OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Alexander, William (1767-1816)

​ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1767–1816), artist, and first keeper of prints and drawings in the British Museum, was born at Maidstone 10 April 1767. He became a student at the Royal Academy in 1784, and in 1792 proceeded with Lord Macartney's embassy to China as junior draughtsman. All the drawings illustrative of the expedition were made by him, in consequence, as it is stated, of the incompetence of his nominal superior. Some of them were published as illustrations of Sir George Staunton's account of the embassy in 1797; in 1798 Alexander himself published ‘Views of the Headlands, Islands, &c., taken during the voyage to China,’ and he also illustrated Barrow's ‘Travels in China,’ 1804, and ‘Voyage to Cochin China,’ 1806. In 1805 he published a volume of engravings illustrative of the Egyptian antiquities in the British Museum taken from the French expeditionary force; and in the same year appeared ‘The Costume of China, illustrated in forty-eight coloured engravings,’ accompanied by explanatory letterpress. He also completed the drawings from Daniell's sketches which accompanied Vancouver's ‘Voyage to the North Pacific,’ and published in 1813 ‘Picturesque Representations of the Dress and Manners of the Austrians.’ In 1802 he had become professor of drawing at the military college at Great Marlow; and in 1808, some serious losses having shown the necessity for a more vigilant care of the prints and drawings in the British Museum, he was appointed their keeper, with the style and rank of assistant keeper of the antiquities department. His most important work at the museum was executing the drawings and superintending the engraving of the ancient marbles and terra-cottas comprised in the first four volumes of the great collection published by the trustees in 1810 and subsequent years. He died of brain-fever on 23 July 1816. Alexander was a first-rate draughtsman and excellent engraver; as a man he was amiable, charitable, and unassuming. He meditated a work on the ancient historical crosses of England, for which he had made extensive collections. A lithographed facsimile of his narrative of a journey to Beresford Hall in Derbyshire, the seat of Cotton the angler, was published by Russell Smith in 1841.
[Gent. Mag. lxxxvi. pt. ii. pp. 279–80, 369–371; Russell's History of Maidstone, pp. 397–8; Pikington's Dictionary of Painters.]
R. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Blackwood, George Frederick

​BLACKWOOD, GEORGE FREDERICK (1838–1880), major, was second son of Major William Blackwood, of the Bengal army, and grandson of the founder of the publishing firm [see Blackwood, William]. He was born in 1838; was educated at the Edinburgh academy and at Addiscombe and was gazetted a second lieutenant in the Bengal artillery on 11 Dec. 1857. He arrived in India in the midst of the Indian mutiny, and was at once appointed to command two guns in Colonel Wilkinson's Rohilcund movable column. He was promoted first lieutenant on 27 Aug. 1858, and filled the post of adjutant first to the Bareilly and Gwalior divisions, and then to the twenty-second and nineteenth brigades of royal artillery from 1859 to 1864. He was promoted captain on 20 Feb. 1867, and in 1872 was appointed to command the artillery attached to General Bourchier's column in the Looshai expedition. In that capacity he was present at the attacks on Tipar-Mukh, Küng-Nüng and Taikooui, and he gave such satisfaction that his services were specially mentioned in the general's despatch of 19 March 1872, and he was promoted major by brevet on 11 Sept. following. He gave further evidence of his ability as an artillery officer by his very able report on the use of guns in such country as that in which he had been recently engaged, with hints on the calibre best suited for mountain guns, which was printed by the Indian government and circulated by it among its officers. Blackwood was promoted major on 10 Feb. 1875, and after temporarily commanding a battery of royal horse artillery came to England on sick leave. He thus missed the first Afghan campaign of 1878–79, but was in India when on the news of Cavagnari's death it was determined to once more occupy both Cabul and Candahar. Blackwood was posted to the commund of the E battery B brigade of royal horse artillery, and ordered to join the force destined for Candahar. While stationed there the news arrived of the advance of Ayoub Khan, and a column was ordered out under the command of Brigadier-general Burrows to assist the wall placed in command by Abdur-rahman Elhan, and to investigate the strength of the enemy. To that column Blackwood's battery was attached; the column was cut to pieces in the terrible battle of Maiwand on 27 July 1880, where Blackwood was killed and two of his guns lost.
[Times, 2 Oct. 1880.]
H. M. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Blackwood, Henry (d.1614)

