OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Storer, James Sargant

​STORER, JAMES SARGANT (1771–1853), draughtsman and engraver, was born in 1771, and devoted himself to the production of works on topography and ancient architecture, the plates in which, drawn and engraved by himself on a small scale, were distinguished for extreme accuracy and beauty of finish. For some years he was associated with John Greig, another topographical artist, in collaboration with whom he published ‘Cowper illustrated by a Series of Views,’ 1803; ‘Views in North Britain illustrative of the Works of Burns,’ 1805; ‘Views illustrative of the Works of Robert Bloomfield,’ 1806; ‘Select Views of London and its Environs,’ 1804–5; ‘The Antiquarian and Topographical Cabinet,’ 10 vols., with five hundred plates, 1807–11; and ‘Ancient Reliques,’ 1812. He was one of the artists employed upon Britton and Brayley's ‘Beauties of England and Wales,’ 1801–1816. From 1814 James Storer worked wholly in conjunction with his eldest son (see below), whom he outlived. He died at his house at Islington on 23 Dec. 1853, and was buried beside his son at St. James's Chapel, Pentonville.
The eldest son, Henry Sargant Storer (1795–1837), produced with his father ‘The Cathedrals of Great Britain,’ 4 vols. 1814–19 (pronounced by Pugin to be the most accurate views of those buildings in existence); ‘Delineations of Fountains Abbey,’ 1820, a work of great excellence; ‘Views in Edinburgh and its Vicinity,’ 1820; ‘The University and City of Oxford displayed,’ 1821; ‘Delineations of Gloucestershire,’ 1824; and ‘The Portfolio: a collection of Engravings from Antiquarian, Architectural, and Topographical Subjects,’ 4 vols., 1823–4. The letterpress of some of these works is believed to have been written by the elder Storer. ​He and his son also engraved the plates to Cromwell's ‘History of Clerkenwell,’ 1828, and ‘Walks through Islington,’ 1835, and other similar publications. They resided for some time at Cambridge, where they issued several sets of views of the town and university, the latest being ‘Collegiorum Portæ apud Cantabrigiam.’ H. S. Storer engraved, independently of his father, the plates to Pierce Egan's ‘Walks through Bath,’ 1819, and a view of Christ's College for the ‘Cambridge Almanack,’ 1822. He exhibited drawings at the Royal Academy from 1814 to 1836, and died, at the age of forty-one, on 8 Jan. 1837.
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of Quotations (Classical)

scanned copy at Index:Dictionary of Quotations (Classical).djvu

## Latin

* A

## Greek

This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of Spoken Russian

​WAR DEPARTMENT TECHNICAL MANUALTM 30-944
Dictionary of
Spoken Russian
ENGLISH - RUSSIAN RUSSIAN - ENGLISH
WAR DEPARTMENT
Washington, D.С.
9 November 1945
WAR DEPARTMENT Washington 25, D.C., 9 November 1945
TM 30-944, Dictionary of Spoken Russian, is published for the information and guidance of all concerned.
[AG. 300.7 (3 Mar. 43)]
By order of the Secretary of War:
Official:G. C. MARSHALL Chief of Staff
EDWARD F. WITSELL Major General Acting The Adjutant General
CONTENTS
Part II — Russian-English:
Part III — Appendixes:
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of Quotations (Classical)/A

"A diis quidem immortalibus quae potest homini major esse poena, furore atque dementia?" Cicero. De Haruspicum Responsis, XVIII., 39. "What greater punishment can the immortal gods inflict on man than madness or insanity?"
"A prima descendit origine mundi Causarum series." Lucan. Pharsalia, VI., 608. "Even from the first beginnings of the world Descends a chain of causes."
"A proximis quisque minime anteiri vult." Livy. Histories, VI. 34. "Every one has a special objection to being excelled by his own relations."
"A se suisque orsus primum domum suam coërcuit; quod plerisque haud minus arduum est quam provinciam regere." Tacitus. Argicola, XIX. "Beginning with himself and his family, he first made himself master in his own house; a thing which is, in many cases, as difficult as the ruling of a province."
"Ab alio expsectes, alteri quod feceris." Publilius Syrus. 1. "Look to be treated by others as you have treated others."
"Ab ovo usque ad mala." Horace. Satires, I., 3, 6. "From the eggs to the apples." (From morning till night, in allusion to the Roman cena.)
"Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit." Cicero. In Catilinam, II., 1, 1. "He is gone, he has fled, he has eluded our vigilance, he has broken through our guards."
"Absentem laedit, cum ebrio qui litigat." Publilius Syrus. 3. "He who quarrels with a drunken man injures one who is absent."
"Qui non defendit alio culpante, solutos Qui captat risus hominum, famamque dicacis, Fingere qui non visa potest, commissa tacere Qui nequit; hic niger est, hunc tu, Romane, caveto."
Horace. Satires, I., 4, 81. "He who maligns an absent friend's fair fame, Who says no word for him when others blame, Who courts a reckless laugh by random hits, Just for the sake of ranking among wits, Who feigns what he ne'er saw, a secret blabs, Beware him, Roman! that man steals or stabs."—(Conington.)
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Puncture

