OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lafontaine, August Heinrich Julius

Edition of 1920. See also August Lafontaine on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LAFONTAINE, lạ'fŏṅ-tān', August Heinrich Julius, German novelist: b. Brunswick, 5 Oct. 1758; d. Halle, 20 April 1831. He studied theology (1777-80) at Helmstedt, became private instructor in several locations till 1789. He joined the Prussian army (1792) as
field-chaplain and settled (1800) in Halle. He was made canon of Magdeburg Cathedral as reward for dedicating a work to Friedrich Wilhelm III and Queen Louise. He was a prolific but popular writer, being author of over 150 volumes. Sentiment and domestic life are his themes served up in the narrow lines of the period. Writing under the pseudonyms Gustav Freier, Miltenberg or Selchow, his best tales are ‘Gemälde des menschlichen Herzen’ (1792, and later, 15 vols.); ‘Familiengeschichten’ (12 vols., 1797-1804); ‘Der Sonderling’ (1793); ‘Der Natur mensch’ (1791). Consult Gruber, ‘August Lafontaines Leben und Wirken’ (Halle 1833).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lafontaine, Henri

Edition of 1920. See also Henri La Fontaine on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LAFONTAINE, Henri, Belgian jurist: b. Brussels, 22 April 1854. He was appointed (1878) secretary of the Gesellschaft für Förderung der Mädchenarbeiter Schulen, and (1889) secretary of the Belgian Peace Society. In 1893 he became professor of international law, and was made (1895) senator, also director of the International Bibliographical Institute, and in 1907 was appointed secretary of the Union of International Associations. He was awarded (1913) the Nobel prize for his work in the advancement of international peace. He wrote ‘Les droits et des obligations des entrepreneurs de travaux publics’ (1885); ‘Traité de la contrefaçon’ (1888); ‘Pasicrisie internationale’ (1902); ‘Bibliographie de la Paix et de l'Arbitrage’ (1904).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/La Fontaine, Louis Hippolyte

Edition of 1920. See also Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LA FONTAINE, Sir Louis Hippolyte, Canadian statesman and judge: b. Boucherville, Lower Canada, October 1807; d. Montreal, 26 Feb. 1864. He early achieved prominence at the bar, and after the rebellion of 1837, in which he was accused of complicity, he went to England and afterward to France, and on returning to Canada in 1838 was imprisoned but released without being brought to trial. He became prominent in the Assembly of United Canada, was joint first minister in the La Fontaine-Baldwin administrations (1842-43, 1848-51). In the second of these important measures were passed and reforms effected — University and Rebellion Losses bills, the introduction of the decimal currency, reorganization of the postal system and the reduction of rates. La Fontaine worked steadily to create a better feeling between the French and British elements in the two provinces. His was the first cabinet
in which the principle of colonial government was recognized. In 1853 he became chief justice of the Court of Queen's Bench of Quebec, and as such presided over the special Seigneurial Court which met in 1855 to adjudicate on claims under the act of the previous year abolishing feudal rights and duties in Lower Canada. He was created a baronet in 1854. Consult ‘Baldwin, Lafontaine, Hincks,’ by S. Leacock, in the ‘Makers of Canada’ series (Toronto 1907).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lagerlof, Ottilia Lovisa Selma