1904 Errata appended.
​BLACKWOOD, HENRY, M.D. (d. 1614), physician, was descended from a family of good position in Fifeshire, and was a brother of Adam Blackwood [q. v.], judge of the parliament of Poitiers. He was born at Dunfermline, and after studying belles lettres and philosophy was sent by his uncle, Robert Reid, bishop of Orkney, to the university of Paris, where he taught philosophy about the year 1561. Having afterwards studied medicine he graduated M.D., was incorporated a member of the College of Physicians of Paris, and ultimately became dean of the faculty, He died in 1614. He edited 'In Organum Aristotelis Commentaria,' 'Collatio Philosophiæ atque Medicinæ,' and 'De Claris Medicis;' and left in manuscript 'Animadversio in omnes Galeni libros,' 'Hippocratis quædam cum MSS. collate,' 'In Alexandrum Trallianum Comment.,' and 'Locorum quorumdam Plinii explicatio.' Mackenzie also attributes to him 'Hippocratis Coi Prognosticorum libri tres, cum Latina interpretatione, ad veterum exemplarium fidem emendati et recogniti,' Paris, 1625, but the work was really edited by his son Henry, who was also a professor of medicine and surgery at Paris, and who died at Rouen, 17 Oct. 1634. George Blackwood, a brother of the father, taught philosophy at Paris about the year 1571, but subsequently took holy orders, and obtained considerable preferment in the French Church.
[Dempster's Hist. Eccles. Scot. Gent. (1627), 116–17; Biographie Universelle, iv. 549; Moreri's Dictionnaire Historique, ii. 489; Mackenzie's Writers of the Scots Nation, iii. 479–87; Irving's Scottish Writers, i. 168–9.]
T. F. H.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.28 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 150 | ii | 11-12 | Blackwood, Henry: for descended from a . . . was a brother read son of William Blackwpod and brother |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barker, Matthew Henry

​BARKER, MATTHEW HENRY (1790–1846), a writer of sea tales, was born in 1790 at Deptford, where his father had attained some distinction as a dissenting minister. At an early age he joined an East Indiaman, and afterwards served in the royal navy, where, as he was without influence, he never rose beyond the rank of master's mate. Retiring from the service, he commanded a hired armed schooner, and was employed in carrying despatches to the English squadrons on the southern coasts of France and Spain. On one occasion he fell into the enemy's hands, and was detained for some months as prisoner of war. In 1825 he became editor of a West Indian newspaper, and was afterwards employed, from 1827 to 1838, in a similar capacity at Nottingham. Under the name of ‘The Old Sailor,’ he wrote a number of lively and spirited sea-tales, very popular in their day. He was naval editor of the ‘United Service Gazette,’ and a frequent contributor to the ‘Literary Gazette,’ ‘Bentley's Miscellany,’ and the ‘Pictorial Times.’ For some astronomical discoveries he was presented with a telescope by the Royal Astronomical Society. Working hard to the last, he died on 29 June, 1846. His chief works are: 1. ‘Land and Sea Tales,’ 2 vols., 1836. 2. ‘Topsail-sheet Blocks, or the Naval Foundling,’ 3 vols., 1838, of which a new edition was issued as recently as 1881. 3. ‘Life of Nelson,’ 1836. 4. ‘The Naval Club, or Reminiscences of Service,’ 3 vols., 1843. 5. ‘The Victory, or the Wardroom Mess,’ 3 vols., 1844. Most of his works were illustrated by George Cruikshank, with whom he was on intimate terms, and to whose ‘Omnibus’ he was the chief contributor.
A. H. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barker, John (d.1653)

