OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Freebairn, Robert

​FREEBAIRN, ROBERT (1765–1808), landscape-painter, born in 1765, and apparently of Scottish descent, is usually stated to have been the last pupil of Richard Wilson, R.A. [q. v.] This does not seem certain, as Freebairn was articled to Philip Reinagle, R.A. [q. v.], and it was from Reinagle's house that he sent his first picture to the Royal Academy in 1782, the year of Wilson's death. He continued to exhibit landscapes up to 1786, when he appears to have gone to Italy. In 1789 and 1790 he was at Rome, and sent views of Roman scenery to the Academy. In 1791 he sent two views of the ‘Via Mala’ in the Grisons, probably taken on his return journey. His stay in Italy formed his style, and he brought back to England a storehouse of material, on which he drew plentifully during the remainder of his life, his productions being mainly representations of Italian scenery. When in Italy he was patronised by Lord Powis, and on his return to England by Lord Suffolk, Mr. Penn of Stoke Park, and others. His compositions were noted for their elegance rather than for grandeur, and were pleasing enough to enable him to secure sufficient patronage and commissions for his pictures, most of which he exhibited at the Royal Academy. He occasionally painted views of Welsh and Lancashire scenery, but his chief excellence lay in his Roman subjects. Some of his drawings were published in aquatint. Freebairn died in Buckingham Place, New Road, Marylebone, on 23 Jan. 1808, aged 42, leaving a widow and four children. After his death there was published in 1815 a volume called ‘Outlines of Lancashire Scenery, from an unpublished Sketch-book of the late R. Freebairn, designed as studies for the use of schools and beginners, and etched by the younger Freebairn’ [see Freebairn, Alfred Robert]. A Robert Freebairn, perhaps related to the above, edited several works of Scottish literature during the eighteenth century.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Freeke, William

​FREEKE, WILLIAM (1662–1744), mystical writer. [See Freke.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Justus

​JUSTUS, Saint (d. 627), fourth archbishop of Canterbury, was sent in 601 from Rome by Pope Gregory along with Laurentius, Mellitus, and others to reinforce the Kentish mission. In 604 he was consecrated first bishop of Rochester by Augustine [q. v.], and on 28 April received from Æthelbert, king of Kent, a grant to his church of certain lands lying about Rochester. As a portion of these lands has always borne the name of Priestfield, it has been suggested that it is possible that Justus was not a monk, though this would of course be contrary to the belief of the Canterbury historians (Stubbs). He helped Augustine in his ecclesiastical government (S. Bonifacii Epistolæ, i. 104, 168), and after Augustine's death joined Archbishop Laurentius and Mellitus in writing to the Scottish bishops and abbots to urge them to conform to the Roman usages. On the relapse into idolatry which followed the accession of Eadbald [q. v.] in Kent, he fled with Mellitus into Gaul in 617, and remained there a year, until he was recalled to his bishopric by the king. He governed his diocese diligently, and received a letter of exhortation addressed to him and Archbishop Mellitus by Boniface V, who became pope in 619. On the death of Mellitus on 24 April 624 he succeeded to the see of Canterbury, and received a pall from Boniface with a letter referring to the gift as conveying the right of consecrating bishops; so it was probably after receiving it, though in the same year as his accession, that he consecrated Romanus to succeed him at Rochester. Another letter from Boniface to Justus giving the primacy of the whole English church to Canterbury (Gesta Pontificum, p. 47) is doubtless spurious. On 21 July 625 he consecrated Paulinus bishop, to accompany Æthelburh [see under Edwin, 585?–633] to Northumbria. One or two further details given by Elmham can scarcely be considered historical. There are lives of Justus by Gervase, and by Goscelin [q. v.], in manuscript; a short one is also in a manuscript in the Lambeth Library (Stubbs). None of them adds anything to Bede's account. Justus died on 10 Nov. 627, and was buried in St. Peter's porch at St. Augustine's, Canterbury.
[A critical life by Bishop Stubbs in Dict. Christ. Biog. iii. 592; Hook's Lives of Archbishops of Canterbury, i. 99–109; Haddan and Stubbs's Eccl. Docs. iii. 72–81; Bede's Hist. Eccl. i. 29, ii. 3, 4, 8, 18 (Engl. Hist. Soc.); Anglo-Saxon Chron. an. 627; S. Boniface, Epp. i. 104, 168 (Giles); Will. of Malm. Gesta Pontiff, pp. 6, 47–9, 134, Gervase of Cant. ii. 332–333, Elmham, pp. 116, 121 (all Rolls Ser.); Wharton's Anglia Sacra, i. 92; Dugdale's Monasticon, i. 162.]
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Jutsum, Henry