Edition of 1802.
​PUNCTURE, in farriery, a species of wound to which the feet of horses are much exposed; and which has received this name from the minuteness of the orifice; the injured parts closing up easily, so that it becomes difficult to ascertain the real depth of the wound.
Punctures are generally occasioned by the animals treading on sharp stones, broken glass, or other pointed substances, and not unfrequently from nails, when applied by clumsy farriers; in consequence of which, the sole or frog is perforated; the interior parts of the feet are wounded, and become highly inflamed.—If timely detected, punctures may be easily cured, by opening a passage, for the discharge of the collected matter; after which, it will be proper to keep the foot moist by the application of emollient poultices round the hoof. Should, however, any fragments of glass, nails, &c. remain in the wound, the inflammation will increase, and at length the tumor will suppurate. The matter then accumulates; and, from the natural shape of the hoof, finding no outlet downwards, it ascends up to the coronet, where it forms a round tumor, that afterwards breaks out into a malignant ulcer called a Quittor-bone; under which article we propose to state the most appropriate remedies to he adopted in such cases.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Prim

Edition of 1802.
​Prim. See Privet.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Printing

Edition of 1802.
​PRINTING, the art of taking impressions from figures or characters, on paper, linen, silk, &c.—It is divided into three distinct branches; namely, 1. From copper-plates, for pictures, which is denominated rolling-press printing. 2. From blocks, on which birds, flowers, and other representations are cut, for printing linen, cotton, or similar articles; and which is known under the name of calico-printing. 3. From moveable letters, for multiplying books, and which has received the appellation of letter-press printing.
The branch last mentioned, is undoubtedly the most curious and valuable; as to its general dissemination, may be chiefly attributed the progress of learning; the numberless discoveries and improvements in the arts and sciences, together with a variety of other valuable contrivances in domestic life, that must otherwise have been confined to the knowledge of a few individuals, if not totally lost to mankind. Hence, several cities have contended for the honour of its first introduction; but the claim is confined principally to Haarlem, in Holland (where it was invented by Laurence Coster), and to Mentz, in Germany (where Faust and Guttenberg were the first printers): to each of these it may in some measure be ascribed; the printing with separate wooden types being first practised at Haarlem in 1430; as that with metal types (which were first cut, and afterwards cast) was discovered at Mentz, in the year 1444 or 1445.
From Holland, the art of printing was introduced into England, about the middle of the 15th century: it was first carried on at Oxford; whence it has been diffused to every quarter of the island, and is now brought near to its acme of perfection.—A more minute account of the history of this valuable art, will be found in Mr. Ames's History of Printing (3 vols. 4to. 3l. 13s. 6d. 2d edit.); and in Messrs. Bowyer's and Nichols's Origin of Printing (8vo. 2d edit. 5s. boards).
In the year 1795, the Society for the Encouragement or Arts, &c. conferred a bounty of forty guineas on Mr. Ridley, for his invention of a Printing-press, on a new construction; but, as a description of its mechanism would be intelligible only to printers, the reader is ​referred to the 13th vol. of the Society's "Transactions;" where it is accurately described, and illustrated with an engraving,
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Puncheon

Edition of 1802.
​PUNCHEON, a vessel of capacity for measuring liquids; it is chiefly employed for the conveyance of rum from the colonies, and contains 130 gallons, according to the wine-measure.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Prong-hoe

