OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Cerinthians

CERINTHIANS, a denomination which arose in the first century; so called from Cerinthus, who taught that the creator of the world, whom he considered also as the sovereign of the Jews, was a being endowed with the greatest virtues, and derived his birth from the supreme God-that this being fell by degrees from his primitive dignity-that he supreme God, in consequence, determined to destroy his empire, and sent for this purpose one of the glorious aions, whose name was Christ-that Christ chose for his habitation the person of Jesus, the son of Joseph and Mary; and descending in the form of a dove, entered into him while he was receiving the baptism of John-that Jesus, after his union with Christ, opposed himself to the god of the Jews, and was by his instigation seized and crucified-that when Jesus was taken captive, Christ ascended up on high, so that the man Jesus alone was subject to the pains of an ignominious death.
Cerinthus required of his followers, that they should worship the supreme God, in conjunction with the Son; that they should abandon the God of the ?Jews, who he looked upon as the creator of the world; that they should retain a part of the law given by Moses, but employ their principal attention and care to regulate their lives by the precepts of Christ. To encourage them to this, he promised them the resurrection of this mortal body, after which was to commence a scene of the most exquisite delights, during Christ's earthly right of a thousand years, which was to be succeeded by a happy and never-ending life in the celestial world. See Gnostics.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, vol. i. p. 117, 118.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Catharists

CATHARISTS, a branch of the Paulicians in the twelfth century, of very austere manners. See Paulicians.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Chazinzarians

CHAZINZARIANS, that is, worshippers of the cross, a sect which arose in the seventh century in Armenia.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ History of Religion, vol. iv.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Cataphrygians

CATAPHRYGIANS. See Montanists.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trivium

See also Trivium on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TRIVIUM (Lat. for cross-road, i.e. where three roads meet, from tres, three, and via, road), in medieval educational systems, the curriculum which included grammar, rhetoric and logic. The trivium and the quadrivium (arithmetic, music, geometry and astronomy) together made up what are known as the seven liberal arts (see Education: Schools). From the word in its original sense is derived the adjective “trivial” (post-Aug. Lat. trivialis), that which can be seen at the cross-roads, i.e. unimportant, commonplace. In botany and zoology the “trivial” name is the adjectival name which follows the genus name in a binominal system of nomenclature, as canina, perennis, in Rosa canina, Bellis perennis.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trivet

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​TRIVET, a small metal tripod for holding cooking vessels near a fire. The word is also applied to a round, square or oval openwork plate, usually of steel or brass, fixed to the bars of a grate by a socket for keeping hot plates, dishes, or food.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trochaic

See also Trochee on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TROCHAIC (from Gr. τροχαῖος, τροχαϊκός, from Lat. trochaeus), the name of a metre very commonly used by the Greeks and Romans in their tragedies and comedies. Its characteristic foot is a trochee consisting of two syllables, one long, one short (– ◡). The usual form, in which the Greeks employed the measure, was the trochaic tetrameter catalectic, the scheme of which is as follows:—
The trochaic metre is rapid in movement and breathless, and is generally used to depict strong emotions or to tell an exciting narrative. It is, however, very closely related to the ordinary iambic metre; in fact, by subtracting the first foot and a half of the longer line, we find ourselves left with a pure iambic line as used by the tragedians.
In modern times, the trochaic measure has been adopted by the prosody of England, Germany and Scandinavia. The swift and hurrying movement of it, which we see reflected in its derivation, as the Greek name is certainly to be traced back to the verb τρέχειν, to run, has made it a favourite with om lyrical poets. In the early English writers on versification the foot is called a trocheus.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trogen

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​TROGEN, a neat and clean little town in the Ausser Rhoden half of the Swiss canton of Appenzell. By light railway it is 6 m. from St Gall, or by carriage road 7 m. from Heiden (the chief goats’ whey cure resort in the canton), or 9 m. from Altstatten in the Rhine valley. It is built on the side of a steepish hill, and in 1900 had 2496 inhabitants, mostly Protestant and German-speaking. In the square before the parish church the Landsgemeinde or primitive democratic assembly of Ausser Rhoden meets in the even years (in other years at Hundwil, not far from Herisau) on the last Sunday in April. Like other towns in Appenzell, Trogen is engaged in the manufacture (in the houses of the workpeople) of embroidery and muslins.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Troia

