# Beowulf (Wyatt)/Glossary, M to Y

M.
(1) time, occasion, 316, etc.
(1) with acc., declare, proclaim, 857, 1067.
meodo-wong, st. m., mead-plain, plain or field where the mead-hall stood, 1643.
(1) mingle; pp. gemenged, 848, 1593.
(1) with dat., with, amid, among, 77, 195, 274, 902, 1217, 1313, 1868, 2308, etc.; following its case, 41, 889, 1625; of time, 126; with, by means of, through, 317, 438, 475, 574, 779, 1184, 1892, 2028, 2468, etc. Special passages: mid rihte, “by right,” 2056; mid gewealdum, “of his own accord,” 2221; mid him, “among themselves,” 2948.
(1) mood, mind, etc., 50, etc.
(1) with gen., remember, 1105. (2) remind, 2057.
(1) wish, hope, 2572.
N.
with dat. nēh, 2411.
with dat. 564, 1924, 2242.
(1) unless, 250, 1056, 1552, etc.; except that, 1353.
​(2) In elliptical sentences, with quasi-prepositional force, unless, save, 1934, 2151, 2533.
(1) intrans. survive, escape, 999.
(1) with acc., dare, encounter, 2350. (2) with dat., risk, 510, 538.
(1) with acc. hazard, dare, venture on, brave, 888, 959, 1656, 1933, 2511.
for-niman, st. v., carry off; pret. fornam, -nāmon, 488, 2828, etc.
O.
(1) with acc., over, 10, 46, 200, 217, 231, 239, 240, 311, 649, 859, 984, 1705, 1717, 2259, 2980, etc.; against, 2330, 2409, 2589; of, 2724; above, beyond, 2879; without, 685; of time, after, 736, 1781. Special passages: ofer eorðan, “on earth,” 248, etc.; ofer wer-þēode, “throughout the nations of men,” 899; ofer ealle, “so that all could hear,” 2899.
(1) with dat., of place and time, on, in, 40, 53, 76, 409, 607, 609, 677, 702, 782, 847, 891, 926, 1041, 1292, 1352, 1544, 1581, 1618 (a-swimming), 1643, 1662, 1830 (with respect to), 1884, 2197, 2248, 2276, 2311 (upon), 2705, 3157, etc.; after its case, 1935, 2357, 2866; in, among, 1557; at, 126, 303, 575, 683, 3148; by, 1484. (2) with acc., onto, into, 35, 67, etc.; on, in, 507, 516, 627, 635, 708, 996, 1095, 1109, 1297, 1456, 1675, 2132, 2193, 2690, 2650 (with regard to; cf. ll. 1830–1), etc.; of time, 484, 837, 1428, etc.; to, 1728, 2662, 1739 (according to); towards, 21. Special passages: 873 (see spēd), 1579 (see ān), 1753 (see endestæf), 2799 (see feorh-legu), 2903 (see efn), 2962 (see wrecan); on gebyrd, “by fate,” 1074; an wīg gearwe, “ready for war,” 1247; on ryht, “rightly,” 1555; on unriht, “falsely,” 2739; on gylp, “for a boast, out of bravado,” 1749; on mīnne sylfes dōm, “at my own disposal, choice,” 2147; þe ic hēr on starie, “on which I am here gazing,” 2796.
(1) or, 283, 649 (see note), etc.
R.
(1) intrans., decide, decree, 2858.
(1) make roomy, prepare; pp. gerȳmed, 492, 1975. (2) make room, clear a way; pp. ðā him gerȳmed wearð, þæt hīe wael-stōwe wealdan mōston, “when the way was made clear for them so that they were masters of the field,” 2983; so 3088
S.
on-sacan, st. v.: (1) with acc. pers. and gen. rei, attempt a person’s life: pres. subj. þætte freoðu-webbe fēores onsæce…lēofne mannan, “that a peace-weaver should assail the life of a dear man,” 1942.
(1) time, season, occasion, opportunity, 622, 1008, etc.; acc. sg. sēle, 1135.
shoot or dart into, hurry to; pret. sg. hord eft gescēat, 2319.