Edition of 1920. See also Selma Lagerlöf on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LAGERLOF, lạ'gėr-lėf, (Ottilia Lovisa) Selma, Swedish author: b. Mårbacka, Vermland, 20 Nov. 1858. Her father was a Swedish army officer; her mother came of a family of artists and clergymen. She was educated at the Royal Women's Superior Training College, Stockholm. She became a teacher at the Girls' High School at Landskrona (1885-95), and during this time prepared her first book, ‘Gösta Berling's Saga’ (2 vols., 1891; Eng. trans., Boston 1893). Its refreshing breath of romance was a pleasant change from the pessimistic realism which had been the vogue and brought the author prompt and large success. A year's travel in Egypt, Palestine and Greece provided her with material for the second volume of her ‘Jerusalem’ (2 vols., 1901-02; Eng. trans., New York 1903), and also for portions of ‘Christ Legends’ (1904; Eng. trans., New York 1908). Out of travel and a study of conditions in Italy and especially in Sicily came the ‘Miracles of Anti-Christ’ (1897; Eng. trans., Boston 1899). Commissioned in 1902 by the National Teachers' Association of Sweden to write a school textbook which should present in story form the folklore, geographical peculiarities and flora and fauna of the various provinces of the country, Miss Lagerlöf accomplished her task with a success that added a children's classic to Swedish literature — ‘Nils Holgersson's Wonderful Journey through Sweden’ (2 vols., 1906-07), the English translation of which is entitled ‘The Wonderful Adventures of Nils’ (New York 1907). Honors followed Miss Lagerlöf's successes; in 1904 the Swedish Academy awarded her its great gold medal; in 1907 she received the degree of doctor of letters from Upsala University; in 1909 she was awarded the Nobel prize for literature, the only woman to have received this honor; and in 1914 the Swedish Academy elected her to membership — the first woman so honored. Her vogue in America is in part due to Mrs. Velma Swanton Howard, who early believed in her appeal to Americans and carefully translated many of her books. Her work includes also ‘Invisible Links’ (1894); ‘From a Swedish Homestead’ (1899; Eng. trans., New York 1901); ‘The Girl from the Marsh’ (1908; Eng. trans., Boston 1910); ‘Further Adventures of Nils’ (1911); ‘Liljecrona's Home’ (1911); ‘The Legend of the Sacred Image’ (1913; Eng.
trans., New York 1914); ‘Matilda Wrede’ (1913; Eng. trans., New York 1914); ‘Dunungen,’ a comedy based on her work, ‘Invisible Links’ (1914); ‘The Emperor of Portugalia’ (1916; Eng. trans., New York 1916). See Story of Gösta Berling, The.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Wells, Charles Jeremiah

Edition of 1920. See also Charles Jeremiah Wells on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WELLS, Charles Jeremiah, English poet: b. probably London, about 1799; d. Marseilles, France, 17 Feb. 1879. He was a schoolfellow of a younger brother of the poet John Keats, and was the subject of a sonnet by the poet; later, however, he lost his friendship, as well as that of Haslitt. He wrote extensively but not successfully, and upon his wife's death he destroyed most of his work. He was for a
time a solicitor in London, but retired to Wales about 1830, removed to Hertfordshire in 1835, and after 1840 lived abroad. Of his work there remains a volume of prose “Stories After Nature” (1822; reprinted 1891); and the Biblical drama, “Joseph and His Brethren” (1824). The drama met with little favor until it came to the notice of Rossetti in 1863 and was warmly praised by him, a judgment later confirmed by Swinburne. It was reprinted in 1876 and brought a considerable meed of praise to the author in his last years.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Wells, Herbert George

Edition of 1920. See also H. G. Wells on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WELLS, Herbert George, English author: b. Bromley, Kent, 21 Sept. 1866. He was educated at the Royal College of Science (South Kensington, London), published a “Text-Book on Biology” (1892-3), and followed this by a series of works of fiction in which science and mechanics are employed for the accomplishment of various wonders narrated in the circumstantial and plausible manner of Verne. In his later years he was more versatile, and displayed a tendency to discuss mystic and social subjects in the form of fiction. He has made a place for himself in the very front rank of modern writers. Among them are “The Time Machine” (1895); “Select Conversations with an Uncle” (1895); “The Wonderful Visit” (1895); “The Island of Dr. Moreau” (1896); “The Wheels of Chance” (1896); “Thirty Strange Stories” (1897); “The Invisible Man” (1897); “The War of the Worlds” (1898); “Tales of Space and Time” (1899); “When the Sleeper Wakes” (1899); “Love and Mr. Lewisham” (1900); “Anticipations” (1901); “The First Men in the Moon” (1901); “Mankind in the Making” (1903); “Twelve Stories and a Dream” (1903); “The Food of the Gods” (1904); “A Modern Utopia” (1905); “Kipps” (1905); “In the Days of the Comet” (1906); “The Future in America” (1906); “This Misery of Boots,” a tract in favor of Socialism (1907); “New Worlds for Old,” an account of Socialism (1908); “First and Last Things,” a confession of faith (1908); “The War in the Air” (1908); “Tone Bungay,” a novel of contemporary life (1909); “Ann Veronica” (1909); “The History of Mr. Polly” (1910); “The New Machiavelli” (1911); “Floor Games for Children” (1911); “Marriage” (1912); “Little Wars,” a floor game book (1913); “The Passionate Friends” (1913); “The Wife of Sir Isaac Harman” (1914); “An Englishman looks at the World” (1914); “The World Set Free” (1914); “The War that will end War” (1914); and “The Peace of the World” (1915), war pamphlets; “Boon,” under the pseudonym Reginald Bliss
(1915); “Bealby” (1915); “The Research Magnificent” (1915); “What is Coming?” (1916); “Mr. Britling Sees it Through” (1916); “The Elements of Reconstruction,” under the pseudonym D. P. (1916); “War and the Future”; “God, the Invisible King”; “The Soul of a Bishop” (1917); “The Idea of a League of Nations” (1919). His short stories were reprinted in a definitive collection under the title of “The Country of the Blind” (1911), and many of his works have been translated into other languages.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Wheaton