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​TROIA, a town and episcopal see of Apulia, Italy, in the province of Foggia, situated 1440 ft. above sea-level, 7 m. N.W. of the station of Giardinetto-Troia, which is 16 m. S.W. of Foggia. Pop. (1901), 6674. Troia occupies the site of the ancient Aecae, 12 m. S. of Luceria, on the Via Traiana, a town which fell to Hannibal after the victory of Cannae, but was won back by the Romans in 214. Under the empire it appears to have become a colony. Troia was itself founded in 1017 by the Greek prefect Basilius Bugianus. The cathedral dates from 1107, but the upper part of the facade with its curious sculptures, fine rose-window and polychromatic decoration, the choir apse and the interior were restored early in the 13th century. The latter has been somewhat spoilt by recent decorations. The bronze doors, partly in relief and partly in niello, of 1119 and 1127 respectively, were cast in Beneventum by Oderisius Berardus. The small domed church of S. Basilio has an ambo of 1158.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trnovo

See also Veliko Tarnovo on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TRNOVO, or Tirnovo, an episcopal city and the capital of a department of Bulgaria; 124 m. E.N.E. of Sofia., on the river Yantra, and on the Sofia-Varna railway, at the junction of the branch line from Rustchuk. Pop. (1906), 12,171. The city consists of two divisions—the Christian quarter, situated chiefly on a high rocky plateau, and the so-called Turkish quarter, on the lower ground; but many of the Turkish inhabitants emigrated after 1878. On the Tsarevetz Hill above the city are the remains of the ancient citadel. The Husarjaini mosque is used as a military powder and dynamite factory. In the Christian quarter there are some interesting churches of the middle ages, notably that of the Forty Martyrs, in which the Bulgarian tsars were crowned. Numerous antiquarian remains have also been discovered. There are a gymnasium and a high-class girls’ school. The city possesses large dye-works, and important manufactures of copper utensils.
Trnovo was the ancient capital of Bulgaria, and from 1186 until its capture by the Turks, 17th of July 1394, the residence of the Bulgarian tsars. From the beginning of the 13th century it was also the seat of the patriarchate of Bulgaria, until the suppression of the patriarchate in 1767. In 1877 it was taken from Turkey by the Russians, and in 1879 Prince Alexander of Battenberg was here elected prince of Bulgaria. On the 5th of October 1908 the independence of Bulgaria was proclaimed here by King Ferdinand, in the church of the Forty Martyrs.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trochu, Louis Jules

See also Louis-Jules Trochu on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TROCHU, LOUIS JULES (1815–1896), French general, was born at Palais (Belle-Île-en-Mer) on the 12th of March 1815. Educated at St Cyr he received a commission in the Staff Corps in 1837, was promoted lieutenant in 1840, and captain in 1843. He served as a captain in Algeria under Marshal Bugeaud, who, in recognition of his gallantry in the battles of Sidi Yussuf and Isly, made him his aide-de-camp and entrusted him with important commissions. He was promoted major in 1845, and colonel in 1853. He served with distinction throughout the Crimean campaign, first as aide-de-camp to Marshal St Arnaud, and then as general of brigade, and was made a commander of the Legion of Honour and general of division. He again distinguished himself in command of a division in the Italian campaign of 1859, where he won the grand cross of the Legion of Honour. In 1866 he was employed at the ministry of war in the preparation of army reorganization schemes, and he published anonymously in the following year L’Armée française en 1867, a work inspired with Orleanist sentiment, which ran through ten editions in a few months and reached a twentieth in 1870. This brochure brought him into bad odour at court, and he left the war office on half-pay, and was refused a command in the field at the outbreak of the Franco-German War. After the earlier disasters in 1870, he was appointed by the emperor first commandant of the troops of Châlons camp, and soon afterwards (Aug. 17) governor of Paris and commander-in-chief of all the forces destined for the defence of the capital, including some 120,000 regular troops, 80,000 mobiles, and 330,000 National Guards. He worked energetically to put Paris in a state of defence and throughout the siege showed himself a master of the passive defensive. At the revolution of the 4th of September he became president of the government of national defence, in addition to his other offices. His “plan” for defending the city raised expectations doomed to disappointment; the successive sorties made under pressure of public opinion were unsuccessful, and having declared in one of his proclamations that the governor of Paris would never capitulate, when capitulation became inevitable he resigned the governorship of Paris on the 22nd of January 1871 to General Vinoy, retaining the presidency of the government until after the armistice in February. He was elected to the National Assembly by eight departments, and sat for Morbihan. In October he was elected president of the council general for Morbihan. In July 1872 he retired from political life, and in 1873 from the army. He published in 1873 Pour la vérité et pour la justice, in justification of the government of national defence, and in 1879 L’Armée française en 1879, par un officier en retraite, a sort of supplement to his former work of 1867. He died at Tours on the 7th of October 1896.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Troglodytes

