OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume III/Moral Treatises of St. Augustin/On Lying/Section 36

36. For, concerning false witness, which is set down in the ten commands of the Law, it can indeed in no wise be contended that love of truth may at heart be preserved, and false witness brought forth to him unto whom the witness is borne. For, when it is said to God only, then it is only in the heart that the truth is to be embraced: but when it is said to man, then must we with the mouth also of the body bring forth truth, because man is not an inspector of the heart. But then, touching the witness itself, it is not unreasonably asked, to whom one is a witness? For not to whomsoever we speak unto are we witnesses, but to them to whom it is expedient and due that they by our means should come to know or believe the truth; as is a judge, that he may not err in judging; or he who is taught in doctrine of religion, that he may not err in faith, or by very authority of the teacher waver in doubt. But when the person who interrogates thee or wishes to know aught from thee seeks that which concerneth him not, or which is not expedient for him to know, he craveth not a witness, but a betrayer. Therefore if to him thou tell a lie, from false witness peradventure thou wilt be clear, but from a lie assuredly not. So then with this salvo, that to bear false witness is never lawful, the question is, whether it be lawful sometimes to tell a lie. Or if it be false witness to lie at all, it is to be seen whether it admit of compensation, to wit, that it be said for the sake of avoiding a greater sin: as that which is written, “Honor father and mother,” under stress of a preferable duty is disregarded; whence the paying of the last honors of sepulture to a father, is forbidden to that man who by the Lord Himself is called to preach the kingdom of God.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Exod. xx. 12
# Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume III/Moral Treatises of St. Augustin/On Lying/Section 38

38. Certain it is, albeit all this disputation go from side to side, some asserting that it is never right to lie, and to this effect reciting divine testimonies: others gainsaying, and even in the midst of the very words of the divine testimonies seeking place for a lie; yet no man can say, that he finds this either in example or in word of the Scriptures, that any lie should seem a thing to be loved, or not had in hatred; howbeit sometimes by telling a lie thou must do that thou hatest, that what is more greatly to be detested may be avoided. But then here it is that people err; they put the precious beneath the vile. For when thou hast granted that some evil is to be admitted, that another and more grievous may not be admitted; not by the rule of truth, but by his own cupidity and custom doth each measure the evil, accounting that to be the more grievous, which himself more greatly dreads, not which is in reality more greatly to be fled from. All this fault is engendered by perversity of loving. For being there are two lives of ours; the one eternal, which is promised of God; the other temporal, in which we now are: when a man shall have begun to love this temporal more than that eternal, for the sake of this which he loveth he thinks all things right to be done; and there are not any, in his estimation, more grievous sins than those which do injury to this life, and either take away from it any commodity unjustly and unlawfully, or by inflicting of death take it utterly away. And so thieves, and robbers, and ruffians, and torturers, and slayers, are more hated of them than lascivious, drunken, luxurious men, if these molest no man. For they do not understand or at all care, that these do wrong to God; not indeed to any inconvenience of Him, but to their own pernicious hurt; seeing they corrupt His gifts bestowed upon them, even His temporal gifts, and by their very corruptions turn away from eternal gifts: above all, if they have already begun to be the Temple of God; which to all Christians the Apostle saith thus: “Know ye not that ye are the temple of God, and that the Spirit of God dwelleth in you? Whoso shall corrupt God’s temple, God will corrupt him. For the temple of God is holy: which temple are ye.”

## Footnotes

* ↑ 1 Cor. iii. 16, 17
# Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume III/Moral Treatises of St. Augustin/On Lying/Section 35

35. Moreover what is written “Thou wilt destroy all that speak leasing:” one saith that no lie is here excepted, but all condemned. Another saith: Yea verily: but they who speak leasing from the heart, as we disputed above; for that man speaketh truth in his heart, who hateth the necessity of lying, which he understands as a penalty of the moral life. Another saith: All indeed will God destroy who speak leasing, but not all leasing: for there is some leasing which the Prophet was at that time insinuating, in which none is spared; that is, if refusing to confess each one his sins, he defend them rather, and will not do penance, so that not content to work iniquity, he must needs wish to be thought just, and succumb not to the medicine of confession: as the very distinction of the words may seem to intimate no other, “Thou hatest all that work iniquity;” but wilt not destroy them if upon repenting they speak the truth in confession, that by doing that truth they may come to the light; as is said in the Gospel according to John, “But be that doeth truth cometh unto the light. Thou wilt destroy all who” not only work what Thou hatest, but also “speak leasing;” in holding out before them false righteousness, and not confessing their sins in penitence.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Ps. v. 6
* ↑ Agere pœnitentiam
* ↑ Ps. v. 5
* ↑ John iii. 21
* ↑ Ps. v. 6, 7
# Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume III/Moral Treatises of St. Augustin/On Lying/Section 39

