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# The Challenge of Facts and Other Essays

The third of four collections of essays on economics, liberty, and sociology by Sumner, edited by Albert Galloway Keller. Page scans are available.
THE CHALLENGE OF FACTS AND OTHER ESSAYS
BY WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER
EDITED BY ALBERT GALLOWAY KELLER
NEW HAVEN: YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS MDCCCCXIV
​ copyright, 1914 by yale university press
first printed october 1914. 1,000 copies
Copyright, 1886, by The Forum Copyright. 1886, 1887, 1890, 1891, 1902, by The Independent Copyright, 1887, 1889, by D. Appleton & Company Copyright, 1901, by The Macmillan Company Copyright, 1904, by P. F. Collier & Son. Inc. Copyright, 1905, by Longmans, Green & Company Copyright, 1907, by The University of Chicago Press
​PREFATORY NOTE
All rights on the essays in this work are reserved by the holders of the copyright. The Publishers named in the subjoined list are the proprietors, either in their own right, or as agents for the author of the Essays of which the titles are given below, and of which the ownership is thus specifically noted. The Yale University Press makes grateful acknowledgment to the Publishers whose names appear below for their courteous permission to include in the present work the Essays of which they were the original publishers.
Yale University Press
The New Haven Palladium: "For President?" The Providence Evening Press: "Democracy and Responsible Government." The Chicago Tribune: "Republican Government." The Forum: "Industrial War." The Independent: "The Demand for Men," "The Significance of the Demand for Men," "What the 'Social Question' Is," "What Emancipates," "Power and Progress," "Consequences of Increased Social Power," "What is the 'Proletariat?'" "Who Win by Progress?" "Federal Legislation on Railroads," "Legislation by Clamor," "The Shifting of Responsibility," "The State as an 'Ethical Person,'" "The New Social Issue," "Speculative Legislation," "The Concentration of Wealth: Its Economic Justification." Messrs. D. Appleton & Company: "What makes the Rich Richer and the Poor Poorer," "Sketch of William Graham Sumner." The Reverend Peter Roberts and The Macmillan Company: "Foreword to 'The Anthracite Coal Industry.'" Messrs. P. F. Collier & Son, Inc.: "Reply to a Socialist." Professor James Elbert Cutler and Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Company: "Foreword to 'Lynch-Law.'" The University of Chicago Press: "Sociology as a College Subject."
CONTENTS
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Abbott, Russell Bigelow

​ABBOTT, Russell Bigelow, educator, was born in Franklin county, Ind., Aug. 8, 1823. His early years were passed on his father's farm, and he entered Indiana university in 1843, and was graduated four years later; was engaged in teaching for nine years, meanwhile studying theology. He was ordained by the Presbytery of Whitewater in 1856. After a successful pastorate of nine years in Indiana he removed to Minnesota, where, after teaching for three years, he accepted a call to a newly organized church at Albert Lea, which soon became the leading church of the Winona Presbytery. After fifteen years of faithful service with this church he, in 1884, resigned the pastorate to accept the Presidency of the Albert Lea college, a new institution then just organized by the synod of Minnesota for the education of young women. His work as founder and president of this college was characterized by wisdom, zeal, and devotion, and he met and mastered obstacles before which many men would have faltered and failed. In this college, and previously, he educated hundreds of young women who remembered its founder with high regard, and imbibed from his teaching some of his own energy and devotion to truth. His lectures to his college students on the "History and Literature of the Bible" were published. He received the degree of D.D. from Galesville university in 1884. He served as moderator of the General Synod of Minnesota, and as a member of the General assembly of the Presbyterian church four times. He also published, "The History of Winona Presbytery," and many addresses and sermons.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Abbott, Samuel Appleton Brown

​ABBOTT, Samuel Appleton Brown, lawyer, was born in Lowell, Mass., March 6, 1846; son of Josiah Gardner (q.v.) and Caroline (Livermore) Abbott. He was educated at the Boston Latin school, and was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1866, A.M., 1869. He studied law, 1866-68; was admitted to the bar in 1868 and engaged in practice in Boston. He served as a member of the Boston board of license commissioners in 1877, as a trustee of the Boston public library, 1879-88, and as president of the board, 1888-95. He was a member of the examining committee in 1880 and 1894; and acting librarian for several years. He took charge of the American College of Architecture at Rome, Italy in 1897. He was married in 1869, to Mary Goddard, in 1873 to Abby F. Woods, and in 1897 to Maria Dexter.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Abercrombie, Richard Mason

