OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Margaret of Austria

MARGARET OF AUSTRIA, Duchess of Savoy, only Daughter of the Emperor Maximilian I; born 1480.
After the death of her mother, was sent to France, to be educated by Charlotte of Savoy, wife of Louis I. where she was contracted to the dauphin, afterwards Charles VIII.; but this prince choosing the more advantageous match of Anne of Brittany, whom he married in 1491, Margaret was sent back to her father, and given in marriage to John, infant of Spain, 1497. It is said, while she was on her voyage to espouse this prince, a violent storm arose, during which she made the following epitaph upon herself.
C'y git Margot, la gente Demoiselle, Qu'eut deux Maris, et si mourut Pucelle.
She had the presence of mind to fasten these lines and her jewels round her arm, with a waxed cloth. The storm, however, abated; and, after being obliged to lie by a little time in England, she reached Gallicia, and the marriage was celebrated at Burgos soon after. But her husband did not live long; and Margaret was, in 1501, married to Philip the handsome, duke of Savoy, who died 1504, upon which she retired into Germany, to the court of her father, who made her governess of the Low Countries for his grandson, Charles of Austria. Here she acquired great reputation, by her wise and prudent conduct. She was averse to the doctrines of Luther; and died 1550, aged 30. She left many works, as well in prose as in French verse; amongst others. An account of her life and misfortunes. She was buried in the beautiful church she had built at Bamgen-bresse, where is her motto, fortune, infortune, fors une; which the curious explain differently. Henry Cornelius ​Agrippa, her counsellor and historiographer, composed her funeral oration, and John le Maine wrote in honour of her, la Couronne Margaritique. Lyons, 1549.
F. C. &c.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Marcia Proba

MARCIA PROBA, Wife of Guithelind, King of the Ancient Britons, before the Birth of our Saviour.
It is said, that having lost her husband very young, she took into her own hand the reins of government, and employed herself in making his people happy, by the wise laws she gave them. These laws were called Leges Marcianœ, or the Marcian Laws. They were translated into Latin by Gildas, and into Saxon by Alfred the Great.
F.C.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vinita

See also Vinita, Oklahoma on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VINITA, a city and the county-seat of Craig county, Oklahoma, U.S.A., in the N.E. part of the state, about 135 m. E.N.E. of Guthrie. Pop. (1900) 2339; (1907) 3157, including 624 Indians and 479 negroes; (1910) 4082. Vinita is served by the Missouri, Kansas & Texas and the St Louis & San Francisco railways. In the city are the Sacred Heart Institute (Roman Catholic), and a hospital for masons. Vinita is situated in an agricultural and stock-raising region, and lead, zinc, oil and natural gas are found in the vicinity; the city's water supply is obtained from artesian wells. Bricks are manufactured. The first settlement was made here in 1870 and Vinita was chartered as a city in 1898.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vinogradoff, Paul

See also Paul Vinogradoff on Wikipedia; the 1922 update; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VINOGRADOFF, PAUL (1854), Anglo-Russian jurist, was born at Kostroma in Russia. He became professor of history in the university of Moscow, but his zeal for the spread of education brought him into conflict with the authorities, and consequently he was obliged to leave Russia. Having settled in England, Vinogradoff brought a powerful and original mind to bear upon the social and economic conditions of early England, a subject which he had already begun to study in Moscow. His Villainage in England (1892) is perhaps the most important book written on the peasantry of the feudal age and the village community in England; it can only be compared for value with F. W. Maitland's Domesday Book and Beyond. In masterly fashion Vinogradoff here shows that the villein of Norman times was the direct descendant of the Anglo-Saxon freeman, and that the typical Anglo-Saxon settlement was a free community, not a manor, the position of the freeman having steadily deteriorated in the centuries just around the Norman Conquest. The status of the villain and the conditions of the manor in the 12th and 13th centuries are set forth with a legal precision and a wealth of detail which shows its author, not only as a very capable historian, but also as a brilliant and learned jurist. Almost equally valuable was Vinogradoff's essay on "Folkland" in vol. viii. of the English Historical Review (1893), which proved for the first time the real nature of this kind of land. Vinogradoff followed up his Villainage in England with The Growth of the Manor (1905) and English Society in the 11th Century (1908), works on the lines of his earlier book. In 1903 he was appointed Corpus professor of jurisprudence in the university of Oxford, and subsequently became a fellow of the British Academy. He received honorary degrees from the principal universities, was made a member of several foreign academies and was appointed honorary professor of history at Moscow.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vinoy, Joseph