​JUTSUM, HENRY (1816–1869), painter, born in London in 1816, was educated in Devonshire. There he acquired a taste for landscape painting, and on returning to London, drew from nature, frequently in Kensington Gardens. He first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1836. Three years later he became a pupil of James Stark [q. v.] He devoted himself for some time to watercolour painting, and in 1843 was elected a member of the New Watercolour Society. He continued, however, to exhibit at the Royal Academy, and preferring painting in oil, resigned his membership of the Watercolour Society. He was a frequent contributor to the chief exhibitions up to his death, and his works were always greatly admired. 'The Noonday Walk' in the Royal Collection was engraved for 'The Art Journal'; 'The Foot Bridge' is in the South Kensington Museum. Jutsum's drawings were chiefly of English scenery. He died at Hamilton Terrace, St. John's Wood, 3 March 1869. Many of his own drawings in his possession and others collected by him were sold by auction at Christie's on 17 April 1882.
[Redgrave's Dict. of artists; Graves's Dict. of Artists 1760-1880; Men of the Reign.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Kalisch, Marcus

​KALISCH, MARCUS (1825–1885), biblical commentator, born of Jewish parents at Treptow, Pomerania, on 16 May 1825, was educated at the Gymnasium of the Graue Kloster, Berlin, and at Berlin university, and became proficient in both classical and Semitic philology. He afterwards graduated Ph.D. at Halle, and studied talmudical literature in the Rabbinical college at Berlin. The revolutionary movement in Germany in 1848 excited his active sympathy, and he deemed it prudent on its subsidence to retire to England. His father had at an earlier date resided for a time at Ipswich. Settling in London, Kalisch was secretary to the chief rabbi, Dr. N. M. Adler, until 1853, and was introduced during that period to the Rothschild family. He acted as tutor to the sons of Baron Lionel Rothschild, and remained throughout life on terms of intimacy with his pupils and their relatives. With their aid he published in 1855 the first volume—on Exodus—of an exhaustive commentary on the Pentateuch, and this was followed by a volume on Genesis in 1858, and by two volumes on Leviticus dated 1867 and 1872 respectively. Kalisch treated his subject in a thoroughly rationalistic method, and, although discursive, his work is valuable as an embodiment of the results of advanced continental scholarship. His literary labours were interrupted by illness in 1873, but he recovered sufficiently to publish two parts of a projected series of biblical studies—pt. i. on the prophecies of Balaam in 1877, and pt. ii. on Jonah in 1878. In 1880 appeared his ‘Path and Goal: a Discussion on the Elements of Civilisation and the Conditions of Happiness,’ a learned exposition of religious systems. He died on 23 Aug. 1885, at Baslow hydropathic establishment, Rowsley, Derbyshire, and was buried in the Jewish cemetery at Willesden. By his wife Clara, daughter of Dr. S. Stern, director of the Realschule, Frankfort-on-Maine, he left a son and a daughter.
Besides the works mentioned, Kalisch published a useful Hebrew Grammar, 2 pts. 1862–3 (pt. i. new edit. 1875); ‘Leben und Kunst,’ a collection of German poems, 1868, and two lectures on Oliver Goldsmith, 1860.
[Men of the Time, 11th edit.; Jewish Chronicle, 28 Aug. 1885; Jewish World, 28 Aug. 1885; Times, 31 Aug. 1885.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Karkeek, William Floyd