Edition of 1920. See also Wheaton, Illinois on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHEATON, Ill., city, county-seat of Du Page County, on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, 25 miles west of Chicago. It is in an agricultural and stock-raising region. It has industrial establishments connected with farm and dairy products, and ships annually considerable hay, vegetables, wheat, flour, livestock and dairy products. The waterworks plant cost originally $60,000. The city has eight churches. Wheaton College (Congregationalist), a high school, opened in 1874, public and parish schools, a public library presented by J. Q.
Adams, a college library, two newspapers and a bank. Pop. 3,423.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Wheatley, Phillis

Edition of 1920. See also Phillis Wheatley on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHEATLEY, Phillis, Afro-American verse writer: b. Africa, about 1753; d. Boston, 5 Dec. 1794. She was brought to Boston in 1761, was purchased by Mrs. Wheatley, and, exhibiting a fondness for books, was instructed by her mistress and her daughters, and acquired for the time a superior education, reading Latin with facility. At an early age she began to express her thoughts in verse, and some of her poems written at 14 give evidence of poetic ability. At 19 she visited England, where she attracted much attention. A volume of her poems dedicated to the countess of Huntington was published there, containing her portrait and bearing the title, 'Poems on various Subjects, Religious and Moral, by Phillis Wheatley, Negro Servant to Mr. John Wheatley of Boston, in New England.' After return from England she published several poems, among others an address to General Washington. Her book was reprinted in Boston and passed through several editions. The family of Mr. Wheatley being broken up by death soon after her return, she married a negro named Peters, and her last days were spent in extreme want.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Wells, Frederic Lyman

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
WELLS, Frederic Lyman, American psychiatrist: b. Boston, Mass., 22 April 1884. He was graduated at Columbia University in 1903 and took his Ph.D. there in 1906. He was connected with the faculty at Columbia University
in 1905-07 and in 1910-11; was assistant pathological psychologist at the McLean Hospital, Waverly, Mass., in 1907-10 and in 1911-17; and was connected with the Psychiatric Institute, Ward's Island, New York, in 1910-11. He was commissioned captain of the Signal Reserve Officers' Corps, 18 Sept. 1917, and was assigned to active service at Boston, 28 Sept. 1917. Author of “Mental Adjustments” (1917).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Wells, Heber Manning

Edition of 1920. See also Heber Manning Wells on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WELLS, Heber Manning, American politician: b. Salt Lake City, 11 Aug. 1859. He was graduated from the University of Utah in 1875, and began early to take an active part in public life. He was recorder of Salt Lake City in 1882-90, and a member of the city board of public works in 1890 and in 1893. He was a member of the constitutional convention which framed the constitution under which Utah was admitted as a State; in 1895 was elected governor of Utah for a five years' term on the Republican ticket, and in 1900 was re-elected for a four years' term. During the prolonged struggle between the mine owners and miners' unions in 1904, he maintained an impartial attitude as far as possible, but firmly opposed anarchy and disorder. In 1905 he retired from politics and engaged in banking business.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Wells, Horace