See also Troglodytes on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TROGLODYTES (τρωγλοδύται, from τρώγλη, hole, δύω, creep), “cave-dwellers,” a name applied by ancient writers to different tribes in various parts of the world. Strabo speaks of them in Moesia, south of the Danube (vii. 318), in the Caucasus (xi. 506), but especially in various parts of Africa from Libya (xvii. 828) to the Red Sea. The troglodyte Ethiopians of Herodotus (iv. 183) in inner Africa, very swift of foot, living on lizards and creeping things, and with a speech like the screech of an owl, have been identified with the Tibbus of Fezzan. ​According to Aristotle (Hist. An viii. 12) a dwarfish race of Troglodytes dwelt on the upper course of the Nile, who possessed horses and were in his opinion the Pygmies of fable. But the best known of these African cave-dwellers were the inhabitants of the “Troglodyte country” (Τρωγλοδυτική) on the coast of the Red Sea, as far north as the Greek port of Berenice, of whom an account has been preserved by Diodorus (iii. 31) and Photius (p. 454 Bekker) from Agatharchides of Cnidus, and by Artemidorus in Strabo (xvi. 776). They were a pastoral people, living entirely on the flesh of their herds, or, in the season of fresh pasture, on mingled milk and blood. But they killed only old or sick cattle (as indeed they killed old men who could no longer follow the flock), and the butchers were called “unclean”; nay, they gave the name of parent to no man, but only to the cattle which provided their subsistence. This last point seems to be a confused indication of totemism. They went almost naked; the women wore necklaces of shells as amulets. Marriage was unknown, except among the chiefs—a fact which agrees with the prevalence of female kinship in these regions in much later times. They practised circumcision or a mutilation of a more serious kind. Their burial rites were peculiar. The dead body, its neck and legs bound together with withies of the shrub called paliurus, was set up on a mound, and pelted with stones amidst the jeers of the onlookers, until its face was completely covered with them. A goat's horn was then placed above it, and the crowd dispersed with manifestations of joy. It is supposed that the Horim or Horites, the aboriginal inhabitants of Mount Seir, if their name is correctly interpreted “cave-dwellers,” were a kindred people to the Troglodytes on the other side of the Red Sea.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trogus, Gnaeus Pompeius