See also Joseph Vinoy on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VINOY, JOSEPH (1803–1880), French soldier, was originally intended for the Church, but, after some years at a seminary, he decided upon a military career, and entered the army in 1823. When he was a sergeant in the 14th line infantry, he took part in the Algerian expedition of 1830. He won his commission at the capture of Algiers, and during the subsequent campaigns he rose by good service to the rank of colonel. He returned to France in 1850, and in the Crimean War served under Caurobert as general of brigade. For his brilliant conduct at the Malakoff he was promoted general of division, and he led a division of Niel's corps in the campaign of Solferino. Retired on account of age in 1865, he was recalled to active service on the outbreak of the war of 1870, and after the early reverses was put at the head of the XIII. army corps, which, fortunately for France, did not arrive at the front in time to be involved in the catastrophe of Sedan. By a skilful retreat he brought his corps intact to Paris on September 7th. Vinoy during the siege commanded the III. army operating on the south side of the capital and took part in all the actions in that quarter. On Trochu's resignation he was appointed to the supreme command, in which capacity he had to negotiate the surrender. During the commune he held important commands in the army of Versailles, and occupied the burning Tuileries. and the Louvre on May 23rd. He was in the same year made grand chancellor of the Legion of Honour.
Vinoy wrote several memoirs on the war of 1870–71; Opérations de I'armée pendant le siege de Paris (1872), L'Armistice et la commune (1872), L'Armee française (1873).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vineland

See also Vineland, New Jersey on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VINELAND, a borough of Cumberland county, New Jersey, U.S.A., in the southern part of the state, about 34 m. S. of Philadelphia and about 115 m. S.W. of New York. Pop. (1890) 3822; (1900) 4370, including 590 foreign-born; (1905 state census) 4593; (1910) 5282. Area, 1 sq. m. It is served by the Central of New Jersey and the West Jersey & Seashore railways, and by electric railway to Millville and Bridgeton. Vineland is situated at an altitude of 90–118 ft. above the sea, on a ​generally level or slightly undulating plain, and has unusually broad, straight and well-shaded streets. The borough maintains a public library, a public park of 40 acres, artesian waterworks, a sewerage system and an electric lighting plant. It is the seat of the New Jersey Training School for Feeble-Minded Girls and Boys (1888), the State Home for the Care and Training of Feeble-Minded Women (1888), and the State Home for Disabled Soldiers, Sailors, Marines and their Wives. The Vineland Historical and Antiquarian Society (organized in 1864) has a library (8000 volumes in 1909) housed in the Society’s building, and it maintains a free lecture course. Saloons for the sale of intoxicating liquors have never been allowed in Vineland. The surrounding country is largely devoted to the growing of small fruits, grapes, peaches, pears and apples, and the raising of sweet potatoes; and within the borough are manufactured unfermented grape juice wine, boots and shoes, clothing, carpets, rugs, chenille curtains, pearl buttons, flint-glass tubes and bottles, and iron castings.
Vineland was founded in 1861 by Charles K. Landis (1835–1900), who conceived the idea of creating a settlement in the almost uninhabited "Pines" of Southern New Jersey; and after purchasing a large tract he laid out a village with small farms adjoining. The settlers, largely from New England and the Middle States, received the land at moderate prices on agreeing to make certain stipulated improvements. The township of Landis (pop. in 1910, 6435), named in honour of the founder of the settlement, was incorporated in 1864, having formerly been a part of Millville; from it Vineland was separated and was incorporated as a borough in 1880.
See The Founder’s Own Story of the Founding of Vineland (Vineland, 1903), a pamphlet published by the Vineland Historical and Antiquarian Society.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Viner, Sir Robert