​KARKEEK, WILLIAM FLOYD (1802–1858), veterinary surgeon, was born at Truro on 9 Sept. 1802, and obtained his diploma as a veterinary surgeon on 31 Jan. 1825. He became a leading authority in the west of England on scientific farming, and did much to encourage it in Cornwall by reading papers at the meetings of agricultural societies, and by acting as judge at various cattle-shows. He was for twenty years secretary to the Cornwall Agricultural Association, and was from 1838 to 1841 one of the editors of ‘The Veterinarian.’ He died at Pentreve, Truro, on 25 June 1858 from the effects of a carriage accident, and was buried in the St. Mary's burial-ground. He married, 12 March 1836, at Clifton, Bristol, Jane (1815–1870), daughter of Paul and Grace Quick, and left issue.
Karkeek published: 1. ‘An Essay on Artificial and other Manures,’ 1844. 2. ‘An Essay on Fat and Muscle.’ This gained a prize from the Royal Agricultural Society; appeared in vol. v. of its ‘Journal’ (1845), and was published separately, London, 1844. 3. ‘On the Farming of Cornwall,’ an elaborate report, which also gained a prize from the Royal Agricultural Society; appeared in its ‘Journal,’ vol. vi., 1845, and was reprinted in 1845. 4. ‘Diseases of Cattle and Sheep caused by Mismanagement;’ another prize essay, ‘Journal of Royal Agricultural Society,’ vol. xi. (1850), and separately, London, 1851. Karkeek also published two essays on like subjects in the ‘Journal of the Bath and West of England Society,’ which were both reprinted.
W. A. J. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Justyne, Percy William

​JUSTYNE, PERCY WILLIAM (1812–1883), artist and book-illustrator, son of Percy and Anne Justyne, was born at Rochester in Kent in 1812. He was educated for the royal navy, and went on a surveying expedition in H.M.S. Nimble, but considerations of health led him to give up that profession, and he completed his education at a school at Mitcham, Surrey. He developed a taste for art, and practised landscape-painting. In 1837 he sent a landscape to the Suffolk Street exhibition, and in 1838 exhibited ‘A Scene in the Alps by Moonlight’ at the Royal Academy. From 1841 to 1845 he was private secretary to Major-general Charles Joseph Doyle, governor of the island of Grenada in the West Indies; he afterwards served as acting stipendiary magistrate in the island, and on Doyle's death in ​1848 returned to England. He now practised regularly as an artist, and became noted for his skill as an illustrator of books. He was employed on the ‘Illustrated London News’ in 1849 and 1850, the ‘Graphic,’ the ‘London Journal,’ the ‘National Magazine,’ the ‘Floral World,’ and the ‘Building News.’ He illustrated the ‘Art Journal’ catalogues of the International Exhibitions in 1851 and 1862; Dr. Smith's ‘History of Greece’ and ‘Biblical Dictionary,’ &c.; Fergusson's ‘Handbook of Architecture;’ Rawlinson's ‘Five Monarchies;’ Dean Stanley's ‘Memorials of Westminster Abbey;’ Cassell's ‘Bible’ and ‘Bible Dictionary;’ Charles Kingsley's ‘Christmas in the Tropics,’ and Miss Meteyard's ‘Life of Josiah Wedgwood.’ Justyne died 6 June 1883, and was buried at Norwood cemetery. He left a family, of whom the youngest daughter married Mr. W. H. Arnold.
[Private information.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Kane, John