39. And all these sins, truly, whether such whereby an injury is done to men in the comforts of this life, or whereby men corrupt themselves and hurt none against his will: all these sins, then, even though they seem to mean well by this temporal life to the procuring of any delight or profit, (for no man commits any of these things with any other purpose and end;) yet in regard of that life which is forever and ever, they do entangle and in all ways hinder. But there are some of these that hinder the doers only, others likewise those on whom they are done. For as to the things which people keep safe for the sake of utility to this life, when these are taken away by injurious persons, they alone sin and are hindered from eternal life who do this, not they to whom they do it. Therefore, even if a person consent to the taking of them from him, either that he may not do some evil, or that he may not in these very things suffer some greater inconvenience; not only does he not sin, but in the one case he acts bravely and laudably, in the other usefully and unblameably. But as to those things which are kept for the sake of sanctity and religion, when injurious persons wish to violate these, it is right, if the condition be proposed and the means given, to redeem them even by sins of lesser moment, yet not by wrongs to other men. And then do these things thenceforth cease to be sins, which are undertaken in order to the avoidance of greater sins. For as in things useful, for instance in pecuniary or any other corporal commodity, that is not called a loss which is parted with in order to a greater gain; so in things holy, that is not called sin which is admitted lest a worse be admitted. Or if that is called loss, which one foregoes that he may not forego more; let this also be called sin, while however the necessity of undertaking it in order to the eschewing of a greater is no more to be doubted, than that, in order to avoid a greater loss, it is right to suffer a smaller one.
# Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume III/Moral Treatises of St. Augustin/On Lying/Section 40

40. Now the things which are to be kept safe for sanctity’s sake are these: pudicity of body, and chastity of soul, and verity of doctrine. Pudicity of body, without consent and permission of the soul, doth no man violate. For, whatever against our will and without our empowering the same is by greater force done upon our body, is no lewdness. Howbeit, of permitting there may be some reason, but of consenting, none. For we consent, when we approve and wish: but we permit even not willing, because of some greater turpitude to be eschewed. Consent, truly, to corporal lewdness violates also chastity of mind. For the mind’s chastity consists in a good will and sincere love, which is not corrupted, unless when we love and desire that which Truth teaches ought not to be loved and desired. We have therefore to guard the sincerity of love toward God and our neighbor; for in this is chastity of mind sanctified: and we must endeavor with all the strength in our power, and with pious supplication, that, when the pudicity of our body is sought to be violated, not even that outermost sense of the soul, which is entangled with the flesh, may be touched with any delight; but if it cannot this, at least the mind and thought in not consenting may have its chastity preserved entire. Now what we have to guard in chastity of mind, is, as pertaining to the love of our neighbor, innocence and benevolence; as pertaining to the love of God, piety. Innocence is that we hurt no man; benevolence, that we also do good to whom we can; piety, that we worship God. But as for verity of doctrine, of religion and piety, that is not violated unless by a lie; whereas the highest and inmost Verity Itself, Whose that doctrine is, can in no wise be violated: which Truth to attain unto, and in It on every wise to remain, and to It thoroughly to cleave, will not be permitted, but when this corruptible shall have put on incorruption, and this mortal shall have put on immortality. But, because all piety in this life is practice by which we tend to that life, which practice hath a guidance afforded unto it from that doctrine, which in human words and signs of corporal sacraments doth insinuate and intimate Truth herself: for this cause this also, which by lying is possible to be corrupted, is most of all to be kept incorrupt; that so, if aught in that chastity of mind be violated, it may have that wherefrom it may be repaired. For once corrupt authority of doctrine, and there can be none either course or recourse to chastity of mind.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Animæ
* ↑ Animi
* ↑ Animæ
* ↑ Mentis
* ↑ Animi
* ↑ Signaculis
# Men of the Time, eleventh edition/Belgians, King of the