See also Sir Robert Vyner, 1st Baronet on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VINER, SIR ROBERT (1631–1688), lord mayor of London, was born in Warwick, but migrated in early life to London, where he was apprenticed to his uncle, Sir Thomas Viner (1558–1665), a goldsmith, who was lord mayor of London in 1653–54, and who was created a baronet in 1661. Soon Robert became a partner in his kinsman’s business, and in 1666 an alderman of the city of London; in 1665 he was made a knight, and in the following year a baronet. He was sheriff during the year of the great fire in London, and was chosen lord mayor in 1674. Combining like his uncle the business of a banker with that of a goldsmith, Viner was brought much into contact with Charles II. and with the court. The king attended his mayoral banquet, and the lord mayor erected an equestrian statue in his honour on a spot now covered by the Mansion House. Having been appointed the king’s goldsmith in 1661, Sir Robert was one of those who lent large sums of money for the expenses of the state and the extravagances of the court; over £400,000 was owing to him when the national exchequer suspended payment in 1672, and he was reduced to the necessity of compounding with his creditors. He obtained from the state an annuity of £25,000. Viner died at Windsor on the 2nd of September 1688.
See Viner: a Family History, published anonymously (1885).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vint

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​VINT, a Russian card-game. It is generally considered as the immediate ancestor of Bridge (q.v.). Vint means in Russian "screw," and is given to the game because the four players, each in turn, propose, bid and overbid each other until one, having bid higher than the others care to follow, makes the trump, his vis-d-vis becoming his partner. It has many points of resemblance to Bridge. The cards have the same rank; the score of tricks is entered under the line, and points for slam, penalties and honours above the line; while the value of the different suits is the same as in Bridge: spades, clubs, diamonds, hearts and "no trumps." In a "no trump" declaration aces only count as honours; in a suit declaration both the aces and the five next highest cards. During the progress of the bidding and declaring, opportunity is taken by the players to indicate by their calls their strength in the various suits and the high cards they hold, so that, when the playing begins, the position of the best cards and the strength of the different hands can often be fairly accurately estimated. ​The leads are subject to much the same rules as those in Bridge.
See The Laws and Principles of Vint, edited by Frank W. Haddan (London, 1900).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vedder, Elihu

See also Elihu Vedder on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VEDDER, ELIHU (1836–), American artist, was born in New York City on the 26th of February 1836. He studied under the genre and historical painter Tompkins H. Matteson (1813-1884), at Sherburne, N.Y., later under Picot, in Paris, and then, in 1857-61, in Italy. After 1867 he lived in Rome, making occasional visits to America. He was elected to full membership in the National Academy of Design, New York, in 1865. He devoted himself to the painting of genre pictures, which, however, attracted only modest attention until the publication, in 1884, of his illustrations to the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam; these immediately gave him a high place in the art world. Important decorative work came later, notably the painting symbolizing the art of the city of Rome, in the Walker Art Gallery of Bowdoin College, Maine, and the five lunettes (in the entrance hall) symbolical of government, ​and the mosaic “Minerva” in the Congressional Library at Washington. Among his better-known pictures are: “Lair of the Sea Serpent,” in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts; “Young Marsyas,” “Cumaean Sibyl,” “Nausicaa,” in the collection of J. Pierpont Morgan; and “Genii and Fisherman,” in the collection of Martin Brimmer, Boston.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vega, Garcilaso de la (historian)

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​VEGA, GARCILASO DE LA, called “Inca” (c. 1535–1616), historian of Peru, was born at Cuzco. His father, Sebastiano Garcilaso (d. 1559), was a cadet of the illustrious family of La Vega, who had gone to Peru in the suite of Pedro de Alvarado, and his mother was of the Peruvian blood-royal, a circumstance of which he was very-proud as giving him a right to the title which he, claimed by invariably subscribing himself “Inca.” About 1560 he removed to Spain, and after serving against the Moors incurred the hatred. of Philip II; and was imprisoned at Valladolid. He died in Spain in 1616. A diligent student of the language and traditions of his maternal ancestors, Garcilaso left a valuable work on Peruvian history; the first part, entitled Comentarios reales que tratan del origen de los Yncas, was first published at Lisbon in 1609, and the second part, Historia general del Peru, in 1617.
His history is a source from which all subsequent writers on the subject have largely drawn, and still continues to be one of the chief authorities on ancient Peru. An English translation by Sir Paul Rycaut was published in 11688; one of the first part of the work by Sir C. R. Markham for the Hakluyt Society (London, 1869–71); and the book has also been translated into French. Garcilaso also wrote a history of Florida, La Florida del Inca, historia del adelantado Hernando de Soto (Lisbon, 1605, and again Madrid, 1723). An edition of his works in seventeen volumes was published at Madrid in 1800. See W. H. Prescott, History of the Conquest of Peru, vol. i. (London, 1902); Sir C. R. Markham, The Incas of Peru (1910).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vauxhall

