OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/rügen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry rügen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ rügen, verb, ‘to denounce, censure, reprove,’ from Middle High German rüegen, Old High German ruogen, ‘to accuse, charge with, blame,’ for an earlier wrogjan; compare Gothic wrôhjan, Old Saxon wrôgjan, Anglo-Saxon wrêgan, ‘to accuse, charge with.’ Allied to Modern High German Rüge, ‘censure, blame, crime,’ Middle High German rüege, Gothic wrôhs, ‘accusation,’ Old Saxon wrôht, ‘strife,’ Anglo-Saxon wrôht, ‘accusation, strife, crime.’ The Gothic forms with h compared with the g in the other terms point to Aryan k, which was the cause of the grammatical change of h to g. An Aryan root wrôk, wrâk, has not yet been discovered.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/rülpsen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry rülpsen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ rülpsen, verb, ‘to belch, eructate,’ Modern High German only, early Modern High German rülzen; of obscure origin. Yet late Middle High German rülz, ‘coarse fellow, peasant,’ seems to be allied.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Wingert

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Wingert. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Wingert, masculine, ‘vineyard,’ from Middle High German wī̆ngarte, Old High German wîngarto, masculine; compare also English vineyard; literally ‘wine-garden.’ For the shortening of Middle High German and Old High German î, compare Winzer.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Winter

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Winter. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Winter, masculine, ‘winter,’ from the equivalent Middle High German winter, Old High German wintar, masculine; a common Teutonic term, wanting in the other Aryan languages. Compare Gothic wintrus, Anglo-Saxon and English winter, Old Saxon wintar. The allied languages used a stem ghī̆m (ghiem); compare Latin hiems, Greek χειμών, Old Slovenian and Zend zima, Sanscrit hêmanta (also in the Lex Salica ingimus, ‘anniculus’). These Aryan cognates, which may also signify ‘snow’ and ‘storm’ (compare Greek χεῖμα, ‘storm’), cannot, for phonological reasons, be allied to the Teutonic group. They suggest, however, a connection between Winter and Wind; yet the Teutonic bases wintru- and windo- do not agree phonologically. Perhaps those are right who regard Winter as the ‘white period,’ referring it to Old Gallic vindo-, ‘white’ as in Vindo-bona, Vindo-magus, Vindo-nissa); compare Old Irish find, ‘white.’ In the Old Teutonic languages Winter also signifies ‘year,’ which is still retained in the Modern High German dialectic Einwinter, ‘yearling kid, steer’ (Anglo-Saxon œ̂netre, ‘of one year’).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Wipfel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Wipfel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Wipfel, masculine, ‘top (of a tree), summit,’ from Middle High German wipfel (wiffel), Old High German wipfil (wiffil), masculine, ‘top of a tree’; literally perhaps ‘that which rocks, swing,’ for the word is based on the Teutonic root wip, ‘to tremble, move, rock’ (see Wippe).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Wirbel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Wirbel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Wirbel, masculine, ‘whirl, vortex, whirlpool, bustle, crown (of the head),’ from Middle High German wirbel, masculine, ‘vortex, crown (of the head), whirl,’ Old High German wirbil, wirfil, masculine, ‘whirlwind’; compare Old Icelandic hvirfell, ‘vortex, English whirl. Derivatives of the Teutonic root hwerb (hwerf), ‘to turn’ (see werben). With regard to Ropfwirbel note the evolution of meaning in Scheitel.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Wippe

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Wippe. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Wippe, feminine, ‘critical point, see-saw, seat (of a swing), crane,’ Modern High German only, borrowed from Low German; compare Dutch wippen, ‘to let fly, jerk, rock.’ The genuine High German form is Old High German and Middle High German wipf, ‘swing, quick movement’; in Middle High German also wîfen, strong verb, ‘to swing’ (see weifen). The Teutonic root wī̆p, ‘to move with a rocking motion,’ contained in these cognates (and in Wipfel), is based on pre-Teutonic wī̆b, whence also Latin vibrare, ‘to vibrate’; allied to the earlier Aryan variant wī̆p, in Sanscrit vip, ‘to tremble,’ Old High German weibôn, ‘to totter.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Wirsching

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Wirsching. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Wirsching, Wirsing, masculine, ‘borecole,’ first recorded in Modern High German; the word seems, however, to have been borrowed at an earlier period from Upper Italy, as is also indicated by the French term, chou de Milan ou de Savoie. It is based on Lombardic versa (compare Italian verzotto), ‘cabbage, borecole,’ which is usually referred to Latin viridia, ‘vegetables.’ Kohl and Kappes were borrowed at a much earlier period.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Wirt

