OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tenure

See also Land tenure on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold), in law, the holding or possession of land. The holding of land in England was originally either allodial or feudal. Allodial land was land held not of a superior lord, but of the king and people. Such ownership was absolute. It possibly took its origin from the view that the land was the possession of the clan; that the chief was the leader but not the owner, and was no doubt strengthened by the temporary and partial occupation by the Romans. Their withdrawal, followed by the Saxon invasion, tended, without doubt, to re-establish the principle of common village ownership which formed the basis of both Celtic and German tenure. In the later Saxon period, however, private ownership became gradually more extended. Then the feudal idea began to make progress in England, much as it did about the same time on the continent of Europe, and it received a great impetus from the Norman conquest. When English law began to settle down into a system, the principle of feudalism was taken as the basis, and it gradually became the undisputed maxim of English law that the sovereign was the supreme lord of all the land and that every one held under him as tenant, that there was no such thing as an absolute private right of property in land, but that the state alone as personified by the sovereign was vested with that right, and conceded to the individual possessor only a strictly defined subordinate right, subject to conditions from time to time enacted by the community (see also Feudalism). Feudal tenure was divided into free and non-free. Free tenures were frankalmoign, knight service, serjeanty and free socage. These tenures are dealt with under their separate headings. Base or non-free tenure was tenure in villenage (q.v.) and copyhold (q.v.), and see also Manor.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Teplitz

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​TEPLITZ (Czech, Teplice), or Teplitz-Schönau, as it is officially called since the incorporation of the village of Schönau in 1895, a town of Bohemia, Austria, 80 m. N.N.W. of Prague by rail. Pop. (1900) 24,420. It is picturesquely situated in the plain of the Biela, which separates the Erzgebirge from the Bohemian Mittelgebirge, and is a favourite watering-place, containing a large Kurhaus and numerous handsome bathhouses. The environs are laid out in pretty and shady gardens and promenades, the finest being in the park which surrounds the chateau of Prince Clary-Aldringen, built in 1751. The other chief buildings are the Roman Catholic Schlosskirche, built in 1568 and altered to its present form in 1790, the Protestant church, the Jewish synagogue with a conspicuous dome, and the theatre. In the garden of the chateau are two ancient towers, probably the remains of the Benedictine convent, but ascribed by local tradition to the knight Kolostuj, the legendary discoverer of the springs. The saline-alkaline springs of Teplitz, ten to twelve in number, ranging in temperature from 90° to 117° Fahr., are classed among what are called “ indifferent ” waters. Used almost exclusively for bathing, they are prescribed for gout, rheumatism, and some scrofulous affections, and their reputed efficacy in alleviating the effects of gun-shot wounds had gained for Teplitz the sobriquet of “ the warriors' bath.” Military baths are maintained in the town by the governments of Austria, Prussia and Saxony, and there are also bath-houses for the poor. Teplitz is much visited for the after-cure, after Carlsbad and similar spas. The number of patients is about 6000 and the passing visitors about 25,000. The presence of a bed of lignite in the neighbourhood has encouraged the industrial development of Teplitz, which carries on manufactures of machinery and metal goods, cotton and woollen goods, chemicals, hardware, sugar, dyeing and calico printing.
The thermal springs are fabled to have been discovered as early as 762, but the first authentic mention of the baths occurs in the 16th century. The town is mentioned in the 12th century, when Judith, queen of Ladislaus I. of Bohemia, founded here a convent for Benedictine nuns, which was destroyed in the Hussite wars. In the 17th century Teplitz belonged to the Kinskys, and after Kinsky's murder (25th February 1634) the lordship was granted by Ferdinand II. to Johann Count Aldringen. His sister Anna. who inherited it, married Freiherr Hieronymus von Clary, who assumed the additional name and arms of Aldringen. The family, which was raised to the rank of count in 1666 and of prince of the Empire in 1767, still retains the property. Teplitz figures in the history of Wallenstein, and is also interest in as the spot where the monarchs of Austria, Russia and Prussia first signed the triple alliance against Napoleon in 1813. It is a curious fact that on the day of the earthquake at Lisbon (1st November 1775) the main spring at Teplitz ceased to flow for some minutes.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Teramo