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​VAUXHALL, a district on the south bank of the river Thames, in London, England, included in the metropolitan borough of Lambeth. The manor was held by Falkes de Breauté (whence the name, Falkes Hall) in the time of John and Henry III. About 1661 public gardens were laid out here, known as the New Spring Garden, and later as Spring Gardens, but more familiar under the title of Vauxhall Gardens. They soon became the favourite fashionable resort of the metropolis; but as a place of general entertainment they underwent great development from 1732 under the management of Jonathan Tyers (d. 1767) and his sons Thomas and Jonathan. In 1822, with the approval of George IV., who frequented the gardens before his accession, the epithet Royal was added to their title. By the middle of the 19th century, however, Vauxhall had lost its high reputation; in 1859 the gardens were finally closed, and the site was quickly built over.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vaygach

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​VAYGACH (variously Waigats, Waigatch, &c.), an island off the Arctic coast of Russia, between it and Novaya Zemlya, bounded S. by the narrow Yugor Strait, and N. by that of Kara. It is roughly oblong in form; its length from S.E. to N.W. is 70 m., and its greatest breadth 28. Its greatest elevation scarcely exceeds 300 ft. For the most part it consists of tundra, with frequent marshes and small lakes. Slight rock ridges run generally along its length, and the coast has low cliffs in places. The island consists in the main of limestone, and its elevation above the sea is geologically recent. Raised beaches are frequently to be traced. The rocks are heavily scored by ice, but this was probably marine ice, not that of glaciers. Grasses, mosses and Arctic flowering plants are abundant, but there are no trees excepting occasional dwarf willows. Foxes and lemmings are met with, but whereas animals are few, birds are very numerous; a variety of ducks, waders, &c., frequent the marshes and lakes. The island is visited periodically by a few Samoyeds; they formerly considered it sacred, and some of their sacrificial piles, consisting of drift-wood, deer’s horns and the skulls of bears and deer, have been observed by travellers. In spite of their conversion to Christianity, the Samoyeds still regard these piles with superstition. The origin of the the name Vaygach is as dubious as its orthography; it has been held to be Dutch (waaien, to blow, and gat, a strait, hence ”windy strait”) or Russian, in which case it is probably a surname.
Comparatively little was known of the interior of the island until Mr F. G. Jackson made the circuit of it on foot in 1893 (see his Great Frozen Land, London, 1895; also H. J. Pearson, Beyond Petsora Eastward, London, 1899).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vedette

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​VEDETTE, a French military term (formed from Lat. videre, to see), adopted into English and other languages for a mounted sentry or outpost, whose function it is to bring information, give signals or warnings of danger, etc., to the main body of troops.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vavassor

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​VAVASSOR (Med. Lat. valvassor, vasvassor; Fr. vavassour, vavassor, vasseur, &c.), in its most general sense a mediate vassal, i.e. one holding a fief under a vassal. The word was, however, applied at various times to the most diverse ranks in the feudal hierarchy, being used practically as the synonym of vassal. Thus tenants-in-chief of the crown are described by the Emperor Conrad (Lex Lamgob. lib. iii. tit. 8, § 4) as valvassores majores as distinguished from mediate tenants, valvassores minores. Gradually the term without qualification was found convenient for describing sub-vassals, tenants-in-chief being called capitanei or barones (see Baron); Its implication, however, still varied in different places and times. Bracton (lib. i. cap. 8, § 2) ranks the magnates seu valvassores between barons and knights; for him they are “ men of great dignity,” and in this order they arc found in a charter of Henry II. (1166). But in the regestum of Philip Augustus (fol. 158) we find that five vavassors are reckoned as the, equivalent of one knight. Finally, Du Cange quotes two charters, one of 1187, another of 1349, in which vavassors are clearly distinguished from nobles.
The derivation of the word vavassor is very obscure. The fanciful interpretation of Bracton, vas sortitum ad valetudinem (a vessel chosen to honour), may be at once rejected. Others would derive it from varsi ad valvas (at the folding-doors, valvae), i.e. servants of the royal antechamber. Du Cange, with more justice, regards it merely as an obscure variant of vassus. (W. A. P.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Veere