​ABERCROMBIE, Richard Mason, clergyman, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1822; son of the Rev. James and Marie (Mason) Abercrombie, and grandson of Margaret (Bennett) Abercrombie. His father, born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 26, 1758, was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1776, was a merchant and subsequently a P.E. clergyman, Philadelphia, 1794-1832, received the degree of D.D. from the college of New Jersey in 1804, and died in Philadelphia, Pa., June 26, 1841. Richard Mason was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1840 and at the General Theological seminary, New York city, in 1843. He was assistant and rector of churches in Philadelphia, 1843-63; rector of St. Paul's church, Rahway, N.J., 1863-71, and of St. Matthew's church, Jersey City, N. J., 1871-84. He founded the Clergyman's retiring fund society, 1874, and Christ hospital, Jersey City, incorporated the same year. He was for several successive general conventions a deputy from his diocese. He received the degree of D.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1865. He died in Jersey City, N.J., Dec. 7. 1884.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Abbott, Samuel Warren

​ABBOTT, Samuel Warren, surgeon, was born in Woburn, Mass., June 12, 1837. He was graduated at Brown, A.B., 1858, A.M., 1861, and at Harvard medical school in 1862. He was an assistant surgeon in the U.S. navy, 1861-64; resigning to enter the army, where he served as assistant surgeon and surgeon of the 1st Massachusetts cavalry, 1864-65. At the close of the war he engaged in practice in Woburn, and subsequently in Wakefield, Mass. He was coroner of Middlesex county, 1872-77; medical examiner, 1877-84, and secretary of the Massachusetts state board of health from 1886. He was married in 1864 to Martha W., daughter of Thomas V. Sullivan of Woburn, Mass. He became a member of the American Medical association; American Public Health association; American Statistical association; Royal Statistical Society of Great Britain, and an associate of the Societe Francaise d'Hygiene. He published several papers on hygiene.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Abell, Arunah S.

​ABELL, Arunah S., journalist, was born at East Providence, R. I., Aug. 10, 1806, son of Caleb Abell, a quartermaster in the war of 1812. His ancestry is traced to Robert Abell of England, whose four sons settled in Massachusetts in the early days of the colony. One of the sons, Preserved Abell, grandfather of Arunah S., settled at Seekonk, a town then known as Rehoboth, situated on the Providence river. Arunah S. acquired a common school education in his native place, and after two years' employment in a store, served out an apprenticeship in the printing department of the Providence Patriot. He then went to Boston, and later obtained employment in New York city, where he became acquainted with William M. Swain and Azariah H. Simmons, with whom he formed a co-partnership for the publication of the Public Ledger in Philadelphia, the first copy of which was issued March 25, 1836. It was the first successful penny paper published in Philadelphia. A visit to Baltimore resulted in the founding of the Sun under the personal control of Mr. Abell, who issued the first number May 17, 1837. In two years the paper had outgrown its original quarters, and a larger building was fitted up for its use. A few years later Mr. Abell built the Sun iron building, the first of the kind erected in the United States. At the death of Mr. Simmons in December, 1855, Mr. Swain and Mr. Abell formed a new partnership, continuing the publication of the Public Ledger in Philadelphia and the Sun in Baltimore. In 1864 Mr. Abell sold his interest in the Public Ledger, and at the death of Mr. Swain in 1868, became sole proprietor of the Sun. He was the first printer to adopt the rotary printing machine, and received for publication the first document transmitted over the telegraph line between Baltimore and Washington. The Sun's telegraphic copy of the message was reprinted by the academy of sciences in Paris, side ​by side with an authenticated copy of the original. When the company was formed for the extension of telegraphic communications from Washington to New York, Mr. Abell was associated with Prof. Morse and others in the enterprise. In 1878 he transferred the management of the Sun to his sons, Edwin F., George W., and Walter R. Abell, the last named died Jan. 3, 1891, leaving the firm of A. S. Abell & Co., with only two members. Mr. Abell died in Baltimore, Md., April 19, 1888.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Abernethy, Alonzo