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​TERAMO, an episcopal see of the Abruzzi, Italy, the capital of the province of Teramo, 16 m. by rail W.S.W. of Giulianova, a junction on the Ancona-Brindisi railway. Pop. (1901) 10,508 (town); 24,091 (commune). The town stands on the left bank of the Tordino, where it is joined by the Vezzola, at an altitude of 876 ft. above sea-level. The picturesque valley of the Tordino is here dominated by the peaks of the Gran Sasso d'Italia. The town is traversed by one straight wide street with large houses, but for the most part it consists of narrow lanes. The cathedral has a Romanesque Gothic portal of 1332 by a Roman marble worker named Deodatus, and the interior is decorated in the Baroque style, but still retains the pointed vaulting of 1154, introduced into Italy by French Benedictines; it contains a splendid silver antependium by the 15th-century goldsmith Nicolo di Guardiagrele (1433–48). The tower is fine. The church of S. Antonio is also in the Romanesque Gothic ​style. Under the church of S. Anna dei Pompetti remains of Roman houses and of the original cathedral have been discovered (F. Savini in Notizie degli scavi, 1898, 137). In the Communal Gallery is an altarpiece from the cathedral by the Venetian Jacobello del Fiore (1400–1439). The antiquities include remains of a gateway, a theatre and baths, as well as numerous inscriptions. There are manufactures of wool and silk, and of straw hats and pottery.
The ancient Interamna Praetuttiorum (so called to distinguish it from Interamna Lirenas and Interamna Nahars) was the chief town of the tribe of the Praetuttii. Its pre-Roman necropolis was discovered in 1905 (F. Savini in Notizie degli scavi, 1905, 267). Of its municipal constitution little is known, indeed in an inscription of the end of the Republic it is spoken of both as a colonia and a municipium. It was situated on a branch of the Via Caecilia (q.v.). Remains of an amphitheatre still exist. In the valley of the Vomano near Montorio was a Roman village, probably dependent on Interamna, with a temple of Hercules (Corp. inscr. Lat., ix. p. 484).
See V. Bindi, Monuntenti degli Abruzzi (Naples, 1889), 1 sqq.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tenrec

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​TENREC (Centetes ecaudatus), one of the largest representatives of the mammalian order Insectivora, the length being from 12 in. to 16 in.; called also the tailless ground-hog of Madagascar, to which island it is restricted. The coat consists chiefly of bristles and hairs, with an admixture of flexible spines, in the adult they are limited to the back of the neck. The general hue is brown tinged with yellow. From twelve to sixteen young are produced at a birth, and twenty-one have been recorded. In habits the tenrec is fossorial and nocturnal; its home is in the brush in the mountainous regions, and in the cool season, from May or June till December, it hibernates in deep burrows. The long flexible snout is used to root up worms and grubs, and ground-insects form part of its nourishment. These animals are very fat when hibernation begins, and are then much valued for food by the natives (see also Insectivora).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tepidarium

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​TEPIDARIUM,, the term given to the warm (tepidus) bathroom of the Roman baths. There is an interesting example at Pompeii; this was covered with a semicircular barrel vault, decorated with reliefs in stucco, and round the room a series of square recesses or niches divided from one another by Telamones. The tepidarium in the Roman thermae was the great central hall round which all the other halls were grouped, and which gave the key to the plans of the thermae: it was probably the hall where the bathers first assembled prior to taking the cold bath or passing through the various hot baths, and was decorated with the richest marbles and mosaics: it received its light through clerestory windows, on the sides, the front and the rear, and would seem to have been the hall in which the finest treasures of art were placed; thus in the thermae of Caracalla, the Farnese Hercules, and the Toro Farnese, the two gladiators, the sarcophagi of green basalt now in the Vatican, and numerous other treasures, were found during the excavations by Paul III in 1546, and transported to the Vatican and the museum at Naples.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tenterden