See also Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TROGUS, GNAEUS POMPEIUS, Roman historian from the country of Vocontii in Gallia Narbonensis, nearly contemporary with Livy, flourished during the age of Augustus. His grandfather served in the war against Sertorius with Pompey, through whose influence he obtained the Roman citizenship; hence the name Pompeius, adopted as a token of gratitude to his benefactor. His father served under Julius Caesar in the capacity of secretary and interpreter. Trogus himself seems to have been a man of encyclopaedic knowledge. He wrote, after Aristotle and Theophrastus, books on the natural history of animals and plants, frequently quoted by the elder Pliny. But his principal work was Historiae Philippicae in forty-four ​books, so called because the Macedonian empire founded by Philip is the central theme of the narrative. This was a general history of the world, or rather of those portions of it which came under the sway of Alexander and his successors. It began with Ninus, the founder of Nineveh, and ended at about the same point as Livy (A.D. 9). The last event recorded by the epitomator Justin (q.v.) is the recovery of the Roman standards captured by the Parthians in 20 B.C. He left untouched Roman history up to the time when Greece and the East came into contact with Rome, possibly because Livy had sufficiently treated it. The work was based upon the writings of Greek historians, such as Theopompus (also the author of a Philippica), Ephorus, Timaeus, Polybius. Chiefly on the ground that such a work was beyond the powers of a Roman, it is generally agreed that Trogus did not gather together the information from the leading Greek historians for himself, but that it was already combined into a single book by some Greek (very probably Timagenes of Alexandria). His idea of history was more severe and less rhetorical than that of Sallust and Livy, whom he blamed for putting elaborate speeches into the mouths of the characters of whom they wrote. Of his great work, we possess only the epitome by Justin, the prologi or summaries of the 44 books, and fragments quoted in Vopiscus, Jerome, Augustine and other writers. But even in its present mutilated state it is often an important authority for the ancient history of the East. Ethnographical and geographical excursuses are a special feature of the work.
Fragments edited by A. Bielowski (1853); see also A. H. L. Heeren, De Trogi P. fontibus et auctoritate (prefixed to C. H. Frotscher’s edition of Justin); A. Enmann on the authorities used by Trogus for Greek and Sicilian history (1880); A. von Gutschmid, Über die Fragmente des Pompeius Trogus (1857); M. Schanz, Geschichte der römischen Litteratur (2nd ed., 1899), ii., where all that is known of Timagenes is given; Teuffel-Schwabe, Hist. of Roman Literature, § 258; and article Justin.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Haupt, Leonard

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Hawes, William

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Havergal, William

[ W. B. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Haupt, Carl

From volume 1 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Hauptmann, Moritz

From volume 1 of the work.
​HAUPTMANN, Moritz, Doctor of Philosophy, German composer and eminent theorist, and Cantor of the Thomas School at Leipsic, born at Dresden Oct. 13, 1792. His education was conducted mainly with a view to his father's ​profession of architecture; but he was also well grounded in music at an early age. He studied the violin under Scholz, and harmony and composition under various masters, concluding with Morlacchi. As Hauptmann grew up he determined to adopt music as a profession. To perfect himself in the violin and composition, he went in 1811 to Gotha, where Spohr was concert-meister, and the two then contracted a life-long friendship. He was for a short time violinist in the court band at Dresden (1812), and soon afterwards entered the household of Prince Repnin, Russian Governor of Dresden, with whom he went to Russia for four years in 1815. On his return to Germany he became violinist (1822) in Spohr's band at Cassel, and here gave the first indications of his remarkable faculty for teaching the theory of music. F. David, Curschmann, Burgmüller, Kufferath and Kiel, are among the long list of his pupils at that time. In 1842, on Mendelssohn's recommendation, he was appointed Cantor and Musik-director of the Thomas-Schule, and professor of counterpoint and composition at the new Conservatorium at Leipsic, where he thenceforward resided. Here he became the most celebrated theorist and most valued teacher of his day. Not only are there very few of the foremost musicians in Germany at the present moment who do not look back with gratitude to his instructions, but pupils flocked to him from England, America and Russia. Among his pupils will be found such names as Joachim, von Bülow, Cossmann, the Baches, Sullivan, Cowen, etc. etc. (See the list at the end of his letters to Hauser.) He died at Leipsic Jan. 3, 1868, loaded with decorations and diplomas.
[ A. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Hausmann, Robert

[ T. P. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Hautboy

From volume 1 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Hawkins, James