​ABERNETHY, Alonzo, educator, was born in Sandusky county, Ohio, April 14, 1836. He removed to Illyria, Iowa, in 1854, served in the 9th Iowa volunteers, 1861-65, attaining the rank of colonel, and participated in forty battles, being wounded twice. He was graduated at the University of Chicago, A.B., 1866, A.M., 1869. He was a representative in the Iowa legislature in 1866: principal of the Baptist college at Des Moines, Iowa, 1870-71, and a member of the board of trustees from 1871. He was state superintendent of public instruction in Iowa, 1871-76; president and professor of intellectual and moral philosophy in the University of Chicago in 1876, and principal of Cedar Valley seminary at Osage, Iowa, from 1881.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Abercrombie, John Joseph

​ABERCROMBIE, John Joseph, soldier, was born in Tennessee in 1802. His early education enabled him to pass the examinations necessary for admission to the U.S. military academy at West Point when sixteen years old. He was graduated with the class of 1822 and advanced by regular promotions to adjutant, serving in the 1st infantry eight years. His captaincy was gained in 1836. The Florida war gave him active service, notably at the battle of Okeechobee, where his gallantry won the brevet of major. Afterwards his regiment was in the west until the Mexican war called him to Monterey, where he was severely wounded and gained the rank of lieutenant-colonel. His next service was at the siege of Vera Cruz and afterwards at Cerro Gordo. While in Mexico he was made aide to Gen. Patterson. He was in Minnesota when the civil war broke out, and was ordered to Virginia, where he served in the Shenandoah campaign, being conspicuous at the battle of Falling Waters, where he led the Federal troops. His promotion to brigadier-general of volunteers followed, and his next battle was Fair Oaks, where he was wounded, but did service at Malvern Hill and on McClellan's retreat to Harrison's Landing. His next post was in defence of Washington in 1862-63. In 1864 he opposed Hampton's Legion, and at the close of the war was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army, retiring June 12, 1865. He died at Roslyn, Long Island. N.Y., Jan. 3. 1877.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Abbott, Robert Osborne

​ABBOTT, Robert Osborne, surgeon, was born in Pittsburgh, Pa., March 17, 1824. He entered the United States army as assistant surgeon, and was stationed in California, Texas, and Florida until the civil war. He was then assigned as chief assistant to the medical purveyor of the city of New York. The next year he acted as medical director of the Fifth army corps. After the second battle of Bull Run he was given charge of the hospitals and hospital transports in Washington and vicinity. The tremendous strain of having 40,000 sick men in his care undermined his health, and he resigned. He died in Brooklyn, N.Y., June 16, 1867.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Abeel, David

​ABEEL, David, missionary, was born in New Brunswick, N. J., June 12, 1804. After his graduation from Rutgers college, he studied at the theological seminary of the Reformed Dutch church, and in 1827 was ordained to the ministry. For two years he was pastor of a church at Athens, N.Y., leaving there in 1829 for Canton, China, as a missionary. While in that country and in Java, Singapore and Siam he did much good work in spreading Christianity. In 1845 he returned to America, and on Sept. 4, 1846, died in Albany, N.Y. An account of his life has been written by the Rev. G. R. Williamson. His published works include: "The Claims of the World to the Gospel," "Residence in China," and "The Missionary Convention at Jerusalem."'
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Abeel, Gustavus

​ABEEL, Gustavus, clergyman, was born in New York city, June 6, 1801, son of John Neilson Abeel, clergyman, and grandson of Col. James S. Abeel, revolutionary soldier. In 1826 he became a minister of the Reformed church, and preached for a short time in English Neighborhood and in Belleville, N. J. He then removed to Geneva N. Y., where in 1829 he was installed, and where he remained until 1844, when he accepted a call to preach at the new second Reformed church. There he labored successfully for twenty years, retiring at the end of that time to devote his remaining years to study. He was an active member of the New Jersey historical society. He died at Stanford, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1887.
# The Complete Poems of Francis Ledwidge/Songs of Peace/Song ("The winds are scented with woods after rain")