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​TENTERDEN, a market town and municipal borough in the Ashford parliamentary division of Kent, England, 62 m. S.E. by E. of London by the South-Eastern and Chatham railway. Pop. (1901) 3243. It lies on an elevation above the Newnill Channel, a tributary of the Rother, whose flat valley, called the Rother Levels, was an estuary within historic times; and even as late as the 18th century the sea was within 2 m. of Tenterden, which is a member of the affiliated Cinque Port of Rye. The church of St Mildred is Early English and later, and its tall, massive Perpendicular tower is well known for the legend connecting it with Goodwin Sands. The story is that the Abbot of St Augustine, Canterbury, diverted the funds by which the sea-wall protecting Earl Godwin's island was kept up, for the purpose of building Tenterden steeple, the consequence being that in 1099 an inundation took place and “ Tenterden steeple was the cause of the Goodwin Sands.” Attached to the church is a penitentiary used in the reign of Queen Mary for the confinement of persons awaiting trial on a charge of heresy. The church of High Halden, in the neighbourhood, is remarkable for its octagonal wooden tower constructed of huge timbers, with a belfry of wooden tiles (shingles), of the time of Henry VI. Tenterden has a considerable trade in agricultural produce and stock. It is governed by a mayor, four aldermen and twelve councillors. Area, 8946 acres.
Tenterden (Tenterdenne, Tentyrden) figures frequently in contemporary records from 1300 onwards. In 1449 Henry VI. incorporated it by the name of a “ Bailiff and Commonalty," and united it to Rye. In return for these and other privileges it was to contribute towards the services due from the latter as one of the Cinque Ports. The troubles of 1449 apparently hindered the issue of the charter, since in 1463 Edward IV. brought it into operation. In 1600 it was incorporated under the title of the “ Mayor, Jurats and Commons ” of the town and hundred of Tenterden, in the county of Kent, the members of the corporation ranking henceforward as barons of the Cinque Ports. A weekly corn market on Friday and a yearly fair on the first Monday in May were granted, both of which are held at the present day. In 1790 a contemporary writer mentions the market as being little frequented, whilst the fair was large and resorted to by all the neighbourhood. This charter was exemplified by that of the year 1700. The size and importance of Tenterden can be estimated from a receipt of 1635 for £90 ​ship-money, as compared with £70 contributed by Faversham, and £60 by Hythe. Under Edward III. several refugeelilemings settled in the town and established the woollen manufacture. An old waste book, still preserved, contains entries of amounts of cloth sent from Tenterden to London. By 1835 this trade had completely died out, and Tenterden was suffering from the depression of agricultural interests.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tepic

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​TEPIC, a territory of Mexico facing on the Pacific Ocean and bounded N., E. and S. by Sinaloa, Durango and Jalisco. Area 11,275 sq. m. Pop. (1900) 150,098. The active volcano of Ceboruco rises in the western part of the territory. The slopes and valleys are densely wooded, the lower regions being very fertile and adapted to tropical agriculture. The rainfall is abundant, and the climate hot, damp and malarial. The Rio Grande de Lerma, or Santiago, is the principal river, whose sources are to be found on the high plateau in the state of Mexico. The next largest river is the Mezquital, which has its sources in the state of Durango, not far from the city of that name. The products of the territorial coast lands are sugar, cotton, tobacco, maize, palm oil, coffee, fine woods and medicinal plants. Mining attracts much attention in the sierras, and its mineral deposits are rich. There are cotton and cigarette factories at the town of Tepic, besides sugar works and distilleries on the plantations. The capital of the territory is Tepic (pop. 1900, 15,488), attractively situated on a small plateau 2950 ft. above sea level, 26 m. E. by S. of its port, San Blas, with which it is connected by rail.
The territory of Tepic was detached from the State of Jalisco in 1889 on account of the belligerent attitude of its population, chiefly composed of Indians. A territorial form of government places it more directly under the control of the national executive.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tenterden, Charles Abbott, 1st Baron