​BARKER, JOHN (d. 1653), captain in the navy, was in earlier life a merchant, shipowner, and shipmaster of London, probably the same who, in 1627, in partnership with Matthew Cradock, John Fowke (afterwards, in 1653, lord mayor), and others, obtained letters of marque for the Golden Cock, of 200 tons (7 March, 17 July, 1627), which Barker commanded in the Mediterranean, and in which, in the course of 1629, he recaptured a Venetian vessel from a Turkish corsair in the neighbourhood of Zante. The grand signor demanded and enforced satisfaction from the Levant Company, at whose instance Barker was thrown in prison, and so kept for more than a year (September 1630). His affairs after this do not seem to have prospered; and whilst his former partner, John Fowke, advanced to be alderman and lord mayor, he was still a shipmaster, and on 12 April 1652, when war with Holland was imminent, he hired his ship, the Prosperous, of 600 tons and 44 guns, to the state, as a man-of-war, himself remaining in command. It does not, however, appear that the Prosperous was with Blake in the engagement off Folkestone on 19 May; but from the general gathering of ships which immediately followed, we may feel certain that she was with him in his cruise to the northward, when he captured or dispersed the Dutch herring fleet. In September she went to Denmark, as part of the squadron under Captain Ball [see Ball, Andrew], and narrowly escaped being lost at the same time as the Antelope. On her return to England, towards the end of October, she was sent into the river to refit, and was still there when the battle was fought off Dungeness on 30 Nov. In the stern remodelling of the navy which took place after this defeat, Barker was confirmed as captain of the Prosperous, and was present with the fleet off Portland on 18 Feb. 1652–3. From his relations with Ball during the previous summer, it is probable that the Prosperous formed part of the red division, under Blake's immediate command; it is, at any rate, certain that she was in the very thick of the battle; was engaged by several ships at once, led on by De Ruyter in person; and that, after a brilliant defence, Barker and a great part of the crew were killed, the rest wounded or overpowered, and the ship taken possession of. Her men were hastily transferred to De Ruyter's own ship, and a prize-crew put on board the Prosperous, which before nightfall was won back by the English; but the men remained prisoners, and were not released for some months. A gratuity of 400l. was assigned to Barker's widow, and the command of the Prosperous, whilst in the state's service, was given to his son William, who had himself been badly wounded when his father was killed.
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barker, John (1708-1748)

​BARKER, JOHN, M.D. (1708–1748), medical writer, was educated at St. Thomas's Hospital, London, and Wadham College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1731, M.A. and B.M. in 1737, and D.M. in 1743. He practised medicine in Salisbury for nearly ten years. In 1746 he was admitted a member of the College of Physicians, and, moving to London, became in that year physician to the Westminster Hospital. In the following year he resigned this post on being appointed physician to his majesty's army in the Low Countries. He did not long survive his promotion, and was buried in St. Stephen's Church, Ipswich, where there is a tablet to his memory. While at Salisbury he published in 1742 ‘An Inquiry into the Nature, Cause, and Cure of the Epidemic Fever of that and the two preceding years.’ In this treatise he objected to bleeding as a part of the treatment, and was consequently attacked ​by another Salisbury physician, a Mr. Hele, in a local newspaper. Barker replied in a pamphlet entitled ‘A Defence of a late Treatise &c.,’ 1743. He also published in 1748 in an octavo volume ‘An Essay on the Agreement between Ancient and Modern Physicians, or a Comparison between the Practice of Hippocrates, Galen, Sydenham, and Boerhaave.’
P. B.-A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barker, John (fl.1464)

​BARKER, JOHN (fl. 1464), scholar of King's College, Cambridge, came up from Eton in 1464, and was author of a book called ‘Scutum Inexpugnabile,’ a work on Logic. From this he was called the Logic or Sophister of King's College, Sophister being the name for a student in his second year, when logic was principally studied. This book was read in King's College, but apparently not elsewhere. Mr. Brian Rowe, scholar of King's College in 1499, wrote a recommendatory preface to it. No trace of the work is to be found in the Cambridge University library or the British Museum. Barker died ‘a brother of the order of the Fryars Minorets.’
O. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barker, Matthew (1619-1698)