I. Demon. pron., that, that one, he, etc.: m. sē, 469, 2406, 2804; f. sīo, 2024, 2087; neut. þæt, 716, 734, 765, 1002 (see be-flēon); acc. m. þone, 3009; gen. m. and neut. þæs, 1774; ic ðæs ealles mæg…gefēan habban, “I can have joy of all that,” 2739; dat. m. and neut. þǣm, 12, þām, 137; acc. pl. þā, 3014; gen. pl. þāra, 1015 (see note). Immediately followed by the rel. particle þe (q. v.): nom. sē þe, 90, 441, 1497, 2222, 2292, 2864; acc. þone þe, 2295, 3003, 3034, 3116; dat. þām þe, 2601, 2861, 3055; gen. pl. þāra þe, 98, 878, 1196, 1461, 1578, 1625 (“of those things which”). With þe ​omitted: þām = þām þe, 2199, 2779. Correl. with sē used as a rel. pron.: sē…sē, 2406–7. Particular usages:
(1) gen. neut. þæs, of that, of this, thereof, for that, for this, therefor, 7, 16, 114, 350, 588, 1145, 1692, 1778, 2032, 2239, 2335; therefore, 900, 1992. Correl. with þæt, conj., 2026–8, etc. See also þæs, adv. (2) instr. neut. þȳ, þē, therefore, 1273, 2067. Correl. with þē, conj. (q. v.), 487, 1436, 2638. Often with comparatives, the: 821, 974, 1902, 2277, 2687, 2749, 2880; nō þȳ ǣr, “none the sooner,” 754, etc. (3) instr. neut. þon; þon mā, “(the) more,” 504; æfter þon, “after that,” 724; ǣr þon, “ere,” 731; be þon, “by that,” 1722; tō þon, þæt, “until,” 2591, 2845. See also under tō.
II. Rel. pron., that, who, which, what; m. sē, 143, 370, 1610, 2407, 2865, etc.; sē for sēo, 2421 (see also þe); neut. þæt = “what,” 15, 1466, 1748; m. acc. þone, 1354, 2048, 2751; f. acc. þā, 2022; gen. neut. Gode þancode…þæs se man gespræc, “thanked God for what the man spake,” 1398; þæs ic wēne, “according to what I expect, as I ween,” 272; so, 383; dat. sing. m. and neut. þǣm, 310, 374, 1363, 1688; þām, 2612; pl. þā, 704, etc. See also þǣs, adv.
(1) rest, ride, lie, stand, 302, 2767.
geond-sēon, st. v., see throughout, see over; pret. sg. geondseh, 3087.
ofer-sēon, st. v., oversee, survey, look on, 419.
be-settan, w. v., beset, set about, 1453.
ge-settan, w. v.: (1) set, 94.
for-sittan, st. v., fail; pres. sg. 3rd, ēagena bearhtm forsiteð ond forsworceð, “eyes’ brightness will fail and grow dim,” 1767.
ge-sittan, st. v.: (1) intrans. sit, sit together, 171, 749, 1977, etc. (2) trans, sit down in, 633.
ofer-sittan, st. v., with acc., abstain from, refrain from, 684, 2528.
of-sittan, st. v., with acc., sit upon, 1545.
on-sittan, st. v., with acc., dread, 597.
(1) way, journey, expedition, undertaking, adventure, 3058, 765, 532, 2532, 318, 872 (exploit), 908 (way of life), 1971 (return), 2541 (way), 2586 (course), 3089 (passage), etc.
I. intrans. strike, 681, 1565, 2679. II. trans.: (1) strike, 2699. (2) slay, 108, 1152, 2050, etc.
(1) fight out, 459. (2) gain by fighting; pret. pl. hīe ðā mǣrða geslōgon, “they gained glory by fighting,” 2996.
ge-springan, st. v., pret. gesprong, gesprang: spring forth, arise, 884, 1667.
(1) institute, carry on; pp. ge-stǣled, 1340.
(1) column; dat. pl. ðā stān-bogan stapulum fæste, “the stone-arches firm on columns,” 2718.
stōp, 761, 1401.
pret. forð nēar ætstōp, 745.
æt-stondan, st. v., stand (in), 891.
for-stondan, for-standan, st. v., withstand, avert, defend, 1549 ; inf. hēaðo-līðendum hord forstandan, “defend his hoard against the ocean-farers,” 2955; pret. subj. him…wyrd forstōde, “averted weird from them,” 1056.
II. conjunctive adv., as in its various meanings, 29, 490, 881, 3098, 1667 (when), 2184 (since), etc.; in elliptical sentences, 2622; eft swā ǣr, 642; correl. with swā I., 594, 1092–3, etc. Special passage: swā mē Higelāc sīe…mōdes blīðe, “as may H. be gracious to me, on condition that H. be gracious to me,” 435.
III. = rel.pron.; wlite-beorhtne wang, swā wæter bebūgeð, “the beauteous-bright plain, which water encompasses,” 93.
IV. conj., so that, 1508, 2006.
swā þēah, swā ðēh, however, 972, 2967, etc.; redundant after hwæðre, 2442.
swā hwæðere……swā, whichsoever, 686-7.