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Wirt. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Wirt, masculine, ‘host, landlord,’ from Middle High German and Old High German wirt, masculine, ‘husband, head of the house, sovereign of a country, host, guest, landlord (of an inn, &c.)’; compare Old Saxon wërd, ‘husband, master of the house,’ Dutch waard, Gothic waírdus, ‘host.’ No connection with Latin vir, ‘man’ (for Teutonic wër, see Werwolf, Welt, and Wergeld), is possible, and it can hardly be related to warten.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Winzer

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Winzer. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Winzer, masculine, ‘vintager, vine-dresser,’ from the equivalent Middle High German wī̆nzürl, wī̆nzürle, Old High German wînzuril (wînzurnil), masculine. It can hardly have been borrowed from Latin vînitor, which must have produced the Old High German form *wînizâri (Middle High German wī̆nzœre, wī̆nzer). Old High German wînzuril is more probably, however, a compound slightly influenced by the Latin term; its second component is derived from Old High German zëran, ‘to tear or pluck off.’ Compare Wein, and for the accented vowel Wingert.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Wink

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Wink. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Wink, masculine, ‘sign, wink, nod, hint,’ from the equivalent Middle High German winc (k), Old High German winch, masculine; allied to winken, verb, ‘to wink, beckon, nod,’ Middle High German winken, strong verb, Old High German winchan, weak verb, ‘to move sidewards, totter, nod, wink’; corresponding to Anglo-Saxon wincian, English to wink. If ‘to totter along, move with a sideward motion,’ is the primary meaning of the Teutonic root wink, the Aryan root may be the same as that of weichen (wī̆g, wī̆k). Related to the following word.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Winkel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Winkel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Winkel, masculine, ‘angle, corner, nook,’ from the equivalent Middle High German winkel, Old High German winchil, masculine; corresponding to Dutch winkel, Anglo-Saxon wincel, ‘angle,’ to which Gothic waíhsta, masculine, ‘angle, corner,’ formed from a nasalised root, is allied. The primary meaning of the word is probably ‘bend.’ See Wink.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume III/Anti-Marcion/On the Resurrection of the Flesh/LVI

Chapter LVI.—The Procedure of the Last Judgment, and Its Awards, Only Possible on the Identity of the Risen Body with Our Present Flesh.
For how absurd, and in truth how unjust, and in both respects how unworthy of God, for one substance to do the work, and another to reap the reward: that this flesh of ours should be torn by martyrdom, and another wear the crown; or, on the other hand, that this flesh of ours should wallow in uncleanness, and another receive the condemnation! Is it not better to renounce all faith at once in the hope of the resurrection, than to trifle with the wisdom and justice of God? Better that Marcion should rise again than Valentinus. For it cannot be believed that the mind, or the memory, or the conscience of existing man is abolished by putting on that change of raiment which immortality and incorruption supplies; for in that case all the gain and fruit of the resurrection, and the permanent effect of God’s judgment both on soul and body, would certainly fall to the ground. If I remember not that it is I who have served Him, how shall I ascribe glory to God? How sing to Him “the new song,” if I am ignorant that it is I who owe Him thanks? But why is exception taken only against the change of the flesh, and not of the soul also, which in all things is superior to the flesh? How happens it, that the self-same soul which in our present flesh has gone through all life’s course, which has learnt the knowledge of God, and put on Christ, and sown the hope of salvation in this flesh, must reap its harvest in another flesh of which we know nothing? Verily that must be a most highly favoured flesh, which shall have the enjoyment of life at so gratuitous a rate! But if the soul is not to be changed also, then there is no resurrection of the soul; nor will it be believed to have itself risen, unless it has risen some different thing.

## Footnotes

* ↑ With Marcion.
* ↑ With Valentinus.
* ↑ Statu.
* ↑ Utrobique.
* ↑ Rev. v. 9; xiv. 3.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume III/Anti-Marcion/On the Resurrection of the Flesh/LXII

Chapter LXII.—Our Destined Likeness to the Angels in the Glorious Life of the Resurrection.
To this discussion, however, our Lord’s declaration puts an effectual end: “They shall be,” says He, “equal unto the angels.” As by not marrying, because of not dying, so, of course, by not having to yield to any like necessity of our bodily state; even as the angels, too, sometimes. were “equal unto” men, by eating and drinking, and submitting their feet to the washing of the bath—having clothed themselves in human guise, without the loss of their own intrinsic nature. If therefore angels, when they became as men, submitted in their own unaltered substance of spirit to be treated as if they were flesh, why shall not men in like manner, when they become “equal unto the angels,” undergo in their unchanged substance of flesh the treatment of spiritual beings, no more exposed to the usual solicitations of the flesh in their angelic garb, than were the angels once to those of the spirit when encompassed in human form? We shall not therefore cease to continue in the flesh, because we cease to be importuned by the usual wants of the flesh; just as the angels ceased not therefore to remain in their spiritual substance, because of the suspension of their spiritual incidents. Lastly, Christ said not, “They shall be angels,” in order not to repeal their existence as men; but He said, “They shall be equal unto the angels,” that He might preserve their humanity unimpaired. When He ascribed an angelic likeness to the flesh, He took not from it its proper substance.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Luke xx. 36; Matt. xxii. 30.
* ↑ ἰσάγγελοι.
* ↑ Cui.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Bugspriet