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​TENTERDEN, CHARLES ABBOTT, 1st Baron (1762–1832), lord chief justice of England, was born at Canterbury on the 7th of October 1762, his father having been a hairdresser and wigmaker of the town. He was educated at Canterbury King's School and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, of which he afterwards became. fellow and tutor. On the advice of Mr Justice Buller (1746–1800), to whose son he had been tutor, he determined on the legal profession, and entered at the Middle Temple in 1787. For several years he practised as a special pleader under the bar, and was finally called at the Inner Temple in 1796. He joined the Oxford circuit and soon made rapid headway. In 1801 he was appointed recorder of Oxford. In 1802 appeared his Law relative to Merchant Ships and Seamen, a concise and excellent treatise, which has maintained its position as an authoritative work. Its publication brought to him so much commercial and other work that in 1808 he was in a position to refuse a seat on the bench; this, however, he accepted in 1816, being made a judge of the court of common pleas. On the resignation of Lord Ellenborough in 1818 he was promoted to the chief justiceship of the king's bench. In his capacity as chief justice he presided over several important state trials, notably that of Arthur Thistlewood and the Cato Street conspirators (1820). He was raised to the peerage in 1827 as Baron Tenterden of Hendon. Never a great lawyer and with no pretence to eloquence, Tenterden made his way by sound common sense and steady hard work. He was an uncompromising Tory, and had no sympathy with the reform of the criminal law carried out by Romilly; while he strongly opposed the Catholic Relief Bill and the Reform Bill. He died on the 4th of November 1832, and was buried, by his own desire, in the Foundling Hospital, London, of which he was a governor.
Tenterden was succeeded in his title by his son, John Henry Abbott (1796–1870), then by his grandson, Charles Stuart Aubrey Abbott (1834–1882), permanent under-secretary for foreign affairs, who was made a K.C.B. in 1878. In 1882 the latter's son, Charles Stuart Henry Abbott (b. 1865) became the 4th Baron.
# 7,200 Lost U.S. Silent Feature Films (1912-29) (2021-02-04)/Q

​ Quality Of Faith, The (1916), Richard Garrick
Queen And Adventurer (1915)
Queen O' Diamonds (1926), Chet Withey
Queen Of Hearts, The (1918), Edmund Lawrence
Queen Of Sheba, The (1921), Betty Blythe
Queen Of Spades (1925), Harry L. Fraser
Queen Of The Sea (1918), John G. Adolfi
Queenie (1921), Howard M. Mitchell
Quest Of Life, The (1916), Ashley Miller
Question Of Honor, A (1922), Edwin Carewe
​ Question, The (1916), Harry Handworth
Question, The (1917), Perry N. Vekroff
Quick Action (1921), Edward Sloman
Quick Triggers (1928), Ray Taylor
Quickening Flame, The (1919), Travers Vale
Quicker'n Lightnin' (1925), Richard Thorpe
Quicksand (1918), Victor L. Schertzinger
Quicksands (1923), Jack Conway
Quincy Adams Sawyer (1922), Clarence G. Badger
# 7,200 Lost U.S. Silent Feature Films (1912-29) (2021-02-04)/Z

​ Zaza (1915), Edwin S. Porter
Zeppelin Raids On London And The Siege Of Verdun, The (1916)
Zeppelin's Last Raid, The (1917), Irvin V. Willat
Zero Hour, The (1918), Travers Vale
Zongar (1918)
# 7,200 Lost U.S. Silent Feature Films (1912-29) (2021-02-04)/Y

​ Yankee From The West, A (1915), George Siegmann
Yankee Madness (1924), Charles R. Seeling
Yankee Pluck (1917), George Archainbaud
Yankee Princess, A (1919), David Smith
Yankee Senor, The (1926), Emmett Flynn
Yankee Way, The (1917), Richard Stanton
Yanks Are Coming, The (1918)
Yaqui, The (1916), Lloyd B. Carleton
Yellow Bullet, The (1917), Harry Harvey
Yellow Contraband (1928), Leo Maloney
Yellow Dog, The (1918), Colin Campbell
Yellow Men And Gold (1922), Irvin V. Willat
Yellow Passport, The (1916), Edwin August
​ Yellow Pawn, The (1916), George H. Melford
Yellow Stain, The (1922), Jack Dillon
Yellow Streak, A (1915), William Nigh
Yellow Streak, A (1927), Ben Wilson
Yellow Ticket, The (1918), William Parke
Yellow Traffic, The (1914)
Yellow Typhoon, The (1920), Edward Jose
Yellowback, The (1929), Jerome Storm
Yesterday's Wife (1923), Irene Rich
Yoke Of Gold, A (1916), Lloyd B. Carleton
York State Folks (1915), Harry Jackson
Yosemite Trail, The (1922), Bernard J. Durning
You Are Guilty (1923), Edgar Lewis
You Can't Beat The Law (1928), Charles J. Hunt
You Can't Believe Everything (1918), Jack Conway
You Can't Fool Your Wife (1923), George Melford
You Can't Get Away With It (1923), Rowland V. Lee
You Can't Keep A Good Man Down (1922)
You Find It Everywhere (1921), Charles Horan
You Never Know (1922), Robert Ensminger
You Never Saw Such A Girl (1919), Robert Vignola
Young America (1922), Arthur Berthelet
Young Diana, The (1922), Albert Capellani
Young Mrs. Winthrop (1920), Walter Edwards
Young Whirlwind (1928), Louis King
Your Best Friend (1922), William Nigh
Your Fighting Navy At Work And At Play (1918)
Your Friend And Mine (1923), Clarence G. Badger
Your Girl And Mine: A Woman Suffrage Play (1914), Giles Warren
Your Wife And Mine (1927), Frank O'connor
Yours To Command (1927), David Kirkland
Youth For Sale (1924), May Allison
Youth Must Have Love (1922), Joseph Franz
Youth Of Fortune, A (1916), Otis Turner
Youth To Youth (1922), Emile Chautard
Youthful Cheaters (1923), Frank Tuttle
Youthful Folly (1920), Alan Crosland
Youth's Desire (1920), Joseph Bennett
Yvonne From Paris (1919), Emmett J. Flynn
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Habert, (Susan de)