Edition of 1802.
​PRONG-HOE, an implement of husbandry, employed for the hoeing or breaking of ground near, or among the roots of plants. It consists of two hooked points, six or seven inches in length; and, when stricken into the ground, will stir, and turn it to the same depth as a plough; thus answering both intentions, that of opening the land, and of cutting up weeds.—The prong-hoe is a very useful instrument, especially in the horse-hoeing husbandry, when the hoe-plough can only come within two or three inches of the rows of vegetables; as the land may thus be raised and stirred to the very stalk of the plant.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Punch

Edition of 1802.
​PUNCH, a compound liquor, much used in Britain, but more frequently in Jamaica, and other parts of the West Indies.—The basis of this beverage ought to be good spring-water; which, being being rendered cool, brisk, acidulated with lemon-juice, and sweetened with fine sugar, forms an agreeable and wholesome drink, called sherbet:—on adding a proper quantity of brandy, rum, or arrack, the composition is then denominated Punch.
​The proportions of the ingredients employed in making this favourite liquor, are various: in general, however, it acquires a proper degree of strength by combining four or five parts of water, with one of ardent spirit; but, in the summer season, a larger proportion of the former fluid may be used with advantage. Some persons substitute the juice of limes for that of lemons; but, in our opinion, the latter acid is not only milder, but also less injurious to the bowels.—See Limes.
Punch, used with moderation, may occasionally serve as a diuretic; but, for this purpose, it should be made weak, and unusually acid. If, at any period of the year, such beverage be proper or harmless, it will be so in hot weather; when, according to Dr. Short, it tends to lessen the effects of febrile heat, and hard labour upon the body; dilutes the fluids, promotes perspiration, and is said to be well calculated to resist infection. In short, punch is supposed to be of considerable service in preventing the hurtful effects of a moist and cold atmosphere, of pestilential vapours, of unclean occupations, of a damp military camp, and sometimes, too, of a temporary abstinence from food; but it should never be resorted to by the nervous, delicate, or invalid, as a substitute for wine; in which cases it will prove a liquid poison.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Primrose

Edition of 1802.
​PRIMROSE, or Primula, L. a genus of plants comprising 19 species; four of which are indigenous: the following are the principal:
1. The vulgaris, or Common Primrose, is perennial, grows in woods, hedges, thickets, and on heaths; it flowers in the months of April and May.—The blossoms of this species form an ingredient in pectoral teas; and the young leaves may be eaten in the spring among other culinary herbs.—Bees visit the odoriferous flowers, which are also said to impart briskness to wines. The roots, immersed in a cask of beer, or ale, render it much stronger.—Linnæus asserts, that silk-worm may be fed with its leaves.—Sheep and goats eat this plant; but cows do not relish it, and it is wholly refused by horses and hogs
2. The veris. See Cowslip.
3. The Polyanthus, a beautiful exotic species, which is cultivated in gardens, on account of its fragrance. It is one of the earliest spring flowers, and numerous varieties have been raised by gardeners; some of which are so greatly admired, as to be sold at one guinea per root. These are propagated from seed, which ought to be sown in December, in boxes of light rich earth, and slightly covered. When the young plants appear, they must be sheltered from the heat of the meridian sun; and, if the spring be dry, it will be requisite to water, and keep them in the shade.—In the month of May, they may be removed into rich shady borders, that have previously been manured with neats'-dung, where they are to be set at the distance of four inches, till they have taken root.
Here they must be carefully weeded; and, towards the end of August, they should be finally transplanted into borders of rich, light earth, in rows of six inches apart, and occasionally watered. At an early period of the succeeding spring, the plants will flower; and, if intended to be preserved, it will be necessary to remove them, when their time of blowing is past, into another border of similar soil; where, being weeded, and sheltered during the winter, they will produce strong and beautiful flowers in the following spring.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Pun

Edition of 1802.
​PUN, an expression, in which the same word is applied to different meanings.
The practice of punning is a miserable subterfuge employed by those who assume the character of wits, without possessing any talent for that invidious office. It is true, that an apposite pun, introduced with ingenuity, enlivens the conversation, and is calculated to excite innocent mirth; but, where a person assumes the profession of a punster, and is continually uttering senseless quibbles, he becomes a nuisance to society, and deserves to be expelled from the company of rational, thinking persons.—Nor can we approve of this paltry expedient, and the manner in which it is exercised by several of our daily prints:—instead of conveying useful lessons of morality, or of rural and domestic economy, abstracted from the best publications, they supply the want of political information, by ambiguous, and frequently obscene, punning.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Print