1904 Errata appended.
​KANE, JOHN (d. 1834), second lieutenant and adjutant late royal invalid artillery, was promoted to that rank from sergeant 1 July 1799. He was author of the well-known ‘Kane's Lists,’ lists of the officers of the royal artillery from 1763 to the date of publication (Greenwich, 1815). Revised editions were published at Woolwich in 1869 and 1891. Kane died at Woolwich 29 Aug. 1834.
Another John Kane, presumably son of the above, a first lieutenant royal artillery, died at Calcutta in December 1818.
H. M. C.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.170 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 287 | ii | 29 | Kane, John: after 1869 insert and another edition in 1891 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hirst, William

​HIRST, WILLIAM (d. 1769?), astronomer, was the eldest son of William Hirst, D.D. (d. 1760), master of Hertford free school, vicar of Bengeo, and rector of Sacomb, Hertfordshire. He was educated at Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he went out B.A. in 1750–1 as fifteenth junior optime, and proceeded M.A. in 1754. He became a navy chaplain. In April 1754, being then resident at Hornsey, Middlesex, he communicated to the Royal Society an ‘account of a fire-ball’ seen there (Phil. Trans. vol. xlviii. pt. ii. pp. 773–6), which led to his election as fellow on 20 Feb. 1755. In 1755 he sailed in the Hampton ​Court to Lisbon after the earthquake, and made a drawing of the city in its ruins. In 1759 he was chaplain of the Lenox and secretary to Rear-admiral Cornish. While he was on the coast of Coromandel he was present at the sieges of Pondicherry and Vellore. On 6 June 1761 he made an accurate observation of the transit of Venus over the sun at the Government House at Madras, in company with the governor, afterwards Lord Pigot, of which he gave an account in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ (vol. lii. pt. i. pp. 396–8). In March 1762 he was appointed chaplain to the factory at Calcutta by the favour of Henry Vansittart [q. v.], then governor of Bengal, and in November of that year sent to the Royal Society an ‘account of an earthquake in the East Indies, of two eclipses of the sun and moon,’ observed at Calcutta (ib. liii. 256–62). In December 1764 he returned to England with Vansittart in H.M.S. Medway. On the voyage Hirst took a view of the Cape of Good Hope, which was engraved in 1766 by Peter Charles Canot. At the second transit of Venus on 3 June 1769, Hirst, attended by Vansittart, acted as one of the assistants to the astronomer-royal, Nevil Maskelyne, at Greenwich. At Maskelyne's request he drew up a particular ‘Account of several phenomena observed during the ingress of Venus into the Solar Disc,’ accompanied by capital diagrams (ib. lix. 228–35; also Gent. Mag. xl. 402). He had now taken chambers in Fig Tree Court, Inner Temple. Though in comfortable circumstances, his old friendship induced him to accompany Vansittart, sent out as one of three commissioners by the East India Company in 1769. Hirst was chaplain to the commission, and William Falconer [q. v.] was purser. A Latin ode, ‘Ad Amicum Navigaturum,’ addressed to Hirst on the occasion by James Kirkpatrick, M.D., is printed in the ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ (xxxix. 550). The frigate, after leaving the Cape of Good Hope on 27 Dec. 1769, was never again heard of. Hirst's interesting letters to John Duncombe and William Fazakerley are printed in Duncombe's collection of ‘Letters by Several Eminent Persons deceased,’ 2nd edit. 1773 (iii. 84, 94, 142, 154, 159); another addressed to Emanuel Mendes da Costa in 1765 is Addit. MS. 28538, f. 158.
[Duncombe's Letters, 2nd edit.; Gent. Mag. xli. 190.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hitchcock, Richard