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​BELGIANS, King of the. (See Leopold II.)
# Men of the Time, eleventh edition/Belot, Adolphe

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​BELOT, Adolphe, was born at Pointe-à-Pitre, in the island of Guadeloupe, Nov. 6, 1829, and while yet very young travelled extensively in the United States, Brazil, and other parts of North and South America. He studied law at Paris, and became an advocate at the bar of Nancy in 1854. His first attempt in literature was "Châtiment" (Paris, 1855), a novel, which failed to attract attention. Two years later be brought out "À la Campagne," a one-act comedy, which gave no indication of the immense and lasting success of his second dramatic composition, "Le Testament de César Girodot," a comedy in three acts, written in conjunction with M. Charles Edmond Villetard, and first performed at the Odéon Theatre, Paris, Sept. 30, 1859. This play still holds possession of the French stage. M. Belot has written a large number of other dramatic pieces, including "Fromont jeune et Risler aîné," founded on the celebrated novel of M. Alphonse Daudet. He is also the author of numerous novels, some of which have passed through as many as forty editions. The most celebrated of these is "Mademoiselle Giraud, ma femme" (1870), a work distinguished rather by its immoral audacity than by its literary merit. His later works are "Le Parricide" (1873), in conjunction with M. J. Dautin; "Dacolard et Lubin," a sequel to the preceding (1874); "Mémoires d'un Caissier;" "Hélène et Mathilde;" "La Femme de Feu;" "Deux Femmes;" "Folies de Jeunesse;" "La Sultane Parisienne," an English translation of which appeared in 1879; and an elaborate romance in four volumes (1875–6), entitled respectively,—"Les Mystères Mondains;" "Les Baigneuses de Trouville;" "Madame Vitel et Mademoiselle Lelièvre;" and "Une Maison centrale de Femmes." His drama, "Les Étrangleurs de Paris," was acted for the first time at the Porte Saint-Martin Theatre, March 17, 1880. M. Belot was nominated a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1867.
# Men of the Time, eleventh edition/Beesly, Edward Spencer

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​BEESLY, Edward Spencer, was born at Feckenham, Worcestershire, in 1831, and educated at Wadham College, Oxford. He was appointed Assistant-Master of Marlborough College in 1854, and Professor of History in University College, London, in 1860. Professor Beesly is the author of several review articles, pamphlets, &c., on historical, political, and social questions, treated from the Positivist point of view. His translation of Auguste Comte's "System of Positive Polity, or Treatise on Sociology," is in course of publication. The third volume appeared in 1876, under the title of "Social Dynamics, or the General Theory of Human Progress (Philosophy of History)." A series of lectures by Mr. Beesly on Roman history, entitled "Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius," was published in 1878.
# Men of the Time, eleventh edition/Belmore, Somerset Richard Lowry-Corry, Fourth Earl of

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​BELMORE, The Right Hon. Somerset Richard Lowry-Corry, Fourth Earl of, son of the third Earl, whom he succeeded in 1845, was born in London in 1835, and educated at Cambridge. He was elected a representative peer for Ireland in 1857; was Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department in Lord Derby's third administration, from July, 1866, to July, 1867; and was Governor of New South Wales from Jan., 1868, to Feb., 1872.
# Men of the Time, eleventh edition/Belt, Richard

