OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/zwang

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry zwang. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ zwang, masculine, ‘compulsion, force, restraint,’ from Middle High German twanc, zwanc (g), masculine, ‘compulsion, distress, oppression’ (compare Middle High German des lîbes twanc, ‘tenesmus, constipation’), Old High German dwang (gidwang), masculine, ‘distress, contraction, compulsion’; abstract of zwingen. Allied to zwängen, verb, ‘to squeeze, constrain, force,’ denominative of Zwang, Middle High German twęngen, ‘to use violence to, squeeze in, oppress,’ Old High German dwęngen, ‘to use violence to’ (Old High German and Middle High German zwangen, zwęngen, ‘to pinch’; compare Middle High German zwange, ‘tongs’); see also zwingen. A Teutonic root þwenh (Aryan twenk) is implied by Old High German dûhen, Dutch duwen, Anglo-Saxon þŷan, ‘to press, oppress’ (from *þunhjan).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/zwanzig

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry zwanzig. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ zwanzig, numeral, ‘twenty,’ from the equivalent Middle High German zweinzec, zwênzic, Old High German zweinzug; a common West Teutonic numeral. Compare Old Saxon twêntig, Low German and Dutch twintig, Old Frisian twintich, Anglo-Saxon twêntig (from twœ̂gentig?), English twenty (see -zig). The n of the first component seems to be a mark of the nominative plural masculine, as in Old High German zwên-e, Anglo-Saxon twêgen; see zwei.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Balg

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​ Balg, m., ‘skin, case, bellows, brat,’ from the equiv. MidHG. balc (plur. bęlge), OHG. balg, plur. balgi, bęlgi, m.; Goth. balgs, plur. balgeis, ‘leather bottle,’ lit. ‘the flayed skin of an animal for keeping liquids.’ On the root balgi- is based AS. belg, bylg, E. belly (Balg, with the specialised meaning, ‘swollen body’), and E. bellows, plur. The primary idea of the root is ‘swelling out’; from the same root the OTeut. dialects form a str. vb. bëlgan (see Belster), meaning ‘to swell’; OIc. bólgenn, ‘swollen’; OHG. bĕlgan, MidHG. bëlgen, ‘to swell, be angry.’ The pre-Teut. form of the stem according to the laws of the permutation of consonants is bhelgh, and to this corresponds Ind. barh (with the initial aspirate ​displaced), ‘to be great, strong'; also OIr. bolgaim, ‘I swell,’ Ir. bolg, Gall.-Lat. bulga, ‘bag.’ It is also possible that HG. Balg is cognate with Lat. follis (from *folvis, *folgvis). Comp. further Bulge.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Ballei

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​ Ballei, f., ‘jurisdiction,’ from MidLat. ballia, formed from Fr. bailli, bailif, ‘steward’ (MidLat. ballîvus, E. bailiff), which is formed from Lat. bajulus, with the suffix -îvus.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Baldachin

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​ Baldachin, m., ‘canopy,’ not from MidHG. baldekîn, ‘raw silk from Bagdad,’ but from Ital. baldacchino, which is identical with the MidHG. word, but has been specialised in meaning to the canopy made from such stuff.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Balken

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​ Balken. m., ‘beam, baulk, loft,’ from the equiv. MidHG. balke, OHG. balcho, m.; comp. AS. balca, E. baulk, Du. balk, ‘baulk'; in Scand. beside the corresponding bálkr, ‘fence, boundary-line,’ there occurs with a different gradation bijálk-, ‘baulk' (Goth. *bilka), in AS. likewise bolca, ‘gangway’ (Goth. *bulka). From Teut. balkon, Fr. balcon and Ital. balco are derived. The Aryan form of the root is bhalg, hence Gr. (φάλαγξ, φάλαγγ-ος, ‘oval piece of wood, trunk of a tree,’ has been compared with it, but the nasal of the second syllable renders the comparison dubious.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Ball