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​VEERE, a town in the province, of Zeeland, Holland, on the island of Walcheren, 4 m. N.N.E. of Middelburg, with which it is connected by canal (1867–72). It contains several interesting architectural remains of the days of its former prosperity, many of its quaintly gabled old houses dating from the 16th century. There is a fine Gothic church dating from 1348, but subsequently in part destroyed and used for secular purposes; the town hall (1475) has a fine gable filled with sculpture, and contains some interesting antiquities.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Cho
### Cho.
#### 租$^1$

    Grain paid as tax; tax; rent.

#### 緅$^1$

    Dark red color; dipped in red dye three times and then in black once.

#### 鄹$^1$

    Name of a country, where Confucious lived.

#### 鄒$^1$

    Name of a country.

#### 祖$^2$

    Ancestors; grandparents; to begin; the beginning.

#### 驟$^{-3}$

    Swift; fleet; urgent; pressing.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chua
### Chua.
#### 蛇$^1$

    A serpent; snake; viper.

#### 紙$^2$

    Paper.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chuang
### Chuang.
#### 裝$^1$

    To bind round or up; to dress; to put into a box.

#### 狀$^{-3}$

    From; fashion; to accuse; a letter; petition; a bed.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chuat
### Chuat.
#### 咄$^4$

    Mutual conversation; to rail or laugh at.

#### 拙$^4$

    Unskillful; stupid.

#### 茁$^4$

    To bud forth.

#### 詘$^4$

    Stammering; to talk slowly.

#### 啜$^4$

    To weep and sob; incessant talking; to taste.

#### 惙$^4$

    Mournful; grieved.

#### 掇$^4$

    To seize; plunder.

#### 歠$^4$

    To sip; swill down soup.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Choi
### Choi.
#### 截$^{-4}$

    To cut off; cut up; to trim.

#### 節$^4$

    A festival; a set time.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chuan
### Chuan.
#### 專$^1$

    One; single; oneness of pursuit; to assume; usurp.

#### 耑$^1$

    The head or commencement; a hollow vessel.

#### 湍$^1$

    A narrow passage for water; rapids; to flow against.

#### 顓$^1$

    To regulate; direct; to pay close attention; correct; eminent.

#### 遄$^1$

    Haste; speed; to go and return with speed.

#### 轉$^2$

    To turn; revolve; to turn about.

#### 囀$^2$

    Modulations of voice; chirping.

#### 撰$^{-3}$

    To arrange; prepare; make; compose.

#### 譔$^{-3}$

    To make, write or compose a book.

#### 饌$^{-3}$

    Food; to eat and drink.

#### 攢$^{3-}$

    To collect; assemble; to cover a coffin without interring.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chok
### Chok.
#### 族$^{-4}$

    A kindred; family; clan; a class; a sort.

#### 簇$^{-4}$

    Luxuriant plants; the metal point of an arrow.

#### 鏃$^{-4}$

    Pointed; the point of an arrow.

#### 屬$^4$

    The foot; enough; satisfied; complete.

#### 祝$^4$

    To bless; praise.

#### 竺$^4$

    A bamboo.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chong
### Chong.
#### 宗$^1$

    Ancestors; an ancestral temple; a whole kindred or clan.

#### 綜$^1$

    Transverse threads in weaving; to collect together.

#### 終$^1$

    The end; termination; to end or terminate; to die.

#### 螽$^1$

    A species of locust.

#### 蹤$^1$

    A footstep; a trace.

#### 總$^2$

    All united together; the whole; general; altogether.

#### 踵$^2$

    The heel of the foot; to tread in the footsteps of.

#### 從$^{-3}$

    To follow; comply with.

#### 瘲$^{3-}$

    A disease; pain in the muscles and bones; rheumatism.

#### 縱$^{3-}$

    Remiss; to connive at; although allowing it.