Edition of 1920. See also Horace Wells on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WELLS, Horace, American dentist: b. Hartford, Vt., 21 Jan. 1815; d New York, 24 Jan. 1848. He studied dentistry in Boston and practised it there until 1836, then went to Hartford, Conn. For years he made investigations and experiments in search of an agent for preventing pain in the extraction of teeth, and finally became convinced that he had found such an agent in nitrous-oxide gas. In 1844 he made a practical test by having one own teeth extracted while he was under the influence of his supposed anæsthetic and the operation confirmed his belief in the discovery. Thenceforth he used nitrous-oxide gas in his practice. He published “A History of the Application of Nitrous Oxide Gas, Ether and Other Vapors to Surgical Operations” (1847). His claims to the discovery of anæsthesia were controverted in the interest of G. Q. Colton, C. T. Jackson, W. T. G. Morton and J. C Warren (qq.v.), to each of whom some honors of its introduction belong. Wells may have had a predeceessor in C. W. Long (q.v.), but with regard to the first surgical use anaæsthetic, all other names must yield priority to his. He became mentally unbalanced while advocating his claims in New York, was taken into custody and committed suicide. A statue of Wells stands in Bushnell Park, Hartford, Conn. See Anæsthetics.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Werner, Friedrich Ludwig Zacharias

Edition of 1920. See also Zacharias Werner on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WERNER, Friedrich Ludwig Zacharias, German dramatist: b. Königsberg, 18 Nov. 1768; d. Vienna, 17 Jan. 1823. After attending Kant's lectures in his native town, he became in 1793 chamber secretary in the Prussian service, and in 1805 obtained a government post in Berlin, but two years later he retired from the public service. In 1811 he joined the Roman Catholic Church, and in 1814 was consecrated priest at Aschaffenburg. Taking up his residence in Vienna, he became known as an eloquent preacher and later was appointed head of the chapter of the cathedral of Kaminiec. Werner's dramatic works reveal much of the power and pathos characteristic of Schiller, but overlaid to a constantly increasing extent, as he advanced in years, by mystical and undramatic elements. The chief of them are ‘Die Söhne des Thals’ (1804); ‘Das Kreuz an der Ostsee’ (1806); ‘Martin Luther oder die Weihe der Kraft’ (1807); ‘Attila’ (1808); ‘Wanda’ (1810); ‘Die Weihe der Unkraft’ (1813), a sort of retraction of the earlier play on Luther; ‘Kunigunde die Heilige’ (1815); ‘Der 24 Februar’ (1815); ‘Die Mutter der Makkabäer’ (1820).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Wells, David Ames

Edition of 1920. See also David Ames Wells on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WELLS, David Ames, American political economist: b. Springfield, Mass., 17 June 1828; d. Norwich, Conn., 5 Nov. 1898. He was graduated from Williams College in 1847, and from the Lawrence Scientific School in 1851, but before entering the latter institution had been assistant editor of the Springfield Republican, and was one of the promoters of the invention of a mechanism for folding books and newspapers in connection with the printing press. In 1851 he was appointed assistant professor at the Lawrence Scientific School, and was also lecturer on chemistry and physics at Groton Academy; during this earlier period of his life he published several textbooks on the natural sciences. He first attained reputation as a political economist by an address on “Our Burden and Our Strength,” read before a literary society of Troy in 1864; it discussed the resources of the United States in regard to the nation's debt-paying ability, and attracted the attention of the President, who summoned him to a conference in regard to the national finances. This resulted in the creation of a commission of three for the investigation of questions of taxation and revenue, of which commission Wells was chairman. In this capacity he was the first to collect economic and financial statistics for government use. In 1866 he was appointed to the office of special commissioner of revenue, was instrumental in abolishing the many petty taxes which had been imposed during the war, and originated most of the important forms and methods of internal revenue taxation adopted from 1866 to 1870. In the latter year the office which he held was abolished. He had at first been an advocate of the protectionist policy, but after a visit to Europe and a careful study of the English system, he changed his views, and advocated the system of free trade. In 1876 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress on the Democratic ticket. He published “Our Burden and Our Strength” (1864); “The Creed of the Free Trader” (1875); “Why We Trade and How We Trade” (1878); “The Silver Question or the Dollar of the Fathers vs. the Dollar of the Sons” (1878); “Our Merchant Marine; How it Rose, Increased, became Great, Declined and Decayed” (1882); “A Primer of Tariff Reform” (1884); “Practical Economics” (1885); “Relation of Tariff to Wages” (1888); “Recent Economic Changes” (1898). His writings are notable for their clear and forcible presentation of a vast number of details and statistics.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Wells, Horace Lemuel