(1) adj. 582, 1347, etc. (2) pron. 299 (with gen.), 996; gen. swulces, 880 (see hwā); acc. ōðer swylc ūt offerede, “carried out and off another such [batch],” 1583.
II. ( = L. qualis) such as, 1156 (with gen.), 1797, 2869; acc. eall gedælan…swylc him God sealde, “deal out all that God gave him,” 72.
T.
gē-tēon, st. v., tug, draw, 1545, 2610; deliver, 1044. Special passages: imperat. sg. nō ðū him wearne getēoh ðīnra gegn-cwida, “do not thou give them a refusal of thy replies,” 366; pret. sg. hē him ēst getēah mēara ond māðma, “he honoured him with the horses and treasures,” 2165.
of-tēon, st. v., tug off or away, withhold; with gen. rei and dat. pers., 5; with dat. rei, 1520; with acc. rei, 2489.
(1) for, in adverbial phrases of time: tō aldre, 955, 2005, 2498; tō life, 2432; tō wīdan fēore, 933. (2) to, with gerunds, 1008, etc.; rarely with infs., 316, 2556. (3) Following its case: him tō, “to it,” 313; 1396 (see wēnan); þe þū hēr tō lōcast, “on which thou lookest here,” 1654; þe ūs sēceað tō Swēona lēoda, “for which the peoples of the Swedes will come against us,” 3001.
tō þæs, adv., so, 1616.
to þæs þe, conjunctive phrase, to (the point) where, thither whence, 714, 2410, 1967; to the point (degree), that, 1585.
tō þon, adv., to that degree, so, 1876.
(1) = preposition without expressed object (cf. the particles of separable verbs in German): thereto, to him, to it, 1785, 2648, 1755; on, 1422.
​(2) too, before adjs. and advs., 133, 137, 191, etc. Special passages: tō fela micles, “far too much,” 694; hē tō fortð ge-stōp, “he had stepped too far forth,” 2289.
(1) with gen. or dat., trow, trust; with gen., 2322, 2540; with dat., 1533.
Þ, Ð.
I. adv., then, 3, 331, 461, 465, 536, 657, etc.
I. adv., there, 32, 331, 493, etc.; unemphatic (like mod. there with impers. verbs) 271, 440, etc. For ðǣr on innan, 71, 2089, etc., see innan.
​II. rel. adv., where, 286, 420, 1007, 1079, 1394, etc.; (to) where, 356, 1313, etc.; if, 2730, 1835 (?). With swā following: ðǣr…swa, “wheresoever,” 797; “if so be that,” 2730.
(1) therefore, 900, 1992; see sē. (2) so, 773, 968, 1367.
(1) as, 1341, 1350, 3000. (2) because, 108, 228, 626, 1628, 1751, 1998, 2797; correl. with preceding þæs, 1779.
(1) with gen. rei, thanks, 928, 1997, etc.
(1) Alone, 192, 500, etc.; acc.sg. 355, 2182; dat. sg. 2400, 3001; nom. pl. 45, etc.; acc. pl. 2490, 2196; gen. pl. 950; dat.pl. þe gē þǣr on standað, “in which ye stand there,” 2866; so 1654. Special passages: hēo þā, fǣhðe wræc, þe þū gystran niht Grendel cwealdest, “she avenged the feud, in which thou killedst Grendel yesternight,” 1334; mid þǣre sorhge, þe him sīo sār belamp, “with the sorrow, where-with that blow befell (afflicted) him,” 2468. (2) Immediately preceded by redundant sē, sēo, þæt, etc.; sē þe, 103, 1260, 1342, 1449, 1462 (antec. ǣngum); sē þe for sēo þe, 1344, 1887, 2685; sēo þe, 1445; ðone þe, 1054, 1298, 2056, 2173; pl. þā þe, 1592. Correlatives: se…sē þe, 506 (followed by verb in 2nd pers.); sēo hand …sē þe, 1343–4; sīo hond…sē þe, 2684–5; þæt ys sīo fǣhðo ond se fēond-scipe…þe ūs sēceað tō Swēona lēoda, “that is the feud and the enmity for which the peoples of the Swedes will come against us,” 2999–3001. N.B. After þāra þe the verb is often in the sg.: 843, 996, 1051, 1461, 2130, 2251, 2383. (3) Followed by redundant hē: acc. sg. m. þe hine dēað nimeð, “whom death will take,” 441.
þæt þe, see þæt, conj.