H
Becoming a widow in 1585, at the age of twenty-four, she applied herself to literature, particularly ​philosophy, divinity, and the Spanish, Italian, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages. She was still more worthy of respect from the sanctity of her manners and life, than for her great learning.
Father Feejoo.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Halket, (Lady Anna)

Was instructed by her parents, who each presided over the education of different branches of the royal family, in every polite and liberal science; but theology and physic were her favourite studies. She became so particularly versed in the latter art, and in the practice of surgery, that she was consulted, not only by the first ​people in England, but in Holland also, whence many came for her advice.
In 1656, she married Sir Francis Halket, by whom she had four children, of whom only one survived. This union, which proved a happy one, lasted fourteen years, and she remained a widow for the last twenty-eight of her life, universally beloved and respected for her learning and virtue. She was a loyalist, and a sufferer in the cause of Charles I.
Lady Anna left twenty-one volumes, and thirty-six stiched books, of her writings; some in folio, some in quarto, of which, a volume of Meditations, taken from her numerous MSS. were printed at Edinburgh, 1761.
Female Worthies.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Hastings, (Lady Elizabeth)

Succeeded to a large fortune on the death of her brother, George, Earl of Huntingdon, which she employed in the exercise of widely extended christian charity. Mr. Congreve has drawn her character, under the name of Aspasia, in the 42d number of the Tatler. He praises her there for superior beauty, grace, and elegance of manners; for unaffected wisdom and virtue; for strict economy and active benevolence; and all that exalts and ornaments a character.
She lived principally at Ledstone house, in Yorkshire, which she rendered convenient for the sake of her servants, and elegant in order to employ the neighbouring poor. Her public charities, during her life and by bequest, were more numerous than those of any other English woman. In private aid to her relations, friends, ​or the distrest, she acted with royal munificence. She possessed a fine understanding and a lively wit, which was restrained by unaffected good-nature, fearful to give pain, and penetrating enough to know when pain was given, even when done without intention.
She had early in life received an accidental hurt upon her breast, which occasioned an inward tumour, that, in time, grew painful and increased, till there was a necessity for amputation. Lady Elizabeth heard and submitted to the sentence with equanimity; but though a short respite was thus procured, it eventually hastened her death.
"Her patience and resignation, under a long and tedious sickness; her mourning for the sins of men; her unwearied endeavours for their eternal welfare; her generous and charitable appointments; her tender expressions to her relations, friends, and servants, and her grateful acknowledgments to her physicians, require whole pages to set them in a proper light."
Though solicited by many. Lady Elizabeth preferred a single life. She destroyed the greatest part of her papers before her death, and was buried in the family vault at Ledstone.
Historical Character of, &c.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Helena (of Egypt)

HELENA, an Egyptian female Painter,
Painted the battle of Issica, which Vespasian placed in the Temple of Peace.
Abecedario Pittorico.