Edition of 1920. See also Horace Lemuel Wells on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WELLS, Horace Lemuel, American chemist: b. New Britain, Conn., 5 Oct. 1855. He was graduated at the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale, in 1877. He became a member of the faculty at Yale in 1884, and since 1894 he has been professor of analytical chemistry and metallurgy there. He has made numerous original investigations in inorganic chemistry, and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1903. Author of ‘Studies from the Chemical Laboratory of the Sheffield Scientific School’ (1901); ‘Chemical Calculation,’ (1903); ‘Textbook of Chemical Arithmetic’ (1905), etc.
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/Current Topics (10)

Current Topics
* Pittsburgh meeting of National Council
* Conference of National Alliance
* Jan Masaryk arrives
* Book reviews
* To our subscribers
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/Current Topics (2)

Current Topics
* Kramář sends greetings
* Pittsburgh University lectures
* Slavic Europe
* Announcement
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/Current Topics (3)

Current Topics
* From the Prague papers
* Convention of Bohemian Catholics
* Czechoslovak Commercial Corporation
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/Commissionar Pergler leaves

* related portals: Czechoslovakia.
* related authors: Charles Pergler.
COMMISSIONER PERGLER LEAVES.
On August 2, Charles Pergler, commissioner of the Czechoslovak Republic, sailed from the United States on a leave of absence, accompanied by Mrs. Pergler. Since the departure of Prof. Masaryk from the United States in November, 1⟨918⟩ Mr. Pergler has been in charge of Czechoslovak interests in the United States, having been promoted to this post after three years of work as the Washington representative of Czechoslovak organizations in America, and as Štefanik’s and Masaryk’s principal co-worker. At the time he gave up his law practice in Cresco, Ia., in order to devote his energies to the cause of his native country, the Czechoslovaks were almost unknown, and only the optimists felt sure that the Austrian yoke would be broken. He has accomp​lished far more than any other single man to make the Czechoslovaks known and admired in the United States. In the course of his work he addressed state legislatures, universities, chambers of commerce, learned societies, clubs and mass meetings, and being an able and effective speaker made friends for the people whom he represented, wherever he went. His many pamphlets and magazine articles brought the knowledge of Czechoslovaks to millions of Americans. As the diplomatic representative of the new republic at Washington he negotiated loans amounting to fifty five millions.
It is not expected that Mr. Pergler will return to the post he occupied in Washington, as he is slated for another important assignment in the diplomatic service of the Czechoslovak Republic.
This work was published before January 1, 1929 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 95 years or less since publication.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/Commisionar Pergler's Work

* related portals: Czech lands.
* related authors: Charles Pergler.
COMMISSIONER PERGLER’S WORK.
In addition to his diplomatic work in Washington Commissioner Charles Pergler is very active in telling Americans about the progress of affairs in the Czechoslovak Republic. Being an excellent speaker he receives invitations to address the most influential gatherings in various parts of the United States. Thus he spoke on March 22 in New York before the League for Political Education; on April 22 he talked to members of the New Orleans Chamber of Commerce on trade relations between the South and Bohemia. The New York Chamber of Commerce invited Mr. Pergler to give an address before their annual meeting on May 1, and a few days later he spoke in Philadelphia before the American Academy of Political and Social Science. His next address was given in Memphis before the local chamber of commerce on May 5, followed by four meetings in St. Louis on May 7th and 8th. He spoke in Chicago at a luncheon given in his honor bythe Iroquis Club on May 19 and the following day delivered an address to the students of the University of Wisconsin at Madison. At the end of the month he spoke before important gatherings in the city of Boston.
From his recent literary work one ought to mention an article in the Independent on “The Birth of the Czechoslovak Republic,” an article on the “Czechoslav” in the Christian Herald, and a discussion of “The Importance to Europe of the Czechoslovak Republic” in the May Current Opinion.
This work was published before January 1, 1929 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 95 years or less since publication.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse