OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Meissonier, Juste Aurèle

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​MEISSONIER, JUSTE AURÈLE (1695–1750), French goldsmith, sculptor, painter, architect, and furniture designer, was born at Turin, but became known as a worker in Paris, where he died. His Italian origin and training were probably responsible for the extravagance of his decorative style. He shared, and perhaps distanced, the meretricious triumphs of Oppenard and Germain, since he dealt with the Baroque in its most daring and flamboyant developments. Rarely does he leave a foot or two of undecorated space; the effect of the whole is futile and fatiguing. It was because Meissonier carried the style of his day to its extreme that he acquired so vast a popularity. Like the English brothers Adam at a later day he not only as architect built houses, but as painter and decorator covered their internal walls; he designed the furniture and the candlesticks, the silver and the decanters for the table; he was as ready to produce a snuff-box as a watch case or a sword hilt. Not only in France, but for the nobility of Poland, Portugal and other countries who took their fashions and their taste from Paris, he made designs, which did nothing to improve European taste. Yet his achievement was not wholly without merit. His work in gold and silver-plate was often graceful and sometimes bold and original. He was least successful in furniture, where his twirls and convolutions, his floral and rocaille motives were conspicuously offensive. He was appointed by Louis XV. Dessinateur de la chambre et du cabinet du roi; the post of designer pour les pompes funèbres et galantes was also held along with that of Orfèvre du roi.
For our knowledge of his work we are considerably indebted to his own books of design: Livre d’ornements en trente pièces; Livre d’orfèvrerie d’église en six pièces, and Ornements de la carte chronologique.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Meinberg

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​MEINBERG, a village and watering-place of Germany, in the principality of Lippe Detmold, situated in a pleasant valley under the Teutoburger Wald, 12 m. S.E. from Detmold by the railway to Altenbeken. Pop. (1905), 1300. The waters of Meinberg, which attract annually about 1200 visitors, are sulphur springs, and are used for drinking, bathing and inhalation. They became known in the 18th century.
See Gilbert and Meissner, Bad Meinberg und seine Kurmittel (Berlin, 1902).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Meir of Rothenburg

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​MEIR OF ROTHENBURG (c. 1215–1293), German rabbi and poet, was born in Worms c. 1215. He played a great part in organizing the Jewish communal life of the middle ages. In 1286 for some unknown reason he was thrown into prison in Alsace, where he remained until his death in 1293. His friends offered to find a ransom, but he declined the suggestion, fearing that the precedent would lead to extortion in other cases. He wrote glosses to the Talmud (tosaphot) and many Responsa of the utmost value for historical research. Through his disciples Asher ben Yeḥiel and Mordecai ben Hillel, Meir exercised much ​influence on subsequent developments of Judaism. He was also a liturgical poet of considerable merit. One of his finest elegies is translated into English in Nina Davis’s Songs of Exile.
See L. Ginzberg, Jewish Encyclopedia, viii. 437—440.  (I. A.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Goltz, Karl, Count von der

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GOLTZ, KARL, Count von der (1864-), German lieutenant-general, was born at Brühl June 28 1864. He commanded a division of the Landwehr at the battle of the Masurian Lakes in Feb. 1915. In the spring of 1918 he led the Baltic Div. (Ostsee Div.) into Finland and was appointed chief-in-command in the Baltic countries in Nov. 1918. In the following year his position became anomalous. He was leading a volunteer army professedly against the Bolshevists, but his recall was demanded by the Allied and Associated Powers. His removal was effected only with great difficulty by the Berlin Government, as he had taken the bit in his teeth. He was suspected of cherishing designs for leading his Baltic volunteers back at some suitable moment into Germany in order to place them as an instrument at the disposal of the royalist and reactionary movement. Sections of them (Das Baltikum) actually took part in the military occupation of Berlin which attended the Kapp coup in March 1920, and great difficulty was afterwards experienced in disbanding them. Count von der Goltz wrote Meine Sendung in Finnland und im Baltikum (1920), describing his experiences in the Baltic countries in 1918-9.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gosse, Edmund

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​GOSSE, EDMUND (1849–), English man of letters (see 12.268), was the recipient Sept. 21 1919, his 70th birthday, of an address of congratulation signed by a large body of Englishmen of note in art or letters, in recognition of his long and distinguished service to literary criticism. This was followed up by the presentation to him on their behalf of a portrait bust, Nov. 9 1920. His more recent publications include Portraits and Studies (1912); Collected Essays (1912); Inter Arma (1916); The Life of A. C. Swinburne (1917); Three French Moralists (1918); Some Diversions of a Man of Letters (1919).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gollancz, Sir Israel

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GOLLANCZ, SIR ISRAEL (1863-), British man of letters, of Jewish family, was born in London July 13 1863. He was educated at the City of London school and afterwards at University College, London, and Christ's College, Cambridge. From 1892 to 1895 he was Quain student and lecturer in English at University College, London, and in 1896 was appointed university lecturer in English at Cambridge, becoming in 1906 university professor of English language and literature at King's College, London. He became secretary of the British Academy on its foundation in 1903. He was general editor of the Temple Classics and King's Library series and of the Book of Homage to Shakespeare which appeared in 1916. His published works include Cynewulf's Christ (1892); an edition of Lamb's Specimens of Elizabethan Dramatists (1893); Exeter Book of Anglo-Saxon Poetry (1895) and Hamlet in Iceland (1898).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Goluchowski, Agenor, Count

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GOLUCHOWSKI, AGENOR, Count (1849-1921), Austrian statesman (see 12.227), died at Lemberg March 29 1921.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gorell, John Gorell Barnes, 1st Baron

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​GORELL, JOHN GORELL BARNES, 1st Baron (1848–1913), English judge, was born at Liverpool May 16 1848, the son of Henry Barnes, a shipowner. He was educated at Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he took his degree in 1868. He began work as a solicitor, but was called to the bar in 1876, becoming Q.C. in 1888. He was well known as an expert in Admiralty cases, and in 1892 was made a judge of the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty division, becoming its president in 1905 on the retirement of Sir Francis Jeune (Lord St. Helier). He was made a privy councillor in 1905, and in 1909 was raised to the peerage. In 1909 he became chairman of the royal commission on divorce. Lord Gorell, who married in 1881 Mary, daughter of Thomas Mitchell, died at Mentone April 22 1913.
He was succeeded by his son, Henry Gorell Barnes (1882– 1917), who was born Jan. 21 1882, and educated at Winchester, Trinity College, Oxford, and Harvard. He was called to the bar in 1906, and acted as secretary to his father during the latter's later years on the bench and also during his presidency of the divorce commission. He served during the World War and was awarded the D.S.O. He was killed in action Jan. 16 1917, and was succeeded as 3rd baron by his brother, the Hon. Ronald Gorell Barnes (b. 1884).
See J. E. G. de Montmorency, John Gorell Barnes, first Lord Gorell (1920).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gokhale, Gopal Krishna

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GOKHALE, GOPAL KRISHNA (1866-1915), Indian constitutional leader, was born at Kolhapur in 1866 of a humble Chitpavan Brahman family. Graduating in arts at the Elphinstone College, Bombay, in 1884, he joined as professor of history and political economy the group of teachers at the Fergusson College, Poona, pledged to serve for 20 years on a merely nominal salary. He remained on the staff, finally as
principal, until 1902. Becoming actively identified with the National Congress movement, he was for some years the joint secretary and in 1905 president at the Benares session. After two years on the Bombay Legislature, he was elected in 1902 to represent the non-official members thereof in the Viceregal Legislature. His persuasive eloquence, close reasoning, accurate knowledge of the subjects discussed, and instincts of statesmanship won him the Indian leadership, and Lord Curzon recognized his earnest patriotism by nominating him for the C.I.E. (1904). A few months before his death he declined promotion to knighthood of the order. Consulting him freely in reference to his projected constitutional reforms, Lord Morley wrote of him to the Viceroy as appreciating executive responsibility and having an eye for the tactics of common sense (Recollections, vol. ii., p. 181). He was fiercely assailed by the extremist section, which never succeeded in his lifetime in capturing the Congress machinery. In 1905 he founded his Servants of India Society, whose members take vows of poverty and lifelong service of their country in a religious spirit. Under the leadership of his successor, Mr. Srinivasa Sastri, the society is exerting a powerful influence in social and economic amelioration. In the enlarged Viceregal Legislature elected in 1910 Gokhale promoted measures for compulsory education on a basis of local option, but did not survive to see this principle introduced from 1918 onwards in most of the provinces. Though his last years were clouded by illness, he was a powerful member of the Indian Public Services Commission 1912-5. His death at Poona Feb. 19 1915 was a severe blow to the constitutional party at a critical moment in India's political history. His last political testament, entrusted on his deathbed to the Aga Khan, was published in Aug. 1917 and outlined plans of reform based on the principle of provincial autonomy, so substantially recognized in the Government of India Act 1919.
Gokhale's speeches down to 1908 were published in Madras and there are many small memoirs, but no authoritative life has been written.
(F. H. Br.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Goltz, Colmar, Baron von der

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GOLTZ, COLMAR, Baron von der (1843-1916), Prussian general, military writer and organizer of the Turkish army (see 12.227). Gen. von der Goltz was made a field-marshal in 1911 and retired in 1913. In Aug. 1914 he was appointed governor-general of Belgium, then occupied by German forces. In Nov. of the same year he was attached to the Turkish headquarters as aide-de-camp-general to the Sultan. In April 1915 he was placed in the chief command of the I. Turkish army in Mesopotamia, and succeeded in investing Gen. Townshend's British forces at Kut-el-Amara on April 19 1916. He died at Bagdad and was said to have been poisoned by the Young Turks. His latest work was Kriegsgeschichte Deutschlands im 19ten Jahrhundert (1910-4, 2 vols.).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Goudy, Henry

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​GOUDY, HENRY (1848-1921), English jurist, was born in the north of Ireland Sept. 16 1848, the son of the Rev. A. P. Goudy, D.D., of Strabane, co. Tyrone. He was educated at the universities of Glasgow, Edinburgh and Konigsberg, obtain- ing thus special advantages for the study of Roman law, in which he became a leading authority. He was called to the Scottish bar and published a work on the Scottish law of bank- ruptcy in 1886. In 1889 he was appointed professor of civil law at Edinburgh University and in 1893 regius professor of civil law at Oxford which chair he occupied until 1919, being also fellow of All Soul's College in right of his professorship. He was joint author of a Manual on Local Government in Scotland (1880), edited Muirhead's Private Law of Rome (1898), translated and annotated Jhering's Jurisprudens des taglichen Lcbens (1904), and published a short treatise on Trichotomy in Roman Law (1910), as well as a lecture on the Fate of the Roman Law north and south of the Tweed (1894) and various articles for the E.B. He was editor of the Juridical Review from its foundation in 1889 until 1893, and he was one of the founders of the Society of Public Teachers of Law and of the Grotius Society, instituted in 1915 during the World War, for the advancement of inter- national law. He died at Bath March 3 1921.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Viélé-Griffin, Francis

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​VIÉLÉ-GRIFFIN, FRANCIS (1864–), French poet, was born at Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., on the 26th of May 1864. He was educated in France, dividing his time between Paris and Touraine. His volumes include Cueille d’avril (1885); Les Cygnes (1887; new series, 1892); La Chevauchée d’Yeldis (1893); Swanhilde, a dramatic poem (1894); Laus Veneris (1895), a volume of translations from Swinburne; Poèmes et Poésies (1895), a collection containing much of his earlier work; Phocas le jardinier (1898); and La Légende ailée de Wieland le Forgeron (1899), a dramatic poem. M. Viélé-Griffin is one of the most successful writers of the vers libre, the theory of which he expounded, in conjunction with MM. Paul Adam and Bernard Lazare, in the pages of a periodical entitled Entretiens politiques et littéraires (1890–92). He is at his best in the adaptation of the symbolism of old legend to modern uses.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vlaardingen

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​VLAARDINGEN, a river port of Holland, in the province of South Holland, on the Maas, 6 m. by rail W. of Rotterdam. Pop. 17,000. A very old town and the seat of a former margraviate belonging to the counts of Holland, Vlaardingen is now chiefly important as the centre of the great herring and cod fisheries of the North Sea. Its only ornaments are the old market-place and the gardens formed by the purchase in 1825 ​of a seat called the Hof. The chief industries are those connected with the large fishing trade.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vladivostok

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​VLADIVOSTOK, the chief Russian seaport and naval station on the Pacific Ocean, situated at the southern extremity (43° 7′ N. and 131° 55′ E.) of the Maritime Province, not far from the point where that government touches both Manchuria and Korea (Cho-sen). It is connected by rail with Khabarovsk (479 m. N.N.E.), the capital of the Amur region, and with Chita in Transbaikalia (1362 m.) via Ninguta, Kharbin, Tsitsikar and Khailar. Pop. (1900) 38,000. The town stands on Peter the Great Gulf, occupying the northern shore of one of its horn-like expansions, which the Russians have called the Golden Horn. The depth of the Eastern Bosporus ranges from 13 to 20 fathoms, and that of the Golden Horn from 5 to 13, the latter affording a spacious harbour. The hills are covered with forests of oak, lime, birch, maple, cork, walnut, acacia, ash, aspen, poplar, elm, apple, pear and wild cherry, with a rich undergrowth of the most varied shrubs. Excellent timber is supplied by ​oak and cedar forests not far off. The climate, however, is severe, as compared with that of corresponding latitudes in Europe. Though standing in almost the same parallel as Marseilles, Vladivostok has an average annual temperature of only 40° F., and, although the gulf itself never freezes, a thin ice-crust forms along the shores in December and remains until April. The town has several handsome buildings, a monument to Admiral Nevelskiy (1897), a cathedral, a museum, an observatory, an Oriental institute (opened in 1890), professional schools, a naval hospital, mechanical and naval works, steam saw-mills and flour-mills. The drawback of Vladivostok is that it has not, and cannot have, a well-developed hinterland, despite the great efforts which have been made by the Russian government to supply the Usuri region (to the north of Vladivostok) with Russian settlers. The town of Vladivostok was founded in 1860–1861, and from 1865 to 1900 was a free port.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vladikavkaz

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​VLADIKAVKAZ, a town and fortress of Russia in northern Caucasia, the capital of the province of Terek. Pop. (1900) 49,924. It stands on a plateau, at an altitude of 2345 ft., on both banks of the Terek, where that river issues from the Darial gorge. It is 434 m. by rail S.E. from Rostov-on-the-Don, and has regular communication with Tiflis (133 m.) by coach through the Darial Pass (Georgian military road) of the Caucasus. Moreover, a line of railway, running eastwards to the Caspian ports of Petrovsk and Baku, connects Vladikavkaz, or rather the station Beslan, 14 m. N. of it, with the Transcaucasian railway, i.e. with Tifiis, Poti and Batum. Russians, Armenians and Jews constitute the bulk of the population, which also contains Ossetes, Chechens, Ingushes and others. There are distilleries and a number of smaller factories. The fort, around which the town has grown up, was built in 1784. The town is an episcopal see of the Orthodox Greek Church.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vladimir (town)

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​VLADIMIR, a town of Russia, capital of the government of the same name known in history as Vladimir-on-the-Klyazma, to distinguish it from Vladimir in Volhynia. It is picturesquely situated on the Klyazma and Lybed, 118 m. by rail E.N.E. of Moscow. Pop. (1884) 18,420; (1900) 32,029. The city is an archiepiscopal see of the Orthodox Greek church. The Lybed divides it into two parts. Extensive cherry orchards occupy the surrounding slopes, and in each is a small watch-tower, with cords drawn in all directions to be shaken by the watcher when birds alight. The kreml stands on a hill and contains two very old cathedrals—the Uspenskiy (1150; restored in 1891), where all the princes of Vladimir have been buried, and the Dmitrievskiy (1197; restored in 1834-1835). Several churches date from the 12th century, including one dedicated to the Birth of Christ, in which St Alexander Nevski was buried. The “Golden Gate”—a triumphal gate surmounted by a church—was built by the grand duke Andrei Bogolyubskiy in 1158.
Vladimir was founded in the 12th century. It first comes into notice in 1151, when Andrei Bogolyubskiy secretly left Vyshgorod—the domain of his father in the principality of Kiev—and migrated to the newly settled land of Suzdal, where he became (1157) grand prince of the principalities of Vladimir, Suzdal and Rostov. In 1242 the principality was overrun by the Mongols under Batu Khan, and he and his successors asserted their suzerainty over it until 1328. During this period Vladimir became the chief town of the Russian settlements in the basin of the Oka, and it disputed the superiority with the new principality of Moscow, to which it finally succumbed in 1328. In the 14th century it began to decay.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vodena

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​VODENA (Turk, and Bulg. Voden, anc. Edessa, q.v.), a city of European Turkey, in the vilayet of Salonica, western Macedonia; at the source of the small river Bistritza, which flows east and south into Lake Yenije, and on the railway from Salonica to Monastir. Pop. (1905) about 25,000, consisting of Turks, Slavs and Greeks. The town stands on a rocky height commanding views of Pindus and Olympus; the approaching slopes are richly wooded, and traversed by picturesque waterfalls, from which the name of Vodena (Slav. voda, water) is probably derived. Vodena is the see of a Greek archbishop, and possesses numerous churches and mosques, besides unimportant remains of Roman and Byzantine buildings. It has manufactures of cotton, tobacco and leather, and a large trade in wine, silk cocoons and red pepper.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vladimir-Volhynskiy

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​VLADIMIR-VOLHYNSKIY, a town of Russia, in the government of Volhynia, 19 m. N.N.E. of the spot where the frontiers of Russia, Poland and Galicia meet and 300 m. W.N.W. of Kiev. Pop. (1885) 8752; (1897) 9695, three-fourths Jews. Though not mentioned in the annals before 988, Vladimir was probably in existence in the 9th century under the name of Ladomir. In the 10th century it was the capital of the principality of Volhynia. The Tatars and the Lithuanians destroyed it several times, but it always recovered, and only fell into decay in the 17th century. It was finally annexed to Russia after the first division of Poland (1772). The ruins in and near the town include remains of a church supposed to have been built by Vladimir, grand duke of Kiev, in the 10th–11th centuries, and of another built in 1160 by his descendant Mstislav. This latter was apparently very well built, and its length exceeded that of the temple of St Sophia at Kiev. The town contains a good archaeological museum.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Porto Maurizio

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​PORTO MAURIZIO, a city of Liguria, Italy, the capital of the province of Porto Maurizio, on the coast of the Ligurian Sea, 46 m. by rail E. of Nice and 70 m. S.W. of Genoa, 115 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901), 7207. It consists of a picturesque old town on the heights and a modern town of villas on the lower slopes. The principal church, designed by Gaetano Cantone, is a large structure of 1780 with a dome rebuilt in 1821. A few remains of the old city walls may be seen. About 2 m. north-east of Porto Maurizio is the town of Oneglia, with a fine church, S. Giovanni Battista, designed by Gaetano Amoretti, a hospital (1785) and a large prison. It suffered considerably from the earthquake of 1887. Maurizio and Oneglia lie on the same bag ​and both have small but safe harbours, both are frequented for sea-bathing, and both are embowered amid olive groves; and the district is famous for the quality of its oil. The two towns together form one commune, called imperia, which had a population of 15,459 in 1907.
Porto Maurizio appears as Portus Maurici in the Maritime Itinerary. After being subject to the marquises of Turin (11th century) and of Clavesana, it was sold by Boniface of Clavesana in 1288 to Genoa in return for a yearly payment; in 1354 it became the seat of the Genoese vicar of the western Riviera, and remained in the possession of the republic till it was merged in the kingdom of Sardinia. Oneglia, formerly situated inland at the place called Castelvecchio (old castle), has occupied its present site from about 935. The bishops of Albenga sold it in 1298 to the Dorias of Genoa, who in their turn disposed of it in 1576 to Emanuel Philibert of Savoy. In the wars of the house of Savoy Oneglia often changed hands. In 1614 and 1649 the Spaniards and in 1623 and 1672 the Genoese obtained possession; in 1692 it had to repulse an attack by a French squadron; in 1744–1745 it was again occupied by the Spaniards, and in 1792 bombarded and burned by the French. Pellegrino Amoretti, assistant secretary to Charles V., and Andrea Doria, the famous admiral, were natives of Oneglia.
See G. Donaudi, Storia di Porto Maurizio (1889).