# Latin for beginners (1911)/Part II/Lesson XXX

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LESSON XXX
SYNOPSES IN THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS • THE ABLATIVE DENOTING FROM
177. You should learn to give rapidly synopses of the verbs you have had, as follows:
| | Conjugation I | Conjugation I | Conjugation II | Conjugation II |
| | Indicative | Indicative | Indicative | Indicative |
| | ACTIVE | PASSIVE | ACTIVE | PASSIVE |
| Pres. | a´mō | a´mor | mo´neō | mo´neor |
| Imperf. | amā´bam | amā´bar | monē´bam | monē´bar |
| Fut. | amā´bo | amā´bor | monē´bo | monē´bor |
| | Imperative | Imperative | Imperative | Imperative |
| Pres. | a´mā | amā´re | mo´nē | monē´re |
| | Infinitive | Infinitive | Infinitive | Infinitive |
| Pres. | amā´re | amā´rī | monē´re | monē´rī |
| | Conjugation III | Conjugation III | Conjugation III (-iō verbs) | Conjugation III (-iō verbs) |
| | Indicative | Indicative | Indicative | Indicative |
| | ACTIVE | PASSIVE | ACTIVE | PASSIVE |
| Pres. | re´gō | re´gor | ca´piō | ca´pior |
| Imperf. | regē´bam | regē´bar | capiē´bam | capiē´bar |
| Fut. | re´gam | re´gar | ca´piam | ca´piar |
| | Imperative | Imperative | Imperative | Imperative |
| Pres. | re´ge | re´gere | ca´pe | ca´pere |
| | Infinitive | Infinitive | Infinitive | Infinitive |
| Pres. | re´gere | re´gī | ca´pere | ca´pī |
| | Conjugation IV | Conjugation IV |
| | Indicative | Indicative |
| | ACTIVE | PASSIVE |
| Pres. | au´diō | au´dior |
| Imperf. | audiē´bam | audiē´bar |
| Fut. | au´diam | au´diar |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| Pres. | au´dī | audī´re |
| | Infinitive | Infinitive |
| Pres. | audī´re | audī´rī |
    I. Give the synopsis of rapiō, mūniō, reperiō, doceō, videō, dīcō, agō, laudō, portō, and vary the person and number.
178. We learned in § 50 that one of the three relations covered by the ablative case is expressed in English by the preposition from. This is sometimes called the separative ablative, and it has a number of special uses. You have already grown familiar with the first mentioned below.
​179. Rule. Ablative of the Place From. The place from which is expressed by the ablative with the prepositions ā or ab, dē, ē or ex.
Agricolae ex agrīs veniunt, the farmers come from the fields
    a. ā or ab denotes from near a place; ē or ex, out from it; and dē, down from it. This may be represented graphically as follows:
180. Rule. Ablative of Separation. Words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning.
    a. If the separation is actual and literal of one material thing from another, the preposition ā or ab, ē or ex, or dē is generally used. If no actual motion takes place of one thing from another, no preposition is necessary.
          (a) Perseus terram ā mōnstrīs līberat
             Perseus frees the land from monsters (literal separation—actual motion is expressed)
          (b) Perseus terram trīstitiā līberat
             Perseus frees the land from sorrow (figurative separation—no actual motion is expressed)
181. Rule. Ablative of the Personal Agent. The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, when not the subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition ā or ab.
    a. In this construction the English translation of ā, ab is by rather than from. This ablative is regularly used with passive verbs to indicate the person by whom the act was performed.
          Mōnstrum a Perseō necātur, the monster is being slain by (lit. from) Perseus
    b. Note that the active form of the above sentence would be Perseus mōnstrum necat, Perseus is slaying the monster. In the passive the object of the active verb becomes the subject and the subject of the active verb becomes the ablative of the personal agent, with ā or ab.
    c. Distinguish carefully between the ablative of means and the ablative of the personal agent. Both are often translated into English by the preposition by. (Cf. § 100. b.) Means is a thing; the agent or actor is a person. The ablative of means has no preposition. The ablative of the personal agent has ā or ab. Compare
          Fera sagittā necatur, the wild beast is killed by an arrow
          Fera ā Diānā necatur, the wild beast is killed by Diana
Sagittā, in the first sentence, is the ablative of means; ā Diānā, in the second, is the ablative of the personal agent.
EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 289.
I.
* Virī inopiā cibī dēfessī ab eō locō discēdent.
* Germānī castrīs Rōmānīs adpropinquābant, tamen lēgātus cōpiās ā proeliō continēbat.
* Multa Gallōrum oppida ab Rōmānīs capientur.
* Tum Rōmānī tōtum populum eōrum oppidōrum gladiīs pīlīsque interficient.
* Oppidānī Rōmāmīs resistant, sed dēfessī longō proeliō fugient.
* Multī ex Galliā fugiēbant et in Germānōrum vīcīs habitābant.
* Miserī nautae vulnerantur ab inim!c!s saevīs et cibō egent.
* Discēdite et date virīs frūmentum et cōpiam vīnī.
* Cōpiae nostrae ā proeliō continēbantur ab Sextō lēgātō.
* Id oppidum ab prōvinciā Rōmānā longē aberat.
II.
* The weary sailors were approaching a place dear to the goddess Diana.
* They were without food and without wine.
* Then Galba and seven other men are sent to the ancient island by Sextus.
* Already they are not far away from the land, and they see armed men on a high place.
* They are kept from the land by the men with spears and arrows.
* The men kept hurling their weapons down from the high place with great eagerness.
* ↑ Synopses should be given not only in the first person, but in other persons as well, particularly in the third singular and plural.
* ↑ inimīcīs, here used as a noun. See vocabulary.
References