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bugspriet | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bugspriet, n., from the equiv. Du. boegspriet; comp. the equiv. MidE. bôusprét, E. bowsprit (Fr. beaupré).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Bund

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bund | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bund, m., from the equiv. MidHG. bunt (d), ‘bond, fetter, confederacy’; related to binden.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Bulge

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bulge | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bulge (Swiss, also Bulgge), f., ‘leather water-pail,’ from MidHG. bulge, OHG. bulga, ‘leather bag’; MidE. and E. bilğe, bulğe, from *bylčğe. The cognates are allied to Balg (Goth. balgs, ‘leather bottle, bag’), MidLat. bulga.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Bucht

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bucht | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bucht, f., ‘bay,’ first occurs in ModHG., from LG. bucht; comp. Du. bogt, E. bought (from MidE. boght), ‘a twist, bend,’ and E. bight (from AS. byht); properly a verbal abstract from biegen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Buckel

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Buckel | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Buckel (1.), m., ‘boss, stud,’ from MidHG. buckel, m., f., ‘boss of a shield’; from OFr. bocle (whence Fr. boucle, ‘buckle’), which is based on Lat. buccula, ‘beaver of a helmet, boss.’
Buckel (2.), Puckel, m., ‘back, hump,’ from MidHG. buckel. The Swiss bukel (not *buχel) points to a primary form bugg- (see biegen, Bühel, Bügel), not directly to bücken, from biegen (root bug). Buckel is lit. ‘a curve, bend.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Bude

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bude | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bude, f., ‘booth, stall, shop,’ from MidHG. buode, f., ‘hut, tent’; corresponds to MidE. bôþe, ‘taberna,’ E. booth; OIc. búð, f., ‘dwelling, hut, tent,’ has a different vowel, and is based on the widely diffused root bû-bhû, ‘to dwell, stay.’ By a different derivation E. to bui-ld, AS. bold, botl, ‘dwelling,’ OFris. bold, OIc. ból, OLG. bodal, are produced from the same root. So too OIr. both (bothán), ‘hut,’ from *bu-to, as well as the words discussed under bauen, Lith.-Slav. buda, ‘booth,’ and Bohem. and Silesian Baude, ‘shepherd's hut,’ are borrowed.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Bug

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bug | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bug, m., ‘bend, flexure, hock, bow (of a ship),’ from MidHG. buoc(g), OHG. buog, m., ‘upper joint of the arm, shoulder, upper joint of the leg, hin, hock’; comp. Du. boeg, ‘ship’s bow,’ AS. bôg, bôh, ‘armus, ramus,’ E. bough (‘the joint of a tree,’ as it were). The Goth. word may have been *bôgus (from pre-Teut. bhâghú-s); comp. Sans. bâhus (for bhâghú-s), ‘arm, fore-arm, fore-feet,’ also Gr. πᾶχυς, πῆχυς (for φᾶχυς), ‘elbow, fore-arm, bend of the arm,’ Armen. bazuk, ‘arm.’ On account of the Aryan base bhâghú-s the derivation of ModHG. Bug from biegen (root bug, pre-Teut. bhuk), is impossible. The ancient terms for parts of the body, such as Arm, Bug, Herz, Nase, Niere, &c., are based upon obscure roots, of which we find no further trace anywhere; they belong, in fact, to the most primitive vocabulary of Aryan speech. —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Buhle

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Buhle | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Buhle, m., ‘lover, paramour,’ from MidHG. buole, m., ‘near relative, lover, sweetheart’; likewise MidHG. buole, f., ‘lady-love’ (OHG. Buolo, m., as a masculine name only); the implied correspondences in the cognate Teut. dialects are not recorded. It is scarcely disputable, however, that a primit. Germ. word lies at the base of Buhle. Since Bube in Up Germ. dialects signifies ‘lover’ also, it is perhaps connected with Buhle, which may a term of endearment formed from it.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Bulle