SONG
The winds are scented with woods after rain, And a raindrop shines in the daisy's eye. Shall we follow the swallow again, again, Ah! little yearning thing, you and I?
You and I to the South again, And heart! Oh, heart, how you shall sigh, For the kind soft wind that follows the rain, And the raindrop shed from the daisy's eye.
# The Complete Poems of Francis Ledwidge/Songs of Peace/The Departure of Proserpine

IN GREECE
THE DEPARTURE OF PROSERPINE
Old mother Earth for me already grieves, Her morns wake weeping and her noons are dim, Silence has left her woods, and all the leaves Dance in the windy shadows on the rim Of the dull lake thro' which I soon shall pass To my dark bridal bed Down in the hollow chambers of the dead. Will not the thunder hide me if I call, Wrapt in the corner of some distant star The gods have never known? Alas! alas! My voice has left with the last wing, my fall Shall crush the flowery fields with gloom, as far ​As swallows fly. Would I might die And in a solitude of roses lie As the last bud's outblown. Then nevermore Demeter would be heard Wail in the blowing rain, but every shower Would come bound up with rainbows to the birds Wrapt in a dusty wing, and the dry flower Hanging a shrivelled lip. This weary change from light to darkness fills My heart with twilight, and my brightest day Dawns over thunder and in thunder spills Its urn of gladness With a sadness Through which the slow dews drip And the bat goes over on a thorny wing. Is it a dream that once I used to sing ​From Ægean shores across her rocky isles, Making the bells of Babylon to ring Over the wiles That lifted me from darkness to the Spring? And the King Seeing his wine in blossom on the tree Danced with the queen a merry roundelay, And all the blue circumference of the day Was loud with flying song.—— —But let me pass along: What brooks it the unfree to thus delay? No secret turning leads from the gods' way.
# The Complete Poems of Francis Ledwidge/Songs of Peace/The Resurrection

THE RESURRECTION
My true love still is all that's fair, She is flower and blossom blowing free, For all her silence lying there She sings a spirit song to me.
New lovers seek her in her bower, The rain, the dew, the flying wind, And tempt her out to be a flower, Which throws a shadow on my mind.
# The Complete Poems of Francis Ledwidge/Songs of Peace/The Gardener

THE GARDENER
Among the flowers, like flowers, her slow hands move Easing a muffled bell or stooping low To help sweet roses climb the stakes above, Where pansies stare and seem to whisper "Lo!" Like gaudy butterflies her sweet peas blow Filling the garden with dim rustlings. Clear On the sweet Book she reads how long ago There was a garden to a woman dear.
She makes her life one grand beatitude Of Love and Peace, and with contented eyes She sees not in the whole world mean or rude, And her small lot she trebly multiplies. ​And when the darkness muffles up the skies Still to be happy is her sole desire, She sings sweet songs about a great emprise, And sees a garden blowing in the fire.
# The Complete Poems of Francis Ledwidge/Songs of Peace/The Lure

THE LURE
I saw night leave her halos down On Mitylene's dark mountain isle, The silhouette of one fair town Like broken shadows in a pile. And in the farther dawn I heard The music of a foreign bird.
In fields of shady angles now I stand and dream in the half dark: The thrush is on the blossomed bough, Above the echoes sings the lark, And little rivers drop between Hills fairer than dark Mitylene.
​Yet something calls me with no voice And wakes sweet echoes in my mind; In the fair country of my choice Nor Peace nor Love again I find, Nor anything of rest I know When south-east winds are blowing low.
# The Complete Poems of Francis Ledwidge/Songs of Peace/The Blackbirds

THE BLACKBIRDS
I heard the Poor Old Woman say: "At break of day the fowler came, And took my blackbirds from their songs Who loved me well thro' shame and blame.
No more from lovely distances Their songs shall bless me mile by mile, Nor to white Ashbourne call me down To wear my crown another while.
With bended flowers the angels mark For the skylark the place they lie, From there its little family Shall dip their wings first in the sky.
​And when the first surprise of flight Sweet songs excite, from the far dawn Shall there come blackbirds loud with love, Sweet echoes of the singers gone.
But in the lonely hush of eve Weeping I grieve the silent bills." I heard the Poor Old Woman say In Derry of the little hills.
# The Complete Poems of Francis Ledwidge/Songs of Peace/Spring and Autumn