From volume 1 of the work.
​HAWKINS, James, Mus. Bac., was a chorister of St. John's College, Cambridge, and afterwards organist of Ely Cathedral from 1682 until his death in 1729. He was a voluminous composer of church music, and 17 services and 75 anthems by him are preserved (more or less complete) in MS. in the library of Ely Cathedral. Two services and 9 anthems (part of those) are also included in the Tudway collection (Harl. MSS. 7341, 7342). Hawkins transcribed and presented to the library of Ely Cathedral many volumes of cathedral music. He took his degree at Cambridge in 1719. He was a nonjuror, as appears by an autograph copy of one of his anthema in the library of the Sacred Harmonic Society (No. 1719), the words of which are applicable to party purposes, and which has a manuscript dedication 'to the Very Revnd Mr. Tomkinson and the rest of the Great, Good, and Just Nonjurors of St. John's College in Cambridge.'
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Johnson, John

​JOHNSON, John. See London Violin Makers, vol. ii. p. 164b.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Jones, John

From volume 2 of the work.
​JONES, John, organist of the Middle Temple Nov. 24, 1749; of the Charterhouse (following Dr. Pepusch) July 2, 1753; and of St. Paul's Cathedral Dec. 25, 1755. He died, in possession of these three seats, Feb. 17, 1796. He published 'Sixty Chants Single and Double' (1785) in the vulgar florid taste of that time. One of these was sung at George III.'s state visit to S. Paul's April 23, 1789, and at many of the annual meetings of the Charity Children. At that of 1791 Haydn heard it, and noted it in his diary as follows (with a material improvement in the taste of the fourth line):
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Jonas, Émile

From volume 2 of the work.
​JONAS, Émile, one of the younger rivals of Offenbach in opera-bouffe, born of Jewish parents March 5, 1827, entered the Conservatoire Oct. 28, 41, took second prize for harmony 1846, and first ditto 47, and obtained the second 'grand prix' for his 'Antonio' in 49. His début at the theatre was in Oct. 55 with 'Le Duel de Benjamin' in one act. This was followed by 'La Parade' (Aug. 2, 56); 'Le Roi boit' (Apr. 57); 'Les petits Prodiges' (Nov. 19, 57); 'Job et son chien' (Feb. 6, 63); 'Le Manoir des Larenardière' (Sept. 29, 64); and 'Avant la noce' (March 24, 65)—all at the Bouffes Parisiens, Then, at other theatres, came 'Les deux ​Arlequins (Dec. 29, 65); 'Le Canard a trois bees' (Feb. 6, 69). Many of his pieces have been given in London, such as 'Terrible Hymen' at Covent Garden, Dec. 26, 66; 'The Two Harlequins' (by A'Beckett) at the Gaiety, Dec. 21, 68; and 'Le Canard,' also at the Gaiety, July 28, 71. This led to his composing an operetta in 3 acts to an English libretto by Mr. A. Thompson, called 'Cinderella the younger,' produced at the Gaiety Sept. 25, 71, and reproduced in Paris as 'Javotte' at the Theatre Lyrique, Dec. 22 following. [App. p.685 "'Le Chignon d'or,' Brussels, 1874; 'La bonne Aventure,' 1882; 'Le premier Baiser,' 1883."]
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Joncières, Victorin de

[ A. J. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Jones, Edward

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Jones, Henry and Sons

[ V. de P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Johnson, Edward

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Johnson, Robert

From volume 2 of the work.
​JOHNSON, Robert, an ecclesiastic who flourished in the middle of the 16th century, was composer of motets, part-songs and virginal pieces. Burney says 'He was one of the first of our church composers who disposed their parts with intelligence and design. In writing upon a plainsong (moving in slow notes of equal length), which was so much practised in those times, he discovers considerable art and ingenuity, as also in the manner of treating subjects of fugue and imitation.' His part-song 'Defiled is my name' is printed in the Appendix to Hawkins's History and his motet, 'Sabbatum Maria,' and an Almain from Queen Elizabeth's Virginal Book in Burney's History. Two of his motets are contained in Add. MSS. 5059 and 11,586, British Museum. He was the composer of the part-song 'Tye the mare, Tom boy,' the words of which are printed in Bitson's 'Ancient Songs, 1790, p. 130.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Jones, Robert

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]