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​BELT, Richard, sculptor, born in 1851, in Smith Square, Westminster, was educated at Baroness Burdett Coutts' School, Westminster. He left school at the age of nine, was admitted into Mr. Foley's studio in 1869, and became a student of the Royal Academy in 1871. He exhibited his first work in 1873, and up to the present time has every year exhibited several sculptures. Mr. Belt is a member of the Royal Institution, and on the Council of the Society of Fine Arts. He has executed several public works, amongst them the Memorial in Stafford Church to Izaak Walton, ​"The Byron" in Hyde Park, Charles Kingsley in Chester Cathedral, Lord Beaconsfield in Hughenden Church, a commission from the Queen; also the Prince Imperial in Windsor Castle, a statue bust of the Prince Imperial at the Woolwich Academy, the Memorial to Lord Beaconsfield in the Guildhall, and busts of the same statesman in many London clubs; statue of William Spottiswoode in the Royal Institution, Lord Beaconsfield's statue bust for the Merchant Taylors' Company; presentation busts of the late Lord Mayors Sir T. Owden and Sir John Ellis; busts of Mr. Eliot Yorke, the late Mr. Whalley, M.P., Mr. George Payne, Lord Cottenham, Admiral Rous, Lord John Russell, Jabez Burns, Lord William Graham, Mrs. Wilkinson (the Bishop of Truro's late wife). Lord Shrewsbury, Dean Stanley, Sir George Beaumont, the Rev. Morley Punshon, Mr. Reginald Handbury, and Sir Richard Musgrave. Mr. Belt is now engaged upon busts of Lord Shaftesbury, for the Young Men's Christian Association; Mr. Alexander Yorke, Sir H. Selwyn Ibbetson, M.P., Lady Lewisham, the Hon. Mrs. Eliot, Mr. W. H. Gladstone, M.P., the Princess Frederica of Hanover, Mr. Howard Vincent, the Prince of Wales (for the Mansion House), Lord Baring, M.P., Mr. Edgar Vincent, the Dowager Duchess of Cleveland, Mr. George Hanbury; statuettes of the painters James Webb and John Varley; also Kyrle Bellew, the actor, and many others; a statue of Hypatia and the two Pageanti busts, the last one of these executed in the Court of Queen's Bench, Westminster. He is also erecting a memorial to Sir Henry Parker, in Lewisham Church; and one to the late Professor Evans, in the Ante-Chapel, Eton. Mr. Belt is the plaintiff in the well-known case of "Belt v. Lawes," which is still before the law courts.
# Men of the Time, eleventh edition/Belcredi, Count Richard

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​BELCREDI, Count Richard, Austrian statesman, of an ancient noble family, was born Feb. 12, 1823. In March, 1861, he was appointed to an important political position in Silesia, and in 1862 was promoted to the post of governmental chief in that province. In May, 1863, he was Vice-President of the Bohemian Government, and an imperial decree of May 27, 1864, appointed him Viceroy of Bohemia, conferring upon him the dignity of a Privy Councillor. In all these capacities Count Belcredi showed himself to be possessed of considerable administrative talent and great powers of work, and it is generally admitted that during his administration in Bohemia he was upon the best possible terms with both Germans and Czechs. Count Belcredi, appointed Minister of State for Austria, and President of the Council of Ministers at Vienna, July 27, 1865, resigned in Feb. 1867.
# Men of the Time, eleventh edition/Bell, Isaac Lowthian

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​BELL, Isaac Lowthian, F.R.S., D.C.L., son of the late Thomas Bell, was born in 1816. After completing his studies of physical science at Edinburgh University, and the Sorbonne at Paris, he entered the chemical and iron works at Walker. These, under his subsequent management, were extended. In 1850 he became connected with the chemical works at Washington, in the county of Durham, then in the hands of his father-in-law, the late H. L. Pattinson, F.R.S. Under his direction they were greatly enlarged, and an extensive establishment was constructed for the manufacture of oxychloride of lead, a pigment discovered by Mr. Pattinson. In 1873 he ceased to be a partner in these works, which are now carried on by Mr. Pattinson's other sons-in-law. Mr. Bell, in connection with his brothers, Messrs. Thomas and John Bell, founded, in 1852, the Clarence Works on the Tees, one of the earliest, and now one of the largest iron-smelting concerns on that river, which these gentlemen carry on in connection with extensive collieries and ironstone mines. At present arrangements are in progress for obtaining salt from a bed of the mineral, found at a depth of 1200 feet at Port Clarence. Mr. Bell has been a frequent contributor to various learned societies on subjects connected with the metallurgy of iron, and has recently completed a very elaborate experimental research on the chemical phenomena of the blast furnace. In recognition of his services as Juror at the International Exhibitions at Philadelphia in 1876, and at Paris in 1878, he was elected an honorary member of the American Philosophical Institution, and an Officer of the Legion of Honour. He has filled the office of Sheriff, and was twice elected Mayor of Newcastle-on-Tyne, the last time in order to receive the members of the British Association at their meeting in the year 1863. Mr. Bell was a candidate for the representation of North Durham in Parliament at the general election of Dec. 1868, but was unsuccessful. At the general election of Feb. 1874, however, he was elected by that constituency in the Liberal interest, but on petition was unseated. He again contested the seat at the election consequent on the petition, but was unsuccessful. He was elected M.P. for Hartlepool in July, 1875, but ceased to represent that borough in 1880.
# Men of the Time, eleventh edition/Belloc, Anne Swanton Louise