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​ Ball, (1.) m., ‘challenge (of hounds),’ belongs to the stem of bellen.
Ball (2.), m.. ‘ball,’ from the equiv. MHG. bal (gen. balles) or balle, ballen, m. OHG. ballo, m., balla, f.; AS. *bealla is wanting; E. ball (MidE. balle) is borrowed from the Rom. word Fr. balle, which was obtained from German. OIc. bǫllr, ‘ball,’ presupposes Goth. *ballus. The root bal- appears also with a further gradation in Bolle (in Bolster too?); comp. further Bellen.
Ball (3.), m., ‘dancing entertainment,’ from Fr. bal, ‘ball’; OFr. baller, ‘to dance,’ and its Rom. cognates have been derived from Gr. βαλλίξω, ‘I dance.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Balsam

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​ Balsam, m., ‘balm, balsam,’ from the equiv. MidHG. balsame, balsem, m , OHG. balsamo, m.; Goth. balsan, with a very remarkable deviation; comp. Arab. balasân. The Germ. word is derived from Gr.-Lat. balsamum (βάλσαμον), whence also Fr. baume (E. balm), Ital. balsamo.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Balester

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​ Balester, m., see Armbrust.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Ballast

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​ Ballast, m., ‘ballast,’ like other maritime expressions, from LG.; comp. Du. ballast, E. ballast. In MidHG. simply last, ‘ballast,’ whence the equiv. Fr. lest is derived. The first component of the compound is obscure; it is scarcely of Irish origin (Kelt. bal, ‘sand’), nor is it likely to be identical with OIc. bâra, ‘sea.’ On account of Dan. baglest, ‘ballast.’ the least improbable derivation is from bak, ‘back,’ discussed under Backe (1.). Ballast might perhaps be ‘load behind or in the rear.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Baldrian

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​ Baldrian, m., ‘valerian,’ from MidHG. baldrian, from Lat. valeriana; comp. the E. term.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Ballen

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​ Ballen, m., ‘bale, pack,’ identical with Ball, which, as MidHG. alle and OHG. ballo show, was formerly a weak masc.; in connection with the difference of form arose a difference of meaning; orig. sense ‘round bundle of paper,’ then ‘a certain quantity of rolled or packed paper.’ E. bale and Du. baal are borrowed from Fr. balle (also ballon), which was again obtained from Germ.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Dorf

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​ Dorf, n., ‘village, hamlet,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. dorf, n.; an OTeut. word; comp. OSax. thorp, Du. dorp, AS. þorp, E. thorp, throp (existing now only in proper names); OIc. þorp, ‘hamlet’; Goth. þaúrp signifies ‘fields, land,’ while in the other dialects the ModHG. meaning of the word is current (in Goth. haims, ‘village’; see Heim). The meaning of ModHG. (Swiss) dorf, ‘visit, meeting,’ connected perhaps with OSlov. trŭgŭ, ‘market,’ deserves special notice. If the history of the word is rendered difficult by such variations of meaning, it is made still more so by the Kelt. *tṛbo, ‘village’; W. tref, ‘village’ (to which the name of the OGall. tribe Atrebates is allied), also connected with Lat. tribus, ‘tribe.’ Moreover, OIc. þyrpa, ‘to crowd,’ is closely akin to Gr. τύρβη, Lat. turba, ‘band.’ Note too AS. þrĕp, þrôp, ‘village,’ Lith. trobà, f., ‘building.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Dorsch

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​ Dorsch, m., ‘torsk,’ simply ModHG., formed from LG. dorsch; corresponds to OIc. þorskr, E. torsk, tusk, from the equiv. Dan. torsk.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Dose

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Dose | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Dose, f., ‘box,’ first occurs in ModHG., from LG. dose, Du. doos (Dan. daase).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Douches

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​ Douches, see Dokes.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Dorsche

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Dorsche | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Dorsche, f., ‘cabbage-stump, cole-rape,’ with LG. initial d, from MidHG. torse, ‘cabbage-stump,’ OHG. tursö, torso, ‘stalk’; for the change of s to sch comp. birschen. There is a parallel Rom. class (Ital. torso, OFr. tros, ‘stump, morsel’) which is undoubtedly of Teut. origin. The HG. word is probably primit. allied to the Gr. θύρσος, ‘wand.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Dost

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Dost | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Dost, Dosten, m., ‘marjoram,’ from MidHG. doste, toste, OHG. tosto, dosto, m., ‘wild thyme.’ It may be really identical with MidHG. doste, toste, m., ‘bunch, nosegay,’ so that ‘thyme’ would be a specialised meaning. The Goth. word was probably *þusta, ‘shrub.’ Further cognates to help in determining the root are wanting. Comp. Tost.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Dorn

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​ Dorn, m., ‘thorn, prickle,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. dorn, m.; corresponds to Goth. þaurnus, OIc. þorn, AS. þorn, E. thorn, Du. doorn, OSax. thorn, ‘thorn’; from pre-Teut. trnu-. Comp. OSlav. trŭnŭ, ‘thorn,’ Sans. tṛna, ‘blade of grass.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Dotter

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Dotter | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Dotter (1.), m. and n., ‘yolk,’ from the equiv. MidHG. toter, OHG. totoro, tutar-ei; the ModHG. word seems to have a LG. initial sound. Corresponds to OSax. dŏdro, Du. dojer, AS. dydring, ‘yolk’; a pre-Teut. term for the ‘yolk of an egg’ (see also Ei). AS. dott, m., ‘point, spot,’ E. dot are, on account of LG. dott, dötte, ‘yellow part of the egg,’ to be derived from the same Aryan stem dhut; the orig. sense of Dotter may lave been, therefore, ‘point in the egg.’ The E. term yolk, AS. geolca, is lit. ‘yellow part,’ from AS. geolo, equiv. to E. yellow. In OIc. blóme, ‘yolk.’
Dotter (2.), m., from the equiv. MidHG. toter, m., ‘gold-pleasure’; comp. MidE. doder, E. dodder (‘toad-flax’); Dan. dǫdder, Swed. dǫdra. Perhaps allied to Dotter (1.), so that the plant was named from its colour (or from the similarity of its seeds to the yolk of an egg?).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Donnerstag

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​ Donnerstag, ‘Thursday,’ from MidHG. donerstac, dunrestac, OHG. donarestag; comp. Du. donderdag, AS. þunresdœg, E. Thursday, OIc. þórsdagr; the day sacred to the OTeut. god þunar (OHG. Donar, OLG. Thunar, OIc. þórr for þōnruz); see Dienstag and Woche. A remarkable form occurs in MidHG. (Bav.), pfinz-tac, ‘Thursday,’ from the equiv. Gr. πέμπτη.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Doufes

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​ Doufes, m., ‘prison,’ Jew., from Hebr. tafàs, ‘to seize, take prisoner.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Nelke

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Nelke. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Nelke, feminine, ‘pink carnation,’ a Low German form for Nägelchen (Low German negęlkin), neuter; in Middle High German nęgellîn, neuter, ‘clove.’ Compare Icelandic negull, masculine, ‘clove,’ Dutch nagelbloem, ‘carnation.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Nerv