Edition of 1802.
​PRINT, an impression taken from a copper-plate.
As prints are more durable than paintings, and form a valuable part of the furniture of almost every house, we shall subjoin a method of cleaning and bleaching them, in case they become stained by accident, or otherwise soiled. It was invented by Signior Fabbroni, an Italian chemist, who published it in Brugnatelli's Annali di Chimica.—He directs a strong glass bottle to be half-filled with a mixture of one-fourth part of red lead, and three-fourths of spirit of salt, and to be closely secured by a glass stopper. The vessel is then to stand in a cool shady place, till a certain degree of heat, which is spontaneously produced, indicates the forming of new combinations. The minium loses a considerable portion of its oxygen, which unites with the liquor, and communicates to it a rich gold colour, together with the smell of oxygenated muriatic-acid (bleaching liquor); and a small quantity of lead is held in solution, which does not, however, lessen its effects.
In order to employ the liquid, thus prepared, a border of white ​wax should first be formed, about two inches in height, upon a large pane of glass: on this, the prints must be laid, in a ley made either of fresh urine, or of water mixed with a little ox-gall, for the space of three or four days; at the expiration of which time the liquor must be supplied with warm water, that ought to be changed every third or fourth hour, till it is poured off perfectly clear. Should any resinous matter remain on the prints, they must be moistened with a little alkohol.
The moisture must next be drained; and the print, being again placed on the plate of glass, ought to be covered with the oxygenated muriatic-acid liquor. Another pane is then to be placed on the lower one, to prevent any dangerous consequences arising from the pernicious vapour of the acid. In the course of one or two hours, the most discoloured prints will be restored to their original beauty. Lastly, after pouring off the acids, the prints must be washed two or three times in pure water, and dried in the sun.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Privet

Edition of 1802.
​PRIVET, Prim, or Print; Ligustrum vulgare, L.; an indigenous shrub, growing on rocks in the most exposed situations towards the Western Sea, and flowering in the months of June and July.
The Privet may be easily propagated by seed, layers, or by cuttings: being a hardy plant of quick growth, it is usefully employed in making hedges. It attains the height of from ten to fifteen feet; is adorned with oblong leaves, and bears black berries containing a violet pulp, which ripens in October. Its juice, when mixed with a solution of any acid salt, affords a black; with Glauber's salt, and spirit of sal ammoniac, a red; with urine, a purplish; and, with vitriol of iron, a green colour.—On steeping these berries in a solution of salt of tartar, they yield a fine blue juice, the shade of which may be rendered still brighter by adding quick-lime.—Weissmann, the author of the "Franconian Collections" (in German, vol. i. p. 312), conjectures that the incomparably black ink of Tragus, was prepared from these berries, combined with oil of vitriol.—With the addition of alum, this fruit is said to impart to wool and silk a good and durable green colour; but, for this purpose, the berries should be gathered as soon as they are ripe. The purple colour upon cards is likewise prepared from their juice.—The kernels contained in these berries, produce by expression an excellent oil. The wood serves both as fuel, and for the smaller objects of turnery, but especially for pegs, as it is uncommonly firm.—The branches of this shrub are useful for wicker-work, as well as for the finer kinds of baskets, on account of their great flexibility.—As this shrub is much frequented by the Spanish fly, we conceive it might with advantage be cultivated in the southern counties of Britain, for the purpose of collecting that valuable insect.—Oxen, goats, and sheep, eat the plant; but it is refused by horses.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Thomson, James (1768-1855)