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​BELLOC, Madame Anne Swanton Louise, widow of J. H. Belloc, director of the French Imperial School of Design, born at La Rochelle, Oct. 1, 1796, is the daughter of an Irish officer in the French service, named O'Keefe, who gave her an excellent English ​education. She has made the writings of Miss Edgeworth, the "Vicar of Wakefield," &c., popular in France, and has translated Moore's "Life of Byron" into French. Madame Belloe is best known for her labours in the cause of female education in France. Assisted by Mdlle. Montgolfier, she organized a select circulating library, designed to supplant in some measure those reading-rooms which introduced the most dangerous works to the public. The two ladies combined in editing a monthly journal for the use of families, and in the preparation of books, some of which received the honours of the Académie, intended for the young.
# Men of the Time, eleventh edition/Bendemann, Edward

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​BENDEMANN, Edward, a celebrated painter of the Düsseldorf school, was born in Berlin, Dec. 3, 1811. After receiving a good literary education, he became a student at the Düsseldorf Academy, under the well-known Schadow, who soon discovered that he had chosen his true vocation. When only one-and-twenty he exhibited at Berlin a large painting, "The Grief of the Jews," suggested by Psalm cxxxvii. It was popularized by means of lithographs, and is in the Cologne Museum. In 1833 he executed a picture, afterwards engraved by Felsing—"Two Young Girls at the Fountain,"—which was purchased by the Society of Arts of Westphalia. In 1837 he exhibited at Paris a large canvas, "Jeremiah amid the ruins of Jerusalem," which gained the gold medal. This picture, of which Weiss published a good lithograph, is in the private gallery of the Emperor of Germany. "Harvest" followed, which was engraved by Eichens. The success of this piece led Bendemanu to produce others of the same class, such as "The Shepherd and Shepherdess," from one of Uhland's idyls, and "The Daughter of the Servian Prince," from a Servian ballad. After having been appointed Professor in the Academy of Arts of Dresden, he received the commission to decorate the royal palace, and undertook the grand frescoes, upon which, above all, his reputation is founded. The progress of this undertaking was interrupted by a disease of the eyes, which the artist contracted in Italy. Bendemann executed a frescoe of "Poetry and the Arts;" a design for a monument to Sebastian Bach, which was afterwards erected at Sandstein; a portrait of the Emperor Lothaire II. for the city of Frankfort, many other portraits of celebrated Germans, and among them that of Schadow's daughter, whom he married in 1838. In 1860 he succeeded his father-in-law as Director of the Academy at Düsseldorf.
# National Geographic Magazine/Volume 16/Number 1/Why no Americans have received Nobel Prizes

WHY NO AMERICANS HAVE RECEIVED NOBEL PRIZES
PROBABLY the first thought of Americans on reading the announcement of the award of the "Nobel Prizes" of $40,000 each for 1904 was surprise that not a single American received a prize. Americans are doing noble work in the physical sciences, in literature, in medicine and surgery, in chemistry, and in the humanities. A prize of about $40,000 is awarded annually for achievements in each of these branches, and yet no American has received a prize. The reason is not lack of appreciation abroad of what we are doing in this country, but the neglect of Americans to apply for the prizes, owing to misunderstanding of the manner in which the awards are made. In the awarding of prizes only those persons are considered who are formally nominated as candidates by some institution, college, or scientific society of rank and character. Not a single American, we are informed, has yet been presented for consideration, and the impression abroad is that Americans are not interested in the prizes. The awards are made in physical sciences and chemistry by the Academy of Science of Stockholm, in medicine by the medical faculty of the university, in literature by the Swedish Academy, and in the humanities by the Norwegian Storthing. Mr W. E. Curtis in his public letter of December 26 calls attention to this mutual misunderstanding. It is to be hoped that hereafter for each prize the name of at least one American will be formally presented as a candidate. Any one can compete, but his or her name must be presented by a worthy institution.