​BARKER, MATTHEW (1619–1698), nonconformist divine, was born at Cransley, Northamptonshire, in 1619. After completing his studies at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A., he taught a school at Banbury, Oxfordshire, until the outbreak of the civil war in 1641 compelled him to remove to London. There he was shortly afterwards chosen minister of St. James's, Garlick Hill. About five years subsequently he accepted the invitation of the London citizens, who resided in the summer at Mortlake in Surrey, to become lecturer there. On 25 Oct. 1648 he preached a sermon before the House of Commons at St. Margaret's, Westminster. In 1650 he was chosen incumbent of St. Leonard's, Eastcheap. Along with Joseph Caryl [q. v.] he was sent in 1659 to Scotland with a letter to General Monk from Dr. Owen in the name of the independent churches, and he also signed in January 1660 the renunciation and declaration of the congregational and public preachers in London against ‘the late horrid insurrection and declaration of rebellion in the saide city.’ Being displaced in 1662, he collected a congregation, who were allowed the morning use of the meeting-house at Miles Lane erected after the great fire of 1666. After continuing the duties of his office for several years amidst ‘many hazards and difficulties,’ he died on 25 March 1698.
He was the author of ‘Natural Theology, or the Knowledge of God from the Works of Creation, accommodated and improved to the service of Christianity,’ 1674; ‘Flores Intellectuales, or select Notions, Sentences, and Observations, collected out of several Authors and made publick, especially for the use of young Scholars entering into the Ministry,’ 1691; ‘A Christian standing and moving upon the Foundation’ (sermon preached before the House of Commons), 1650; a sermon on Mark ii. 20 in ‘Supplement to the Morning Exercises at Cripplegate,’ 1676; a sermon on John i. 7 in ‘Continuation of Morning Exercises,’ 1683; a sermon on Matt. xi. 24, published in ‘Casuistical Morning Exercises,’ 1690; and an appendix to ‘A Discourse of Family Worship’ by George Hammond, 1694. He also edited Everard's ‘Gospel Treasury Opened,’ and wrote the annotations on the ‘Thessalonians’ in Poole's ‘Continuation.’
[Wilson's Dissenting Churches, i. 463–5; Palmer's Nonconf. Memorial, i. 144–5; Dunn's Seventy-five Eminent Divines, pp. 100–2.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barker, Hugh

1904 Errata appended.
​BARKER, HUGH (d. 1632), an English lawyer, was educated at New College, Oxford. He was master of the free grammar school at Chichester, when it was attended by Selden, who received from him his instruction in 'grammar learning.' On 17 June 1605 he graduated D.L. at Oxford, being about this time chancellor of the diocese. He was admitted of the college of civilians on 9 June 1607, and for several years before his death, in 1632, he was dean of the court of arches in London. He was buried in the upper end of the New College chapel, Oxford, where his virtues are commemorated in a Latin epitaph.
T. F. H.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.15 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 201 | ii | 16-14 f.e. | Barker, Hugh: omit and for several years . . . . in London |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barker, James

​BARKER, JAMES (1772–1838), captain in the royal navy, son of Mr. James Barker, shipowner at Rotherhithe, was born on 2 March 1772, and was entered on the books of the Beaver sloop, as early as 13 June, 1780. He afterwards, whilst still a child, was on board the Prudent in the West ​Indies, and was present in the engagement at St. Kitts 25 and 26 Jan. 1782. In 1794 he was serving on board the Russell, of 74 guns, and in her shared in the glories of 1 June. He was then transferred to the Jupiter, carrying the broad pennant of Commodore J. W. Payne; and in the following spring was in the royal yacht, on the occasion of bringing over the Princess Caroline of Brunswick, a service that gained for him promotion to the rank of lieutenant, 13 April 1795. He was afterwards appointed to the Orion, with Captain Sir James Saumarez, and, continuing in her, had a part in the victories of L'Orient, Cape St. Vincent, and the Nile; the last engagement gave him commander's rank on 8 Oct. 1798. Later he commanded the hired ship Moriston in the Bristol Channel and on the coast of Cornwall, and was made post-captain on 12 Aug. 1812. He had no further employment in the navy, but settled down in the neighbourhood of Bristol, where he died 4 May 1838.
J. K. L.
# Crane Iron v. Hoagland

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
108 U.S. 5
Crane Iron v. Hoagland
J. G. Shipman, for plaintiffs in error.
Theo. Little, for defendants in error.
WAITE, C, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Crane-Johnson Company v. Helvering/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
311 U.S. 54
Crane-Johnson Company v. Helvering
Argued: Oct. 23, 1940. --- Decided: Nov 12, 1940
Because of a previously-existing deficit, petitioner corporation was prohibited by state law from distributing as dividends its profits earned in 1936. Notwithstanding this state prohibition, the Commissioner held respondent liable under the 1936 Revenue Act for surtax on undistributed profits. The Board of Tax Appeals sustained the Commissioner, and the Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed. On a similar state of facts the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held undistributed profits exempt from surtax. We granted certiorari in both cases to resolve this conflict. The legal questions here presented are in all respects the same as those presented in Helvering v. Northwest Steel Rolling Mills, 311 U.S. 46, 61 S.Ct. 109, 85 L.Ed. 29, this day decided, and on the authority of that case the decision below is
Affirmed.

## Notes

* ↑ 'The directors of corporations must not make dividends except from the surplus profits arising from the business thereof * * *.' N.D.Comp.Laws (Supp.1925) section 4543.
* ↑ 49 Stat. 1648, 1655, 26 U.S.C.A.Int.Rev.Acts p. 823.
* ↑ 38 B.T.A. 1355.
* ↑ 8 Cir., 105 F.2d 740.
* ↑ Northwest Steel Rolling Mills v. Commissioner, 110 F.2d 286.
* ↑ 309 U.S. 692, 60 S.Ct. 708, 84 L.Ed. 1034; 311 U.S. 629, 61 S.Ct. 14, 85 L.Ed. --.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Crancer v. Lowden

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
315 U.S. 631
Crancer v. Lowden
Argued: March 3, 4, 1942. --- Decided: March 16, 1942
See 316 U.S. 708, 62 S.Ct. 1030, 86 L.Ed. --.
Messrs. Irl B. Rosenblum and Abraham B. Frey, both of St. Louis, Mo., for petitioners.
Mr. Hale Houts, of Kansas City, Mo., for respondents.
Mr. Justice BYRNES delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Crane-Johnson Company v. Helvering

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
311 U.S. 54
Crane-Johnson Company v. Helvering
Argued: Oct. 23, 1940. --- Decided: Nov 12, 1940
Mr. John E. Hughes, of Chicago, Ill., for petitioner.
Messrs. Robert H. Jackson, Atty. Gen., and Richard H. Demuth, of Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Current Economic Affairs/Index

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# Current Strategies for Engineering Controls in Nanomaterial Production and Downstream Handling Processes/Appendix A

​APPENDIX A
Sources for Risk Management Guidance
ASSE [2009]. Prevention through design: guidelines for addressing occupational risks in design and redesign processes. ASSE TR-Z790.001. Des Plaines, IL: American Society of Safety Engineers.
Center for Chemical Process Safety [1992]. Guidelines for hazard evaluation procedures: with worked samples. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
NIOSH [2009]. Approaches to safe nanotechnology: managing the health and safety concerns with engineered nanomaterials. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2009–125 [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009-125/pdfs/2009-125.pdf].
NIOSH [2009]. Qualitative risk characterization and management of occupational hazards: control banding (CB)—a literature review and critical analysis. Cincinnati, Ohio: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Pub No. 2009–152.
Schulte PA, Geraci CL, Zumwalde RD, Hoover MD, Kuempel ED [2008]. Occupational risk management of engineered nanoparticles. J Occup Environ Hyg 5(4):239–249 .
Schulte PA, Geraci CL, Zumwalde R, Hoover MD, Castranova VA, Kuempel E, Murashov V, Vainio H, Savolainen K [2008]. Sharpening the focus on occupational safety and health in nanotechnology. Scand J Work Environ Health 34(6):471–478.