​HITCHCOCK, RICHARD (1825–1856), Irish archæologist, son of Rodney Hitchcock of Spring Vale, co. Cork, Ireland, was born at Blennerville, near Tralee, co. Kerry, in March 1825. Early in life he devoted himself to the study of archæology, especially of ​the monuments of his native county, which he examined with unceasing ardour, using both pen and pencil in minute and accurate descriptions of them. His researches soon brought him under the notice of Dr. Charles Graves, the present bishop of Limerick, Ardfert, and Aghadoe, by whose influence he was appointed an assistant librarian in the library of Trinity College, Dublin. While thus employed he made good use of his opportunities and contributed many papers to the ‘Proceedings of the Kilkenny Archæological Society.’ These were widely appreciated, and were invariably characterised by accuracy. Ogham literature was his favourite study. Hitchcock died at Roundwood, near Dublin, 3 Dec. 1856.
[Authority mostly communicated by Mrs. Hitchcock (his widow), who still (1891) survives.]
W. R-l.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hiraethog, Gruffydd

​HIRAETHOG, GRUFFYDD (d. 1568?), Welsh poet, generally supposed to have written from 1520 to 1550, was a native of Llansannan in the hundred of Tegengl in Denbighshire, and lived at the foot of the Hiraethog range of mountains in that county, whence he assumed his bardic name. He was a pupil of the poet Tudyr Aled, and he himself instructed the poets William Lleyn, Simwnt Vychan, William Cynwal, and Sion Tudyr, all of whom attained to local eminence in the difficult rules of Welsh prosody. William Lleyn wrote an elegy on his great teacher, ‘hardd ben bardd byd,’ as he calls him. This elegy confirms the statement that Gruffydd Hiraethog was buried in the chancel of the church of Llangollen. It also suggests that Hiraethog was among those invited to Plas Iolyn, the house of Dr. Ellice Price, counsel of the marches of Wales, at the time of the Caerwys Eisteddfod in 1568, and that he died suddenly about that date. Lleyn's elegy, two manuscripts of which are among the Hengwrt MSS. at Peniarth House, is printed in Rees Jones's ‘Gorchestion Beirdd Cymru,’ 1773, pp. 98, 293, as well as one by Hiraethog himself on ‘Gruffydd ab Robert Fychan.’ Most of Hiraethog's poems still remain in manuscript. The titles and first lines of sixty-four of them are given on the cover of the ‘Greal,’ and to these many more might be added. The Myfyr MSS. in the British Museum contain no fewer than seventy-eight. In the catalogue of the Hengwrt MSS. at Peniarth House, Merionethshire, the property of W. W. E. Wynne, esq. (cf. Hist. MSS. Comm. 2nd Rep. p. 106), twenty volumes contain various poems of Hiraethog, ranging in date between 1539 and 1565 (see Archæol. Cambr. 3rd ser. vol. xv., 4th ser. vols. i. and ii.). Hiraethog wrote many of his poems in a poetical contest with Sion Brwynog, who in one of his replies refers to Hiraethog as a ‘cripil’ (cripple) (see extracts in G. ab Rhys, Hanes Llenyddiaeth Gymreig, pp. 299–302). His ‘Cywydd yr Eiddiges’ was printed in the ‘Gweithiwr Cymreig,’ 11 July 1889. Williams, in his ‘Eminent Welshmen,’ says ‘he wrote a history of all Britain and other countries.’ Probably this may be one of the works ascribed to Hiraethog which remain in manuscript at Peniarth.
R. J. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hirschel, Solomon