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bulle | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bulle (1.), m., ‘bull’ MidHG. only, from the equiv. LG. bulle; comp. Du. bul, bol, E. bull (in AS. only the deriv. bulluca, ‘bullock,’ appears); akin to OIc. bole, ‘bull’; Lith. bullus is not a cognate; root bel in bellen?.
Bulle (2.), f., ‘bottle,’ first occurs at a late period in ModHG., corrupted from buttel, Fr. bouteille.
Bulle (3.), f., ‘bull, papal edict,’ from MidHG. bulle, f, ‘seal, document, bull’ AS. bulle, E. bull, ModFr. bulle). From Lat. bulla, lit. ‘‘water bubble,’ then ‘boss, knob (on a door),’ finally ‘a ball attached as a seal to documents’; whence also Bill.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Bunzen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bunzen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bunzen, Bunzel, m., ‘punch, stamp,’ from MidHG. punze, ‘burin, chisel’; the latter word is borrowed from Rom. (Ital. punzone, Fr. poinçon, Lat. punctionem), whence also E. punch, puncheon, puncher.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Graf

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Graf. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Graf, masculine, ‘count, earl,’ from the equivalent Middle High German grâve (with the variant grœve, chiefly in the plural), Old High German grâvo, grâvio (upon the old j form is based the Modern High German proper name Gräf, a parallel form of Graf). Old High German grâvio assumes a Gothic *grêfja (‘commander’), which is the term for the agent from the verbal noun gagrêfts, ‘command, order,’ preserved in Gothic. The Anglo-Saxon term gerêfa (Anglo-Saxon scîrgerêfa, English sheriff), which is similar in meaning, is yet radically different, since it points to a Gothic *ga-rôfja; its original sense is probably ‘head of a troop,’ allied to *rôf, Old High German ruova, Old Icelandic róf (stafróf), ‘number.’ Old Icelandic (Middle English), greife, ‘count,’ is derived from Middle Low German grêve (from Old Low German *grâfio). All explanations of Graf which do not originate in a Teutonic root grêf, ‘to command,’ conflict with the laws relating to the change of sound and meaning. Note the signification of Graf in Dutch pluimgraaf, ‘one who minds the fowls,’ Salzgraf, ‘manager of a saltwork,’ Deichgraf, &c.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Graupe

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Graupe. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Graupe, feminine, ‘peeled grain or barley,’ first occurs in early Modern High German; in the 15th century the compound îs-grûpe, ‘hailstone,’ is recorded. Allied to Swedish grœpe, grjupe, ‘shot,’ as well as Russian krupa, Old Slovenian krupa, ‘crumb,’ Servian krupa, ‘hail, sleet.’ Probably the cognates are native to Slavonic.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Grad

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Grad. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Grad, masculine, ‘degree, step, stage, rank,’ from Middle High German grât (t and d), ‘grade, degree,’ even in late Old High German grâd; from Latin gradus, whence also French gré (Old Irish grád).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Gras

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Gras. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Gras, neuter, ‘grass,’ from the equivalent Middle High German and Old High German gras, neuter; corresponding to Old Saxon and Dutch gras, Anglo-Saxon grœs (gœrs), English grass, Gothic gras, neuter, ‘herb’; common to Teutonic but unknown to the other Aryan languages. Allied to Middle High German gruose (Gothic *grôsa), ‘young shoot, green of plants’; probably the s in these words is a suffix, so that the Teutonic root is grâ-; compare Greek χόρτος, ‘grass.’ An Aryan root ghra- is also attested by Latin grâmen, as well as by Modern High German grün and its cognates.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Grat

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Grat. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Grat, masculine, and Gräte, feminine, ‘point, ridge, fish-bone,’ from Middle High German grât, masculine, ‘fish-bone, awn, back-bone, mountain ridge’; in Modern High German the word has assumed two forms, according to the meanings. Since Graune, ‘awn,’ has also the dialectic sense ‘fish-bone,’ both words may perhaps be traced back to a common root gra-, ‘to be pointed, bristly.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Grans

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Grans. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Grans, masculine, ‘ship's beak,’ from Middle High German grans, masculine, ‘bird's beak, ship's beak,’ Old High German grans, granso, ‘ship's beak’; a corresponding word is wanting in the other Teutonic languages. Origin obscure.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Granal

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Granal. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Granal, masculine, Granele, feminine, ‘shrimp,’ from the Dutch, in which the modern form is garnaal, formerly granaal, graneel, in the same sense.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Grand

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Grand. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Grand, masculine, ‘gravel,’ first occurs in Modern High German from Low German; just as Mulm (which see) is allied to mahlen, so Grand is probably connected with an Old Teutonic root meaning ‘to grind’; compare Anglo-Saxon grindan, English to grind (from pre-Teutonic root ghrendh, whence also Latin frendo, ‘to gnash’).