þēah þe, see þēah.
forðon þe, see forþam.
(1) because, correl. with a preceding þȳ, þē (see sē), 488, 1436, 2641. (2) that, so that, 242 (? possibly ​dat. of the rel. particle þe, “because of which,” antecedent ǣg-wearde).
þearfa, “shelterless,” 2225.
(1) address, speak, 1843.
(1) trans. 832, 1525, etc. (2) intrans. 2499.
(1) trans., endure, 87, 147; dat. inf. tō geþolianne, 1419.
(1) when, while, with indic. and subj., 23, 573, etc.; in elliptical sentence, brēac þonne mōste, “enjoyed [him or them] while I might,” 1487. Correl. with þonne, adv.: 484–5, 2032–4; swā bið gēomorlīc…þonne hē gyd wrece…þonne his sunu hangað, “so will it be sad, [that] he should then utter a dirge, when his son is hanging,” 2446–7.
U.
(1) with dat. (of rest), 1163, 1204, 1209, etc.; during, with, 738.
(1) but now, 932.
W.
(1) intrans., wane, diminish, 1607.
up, 2046, 3024; pret. wehte, 2854. Special passage: bǣl-fȳra mǣst…weccan, “to kindle the greatest of funeral piles,” 3144.
I. Pron.: (1) with gen. wel-hwylc witena, “well nigh every councillor,” 266. (2) neut. absolutely, everything, 874.
ge-wendan, w. v., trans. and intrans., turn, change, 315, 186.
(1) with acc. rei, throw, 1531. (2) with acc. pers. and gen. rei, sprinkle, 2791.
(1) intrans., become, be, happen, 3061. (2) trans., agree about, settle; inf. þæt ðū…lēte Sūð-Dene sylfe geweorðan gūðe wið Grendel, “that thou wouldst let the South Danes themselves settle their war with Grendel,” 1996.
Special passages: (1) Omission of infin. 617, 1857, 2363, 2497, 2659; also 992, 2256.
(1) war, battle, 23, 65, 1084, etc.; dat. wigge, 1656, 1770, 1783.
I. st. f.. wight, being, creature, 120, 3038. II. st. f. neut., whit, aught, 2601 (see onwendan), 1660; acc. for wiht, “for aught,” 2348; with gen., 581. III. Adverbial use, aught, at all; almost always negative (with ne), naught, not at all, no whit. (1) Acc., with ne or nō: 862, 1083, 2854, 2857, 541; nō hine wiht dweleð ādl ne yldo, “sickness or age misleads him not a whit,” 1735.
be-windan, st. v., wind about, brandish, enclose, grasp, mingle, 1461, 1031, etc.; pp. galdre be-wunden, “wound about with incantation, encompassed with a spell,” 3052.
ge-windan, st. v., intrant., wind, turn, flee away, 763, 1001.
(1) weal, 1735.
twit, blame, charge; pret. pl. ætwiton wēana dǣl, “charged [him] with his share of their woes,” 1150.
ge-wītan, st. v., depart, go, 42, 123, 2471, etc.; often with reflex. dat. 26, 662, 1125, etc.; often followed by inf. (in many cases best rendered by a pres. part.) 291, 853, 234, 2387, etc. Special passages: fyrst forð gewāt, “time went on,” 210; pp., dat. sg. m., þæt ðū mē ā wǣre forð gewitenum on fæder stǣle, “that thou wouldst aye be to me when dead in a father’s place,” 1479.
oð-wītan, st. v., with acc. rei and dat. pers., reproach; inf. ne ðorfte him ðā lēan oðwītan mon on middan-gearde, “no man on earth needed to reproach him
for-wrecan, st. v., with acc., drive away, banish, 1919, 109.
(1) a wood, 1364, 1416. (2) a spear; acc. pl. wudu, 398.
(1) intrans. dwell, remain, 284, 1128; with dat. wīcum wunian, 3083. (2) trans. indwell, inhabit, 1260, 2902.
(1) with acc. work, make, 930, 92, 1452; pret. part. pl. (as adj.) fæste geworhte, “steadfast,” 1864. (2) with gen. achieve; subj. pres. wyrce sē þe mōte dōmes, “achieve glory he who may,” 1387.
ge-wyrc(e)an, w. v., work, 20, 69, 1660, etc.: (1) intrans. act, 20.
Y.
(1) trans. show; pres. sg. ēaweð, 276; pret. ȳwde, 2834.
(2) intrans. appear; pres. sg. ēoweð, 1738. Cf. ēage.
CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY. M.A. AND SONS. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.