​THOMSON, JAMES (1768–1855), editor of the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica,’ born in May 1768 at Crieff in Perthshire, was the second son of John Thomson by his wife, Elizabeth Ewan. Thomas Thomson (1773–1852) [q. v.] was his younger brother. James was educated at the parish school, and afterwards proceeded to Edinburgh University. He was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Haddington on 6 Aug. 1793, and frequently assisted his uncle, John Ewan, minister of Whittingham, East Lothian. In 1795 he became associated with George Gleig [q. v.], bishop of Brechin, as co-editor of the third edition of the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica.’ He wrote several articles himself, including those on ‘Scripture,’ ‘Septuagint,’ and ‘Superstition.’ That on ‘Scripture’ was retained in several later editions. During the same period he prepared an edition of the ‘Spectator,’ with short biographies of the contributors (Newcastle, 1799, 8 vols. 8vo). In 1796 he became tutor to the sons of John Stirling of Kippendavie, and resigned his post on the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica’ to his younger brother, Thomas Thomson (1773–1852) [q. v.] Both brothers were constant contributors to the ‘Literary Journal’ founded in 1803 by James Mill [q. v.], James Thomson contributing the philosophic articles. On 26 Aug. 1805 Thomson was ordained minister of Eccles, Berwickshire. In his country life he devoted himself to the study of the Bible in the original tongues, and to the careful editing of his discourses on St. Luke and the Acts of the Apostles. In 1842 he received the honorary degree of D.D. from the university of St. Andrews, and in 1847 he resigned his charge and retired to Edinburgh. In 1854 he removed to London, where he died on 28 Nov. 1855.
On 10 Oct. 1805 Thomson married Elizabeth, eldest daughter of James Skene of Aberdeen, second son of George Skene of Skene, Aberdeenshire. She died in 1851, leaving three sons: Robert Dundas Thomson [q. v.]; James Thomson, chairman of the government bank of Madras; and Andrew Skene Thomson, besides a daughter Eliza. ​Thomson was the author of:
* 'Rise, Progress, and Consequences of the new Opinions and Principles lately introduced into France,' Edinburgh, 1799, 8vo.
* 'Expository Lectures on St. Luke,' London, 1849-51, 8vo.
* 'Expository Lectures on the Acts of the Apostles,' London, 1854, 8vo.
He also contributed a 'Sketch of the present State of Agriculture in Berwickshire' to his brother Thomas Thomson's 'Annals of Philosophy.'
[Literary Gazette, 1856, p. 58; Chambers's Biogr. Dict. of Eminent Scotsmen, 1870; Scott's Fasti Eccl. Scot, i. ii. 413.]
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Thomson, James (1786-1849)

​THOMSON, JAMES (1786–1849), mathematician, born on 13 Nov. 1786, was fourth son of James Thomson, a small farmer at Annaghmore, near Ballynahinch, co. Down (the house is now called Spamount), by his wife, Agnes Nesbit. His early teaching was received solely from his father. At the age of eleven or twelve he had found out for himself the art of dialling. Seeing his strong bent for scientific pursuits, his father sent him to a school at Ballykine, near Ballynahinch, kept by Samuel Edgar, father of John Edgar [q. v.] Here Thomson soon rose to be an assistant. Wishing to become a minister of the presbyterian church, he in 1810 entered Glasgow University, where he studied for several sessions, supporting himself by teaching in the Ballykine school during the summer. He graduated M.A. in 1812, in 1814 he was appointed headmaster of the school of ‘arithmetic, bookkeeping, and geography’ in the newly established Academical Institution, Belfast; and in 1815 professor of mathematics in its collegiate department. Here he proved himself a teacher of rare ability.dannce dance dance dance ass ass ass ass In 1829 the honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the university of Glasgow, where in 1832 he was appointed professor of mathematics. He held this post till his death on 12 Jan. 1849.
Thomson married, in 1817, Margaret, eldest daughter of William Gardiner of Glasgow (she died in 1830), by whom he had four sons and three daughters, whose education he conducted with the utmost care. James ​ (1822–1892) [q. v.] and William, afterwards Lord Kelvin (1824–1908), were the two elder sons.
There is a good portrait of Thomson, by Grahame Gilbert, formerly belonging to Lord Kelvin. A copy of it hangs in the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow.
He was the author of the following schoolbooks, which long enjoyed a high reputation and passed through many editions: 1. ‘Arithmetic,’ Belfast, 1819; 72nd edit. London, 1880. 2. ‘Trigonometry, Plane and Spherical,’ Belfast, 1820; 4th edit. London, 1844. 3. ‘Introduction to Modern Geography,’ Belfast, 1827. 4. ‘The Phenomena of the Heavens,’ Belfast, 1827. 5. ‘The Differential and Integral Calculus,’ 1831; 2nd edit. London, 1848. 6. ‘Euclid,’ 1834. 7. ‘Atlas of Modern Geography.’ 8. ‘Algebra,’ 1844. A very graphic paper, entitled ‘Recollections of the Battle of Ballynahinch, by an Eye-witness,’ which appeared in the ‘Belfast Magazine’ for February 1825, was from his pen.
T. H.