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Nerv. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Nerv, masculine, ‘nerve, sinew,’ Modern High German only, from Latin nervus.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Nessel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Nessel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Nessel, feminine, ‘nettle,’ from the equivalent Middle High German neȥȥel, Old High German nęȥȥila, feminine; corresponding to Middle Low German and Dutch netel, Anglo-Saxon nętele, feminine, English nettle; allied to earlier Old High German equivalent naȥȥa (the same as Icelandic nǫtr?), ‘nettle.’ Gothic *natus, feminine, and *natilô, feminine, ‘nettle,’ are by chance not recorded. Since the High German word can never lave had an initial h before the n., Greek κνίδη, ‘stinging nettle,’ cannot be regarded as a cognate. The word has more correctly been connected with the common Teutonic Netz (Gothic nati), on the assumption that nets in early times were made of nettle-threads. Further cognates are wanting. The term has also been compared with Prussian noatis, Lithuanian noterė, and Old Irish nenaid.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Nestel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Nestel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Nestel, feminine and masculine, ‘lace,’ from Middle High German nęstel, feminine, Old High German nęstilo, masculine, nęstila, feminine,‘knot of ribbons, bow, lace (for stays, &c.), bandage’; allied to Middle Low German and Dutch nestel, ‘girdle, lace,’ Old Icelandic nist, niste, neuter, ‘stitching needle,’ and with further gradation Old High German nusta, feminine, ‘tying together,’ as well as nuska, Middle High German nüsche, ‘clasp of a cloak’ If st and sk in these words be regarded as a part of the derivative, they may be compared with Latin necto, ‘to join’ (and the Sanscrit root nah, ‘to connect’?). Old High German nęstilo (Gothic *nastila) has also been connected with Latin nôdus (for *nozdus, like nîdus from *nizdus; see Nest). The form *nastila passed into Romance; compare Italian nastro, ‘silk ribbon.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Nebel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Nebel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Nebel, masculine, ‘mist, fog, haze,’ from the equivalent Middle High German nëbel, Old High German nëbul; corresponding to Old Saxon nëbal, masculine, Dutch nevel (in English mist; see Mist). Gothic *nibls is wanting; allied to the Old Icelandic compounds with nifl-, ‘darkness,’ to which njól, ‘night,’ is akin (compare Anglo-Saxon nifol, ‘dark’). Old High German nëbul, from pre-Teutonic nebholo-, corresponds to Greek νεφέλη, ‘cloud, mist,’ Greek νέφος, ‘cloud, mist,’ Latin nĕbula, ‘mist,’ Sanscrit nábhas, neuter, ‘mist, cloud, dampness,’ Old Slovenian nebo (stem nebes-), neuter, ‘sky,’ Old Irish nel, ‘cloud.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Neid

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Neid. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Neid, masculine, ‘envy, grudge,’ from Middle High German nît (genitive nîdes), masculine, ‘hostile disposition, warlike fury, grudge, jealousy, envy,’ Old High German nîd, masculine, ‘hatred, anger, envy.’ It corresponds to Old Saxon nîð, masculine, ‘zeal, hostile conflict, hatred,’ Dutch nijd, masculine, ‘envy,’ Anglo-Saxon nîþ, masculine, ‘endeavour, effort, hostility’ (obsolete in English). In East Teutonic the corresponding word is neuter, Gothic neiþ, neuter, ‘envy,’ Old Icelandic nið, neuter, ‘disgrace, opprobrious term.’ Teutonic *nîþa-, connected with Latin nîtor, ‘to exert oneself’? —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Neidnagel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Neidnagel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Neidnagel, see Niet.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Neffe

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Neffe. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Neffe, masculine (with abnormal ff), ‘nephew,’ from Middle High German nëve, Old High German něvo, masculine; originally existing in all the Old Teutonic dialects (now obsolete in Suabian and Bavarian). The meaning in the older languages was not so definite as at present; Middle High German nëve, most frequently means ‘sister's son,’ also more rarely ‘brother's son,’ likewise ‘uncle,’ then generally ‘relative’; Dutch neef, ‘grandson, nephew, cousin,’ Anglo-Saxon nëfa, ‘grandson, nephew’ (English nephew is based on French neveu), Old Icelandic nefe, masculine, ‘relative.’ Gothic *nifa, masculine, is by chance not recorded. The cognates are primitive and common to the Aryan group; Teutonic *nefôd, nominative singular (of which there is a feminine form niftî; see Nichte), from pre-Teutonic népôt, appears in Indian nápât (stem náptṛ), ‘descendant, son, grandson,’ Latin nepos, ‘grandson,’ Greek ἀνεψιός, ‘first cousin,’ νέποδες, ‘brood,’ Old Irish nia, ‘sister’s son.’ With regard to the fluctuation of meaning see Braut, Oheim, Vetter, and Schwager.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Nehrung

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Nehrung. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Nehrung, feminine, ‘a long narrow strip of ​land separating a Haff from the sea,’ first occurs in Modern High German, allied to Middle High German (14th century) Nerge, ‘Kurische Nehrung’: “since Nehrung is a narrow strip of land, it may be derived from Old Saxon naru, ‘narrow.’” See Narbe.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Nest

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Nest. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Nest, neuter, ‘nest, haunt,’ from Middle High German and Old High German nëst, neuter, ‘nest, resting-place for birds and also for sucking animals’; corresponding to Middle Low German, Dutch, Anglo-Saxon, and English nest; Gothic *nista- is wanting. The cognates are primitively; the Old Teutonic form previous to the permutation of consonants was nizdo-, which is indicated likewise b Sanscrit nîḍa-s, ‘lair of animals,’ also ‘dwelling,’ as well as by Old Irish net, ‘nest,’ Latin nîdus, ‘nest,’ for *nizdus (Lithuanian lìzdas and Slavonic gnězdo, ‘nest,’ are abnormal). The form nizdo- is properly a compound of the root sed, ‘to sit, seat oneself,’ and the verbal particle ni preserved in Sanscrit (see nieder); nizdo-, from ni-sedó-, therefore means literally ‘place of settling’; compare Sanscrit ni-sad, ‘to sit down, settle.’ In Latin and Teutonic nîdus and nest assumed the special meaning ‘bird's nest’; similarly in Scandinavian a general word for ‘couch’ (Greek κοίτη) was restricted to a bear's haunt (Old Icelandic híþ); it belongs, like Greek κοίτη, κεῖμαι to the Aryan root çî, ‘to lie’). The Gothic term for ‘nest’ is sitl, ​literally ‘seat,’ which therefore is of a cognate root with Nest.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Haufe

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​ Haufe, m., ‘heap, pile, mass,’ from MidHG. hûfe, houfe, m., hûf, houf, m., ‘heap, troop,’ OHG. hûfo, houf, m., ‘heap, troop’; comp. OSax. hôp, Du. hoop, AS. heáp, m., E. heap; Scand. hópr, ‘troop,’ is borrowed from LG.; Goth. *haups, *hûpa are wanting; these words, which belong to the same root, are evidently related by gradation (comp. OHG. hûba, ‘hood,’ allied to OHG. houbit, ‘head’). Probably related to OSlov. kupŭ (Goth. *haupa-), m., ‘heap,’ Lith. kaúpas, ‘heap,’ kuprà, ‘hump’ (Lett. kupt, ‘to form into a ball’), although the correspondence of Slav. p to LG. and E. p is not normal; Slav. p is mostly f or b in LG. and Goth. Since Goth. p indicates pre-Teut. b, the word may be connected also with Lat. incubo, ‘the treasure demon who lies on the hoard, nightmare.’ Others compare it to Lith. kugis, ‘heap.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Haut

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​ Haut, f., ‘hide, skin, cuticle,’ from MidHG., and OHG. hût, f., ‘hide’; ModDu. huid, AS. hŷd, f., E. hide, Scand. hûð, f.; the OTeut. word for ‘hide’ (Goth. *hûþs, gen., *hûdais, is by chance not recorded), from pre-Teut. kûtí-s, f.; it is Lat. cŭtis (for the gradation of û to ŭ, see laut and Sohn); comp. Gr. κύτος, n., ‘skin, covering’; the root has a prefix s in Gr. σκῦτος, n., ‘skin, leather,’ Lat. scû-tum, ‘shield,’ σκῦ-λον, ‘skin, arms stripped of a slain enemy.’ Hence the dental in OHG. hût, Lat. cutis, would be a suffix merely; for s-ku as a root meaning ‘to cover, hide,’ see under Scheune, Scheuer. The E. vb. to hide, from AS. hŷdan, may belong to the same root with an abstract dental suffix *hûdi-, ‘covering,’ hûdjan, ‘to envelop.’ Yet traces exist, as may be seen under Hütte, of a root hud from kudh, ‘to veil,’ in the non-Teut. languages.