SPRING AND AUTUMN
Green ripples singing down the corn, With blossoms dumb the path I tread, And in the music of the morn One with wild roses on her head.
Now the green ripples turn to gold And all the paths are loud with rain, I with desire am growing old And full of winter pain.
# The Complete Poems of Francis Ledwidge/Songs of Peace/The Herons

THE HERONS
As I was climbing Ardan Mor From the shore of Sheelan lake, I met the herons coming down Before the water's wake.
And they were talking in their flight Of dreamy ways the herons go When all the hills are withered up Nor any waters flow.
# The Complete Poems of Francis Ledwidge/Songs of Peace/The Home-Coming of the Sheep

THE HOMECOMING OF THE SHEEP
The sheep are coming home in Greece, Hark the bells on every hill! Flock by flock, and fleece by fleece, Wandering wide a little piece Thro' the evening red and still, Stopping where the pathways cease, Cropping with a hurried will.
Thro' the cotton-bushes low Merry boys with shouldered crooks Close them in a single row, Shout among them as they go With one bell-ring o'er the brooks. Such delight you never know Reading it from gilded books.
​Before the early stars are bright Cormorants and sea-gulls call, And the moon comes large and white Filling with a lovely light The ferny curtained waterfall. Then sleep wraps every bell up tight And the climbing moon grows small.
# The Complete Poems of Francis Ledwidge/Songs of Peace/The Place

THE PLACE
Blossoms as old as May I scatter here, And a blue wave I lifted from the stream. It shall not know when winter days are drear Or March is hoarse with blowing. But a-dream The laurel boughs shall hold a canopy Peacefully over it the winter long, Till all the birds are back from oversea, And April rainbows win a blackbird's song.
And when the war is over I shall take My lute a-down to it and sing again Songs of the whispering things amongst the brake, And those I love shall know them by their strain. ​Their airs shall be the blackbird's twilight song, Their words shall be all flowers with fresh dews hoar.— But it is lonely now in winter long, And, God! to hear the blackbird sing once more.
# The Bond/Part 4

PART IV
# The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 7/Epistles - Third Series/XVI Professor

XVI
NEW YORK,
25th April, 1894.
DEAR PROFESSOR (Prof. John Henry Wright),
I am very very grateful for your invitation. And will come on May 7th. As for the bed — my friend, your love and noble heart can convert the stone into down.
I am sorry I am not going to the authors' breakfast at Salem.
I am coming home by May 7th.
Yours truly,
VIVEKANANDA.
# The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 7/Epistles - Third Series/XV Brother

XV
DETROIT,
29th March, 1894.
DEAR BROTHER,[6]*
Your letter just reached me here. I am in a hurry, so excuse a few points which I would take the liberty of correcting you in.
In the first place, I have not one word to say against any religion or founder of religion in the world — whatever you may think of our religion. All religions are sacred to me. Secondly, it is a misstatement that I said that missionaries do not learn our vernaculars. I still stick to my statement that few, if any, of them pay any attention to Sanskrit; nor is it true that I said anything against any religious body — except that I do insist on my statement that India can never be converted to Christianity, and further I deny that the conditions of the lower classes are made any better by Christianity, and add that the majority of southern Indian Christians are not only Catholics, but what they call themselves, caste Christians, that is, they stick close to their castes, and I am thoroughly persuaded that if the Hindu society gives up its exclusive policy, ninety per cent of them would rush back to Hinduism with all its defects.
Lastly, I thank you from the bottom of my heart for calling me your fellow-countryman. This is the first time any European foreigner, born in India though he be, has dared to call a detested native by that name — missionary or no missionary. Would you dare call me the same in India? Ask your missionaries, born in India, to do the same — and those not born, to treat them as fellow human beings. As to the rest, you yourself would call me a fool if I admit that my religion or society submits to be judged by strolling globe-trotters or story-writers' narratives.
My brother — excuse me — what do you know of my society or religion, though born in India? It is absolutely impossible — the society is so closed; and over and above, everyone judges from his preconceived standard of race and religion, does he not? Lord bless you for calling me a fellow-countryman. There may still come a brotherly love and fellowship between the East and West.
Yours fraternally,
VIVEKANANDA.