medical Biographies/Bernays, Augustus Charles

​Bernays, Augustus Charles (1854–1907)
Augustus Charles Bernays was born in 1854 and was not yet eighteen when his remarkable career of scientific study and achievement commenced. He matriculated at the University of Heidelberg in 1872 and graduated there. He also took the membership of the Royal College of Surgeons of England and was intimately associated in his surgical training with Simon, Lister, Marion Sims, Lossen and von Langenbeck, the last of whom he always characterized as the prince of surgeons.
It was his original investigations on the anatomy of the knee-joint and of the heart which first made his name familiar wherever medical science is taught. His papers included:
"Ideal Cholecystotomy, a successful case; with critical remarks on the pathology and the different operative procedures practised on the system of gall vessels," 1885; "Kolpo-hysterectomy; successful cases of total extirpation of the uterus through the vagina," 1885; "A Case of Cystic Tumor of the Jaw in a Negro, and some new observations on the pathological histology of this disease," 1885; "The Complete Method of Operation in Cases of Cancer of the Breast," 1885.
He died May 22, 1907, at the age of fifty-two, from the rupture of a cardiac aneurysm. He had been endowed with an intuitive diagnostic ability which was so marvelous at times as to be termed by those near him almost a gift of second sight.
# American Medical Biographies/Best, Robert

​Best, Robert (1790–1830)
A native of Somersetshire, England, and born in 1790 he came to America in 1803. As a child he had but three months' schooling, being early trained in the watch and clockmaking trade, but he devoted his leisure to the study of mechanical sciences, and extended his skill to the manufacture of various kinds of scientific instruments. In 1818 the Western Museum of Cincinnati was founded, and Best was appointed curator and artist. In the autumn of 1820 he delivered a course of experimental lectures on electricity. At this time he was appointed assistant to the professor of chemistry in the Medical College of Ohio, and in 1823 removed to Lexington, Kentucky, having been appointed lecturer on chemistry in Transylvania University. While there he published a number of papers entitled: "Tables of Chemical Equivalents, Incompatible Substances, and Poisons and Antidotes," with an explanatory introduction. In 1826 he graduated at Transylvania and began practice immediately after, rising rapidly in the profession, but was unfortunately cut down by consumption in the beginning of his career, and died in 1830.
# American Medical Biographies/Bettman, Boerne

​Bettman, Boerne (1856–1906)
Boerne Bettman, an ophthalmologist of Chicago, known specially as an operator, was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 6, 1856, of Bavarian parents. His father, a general practitioner, was a graduate of the University of Munich, ​in 1836. Dr. Boerne Bettman, after a three-year course of study, under the preceptorship of his father, in the Miami Medical College, received his medical degree in 1877. He was then assistant, for a short time, to Dr. Elkanah Williams (q.v), the first professor of ophthalmology in the United States. Proceeding to New York, he studied for a time in the laboratory of Dr. Heitzman, and then for a year and a half was assistant to Dr. Herman Knapp (q.v.). For the next three years he studied in Europe. In Vienna, his teachers were Arlt, Stellwag, Jaeger, Mauthner, Fuchs, Politzer, Gruber and Storch. At Heidelberg, in 1879, he became the second assistant to Dr. Otto Becker. Later, he was made Becker's first assistant.
In 1887 he returned to America, and, settling in Chicago, was almost immediately successful. He was the first lecturer in ophthalmology and otology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago. This position he resigned, however, in 1883. He founded the Chicago Society of Ophthalmology and Otology, and assisted at the organization of the Chicago Medico-Legal Society. In 1892 he was made professor of ophthalmology and otology in the Chicago College of Physicians and Surgeons—a position which he held till nearly the time of his death. He was also, for a while, professor of ophthalmology and otology in the Chicago Post-Graduate Medical School. He served, moreover, as oculist and aurist to many of the Chicago hospitals.
Among his publications are the following:
"The Operative Treatment of Episcleritis," Weekly Med. Rev., Mar. 17, 1883; "Aural and Nasal Surgery," Jour. Amer. Med. Asso., Nov. 10, 1884; "Ocular Troubles of Nasal Origin," Jour. Amer. Med. Asso., Jan. 17, 1887; "Traumatic Iridodyalyses," No. Amer. Practitioner, Dec., 1890; "Dislocation of Lens into Anterior Chamber," Chicago Med. Record, June, 1891.
Dr. Bettman was a brilliant operator, and many are the stories of his skill and dexterity. Thus, having introduced his cataract knife with the edge turned downward, instead of up, he quickly "flopped" his blade, without withdrawing (as Knapp himself once did) nor lost a drop of aqueous. He was quick and active in his manner, sometimes abrupt, but really kind at heart. Like all true Jews, he was a patriot, and he loved to talk about the history of his country. He served as assistant surgeon, with the rank of captain, in the second regiment of the Illinois National Guard. He died a lingering and very painful death, but bore his sufferings bravely.
He passed away, May 25, 1906, at Chicago, aged only 50 years. Into that brief period, however, he had crowded the work of a century.
# American Medical Biographies/Beyer, Henry Gustav

* related authors: Henry Gustav Beyer.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
​Beyer, Henry Gustav (1850–1918)
Rear Admiral Henry Gustav Beyer, Medical Director, U. S. Navy retired, aged 68, died at his home in Washington, December 10, 1918. Dr. Beyer was born in Saxony, Germany, October 28, 1850, received his preliminary education and took a course in pharmacy in Germany and then entered Bellevue Hospital Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1876. He received the M. R. C. S. degree in London in 1881 and was given the degree of Ph.D. by Johns Hopkins University in 1887. He entered the Navy as assistant surgeon, immediately on graduation, was made passed assistant surgeon in 1880, surgeon in 1893, medical inspector in 1905 and medical director in 1910 and rear admiral, February 27, 1911, and was retired on attaining the age of 62 years, October 28, 1912.
Dr. Beyer was married in 1880 to Harriet W. Wescott, of Portland, Maine. They had two sons. She died in 1891.
During his 36 years of service in the Navy he had twelve years and ten months of sea service, and three years on special duty at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, and was on special duty in Washington for two years. He was professor of hygiene in the Naval Medical School, Washington, from 1904 to 1912 and was also lecturer on naval hygiene in the War College, Newport, Rhode Island. He was a member of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States, National Society for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, American Public Health Association and American Association of Pathologists and Bacteriologists, and was a prolific contributor to medicomilitary literature.
Dr. Beyer wrote frequently for the Military Surgeon and the U. S. Naval Medical Bulletin. His linguistic ability lead to his being called upon often by these publications for reviews and translations of foreign scientific publications. He contributed the chapter on Food in the "Handbook of Hygiene for Men of War" edited by Verth, Bentmann, Dirksen and Ruge and published at Jena, 1914.
Dr. Beyer was a man of very marked and striking personality. His German birth and training predisposed him to the accurate and ​painstaking methods essential for scientific research and he had in addition an enormous capacity for work and a vitalizing enthusiasm for the subjects in which he was most interested—hygiene and sanitation. Beneath a naturally stiff formal manner, accentuated by military life, there was a heart of infinite kindness which responded to every appeal.
The last four years of his life were saddened by the conflict raging between his native land and the land of his adoption and he became more and more reserved, shrinking into himself like one overpowered by emotions too complex and stirring to be put into words. One cannot help feeling that his marked depression of spirits contributed in a measure to his death which may be reckoned as one more of those indirect misfortunes attributable to the attack of Germany on the world.