​HIRSCHEL, SOLOMON (1761–1842), chief rabbi, born in London in 1761, was son of Rabbi Hirsch Levin Berliner, at the time chief rabbi of the Great Synagogue. His father, who was lineally connected with many eminent Jewish rabbis in Germany or Poland, was appointed to the chief rabbinate of Halberstadt in 1765, and subsequently to that of Berlin. While at Berlin Rabbi Hirsch joined Moses Mendelssohn, at the request of Frederick the Great, in translating the rabbinical code of Jewish ordinances into German. Solomon Hirschel left England with his father in 1765, zealously applied himself to biblical and Talmudical study, married at the age of seventeen, and in 1793 became chief rabbi of Prenzlau in Prussia. In 1802 he succeeded Tewele Schiff, as chief rabbi of the German and Polish congregation of Jews in London. He performed the duties of his office for forty years with much wisdom and tact. Under his rule the Jewish community in England was emancipated from almost all legal disabilities. Hirschel was a pious observer of Jewish customs, and was much troubled in his old age by the cry raised by a section of his congregation for a reformed ritual. The agitation led to a secession in the last year of his life. Some of his sermons were printed; one on the death of Nelson in 1805 attests his simple faith and political loyalty. His latest published sermon is dated 1837. He died in London on 31 Oct. 1842, and was buried in the Jewish cemetery in the Mile End Road on 2 Nov., amid notable demonstrations of respect. A memorial sermon preached by Henry Hawkes at Portsmouth on 27 Nov. 1842, and published in 1843, proves the veneration felt for him throughout the country. His library was purchased for the Beth Hammidrash, London, where it is still preserved. Hirschel was of very dignified presence, and his portrait, painted by Barlin, was engraved by Holl. He left four sons and four daughters, twenty-eight grandchildren, and twenty-four great-grandchildren.
[European Mag. March 1811 (with portrait); Picciotto's Sketches of Anglo-Jewish Hist. pp. 307–10; Dr. H. Adler on the Chief Rabbis of England, in papers read at the Anglo-Jewish Exhibition, 1888, p. 287; Voice of Jacob, 11 Nov. 1842; Morais's Eminent Israelites, pp. 142–4; Jewish World, 16 Jan. 1888 (pedigree).]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hislop, James

​HISLOP, JAMES (1798–1827), Scottish poet. [See Hyslop.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hitcham, Robert

​HITCHAM, Sir ROBERT (1572?–1636), serjeant-at-law, was born at Levington, Suffolk, about 1572. He was educated at the free school at Ipswich and at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, and was a barrister of Gray's Inn. In 1597 he represented West Looe in parliament, Lynn in Norfolk in 1614, and Orford in Suffolk in 1625. In 1603 he was made attorney-general to Anne of Denmark, the queen consort, with a patent of precedence next after king's counsel, and was knighted. He was made a serjeant-at-law 25 June 1614, and king's serjeant 4 Jan. 1616. On 15 Aug. 1636 he died, and was buried at Framlingham, where he was lord of the manor. He had often acted, says his epitaph, as a judge of assize. There was a portrait of him in Serjeants' Inn Hall down to the dissolution of the inn. He left large funds to pious uses, especially to Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, and to the foundation of a school at Framlingham.
J. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Greenhill, Thomas

​ ​GREENHILL, THOMAS (1681–1740?), writer on embalming, son of William Greenhill of Greenhill at Harrow, Middlesex, a counsellor-at-law and secretary to General Monck, was born in 1681, after his father's death, probably at Abbot's Langley, Hertfordshire, as his father died there. His mother was Elizabeth, daughter of William White of London, who had by one husband thirty-nine children, all (it is said) born alive and baptised, and all single births except one. An addition was made to the arms of the family in 1698, in commemoration of this extraordinary case of fecundity. There are portraits of Elizabeth Greenhill at Walling Wells, near Worksop, and at Lowesby Hall, Leicestershire. Thomas was a surgeon of some repute, who lived in London, in King Street, Bloomsbury, and died about 1740, leaving a family behind him. He was the author of two papers in the 'Philosophical Transactions' of no great interest or value, July 1700 and June 1705. He is known as the author of ‘Νεκροκηδεία, or the Art of Embalming; wherein is shewn the right of Burial, the funeral ceremonies, especially that of preserving Bodies after the Egyptian method,’pt. i. London, 4to, 1705. From another title-page it appears that the work was to have consisted of three parts, but only the first was published by subscription. It is not a book of original learning or research, but is a very creditable work for so young a man, and its information is still useful. The author's portrait by Nutting, after T. Murray, is prefixed.
[Family papers; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. ix. 512; Gent. Mag. 1805, pt. i. 405; Noble's continuation of Granger's Biog. Hist. i. 235.]
W. A. G.